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߼顿

    
    Ұᣨ1958  ձ棬渮ѧҵ 

1985Ե31콭Ҳýѧ󡷳 
1999ԡܡõ52ձЭά 
2006ԡɷX õ134ֱľԼ6챾С˵󽱡 

ƷΪϸµı֮𽥳ԽͳС˵Ŀܣ䴴ʢĳ̶ȣԾձС˵Ķҡ1999ƳʱԽ19꣬ϸķС˵ҹС֮󣬷Բ죬Ʒʵؽȫµľ硣2005귢ġɷXΪĿǰΪֹ߽ 

Уܡ̨嶫ҵǰɱϷʹڣѩɱְףȣСܡϷƽչաѱıΪӰ 

                                    ߽ܣ


һ




1


⡣ɳʵ˵ϸԺҾһֱΪֻнŮ̸أҪ̸Ҳ˵ڰɣ
Ӻһ¶Ц˵ҲŲлֱ˵ˣڱҵǰұ⡭ټӺ˵žҪ뿪ɳʱĺζ̼ıǿס
һ¡ΪʲôŸңɳʡ
Ϊҽ뽲һºнڱǰ㡣Ӻرش
ŶôһҺΪѣԺ㱣־ġ
Ҳû취ҴӺüǰʼѾ࿴ˡ
Ӻ˵ˡɳں濴·̬жأƺţ͸ʱһģһ
ɳĹTλTкSеĽ磬ʵSڡиվվСTǰͨTеģTѧڴ˳˳ӳվTԼһѧǳ·T·
T·д̵ĲľҲ࿧齫ݡЩ˵ΪTѧģ˴֮侺ңŲþͣҵϰ塣ԴӴѧڣһҰ絯ҲûСΪؾTѧķԣʹҵ޷ꡣ
ɳӺͬѧǳȥĿҡͷС󡱡TԼٹߣתһӾ͵ˡźܵͣûдǽϵƹббعţ滭һеֲСס
ɳӺͼӺطֺ󣬾߽ҳĵꡣ
ҲиLεĹ̨Լʮˡͷ׵ϰڲλ࣬ĸԲÿӡǽǻ˺üСӣԱ˶ʱá
ɳӾ̨ʱ˽ɳƵͳˣҲԸСתͷһϣǽ𾮲ڽһ̡
û׷ѽǶ˵
Ҳǡã𣿡
ԵĽ׳¶΢Ц壬ǵĺ֮һٶ
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õŮѡɳֻʣȴ¶ı飬Ժڵĵ˵˵ڶڿξͻȥˡ岻
ɫܻûﲻǸ˰ɣ
°̣˵ѧԺӢѧϵͬһࡣ
ȥ̽ܡü˵
û취ĹԢ׼˽ȥɳЦ˵סͬһԢ
ǹԱ˵øҽӷҪȥǹԢɱᷳıͷ˵
¾ͺˡ
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˲Լͬǽϵʮ¶ʮգڶ
ѾҵˣҪȥȾףһ𣿡㲦ںڵĳ˵
ã޳ɣʲôʱ򣿡
졣
죿ô
ҹζѽ
ҽ첻УԼᡭҲڡ˵
ӺҲûҪڽϰɳᵽӺʱоһȡ
û䡣˵ɳӣһ£ȥȰɣ


2


߳ɳӺͲ͸÷֣վȥڡҡͷСҲԺȾƣϲȥվһҽԡľưɺȡҾưֻʿɾơ־ƼжصϣЩ˺ϲЩ򲻸Һȡ
ԡⲢܺãΪλСӵϰ̣ϸıƵ䷽˵ϣȡ
ϣԶãΪ̸ܻĺõطǳ͵ɳǵȻҲͬС
ɳӺͲڹ̨ǰλϰޱطͬıǰɳӽ˼ˮĲԾƣûˮ˿ʼ
ÿȾƣͻɳȺƣѾϰˡȥʹӦȥ;ܾΪʲôȥȡ
ϣһȾʱ˵ȥԶСɳҲش𣺡Ǿȥɣÿô˵ͻ¶΢Ц
ҪһϴŮˡԳ˵Ժӣߡ      һ澫Ʒƽ
ô˵ɳЦ
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Ϊʲôѽ
Ϊˡ˵ţһھơ
αأһ㣡
ʮĽԺˡı˵Ȼ̾һ
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ְҵŮ϶ǰ̺ۣôأԺҿܻ߶򡣡һ߻شһ߽׵ľһ
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ǣúܲġ
ɳӺžƣһǰ¡

¶ʮգݡ
ȫѧ˽Ůڿʼˡ
ǾTĽ𾮲Sӡ˶꼶ĴѧǵһνǾǵڶΡȥ겨һβμӾϧӳܡ
Ϣ׼ϳӺ侲˵ԷضսپһжӮͼɣ㶼ãֱҲҲ֪Լǰս˲սԴһʼһֵĿ콣͹
ͺһֻŵһὫһģԲмĿ˵
ǺܺãҪΣмơҪԾƶʼʱúù۲Էʽܿ¶ģʱǺûᡣ
ȱɳʵڳͱ̭ˣѾ˶̳
ûԵȱ㣬ҲΪܡǿ˵еĻתʱŲ̫ҲֻұΪߵٶȽԵתʱܻ¶
Ҳһˡ˵ǣҵٶȱҪ죬ˡ
Ӻصͷ
ɳӿֱʼӡ
Ҫ˶𣿡ɳʡ
ãҸղźȹˡŵ˵
ǽֺټһ֮һŰȹĹԱ֪ͨ˵С㣬ϳˡ
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ʤΣʼӺء
֪Ӻؿ̨˵
ϴѧûμӽ磬ʱǽ
ܹӮŮ˫Ϲھˡ˵
ΪǰһӺعһɵõ˹ھѾõھˡ
ʼʱӣӮмʤڣУһһ졣㣬ӡ
ӺϣӳѸ٣
ȻɳӺ˵
Ӻûлش۽ű˫Ӻ˵ѽ
ôˣ        
ʱվλ̫Զˣ򲻵㣬ѵغ𣿿ǣʱãѽ
ʱĽĲ㿪ʼˡʹֵݣһҲûƣ۵ӡ
ԷַǷǸ֡úƵ˵
Ӻر࣬ûлش
ķӣ˫δ÷֡ٹһӻδʤĻҪӳˡһ̱֮󣬲ʹУ׵ˡ
ˣþˣɳӲ
ӺغҲͬƵءšһ
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ˣ
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彻λѸٵͬʱ죬ʤѷ֡
סɳߵ˶ҧ촽
ʱ仹ʮ룬һʼͷܲչ͹Ȼȴ׵رܿˡҶ㣬޷
ʱ䵽
仰ʱƺɥͷصϢ֮Ҳ˵ֻſռеһ㡣
ɳӰ£ҲֻС˵һ䡰ллѡ
ӴԺ󣬲Ӿͱˣ˼ɳӱԭ򣬵һֱסûʡΪԼ˵

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ҹܾˡסĹԢ⸽ƽʱ˯Լ˵ӺظĻԲ˵ҪٺһЩŻȥڡԡмȡԼһ˺Ⱥüͷľơ
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ˡѽ
Բ𡣰ְأ
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Թˡɳ˵ţܿشӼѽ߹
ѽɳӵļĸ޸ɳӵĸԭΪңɳʱ򡣹αܵܵɳӺʹҲų⣬ʵⵣǶġǺܹ˳ؽλµ衣ҲɳС꣬ĸԺ󲻾þˡԽ˶ĸ޼䡣
ǣ˶Դѽ̬ȣʵͶԴĸǲͬġǾĸҲڴĸ顣ǻԼáԲҪĸ鷳
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ЩΪʲôȥһõ£ɳɵҲ˵
ְֻ𣿡Ҳʡ
û
Ӧûͽˡ
ߣ
˵ǹɳӾְ¡ɳӾҵȥһҳϰ࣬ǼҳڶTеҪͷס档ǣ׷һڶ
㲻ԡ㲻ȥ̸
ҸҵҲҪѧҲС
ðɣǡְֻܼįġ
Ҹ߹üˣ㻹
ʲô
㲻Ҫ˵󻰽ѵңô˻
ҲһͶƣȻͲ˵
һɳӾ˯ˡ

ڶϣɳʱԼ˯ԼķԼǵãҹǴҲġɳ˴һҲʱҪ˵㵹öһõأ
·ߵ¥¡Ѿڷϳˡ߳߿ֽȥͷϵĻҷĻϰߣɳӽöΣĲ
ְ磡ɳ˵
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Ҳأ
ȥˡл
Ŷ
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Ͼÿ£;ײ졣
ϯװҪšɳС˵ְ߰εͷ˵һţ
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סѧׯǴӼѧҪͷ˾ⷿס˵ѧʱǵļҳҲԣⶰԢϸԺҲʹӦˡ
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ӡ㡢ɳӣԼĻˣӴ˾ͳ˺ѣҲν
˵УԣɼҲãȥõĴѧ;ȥT󡣲ˣҲ֮ĽġսѧʱþͶ⣬˿ʼ
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Ӵҵȥϰࡣƽе򣬵ȴȤͬѧǵмƻг̰ţһְ졣ȤüΪְҵˡ
ׯˮϣͿŰɫᣬһ¥ĽסȫTŮǹԢ൱ϸ˵ڴмԱңһĹԱʱӡԾԲ׼ڣŮڰԽ룬ϣҪȥʡɳӵ㷿ҹʱҲڹԱҵϵǼǡʮ㣬žҪʮԺŻͱôԵĶԽйԱš
ɳ߽档һλڹԱҿӵ긾ŮһۡɳͷΪŮ˾תͷӣϵıܲ񻹼ǵɳӵס
ӵķ䶼ڶ¥һһߣպڶ档ť˿޲һӣдš˯ӵķ䣻ʲôװζûУֻϷʲݵдšСֵǲķ䡣ɳӿһ£áСߵš
˯ú죬һ㷴ӦҲûСɳӴһŴ˴ǷǿȻſˣ㴩˯վ档
簲
ɳӣôɦҵĳ¶˵̺ͻױƷζĿӷƮ
ıںȫƵġ
Ȼѽ˯ߵʱܱһֵǧأʲô£
ӵġ첻˵Ӳûͻؼ𣿡
Ŷˡ۾ͷ˵һȥķţţѾ˯ˣû档ڴ˰ɣ
ſ
ɳתӵķţûзӦ
ܻ˯
Ҳ̰˯ٵһɣȱ裬һ·ٽ
ǣɳӾ͵㷿ȿȡķ俴ȫһŮķ䣬ŮӸеװƷһҲûУ·洦ҷšɫĵ̺̦ɫĴֻǽǵױ̨ԱʾŮķ䣬ǷԱߵȴԵøۡ
󻹺𣿡ɳӿŰϵʿɾƿͱӣʵ
һ㡣ҵϰߡ
㴩·ʼױÿλױٶҪʮӡ
ȥɳӺ꿧ȣ˵
ȥӵķţһ΢˵ʱѾˣصĳҵˡ
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뵽Ҳڣת˲뷨ʧˡ
ŷй̫⣬չƵɫߡ
棬ҿչơ
ɳ˲ԤУö¡ȣ¥ݣԱңŮ˵ӷԿסˣ
ƽʱ޷赽ԿףʱǹԱƺĽſŵˣ̽Կ׽һ֧ԿףԴÿ䡣
ɳԿףٶ϶¥ֻպôӷ߳
ô
ɳҲ𻰣Կ׿ţ档￪չƣա
ӣ    һ澫Ʒƽ
һɫë£ڳϡɳܵߣֻԲԶƽ㲶԰סֻֽŶһѩס
ӣ
ɳȴӺס

ɳڵأֻͷʹѣۻ軨
ӡˣ
ɳ֮Уʬ־棬ڵҺһƬ졣


3


ӵˣʧѪࡣõ굶װˮ֮С굶ͶʬԱߡ
ɳڹԱҽ̾Ѷ̾ʮ굽ʮ֮䣬գƬֲࡣ
⣺ӵĹϵԭԼʬʱ״
ɳӺ̵ܼػشǵ⣬ֻ˵ţѾˣ̱ѡ
ɳӳ󣬻㱻нȥѶñȽϾãҲֻʮӾͳˡ
ǻص㷿ɳѾûȥϿˣҹԢۼ࿴ֵˣҲûԼȥ˾ڷԶĬĬԡķкüȥʹ̸
ã㿪˵Ҫٺһ𣿡
ɳҡҡͷ˵Ҫȵʿɣסû˵ֻʣ㣬̾ʲô˺ܾá
ûʲô££˵֪֪ӵķʱ˵ʮһһȥţʱѾˡǺҵĻûʲôֵ⣬룬Ժһʸϸ£֪֪Ϊɱȵȡ
ɱ֣ʹɳӾúһЩˣ״ɱһ
£Ҳ޷شʲôɳҡͷ˵
Ҳǡ˵
ӣѹԼĵĽǡֳĬһɳͻȻ˵ӡ𣿡
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粨ϣ̾ˡʱָʮʱ򣬶淿͹ԢܺòײŰȥˡ
һһվ⡣ԼʮͷĽ׳ɫԺڣ޽΢̣ȻǸղЩ֮̾һ
ҽ˵ɽؾֵˣһЩйӵ¡
ðɣ
ڡȴ¶΢ԥ˵Խȥ𣿡
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ҾͲˡɽ˵ţ߽ɳӶ¡ţɳԱߡ
˵λСĺѡ
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ǵġ
ǲҡǵһҰɣԭڱһЩð⡣ҲǽŮĹϵ̬ȿºͶᶨͬʱҲʾг⡣ɳ΢˽ġ
Ҫʲô˵
ɽͷӻɫװĿڴóһСӣ׼ʼǡ
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ҲܽúŻᱨ˵ɱġɽеڳݲ壬Ͱ͵ġ
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Ŷûꡭ𣿡
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ѧУʲôأûӵ£
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ɽɳӡҲֻҡҡͷΪû档
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Żȥðɣ̾ߺ󣬲Ϸţ߻˵
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ʱԱ֪ͨ˵вĵ绰ȥӹ绰󣬻˵ǻģϢ񴫿ˡ˵Ϊʲôǲһ֪ͨ
Ȼأ
˵Ҫټкȥӵļҡ֮ǽȫ弯ϡ
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ȥϿΡһϽڵķϻһ˼Ϊȥ
Ҳֻˡվ˵ģѡ
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ҪȥʦԴ³˵̵ĶԵñƽꡣ
ƺһĬĬΪڲǰǶû뵽λŮʦ
ˣ֪ͨһ¡ֽԺһǵġ˫ֲڿڴͷ˵
Ҳһȥ˵
ñȥӺҡͷ˵ôޣʦҲŪ޾ˡ
һɳӾúЦ鿪һЩ
뿪ˡҡͷС󡱣վTȥͻǰ棬ɳӺͼӺزںɳе㺦ߣӺȴƽӡ
øһ𡣡Ӻ˵
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ҽʲôˣǱʾΪλɱʱ˵ǵȻġΪ仰ɣ
ѽ
˵滰أзգ֪ʲôյĻͲɱˡ֪Ͳôʹˡ
£һǵġ
⻰˵£ǲɸ˵ġʱҲﲻæ
˵Ů˵ûá
Ůһÿзʱúܹµ
ʲô
ʱҾͲ֪ˡ
֪ˣɳ롣


4


ݻһʱ䣬ɳӺͻȵоȥǹϵ꼶ѧÿ춼ҪȥоһÿΡ
ѧԺУϵоͬʱҲϾɡİеСͼݡԼʮ꼶ѧдӰӡıʼǡ
ɳӺͻ˽ȥѧ̧ͷһ£¶ı飬ֲʵӡѧԺŮܶ࣬ɱϢѾˡ
ɳӺͻЩŮ۹⣬дԼı档ҪĹʵ̫ˡдʮԺ̴ǼӴ߽Ѱס
ɳвԤСΪǼпʱϲ¡ȻǼҵҪ׺󣬾תͷ˵ɳӣ㷢ʬİɣûдһ
⡭ѽ
ΪʲôɱأΪ𣿡
ɳӵĽţڰʾ˵ɳʾ⣬лġ
ӦѰɣɳӶŮСҰ˵ƺӸղžһֱ˵仰ȴ˵ڲŸڵǼӺ˵
СҲ̫ɳӷһ¡
ԷѧԺѧɣܺ𣿡
֪ɳӺܲͷ˵
ѲŸܱˣȴ˵ЩĵĻʵܲˡȻȤӣÿĭɡ
ҲһǺַˡ
ô˵                 
˵죬ȥμӡСʱһӷ˹ϵһأ
˹ϵɳʵ
СÿоΪλÿٰһεлΪĿġ˵ϲûĿĵûȥϲеȴμˡ
˵ʱʶһˣȾƺȵҹÿּˡƽʱߣӾͲİ˴򽻵˰ɣ
ѽҲ̫
ɳӾúܻơ˽ӵĸԣӳ˼ܾ˵룬һδҲǿ²ȥġ
ɳӻشú䵭ת˴ǼӡһһոպáɳӾʵںַھЩ฾
磬ɳӺͻ뿪оңѧȥɳӴĵڿκ󣬾ҪȥҡͷСϢߵ㷿ȥȲ㷿Կףǰˡ
ѧ緹ɳӳԿɳ˶ֻһ룬;ûθˡ
ɫζĴֲ˵ǵӵʲôˣ
ɳûлشֻŽϵĲˮ룬Ϊʲôѧϵʪģ
һʲôգ˭Ҳ˽Ŀա
š
ȻĻﲢû𱸵˼ɳԼ÷ǳΣղųµʳθǦһء
еʣĿҲ֮ġ
Ŷ
ɳ룬ǣҲܲǡԼӺܲ˽⡣
СһΣϳһЩӣͽŵҪԣܻΪһС¶ɱҲ˵
Ҳɣɳӵͷʵ˵
ϵڿεʱɳһμӵΡоϺѾܾˡʵֻǰ¡ǰڡҡͷС󡱼ʱʲôأɳһҲ벻ȥԺܽꡣ
¿κ󣬻˵ҪϵĽڿΡɳӾĹԢȥȥͬʱҲӵķڱô
߽ׯŮԱҲ˵ͷ־
ӵķŽգдš˯Ѿˡɳ˵˯ͷˡ
ťϵ˿޲úϸһתžͿˣһԾǣȻһˣɫװſȶ
Ŷ㣡ת˵
λ
ɽ
ԲΪûˡ
ûϵֻһ£˳ȱѡοֲҵķ䡣
ɳӲ˵ټҪ߳ȥɽ˵һ£
ɳתͷ
û뵽ʲô
ɳ֪λָ̾ɱĶ˵ûС
ʹˣû֪ӵĿաǣȥɲУұд鱨ѽ
ôд
û취Ҿдһʱ嶯ɱˡ
һʱ嶯
ɳ룬仰ʵ̫ˡôдһʵһЩ
ˣҵһռǡɽı˵
Ǳɫġ
ԣҲ֪𣿡
ɳҹʱüοдռǡÿζһ֧װɫīˮĸֱдռǲдġ˵ÿܳʵдҲдꡣ
ûʲô֣
ȫûСļ˿֮ҲҲһдռǵʱͨдղŶԡ
ɳ룬ҲǰɣΪԼдռǣҲ̫
ǣ˾ɱǰһ죬ֻдһЩͷȫ޹صҵĻ˵
ңͲɽ˵ԣСҲǰͲдռˡΪڣֻдǰΪֹ
ǰ
ԣˣɱԭ򣬺ܿǰġٻһǸʱ飬ܻܿطġѽѺˡ
ϴ˽ĽŲȻǴ򿪶淿ɽҪߣɳҲųȥ
ټ
ɽ˵ˡ


