Ļ

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һһ̺ܿܳ۵վڴߣ͸ڳеᵽǡ 
˵ȷ㣬ӦᵽǼ˵һʯĹ 
ӴȥôƽΪһƬڲ˼ԵʡһʱҲ¶Ͱ׵Цݣĵȴ޺ͷŭ 
ͻȻ䣬紵ɢˣʯĹ·һӸһ㣬¶ȫ 
ʯĹ˵ĶŮһʯĹһָϵİ̺ۣ̺βһֱ쵽ǲ࣬ʮۿֲ 
˿ӽʮˣѿİ̺ǵϣʮͻأ 
ƵõӦòôѿİ̺ۣ϶Ը⣬˿һԶϡ 
ǵ̺۷·Żں޵ʮּһ㡣紵ô¸죬ϾɵĴ˽ʹ⡣΢һ£˿Ȳ뿪ߡ 
ֽкǹϡԺùݵˡ 
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עԺˡǿ˹١·С˵䶯ŷս磬ΰĻдһŻĳªӣһΪǵŮǣԺһ¼̨ӳΪӰ 
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һ¡Ժ뺯

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1

һ 
ĽӽһᴩԴִҶ˳ȥ 
ۣ 
һٿشӴ趪ĳòƫдϡ 
㻹˯ʲôʱѩѾˣ 
ʲôٽҪѧ 
һһ߻ŵǼͰ͵Tһ˯ʵ 
ϵţп㶪 
ʹ 
ûƤֱۣаһĶͷ 
㻹ΰ첻ҪȥǸСԺùݲǼ뺯˵Ҫдȥ𣿡 
裬ڼˣ 
˵㡣 
ʲôΪʲô㲻ң 
Լ𴲻ңϿ컻·¥˼ѩ¥µˡѾ;Ե򷢰ɣ 
֪ˣ֪ˣҪˣ裬Ͽȥ 
ѩվڽһҵأʱӸɵۡ 
¥ŭҽͽŲвɵֹţ 
ӦŶԣѩһ۹صľӡ 
һ޵İɫȽϳģرΪ˽жġҪڡԺΪɣҪһ˫ɫЬ 
ٳǰڼҲǼ㻨ȹϢʮ 
ʵڲʺϷƢ 
һ컨ִһҴٵĽŲһſװЦ¥ 
Բѩһϴȱɣ 
ˣĸϾҪˡ 
û˵꣬ѩͱһϡ 
õˣ 
һšͿˡ¥ˡ 
ι㲻𣿡 
ʵ 
һһ߽˦һ߻ش 
Ҵȥһһ߳ԣ߰ɣѩ 
ãһǸ 
ѩ˵űƿߣָŰһĿ㵵 
㡭ʯˮ˹ذ 
 
һԼһƣԭšǸδġԼӶڡ 
 
һεЦţϽһ 
 
һҽһٿɿֵı˫ץס 
ǺǺǡ 
ѩ״סЦֱ 


2

г˸¸µĴ̶޾ػ̨ 
λ뵺Ϸһϡٵ³վ 
гĳŻش򿪣һ̤ŲԽϾɵг̨֮ЬײȵѾѵˮ飬һȡĸ 
ʱվĹ㲥ͼͬʱ 
ڸʲôѽѩϿ³糵ϾҪˡ 
һͷߴѩ 
һųڿ첽ȥѩҲΪѵ˳ڰһ档 
㻹Ϊϵ 
һعͷſ־ѩʵ 
ûС 
ѩ۹ƿ 
ԲҵҲ֪ôû졭 
ָǼ 
ǵô 
ѩӿŲߵһԡ 
һֻЩ·𣿡 
š 
湻 
û취ѽʱôдϴ¿㣬ûϵġ 
ˣҽϻԺͣ㴩ţпȥμӣδ̫˰ɣ 
ɵϣʲôϵүүߵﶼǴͷ 
ʱͬ 
һ游нһǵԺյĴ̽ 
ǳϮ游ѪͳĹϵɣһŲ߶ѾӾ˵˼ֵİӣ䶯 
һܵԺùݵдʵҲԵǰΪùݽһ䶯ȫĿֲɱ¼ 
ʱɱ¼ĹϾԺºҲ٣ؽ¾Ժ 
Ϊף¾ԺɣùݷԼݵʽ˽ºúףһһǾǵһдĿˡ 
ѩĸĸǿͨģ 
һӿڴóƱݸƱԱͬʱѩ˵ 
ô˵ 
ѩһԶڰһڵϣһ߷СƤһ߷ʡ 
ΪǾȻñŮ˵С 
ˣָ𣿡 
˭ 
ֲǵһˣǴ԰ͳһҰͲᵣ㡣 
ѩ߲һЦ˳ 
Ҳ˼ 
һµ˵ʵЩʧ 
Լţѩøĸ˵Ǻͻͬѧһȥ 
һʱ֮䣬һͻȻеΪ飬̲סٳǰƨɿڴġƷʼ 
ڴ᲻ḡԲεӣ·ʱǸ᲻ͻ 
һվڳվǰȴǵĳӣʱĦβʱıķ 
ɴඪ˰ɣһҪĻ 
ڰһ˼֮ʣǰһӳ˰ȡ 
дžؾֵѲ߳ͣǰʻĴҡλ̽ͷǽУ 
Ǿõˣ 
Ҳ֣ 
һ֣һĸо 
ǰұֻ˳㵽ؾȥкȴ߶һ緹 
־˵ű۹Ц 
λ־ٺͰһǴΡԺɱ¼֮ųΪѡ 
ҲΪ˸Ժùʷǰļְ˹١ 
ʵưǰһԴʱʼ㾯٣ڰһǰҲ̧ͷˡ 
˴ν־Ҳ֮С 
ǿɣιСֵܣ۰ɣ 
ֶԴƷ䵱ʻľ˵꣬˿α˯ֱѲ߳ɼƳ̳ˡ 
һǳ˽⽣̵£ʵһƽģԶֲһ̬ȸеЩơϸ룬Ѳһεľ٣ǾǰеĵһߣµطССԣֱ߲ͬʵһ㣬Ҳûʲôֵˡ 
ССľ԰һô߲ʵΪ֪֡ʲôΪһĳٵĶӰɣ 


3

µ·ϱʮңһСۡ 
ۻ洬Уһҷǳ۵Ĵɫͧдšš 
ҿԴʮ˵ĸٿͧǰùСµΨһͨߡ 
λþòˣ 
ͧ¶Ժù˺ףЦӭӰһǡ 
һܴԵİ̺ۣ̺ǻ۵òһӰ 
йϵİ̺ۣ 
̺𣿹ȷʱ˻ᱻҵģţʵ̺۲ΪˣåɵģλҪ£ 
һ൱ϲˬʵԸһֱϣٸ棬Եӵ뺯ʱеʮָˡ 
ǰͰһһĸѧǣԸǴοֲľεûȤֻаһѩ˲μӡ 
ͧĳ˿ͳ˰һѩͽ־֮⣬ˡ 
ڰһȺ˶λӣ̸ţʱ򻹴ӺͷƤЦ 
¡¡ڸǵ̸˸ڽЩʲôǴǵͱͿ֪ضѩƷͷ㡣 
һһ٣ӺСʹԼʮңްɫǼ۵ɫǳ 
бǡĵЦݣɡС۵¶š 
һƤ𪡢΢ֵˡһ٣ֻϧ°͵֬С 
ӦñǸɫ΢곤Щɣ 
ֻ۾๾಻ͣתţƺǸʵˡ 
ҿǸȽֵˡ 
ѩڰһĶߵ˵ 
Ŷ˭ 
Ҽǵúǡ롯ŵԱǵĹݡ 
Ŷ治ǻԱϸģ 
һ㲻ҲǻԱ𣿡 
ңֻȥæӰˣҲǵʲôʱ簡 
ǵġ 
ιǶϷȤ𣿡 
ͻȻѩ̽ʵ 
ԲֻǸ޷μϵϷݳ 
һѩ֮ǰȻش˵⡣ 
ǸѵǺʦ̽ 
һЦβ¶ˣ˲һֶĵĵͼӡһҲðһѩӡ 
ǡ 
һһڿˮˡ 
һֵܣǰѧ 
Ӽʻ̽ͷ˵ 
ѧϰ壬ǰѧУʦ𣿡 
־پȵʵ 
¶ݻش 
ԼǰμĳݳǵʱµͽܣڶԾԱҪæҳﱸιݵġʵǰͿʼˣǸղǵȥ㶫 
ʲôϰ壬Ѳǡ롯ŵĺ 
ѩ˷ܵ÷߿ 
ʵҲô 
󲻺˼ɦɦͷЦ˵ 
ѽǰôûз֣ 
ϰǸˣ 
һʵ 
ֵɫ˵ 
ι̫ʧ˰ɣʦǰձһԱģڸĸִ磬ƶΪһɹҵ˵ʦҲĻӢأʦݵ֮֮ḻĿǰΪֹܳǡԺˡϷ԰ֲͬıݷʽÿһֱ̬ΪɹԺˡ𣿡 
һѩԡ 
ǵȻ֪ǳ磬һӶˡ 
Ϊǳһɱ¼ 
֪ɣڵǵģǿ˹.·ĿֲС˵ڰԺµˣĸԱ˿͡ΪʵԸϵطɱС׶صŦԼİϻ㣬ض±Ϊ̨֡ڼѾҲͻıݷʽˣʦݵġԺˡܺϻԱصظۿǺʦʮڵһѾǵھŴξмˡ 
̴̫ˣɣ 
̴̴ֹ¶ηɫĬ 
Բ𰡣λһϲۡˣ̴ɼͷйεĹݣҪǶָ̡ 
ѩͰһǫ˵š 
ˡ˴˱˴ˡǽһһѩָ̡ 
һһɦͷһ˵ 
̴ȴûκλӦԽͷӶЦ 
ѩ 
һ¶㵵ıѩߵţ 
ҿ㻹ǲҪ뻰ȦȽϺá 
ʱٶȽҲԽԽԵģȴڶ߳š 
λͿ쵽Ŀĵˡ 
һ߲Ŵһ˵ 
֪ʲôʱʼǰȻһƬ͵±ڣ±ΡΡһ޴Ĺۡ 
ģһ 
ѩ˷ܵش򿪴ѹסڷзͷе 
ǸԺùݣһؿӿһĸж 
ǻصҹ˼Ĺ磬ǱƻزٴοĵһһֲԤס 
Ժ߸ߴϣظȺݷĿǡ 