5


ǰҼǵûʲôѽ
żܿȣɳ˵ɳӾòƺʮƣ롣
Ҳһ
Ƕ֪£ͬѧҲ֪ġ
ѽɳصͷ˵ʦǱô
һһ
˵ɱˣ𣿡
֮⣬˵ʲôʦˣһֱ˵ҲסҲס
ɳðɫס۾龰ŮʦҲRвĹʡɳӡ㡢ӡӺءõˣ̹͹ġº󻪽ȻûвμӲ磬Ǹʱĵʦ֮ҶܹչˡԣȻѾٵʦˣһǳȥҾۻᣬ˵бҵԺ󣬴ÿ궼ҪȥüΡ
ȹ⿧ȣһ̣˵ˣѧУôӵºܺ䶯ɣ
ЩšҲ̫ɳҡͷ˵˵ڹоЩҥԡ
Ǽ֮⣬Ժ󲻻˼ǵ˰ɣ̾һ˵
ɳԶԡ³һ̣ԼȴѬüͷ˵ˣղʹԱ˵ʮ˴绰ӡ
ӣ˭ѽ
ǻ˵
𣿡
Ա˵Ǹ绰ӡʱӵ绰ҲӵķţҲû˻ش𡣲ҲҲԷ˵ӴѾ˯ˣ͹Ҷ˵绰
ô˵ʱѾɳӽһͽȥˡ
Ѿˡ
ûǰɣ
ɱǰֻɳӣ˵

ӵʬ屻Ժ󣬹죬Ҿ;ɥɳӵλǰĺǰȥμӣڵȴ㡣
Һܾûйһˡ˵
һûеɳ˵
ÿ˶˼һʱȫĬһѧŮʣɱĶǲ鲻𣿡
ɳӵͷŮҲû˻ش
Ӻز˵챨ֽдҵ֮޷ɱġ
дѾȥϰѽĵһ־ԸأԲԣɳӣƺ˵ɳûбʾ
վԶĵطһֱЩɥˡɳӿ֮кݵúóĬԣҲƲֵӡ
ҲһɳԼ󣬵һʱ龰糿ѧ;Уڵ糵áδڣþʹ˵ҪңҲ𲻳
Ӻġǰзˣ㶼֪𣿡
ûзաеĻҵġ˵
ɳӿıӰ룬ΪûнոκأǲϽأǲҽ
˸㣬ӱˡѾͣİСɥɫͷ۾䣬ʮֱˡɳӵ˴к󣬾߽ȥˡ
ɳӴλϸ˵ıӰͻȻϱһ£ͷһԭǼӺءѧһƤӡ
ӵռǡӺؽӽɳӣ˵㿴һ£ҲҳĿڡ
ôռǣɳʡռǲѪɫϣӡһõ廨εͼ
ӵġ
ôϽ㣿
˵ȥġ
Ŷллˣ
ɳӺռǵ£ΪбҪһ
˾ǰӿһɫ飬º͵˵ղҪʱ߶ˡҴӵϽһһԲųٵڵ糵ϣӵĿֻһûϵٵʾѾˡ
ʦ
ӼϣҪ޳ӡɳӼ龰һȣ
Ӽ״˵ڣԷŮǸղѾӵˣڣӦþҼȥȱ˵ɣ


6


˴糵ǰϽʦӵļҡɳڵ糵Ͽӵռǡһҳǽһһաǰдţ

дռǾԲɰ;ϣǵһĿꡣΪⱾӺܹ󡣡

ɳӶʱı顣ţ㷭һ£ÿһҳٶһΡáۣ磺

ա꣬ȥȴȥ쵰˺üҿȵ꣬ȥԺһڡLȵʱ˵Ҫоðѽǣ˵Щںϣӻܲùġѽã˵ұҵҪȥϰࡣ˵оҵǰֻҪڼѧϰˡ˺øˡǣҵĿȻǵһְҵŮ

ɳӿˣúޡ濴ǰһռдţ

⼸춼ۡ˺ܶûд̫ˣ˯šֳʪᣡ

ָġ֣˵ڴʱʵڲӻʹࡣ
̾˵дƪռǵĵڶ죬һʲô¡ʲôء
ҿ˵ţռǲùȥһ
ʲôüĿ𣿡Ӻʵ
ڲɳӶ棬˫ֲǰ۾ãԼԶλ̸
ûС˵
ӺͷȻ۾
֡ͻȻ˵
֣
ɳ˵ţ̽ͷһеռǲպ÷°һҳ
ÿ춼дռǣԵҲ⡣ǰ°дȴʮղдмǿհ׵ģ⵽ΪʲôأӲûѽ
ûдԭ𣿡
ûСҡͷ˵
ɳٿһռǣȻһ£ʵ°죬Ӣϵѧʲô
ʱѽ˵һ룬ͻȻƤóһƾɵƤ²һ߿һߵͷ˵ˣϵнС
Ȼɳ˵ţ̾һղž¡
֪һЩƵġ˵
ɳӾͰϴоĻ߲㣬ҲȥʱһİһĴšúСüӺˣüͷ˵Ҳ˵ǰкöɧ¡ҲҲ
㣬ղҾ룬ֻһܣ˶͸¶ġ
ϵ𣿡ɿȼ˵
ԣ¡
˵ڽʱİ˷˹ϵɦͷ˵
ܿܡ
Ʃ˵ǿˡ
Ҳɣ֮һʱһЩ飬ʹûдռǡ
ܸйء˵ţ۾
ӵļһľľʽݣλһɽµϣ·Լʮߣװг̨ǰǸˮ߸ˣȴƻ
ڣһʮ״ķ䡣ÿã̸ⷿΣͥԺеĻݡȥ׼ݲ衣
ϴǴģʱǿ˰׻أӺվµϣָһð˵
ǰɣĻ˵
ô֪ʦ𣿡ʡ
Ӹҵġޱػش
Ųͬ¡ÿͬһ˳Ŷߵǲ㣬ɳӡ
ɳӿݲĶļɷǳ죬ֱиɻ
ͻҲһЩɣӱߵ˵
á
˵УֻͻûѧȲʱ˶úܲϰߡܿѧˡȻһֱ޷ӦҲѧһЩĻˡ
һԼĽһ߸Ժȹ˵һ衣
ʦһμӣʲôʱ򣿡ɳӷ²豭ʵ
ȷڣѾǲ̫ˡٿʱҹһΡ
٣̸ʲôأɳʣȻ벨㻥һۡ
ǲ̫ˡû̸ʲô顣
ʱкȲ𣿡Ӻʵ
СӻشȻһΪڶ裬һ˵Ǻ֪ɱԭ𣿡
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ãҲ֪𣿡
ƺһһ˵ǵġ
ӷ²豭˵Ҳ֪Ϊ㲻ûὫһֱ뱣صܱ¶ѾˣҪ׷ܣҲ޿κΡ
ǣʲôܣӦöǵġõѽ˵
ҲܽģŽܡӿЩѧ˵Ҫһ𣿡

˳˵糵ؼҡɳӺͲ;³Ĵȥĵ糵֮ٶóǱռɳӷеһҳ

¶ʮաȥʦҡһƷʦݵĲ裬һ̸ֻڽ

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Ϊһ̸ȥμӽʱ¡洿ĴŮֺܱأ˷ϵĻһ᲻ġԼΪı˵
ٶӼſڡɳ˵ӱ˵ξͺȿȰɣ
˱¡ʮ״ɳӲǽһϾɵӣһŰٿȫ顣¾ɣһȾ
ӿɳһֱЩ飬һ߰ڿȱһ˵ȷ顣ǰﵱ鷿ǰڶᵽȥˡ
ӵɷĳѧѧڣʮǰһֱؿչ롣      һ澫Ʒƽ
ʦǲ̸йʱе£ɳ˵
Ӳû̻ش𣬷ʵô֪أ
ɳӽԼڴѧоĴŸ
ŶһûˡΪǼ¸й𣿡
ܿܡɳӴ
ͷһڿ˵ӸңǸ˷ϵǱǿ飬ҲǱƭģΪʱʮ鲻ԽϴġºܰûڣǷҪñһС
ôʦôɳʡ
ҽ˵öԴһ֪αص˵ɲأӺܵĵ˵ʹҲܻᱻҾͶ˵ûôᷢġԺҪԼٷ¾ˡ
ӴӦ𣿡ɳʡ
ӵͷ˵ԣǼ¸ɱֱӵĹ
ɳӺͲ㲻Լͬ̾һ
һҪɱԭ𣿡Դ𱸵ʵ
Ϊʵ벻ͨɳ˵
û취׷Ȩ˵

뿪ң˵糵ȥɳӴųڵĹ棬ԺһֱӵԼ˵Ļ
ΪֻһֿԡͻȻ˵
ʲôԣɳӿĲʡ
ɱԭȥμӽл󣬹˺ܾòɱǱʾܷһ¡
ʲô£
Ѿ֪ͱ˷Ϊˣ
á𣿡
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˵Ϊ¶ɱ𣿡
룬һóҪ˵һ൱Ĵ
ĻŲôɣ
ӺҶͬѽ
Ǹôأȥʿû¡
Ұ첻ͻȻ̽ǰ˵
Ҳ
ռûдأ
˽ռٷһ飬ٽԺ󣬡á۳ֵȻǰ١
һдãһҳ
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ʮʮڶ˵μԼоɴѧڣҲεҴְҵŮɽڷˡ˵ԣֻҡδĽڷ˱һŮŮ𣿡ش𣺡ȻˣɳӺͲ㶼ʸأ

ɶ񣡡˵ţ۾
ׯʱѾˡɳһ㷹ҪȥȾơɳӾãϴεĽԺ󣬾ͱúϲһȥȾơ
߽ԢšɳΪڲ㷿ҹŮԱͷкͬʱҲɽ̾
ɽڹԱסӸڷĹŴ̸ɳӺͲ˵鷳ǵһҲ̸̸𣿡
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˶¥뷿
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Ҿ鲢Ҫȱ𣿡ӵƤ˵
׼ݲʱԱ¥ºвȥ㴩Ьȥһʹɽ̾
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ɽóһƤСӣ˵ͬԢȥСķţ𣿡
㿴ͷ
ʱǡ
ʮһ㡣
ʱķȷʵ𣿡
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ȷǲĴ𣿡
ģȻ˵
ԺСķûдʲô˵·֮ġ
ûСԼһֺȾƺȵ˯ķӦûŶԡ
ԲǼ˯ģ
һӵʱ򡣡
ɳһ룬ƽûд
ԭˣɽ˵꣬źƤСӣڳ˼һ㡣
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ûʲôЩ飬ϣҪܡ
ɽ̾صĿ˵ȻСӣлǡʱץס˵һ£ΪʲôҪЩأ̸й𣿡
ڻ˵ҲԺһġɽԳʹı˵ȻתȥЬӡ
̾㲻˵Ҿֱȥӣɳɽ˵
ɽüͷ¶ԥӣָֻƵı顣
ɡɽ˵꣬һϹͷҲͬˡ
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ţʵȥǱأ·˼NһBMW˵պҲҪȥҾǵı㳵˭֪СӣȻ˵Ҫȥ̫졭ੲݡ
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ѧȥˣǲǣҸղŻ֪Ա̫̫Զ˵绰ǡҴ绰ȥǸ̾ˡʵӵڳһ
طıֽûϢ𣿡
֪Ҵġ˵ţЦ˳
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ѽΪʱ仹磬ҵʱе֡
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ǽȴ˵һ˾ȵ£ŷŷʲôϵʱһķŽأţУŸûѽ 



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1


TѧԺλУ϶ˣѧУȥλáʽǳϣѧԺͬ
ѧԺѧԺ빤ѧԺݡѧԺĽռ˰ٷ֮ʮаӵѧϵеѧϵѧϵѧѧϵȲţÿһѧϵԼרõоҡ
һѾˡװļӺعһɣ˽ѧϵרõĴ¥СѧԺѧѧһ߽ⶰ¥
Ūôأ߱
ãҵ˽оҡϹһľ壬дһЩѧõڵдš桱Ա߻һЩдšʵҡ͡ڲ֮ӡ
ӺԥһȻţû˻ش˵û˻شҲԽȥͿڡһţһñǰͷ档
𣿡Ӻصʣͬʱƹñȥ
ӣԣûڣֻˮ
𣿡
ˣڷ˻ش𡣵ǲõ
ţͨڷſˣһźڿ۾İС߽ϵǼ¡ѾüûϴˡӺزʶоһѧ
ʰʵߡ˵Ͼͺˣһ¡
ã𣿡Ӻָһ˵
Ȼԡѧ˵
ӺʱһСˮףװ֣мһ״Ĵӡָ֮һĲݽˮСֲתˮɴ˲ġ

ýϵӻɡؼˡ֮󣬾Ӻһ߳¥
ҳɳӵ𣿡ʵ
Ӻ˵磬ѧԷʱɳңҪټȫĵʱȥ˵Ҫ̸йӵ¡
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Ҳǡ
ɳӺƯ۹⡣
ֻǵ
ʱ򣬵˽Ϻá
ߵ򳡡ĻոտʼԱһųϣϸһë˯ӡӺؽʵأ
ȥˡϵص㲻ڡҡͷС𣿡
Ҳ߰ɣǾõˡ
е£һ²ߡ
𣿿ɱǵ̫ร
Բ𡣡
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ߵУſʱһɫγҷʻǰͣ¡һ̫۾Ů¶
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㣡Բ𣬽첻ˣм¡
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УŮ˵ţɫһ𳵴ǰ档Ӻʼ磬̾һ
˭ѽüʵ
㲻֪ӡӺص˵
ƺҪʵӣӺֹ˵ȥɳ˵²ȥˡУŮ
Ҫȥ
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ӷ棬ͬʱʵ𣿡
ǵġãʱһμӽ磬ι
Һ
ǰ죬ӺԼҪڽһȥĵġ˶μӸֽǰͻʶˡ
ӺھֵĵһλѧϰؾͨεﴨТǽĶΣĲߴһٰʮָߵļӺأֱ۾ʹ幫֡˶ʱӺز޷һڽڰˡӺȻңաﴨٳУһбضȡʤ
ﴨһЩؾӺءӺķڷϹ¾
ӺһλŮϳﴨӺ˵λŮǰȫؽھ
ʶ𣿡Ӻʵ
ﴨҡҡͷ˵ŵҪƴƴ󣬾ֳҲҪӣԲŻ
ֻҵƷСӺǰҲ˵ӵĸ˾Ķ¡
СĽܲǡﴨӻӽĶС˵Ѿû취ٽˡ
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һǱȽϲѧУλ𾮲ĽǳǱֻǻûȫӶѡ
⻰һܸ˵ġ
ҿɲ˵׻ĽұΪСӮأ
ȴˣź
Ǻܿϧ
ΪΪʲôأ      һ澫Ʒƽ
ﴨһ£˵һսϡСսʤڶ䣬ʵֻһżȻ
ʱʹУԷԷӽһ񽣾ȻӦѣ


2


ӿͼӺػصTУſڡӺ³󣬱µסȥ
ѧУмŸʽͬªƽסһŵһ䡣ŵϷдš¡֡
Ӻţ̿˵ӺأûȥɳҪأ
Ҳ֪ҽȥɣ
÷ǳ࣬ɫĵ̺ϣһƬмҲûСӺڵ̺ϣ˵ɣ
֪ϲˣһҲûа취ôɾϣͰ͵˵š
ҪúϧѽһǸ̫̫
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ô˵ľѹܴˣ
ҲûôءˣҪɳӽĻ㡣ȽҪ˵ţһʼǲӺؿ滭һķεķͼʵʲô֪𣿡
ӺؿһۣҲǰׯͼ
ͷ˵ɳӽĺͼйϵҴǰ濪ʼɣϣʮ绰ԢȥӡǣӵķţҲû˻شԣʱӺܿѾɱˡȻʮһʱ򣬲صԢȥӵķţťȴתҲ˵Ѿˡ㶼֪ɣ
ţ
ڶ糿ɳȥʱҲšԱԿȥ򿪣ѾˡǣȥӵģʵֻһˣһסӸڵ꼶Ůڲ֮ǰȥҹӡ˵ȥʱΪûʹŽȥǷûпƣһƬڰȻɳӷʬʱչȴţ

ܳԾɣ
Ӻְסüͷ۾һ£Ȼſ۾˵ҲģǸŮȥʱӻûɱܸոҪɱȥʱոɱ֮󡣡
ǣȥŵʱ̣Ůȥŵʱ̻ʮӣҲ֮ǰԱȥҹӣȷķѾѾɱˣΪʲôһӴ򿪣һأչΪʲôţأ
Ӻ̾һ컨ϵչ˵֮˼ǣӲɱģǱɱġ
ɳ˵ġ
ӱɱˡ
ӺԺ︡аЦͬʱҲǴйǻȻõİˣҲǳϲôɰӣȻɱˣ
˭Ӻؼ˵
ǲ֪ɳӲټңдҺȥҳ
Ŀǰһû𣿡
ȫûСɳ˵ġ
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ûʲôı䡣Ѿ͸ˣɱɱһġ
֪ʶӾǵģ
ϵ׷ʲôأɳӵԱȥʱѾɱˣʱķ
Ϊʲôλ꼶Ůȥʱû
Ϊĳԭ򣬱ҪŴ򿪡ҲǸʱҪߣպŮڽӵ֣ǻæȵŮ뿪ԺٳߡȥʱѾӵˡЩȫɳӵ
Ӻصͷʼǲ˵ͼ棬һЩֵţ𣿡
ͼ1ͼ2

           

            