4

ԺùλĹµϣһֻġƽҵСϴ벿ֶӲǣмϡľ䡣 
Դʱλʲڴ˴֮˵ű˿ѡ 
֮µȸˣҲһȻķϣһֱʮǰűڵϰ 
ʱĽķõĹۡǰ½Ŀչǰ 
ԺùݵΧŻľϡʽͥ԰оһŷ޵Ĺۡ 
۲ׯϵǷֱͿɴϣĻɫͰɫ 
Ư 
ѩǰġԺùݣ﷢̾ 
ǰ 
־˼ظ͵ 
һ˾ٶáԺùݡ 
һͧԱ´ǻֵ𣬴˿̲֪ʧȥˡ 
̴ȥι¾Ժɣ 
˵ţƿɫĴţһŶʮͷΧΧȹӭ 
ϰ塣 
ôˣڣ 
͵Ѿ׼ˣҪҪȥòͣ 
ܻھԺɣҴ˳ɲȥ̴Ǹոջһ𡣡 
õġ 
Ӧһ߳ȥˡ 
ղǸҲԱ𣿡 
ѩʺ 
нɣWѧÿٶ򹤡ͣ˲æɣ 
һѩţֻźɫĵ̺úʽɫƵķۺɫϵ 
߽ù֮ͥҴұߵߣȾӾԺùݵͨ 
ԺڵŻװУԻûֻһõϾŰϡ 
ǾԺʵҲûʲôģԲͨʵ̫˵㣬ٻһʵϣϾҲû濴ɣ 
ǰһ߽糡 
İˣΪ㳪һ׸ɣ 
һŲ̊ 
̨ųɰԲΣӷֱŮһС 
ǸеĲ𣿡 
ѩ̲סгǹԱ 
ǸͷŮǼξ룬һŮɵ̫̫ʥӣ԰ɣ 
ʶǣ 
һһŵʵ 
Ȼˣ治ţĶǡ롯ŵģ 
ѩϵؽšţţ̨ϵԱܵţֹͣ 
ѩֳֵġԲһе㰢 
һ˵ţ˴ѩԴ 
ûϵҲòʱ䣬Ϣˡ 
мɴº͵Ц˵ 
ӳھ۹µЦһסˡվߵѩŹą̂ 
òΪ˵İһҲɵۡ 
ٶҲһ˿覴ãȴһǿ׳ԵЩЭ̸¾ֹ֮һζ޷׽ 
ҪϢѽòײݵһĻ 
ξһһͷ̷¶ŵı˵ 
ֽź޳ԵʮšȻݣ¡ȫµı൱ɢһഺȻٲô£ȴ˲࿴ۡ 
ʥӣֳֳȻͬķˡ 
Ǹ۲۵ˣ߰˸о߲ʡ 
ˣ㻹Ҫʱ˵ɣҶӻǶˡ 
ʥ˵ 
ǡʥС㣬ѾֵúˣͲصʽݳЧҡ 
ξĵ˵ 
ʲôʲô𣿡 
ʥѸ 
ξæҡͷϣ 
ǵģġ 
ҿǰѻ˵ǰͷξֻҪҸҰְֽһûûˡҪΪԼһˡ 
ûСֻΪǺʦѵõļݣϣԼõı֣˵˿ֶ̨͡࡭ 
ʲô˼ǣֻǸɽɫҪΪʦϲ͵ģΪʲôҪݿݿ˿֪͡ҾͲˣ 
ʥѾ籾ڵذϡ 
ʥӣһ㣬пڡ 
üͷֹʥӡ 
ӴΪξ绤ˣȻ 
žž 
ʱֹ֣ⳡۡ 
ãҾϢһ°ɣ 
ԭֵǺ 
׼ò͵ˣȥŰɣǴ͹ȥ 
Աź˵ͷĬĮ̆뿪糡 
ðŶܿôרҵԱ 
ѩ˷ܵ˫շ˵ 
Ǳ˴֮ǿҵľʶأ 
ҿֻһԴ׵ĳܰˡ 
һ˵ 
ΪЦ˵ 
ΪǶͬԲŻᾺô 
ͬǿͬ䰡 
һʵ 
һʹֻһС£ֻҪʣͷǵøɡ 
ǰξŸʮһ꣬ʥӶʮ꣬곤ӦѾʮˣѧϷǲƵġѧ鲻һȦʮŵ˵Ҳģ 
Ŷ 
ˣҴǴԵزιһ¾Ժɣ 


5

һֻʮλСԺֻ̨߹ߣǰĹģСöˡ 
ԺûдֻйϯУҲ̨ţԼλֱĵĺŶѡ 
һȼ̵ţĿǰ 
ѵá 
ѩŹڹϯߵľ޷ͼ˵ 
ȻھԺйһװΣĲõģ 
ŻǸոЩΪף¾Ժţصشҵġ 
ָһֱ̨ߣɫʷǳִͻ˵ 
ôƯŮӻأһʵ 
һŶ̷ŮӵĻ 
ܾԺЩްļȻԵùҫۡ 
ŮһͷкƵ̷͹Գ͵ϸ۾ 
΢΢͹زʮġŮɣ 
รǷѽһλмòεĻģϽˣҲˡȻҾֱǷĻ粻ôһֱϣԼĻܹԺ 
ȷһûأˣģض˭ 
ıһ˲ 
ȥŮ 
⣡һﰵвãһСִ˵¡ 
ǵģһ㶼û䣬˵ôԡ 
ִ˴һĶӣ 
֣ô֪ 
ûϵ㲻Ҫϡ 
ָɫİһļ 
ǶѾǰˣҲա 
˵꣬ЦݳžԺȥ 
ǿ̨豸ɣԺȻСˣ豸ȴһġ뿴 
˵ţ㰴ڴԱǽϵİť 
Ժʱ̨ʵĴơ 
ð 
һͬ̾š 
һ޴ĵƣƱȻ΢ǴĲ;Ƭâʹõƿҫ۶Ŀ 
ԭǰڹϯϷ컨ϣҶһֽţװõӺ;Ƭͱˡ 
ƯǣΪʲôҪ̨װأ 
һʡ 
󵭵ػش 
ҵ̨ٲ˵Ƶġ 
ף 
ʱһеĵ 
ǵȥȱɣ 
صƣ˾Ժĵơ 
ϰ壬ҿһ𣿡ѩ˵ 
Ȼ԰ 
Ժ̨ڲرҼǵԭ̨ĳߴȽһ㡭 
̨ȷʵȿˣҪӽΡ 
ڲΧŻɭַ羰ĲĻ 
ӹϯ̨ͺɭֵһ㡣 
С㲻ǻԱ߱רҵжȡ 
û 
ѩ˼ְգѩеС 
ΪǵֺԤ㶼ܳԣΪ˱ʹôߣԲһһشűĻĻԼǿ̨ʵС 
ţѰһ˴˲ҡ 
λ̨ 
˵꣬㿪ʼأΧ̨ɭַ羰ĻӺֳһĻ 
שͼ 
ɭֲĻǫ֮̈̄ͱɫשͷͼΧơ 
ţ̨͹ϯ֮併һһĶ 
ʲô 
һʵ 
һֱԱ߳ĬĽ֣ʱ̲ס 
õӳߴ翴֮ࡣ 
֣ʲô 
ǵģڵ˾Ȼֶ֪Ҫɳ̲ϺܷŵпαӦѽ 
ֺܵſֽţŵ 
ԣҴǱߵͼġ͵Թդ 
դ̫ 
һððʧʧ˵ȴζ΢Цš 
𼱣ɣ 
ּء 
΢ľԺڽĵȫϨˣ̨ųʵĹâ 
ۣƯ 
һǲɵþ̾š 
Ÿϯ̷̨ɫĹ⣬صդשͷĻҲرֳԹϢ 
ΣܲɣͿөͿϣŻɢ׵Ĺâ㡣⣬ǻصġڹ⡯Ǻ赸ֻᷢĹǺ衭ŦԼİϻһĻµդûôԤ㣬Ա档ջǸгˡָˡѨеա 
ˣһʵ 
ԣǡԺˡ 
ףιݵĸǡԺˡ 
ȻޣΪ˵ԺˡǺرһϷ˵ұѪ޴ĵҲԺˡﲻǷȱĵߡڰԺµĳª˰ŮԱ˿͡ΪõǵĽɫõڸǿͷϣ˱ǣһ˿־ı 
շ죬˵š 
һӲ濴ǵ̺ʱһָӵĸо 
ϴڴ˴ɱ¼֮󣬽߹һŮԭǾŵԱڡԺˡ;кȻʧ٣Ժ̨ɱ 
ϴǸɱ¼Ҳ˳šԺˡڽеġ 
ˣȻּݳԺˡһʵúЩ 
Ϸܾʵġ 
˵šص˾ԺеٶȽ˵ġ³Ѩڰ֮С 


6

ôªļðͬϵšƵɢϡҵֽ顣Ȼ֮ȴȻذʹ 
վ΢̨ϣšԺˡ̨ʡ 
ǳ˽⡰Ժˡ飬ȻԹԼһųªȴϷϣԼĿǰдա 
ôªôɺ޵һֻؿеһҲһȻҽչɱ˼ƻȴûһ˿ԥĸоһжΪʹֻҪܵõϲá㣬ôª֮մҲϧ 
Ͻų̋ 
һжѾˡ 
˫ȥˣǸԭµŮˡ 
ҪĲϣؽʽȻ֮ǰذԭ 
ɱˡǳһЩˡ 
ҪúõΪ 
ߺߺߡߺߺߡ 
һЦţһ뿪糡 
ɱ˼ƻ׼Ѿ 
һĶǵı罫ŽĲĻ 
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ڶ¡֮

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1

֪У̫ѾˣһѩȵŲµףȴϵĶ̡ 
ѩظһƬǰһȴ춼᲻ 
ԺˡϷԺˡ 
һ֪Ϊʲôÿÿ뵽ؿϾһڣƽ 
绰ͨ𣿽ڣ 
ϴ 
ǵģϰ塣Ϊʼųˣȥͧλãû뵽淢ǣ绰 
绰ͨ 
ǵġ 
ͧߵأ 
Ҳãǵسˡ 
ԽôѲߴʲôʱ 
ҡ 
ô˵֮ǰǱˡ 
𣿡 
һһɿܵʵ 
ǵģ㲻õģϵʳˮܳ㣬ҺѲߴͻˡ 
ڿһѪɫرæ 
ǡ 
һҪ˵ЩʲôȴһƵʲô£Ǿ·ˡ 
˵һһپʮ֣޳ɫ԰׵ˡȻһ˿Ц⣬ںڿ۾۾ȴĹâ˲ 
ǽӢҽ 
ǰĸԺɱ¼ʱҲͶùݡ 
Ҳˣ 
־ٸڰһ߳ѩҲشӲſ̽ͷ 
λΥˣʵԴӷǴ¼֮ҾͰùˡʱÿĩᵽȼ١һҲλһǽϰġ 
˾ѽϻɱ¼ĳԱȻĸˣŶϰһˡԲøλǼˡ 
ôˣ 
һͽǼƽȸߵ˴һ߹ʵ˵һһгֻ۾Ӿÿָסͺͱӣ˸١ 
ӿ¶Ƥϸ˰߰ߵʪ֢еֲ 
Բ𣬼òˡ 
ԭֵ˾ǻҼòΣԺǷŮФƷ 
ţԱҲʼ½½ˣ˵ͧ͵绰õϢ֮󣬶еЩ 


2

ߵ룬ʥ֮⣬ԱͿ˶ڲ 
ʥܵȥˣ 
ԵЩͷһƨ 
ûڷ𣿡 
̴һ߰Űϵĵ棬һĵʵ͸¶һ˿ 
Ǹղֳһܣ͸ܳȥˣû취 
ҿǻǷˡ 
ɵȴǱˡ 
£ӣҼҵ£ֲ˵ 
ıٿһ䣬ҲϾ 
ôһֻòԸĽˡ 
̶̵ĶԻУһЩԱ֮ĹϵмֲѰ 
ʦѾߵˣǲҪʥӣòͰɣЩصǰؾԺĻĹǶӵĻҾ̫ⲻȥˡʥӻһúġ 
ڳһЦ˵ 
šðɣλٱ 
󻰽һʱ 
ʲô 
ξͻȻ 
ʦ 
ξվһ۳ɰֽ 
ùһֻֽһõԴ֣ 
̨˵Ƶĵס 
ʲô˼ 
̽ͷȥɻʵ 
ָĻʥС𣿡 
̴Ҳˡ 
F飿Ѳɡ 
ͻȻ䣬һԺӹһͷ 
ڸ硰ԺˡУǿǱѹڵƵģǰù﷢ɱ¼УһҲǱġ 
ʥС˵Ƶĵס 
һ˵š 
ڳˣĶŰһơ 
һȻžԺܹȥ־漴ں棬Ҳ̸ȥ 
ԺǹŵģϾϣûϡ 
һſһ£ĽŴ򿪡 
ԺһƬڣϯ̨·ںڰһ 
ϰ˽λڴԵĵƿء 
ÿ 
ʥӵɷӺɱϣƿһдԺ 
ʲʲôûаڶ磡 
·һƵ˵ 
ԺеĵƹȻ谵ȴȻ㹻ôҿܵľ̨ϿյһƬʲôҲûС 
שͼĲĻդԼҪߴƣȻλԭƷδ 
ʶ 
߷ߵɫʮ׶ 
ʥһ磬ҲҪʿɶֹ 
ʱվһԴԲ 
ǶĵЦˣˣʦǻȥɣ˽ʢ硣 
Ǻȴһ̬Ǻһŭɶģ 
ǸԵˣԵĸԸǰȫһ˿ûиı䡣 
һº˵ĺԣַӦǱѰ 
һ˲䣬ڳľԱոջŭҲӲؽԼȥؿź 
ʱ򣬰һͻȻֺ۵׸һֲļ飬ֱȥ 
Ҳܵѹܿ˵ 
ߣȥɣ¾ٱף 
ѽ 
ʱѾָƽʱ飬ΧȹĿڴóһԿס 
ȻԭֻǹϾɿԺţʵʵ 


3

Ҿֳ͵½ͣʥ֮⣬е˶ϯˡ;ԼĪ˶ʮӵʱæ극뿪 
ٶȻʱҲҪˡ 
Ųõı飬ϵͷզզڴɳϣʼЯ͵ԡ 
ֻףિવẓ̇ʱȻأЦţʱ۾֪˵Щʲô 
ͽ֮ʥӻûг֣֮Ҳɲ 
ѩڰһԱߣͣŲͺĿȡ 
ʵںϿ뿪Ϣĵطϵشߴٰһվǰһû⣬һ˼顣 
̨ϳ˵ס⻰ʲô˼ 
ͻȻһعִεδ 
֪ʲôʱʼˣҲǿЩϾɵľͷżᷢһԶҲʾػڷŭš 
λ 
ȴƳĬ˵̨һ㡣 
ѵԵһ𣬲һͬϢȥưɣ 
˵գ㿴ѩͼξ¶ˬʵЦݡ 
ѽðð 
õѩ̸˵ظѾѸոſֽ׵Ժȥˡ 
ѩô棬һﶼķ룬˺ĻҲΪˣܸһദôá 
ξҲ߸˵Ӧˣ֪ǲǶ⣬ƺﶼ˳Ӱһβ 
Σúõѵõҹɣ 
¶ְҵԵЦ˵ 
һα˵̲סѲ֮鷢й 
ǵģԼŲ֪ܵȥˣȻ˼ͱŮƣ 
һȻֻСǻǱ̴ˡ 
¶Ц˵ 
ȥʥС𣿡 
Ŷô鷳ˡ 
ãȳȥˡ 
̴뿪 
ԱһЦݶԴ˵ 
治˼еԣΪڸеĴͥһв˳ĵ¾ͻֲ֪ܿܵʲôطȥÿ̴æġΪȥĻ󡣡 
һʼЩ롯Ա֮临ӵ˼ʹϵȤˡ 
ʥƺԼξе⣬ΪɷԼξͼ죬ʥӼʰɣ 
ƺھеĵλߣҹطȴһץСӡ 
̴Ǹǽͷݣͷȴһ棬ƺĳЩΪ֪ܡ 


4

Ϣλڲǰˣ˽ȥţѩҲǰȥаһ 
һҲ𣡡 
ţðɣ 
һѩ֮˸ 
һǹʿʵûʲôøСȻѩ˴ҴҵشӦԼðһеһֵԭ֮⣬ء 
ĿǰȻûʲô֤ݣǰһȴǾ˵Цݱ·ĳЩͼ 
ҿ𣿡 
ǼξͰһ֮䡣 
һȹЦеɳһ޳ȳƵĴȾͺ޷¶ 
 
һɵõɴ۾ѩۼ⣬ȷְһı̬Ľһȡ 
ʹѩʲô 
Ҫ۹⿴˼ң 
ûС 
һٿתͷһֻǺɫĽ۹ҲͶڼξĴϣû¿ˮ 
ϡ֡ 
һһѡ 
ȤҲһŰɣ 
ֹװԺᰢһİʾ 
֣֮ⲻھưɣ 
ξȴƺһ㶼⣬ִӿڴọ̴̵́س 
Ҫ𣬺ܺأ 
򹤵Ĵѧһ߽⿪ΧȹһҲ 
ţȤĻһɣ 
ξ˵ 
ôһ˵ڴεı鿴ź󣬺ε¶Ц˵ 
ðɣڣ͸һɣҲæһˡ 
ϰ壬̫˧ˣ 
ڸ˵ؽýϴּĿյѩԱߵλáǰĿѩϡ 
ʱذƮѩѩ׵ظϣǶԷظڳµ֡ 
ѩϳĿġ 
һ̲סˡ 
һٿĵ飬ѩɵЦ졣 
ˣͲÿˡ 
ɡ㡭 
һֻҪ۾ҪͿˡ 
ѩЦЦᰢһԼǰֽơ 
һϲѩûз֮ĵĺƢͬʱҲеĵĵط 
ΪԼѩĹϵͲֻˣ㲻û÷ϵһ 


5

ԭĸˣϽֺͽڣһ˾ۼϢֽơ 
Ժ󣬼ξͻȻ˵ 
ȻҪ棬ͶЩǮɣʵ᲻ 
ð⣡ 
ϸ͡ 
ԣĲǷģ 
ְڳִߵ̬ 
壡Ǹ̰ 
ξʾ 
ô˵Ҳ֪ҿǸأ 
Ǿǹó˿ 
ξһһ߷С 
ûݼٵУûдǹ 
ܻ֤ɣ˼ҿ 
û취 
ƺԼξûм֮Цش׵İóúɫƤס֤ 
о֣̽ӣͼ 
ۣ𣿡 
Ȼ 
ֵ˵ 
 
ξ˷ܵ 
ðɣ 
˳Ƶ˹ȥξһЦ 
ûˣ 
˵ţͰ֤ŽԼؿ 
ιʲô 
Ҫûȥͱ˵Щɷ羰ĻȻϽǮעǶĲʤҲǧԲ 
㡭Сӡ 
ֽͰ͵˵ 
˰ɣ־١ 
ʱ򣬺ҲһƲ 
ˣӮӮҪóһĶĽͶǮͲ 
ָһ߳ʮңһӵķܽ˵ 
ǴǮͲ 
ѩʵ 
ܵ˵ȤɣȥŮĶҰװСѵĺӣȵװԺҾȥϹĶͯ𡣡 
ϸһԹȻһССӣдţΪЩĺ׳ġ 
ôһϷͲǶĲΪļе˽Ŀˡ 
ţǺϰȷǸûʵļڡȻˣҲһţǿɵСˣһÿ޵ġ۹ 
˵ŴЦոջַԣһϱ¸߰Ķͽ 
ɣڶ¥ķҡ 
򵥵к󣬱صԼķȥˡ 
Ϸʼ֮󣬰һĵ⻹ʲô 
͵˲һֻۣҼòһ˶ţٶȴϽʱĿ֣Ȼ¶һֹı飬ƵȺ˻衣 
һһ߿еֽƣһھ糡ǷŮФ 
Ů峺۾ǳ˵ı¡ 
ž 
òŵǦʱоȻˣ 
һͻȻòߣƺϢƵĳϡòóһ֧µǦʣٶȿʼȻֽԼضġˡ֮ơ 
ò֪ڻĸˣ 
ʱֵһˣһ˼»صϷϡ 
ʱһһš 
Ȼʱ򣬶ħµѾھصȴĻʱ̡ 