ԣܹ⿪ЩţһͿˡ
һ֧ԶǦʣʼ˵ûȥׯҲǺֻܰɳӻصԸ㡣ϸΣȥɳӡ
áӺػش
ǰׯڡǹԱңֵŮԱʱ濴ӻ־ϸÿһԢˡԱҶи¥ݣһͨ档߸ĸ䡣һ¥а˸䣬һǹԱסġ¥ĸֺһ¥һҲа˸䡣ӵķڶ¥Ҳ࣬ڶ䡣ķӷĶ档ղ˵λ꼶ŮסӵڣҲһ䡣ĵطһ¥ݣͨ¥ȡ¥Ա߾Ǻţƽţκ˶Դ򿪡Աм䴢ңûԿ׾ʹ򲻿¥Ϻ¥¸һŮò˵꣬żӺء
ӺͼԳص˵Ǳɱģôܹȥأ
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һǣνӷģӺָͼ˵
Ǻܼ򵥡˵ׯзǰԶʽġҲ˵ֻҪڽťϵСذȥٽŹϣͻԶס
ôֻҪ跨ھˡҪȥʵҲǺѣֻҪȡԿ׾Ϳˡ
ֹȻˡɳҲôġ
ǿдĵҲһԣܿˣȥԺ˻Ӻ°ҩ١Ӻ˵ͻȻ뵽һ⣬˼С
ǵڶա־ν빫Ԣγȥأһ㣬ʵ벻ͨ˵
һǴš
Ҳ֪ǹԱǳϸɣɳʹ˵ϳסڹԢڵѧ⣬û߹Աҵǰ档
ӵʬʱ𣿡
ûΪкü֤ˡ
ŵԿڹԱ𣿡
ԡԿ׵ĻһӺųġ
ţһ򵥵Ӻ˵
˵ǹԢڵķͣͺܼˣ𣿡
ȻˡʹˣֻҪԢйҪȥҲס׺Ӻߣٽˡǣ͵ûֻ򹲷Ļ͡
ô
ɱˡӺ˵
صͷ˵ӣ˵û


3


ܵһΪڶûΣӺعһɱߵȥT󽣵ܻԾӺصʱŮһϢϢɭ꼶ѧĿǰν
ɭ￴Ӻغ󣬴кܵߡ
ѧú簡ɭɦͷ˵
Ҷоأ
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ӺЬ߽ȥɭɦͷ档ڳǰһֱɦͷɭë
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Ŷ
Ӻ֪Ҷæ׼ҵûп
װ󣬾ɭ￪ʼ꽣ȡ»Ϣһ¡ʱ˶ϵŮ߹ǶǶ꼶Ա
꼶ŮҲϰ𣿡Ӻʵ
ǵģǶæֻн𾮲㻹бֱŮͷش
ȫرԺͲ𣿡
ǵġǴαȻΣûвμ
Լһݺһֵ⡣ǧ֦ӵİŮ˵
ֵ⣿Ӻؿǧ֦˵
ңԱ˵֪ΪҴûпֶʱҲûֱЦ˵ǵȻˡ
û˵Щʲô
˵ûĻɲһȫԱҾȥѧӰӡһݽ
ųԱ𣿡
Աַ绰ءҵĸеȵϡӺغͲ־ͼڵʮŽԱ֮СǣӺʵ벻ͨҪʲô
ҪͨѶ¼ɣǧ֦¶Ц˵
пܡӺ˵꣬߿ˡǴдŻĺ꿨˵ġ
ȥϴһ裬·ѧԺѧϵоȥѧԺͬһֽˮĽ¥۸ɾ࣬Ϊִһ칫¥
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ӺԼǰ档ıҵѾ֮һ㽫ѧӦͻ֮Удһƪ
дʱоҵſˣһɽ˽ɽմоҵͱȼӺش˶١˭Ҳ֪ƽЩʲô¡˴˵ĹֻڰƤ䡣ӺΪ˵е
ɽߵӺߣ¶֮ɫ˵졭˵Ҫ㡭
Ӻʡ
ոմУſڵľҡ绰
Уſ𣿡Ӻ˵ţȥʱЩ̸Цͬѧ˵һ䡰ӢϵŮͷһֻһͬѧӣֹͣ˵
ѧԺĴ¥УſԼٹߡӺؿ첽߹ȥӾ˾ҡһ̾һͰ̵ٶԱߵ̻ҸСŻɫװ̾ҽ˵ɽӺɳӽ
Ҹط̸һº𣿡ɽ˵
ȵȥɣӺزҪҸĵط
ǡҡͷС𣿡ɽ¶һЦ
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ղҺ̸ġ
ԭˡ
ǵĵ̽Ϣƺϲߡ
Է𣿡
λŮһֱʳһЩ鱨
ǳɹ𣿡
ʵúҪȥǼҵͶˡΪʡʱ䣬˳ԶٷΣ
á
ǾTԵĳվһҽСݡ˲͹ȥ̸ҲչʾڵģͷѾ˻ҳõúܣǺòײҵһſ˱Զ
ը
Ӻ˿ˮŮԱˡɽҲͬķˡ
Ӻغһڿˮɽװڴóһ̺ӣһѾ˵̣˵˵ӸʱھѾʼˡУʱУ硢μʱͻʶˣ𣿡
ԡ
Ӻ˵ţǺͰסİƺһ㾯ҲûУʲô¶Ͻ
Ҳʶ𣿡
ɽˡʱӺؾԼѾ⣬ǵͷ˵ҺҲһ
ɽһϵı˲佩סˣֻк鲻ϵתһ֮˵ܺá֮Ǳࡣ
һ¡˼˵ɱģ
£ͬѧ֮ҲҥҲ˵ʲô
ҪʲôʰɣӺ˵ţֺһڿˮ
׻ʡˡȣСҲʮ¶ʮϣ˵ԺЩʲô£
ҪҵĲֳ֤𣿡
ҿʼʵġɽԺںı˵
ڶлϰŵߣȻֱӻؼҡȥÿһԱڻؼҵĳϣһλѧһ𣬲ȥţӺ˵λѧܵ֡ɽóСӼ
Ϊ˿ѧĹϵرࡣɽԺ۾
СǸŮżӺʡ
ܺõŮȳԿ𣿡
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ָᱻıɱŮӺر߳Ա˵
ɽıɱһʣҲûı䡣
ȻôõŮغܴһӭˣ
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ֻһ𣿡
Ϊɱ𣿿ϧ֪ûѵġ
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޴ӵ֪
Ϊɱʱÿ˶˵֪ΪʲôڼٶǱıɱĻûʲôɽ³һ̣żӺ˵
ıɱ𡭡ǣǻûʮȷɣ
Ϊأıɱ𣿡
֪ɳƴ̽̽ϷһҲпסλŮǴˡ˵ļǺܲɿġ
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𣿡
ϣԺҪ;ֺṩһҲá
ɽ˵ţӣһΪ˵СǸԱߵĵϣһЩùĺۼЩطѪ˲ˡҲпСԼģǺֵ£ڸɱˣΪ˷ɽѪζ𣿡


4


ڿ¿κ󣬼ӺԼǰҡͷС󡱡ʱɳӺͻڹ̨ߺϰ̸ϰ忴һͷ
Ǵ𣿡Ӻɳߣʵ
ǲŸҲ֪£𣿡˵
Ӻҡҡͷ˵̾ҵġϰ壬һɿɡ
˵Щʲôɳ¶΢ĵıʡ
ֻǷɧȫûջƵġ
ǲûջأĿǰƽ֡
ûбҪ̾ɣܹǾܺˡ̾һϢأӺؽŰѸղɽĻǣҲйѪһ¡
ɳ꣬ͷ˵Ͼרҡ
ڵγׯġӺغſɿ˵Ŀɵĺǰׯķ͡
ܿܡôӦûɵǡ
㣡
ԣɳü˵ðʧزʲĲڳ֤ϣһڡԡȾƣ
ƣҪɱӣ˵šһںȹⱭˮȻ󽫱صطŵ̨ϣڱʾƵġ
ƺһڵγ빫ԢһҲ̽˭жӡӺ˵
ʱһֱĬĬϰ˵Ҳʹڶ⡣ͨᵽǰȥĵط̽顣ңΣԼ״ȡȻˣҽĸǽĶһ
˭ҲһӺ˵ţɿɺȹ⡣
߳ҡͷС󡱡ɳ˵ҪȥׯӺغͻͺȻصѧУӺҪȥҪѾ˫Ҫȫ
طԤʲôʱ򣿡Ӻʡ룬ҪԼȥΪˡ
ʮһպգ
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Ҳ޲ѽ
򳡡Ѿ·׼˶ͼӺط֣ܹȥ
ӺҪ뿪ʱǰ糤ͼӺһѧԺѧ潻̸ǰ糤˵ͻúܺãֱ޷죬һԴȫ˵ܽͺˡڵһҲùͲܽأ
Ҳ˵£ҲΪôġӺ˵
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Ӻǰδ˵¡ȻӸʱھ͸û¡
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һҺܺõĹ˾أҲҪȥǰ糤˵Ϊ걻Բô˵

Ӻشĵ뿪ʼ͵ϰɭ͸Ͳõķ˶꼶ȻӺָһһ꼶ѧѧ߸ݣӺؾ֣Ϣʱɭ֡
ի١ɭ۾˵
ڸʱúܺáٿһ꣬سɴ
𾮲Ҳչأɭ˵
㣿
Ӻ룬ƽľָ󱲣ھȻȥչһһ꼶⡣˵һº𣿡
ɭлիǰǰ첨˵ʲô
իɦɦͷ˵佱ң˵Ҷ
أ
ҸжĸѧУһش˵SС
Ӻ֪SеĽԶ
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˵Сңʱ˵ӵλϡʣ˭һ˵ͬһ꼶Ұһ𡣡
ŶӺ룬ֵ⡣ʵ벻ͨڣǱʵʲôʱ£
µ³իԴŵıش
ӺغȻ뵽ʱպúͲȥҪԱʱһ¡
Ӻϰ󣬺ѧһܲʱҵҰڵһ꼶Ǳܱûкͽ𾮲̸ͷϳഺҰڴԷǳŵ˵СУǰ졣
˵ʲô
ҡϴεŮӸ˽ի١ûһֱλϡ
λش𣿡
˵Сʵ˵Ѿǲ̫ˡ


5


ڶϣӺٶ߽ѧϵרô¥áоֻһˡд֡
㣡ҪûңȱȰɣ˵ţ¸ֱʣȥſԱñӡ
Ӻڵλϣ˵ΪɳӸ߹㡣
һƺһ£漴ָԭĶʼܿȷ뱭С
Ӻ˵
ñˮע뱭У˵ʲôҲ֪
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úһڿȣ˵ΪӲǱıɱġ
˵ɱģӺؿ˵
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ʱſˣһµİ߽Լʮ꣬·΢ͦеʡ
Ӻط˽õıͽסˣһĿȱŵϡ
ⰫһӺ棬¶΢ԾӣͬʱͷŽϸһ飬Ȼü߶Դ˵ãд𣿡
Ӻ룬Ͱֶˣ溱
ûСʣһ㡣þȻվش
ߣôѧʲôʱ򿪣
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֪ͺã˵ţܿһȻǽϵǺ˵ģ˵ˡǰ˼Ӻһۡ
ŹԺ̾һ
ǽ𣿡Ӻʡ
ԭڣڽѧϵкӰϵҪٿѧᣬҰæд塣˵ұã괺Ҫȥμרۻᡣҵľ޷Удֻһֱȿȡ
˵ţһڿȣ¶΢Ц˸Ӻز²͸ʲôֻǾǰӱˡ
֪Ǽ𣿡
֪ɲôࡣ
Ǵˣ̾ҹ𣿡Ӻʡ
ʹҵĲڳ֤õı鲻̫ˡ
ôش𣿡
ϣһֱʵ顣Ǹʵ飬һһҹĻԱҪڲСǸһŴʵʱϢõġ
Ϻɣ
ʱ䡣ʮǰʵﻹͬѧҾȥһ绰ӣǶˣֻʣһˣûвֳ֤ɽ̾ڻҡ
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ӺһЦ˼ʵĶأ
ɱʼ磬ı˵
Ӻ˵Ҫˡ
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һġ
У˵ҲǱıɱġΪɱ
Ӻûӻ֣Ȼȥ

翪ʼꡣѧÿΪΪҶڵȴͣҲŲߡӺضһըϺҿλȻϤף߹ȥԱߡ
Ϊ˭أԭ㡣ɳ˵
ôûһ𣿡ӺؿɳӺͻʵ
ûأҡͷ˵
Ҳ𣿡ɳʡ
ûСׯӺ˵
ɳӴƤóһǳɫ˵Ҳ̫˵зͶܵʣڳ֤ӵĽǳȵȡ
أ
þжϣһλסҵŮŴ˵ھѾٻķˡ
ϹԢмڣ
ҿһ¡ɳóһС²˵һ¥ͣ¥͡

ʮһ㣬ȥӷʱһλڹԢһ¥λ¥λӡ͹Ŵ
˶ܳȥ棬޲飬Բԣҳ֪ˣһҡͷ̾ϢġˣʮУֻоżסշƽûأ
ȻСҳȥӷҹΪһŴ˯̫ʱȥĿշ˯Ƕû취ȥ
ŶӺر߳Ա룬ӦòڿշŶԣˣҸղȥ̸أӺ˵ţ㽫˵Ļһ顣
˽顣ɳӱ˵
˵ҲҲûȫȷıɱΪҲӵֿĺۼҳʮѣҲûųɱĿܡ
Щհ׵ռǡ˵
֮ջûн⿪𣿡
û취ɳӺԱƵҡҡͷ˵ѯʹԱ̫̫˵û˳룬ҷʬʱҲȷ
ӷĴûӺʡ
ţҸ߶кüߡ
ʮˣ
ٶǴĻɱˡɳſ˵
ˣп𣿡˵
ɳ˵пաʲô𣿡
㾹Ȼˣ¶źı˵ʮһ¶ѽ
ѩ»֮գҾˣᱻʦġɳӰסͷҧ촽˵
Ҳˡǵú
ͨ绰ʱġҽҪҪС
ѽǷ̣ǴӸоͿʼѧˣˡ
ôҪ𣿡ʡ
ȻҪˡɳ˵ΪʲôҪͱҵˣһأ
ʦ꼸ˣ
ʮꡣش
ǸҪˡ      һ澫Ʒƽ
ûأѧȥɳ˵
ȥáӺ˵
ʮһ¶ǼӺص˵ĶʦӵաɥŮû˻ȥףաɳӡ㡢ӵ˾뵽һȥҿᣬͿͬʱףˡ˵ġѩ»֮աΪҪһʽѩ»֮ʽʽ֮УԾ˭׸ӡһξʱжȫ
ɳӵ˸бҵʱҲˣԡѩ»֮աֹͣϴѧ֮ɳӺغ¾ٰ죬Ȼͻټ롣ȥΪֹһ־ٰΡʱӻǳԡ
εղᣬҲӵ׷ɣӺеˡ


6


һ죬ӺĽڿΣֱӵҡͷСȥȴһҲûͻڼӽϰôҲæдɣ
ϰվſڵļӺ˵ɳֻһھˣȥҲɣ
Ӻӻ֣ߵ棬ȥ磬ȴȻ뵽һ£Ǿׯȥ
ׯĴСTŻĲࡣǽϵĴкüѾ˴Ӻز룬Щûشķһǿշ
վڹԢſ档ԱиŮһ߿ӣһ߱֯
𾮲𣿡Ӻؽʵ
ŮԱͷſһ飬Ȼ˵˭
ѡ𣿡ӺװЦʡ
ûлǺŻԱıȻܲ
Ǻǵȥأ
񳣳ȥȾƣŻ
ȾơӺ֪㳣ȥԡȡ
ҺҲѣҿķ𣿡Ӻ˵
ŮԢѽʧȥ𣿡Աɫ䣬ҡͷ˵
𣿡
ȻУԱ˵꣬Ͳתͷȥ֯ﻹţѧǡ
Ӻ뿪ԢѧУȥȻ˽ͷһԭһɫëµŮ
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ŶˣҸڣһֱ˯ǸŮ
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˱̸߱ŮվȥӺؾ͸ߡ
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ŵģҲסǶԢ𣿡Ӻطʡ
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ȥܾˡ
ǵȻѽ˵Ǹ˸ϰ֢ŮôܴӦأ
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վֲߣӻش
ԢӴżӺعһ۵С··ǳխһ·ҲûСߵһԱߡ
ǰׯĺšָһ˵Ȼţ״򿪡
ҿ𣿡
ʼأ
û⣡           
ЦȻŹԢԱߵĿյؿ첽߿Ӻԭϸ۲ⶰ
ǽɫġͨݶˮܣƺͿ˰ɫᡣˮԱߣԼͷһߵĵطжȴǲ͸ģ޷档ƵĴúĴС͸߶ȶһӺزȴǴҵġ
߹ȥⴰ򲻿룬Ǵˣ߻ԭصȴ
һſˣ¶ʳָ촽ϣСָʾ˵Сһ㣬Ū
Ӻصͷ߽档Сؿı͸ղŴͬ÷ǳ
൱Աи¥ݡʾӺ¥Ӻ룬ӹԱҿֺܿҲǾ·ġ
˶¥ҲǺָܰĶȷ˵ҵķ䡣
ӵķӷұߣӺҪӵķţťת١Զʽ
˵šǰ淭䵹أ
Ӻӷǲķ䣬תȥֻϹһдšСӡò
ȱ𣿡˵ţƤóԿףťϵУתһȦ㿪ˣ졣
һ£ź𣿡Ӻ˵
ϣ۾˵ȻťϵСذ£ٹš
ܺãԴˡӺ˵
ٶȿţ߽ȥԶȻɨңӺѵķࡣֻлױƷ̵ζЩкζʳ︯ζķҪöˡ
һɣ˵ţϵĲߵȥԼ״Զֽź
ӷĸҲ𣿡Ӻʡ
ԡһ߽˹¯ϣһ߻ش
˵ȥʱķһƬڰʱֽſ𣿡
ֽţڻӣһͷ˵ˡ
Ӻ룬ȥʱĻܿǶڳҲǺӵʬһΪֻҺͳѣûɶ㡣
ط֮ûķ
ϴξҲʹҡӶ裬˵ʵ˵Ѿǲˡ챧Թ˵ʲôǣһǵ£Ƿ𣿡
ԣӺؽӹ˵
οǸʱרĿӣʲôӱߺȲ˵
ӺͲҪáסķͣ˴ûгأӺʡ
١Ҷ档
Ŷ
ѧǱıɱʵڲأӵʡ
Ҳ̫ˣһ¥м䴢Ұɣ
ӵͷ
Խȥ뿴ӡӺ˵
ԡţһҪȥԱԿײСҲǸ̫̫˵
£ձصͼ
Ц˵û취ˡ˵߳ȥˡ֮ܳƵһ̨
˵ҵˣҪȥҽһ̨ãҿ
ллӺ˵ţӹŵǽȥ˱ŵ¥ǰ档ҵǰԶͨ
Ѿˡ˵꣬ťһתűϢؿˡӺϸһź£ͺŵһԴ򿪡
ڴԼһ״СһĸʽӲֽѷ档ֽдšչơֽֽۡ⣬һЩɨþߡ
ƵĴͿźɫᡣȲ֮ýƬסһ
ͼ3