6

Լʮӣ̴ʮ֮ǰ󣬾һԹս 
Ҳ֪˽ 
˻Լĺ󣬺ͼڳƺԱ֮⣬е˶ϵϢˡ 
ʱ򣭣 
ҵĳڲԶ 
ľĽ·ҡضҡβѣҲΪ𶯶סš 
ǵ𣿡 
¶ֵɫʵ 
Բǡ 
ǴӾ糡Ǳ߷ġ 
ͣ𾢵Ϸһһš 
һһȻǸͨ¹ʣΪһϸ΢ѵھ 
ǹµѽôгܵأôǸǡ 
һصĳлŲѵ 
Ѳɡ 
뵽һ̴ɳϵ 
ǵƣ 
䣬ѾžԺȥˡ 
ϢһƬֻ״̬е໥ײڰһ棬ԽȣֱԺſڡ 
һʮİȷοɲǶ硣 
ùʱӿͷɻ󣬴ʱٶӹһԺ 
ԺظݵġԺˡԼŹֽ 
еƬڰһԺﴮʹĽۡ 
ǸԵƣһȷǵµ 
ԺĴȻź󲻾ǰϵϾ 
ɶˣȥʦǱԿ׹ 
ô 
û˵ܿˡ 
ķùݶ¥βˡ 
һ˿ļ٣뿪Ҳֻʮʱ䣬ȴεȴʱ 
ÿ 
ȫ˻Կףֱزͷڡ 
Ҳں 
ԭڳԱҲ˹ 
ԺĿ֮´ˣһƬڴ򿪵ƵĿء 
ǰľͬħĲ״һҲ̶á 
ֱ߿ƣʱǱ̨롣ɢ̺ϵĲƬڻްĵƹʵĹâ 
ƵĲƬѪģʥӡ 
ҸҪȥȷܷҴ棬ΪֱУȫҲһļˣ 
ԺĶٶݡ 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
¡ҾԺ

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1

˽־ٺҽӢ֮⣬е˶ۼڲ 
ʥӵȻֳڽʬĹһЭ 
һƬžʱӵǵ·ʩĵ 
ﾲĬ˽һСʱû뿪˵ 
ÿ˶໥͵ű˴˵ı飬һСʱ͸Ͻƿ¶Էǵ߾ɱ˿ѰĿ⡣ 
ɶա 
Ȼﶼɵ˵ȴûһ˿ȷԣǱһֱһ߽๥ڦս 
ֻһ˽ر۾˫ۣ侲͹۵ǰ飬ͼȥ⿪ࡣ 
Ǹ˾ǽһһ 
һոҲͽ֡һֳпĹֳҲκµ֤һ£ֻûص 
FȻ飬ڡԺˡгֵġ顱ҲԡF͸Ժ˵ġˣֽǾš 
ǣΪʲôҪأԤȾ棬ֻԼѽ 
һһֱ˼µľȴʼҲͷ 
ΪʲôҪá顱ЩأҲͬģ¡Ժˡɱˡ 
ɱַӦòǵģΪһÿڶ˼龳ǻͷֵھԺֵģ 
˭ 
ͻȻһ˰һ˼ 
⵽˭ɵģ 
һĿ⼯еϡ 
ߴŭʼЪ˹ش 
˭ɱʥӵģ 
ֱ߿վ˳ץסԱߵ̴죬ᡣ 
ҡҲ֪ѽҸɵģ 
ı飬̴԰š 
ס֣ 
ξ˼ĺֹ 
ͬʱڳе˾Ӧ׷׿ʼԼĲй 
ѩ˦˦ͷ·Ҫ־ͷĿ־˦һ㣬ȻǿҪ޳˵ 
Ϊʲôᷢ£һΪʲô 
ѩûµģ 
һѩļ򣬽ֶԴ˵ 
λô£Ҳֻеȵ뿪λ 
ҡҪطȥˣֵطĴȥ 
˵űվ 
һæֹ 
һ£־پͿˣʱ򡭡 
£㲻ͷһɱ˿񣬸ǸһһҲ֪ᷢʲôģ 
󲽵سſȥ 
ǻط䲻ɣǾ֤Լ֮ٻطȥ 
һſն˵ 
㡭ʲô˼ 
üͷŭضŰһ 
Ϊڳ˶пһѻĶͬʱҲп֣κһ뿪͵Ǹ֤ݵĻᡣ 
طϣ 
˵Ҳ֣ʲô֤˵֣ 
ߣÿ˶ϵģǣһְ 
˵ 
ŭ 
ιӣ㵽װʲôۣ 
ȭͷƽһģ 
ס֣侲һ㣡 
ξ۾С 
˴򹤵ĽҲֱذѸոĲ豭ϣȻ 
ס֣Ҫܣ 
̴ηηſڣ׼ʱߡ 
һܵǰյӰ죬ɵðڳս̬ 
žžžͻȻһ 
ΪֹΪֹ 
ԭǺ 
ƵĶϷʱԱָͣ 
ξ̴ְҵԵıܾĬ 
һ˲䣬Ŵˡ 
ڳ˷·һ㣬ȫӣͣеĶ 
߽ǸʬĽӢͽ־١ 


2

ڿˡ 
Ȼֺ޸ı˵ 
ôˣ 
ʵ 
Ȼոʧȥӣȴûһ㱯˵ĸо 
Ҹҿ϶ıɱ 
ǶȻ½ۣڳе϶ӹһ˿֮ɫ 
ǶãʵǣǱ˭ɱģ־٣ܸ𣿡 
ͷʵ 
ҾͲˣֻ״ƶʱˡ 
ɫػش 
ѼĽ˵ɣ 
һΪ˻ֳգϽߴٽ˵ʬ 
˵ʥӵѪ͵״Ѫνĵ״Ѫָסʱϻɫİߵ㡣ĺͷбչĺۼ 
סԼĲӽ͸ 
ʲô˵Ǳģ 
ɫ̴ˣȵվе 
ֹҪϿ¡ 
ǵģҪǾܵѹȶϢ 
ôһ£ʥӲǱƸѹ𣿡 
ִ 
ʥСڱɱ֮űѹڵµģ 
һҲʵ 
ǵġ 
ôôʲôʱɱģ 
ȷʱ䣬ʬܶ϶ʬİƺͽӲĳ̶жϣǾŵ㷢ʬʱѾ˶Сʱ 
Сʱ 
̯±һ¼һ߲˵ 
Ҳ˵㵽ߵ֮ʥӣȻߵ֮ʬᵽԺ̨ϣȻھŵõҵʬϡ 
һ£Ϊʲô֪ʬᵽ̨ʱߵ룿ܲ˵һ£ 
ͻȻһɵ㡣 
֪ʲôʱǫ́Я͵ֻ˷ܵı飬ʮָͷڼϡ 
֮䣬Լߵңڿž֮Ժȥ鿴ѽʱ̨ʲôûУҲúõص档 
ţ˵ҲǡǾ٣̫ˣ˿ǲУѵû־飡 
촽ֿʼŬô̡ 
ֵķӦֺͰһԶӡ 
λѽ㵽ߵ֮ٱ 
Ҫ鲻ڳ֤𣿾 
ʵ 
̴æҡҡ˵ 
¸ûϵûҪɱʥС㡣ңʱҸλһϢѽ 
˵ָӲϢҡ 
ô˵ҲһʱҲǱѽ 
ξҲе 
ʵǸ޴ʱ˲ڲϢ 
̴˵۹⻷һ飬ͣվڲһ˵ĺϡ 
ʦʱҲ𣿡 
̴ʵ 
ҡ 
ҪشʱξƺҪضĻһ 
ֲþǵе˰ɣ˵ĳǲʶǱأ 
˵ԽԽߡ 
ֵصַšǻ쵰õƵֲġԺˡҿһͷ⣬һ񾭲ܵˡ 
Ҳ״ 
һնط񶨼ξ۵㡣 
ּȲ񾭲Ҳʲôͷ쳣ˣ෴ģһͷԷǳǻﷸңһ 
˵ʲôô֪ 
Ƿ⾯ṩѽ 
 
ξС㣬ʱʲôطžŵģ 
ڲͽ£һʱͿˡ 
ڲ;ߵİɣ 
ǡǵġ 
ڻŻŵػش 
ںò;֮ûзʲôɵܽ 
ûаҪ˵ɵˣ֮⣬ԱҲû뿪һѽ 
ô˵˸ܰѾŷޣ 
 
Ҳ˵Ǹ;ŵˣһڲ÷һλ򡭡ۿ顣 
ġ飿ѲɡСġ 
ڵ˵һĸԱͬʱƿ߿ŵ档 
ԵģǶԽᵽĳֵķӦ 
˵˵ʲô飿ϸûֶ 
һƷ裬ޱع۲ 
Ҳô롣 
һ˵ 
飬ͳţǣɱ¼ȴֵȷǸ޽ա 
޽գʲô˼ 
ɱ¼ȫҲнеһ㡣 
ң 
ǵģľʱڳ˶ܵԺȥͬʱҲȷϾǰ򿪺󣬴ʱͿ̨Ϸʬ塣 
һ£ǸԺкţֻ᲻ 
˵еʡ 
ʱҺͽ־ȥ鿴ţҲȷʵ 
һƷĲ²⡣ 
ţҲǴԼôĸ˸ʽš 
һ˵һ߰Լʮֿš 
ԺûڣҲûдԣʱԺȫܱ״̬ùԱȫھԺ档 
Ҳû˲ˣе˶ΪһĿֲʵļµ̿ˮ 
ְ֮ʬ̨ڵʬ֮ˡӦ˵һܲ͸ľԺʧˡ 


3

ιȵȣô˵ֻʣһˡ 
ͻȻø߿е 
˵߶Ӱһ 
˿ڿˮ˵ 
Ǻʦ 
ıûиı䣬ҲûмԱ粵 
򶨵ƺ뵽Լܵɡ 
ʱ˶ĬֻǾؿź 
㡭˵ʲôôԡ 
ξ͵վָ 
־ټ״ǰȥֹ 
ˣξС㣬ǻɰɡһ֤ݲŻ˵ɣ 
Ҫʲô֤ݣڳֻкʦӵоԺԿס 
ɲǼסˣڳ˶ĵ׷ľС 
ʦǡ 
ţȴЩ޷š 
ξվ˵ 
Ļ̫ˣʦֵĻôѾԺأôһͺԼΪֻϰԿѽ 
ΪǲŹġ 
ڽƱ磡 
ǣʱȷʵֻʦϢҰ 
ͻȻ̴Ҳ˵ 
ѽʦʱĻطȥ𣿡 
Ԯ̽׷ʺ 
̸̸ػش 
ţԼһ˵ķ 
ô˵ûвڳ֤ޣңʦɱʥӵĶɣ 
סڣ 
ξֹƽ 
׵úܣһαӣĵײ֪жҸʥӡһֱΪŮΪǶɱģԲԣʦ 
סڣ 
һȻһУʮּûзء 
ʱֹļξͽ֣һͣ¶Űһ 
ϰڳĸλһ㹻Ĳڳ֤ 
ʲô 
һ졣 
һ˵ 
ϸʱµʱڶ̶̵ļھˣϢȿؿžԺĻȣ˴ӦÿϿ 
ɡǴӾԺſڵùֻм߶ѣܵģӦÿڼ֮ڵѽ 
Ե 
ֱֲӴӾԺſڳǴ̨Ƶǰ뿪ġ 
һµ˵ 
㻹̨װ̨棬Ҫ͵ڶ̶̵ļڴӾԺ̨澭ſܵùݲС 
Һͽֵĵ飬̨ϵĵôţӵһ˽̨ľϣֻҪװãƾͻ½̨ĳ߶ȣͻǣɲɣϰ塣 
šװҪݳġԺˡԲȱ١ 
ΪԼֿ˿͡Ůǣ˾Ժĵɱ˰µĿһĻ߳û뵽ΪһĻݳ׼Ȼ 
һûʲôĺ󣬵һ¶յӡ 
һּ˵ 
ƻĳ֣Ȼж¹̶ȫװãõƵҲ˵ϰֵĻ͵ڷµ֮Լӵʱ̨澭ϯͨ·ܹȣٻصԼķȥǲܰ쵽¡ 
ʲôѽƩõµʱӺ󡭡 
õٷ 
ȷʵܡ 
ߣû˵ɣ 
۹ɨˡ 
ǣֶʱװõĻôֻϰ壬Ҳǰ׼ʱ䵽ٷµƣǲǣ 
⡭ 
һ˵ƿԣһʱ֪λش 
֮ܶĿǰ׶ΣȻ޷϶ĸ֡ 
Ǹô죿һǾ͵ͻǵеһ𣿡 
ξԵʮֺ£ű˵ 
ǻ¡ҪҽһжʥСʱǰĲڳ֤ÿ˵֤֮󣬻Ϳ˽֢ᰡ 
ʥС㱻ɱ㵽ߵ֮䣬Ǹʱûݣ޷ڳ֤ѽ 
ξСӰ۾ܵױѾˣ͵Сӡ 
һֵ˵ 
֮ɱһˣе֤ʱӦûһЩι֣ʼɣ 
ţ죡 
˵ţֱԭӱʣǰ 


4

ɽ־ٸ߳ʻʼˡ 
ȸѯʣӰһǵﵺϺ󵽷ʬ֮˸СʱЩʲôȻȷϸ֤Ƿì֮ 
⣬˴򹤵Ľ֮ùĹԱȷĵԺͶһֱڳ׼͡Ҳ˵ЩѾų¼ɷ֮⣬Ȼͽ־һжİһѩҲڱ֮С 
ˣҪĵֻʣ°˸ˡ 
ҽƶʥʱ䣬㵽ߵ֮䣬ʱڣЩȷʵûвڳ֤ 
ߵ㣬ҿʼۼʱ򣬴򹤵Ĵѧ󱨸ͧ͵绰ϵϢ 
ߵ룬ʥ֮⣬е˶ڲFľžʱ򱻷ֵġ 
֮󣬺ϰǰ˾Ժš 
ߵʮ֣¿ʼ 
Ϳ֮󣬰һѩ֡ξڡò˳ϲһ֮⣬ʱһֱһ 
˵ңͽϯͽǰͻˣ֮û뿪Ϣҡ 
˵룬òͽ̴뿪ȥʥӣ˿ʼϢƣãʾҪԼķ뿪ֳ 
Ӣҽ֪ʲôʱ򲻼ӰǰһԿ϶ڰ˵ʮ̴ʱѾϢһİϿ顣 
Ͼŵһ죬Ƶˡ 
ʱ˺ʥ֮⣬е˶ϢҺͲ 
֮ȥԿʱʱڷһŵ֣һ߱۾¡ 
֮ļڣһͷɱϣ˴ǱܳĻһᱻһǣʱûκˡ 
ˣһֱڷĺӦҲͬвڳ֤ 
Ҳ˵ʥʱǰ󣬳˰һѩͽ֮⣬е˶ûвڳ֤ʱеֶвڳ֤ 


5

һ 
ѯϺסһ 
֣ʲô£ 
Ϊ𣿡 
ǰɣ 
𣿱ҲЩǣε¼ҾúôһƵġ 
ôͻȻֻ 
뿴ǰٵϾԺˣ¾Ժһԩ꣬ⲻʲô 
ţԺ͡Ժˡһʱͻĳֲһ䡣 
ȻҲ뷨 
ҵͬߣһ 
ǣ֣ɱ¼ȲΪҲ䡣 
˵ҲǣǲͳõԴɱ˾šϵ˶вڳֳ֤Ǹңȥֻϼ˵ˡ˾ֱʱ򣬴Ҳ̾Ľʱˡ 
ˣ֣뵽ˣ 
һͻȻִС 
 
ΪʲôҪֳŪң 
⡢ǡΪΪ˻ǵ֤ 
֣ԷɲǸ׶ԸﷸҲôֶɱˣΪʲôҪɱûжأ˵ûҲֲܽʵʵĽۣԲΪֳɱֶԣûʲôôѽ 
ţ˵еֳԲɱ 
ⲻʲô䣬һܼܵƻķţеϸӦöĳڵģ确ҡšơһ⡭˵ͧ绰ϿҲֵļƻ֮ڡ 
ʲôѵ 
ţҪǷϵĻô㲻ûɱ 
˵˱ɱ 
Ҳֻ֪ҲΪˡ 
һ˵գ⡣ 
ǿĴŴǿҲشϮ棬żᴫ 
ЩΡˡʵһ㣬ͼΪڸǽŲϢεĿС 
һ˿ֱŸչʮһ㡣 
ѲߴҪһ룬ҲʮСʱ֮Żᵽ 
ҹӰѹѹĸסµ 


6

վϣһֱŴ⡣ 
Ӷ¥ϵĴԿŮᵽǼ˵Ĺͥ԰ĵʱţԱҹҲԿĹ 
ǣȴôӴڱ֮£ʯĹҹɫˡ 
ǰ飭 
ϣʵڲøոʧһڷ 
Ҳܺ͹ɽˡ 
һصңֻһ仰ͶԼķ䡣 
ʱֹ۵ΪŮȻģʱضΪʧʹ 
ǵ뵽ȰοʱȴŮڷ 
ߵиսˮĺۼҲøɸɾģһӵĽܽǮбˣǿյġ 
ǮӦ÷һЩӲң֮󣬳ûǰ͸һһεʱµġ 
豾ҪʱٶǰʱЩӲһֱЩûӲСĵղڴǮ 
ɸĶָҲտҲӾͷھ̨ϡ 
ıӹһ⣬ҵعĶš 
ǿסĽţƴǰš 
һ·ϵ˺üӣȻҧԺ 
ȻõʱԼΪʲôҪǱȥΪԱҲǸŮԱԭɣ 
ѡ̨ϽԼһҲһ 
ֱȻû 
̨ϣԼѪȾֿ̨ 
裡һ㣡 
ڼűĺУһݵϷ߳ŮԱһ׷ǵ㣬ص 
ɡ 
ɫӲҴʯָֹϣһ㾫Ҳڴ˿þˡ 
һ仨㣬ҲûϢ 
ֱһʱȻűİˡ 
ԭ˪ж 
ͺͷĵ˼ܹʮ֮ࡣ 
ΪΪжʹ࣬øķʽԼ 
ڡԺеġ 
ϣޱصͷʥӣƷŮͬʱҲǡ롱ŵ³վšʱʥӸռţֻǸϰ 
󣬺ţ 
ԭ˷裬ѡ˽Ǯ͵λ 
ǣԼ뷨 
ԣһģһʥԶʤ衣ԭôһ£ǿġѡԼŮû˿ԹԼ̫ŻܲʧĴϾ·ûд 
ԭ 
ϣ͵͵ָϵĽָ˻ȻԱһֻصͷ˵ 
лл㣡ллΪŮصǰݡ 
֮󣬺跿ҵռǡ 
ԭͷֵǵݳʼӪСùݵɡ 
ʱµʱֻǴԺȼٶѡ 
ʼиùݵͷʮʱҪΪһ̨ŮԱΪԱػΪŮϰ 
ĿùܶԭǳԾȴմĸ֮⡱ˣڻԼ 
ϣҲ⵽ִȻˡʮǰʧȥӵĺԣΨһˣΪԼҪıʲô 
һԿһԼ̨ 
֪뷨Ϊ˲׵ƴϷ硢μݣݼ澫ԵŮǡ 
״εٵĽɫǿ˿͡ҲǡԺˡеŮǡ 
Ϸڿݵĵһͻòʣһпô˳ǣڶι֮ǰ˿͡ȴͻȻʧˡ 
³ŮʥӴŮǿʼʱص˹µ 
ںǰʱ˸Ƶأʮ㲡 
һƪռɱһ죬ģ 
װİְ֣ 
֪ΪңʲôԸϣܴӦһԸٻ̨ȥտݼȥжˣ 
ټ 
 Ů 
غռǣھ̨ϡ 
̨ȻƽʹõĿںüʣԼԼͺͷõͬ굶һ־ʽ굶üëõİɣ 
굶 
ͻȻ֮䣬Ѫ¶Ⱥ󴫵굶ϣͬǰŮʱѪʪȸС 
عʱȻ־еԼ굶Լϡ 
ɣ 
ԺȻôһ 
ȫע굶֣һĳ嶯Ϳܵоҵ࿹⡣ 
ãܵƺ΢ػʤˡ 
굶ƿԼϡ 
ϳһߣʱѪ˳ȴһҲûио 
ȻϵӿֹסˮѪŪҡ 
굶ڵϣʼޡ 
ĺӰ㲻ͣؿš 
ⶼǰˡ 