               
Ӻذ½Ƭ򿪴鿴ǺװϵģƵĴµöࡣ
û䣿
ֻһ¡ΪûԿ׾ͽԱ̫̫˵ûȥԿףԲϸ顣ӻش
߳ңӺųȥȻȷſˣһŮ߳Ӻ㣬Ҳ޴ɶ㣬
Ůһ͡һſͣǲûд󺰴Уŵĳ̶ȿԶȼӺԤϵСҲ˿ţӺؾ÷ǳ˼顣
ŮñĬĬˡӴ򿪺ţӺߵ棬̾洫ںڰеȴ˼֮Ӿˡ˵ѾŻȥˡ
ղű˿ˣҪҪӺصĵʡ
΢Цգ۵һܡкüŮѴӺŽأԱܣѵǾ͹ԹԸһĬ濴κкʱš
ֹ˽룬ʵƭ˵İɣ
Ӻ룬ʵҪ˵滰ôʹˣֻҪܿԱĶĿһԹȻ浽߶Ҫǣһ֪Щʵ
ҪӴ
ӽʳָ촽ϣͬʱղżӺգһգۡ


7


ӺڡݡصʱѾʮˡͳԿף¹⿪ڣһžŵһζζ룬һڰͳȥˡ
ңչƣһűֽдţ

첻ؼҡм¿ɴ绰硣

첻ؼҵ˼˵ҪؼңҲпܺҲؼҡ֮ӺػʱҲһûڡӺ뵽ԼѾܾû˵ˡϴ̸ǰ̸йҵ¡
ʱ˵ְûͨҪȥо顣ȫûзӦֻһֱűֽһŵ˵ûְͨԣ
УӺشش
ǾͲõˡűֽ˵
괺˵뵱ʦʱ׵ķӦҲһʲôʣеǳй
ʱ룬Ϊ뵱ʦҪ˵뵱һʦһ٣ǵٻʹ˲ңԻǵʦá
Ȼ׵ʱʲôҲû˵Ϊʲô׻أӺʮǰ¡
ҪϳʱһͻȻˣʸף赽ȥˣ
ûлش
Ӻطʣûá컹ڳв˵裬ȻˡʱľӺ֪ǽʧ١Ѿȫĸζʲô
ӺؽֽһţͰ 








1


ɳڶڿΣϵоһһٻؼҡصʱѾˡƣҪӵʱ򵽴Ӽңĵǰͳں̵ܶʱھ;ҪһɫװȥƽĻҪʮӲ¾ƽױҪһͷʱ䣬ҲֻһӾˡͿںʱ˼Ӻǰ˵ĻӺ˵ױŮ˵Ȩת㵱ʱЦ˵Ӻһĸᡣ
ɳӴʱ롣ȱ·߳䡣¥ʱ׹һ¥ڡװɳϣմӹ˾ӡ
ɳ룬ˡԴΪ˾ְ֮¶Ů˼ʱͺܲڣáֲܻͷֻװûӣ¥ݡ
ɳӱŹΣʼݺ衣ڿ־ɳӾùκ͵ֻʣְҪȲ𣿡
á־˵
ɳݺú裬˹ȥʱŷѾ־Ŀֽˡ
TļӺأǸ𣿡ͻȻ˵
ɳӲѲ豭Ūƴװƽӣ˵Ӧǰɣôˣ
ָűֽ˵ȫıӺص־ѧľѡС
ɳ̽ͷһȻֽмӺص֡˵пʼ־ͳϱˡ
ร˲𡣶ˣϴǸͬѧûн𣿡
ţûС
ɳһֱŹ˵룬һǿֽ֪Ǽµġ
Ҿܲأ˵
ʱɳη±ֽ߿̲סתͷ˵ְ֣ȥĳϰ¡
ɳԭΪ׺̸£ǹȴͷҲص˶¥ûĻһ

ɳʮӼң絽ġǰÿζ絽ӴһɫͷڵȺɳӽķ䡣ɳǰÿȲ졣
ʦףտ֣ɳ֮󣬸˵
ͷЦ˵ллͻףգ治˼
ɳӾƺ࣬ܵӰҲ˵
ţɳӽԼҪȥϰ¸ӣȻûֱ˵ײӦڱѾԼյ顣
һܵİɣ˽ĸܡ¶΢Ц˵
ѾСӣӦҪҲŶԡ
ô᲻أεǱˡ
ǡ
ʵȥϰ⣬ҪȥԲԣ룬һҳߵġ

ʮȫʮȻľѼᣬͷȥɣͬ⣬ͽԴϲˡ룬źͬġ

ھҵ£ÿ˶зաͻҲ󣬲֪ǺáֻúӱȽ˳һʼ¶˾ġ
ɳ룬ӴӸпʼͷ¶ԥҶûĵġ벻Ҫͷоġ
Ӻأɳװںʡ
괺˵뵱ʦ߾١ʦΪĸԣӦñȽʺϵ٣ʺϵϰ塣
ɳҲͬСһ룬ڰѺüǰӺ˵˳Цտ˵Ӻ˵ĻˡԭˣܿΪ㣬ŷٵġ֪ҳߵΪ׵ְҵɵġһ٣Ĺ棬һֱ϶ٻʹ޶ҡ괺ԥҪʦǾ٣ɼʱԼҪӵ»ûʲô
Ǹʲôϵأ
⣬ʾ飬Ҳǰ㵱δӡΪĸܿ࣬ԲŴ˵ٵͷ
ǡ˵Ҫ˭飬ҵɡ
˵һ룬˵Ҳȷûд
ɳһ뵽ӺΪŲٵģ;ĸأͬʱҲе١
Ҫʱ˲½ͻӰ롣
ҪˣҲûʲôãҪ׼һ¡˵ţͻӶЦɳ룬ӣıźϣȡʤ
ţúͲ½ˡÿ㲣¶Цʦףա
Ӻؿܻһɳߣ˵Ҫ
ʲôӣӦȲŶѽɳаּӺء
ŵϰȥֵĵȫҪˣ͵
รֵĵ
ɳǰδ˵¡е㲻ΪӺؾȻ顣
ɳתʲ㣬ΪʲôӰ㺬ʵػش𣺡Һæܡ
˼Ӻ⣬ԱѾȫˡǰ˳ãһһȲ衣ÿ˺ȹһ֮ӱվ׼вʽһ裬Ҳÿζеġѩ֮ʽŮӺȥæö


2


ѩ»֮ʽǴӲеġ֮ʽ仯ģʵһֳǩϷһһεĳǩֵ˭Ȳ衢˭Ը˭ݲ裨ϴ롢ۣȡǩķʽܼ򵥣ֽƷһС۾ݡĺУһžˡÿֽƱ涼ӡͼӡšѩ¡һۡСѩˣҪԸС¡ҪѾݺõĲ裻鵽ıݲһγС¡˺ȡ鵽һƵʲô
ϷҪһֱеѩ¡ƶһ˳йǸ˽׸ӡ
Ѿôˡ¶ı飬ڰڲߵŮ˵ÿ궼˵仰˵һֱɦͷ
İɣȥͻġ˵
Կʼˡ˵
㡢ɳӡá˳ųһӺڵʱ򣬾ɳӺ֮䡣Ĺ
ӽ۾ݡںáһεӲֽУԼŹ֡идһءֽ֣ƣΪơÿƵӡһ֣ѩ¡һȡĻټϡġ塱ֽơÿƵı涼ӡͬͼԹ⿴޷ġ

          
ٽþ߰ںãȥڻԱߵλϣҲߵλá
ͼ5
          
    ϷУƺͽŲҪϲĹزС󣬱˵ʼǩɣ
һغϵĳǩֻܾݲˣ˭ԸˣѩͺȲˣ£ܾΪûݺõĲԺȣԵһغϳǩĿľҪ顰ѣ鵽˳Ϊ
۾ݣ򿪸ӣƺٸϣŽ۾ݴɳӡ
ɳеšΪѧѾܾˣҪŪĻ»ᱻȡЦӹ۾ݣһֽƣ泯Ϸǰٽ۾ݸϣáֽƵ棬ڻƿ
ͼ6-1
ӣ۾ôٴ󴫵Сóһƣ۾ݷԱߡͬʱƿɳӵǡѩһβ㣬ԲسԸʱڵúһ
ͼ6-2
һ㽫ֽƷŻ۾УȻ۾ǰõ۾ݵ˾ͽֽƷСʱչ涨˱뽫ƷŽȥ⣬ҪӸղӡ˷УҳƣһȣٴгȡһţҲΪ滻ơ滻ƣͲزμһغϵĳǩСѩ¡ʹϷ
ͼ6-3
۾ݴɳǰʱ㽫ֽƷŽУٽ㡣
㽫۾ݷŻԭλ滻վݲλȥɳӿվʱţѾ˴ӦҽŲŶԡѩ»֮ʽһϷҲû
ߵԭλ£ͼ7
          
    ݲλϴò룬òɡʱڶغϵĳǩʼУ۾ݺܿʹ˻С
ýݺãý۴Ϊֹǰʱڿơɳӳ鵽ǡ´ֵݲ衣
Ϸÿ˶ҪԼ鵽ʲôһλȺѩӺ¡ɳӽź
ͼ8-1
ӽ¡Ʒ£ҽţվӹ룬Ȼ߻ԭλʼȲ衣ʱ򣬲㽫ʢŸķ򴫹ȥΪ鵽ѩҪԸоſӣεġ⡱רõģ̫һڿԳһ顣
ͼ8-2
˻ᷢ𣿡˵ţһ
ɣʡ
߽ߵͷ
ݲλϵã滻վһڴڹֽţʲô̬ˣһߵǰλ¡λӽʱλ˱ʱλϵȺһ衣
ͼ9
ýе滻Ʒ۾ڣٽ۾ǰղų鵽ѩĻѩƷŽȥ滻ǰ۾ݡղÿһ鵽ѩ¡ˣʱԽеƻƣҲ滻ơԭ鵽ƵˣʱҪƷŽȥ磬ղų鵽ƣʱֻҪƷŵ۾ȥˡţӰġ¡ƷŽȥ滻ơ۾ݴɳʱֻСѩ͡¡ƣûƿɻ۾ȴ㣬òеƷŽȥû۾ݣáƻơɳõ滻ǡ
ͼ10
          
    ֵɳݲˡ滻ƣҽţվߵݲλȥݲ衣ʱʱλϵãߵµĿλ¡
ͼ11
Ӻ裬Żԭɳϴãòáʱ򣬲ٶ۾ݣʼݡ۾˵ӦֻСѩ¡ˡ㡢á˸ȡһšȵɳݺò裬½ǰʱ˾Ϳʼеơ
ѩߺָŪԼͷе㺦ߵӡ
£ź
ǻᷳ˵
ݲ衣Ц˵
עġ˵ţҲһЩ
ǰ˲룬ٻصԭλȡʱҲ̴
ͼ12
ӣֱ𣿡
ƽϲȾֱôһ˵ҶЦˡ
ɳһţվߵݲλҪҽţ뿪ݲλҪţǹءΪԼûзκδߵʱλ¡
ɳ֮󣬽ֽƷŻ۾ݣٽ۾ǰȥ͸ղһƵ˽ƷŽȥСѩ¡Ƶ˾ͽƻЩơղźãõ֮վݲλ
ͼ13
ʱͻȻˡˡһ
ͷɳӣ̧ͷȿһ뷭ϡղݲõĲ룬ҲƽΪƷ֮һ룬ſѰ̬
ϰǰ£Ϲҵѵӣȫβֹ
㣡
ܹȥáߺ߰ѲȻֻ˫ۣãȻſУֽԾɲͣزɳҲܹȥץ֣ҡߺ㣡㣡
ǣӲѾ޷شˡ𽥽ֱ
ҪɺãϿ绰ҽԺȥ˵
վ˶˵õ绰Ӽæܳȥ绰ٶ¡
²¡ɳӷŲ㣬¡
֢𣿡С˵
˭Ҳûлش𡣴ƺѾе̬ԡ
ľɫɳӽֱ֡
ãֹͣΣͬʱҲֹͣ˺
Ŀ޺
ɳҲСԼڽЩʲôֻͷͣѣ˵ʲôҲֻԼ֪Χ߶̸ƺӺԶĵط
㻹𣿡          
ѹתͷһϤסǼӺصסӺ˫üܵƵ
ɳӷӺصĻ


3


ɳӾԼҵĿУѾ˺ܾáӸղԼʼ׾˶ʱ䣬ȫáе˶һԲ
ѩ»ϷĲμ֮У⣬ֻӲ
Ӻһֱغɳߡֻ֪֪ľΡ
ťתƺôҶһӿŽ˵ˡ
ӵɫҰףһҲûвֻеɳơŻ˫¶ı鿴˵ô
ҲվӣҲͬһ㡣
ӱ򾲣ƽ˵ҽ壬˵ж֮£Ǳ֪ͨҾʹ绰ȥˡ
жӺʣǺ˶ҩģ
ͷ˵˵ܿ
ǡôأ
ҡҡͷ˵áڵ顣ղһЩ˵һҪÿʻſˡʵʱ򣬴Ҫʵ˵˵ɳϡ
ʱֿˣһƷᾯ߽˵ԲҪϵĶŮŮĻ鷳һ¡
áӺظ⾯ٺ߳ȥĽʵŮ߽Ů˵һЩ׻֮󣬾ͿʼÿȫºƷȫϸļ顣ɳӲڼ鿴ûϴҩ
ĽûҵҩŮǸˡãǸŸղλ߽
ûС
˫Ѿˡɳ˵ĻҲµش𣺡ûʲô⡣
ᾯټã˵Ҫʻ˭ԣûҪ
ҡ˵
ٴóȥ֮ɳС˵˭֪жأ
ɳӶ仰ͬС룬ҵĿҲһɣ
Щġӽ˵
ɳ룬˼˵Ӧû⡣ǣ˴ŶΪ޶ɣ
ʮӺͬʱ齩Ӳɫ԰ףƺܽŵӡղǾٸŻɳӣʵһλԭС㣿
ҡɳͦ˵
ٴֳڵķ䡣ⷿԼа˸״ֽźˣһԼʮ꣬ɫװ۾̾һ˾ְԱɳӣ͵ͷ˵
һ̾Լʮ꣬յӡɳӾ
ʡ۾̾˵ʦ𣿡
ǡ
ʲôѩ»ϷҲʲôϷԵǲеһʽ𣿡
ԡ
˵浽һʱ𾮲С²ˡ֪𣿡
ǲж
ҽ˵ж̾˵⻰ʱݣɳˣȴ̲סȫ
̾˵С²󣬶̷˶ҩܿǷڲһ㣬û˵ûпȲǰʲô
ɳҪ䵱ʱ龰ȴʲô벻ֻҡҡͷ˵ʱҳ鵽æݲ裬ûʱעˡ
ŶҸղ˵ݲ⣬˶ͬһţûСӡȻҲûˣôԵҩģһ¾Ϳˡ˽⣬һο㣬ʲôʱ򣿡
ϸݣסĵطɳ˼ԺŻشͬʱҲǲμɥ顣Ǵڰׯ˹ŴӵҪ֤ԡ
ϴǼ̾ƺܸȤ˵ʦ˵ˣڵ顣ʲô˵𣿡
ҲʲôɳӽžͰǰŴӺɽ̾˵Ļ
С֪ϴεܿıɱʱûʲôӦ
źͬԾɣɳһ²Żش
̾ѯһЩйزճΡȥĵط⡣ɳ֪޲ԡϣԼṩܹղࡣ
һ⣬йؽеǸʽʲô̾͸ղе㲻ͬ
ѩ»֮ʽ𣿡
ˣϷĹ̵Уֵ˭Ȳ裬ȫû취Ԥϵ𣿡
ǵġ˭ȲȫɳǩȲԤϵõ
Գֽ𣿡
ԣ
ݲ㣬ʱûзʲô쳣ĵط
쳣ɳʵ벻ֻ˵Ѿǲˡ
ɳӻصҵı鶼ܵĵӡ
վ˵
ɳ˵ûʲô
ȥɳɳϡ
ŵ̺˵ܶɣ
š
ɳӾͷʹָסüͷԵļӺء
Ӻ˫۽ǰڱ۳˼
Ӻءɳ˵Ӻص
ľΣҸղѾҽˡӺر۾˵
ǡ
˵ɣӺ˵첻Ҫˡ
֮󣬻ͼӺҲ˾ĲʡӺȻʱֳҲãȻá
ȵҶ껰ʱѾҪ˵ˡһȥվ糵ϳ˿ͺ١˲һ¡
ɱɣȿڽ
˵ҲǱıɱ˵
ܣ˵ıɱǾͱʾ֮һ˶
᲻ûĿĺɱˣ촽˵
˼˵һȫûй˶ʦǰ۾ˣܿǰѾ˶˵
ǰɱˣɿ¶Ҳеڹװ֭¶ҲһܿͿԲġ
ѽ
Ļɱɣ˵
û˻شɳ룬ıɱô˸ղ˵⣬һ⼸˵Уƺ̫ܡôֻΪɱġǣӦòɱŶԡԲֻɱŮˡ
ɳͻȻãԼʵ̫˽ⲨˡӺءӺȻ۾ޱ顣


4


ڶϣɳʱͷΡؼҺ󣬺һЩأ˯ȴ˯š֮
ܴܵҲһݱֳֽȥˡ
ɳڴϣߵ̨ƿֽ
ʮһաϿ첨ţ˺ܴƪ˵ѩ»ϷĹ̡ƺδ϶ɱıɱҲûᵽϴӵ
Ƭ·дš𾮲С㣬ʮꡱţ㲻ˣҲˣѵЩ
Ҳ֪ͨ˵Ӻش绰ˡ
ɳ˯ۣߵϽӵ绰
ҡӺ˵ֽ𣿡
ˡ
Գ㡣
ɳӴӦˣԼSվԵһҿ档

ҿ䡱ʱʮһ㣬ӺڳκͿȡ֪ͻ͡
֮󣬺һڿˮɳ˵ҿֽдţӲأǲﲢûвҩ
ҿıֽҲôд
ôһĺɱ֮˵Ͳܳˡҩѩ»֮ʽĽймġ
ʲôҲ֪ӵʱֻΪǲԼ¶ġǣʵڲ˽ΪʲôҪɱ
Ҳӵйذɣں޶ɱӺܶأ
ɳӴ˵˵ıɱӵǲ㣿
ׯ˷⣬˲롣ԣʵҲܿɡ
ǣʱʮ㣬ʱһڡԡȾѽ
ʱ̲һ׼ȷҲʱ˯صԢٰɱǺܿܵġ
˵̫ˣû֤ݡοĺѡɳ˵ţͷʹ
ΪǺѣºŻں޶ɱЩֻѣʵϲûȷе֤ݿ֤ɱġ˵Ϊӵʱ״κҲ޷Ԥֵ˭Ȳ裬Ӧûܹض¶ԲŻ²ɱ
һ֮⣬˶ûа취¶
ԣ֮⡣ݲʱһ㺰¡¶Ǻܼ򵥵¡
ڻ𣿡
ӦûΪɡҲڸأ
ɳӲɵÿһܡӺ˵ǣɱĻôױ˿ķΪô룬ֱδ̫ðˣӦòһôģҵĿҲһȻұûлɹ㡣ȻǱıɱҲ¹ʣʣµģֻɱˡ
ɱһɡɳעżӺ˵ڳÿһˣ˴˶Ǻѣɱ
ʵǲ˽ʲôȻܿɱȫɱԭӵҲһʹǺѣҲ޷ȫ˽Է˵ȫ˽û򻪽𣿡
ˣӺء
ԼһࡣΪֻһˡУŲԲֻɱˣ