7

ϰ壬ڿʲô 
һվڴԵĺСسʵ 
عͷ˵ 
ûʲôһƬڣʲô 
ǿ¶ЦݣЦ漴Ӱ 
Щ֪㣿 
һʵ 
Ȼԡʲô飿ɱй𣿡 
һһ²Żش 
롭Щϵ 
ףʲô£ 
ǹȥŮ¡ 
裿 
־˵ǰľԺ̨ɱġ 
ǵģԼǰ 
˵ʧģ 
ǵġ 
һЩĲ̣Ϊÿʳһ⣬ıһ޷εʹࡣ 
ǣǵü׷ʲС 
һֱź۾ʵ 
ϰ壬ʹʧ˭ 
˵ 
ɣ 
ǵġ 
ҲµĹȻû 
ԭѾˡ 
Ѿˣ 
ǵġһĺӣĳˡ 
ʼ˵¡ 
ȷϷĲܣȻɻ죬ţһΪԱġҵʱΪİ裬ƶΪһԴҵŮҸǣʵˣ 
ˣкŭɫҲһĨ졣 
ĵһֱѹɷߺ޵Ĺϵ 
ھþл֮ͻȻ̨ʧˣʱѾǰǸԡڰ֮пֵʮŮʧȥеϣңҲܺˣǸ˱ҵŮѡʥӣǸǮ˼ҵŮһΪ˽Ǯ͵λ־ģΪ˽ǮȻѡǸŮǱ˽Ұɱģ 
¶Ŀˣʦ 
һ̨Ƶ΢ 
˵ɡ 


8

ԭһֱȵǽϣվ˵ 
߽һǣбţ¶С˵ף߷ߵ˵ 
ɣԼķŭȻҺʥӵɵӿȻǽеߣαӣʵϣǷǳǵģԲԣΪŮƵϾ·˾ѽ 
ҧĬ 
Ҫ˵ˣ 
һȴ̲ȥ 
ˣһ 
ֹ 
 
ˣΪ˵û 
ߣ˰ɣ 
¶Ц 
ȷʵǺ㡣ΪΪΪɱġ 
ߣҾ仰ĻҲװ֪Լ뿴«ʲôҩ 
𣿿ǣҪ˽һ¡ 
ʲô£ 
Һ㣬ҸųԼ 
ʲô˼ 
ֻҪ˶ģҲˣҲֱ־ٶҲһרģĵԱ˽飬ǻ̲ס㣬Ҹ޷ԭԼìܵΪƳеìܣҲʥһ𡭡 
 
¶ЦݣŭشϺĻ 
һαӣ 
 
Сӡнһʲô֣ 
һһҽнһһ 
ܺãαӵɣ 
Цš 
ţʵϣһֻ֪ҵʲôˡ 
⻰ʲô˼ 
һʵ 
㻹㲻̽ôͿô̳үү²أȷǲΪ˽ǮŮת׷ʥӡ 
ٿʧЦ⡣ 
Ҳ˵гɱҵɡ 
һӹ΢һ˲ֳһ⣬ֳܿڰС 
˼ӣȻָź˵ 
㣡ɱʥӣɱǺᵶᰮŮ֮ѵŮͶŮ˻ĸĺɱľҰɣ 
סڣ 
һŭ뾾ס죬ȴһ治ɫؼ˵ 
˽Ŀֵ֪ˡɣʦûдҵȷΪʥӵĲƲͱġ˳һҴŮȻ׺ĶŮǣֻɫʲôǿ·ķϣġ 
㡭 
촽ŭţսȭͷƽ 
ǣȴһ㶼η¡ 
Ҳ֪ǲǷ˷裬ȻһεŮ֮ʱͻȻݵùݵϰ塣һʼһΪڿЦû뵽Ԥƻ趩֮ľӵĵˡҾ뵽ʥӵĻ 
סڣ 
ߵػӳȭͷɵһ㿪ȭͷǺŵһģײ˴ǣҲڵϡ 
ϰ壡 
һæȥæסֻѪϵ˰˳ 
û°ɣѪҲ 
û£û¡ 
ҡҡͷĨϵѪϵĻҳοһ 
ߣȸ㣬ҿɲô׾ɱġ 
ź˵ 
ûвڳ֤϶֡ΪɱʥӶ˾㣡 
𣿡 
һʵ 
ʲô˼ 
ԼأʥˣĲ𣿡 
Сӣ㵽˵ʲô 
ʥСĸײǾŵ³ǸʲҡƷԭʥСеĲƲŸģɱЩƲͶ𣿡 
ôʹˣ 
Ϊʲô 
Ϊ㲻ɱһëǮҲò 
ôأ 
ʥҲ֪ҸͲԣԼµǧԪдˣҲԸͶⱣգǴĴһǮҲҵģɶ񣡲û뵽쵹ǰ֮ͣҰɡ˵ҲʦңŶٿԴǸǮϿһЩͣ 
һͷЦһﳤȥ 
һѾ׷ȥղ˵ģһΪªһһĵӿǿҵУѹסԭеķŭ֮顣 
ȻĿһ߸Цһ߿첽ȥ 
ͻȻһ̿ˮƳһŷ͵ǵӰ 
̴ 
һƬڣԭϨ˵ƣһֱضڰ͵ 
̴ȻҲһˣȻ͵ 
ɫڴһڣөŹ⡣ 
̴һֱԹľȴ·һһҲԾȻޱ顢תӣؿȥ͵ڵϵĺ 
һ 
ѹżѪĵվ 
˵ûɱʥӵ˻ҡ 
ϰ壬˵Щʲôѽ 
Լ˼ˣһֱںǸˣ޵ɱ 
ϰ塭 
ɱ˵ġ顯ңڲ֪У֮飬û֪ɱʥС㡭ʱϢҵֻһˡңֻӵоԺԿףɵˡ 
ϰ壡һ 
һץס˺ֱֱǰߡ 
ʲôһôˣ 
ȥԺ 
ʱ򡭡Ϊʲô 
ȥƻڳ֤ 
ƻڳ֤ 
ţǸʱ˶ϢҵĲڳ֤ǾȥҳǸȦ׵ܡ 


9

һôˡ 
ѩ˯죬ȴһ˳ֱֹ 
ιһ̨ϲѾϸô֡ 
ҲͷˮشԿ״ѡԺϾԿס 
Ҫ̨档 
̨棿 
һ߸˿ϵֹѪһʵ 
ţϰ壬ŵƵӦ̨ĳװðɣ 
ǵġ 
ô顯ȦҲӦ̨档 
ˣһ 
һƿصľһ߽е 
ʥӵʬѱùݵĹԱ˳ȥˣǣڱֳԭɢ̨ϵĵȻԭ 
˴̨档 
ֻ̨һյССĵСĿռ䱻ʽĻеͶѻɽСߡ·ˣмһԼ־ᡣ 
ԭӵǰӦô컨廬̨֣ϵĵƣȴɿ컨ϴ¡ 
ϰ壬װҪ 
һʵ 
ָǽϵĿ˵ 
ƵɳڵĲٿһǱߵ̿ơ 
һſغװãȻȥ 
־һæֹ 
ιһҪĿǰûȡָģ 
ûбҪȡָƣǲ᱿ֳָƵġ 
ɡǡ 
ѽû 
һὣ֣ԹԵشء 
鿴һ֮󣬵˵ͷȻվ˵ 
ƻ;ĳ֣ͬʱƻֹתİȫװãŻʹõ䵽̨ϡᲢ󣬾㰲ȫװûˣֻҪһӲͿֹͣת 
ǣһôţʱһֳǸӲѽ 
š 
һͻȻŵһɷǳϤζ 
ţζŹ 
һôˣ 
ûŵʲôζ𣿡 
ᣡʲôζ 
ɵϣҲ˵Ǹһ֡ô˵ءţһ˻ζ 
ôһ˵ҺҲŵˡ 
ֿʼֻȮƵصš 
ţζ 
ˣǼãˡ 
һͻȻס죬Դʼٵתţûһһۡ 
ԭˣ֪ʱװʲôˣ 
𣿽һ 
ִһ 
һҲæſڵϣ֪Щʲô 
ιôˣһ 
һҲȻĽֺѩأԵš 
ˣҵˣ 
ʲô 
һһ͸õѩǰ 
ߣ 
ǵģߣƵĵߣҲְŵĶʱװá 
һ˵һ⵽ôŪģ 
ܼ򵥣ֲֹת 
ôϸߣộҲܲ˵Ƽٹѽ 
ѩֻһȦĻȷʵ޷֧ô޴ĵƣǣƼȦĻأһȦԳʮĻôȦͿԳʮˣҪֹͣת϶ʮȦӦ㹻ˡ 
ţе 
ֽüͷͷȻʣ 
ôɶʱװأϵߣǲġ 
ְǹٶۣߺ룬ҳ𣿡 
㰡ԭ 
ѩ˸İơ 
Ļ۶ϵģ 
ȷ𰸣ôһ£Ȱ߾ھϼԹ̶ʹתȻװƻ㿪ʼתת֮ʱĻҽҲɢһûκ֤ˡǣźģصζʧ 


10

ţе״֮󣬾;ʵǸܼ򵥵װá 
һ˵̨Աһ˵ 
ǰֻǼ򵥵Ļеԭ¼֮󣬴ҵעֳҵľ󣬸ûȥע⵽ζ 
һָ˵һ 
ѩʵ 
ǣһĻζҲȫʧʱʲô֪𣿡 
ģֻҪ߻ֳһᱻǲ 
ԣִû뵽¼֮Ժûܼʱ֤ջȥ 
óʼǱһ˵һ߼¼ 
һĬػֱۡ 
ôһڵʱ˵Ĳڳ֤ͱúˡãǰһˣֻҪ⿪֮գ¼Ҳ͡ιһôˣ 
һȻĬػ˫ۣȻû˵ֱֻŰơ 
ιһڷʲô 
֣㲻𣿡 
ʲô֣ 
δ̫˰ɣ 
ҿɲô롣 
֣¼Ĳ˼飬֮աģ¡ԺˡɱַԡFľŵȵȣͷˮǣҪĲڳ֤ȴô򵥾ͽ⿪ˣδ̫˰ɣ 
һ̫ˣΪͷ̫Եѽ 
ԣҪ˵ڣЩ˵Уһ̽ѽӦ÷ǳ˽⣬һɱֳͻᱻôһǸ߾һᱻֵѽ 
ţ˵ҲǣôҪ̨ɱ˵׼е˶вڳ֤ʵ̫˷˼ڰ참ʱȻҲ뵽ĳװãӳٵµʱ䣬ȷԼڳ֤ 
֣ҲôΪˣ 
ˣҪڿˣʽǰĻʶԱͻһɼϵκмȻͻᷢߡ 
ô˵ָǹޣ 
ѩ·ҪѹԼļƵذؿ˵ 
ţ룬ϵһʶصġ 
˵գһ߽֡ 
ôһǲֵͷ 
Ͼǻǰ̤һˣֻʣĸûвڳ֤ 
ĸˣ 
ûǵһβι۾Ժߵ뵽Ͼŵ֮䣬һСʱ֮ڣְʬ̨ǾԴ˵ġпɵֻĸˣǾڽ;ϯ󡢲ͺȥʥС̴ԼǿʼϢ֮󣬲֪ʱӰĽҽС 
ҡ 
ƽ˵ 
ǵģźϰĿǰ׶Ҳûвڳ֤ɷˡʵϣ֮⣬ϵκһ˶ȫųӵĿԣΪ 
һƵ̨ϡ 
Ϊһʱơûġ顯 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1

ڷȫעôŵԼ̡ 
־Ѷʽֱ֮ӻصԼķ 
Ͽڱдľ籾طϹġ 
ǰֻҪдʮӣͻ˼·ûУѾдһСʱϡ 
˷״ֻ̬ϵӿԺ 
ΪԼƽһĿòҾ磬ľĲܷӳ 
̫ˣ̫ˣ̫ˣ̫ˡ 
촽΢΢ţżͷʪ촽ЩΣȫ˷ܶѡ 
˹Լĳࡢ塢Ը񡢲ζϲš 
Լû˿ĲţпᡢɫʩŰ񣬶ŮӶһ޷ֵ 
ķмٸԼ¼Ӱ 
ȻԼΪǣһճУԼŮǽΣĳ¼ӰصԼѾ˼ȡƬԷղء 
ΪԼежһÿȱơ̵˧ЬĶԿŮջ񡭡һһжݼ 
ּ˵ԸϷּ˵Щ롣 
ȷʵЩݼһЩҪĽɫȴʼֲֻһЩСɫ 
ʼд籾ҲΪ˰־Ѱһ 
һֱΨһĹھɡ 
ţΨ˽ֶصԡ 
ǾϰʱΪֻǸα˧磬úŮϵֻСҼҾһ 
ǣǰѡ˱ؾʵʥӽʱڼϣᵽ˺Լͬζ 
ǣʼȤʱҲͻȻӽ˾ʼ˳֮õܽ 
εض̸Լıԡ 
ֻѺ赱̤ϳɹ֮·ĵʯһʧȥüֵͺתͶӵвƲ͵λʥӻ 
ҲܽذԼܶ˵ܡ˵ 
ǰµǸС 
ؽУŮɫھʱҲΪ⡣ 
ǣȴ 
üҪԼдľ籾øŵϰ壬ҲʥӵĸĿ 
ǣȴľ籾һҲû͵ϰϣȫˡ 
ԣֻһǲ°ˣΪκ顣 
˽ʵԺȼһѸһ 
в˵ 
ҪĿȫʥӣ 
ǣֻǳЦ 
ȥԿɣӣνĿʵʥ֪ˣѾĵزԲô˵뿪ҵģΪΪ˸һʲô¶óŮˣҲ 
ֻóĬ 
֪ԼͬĵطԼԶҲ޷ɵ飬± 
ͻȻе¡ 
˵ܺУڲĳ롣 
֮󲻾ãⷢǰһе̴ͬҲΪ¶ס 
̴ڲ֪µ塣 
 
ô̵㵥سš 
ɫҺϵһƪѪζ¡ 
촽ôẓ̇Ŀⷺһɱǻ֢Ƶزͣ趯 
˼ͣô̵֡ 
˭󾯽̽ʡ 
һһ΢ϸź 
ȷʵ̴ɼͷ 
ôˣʲô£ 
һҾһҪڸС 
ʲô£˵ɣ 
վʵ 
ǡģ뵽ɱʥС˭ˡ 
ʲôģ 
ӦòΪĶǳԡ 
˭˵ 
ѹʵ 
̴ҲܵӰ죬ŵһСػش 
֮ûʲôӦʱ̴⿪ʼ˵Լ֮Ʋɡ 
ã̴Ļ˵ 
̴ 
ǡ 
ûа뷨߹κˣ 
ûС 
Ŷټ˵ɣ 
˵ţ򿪷 


2

㲻 
һڴɦͷС 
ÿ˵Ĺûì֮ 
ѩ˵ 
šȷûκ 
һѩصһ˽жһŽֽĴĹοһ߻Լļ䣬һȷɷÿʱεжȻѩ¼ 
ѩļ¼£ 
1300һһ˵µ 
̴ϰ 
򸾺ͼξС 
1430ɷٲ 
1500оԱμ 
1530һһǰι 
1600ɷٲ 
1900Աе 
ѧڷͧϡ绰Ҳͨ 
1930ʥ֮⣬Աϡ 
Fľų֡ 
ǰԺ鿴 
ϰϾԺŵ 
1940ٶȿʼ 
2000극뿪 
2030صʼ֡ 
ͽ 
̴ȥʥӡ 
ƣԼξѩһͽҲ룬ʼϷ 
򹤵ĽҲ¹ϷС 
ϰط 
òʼϷ 
ǲ֪ʱӰ 
2050̴ˣʼһԹۿϷĽС 
Ҳˡ 
2100׹䡣 
ϰ͹Ա֮⣬˶Ժ 
¥ϰ巿ԿףʮϰҲˡ 
2103ʥӵʬ塣 
עĵ㿪ʼϾŵ֮䣬λԱһֱڳ׼ʹƺԣЩԱȫųɷ֮⡣ 


3

Ϣһ£ѩ㵽¥µԶȥЩϻɣһڴһߴźǷһ˵ 
Ҫ㲻ûϡ顯ײģһȥɣѽ 
ûޣȥޡ 
һû취ֻվ򿪷ŵһ˲䡭 
 
һҽ 
һһɵҲŽ 
ۣ㡢ʲô 
Ҫһ 
վſڵǼξһԲ䱳ĺͶ̿㣬ԵЩ 
ӡξС㣡ʱʲô£ 
һͰ͵ʵ 
ξ¶˽Цݻش 
̫˷ˣ˯ž 
˷ܣ 
ǰ췢һıɱģһҾ;ҲǡվҲǡ 
ڵıָոǸΪ־ȻСȻͬ 
ٰһΪʥӵ¶˿ı 
Ϸݹ̽ʱ顭֮Ҹ̸̸¼ 
Ŷ 
һͷѩײš 
ҿԽȥ𣿡 
ξ¶˵Ĳ⡣ 
Щ㡭 
ûϵ㿴ˡ 
ξվſڵİһƣ˱̤ڣʱſѩ 
ѩѽ 
á 
ѩɨ˵ıк 
ԭѾпҿɲҲһţ 
ξؼ߽ȥڰһĴرߡ 
ϡ 
ξһڲݸһ 
̽Ӱɣʦ˵һ˽ǰ﷢ɱ¼ҺóӴ 
 
һ˼ɦͷ 
ʱѩ߷˹ 
һ㲻ȥ𣿡 
รҵϣȸȺ𣿡 
һѼξݹȥ 
ҲҪ 
ѩߵһѱͷ 
ξѩĲãŰһԼߡ 
ǾŵԱǴӵϰʱʶˣҴЩ˵Ĺϵҵ϶ưһаġ 
ŶģǾ̫ˣң 
һı˵ 


4

ξʼѡ롱ųԱ֮Ĺϵ˵һ 
̸̸ˣȷʵһοΡϷܵˣƽıҲº͵ĺˡǣʵȴкܶ಻ôת 
ԣʲôԣ 
һ¶ɫ 
ξѹ˵ 
ָвΪ֪һ桭 
˵⣬˵ǶãݴÿŮԱҪ뿪ţΪвͼ¡䱾ʥǰҲܻشŮϷԵĶ 
ǣʥӶѾ޷԰εĵز벻 
Ҳһ㣬ƵƵʥǰԼξʾá 
Ǹûĵˣأ 
ξԣǵؿڰһ˵ 
ǲϴġ 
ϡϴһξôŵ˵ʽջ󣬲֪ĿͶǼĵؿϡ 
ûд֣ 
һҲ̾ѩͶĿ⣬æΣ 
ɡǣƺദúܺ 
ֻ罻ϾݾȦڵˣҵøӣ̨ҲֻǸС˰ˡһ㶼ϲҲ֪ʵû˼ֵúǣȴĶ֡ҲŲԸЩŮһϲвġˣ񡭡 
ξգǶˮĴ۾ڰƣ·Լ뵱һ㡣 
˭ 
һʵξ̰һɵһξӣ¶Цݣ 
кӡ 
 