5


ɳ˲μѩ»Ϸˣ

ӡǴҵĶʦУ߾ͻаȫС
塪ӵѡʱǽ侲ɼ㣬ǰ;
¡֡еͿǴҵĿĹֻҪڣվͺܺ֡
󻪽Ůѡ洿࣬ÿɰظ飬Ǹ޹

ɳӺģΪӺظղȻ˵ɱ־˵С
Ҳʹࡣǣ׵£һҪɱģҲҪɱԭ򡣡
ǱıɱģɱĶʲôأ
ȱ¶ΪıɱܿԶ֮⡣²һ޷£ǺġҴȲɱıɱ
ǡ룬ǲмƻıɱ
ĿҲԣҲԡȷһЩ£ѵʱϸ״ңѩ»֮ʽʼʱ˵𡣡
ãҪҲûлκһˡ
֪Ҳǡ
Ӻ˵ţϵţ̺ȹ⡣ɳӴƤóһ֧ԭӱʣվݱд¡㡢ɳӡáʦ֣ϷտʼʱλУͼ5
һʼǰĹžʦʱλϣȻҴ۾ݳơõγ
ݲλȥ֮ʦߵճλ£𣿡
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ȫԤϺʱֵȲ衣
Щ˭׼ģӺʡ
еŮɳӴ
ĸ㻹ǵ𣿡
ѵѽɳһ£˵ۺ͸ʦȥġ
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̫ˡɳ˵޷󡣡
Ӻվݣ˵߰ɣ

ߵ棬ֵĴɢһ¥ǰʱӺվס˵ˣ
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š
ɳӱȥΪԼμӽʱҲȥ͡ղӺؽЩ֮Ѿʼˣеԥ
ӺغѾһ㣬ļ˵һ¡Ƕǵĺѡ
ɳӿһ£˵һǲҪȥȽϺá
ӺüëеƵģֵͷ˵ðɣԼȥԺҪô죿
Ҫȥׯһ֪ǰһ߳ʱӡ
Ҳá룬һкܶ̾ڵ顣
ɽ̾Ҳȥ̽һ鱨ɳ˵꣬Ӻط֣ׯȥ

̤ԢſʱԱ˵콻κ˶׼Сķ䡣
ֻҪһͺãκζ
Աҵҡͷ˵ҪǷʲô£ҵġң⿴Ҳûá
ʱɳӿ߽̾һеʣڶʮʮ֮䡣ɳӾԼˣһʱ벻ںδ
ͽϴ̾ɳ˵лĺҪȥСķ𣿡
ɳӾлӺظղҲ˵ܻỳ¶û
ֻ뿴һúܲ
̾ƺӣ̾˵ǸպãǴԭС㵽￴һ¡ʱ򣬺ѵĹ۲ֵܻҪõöࡣ
ѽ̾ش
ԱǸҲͷɳӲ˺ܿǲĸ硣
㷿ǰ档ǸдšСȻڷϡ
ӣﻯױԺ󣬲ųȥԼġָ̾Ű˵
ҵطһЩױƷСӡɳ뵽һҷţ飬ͷһᡣ
ƽʲôͬ̾˵
ɳûлشһЩëº˿ɢڵϣ˲ƽϰ߾ûʲô״
Сûдռǵϰ߰ɣ̾˵
ǵġǸǲ˵
̾ʽ³ɳӿ·Ҳж·ȫһʱɳͻȻһװ۾
ۼ̾״ʲô𣿡
ɳҡͷ˵Ҳûʲô֪װģϲǣΪʲôһȥأ촩һɫ˶װǾ·
̾һ鿴һǼװȻԲȤ˵ûʲôԭɣŮͨļʹļȫʱ𣿡
ǵȻǡ
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ţֽ̾ڳûзʲô״̾Ǹ̾ʹһɫ̾ȥš
лˡ
̾ﺬϣ뿪˼
ɳʱٶȻһڡЩױƷУпں졢Ӱࡢ۵˪ױˮҺȡ
̲ס

Ŷ곤̾˵ţ̾˵ȥһ¡
ʲô̾ӹƿӣ˵
á곤̾ش𣬡Ҳ軯
̾һ̽ת첽߳ȥ
ɳ룬̾һרҶҩġΪڲ㷿ҵҩͿ֤ɱˡ
ҲԽˡ̾Ƶ˵
ߵ¥¡̾ڹԱｲ绰ղλǲ˴ԡ̾߹סͲ곤̾ȥӵ绰ɳӴʱ֪곤̾ɽ¡
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ɳҽ֮Теͷ˵㳣ᵽ㡣Ǹʱʶ˰ɣ̸̸п𣿡
ɳӿֱ뷴û£ǾʹӦ
ɽ̾绰Т˵ллİæҪؾȥˣҪҪһ̣
ˣһҪ졣Т˵
̾ߺɳӴТҡͷС󡱵ķȥТ·һֱ״ʱӡɳԼҲ̫˽⣬ֻúʵػش
Т˵⣬ûֵáǵĸ״½ҵĿǰڼҰ︸¡˫׶Ϊ׼ɥ£޷ͬ鿴ķ䡣

߽ҡͷС󡱣һȻ˿ȡ
Ϊ㲻ɱġТһ˵һڿǡ
Ҳô롣ɳ˵
ڻûеõھǰǾԲġΪԸǶýھҸǰһλңȰԹ涨ñѧϰǴСĽ̵¿Ҳ֪û֣ⷽԲûϸҪҡԲ㱧źܴڴǽý¡Ҳ棬ȫȫͶ뽣Ŀȫھ˵һӮý꣬Ҫ̷⽣Ӵ˳硣룬һֱΪ׾ȻΪŮഺ̫ɶˣһҪױ𡭡֮Ըδǰôʹ࣬ҲȥѰġ
ΪʲôҪ̸Щأɳʡ
Ϊ϶ǱıɱġȻҲ֮һҾֻȽϿŵùһ£һȽϿɡ
ȫ֪Ҫ֪ͺˡɳ˵
˵ǰһλˡҶΪӺλѵйأҵӡҼǵһǰҲȥμӸ˽ԺӾͱеˡ
μӽԺ󣿡
ԣ˵ʮ㣬аӮùھǣȴˡǰ󣬻ؼҺ󶼻ҷƢһȴûУֻһֱĬĬ˼ҲûɥӡǰǲҲأ
ɳûлش𣬵ȴ룬ȷûԴǴδԺ󣬾Ͳˡ
룬Ǹʱ֮⣬һһЩ¡֪ʲô𣿡
ɳʱ˽ȥһǰеġӴʱ͸ıˣŸıġ
Ǵεı⡣ТԽ˵ǰ˵ܹӮùھҲΪֽɫֻһЩè򣬸Ӯ˲㡣ǣȴˡҲ˵ʵڲ
Ҳôɳ˵
ܾãǴαкĹԲ㵱ʱΣҲԴеõһЩ
ҰﲻæԲ𡣡ɳӴͷ˵
⣬ȫ´Ҳ˵źģûȥǴεı
Ϊʲôûȥأɳʡ
ΪҸ˵ҪȥҾͲȥˡԺ󣬺ܲ˵˵ˡα׺õģ㣡Т˵ţʼ
׺õģôأ
԰ǲܵġ룬Ϊ̫⣬һʱ˵ġѾôˣǸˡ
ߵ֡ТվȥɳС
ɳӱ߱˼ʱТиղᵽǾ䡰׺õıͻȻԺ仰ƺش壬ȴ޷ʲô塣


6


죬ɳϵĽڿʱԱߵĻ˵ʦ绰ң˵ҪȥһҪȥ
ŶɳӲöʦڡ
룬ʦҪοǡΪ󣬴Ҷ
ҲǰɡɳӺʵػش

գɳӵʱӺغѾȵˡ˸ԴһɳǴǸʲô˶ش˵ΪҪҹ
ϣҪȵ̸˵ţóһƿڵʿɾ
ҲŲҪأɳ˵
ãͻҲˡӶϿȡеĺȾƣеĺȿȣͬʱʼ̸
ΪǶ̫ˡ˵ʵӺͲ㶼ɱġ˵ǲɱˣʵ̫ˡ
̡ɳӷɱĶأ
ʹǺѣҲ޷ȫ˽ԷѽҲжȫá
ǣܻһ˿ɣ
ҲȫûС˵
һɱû˵
ɳӿӺءӺֻĬĬغʿɣʲôҲûƵġ
Ϊɱû˵
仰˵һӴƳĬ˵ʹɱĻǲҵĶʲô
ʦЦѽҡͷ˵
ʵĳҪɱءңɱˣǻΪԭʲô˵
ΪʦԲɱӺؿ˵
Ц˵ǿΪɱĶҪȥȷߡǶ֪Ȼȷ򣬿Ǿ벻һΪɶɱ˵ɱԭǺֻ֪ܿܶǲΪʲôǸԭʹɱˡΪʲôֻ߱ס
֪Уҹɫһ糵ĿʱҲ쵽ˡӽŮȥվ
ɳɼӺػͣһߡǰ˵ã鷳ϴˮһգʵںۡ
ȻáҺʦæ
ʦڻǸϴ𣿡ʵ
ѽûǸ裬һܼįأ΢Ц˵
ɳ֪ӼҵԡҺ趼Ǿʽģľˮϴƽʱȥϴ裬Ǹ貢ʹáǰɳӵȰ˹ˮ˵Ϊȥɷϲַʽϴ裬ԲܻżѧҹҹʱŻǸ衣

ɳӺͼӺվӺһ·ֳĬɳ룬һ˼ࡣ˶ΪӺͲɱղŴŲұԼĿ
ܺáӺغƵ˵
Ҫ˵ˣ֪˼ɳӿԼӰӣ˵
ͻǰ档ΪɳӺͼӺߵúԾͻԶ
ɳӺءӺص۾ںڰз¹⣬Եޱ룬Ӻصڻ˭أ
ͻ𣿻Ӻã
ԣڻң
ɳ롣 








1


ϾǷʮһ¶ѩ»¼ĹţΪǰѧְӦû˽⣬¶öԷ¡ȻĽȴֽ𾮲ȵǱﺬء
ֻƶϿԳһǽ𾮲Լ¶һݲԭɳµĶ
Ҹұ֤𾮲ɱΪΪʲôҪֳϣķʽɱأ
ȷһ£ǾԭɳӾɱѡСַ֪ʽɱˣ鱬Լһǵһɵˡѳ׵ԭɳӵһУȻ
ൽأ
һǰ֮ʣ˵ֶӦѳԽһ㳣ʶǣֶأ
¼Ҳ˼ϧûκԶҽƻˡ׵ܡϣѩ»ʽϣƻԶɱֵķȻȥδƵ¼ڴĸףиһȵļ⡣
ҽܼ֪һУҪκαҪϣԸһ
֪׺æ

һɾ

ǡͬĵؾơҽڳĹСƿ뾡ȹ⡣עⲻҪ

ŷڲʱӺĲеں㯡ȸ´ɣĿǰҪ˽ࡪ
к𣿡
Ӻ룬ѾмûйˡӽѧʼɡǵʱиԼϴѧ
ʱ˺һŹڴϵʮһʮգ¼ѷˡ
ִѧУʮҡûó壬ҲƵоңֱϰԤϰһ磬϶
칫ڣֻɭһ˿ϰװ磬ƺϰСȴһӺأɭվ
ǱˡɭĽţƺԼ
Ըϰ𣿡
⡣ɭｫԼĹӣóһ񽣡
καʾ𣿡
Ӻر߻ϽƵѯʡΪԺɭ˵ʹλݱأƺɭҲյ鱨
ûɭƺԾһ˿
ȻӺظоٺͽйءΪŮԱ½Աʾľٶ֡һΣŮԱѯʡûԱ½Ա·ŮӸʱͣλ½ԱȷϺ󣬸ӵλϡΪʲôҪЩأ
ɭȻԼĶ֣ӺطԼѽ˼ڽϣӽʱҲԣȫҪˡ
ԼʮӺ󣬼Ӻע⵽ɳӳڵڡԹǰƵɭƣ΢Ϣһ°ɣɭ￴ɳӣк
ΪŶ߲Ӻصֱ˵
Ϊ͵ġҪˡǸҲȥΪ͡
ӶʱҲû취¡⻹ʲô𣿡
Ӻһʣɳ쳤̽̽󡣼ӺҲתͷɭֻص칫ҿ
ȥļҡ칫ʮߣɳӵȴ͵Ӻضɡڲ㷿ڷֵĻױƷƿӣʹĸ磬֪װʲô
ӦĿƿȴװЩֵĶӺָױƷƿʱ;Ρ
˶ҩ𣿡
һЦΪԼ¶ҩǣɳӵĻشȴ⡣˵ǡװ˶ҩ
ӺظоԼƺ飺ƭ˵İɣԵЩɳơ
ƭ㡣
ɳӴѴ𾪻ָ˰ɣֻ̬ƽװҩʵǣ롣ȻѾǲء
ʲô
ô󡣼ӺػæͷɭԱǸ̬ԷЦ
ôʲô
顣
ν飬𣿡
Ϊڼ϶԰ɫĩҩѿڶǴӸ׵Ͽİɡ
ɳԵͷ
Ҳ֪飬ǰƺũҩʹáΪвԶڽֹ
ũҩȻӺؼǵãƺ֮ΪǦӡǰĻ顷һ鿴ġ
ΪʲôֶҩأӺ̽ԵѯʣɳӹȻüһ
Ҳ벻ͨΪ׼ɱֶ֮һһҲܳء
жϡ
غữֶҩô֣ͬӦǺ¡ĿǰΪֹϢ
¼ĹؼڡӺ´Ȼ
뿪ڵɳԵе㯡ԣǺܺģûк˭̸
˭ָμѩ»ʽ˰ɡӺһ󣬴ûС
šҲǡ·һ
û취¡ʹͨ˵Ҳᱻɡ
ɱ
ǿ顣
֪ӺصĻǷסɳԵ죬еЦáΪ˸ıգɦɦͷ
ඣԼȵĿʾ󣬿첽߳ȡɫȹoڷзš
Ӻػصԭĵط񽣡ȻԼ˵Ǿ䡰顱
˵ĵĻ
·㣬һӶ񽣡

ѧУʳóԹз󣬼Ӻ񽣺ͷþšǸ̤һͣ½šһĺɫѩ
һԼġ
ĩ֮ǰǵϰҪˡǰϰʱӻ˵ԺԼлء
Ӻڲ쿴ӵӰֻǸĺɫ̫۾ذڼʻǰ
˽ʮӣȻӳ֡
û취ĴС㡣
þ߼񽣷ѩԺ󣬼Ӻٶ߽š
Ӻعƣµȥˣٲ׼ǰʱǰ˿ſڡмԱ׼ϰлͻǶϻصıлǾ
ѵһ˼ǵӡһӺأ۹
һŶ
ʲôӺԽļͷ򳡡
ûʲôֻһ¡Ҳ򡣡
˲𡣡    һ澫Ʒƽ
Ӻٶȴš߽ٴͶ򳡡֪Ļ⣬ֻΪ̫Զ޷ϵı顣
ﴨ˵ֻҪסͿõھϼʻӷʱʾǣʹǲеġ
ﴨ˵ҿԴǰô˵أӺʡգŮȫȾУӵĳɼﴨԡ
ûֱʣǽӦԶԤкáŵ΢̫۾
Ȼ֮𣿡
Լӷ̣Ӳûлش
ˣǰİӣѾ𣿡ĬƬ̺ӿڡĸȤȴνѯʡ
ӺزʵԴ𣺡ʲôİӣ
ǰ˵
ˢ൲粣ϵĻҳǽİɱ𣿡
ɱô
ûʲôûϵֻһ¶ѡ
ΪԤ㣬̫ɱأӺظоӵ۾˲䲻ת
Ҳû취ô𣿡
ˡӺǰ춢
Ϊɱʵ֪Σ
ǰأ
һװ֪һ뵹滰ʵϣӺҲȫ˽⾯ĶҲû̾ҲࡣѴ׷顣
еıֽȾɱ˵¼ǣӣһúúøлҡ
ңӺֹͣڲһľٶΪʲô
һȥϰ޷ǴεĲᡣûгٵԭƻμӣһҲᱻΪɷ֮һ
Եøл㣿
ǰ
š˵ҲԳΪûиϲᣬûۿĳ棬εΣֻμˣӦÿ顭һӺصԺٽ˼кԹҲš
֮ʡ
ӺԼԴĲ⡣Ǵ󱿵
Լٵѩ»ʽӦ߸ִСʵϣÿ궼߸˲롣ˣȫӡڡԤΪ߸ˣȴˣֵļƻû䶯
ֿܡ
һֵļƻ߸˻ʱִС˼ʹκα䶯Ҳ
һֿܾǣֵļƻʱִСһֱȻ֪μѩ»ʽֻˡ
Ӻ۾ղڲ֪оȻ˫ۡ
ιͣ
ӾȵصͻȻ˵ʲôѽһΪ˯أ
Ҫ³ͣӺ뾡ʼʱҪֽǦʡһ԰Ŀռ䡣
Уϵˡ
Ŷ
ʱٰʮŶҵĻɡ
쵰
粣Ҳ⵽ŮɳӺصĳ֮ꡣ


2


ꡣգһҲʮһ죬òˮˣȻ¸ͣ
Ӻؿ񽣺ͷþߣһ߽ձڡɭɵĴѧӣɶ
TļӺعһɡ
ڽӴӴѧе㾪ȣ̧ͷˡӺѧ绹С
װǰȿ̱ʮʮڵһسǼӺز˶֮һ
ڸһ·ʱļɭδ̫ˣʱͷһһˡȻһЦ
ʸ𣿺þòMǰó϶ι޷һ
ϣˡ
ϰ㡣
Ϊ˵ԽҪӶˡ޷ȡʤͺ֡͡Եˡʸμȫձѡѡεˣϡ
δңԶ
˵ĵ𣿲Ϊ˽ɱĹϵ𣿡˸оˣƫƫ˵
˶֪𣿡
һأǸŮšΪ޷μȫᣬ̫˰ɣ㲻ˣڼӺһȺУԵ˵ԱŮ̫ˡ
ܵĴСʵǿġҶӵˮ׼ӣǽ𾮲㣬Ͳ׻ʤνˮʸͬѧŮشᣬٵǾӺ˵Щף֮ʣʸüҡͷ
ȷʵɼǿ⣬ǱȴСڴӦһȴ˲֮˶СȻֺ֪ǿʵôԶɡ
ǳе¡˲ƣʤ
ȷʵ·ˣ˵ʲôҲȻˮһȴյطֱ硣           
ŶôΪԼֱ磬ǳ¡
һϴʣ˵ʲôǰͻȻ岻ʣȱƣȻܡһӦŮۺСǲС˵ŲֿʼƢʸڵҲߡӺسδȫǰ뿪ҡ

Ļʽ󣬻صѡϯɭԱ
û˯۾ôġ
û⡣˯þЩ
ӳ֮󣬼Ӻҹƶѩ»֮աĿǰͬȷֻҪ˳磬̽Ѱضܻý
һĶAɽڰɣɭȻŵ
ʶǰû
ǰǾöֲִǳ䲻Ĺ֡

ܹ
AɽڵĽȷʵɭ˵УˣöȨӺһֱȴšΪÿöֵķƣס̣֡ɽçײ빥ӺصͷʱӺػǰȡȻҵɽǰ۵ӺȴƯػͷ
Ȼصλʱɭתͷʾ
ȡõһʤио̤ʵˣڶɶֵİæ׵ӮСսʤֵʱ̡
ùԱæı㵱ӺԱŮԱǵġƺᵽһŮԱǼӺصڶָʱѧá
ʵһ߼ͣŮӲûעӺһĵѯʡ
ŮԱšҡ̹׵رʾҿλѧ޷սʤӺؾǻϣܴӮĻͿظ߱ˡҵѧ
ˡ
ӺؼװûȴסѧеĳԱʱʼϰʱȻյͬѧѧΪǶʱ⣬ΪԷͰɡ
һУ
ŮӲִֵʡŮԱ΢ɺ˵ĸУơӺŮӲƺ֪ŶӦһ󣬼˵ˣͬһѧ󣬲ӦپʱĹϵʵһģ
ƺ̫ͬ˲䣬ӺͻȻĳУΣʶ档
šɣӺز̸𾢵ŮԱƺû
ӺһлʤĳӳӮú࣬ò׽ǰȥҲĳɼ
ô񲻴˳ѡҲʱʸˡҲ׼ͽһɣ
ɡӺ˵ĻЦ
׼ĶǸߴɼҰϲϵϹӺظҲߣֱ֣ۡһΣ
̱ӵ״̬šҲһСĽģΨֱɼҰͷ
ӳУȻάֶ̱ӵ״ӺɼҰ۾һֻóıԵ
ס񽣡
ӺȷŴпУҲôɡ
˫΢ֿ֮ʣӺضȻסԷĽɼҰƺˡʧȥƽ⣬¶㡣
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ǾǺʸڽ𣿡ɭӹӺصĸʡ
ƺֺ򾲡
Ӻظղſʸ׼ı֡ʸó϶ιԷǾݵѧӺҲλݵѧֱֹӵͷǰ۹ľٶȡ
ڶֵĿٹʸһʼӭΪ̬ӭսǣ£ѹȸУģʸȡϷ硣ڶֲע״ʸڳ֣жֵǰۡ

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·ڼž֮УͻȻɶ׾״̬㣬ʸһӽжθ߸϶Ρͨڴ˲һĻᣬһǣʸڵһ壬ʱֹ֮С
ӺزжεƣԽͷʸڵȭνƽ۵ʽӭսӺʮ˽ֲˣС
ʸ䲻ֹӺصǰӺɽʸڵ󹥻Ӻص߹˫ûе÷֡
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Ӻʸڵ۾ز϶ƣƺȷʵԺˣĿǰʸѻظ򾲡۾Ѫ˿Ķ֣ĵָ¡
Ҫǣڲǵʱ
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ʼ
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һ˲䣬ӺضκšӦ÷ʸڣûзӺؿԷȶЦʱ֪ԼѻʤִӶѣ𽥼Ӵ󣬽Χסо߾ʱǺþԺ
佱µнС˾ǺšھӺعһɣTѧʱȻʵСŽ״Ǿʸڳнܱʱúʲô粨ΰϯ
ҵУӺؽ״ٵͷϡȼհطȡڴ˷ʽȳУĬ
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3


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ӵǷ﷽ΪԵڶжɱɱбǷթҲòˮʯ
Ҵ𰸰ɣ
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ϣ´ʱѾˮʯˡӺطͰеˮ⡣


4


ʱûߵ㣬ɫѺڣӺؼǰĵȴǰġƽһڣ򿪵ƣС輸ҲƽһֽΨһֻͬǽֱֽƽࡣ

½ȥҪҹ

ֽд֡Ӻز룬ʲôܡҲûʱ
ǣ棬ӺһɧֽϽӵģ

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պʱ䣬ƷѧԼʱ䡣罥ʱڣڲٳϾıܡӺ룬֮ǰԼҲڿȴ񿴵ǹһ
ĽĻ¥ţǺʽķ䣬ڼ򵥵Ĵ֮䣨עձʽ濿ǽذ߳Գ軨ƿƷǽϹһһطŮѧڳű㵱ӺǰҲƵ龰ʱɳӡˡʲô£ʵǲ㣬Ե¶ӭ񡣵֮Ѿ˲ˡ
Ůѧһߣһ˲żը׼Žأ
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5


ʲôʱʼٵأ
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˺ܾˡɽȻĿ˵ڿǽλӣǽɫͷۺɫдİٻ㼰֮ණƣѤõɫʺ̾ϻҰķװôҲ
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Ĺƽ𣿡Ӻ˵
̾ͷҲصĻش𣺡ֻˡ˵˳ȥֻڴ̽ͷ˵ԣϲõȫʤ

صҺ󣬼Ӻһѩ»֮սһֽдţͼ14
          
1.㡢ɳӡáʦ˳
2.۾ݴó˻ơ
3.ݲ裬˳Ϊ㡢ɳӡʦ۾ٴαݣɳӳˡʦˡ¡ˡѩ
4.ɳݲ裬˳ɲ㡢áʦ۾ݴ鵽¡ó鵽鵽ѩ

֮鷢ˡ
ӺصӴʱѾȫɡ¡ˡ
Ļڲ֮úҲӦó鵽¡úǹӺܳ鵽ƣȴԼ鵽ѩ˭Ҳ벻ǻ˵ѡ
ʲôʱ͵ġ
Ӻһ¡ڲ֮ǰܽӴ۾ݵˣû˵ùȥ
ԡ
Ӻرͷűʼǡڲ֮ǰӴ۾ݵɳӣ鵽Ϊ˰ƻɺƣһ۾ݡ
ܡһɳӺǹһǸݻƵǴġ
ӺΪһֽšвƱ͵ҲʵЩԲżȻ
ô˹ıඡܵģӺҡͷ˦뷨ʼɳӲɱ㡣
ûд𰸣ӺȻϡ

İӺڡҡͷС󡱣ڹ̨λϺɿ̵ͻˡ
ΪأŲλӺأ˵ϰ˵㻹ǳҶˡ
ΪʲôҪأӺĸڣţ̡
˵㲻ǡ
˭˵ģ
ûֱӻشֻǿŵеľƿ˵̾ˣϸµݶϵ١
Ӻز뵽ԭʮݶ
˵ǸеĲС͵͵ǻƣ˵ʹûʹ¶ҩƲ⡣𣿡ԭǴɽ̾ġ
ֻпܶѡ
ɱġûܣ
˭֤أ
Ҫʵʵ֤Ҿ͸㡣绨Ʊ͵ϣҺͻ򲿵ĳԱڴѧĺ¶ӪΪǸбĳ̡Ҫ벻˷֣͵͵ĴӺRȥ͵ۻɲܣ˾֪ˡ
ͻвڳ֤أӺ侲Ŀڶ
ο׼˻ƣò¶ҩأ

ļ˵Ӻֻǿ͹۵˵Ŀѣ㲻Ҳ˵㲻ɱ𣿡
˫Ĭһ£ƾƵһȹ˱ӵˮ

ɳӴ绰ιûʲô
ұ̾ȥʻˡ
ڵݶ𣿡
ôˣôʲôڳ֤أǵģ˺С
ͻС
Ҳأ˵϶оҺͽڼѧһأûвڳֻ֤Ҹ
ʦ𣿡
ܡӺ˦ͷ
ιӺأҿǹֲܶ࣬βݻƣҪбԼ˼ǩǲܵģ˵۾ݴʱеƶѱ͵ˣӴ۾ݵңҵĻ˭޷͵۾Ķ¶ķɽ̾Ҳ˵ڻףҩǾʲôܵеġ
㿪ʼòɱඣ
ǵġ
ͲеңΪɳҡͷɣ
һǾòɱ뷨Ҫɱ㣬ֻǸ˵ļƻɱˣҲҾǲıһ»뷨ǲеġ


6


һ¡ʮµĳһ죬ӺѩϯŽ궬ĵһѩ
ٴװɣӱߵˢ˵һ״׵Ӻز֪ʲôƵֻ֪һֵƣԾһ˶סֻһ
ˣȽ㡣
ӲɿЦȴǼӺı顣
ÿ׶һҵᣬӺǰҲȴûμӣΪļᣬֻһЩԾ֪ȵ˼һ𣬴ﵽĿİˡֻǽе˶ǿһЩѡ֧֣ܴȻЩȴһ㣬ʲôᣡ
ǽǳϯɣΪȫھǽĹοǰھĵϽﴨ˵ʵ޷ܾ
˵ҵᣬһΪʲôձͤأ(Ǹղ˵һ󷹵е)˵ŮӴԱأ
(Ŵôһ̵İɣ)Ӻţȴû˵ڡ
ӺһֱϣлӿʳܲķΪһʲôֶΣڱ֮ǰòҩôȻԼ֣һǽбģ˭أ
ֱϵĻû취ˣ˽ģ͸ץĺβˡҪ˵أӺشӸղžһֱ˼⡣
һ·ûκκơɫѩһǰ档һͣһḺ˵߹ȫɢŷ͵ζ˹˵һ󴮿׻ŵҲչ˰ɣ˽ֺõЦݣԻɵ۹⿴żӺء
ǼӺعһŶӺڽԼصıʯƵ˵Ȼűʯôۡ
˺һ֣һ
᳡ѾֺģɿؿϱŻ໥̸ЦӺĿǻ๧ά˴ܲμʢᡣ
һվк˱ﲻѹڳһ̬к˴ѧ󸹱˶С
Ǵα̫ˡӴк˳ӺشڨҲ١񽣵ңɫ԰׵СҲ֮һֵƱۡ
лл
˶˵Ҿͻϸ۲ԷĶ
ʱӺػ˵ѽ´ʸڶսʱôɣöԷȤӵȫھĽƣȴӽӺء
ôһֳ־Ʊ˹ȻװӺûϳ˭˫˫Ϥġ
ܸﴨ
Ҹһ絽ȥһָ񶷼ѺõĺȾʵڲʺҡ
ҲͬС
ӺؿǱһۡһһҲ潣ˣźֺõЦš
Ӻر߰ѬͽУ˵ǡ
İְŵͷǸˣǹϵҵĹײ˵Ϊƨ˲Ѫڹ˾Ľϡ˵ǹ׼Ͼ֪ʲôʱᱻأ߹ˡ
Ӻغﴨڳһǵı飬ȴڶǰ˵λǰȫձھͽѧھվһ׳أ
˲ӵı飬ڴȡƬ
ҵƬָ̡ǹ˾ĸร
ӺزȤĿƬһۣϸ򣿸β̫ţļҹ˾ء
λ˲ţѽعٱ˾ָһ¡ȻҲǵģָ̣سꡭιӺͬѧһ£
ϸ࣬ӺؿٵĴ᳡ΧƵ߹ȥڸ̸ȫأӺſˣץӵ˵
ʹʲôü̧ͷȴ˵
ˣл˵ӺҪߡ
ʱԱǰֹKĶ
ι֣Ůԣ
лҪ˵£㲻Ҫܣ
ʲô˵
ҿΪãҪû˵ĵطȥǽЩū߿
Ҫ̫֡ӺأץסӺصӣһô𣿡
ӺػصȻץ˵߿û¡
ɫһ䣬żӺ˱÷ɵֵ˳ķȭȴס
˹ӱײ;߶ϣŮ˼Уŭ
ҳֵรӺطȥ


7


ǵģ
ɳŮʦµСӺп˵ӣ档Ѿˣ˿ڻδȬԾ˿
˵Ǵ֣Ϊʲôأ
ƣû취˵ʱһʹ
Ӻأ㲻ô嶯ˣԭ

˵ʱ򣬵˼ɣӺ룬ǻôһ
˽ʲôңȴҪ㵽ȥ
ֻ˵ҪʦȥҪҪһȥѣԼҪġ
ΪʲôشƵġ
ӺسĬ˵شأ
һƬ壬ǰĺ«žҲֻʣ֦ӺؾԼͬڿһ֡ɫĺڰƬ
Ӵ򿪸ӭǣǰС˥ϡ
ӭߴ΢ЦˡӺ˵šЦװġ
ȥӺش˵þûʦݵĲˣרȲġ
ͣ½˵𣿡
ӺԱߵɳʹ˸ɫ˵ѽ
ɳҲܺĴ˵ġ
ֿ˰ɣ
鷢ΪֳãԼӺزŻôʡӵͷ˵ðɣ
ӺغɳӶ˵ĴС
ڲķڣǿʼֻ˵Сᡣȵ׼ߣӺڳͷ֮ȥʵûʱĵ𣿡
Ǹʱ򣿡
ѩ֮ʽʹõĵߡ
ӵͷį˵߻ھϡ
ȫ𣿡
ǵġ
Ǹ߼Ҳˣ
䲻Ǻܸ߼Ҳˡ
֧ڣעͲҶĩʹĭԲˢҲǴõİɣӺʱݵһ裬ݺúݸɳӣȻ˵Ǵõĵߣ
ͷ˵Ϊܻһʱĵ߰ɣӺؼо񣬹۲ķӦȴޱ飬ֱɳӺ軹룬ͦű档ķӦɡӺ롣
һĻعˣ˴˶ͬһʵڷܶ£ǴҶСĲص㡣
ϾҪҵ˰ɣ̾ˣҵҪǵ̫ŵν
ʦҵҪչˡɳ˵
㲻أӺ롣˵ġǡָ˭˭أ
һ𣿡Ӻʵ
ʲôƵһ˵Ĳ裬ݸǺȡ
׼վɳæվ˵ʦȥþͺˣͬĵطɣ
ֲɣ       
ӸɳӲ֡Ӻûоɳȴһ͸˵Ĵ
ɳʱϴ˲룬׼һݲ裬ԾôӺرտԣƺֹͣ
һоֹĹ󣬼ӺȻƣͷʦʵʦ֪İɣӺûƵĶûֵĶҲɡ
鷢죬ʦϴңдҲҪ˴˻ɣǴεļǱģʱȴ޷˽⡣
֣ͣΪӺصĻΪˡѸɾ˵ʲô֪ƽЦ˵ǲװЦǴᡣӺزһּ˵Ǹ˵Ҹ㲻֪ЩʲôأԼȴûз֣Ҳܷ֡
ʦ֪𣿡
඼ȤģʱҲˡ
˵ѻȽмֵඣ
Ǽ٣˭жأ
ֽűɳӻˡӶ˵ˡ˺ͼӺص̸ֻ֮ۡгĬͲĦö
룡
Ӻһ˵ò裡
Ӻ²ĺ˵ӺؾǲǱҵʽȥԭأ
ںȵڶڵļӺ̧ͷԱߵɳһۡûʾʲôش𣺡ֻȥҵ󣬶ҪһҪӦ
һġɳ˵ڱҵ֮ǰ
ҵ֮ǰӺ̾һñҵһֻҪҵȥͻһʹ𣿡

ղȥòʱʦ˵Щʲôڻؼҵĵ糵ɳʵ˵Щʲô
ûʲô¡
㲻˵ǰɣתͷżӺأȴܿƵĺ˫ֻۡ˵ðɣ㣡תͷȥһҪңȥʦʲôĿģִĿ𣿡
ӺػǱۣȴش𣺡֪أ
Ȼ˾ŵ糵ڶӺĵĿųϵķװ־档毺õŮԴŶװõЦš
ԭˡӺزСĽгɳ̧˵ʲô
ȥ䣬³ʱỳΪʲôѩ»֮ʽµװɵ·ȥ
ѽɳһ֮ͷ˵ΪעشŵģҲžÿɡ
֪ԭˡ
֪Ϊʲô
ǿڴ
ڴ
һǷǴпڴ·ɡҲԭΪΣǼµװһûпڴ
ͨġʲôأ
Ҫ˵ѩ»ַʼ˵𡣡
ɳ۾ʣǸַ𣿡
ţ
滵ңҲ֪Ȩѽ
ʱʣһ֪һֻˡ
㣡
ˣһ硣´Ҵ绰ʱѽ⿪ȫյʱ֮ǰҲ绰㡣ʵ˵ҲҴ绰ȥҡ
ɳ뷴õվֻĹĵվʣʲôʱŸң
ҵ֮ǰһ㡣Ӻ˵¶Цݡɳӵһ۾³ˡ

ɳ³ֹվӺҲ³ߡ
߱Ƚӵһ£Ǿվſڸ
糵ŵĸΪʲôôܻӭأղϳҲҲλӺվſڸǸźڱ۾ɫѵˡǼӺطԼʶҲ˼Ӻء
ǽļӺذɣҲǵϸϸĽ
Ǹͬһоҵġ
ˣڽѧоңµӡ糵ҡҡλεıԼڣ
ڣ֪ӺصõȫĹھϵйص⣬ǳ˽⽻̸Ƶġ
ʱӺһ»ʲôͨĻ⡣˿佱Ȼ죬ȴڿζ
Ȼû˼ɣ
ڣʱ龰оӺڵãʱʲôˣûжĻһֱתţйص⡣ˣûԭأ
ܸܲأӺʡڣһı顣

ϣԭҵĵ绰ˣĸ˵ǽмӺص˴ģɳӴӷɿܳΪ̫̫ˣ׶绰Ͳٵ˵ι
ҡӺƽ˵õȵҵˡ 








1


Tоҡ
Ѿ˾ųɣʣµĹֻͲϾ͹ˡ
˸ȫĹؽڶȻܰȣǳдȻʱ䶼ˡ
ĵ𣿡
һ۹ڰɫǽϵԲʱӣ˵šоһƬţʹ
ߵԱߣƿķ羰Ȼڴϰ߽Ŵ̨¹ôĻ޷
µĿյϣкüλѧǻصʽǶԴԼķװеĴӵƷеǴװѧǸԵŻδʼһװкӻһ֧
ȷʵǴʱĺ÷
õ뿪˴ϣŶѻɽͼֽ͸ֽһ˲䣬ЩʹԴһƬհס
űˣ̽ͷҪ͵Ρ룬һһᡣ
̫ˣΪ㲻ˣڣ˵Щڳԡ
Ϣ𣿡
ûʲôرҪ¡ԭҪת㣬ΣҪ
˵Ҳ֪òͷ˵Եؽһɡ
ǽڵĵĹʻǷҲһͬǰأ
̫͡ԭлδ
ͻȻע⵽ڣõĶ
ιʲô
𣿡ڣ˵˵žһЦŽ
ġ׵ߣ
һ˿ɵżͷճɵģǻû۾ͱӡ
Ǹõİɣ
ʹõĲϣʵڿǴʲôõġ
Ҫ
ʲôõأ
˵ģҮأ
ҮڡûȥĽ죬˵͹ݲμӼβᣬ͵һֱ֯ë£ǣѾǲë·ŵʲôطȥˡ
Ҫ˭Ļأ

ڣ˿ޣصڷ䡣ͬʱڴһ
ûش
Ӻعһݳſڡ
æӣӺؿõ˵
ҵǰ̣
õĻشڼ˵ҵˣȻĵػӷɫǽڡ
أҵĽеΣ
ôһʣӺشӱǿһͳͳЩԳ˵ţ¶һĨмЦ⡣ʣпɳ˵Ҿһ£Үᡣ
ôͻȻأÿǽϵ˵أ
ߵ㡣Ӻ˵
֪ˣλȥһ˵ģҪʲô𣿡
͹ˣ

С󡣡
ôǸط
ǲеģ˵֮󣬼Ӻؾ͸߳䡣


2


ӵŻˣһֱţָҲָӡϰڹ̨ڲͣزžƱһƻȻҮҹҵ˿ͳ״Ǻһ̵ڵװҲȫͬûΪҮҹ׼ر͡
˵ĿȱŪղֻȱȻŨĦȴȴˡ
ΪôźأǶű˵ŻƵġ
ô졭ŵɫַϡӿʼһֱάͬƣ֪ΪӦôأ
ô̾һҲѾشˣ
Ϊôأ
Ǿϻ      
ûñӵֽȭӡ֮³ΪӦýȫˡ
еģȻάƣüǿĿ˵顭ζġ
ǣʼά״Ļôܰأ
ȫˣѵʲôֵ鷢𣿡
ѵôһֱţαװһµز𣿡
ҵ֮Ҿͻǣֻ˵ѡҪ˵飬Ǿ޷ˡ
Լ˵顱ʱؿҲͻȻһȭƵġ˫֧ϣ˫ƽգĴָסѡ
ʱ򣬴խڴһźڱ۾ɫõӡһɫ·ѧѧɣ
ŰµھĹ̨λϣ΢ЩڳԵһɽ⸱ģżĲ죬̸һȥµһȺ˷Ц
ϰȻޱ˵ǰһ
컹Ҫæ𣿡ϰһÿĥȶһš
ǵȻѧü˵ǵĽڴΪ꼶ҵˣǵúúѹեһɡ
ϰҲЦ
ûпЦģԣʹǸð٣ڶǳˣٵĵڶ컹ȥڣĲѯʵһٵĻ˵һܺʵɡ
̫ˣ
̫ˣѧϰ壬ֻڲˡ
ϲ𣿡
Űµѧҡͷ˵һҲ
һҲҿͬһоһλĵǼһˣǵþƾɣȫסڴѧ
ɽȶ˵ǰʱñӴսһſȵζܸ˵غһںڿȡ
ˣҲˣֽµĿڴץһƳɵĶ͸Үϰ壡ڹ̨ϣһϼ·Ľޡ
ϰ彫ϣ˵˵С󣡡
˵Сʱͱʾҵɹˣ
⵱ȻСʵ̫ˣô뵽Ҫأ
ţѧһڿȺС˵õĻҲ˵
أϰżӵڵĳ裬ûһʺϰڷŵܡ
νһҪϰ彫żڹ̨ϵ󿧷ԣúҵǺϡżõĽǶ֮ϰ۾
͸Ǻˣ
Ϊʲô
ԺȻס
ѧ΢΢س鶯űӡ


3


ɳڳվǰ귭йز鼮Ȼ󵽸ڵţ֮󣬾ǰҡͷС󡱡ʱʮ֡T·ϣɳŬԼ˼ֹӽӵӺش绰һҹһֱ˷״̬ϿУҹԺ鶼뿪¡
ɳһһػͬǵףÿһ˵סԼÿһ˺ʱ龰һһԺÿһԺﶼһõĻ䣬ȴȥЩ䡣
ѵûõķ𣿡Ӻص˵ʱɳʣﻹſζ
ʲôĽһġĻش𣬻е
СĿɭı飬һббعǰɳڿ֮ǰһΪõķʵϣõķڡ

Ӻغ÷ֺ󣬾ͻصѧоңΪƪԼҲ̫ıҵβĹǣʱȴ֪ôӺ֣˴Ҫ֮⣬޷κһϡ
һûд
εĳԴҲСĽؼɵҲκοԷ񶨵ĵطȻǼӺԼҲԸŵ£ʵʾǵŲɡ
׷ʵ׾ʲôأһӺԼҲסͬʦ˵ģʵмֵ飬ϻмֵĻԡǣӺȻ޷ԼΪѱݣʵġ˺ܳʱĻľֻҪ̴ٵʱͿԽƵʵͬ
Ӻĵط±ʣʰ֮뿪䣬ʱֱָ롣ƶŲתķŵϰӽ쿪ʼֹͣˡ
վûаӰĵϣʼ趯ľҪв¡һڿлӿʬΡ

ӺزǻþҮˣһںüǰͷǳ˽⡣Ϊе˶һҪЩʲô顪Ǻһ¼йء
ӵ¼ʲôأ
ɱɱӺͼɱ˵͹۵Ļһ׵ǣκɱ֮ǰһҪһԻͬĶ
ûκɱӵĶýȭͷǣӺȻ϶˵һһ֣Ϊ˵ȴ֪
ѩ»֮ʽҲһš
ĿҪɱһʶˣ¶ҩۻԳǣһҪкüλ޷ʵ֡˭˭ǹأ
߳оң֪ӺؾˣʲôŲڴʱ΢΢زš

ͻǰһ뿪ҡͷС󡱣У԰ںT·ϺĿĵй䣬˻
һһ룡
Ȼ˶ϣŻı任˼ǽȻûиı䡣
νԲ˵صҡͷСǰʱؿȴüͷ
Ҫ˵Ļֻнˣ
㣡
Ľؿڣֽıסļ

ͻ֮е˾ȫˡϰ֮󣬾ΪǵѾơ
ΪһһȵҮڸɱ
ӺؾƱĸҲЧ˵ţɱȻ˵Ү֣
ĻˡӺ͸Ʊ͵ÿһ˵뷨ӦòֻԼһ˰ɡ


4


ȷСżɳӡ
ʲôأ
˶עе̨ϡ
һż
һҪһС󣡡Ӻ˹ȥּżϣ˿ģճġϵĻ˵òôã
ǰһλϰ彲ѧģ˵ԱߵĻҲͷ
ϰ˹˵һλ͸
ǡҡͷС󡯰ɣ
ǵġϰҪ˵ʲôͬȥ
ѾƸΪʿɣÿһ˶̸ŽķʡıҲ뵽ӺͲ㣬û׵ؽǵ˵ڡ
þıأɳһ߰žƣһʣо𣿡
ǰɣش𡪡Ǵ˯бӳʱĻش𷽷ɳϽӹⱭƣһ˰뱭ϡ
Բȸˣ
Ӻ¶ȵ飬ޱؽ·ϡ
ɳôһ˵ͻȻ뵽һû꣬ܿõĻһٻ׼еأ
Ӻؿ˻˵Ĺһۡ
ŵʮһҰɣɳӺͻһߣ
֪ˣ
ϰӻ֣ûٿӺһۣ߳˴šʱǿһɫĶڿ˵ĻЦš
Ӻغһھп˵߰ɣ
ߣͻȻ㵽֣еʧ롣
ߵȥأ
ҪĻӺıļпˣȻӲֻҪͻˣ
һȣҪȥأУҲҪȥ
ͺˣ
ɳӣץסǿʹá
ɳӿ˵ŮŮ
Ӻغɳӣǵڸʲô˵һº𣿡
˵Ժ£ûʱ䣡
Ļش𣬼Ӻؾ߳ҵꡣ

ĿȸղŸˣżӺ֮Ҳ˳Ѿٷκˡ
Ʈµѩ˵֮󶼻ûڻT·ϱȾһƬͨף·¼ӡ
ӺֱվȥһעûпǵأΪʱȷʵѾʣˡ
ظżӺվǰǾ˳վּǰߡ
ȥվ𣿡ںʡ
Ӻֻش˵ٵһ
;߽һС·һûнֵƵĻ谵С·ѩƬƽ·ϣûпκһӡ
ߵһĽʱӺͣס˽ŲȻٽһһ̤ȥ֮ôԭ򲢲ֻѩŪʪ·档
ûӺ˵
˭أıʣǼӺûлشûڴĻشҲûʵڶΡ
˲Աһ¥
ӼӺصжҲе֪Ŀģ̇ͷⶰɫĽţǰׯɣ

ˡã
ӺزشֱŰׯǽڡ
𡭡𣿡
֪Ӻ˵ΥĵĻ
⵽ôأĻһƮӺصǰ˼λشʱͻȻ˲ѩϵĽŲӺزһ
һӰӻ߽һߴŷˮ׵Ӱӡ
Ӱڰׯǽվס˽ţëǰ
棡
ӺصĶʱžУȷġ
·һʻֻǸӰӵĲͣһ˲֮䣬ճƵı顣ҰסԵЩݡ
ôӴµĿڴóһȻԼӺصľ޷бʲôֻ֪ư
ںڰеʱ֪һֻȻֻССĻ棬Ǿ㹻õĲյһƬͨ¾ĵӺԵ̿ˮһ
ýŻĴġ鴰صĲ֣һֱƣһӰɣ
ͽϨ𣬴սµĿڴٶһƬ֮Сһ˲Ӧ𾪲ѣԼӺضȴԤе£ַڴϣȻ΢õͽ򿪡̲סгæֶסͣƺûжסıҪΪӺǰɱ˹ȥ
𣿡ӺصõӲסˣһֱά˫ַڴ򿪵Ĵϵƣһֱúܲ˼飬̣ΪʲôЯ
ûתӺءʹӸղžһֱ¸ͣĻѩһĲҰס
ԭҧгݵ˵Ǹżʹ𣿡
ҰڣġһϷˣ
ԭˣþؽϣڲһǳӡ
⵽ôһ£˵һ𣿡ؿżӺغõ
ӺãȥĻɲܽ򿪣
˫ֲڿڴش𣺡Խ£ӦǴ򲻿ˣ
Կ
Ӻתͷ˵ȥѴԿ
ȻֵеһͷˮȻĻȥֻӴһңҲˡ
ˡôأ
Ӻصֱ˵
е״Ͻ𣬿Ĵ
״Ͻ𡭡
Ȼпѧ׳öְɣһֿԼ״Ľʹõ÷ǳձ顣ãĴԽһ𣿡
ĬĬԵشӿڴóӺء·̯ı˴ͬһɫƴ
Ӻؽ˹֮ŸղõڿĵطһӺȥԿ׵ĽӴˡ
ȵһ
Ӻôһ˵Ӵ̽ͷȥ濴ȵô
Ӧģ˿̾ȻȫֱˣͲĹˡ
ͼ15-1ͼ15-2 
          
    ϰɣ
ӺؼæϣһҪȥȴѾˡ
Ѿָֻԭ״ˣӺض˵

ɡɫҮתΪԼٯձϳġҮڡϺҪҮȫһƵġ
ɳһҧһȾƣӸղſʼһֱŵĻеԶż̧ͷǣɳӲߣҲֻĵصͷ
Ӻƶϳɱʱ¶Щıˣɳӵһοôı顣
ӵӺص绰ĵڶ죬ɳڡ䡱ҵ棬ͬʱش֡
ѩ»¼׷׵֮󣬷˳⣬ܻˣǣҪԶ϶Ļкܶ಻̫˵ĵطҲ޷˵ԻԴһʱ䡣
Щطǲ˵𣿡
ĳЩ̶ǺġӺػش
ΪһɵǶ仰˵ɱģ飬ҲȰȥס
ԭˣ
ɳӸеǳ𾪣ǼӺزķӦȻ˵ȥ
֮󣬲ɳһŬҳ֮Իɱԭ򣬿ǣ֪ɱɱ֮󣬴ּŬҳ̵֡УҶɳŬڱߣǲȴǰ¶貨֪˭ĻľٶӦǿ˽ġ
ɳҲΪʱжȷʵ޷⣬ʢĸԣӦûȥŶԡ
ǡΪʲôô֪˭أɳƵʡ
Ӻ϶˵ǵڶʡõôӵķġڶ͵ǿһġ
һ𣿡
磬ֻҵļ裬һķԽӵķ䣬ֻв㡢á֪ѡɱ˲ĿֻΪɱڶѡ
ǣôõķ𣿡
У            
Ӻؽʹ״Ͻŵ˵ɳȻڵϿǣѽճ¼һ
ӺصɳȫŷǣӺԼ¼Ȼеɵء
˽Ƴɵ֮ҿȷǱɱģǣȻһգΪʲôɱԼ˲أһȻ޷˽ġ
ô㲢ûҵԵĸඣ
ûУӺ˵ֻ۵ЩѣʣԼףˣҷǲһЩ岻ɡ
壿
ǵģӺصͷ˵
ǰ״ϽٿõķӦ仰˵Ϊû˻֪Ժܷģû˻ὫкͽһֵĻᵽ״ϽһӦ
ڣͬһоң״Ͻҵģҿȥæ
ǾСż״Ͻɵż᲻˼תɳӿ˾÷ǳ˼顣ӺشⳡϷȷõķӦ
ʵϣ֮ɫ䣬ӳֳ
һ˲䣬ɳӻ˱ʵӺҲôġ

ѿڴĶóӺָôµҲ࣬һֻŵǲһֻͨԭҪԾˡ
ȻԸִӿڴǴӴϿȥȷסһ
ǣôɱأִڼӺصļϣڲμѩ»֮ʽ;Уò㲻Сĺ˶ҩ𣿡

¡
Ӳķ﷢飬ƲЩֽǱֽŵġҵƲĻЩ鵽Ҫ˭ԵأҲҿ˼⡣
顭
˭Ҫ¶Ķ󡭡仰˵޵Ķҵһϰǣϸ룬׾ͽ⿪աҽӦÿΪʲô˰ɣ
˵;о˽⣬ʮֳأֻĵƵĽ졣üë̳һƣʹںڰҲһ

ԭ㻹뱨ʱһ֮𡣡
ϰÿ϶һյһ֧ɫǹ״̨ϻһֻʳָ֧ĵط
һѾȹ˵ľƱɳעССĻ棻һ˫ַϣӵС·Ļ䣬֪ΪʲôͻȻ뵽ǰơʣʲôβųƵһյǰĵأ
ɳӵĻУӺؼ˵ţ죬òҩʹӻʤ˾
˵λʱӺصһҲ
ΪʲôҪôأ
ΪҪҹ
ҹ

ɳӾͷѾʼʹˣΪʲô֮Ҫ˴ݺأ
¼ʱΣǡ¡ǡǡѩ
ɳѾû˵ˣֻĬĬصͷ
¡֮󣬲һڲ裬Ȼ͵زˣˣǶ˼ֵʲôò㷭¡Ƶġǣ뷨һڷ֮ǰΪԵҩͼƻˡ
ļƻ
ǵģ֮ǰıǲ㣬ѩǲļƻѩҪһڳԸʱҩһԽڣҪ跨һ¡
𣿡
ɳЩɫĸġ
ǼӺȴҡҡͷڸ¶̫ˣΪô飬֪õһ飬ȫĸ¶Ļ»Შ޹
ôҪô¶أ
ֽϣӺ˵Ϳֽϵģֽ֮ȥøԣͽ˽ڡȻصķǳ΢Чȴġ
ˡ
ˮУȻٽˮͿֽϡ
ǡôѩأɳʡ
ǰѾ˵ˣΪò㷭¡ֻҪȫǡ¡ƾͿˡͬأҪѩֻҪȫǡѩƾͿˡһ¼֮ǰ״ɳȥ裬ҪƵʱʦͻ϶һغ滻ƣʵҪƵֻв㡢á˶ѣϷšѩ¡ơ
Ӻóʼǣ滭ŵʱ״
ͼ16-1
           
    ״̬¿ʼغϵĳƣһǲ㡣Զһֽţֽƻ˹ȲšѩװҪȥһƣʵǽȥϵƣͼ16-2仰˵㷭֮ߵǰʱϵƶǡѩңǰѾ˵ˣƶͿ顣÷һ֮ʣһġ
úѩ𣿡
ø׼ˡ¡ֽƣʱóֽƣʵʵƲͼ16-3ҵƭ־ҪõЭˣƲǲѾ֪ˡǣΪʲôҪв㱨¡أΪ֪ɱӵãԱΪҪðɱƻû뵽üһƻɱˡ
¶𣿡ɳʡ
ءӺȷϵ˵ǽҩڲˢ
ֲ̫ˡɳӲԾ̾һ֮ǰȥߵľãΪ֪ݵĲһҪȵģԲʲôط¶νѽˢõĵط
֮󣬲ˢǳϷŵİɣطˢ׾ٵ顣
Ȼݲʱͽػ豭ˡǣֵǣˢٻһ㶾ɣ
ɳ֮˭ȥߵأ
ɳӻŵʱΣá
ǾͶˡӺصͷ
ε֮˵עϣͳʱһѲˢңڴҾҪ͵ҽԺȥʱüװȥʵǳ˻Ŀڴóֽơ
ȷǴһпڴ·ǣһ㲻ףʱμˣ㡢áһ飬ҡʦһ飬Ļõļƻ޷ˡ
Ӻһ˵ҷõֽƭ֣ǴϷһʼȫǵĿ֮ˣɳӣٻһµʱΡ
ɳӱ۾롣
ΪѾüˣԵʱ龰ӳǰ
Χʱֻг˾á
ƭֵĿʼõҲǼƻе¡Ӻ˵ǰҲң׼ǲ㣬ʱѾźˡ
ɲ׼ġȷʵû
İŴġӦѩ¡ͺһ˻ƣҲһźƣƣʵֻơ
ͼ17-1
          
    Ȼأ
һȦװȡһƣʵõȱ㣬ʱӦƣȴֻʣŶѣֻ뵽ҪһƣҲûȥע⵽Ե⡣
ǰɣΪӦò᲻
֮ҲѧģװȥƣʵǽֽƴӻóľȫĳУýгơ
ֽ֮ӦٷŻϡ
˳Ӧ޷κֽŵģΪֽƶڱ˵ˡǣתʱ˽İš
İţ
ʲô˵顣װõŵϣʵϲûСңһٷʱּװõơ仰˵һΡڶζûзƣֻһֱԭ׼õ
ΪʲôҪôأ
ǰѾ˵ˣΪҪ飬Ҫ˷ֳˡһ飬仰˵õѩ»ֽƵ˹Ϊһ飬õƵĹΪһ顣ǣźƵ֮һõݲλ֮ǰȺ͡ƻˡõǶΪ˺ͬ飬һҪһźƣȱźˡֻʣһźƣһҪĿõ
ͼ17-2
ɳӸеһѣæְס̫Ѩ
Ҫ΢Ϣһ𣿡Ӻʡ
ȴҡҡͷ˵ɣ
ʱֻʣѩ¡ţһźƣһšȻ㡢ʦ˳ǣ鵽ƵĻķ֮һĿǻֻҪǵһж޷μӵڶıˣʵǶ֮һʦ鵽ƵĻƻֹֻˡ
緢ıȻֻаٷ֮ʮǣȻǷǳֲļƻɳӶԲִµʶĴഺΪעģû뵽ȻԱӵֶΣƻ롣ķŭͱˣԶԼ
ǣֲļƻȻ¸ĽжĲԼǲԶҲ벻ġ
ѩ»ƭ֡
һشĹƵģӺس̾һͬʱݷþȫľƣعż
ڳȼŵ浱УɳӿżӺصı⿪յ֮ϵı龹Ȼͽʱһ
Ϊʲôаܱĸоأ

֪ʲôʱʼѩԽԽˡ˲صѩϣһ̵Ľӡ
һȺҮҹֵѧԾ
˲T·һֱߵվǰͣסŲû˿˵
ô죿Ӻá
ôأûش𣬡öҪٳǰˣ
ҵ£
ֻ£
ѽ
ӺҲױҵ׾ʲô塣
ʦļȥɣ
Ծȵı鿴żӺأ¶΢΢ЦݣǱЦݡ
ȥ𣿡
㡭
Ҫһ˾һ롣
Ӻ۾ͷ׿ϡ
ΪʲôҪɱӡ
Ҳ֪ŲT·
ֵҮҹ·ԵĵɵƻͨõıӰȴ쳣
Ӻؽߴõıתϡ
ʲôأ
ҡ
˫ֱأմѩҲкܶúһ룬ǰһŮ˷ǵȥɡ
ǻ𣿡ĵϸһ£
ҳκνۣ
ûнҲν
ӻֱʾټǰȥ
Ѿʧ·ˡ
;УͣסŲ
Ҫôɳ˵أ
Ӻ΢һ£Ȼ˵һжܺá
𣿡
𣿡
ٶȻӻ֣ȻͷҲͬؾˡ
Ӻؿ߹ĵ·ѩţѸٵؽ˵Ľӡûˡ


5


һҡҡڰڵ߹Ա֮󣬺ʲôƵٶȻͷߵűߡſĴ£ͷϴëߵĻѩñò֮󣬳ڵ˽ҡ
˭ӮأǸʣһǿҵľƳζڡ
ʲô˭Ӯأ
׶ԿӦǺӰɣ
Բ𣬲֪
Ǿˣ˵ž߿ˣֻ֮عͷ,дЩʲôųʡ
дŰ
ڵ˻شֽźɫԭӱʡ
дŮ˵𣿡
ǰɣ
˺ܸƵ¶ɫЦš
дɣҪҵĻһֻֽɻ
Ϊʲô
Ϊʲôһ˵ţһ߶߿
ҹ˺Ⱦ֮⻹ʲôأ
ȥŮ˯˷Ц
ϧǶûŮˣֻúȺȾơддˣ
˵һټȥˡ

ͣͲԱߡ
̽ᶳƵı䡣
˳֮ڳڵ½ŵضһ飬ֽ֣߳Լ˶ᷳ

յʱӦĿʼɣǵĻ˳㹧
Ӻصʵ̫ˣû뵽Ȼ˿Կôѽƭ֡
ǸȻǻһЩϵĲҪ䡣Ϊ˵ĵطܶ࣬ҾͽһһñʼҲŻƻգ
ʹҪһ㿪ʼ
Ӳɱġ
ܾȰɣӺһ֧Ѿˡ
ӲɱģȻҲ֮κɱġ
ɱġ
ϸ˵
ϣȥķ䡣ʵԼĳּԤȥҽԺ飬ȥҪĿģҪϵĽ
һӣҴɵ̬ϷЩ쳣ʱ׼һָͷҼֵ׷£ſŽʵңʵ̫Ҿˣ
֮þò˵һ֮Ŷ˵Ѿ˾ûȵأþȥҽԺɣ
Ӿȵؿҵı飬û뵽һԭĹɣ
ûз֣Լûз֣ʵǾԲԭġ
ȥǰҴһͨ绰ʱʮ㣬Ӳûӵ绰Ա˵ӦûˣǽȴûӦ
ʱҲûие֣ԤƻסĵطȥҴӴ˽ȥȥĵطǴңƽģǴӴҵڲԺ׵ؾͽŴ򿪡߳ң˶¥ӵķ䡣
ʱҵŲԤУΪǰᷢΣóԿ׿ŽȥԿǺ״Ͻͬʱġ
ӵڵʱܵĳӦǿ⣡ĿİŮɱˣһô̵飬ҲûнгΪʱĳֻ֣Ǳ˵Ļɡ
˵һʱΡ

ҵ༸Ҫֹͣˣ
Ϊһ֮Ҿܵԣ˽ϡѾȥˡӵ˼֮ҾصڵĵƣȥƵĿءڻ֮ȻûǲκָƣȻ㵽ȥӵ嵱Ȼԭز
˴ţǿһƬᣬ̾Ϳ뿪ˡȻֻӵʱ䣬ҵʱȴú˺üͷ
Դһ֮Ҿ뿪ʱֻ뾡ֳָ֮ǰģȴ򿪵뿪˵˵ǣǰԶģʹԿҲԽϣҸڷĵӰü
ǣҵľвҵġ
ҵ뿪úͻˣҲùӵķ䡣ڶ̶̵ʱӵˣ˵֤˴Ĳ죬֤һе롣
һʱ·뿪仰˵ǽ봢ңڲཫߡȻµҹĽֵϡ
ڶ죬ӵʬͱˡ
ɱʱԸеģǵʱҵȻǳҡ
ɳɱ֮ÿ˯ðȣΪӦһ㽫ʵ˵ȴʼ޷˵ڡ
ʱһ
ӺصƲ⣬֪״Ͻ£Ժܿľ뵽֡ҽľȫȰȥҾ죬ҲôƻԼǰ;飬ζԸ˵ʹ߾죬ҲӦøѡǣһǰôΪ˻ȥԾ˵Ȼʾ˵Ȼ޷ңΪ˵ǲֵģҾٳŮӸüıܲ¡
ǵģҷǳɣΪĿ˶мҩȫ
Ҳ֪Լ¶ˣֵʱ𾪡
̬ʱͻȻظı䡣
ٶȰҳȥ֤ὫӵκˣҪҰæɼƻƻǼӺеģ򻪽жǾ޷ϳμӱ
ļƻ֮ҲҶҲһûᣬҳϲ֪ӵҾͶɱ⡣òƻҿ˵һȫ
Ӻ˵ɹֻаٷ֮ʮʾԸһģһʧܵĻҲֻ÷ˣҲԸĶĿʧܵĻķ
ҶעִֵȲ㻹Ҫǿأ
ƭֵݺͼӺصƲһڴʡԡ
ǣƭʹõĻֽƺͲˢĴӺû˵ڴ䡣
ӺػѾˣЩСǲʦҵˮ¯ΪȾ뵽ʱܻÿЯƷȰ
Ժ뽫ȡأǴ绰ʦҪȥݷʦȴԼˣپۻһΡûа취Ȼܻᱻ˷֣һȡ֤
ǣû뵽ؾȻֵȥϴˮҲջ֤Եճɻҡ
дʱ̲סһϸػ뵱ʱ龰ʦҰŵĻᡣʦѷ¯֤֪֣Ҵ绰ȥ֮ȷԼƲ⣬֪ҰݷõҪĿģջ֤ǣҵһȥݷ̫ΣˣΪ̾Ȼ¼żߵ£һʰݷõĿģ߼ӼȥĶǾ̫鷳ˣеټһεķ
ΪʲôȥϴˮһͷǵʦԼ˵ˣǲ²͸ġ
ʦΪʲôҪڻңҲ֪ûɵİɣʱҲ޸Ĵ𰸣Ҳƻĵطʦһֱӵġ
󣬻һ±塣ʵǲˡĳּ
Ƿ         
Ӿõ鱨֪ӵ岢ûκε쳣ӦעǣûȥҽԺ
ΪʲôҪɱأȲҽ˲ĽѵΪԼȾ쳣ļ
뵽ʱһϣ˵һõĽ˶Һ֮ϵɵġԣڱҵ֮ǰҪټ档
ⲻҵĿ
ֻҪҵԺӳĸĸԼԭڣҾûжӵ顣
ǣ仰ƺɲпĴΪʹʱΨһˣҲҪȥɡ
нºֵĻܵĴСһ㣬ǣǿԼжַˣݷǴõƵģеľǿġ
ɴ˿ɱӵӦûҰɣ
ǣڴ֮ǰܼ֮࣬ҲԼĸ׸ķꡣ

дֹͣˣΪҲдȥˡ̽գҹһֻֽɻ塪
յýֽ˺飬Ȼ³Ͳ
ֻʣŷ⣬дˣҲƱ
ʲôأ
ڳƵЦ

忪Ÿ׵ĳӣ¡ĺСʱһ꼴֮ǰҲʮʮһҹʮһʱʮҡ
һͣСĸۿڣе˶ȥҲϨˣһȫ˷ֵĵطĿӵ亣ףϽȥ·ϰ塣
ھѯ֮£ϰ˵ӿʱٶȷǳ죬аʮϣһзɳţû뵽Ȼֱϳȥ
ڶԪһսʱӱ˳ÿλѲԱ϶¶ο顣
Ӽϵ֪壬ٴЯƷҵѧֻ֤һˣûз֮Ķ
ļ˸˹


6


ӵ˳߳ƱڣվǰȺѾųһһеĶ飬һ磬ƷľͿʼӹȺڵȺںǵȴȺسһķȥ
ô࣬ΪʲôҪָȥݰݣᣡɳӲõؿȺУ·ˣһɫë¡
ǺܺҲǵһأ
Ӻ˵žͽڶĺţɳҲ棬̾һ
ƵƷĵط˽ʮӣƷԼʮӡɳӱ˲ȵνţҲ˱Σȷ޷գֻǵñȵʱСʹรȵʱæ˵Բ𣡡ȵ˵һǼӺء
һͶԲС˫֮һ֧ǩӺس鵽Ǽɳӳ鵽Ǵ󼪡
ٳһ𣿡
У
ʮ㣬ͶԲھأ
һֻܳһΣ
ɳӽӡŴ󼪵ֽƬطǮС
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Ǻǰ
ҧгݵģ
ɳӿ˼Ӻһ˵мֻۣһʱ͹ˣǣҲ᲻ϲ
һ磬Ҳ̸ЩѪȵ¡
Ӻü˵Բֻһʱ͹ˣɳ˵ţǺ˫ա
߽վǰ̵ΨһӪҵһˮɣʹڼ䣬Ҳ˿Ľҵ˵ǽգӺغɳſڵʮӲҵλһȵļ۸ƽһϡ
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Ӻصͷһڼܿȣú΢Ũһ㡣
ۻϣ

ǵģ˵žʹƤóһɫƤռǲӺҲӵĶ
ΪɱģǺͲһŬѰ֮ԻɱԭⱾռǾҪݡ
ԭӺڲʾȤ̬ȡ
ɳӽռǲøӲμнһʱһȺʶǷðĹ£ռȴֲֻᡣ
ӶҲе൱԰µռȫհס
һĹ
Ҳȥʦ¿ʼռǰɣ
ʦ֪ȰЩ
þ˵Ļû˻֪
Ӻһڿȡ
ɱӵĶˡ
ӺؿʼϸضⱾռǣͻȻ档
㷢ʲôأ
ɳֱӼʣþ֪飬ҲֵʱǸˣΪþҲ˶ɱӣΪþԲֵܡƶʵˡ
ҲͬУӺصػش
˵ƺҲе
ôĻֻҪ˷ֲͺˣ˵÷⣬ڻɱɳӿżӺء
Ӻ˫֧ϣ˫ǰ档
ӻǸ˵СĻһΪõģǰ;ԣ۵㡣
úܺã
ɳżӺء
ǣ˵ĻӦòûзְɣ
ʵϲûлУֻΪжѡ
˼˵ӳΪԼˡ
ɳӽ˵ҲΪܣǣϸռǣԼ״кϸļأûпκΰʾеۡ
ǵôأ
ǰһܻڣɼ֮˵ǴġһΣ֡
ɳӴӼӺнӹռǣϤƵĴһҳǵռһҳ

ɳӽռøӺأӺؿָһΣ

⼸춼ۡ˺ܶûд̫ˣ˯šֳʪᣡ

ȷϼӺض֮ɳֽռǰһҳ
ٶһΣ
Ӻغܿؽһζˡ
ļؿ̧ͷ˵ԭˣʱΪĲʪաҺҲ˵ͻȻĶеܷգԭ?
ӺصıͻȻ÷ǳʹ
Ӻ˵ȾʲôǱİȾ𣿡
ΪʲôҲû˵ʵǴģֻǺͨʪѣȴô룬ңҲûȥҽ
ã֪Լ˻ֲԼҲú֡ңҲ쳣״ĻΧѿܻ۹
ֻҵƲѣ
ɳӰοӺƵ˵ţǼӺȴش˵Ļڱɱ֮ǰӾ뵽Ҫɱˣ
ɳһ֮˵ǰɣ
Ȼɱɱ֮ǰȱɱˣ
˶Ĭ˺һӺ˵ȷһ°ɣ
ɳˣʼ˵֮ûиõķˡ


7


һգӺعһɳϯɥѶûӺ㣬ΪݱزԼɵġ
ϣǺѡ
Ӻضе˵
ǿܵĻܻشʲôأ
ʵڲΪʲôҪôõĸ׿˵
Ӻػش𣺡Ҳ֪
Ӻ߳ʱɽ̾סþòľúþòˡ
һ𣿡̾̽һ֮˵
Ǵһɫװë߱ģ۵ʲôط硣
һֱһ˵ѽӺʮֻ˵ԶԷʲôӦ
ɽֻ˵˵Ҳǣ
ʣΪΪʲôҪŷĺأ
Ӻز̫ػش𣬡ǿȳĻȽᣬͷɵùȥ
Ϊʲôѡأ
Ӻ̯˫֣ʾ֪
ɽ˵ΪȵҾͲˣ
Ӻؿ̾ȴһֱüҵķӿ
ǣɽһ
ǵģ̾գ̫ˣ
ɥʱ

Ӻֱӻؼҡ
صһְѾˣһֽ

ݼҰݷãס

ǰְֵϰߡ
ϳֽ֮⣬һЩĺؿǼĸ׵ģҲһǼĸӺصģյĺ꿨һһ١
Щ꿨֮󣬼ӺصͻȻͣסˣΪһţǼӺعһɣǿ˵ʱ̲ס
ԭ塣
ӺذסСĵؽŲ𿪣õ顣
ǡ
ŷȴǿտҲ       
Ӻϸŷһ飬ΪдŷϣȴûҵκѶϢ
ӺؽϣһõΪʲôҪһŷأ
ٽŷϣشսϢ
һɳˮζ


8


Žƿơơ˾һ֮ͼı䣬Ņйŵӡ˵Ĳɫϳ˵䡢ʱů¯ֽ䡪ȫ
ʹ޲Ѿֽмһ𶪵ˡ
ЩһͿķҸ׵ģȫװˣʣµĹǴɨ䣬ԼʹҸǡ
̺֮ûκζϣһε龰һΪռխеȣһΪӵԼĳǱе㡣
ʱڻ١ֻӡޱͼϴ·ѣø׵ĳӾͽЩȫˡ
ȻİֻƵģǵʱǰæȴǳĶ࣬мӺءɳӡáӡ㡢ͻӾĸ˲ͣĨɨѲϴϴû˫ֱص죬ߺҵس⡣
ǽȴһҲûС
ȻģΪûиκ˽ҪңңʱĳԱԼֻʣˡӺͲ֮Ī뿪磬ŵĳӷ뺣С
ԭҵôһ°š
ſվعͷȥԭǻ
Ҫ𣿡
ǵģվһ߻ش
ԭĵذߡ
Ϊʲô
Ϊʲôֻʱ䲻ˣ
ม
ץסڵӣһֱͷ
ҲƿߣŬؽԼ˼˵
ѿһӡˢ˾ҹȥæҶͬãֻҪܹˡ
ѽһڣˮʹشյ䵽ذϣԲ𣡡
ûйϵæߵ˵ȡĺԼԼ˼㲻ҪҼġ
ǡ
ԭôҵͲӦû¼ң¼ʱҾôһЩ㶼ǣҲϲָоġ
ӺؾһֱΪòҩģһһҪ˵
˰ɣԭһСƵģ˵ǳᡣ
ҲΪҲôģңʱҲȷʵѹ˺һӡ   һ澫Ʒƽ
˵֮ڱǰòҩ£ѩ»¼֮󡣻ΪɱĶǳʧܣ˵ĵΪ˶ɱΪӦýұΪЩ¼֮һЩǻȴҪôΪһĹͻˡ
ǣȻɼӺر¶ࡣȻ¶򻪽֮𣬵ǣⲻǸϵ⡣
ҲôĻ˫ָϣּ䴫϶Ŀ
þɣ
˭Ҳ֪ӿڴͳݸ˻ҪˣӦðЩ

ҪЩ¼ҡ
Ƶ˵ʱֹͣ͸˶ҳѪ˿
˰ɣһ˰ɣŻϸļ˵
УУ
ûйϵӵڻֻҪϰ߾ͺˡ


9


ҵ߳˯
ȻԺֻСѧҵʽɳӼǵõʱĵֱҵ裬һЩҪѵЩѾˡ
ѧеıҵûʲôӡ󣬵ʱһһֻϣͨѧԣֻЩʶкĿŮӲŻ
ˡ
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ɳӻμӱҵѧʱֹȻûʲôر˸п飬ǽϳǰ׹صع˵Ҫҵ˰ɣ̫ˣ
þò͸̸̸ˣһ̸Ĵӡ
˵¾Ҫˣ
ǵģ
ѽ˵㻹Ǵȥ
ǵģ
ҷԣҵȻûиı䡣
֪
ţ֪㻹ȥɳӣҪ˵ң
Ҳģ
Ϊʲô
Ϊûɣ
û˵ҵ𣿡
֪¼į
ǵģ¼į㵽ȥְֻ֮еܼį
㲻ҡ
ûϵ㻹ȥɣ
ȥˣɳ˵ž߳˼š
ɳȻԹεķԱһָмΪķԣʹԼлһȷԼ־ڲμӱҵڣɳӶԼδһ㶼㯡
ѧ˱ҵ֤֮ɳͻȻȥҡͷСһˣӦһδȥˡ
ɳʱϰæ˵ϲҵˣ
кʰɣ
˭ֵùϲأڹ̨̧ͷ˵Ϊľı仯һ㶼ĺҳš
붼񣡡ɳӺԵλȥװҲ㲻
ѽӺ˵ţ̫ϰߵشװڵĿڴóһɫŷ⣬ɳӸղҲ쵽ıҵ֤顣
ջ񡣡Ӻ˵ţ̲סЦ
żӺصһƿơơ
ҲҪȾ𣿡
ףһ£
ȽɳӵıӵʣµٵԼıϰдը
һ𣿡ɳ˵

 

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