ξС㣡㲻˵Ҫ̸۾ŵˣðһư˵Щ˼ 
ѩ̲סˡ 
ɣɣţһ 
ǡǡ 
ⲻǲǵ⣡һҲЩʲôѽ 
ѩֵ˰һһۡ 
ξС㣬̸̸ܲɱʥС㣿 
ʥС㣿ʵڲ˵һȥ˵ĻһԵǧС㣬ֻҪҪĶ;ҪŪ֣ݣŪ֮ϸеᷳˡ 
𣿿ǣ 
ǰΪʥСԶҲ޷Եʰɣ 
пɱʥС𣿡 
Ƿ޾ܣ˵ȫûжΪɱʥС㣬Ҳòʲôô 
ԼҲ˵ 
𣿡 
ţոô˵ġ 
ʥС˵ҪԼĴ£ôһˣҲòһëǮʥǸǿŮˣˣ֪춺ʦŮ֮𣿡 
ţϰ߹ңȻɱ˵ĶδظйأҾ¼ĶȽǮĶԣӸ鲻Ҳܵ²Ұķ 
һѩɷҵϼǺš 
ξС㣬̸̸ʱضڴֵɣ 
ҺܲϲǸˣԶ˽Ⲣֻ֪ɭû̶Ůѡ 
֪ԸȺá˼ʹϵ֮¡ 
һ˵ 
ţ֮ܶһ仰Ӧǡ˹ӡ 
ǡ˹ӣ 
ΪǼһǰԼĽ¼Ӱղ㲻̬ܲ𣿡 
𣿡 
Ȼģô֣ȴΪ˰˾;öģ 
ɱʥӵĶ𣿡 
ô˵أĻҪ˵ɱʥӵĶһ̫š 
ʲôϵ 
֮ú֣ǰǵĽ黹ǰ˿Ǵ󳳹һܣ֮ϵͱúܲ 
ǰ 
ǵġӴԺһ̴ֱһжǣ̴Ƚƫ£ֻ֪һЩˡ 
ǹ̴ 
̴ӵŵϰʼһֱʥСĸ࣬һҲĲǲʱҲȡ 
ôǿѽ 
ҵΪǸһӻˮ 
ʲô˼ 
Ǽһǲεˣһ¹ûУֻҪԼǲܱġ 
 
Ȼᣡ 
һȻˣΪҪһϷǰѻ̻ȥˡ 
ŮӾֹḡʵϣȴԼһԭ 
Ժ侲غԼ˽ʡ 
бҪԼǳˣҲԲ¶ۼöԷ 
ǣԼϲˡ 
һ˸ոռξҪ˵ڵĻ 
ϲвкӣƩ񡭡 
ǸƩ֮󵽵ʲô˵˭ 
ξûע⵽һ˼Ŀ⿴Ǽ˵Ļ 
ǣ̴Ӧò֣Ȼ˵󻰣ȴСúܣô˵أץסĳ˵㣬ͻƵˣɱ˵ġ 
֪ˡǰȥĺС¡ 
һ˵ֵʱ򣬼ξ·һӰ峺ˮеīˮһ͸˫һ˲䱻Ⱦڡɢ 
̶̼ӵĳĬȴ˸оһô 
ξûʼ˵ 
Ǹš 
ǲ봥°ɣ˵ķʽƽи顣 
ҸǺҪõѣҲΪѰ̼ţһǸŮԱԼҪһݳԺˡп˿͡ɫʱһֻʮ꣬ΪʲôΪʲôҪɱأ 
˼׷䣬ξѹѾõĸ춱ˣ 
ȻѾǰˣĻŷ¡ 
ղŶԼξеѩҲΪϵһ飬ʼ˵ 
ξĺһֳŻŮ 
һ˼˰ҲΪԼ˶ϸҪһʮִͳˡ 
С֮⣬ûб𣿡 
ûУΪһרˡǣϲкһѣƩǸù򹤵Ĵѧ 
𣿡 
ԣҲϲ裬ǰʹ裬ԭǻǸͬѧأ 
𣿡 
ţǰΡ 
һ벻ķ֡ 
εɱ˰᲻Ǵǰĺɱһģ 
̫𣿡 
һ˵š 


5

ķλڶ¥溣һࡣ 
ӿǱߵķԿĹڵᵽǡ 
ǣԼһ쵽Ŵ⣬벻һһʣԲſѡɽһߵķΪԼķ䡣 
ڰϣž籾 
һֽŶѷƵϾɾ籾ǦдšԺˡڰ˰桱֣·дС籾ݳ 
һȫµĲӣдˡԺˡھŰ桱֣Ȿ籾ԭӦ¾ԺݳƷ 
ȫµľ籾ϣһиѵĺۼ 
۾Ѫ˿ϥǱϾɾ籾ϵһҳ 
ֲʲô 
û˵ 
ֲšſҵ֣ 
ҡСƽ 
ˣ 
𣬺ߴӾ籾ƿűĬĬشš 
վǴ򹤵Ľɡ 
ڡ𣿡 
󿴵ԥذѽ 
Բôˡ 
νʲô£ 
е㵣 
һ˵һ߿ٵ˷Ǳľ籾һۡ 
ģΪʲô 
Цš 
ûʲô̫ˡ 
лл㣬Ҵ֪˵ʲô 
 
㲻õģҲǰ£ҿԷģ 
Ǿͺá 
һ 
ڣĺܸл㡣 
ϰ塭 
ʱ㲻Ҿ׷ȥ 
Ҫô˵ 
ڣ֪ϲ衣 
 
Ҳϲ㣬ǣֻ֮顭źǺźѡˣѡĶΪ˶޴ 
ϰ壬룬ʥС㱻ɱºСûйϵģ㲻Ҫ̫ˡ 
ںòײŪ 
 
ΪʲôҪ¾ԺݳԺˡΪʲôѡЩͬڵѧݣΪʲôҪھԺĻ񡭡 
һжżȻⶼڤڤ֮עģһϣ鷢ϣܳԺҽиĹǸαӡҡ 
ϰ壬벻Ҫ 
ڽ 
Բԭ˵ 
ͷذϡ 
ȥϢɣ 
ǡ 
ڡ 
סҪ뿪Ľڡ 
ʱҷѵ㲻𣿡 
ΪʲôҪ£ 
ѵҾ𣿡 
֣˵ɱǾĳԱ 
𣿡 
ϰ壬أղʱûȷߵݣϿţѵĻ 
ڣҲ 
ϰ塭 
ĵ޶ĹĻأ 
 
Ҫ֮ҲҸɱˡ 
û˵ʲôֻĬĬһͷ뿪˺ķ䡣 


6

һѼξѩͻǸԵķ֮һվڵĺ档 
ֿһϵĻһҪһϿطȥ 
ǣһ÷ҲþͱȽϰȫ 
ľƵϾɷţֵħơ 
ҹһƬһҲһڰ·ȫֻʣùݵļյԼᵽһʸֵĹâ 
꼸ͣˣǷȴû΢͵ơ 
ȻԶȥ쳹ʵķȴ˺¡ 
ʱȻһӰȵһ˿Ŵİһ 
ѩͼξһķʱѾվˣһֱ͵ŷ̸ 
һѩͻط䣬ҪԼʱҲظ 
ȷϰһ˿һ˶֮󣬱ԻĽŲӽһ 
ӰͻȻ̧ץסһļͷ 
ţ 
һŵһļҪӺͷͷһ 
ᡢҽ 
ӢǸ٬Ӱվϡ 
Ǹһһ 
ҵʮģ 
һƣؿǽ˵ 
ԲֻԿ᲻г 
УʲôģҴгĻһΪʲôȫܳġ 
㲻гġ 
Ŷ 
ΪźͷҽͬĶķӦֻǶ벻Ĵ̼ķӦҽ˵Ϊ 
ԣΪʱȡΪֻǰַļͷ϶ѣĻǲôòģһ˲׼ȷжϳ£ǱʶоͱԼҽǿɾ尡̽ӡ 
ʵģֻΪŹȶ 
ˣո㷿̸ŮӣȽϲһ 
ôͻȻ£ 
ԭҪ˵Բŵ㷿ȥǣҲƻĺ£Ծһ̸ֱ 
ôȱŶ 
ˣôҪһҪ 
ι̫Զ˰ɣ 
ǿϧѧ˵ɱ¼쳣״ǹŮԵ 
Ŷ𣿡 
ǵġʵ飬ͬķʽֱڲȶĵźͨˮϺŮԴڨʾڵϵŮԶǰڨԱȽкøУ֪Ϊʲô𣿡 
Ҳ֪ 
ΪŮԻ־˷״̬ϳ˷ܣ𣿶ɱ¼״áУҪ̸Ĳ⵵£ǿɣ 
Ŷɣ 
ڽ˵Ի̬ȣһʵǲ̡ 
ʵϣղſʥӵʬʱҷЩֵĵط 
ϴǳǳЦ˵ 
֣ 
һ۾Ϊ֮һ 
ǵģʥӵʬǱھԺ̨룬ϰǰſţֱҲ쵽ͷǰƾϷڸոյʬҲᵽ˰ɣ 
ţô˵ 
ǣºע⵽ʱʬϰѾӲˣеˡһ֮󣬻ᱣʱơһֱ˶Ӳ죬ܱյľ糡ڣӲٶȿܻ٣ǣһǾʥӵƺӲ̫ˣҪϰȫӲҲҪСʱϡ 
һ£ԭƲʥʱ㵽ߵ֮ɣ 
ǵġ 
ô˵ھŵ㷢ʬʱѾСʱˣʱ»Ǻϣǡȵȣҽʬ屻ᶯĻӲʲô仯 
ǿƶǻı佩Ӳĳ̶ȡ 
šľͺˡ 
㶮˰ɣ 
ţǷ־Ժ󣬵һھԺȥ鿴ߵʱ򣬵ʱԺ̨ϲûʬ壬ڹһСʱ̨֮ȴʥӵʬ塭ҽһСʱʬὩӲʲô̶أ 
ռֻὩӲ°ͻӰɣ 
Ŷô¹ȻЩ֡ϰӲҪСʱҲ˵ߵ֮ǰʬӦþѾڱʱǰĲȻˡߵʱڵ˶̨ʲôҲûУֻƶʬߵ뵽˵֮䱻̨ᶯʬĻӲ״ͻı䡭 
ţ 
֮ʥӱɱ֮ĳάǰƣȻǵһȥ鿴̨֮ͬƱ̨ 
Ӧþһ״ʲô 
Ҿ⡣ 
ҲͬУԲƶô 
ȫͷһˮ 
ͺú뿴ɣˣ 
˵̤ɵĲطȥ 
һĿıӰһȣߴҽǻʲôҪ鱨Լ 
һԽˡʲôľԭһ֪ 
־Ҳ֪ޡ 
Ҳһͺɱ¼ĳЩôùݣҴĳͼ鱨ṩһ֪̫˰ɣ 
һػصԼȥ 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
¡ֲں

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1

ɱҪɱ 
鴦ɵУʲôҲֻǹĿĵʱʱ 
ﻮôʱգòײŽɱ˼ƻչ 
ȻǰССºǷһּʽЧΪ˽⿪ѶȺͿֲС 
մմϲһжеñ˳̺ҲڸԼĽŲ·ڰһ㡣 
ҵķҲһΪȥҪĲҽɣ 
ҹһ˯ⶼûУ˼ôΣ֮ǰµЩ΢ȻԽɲǵת״Цݡ 
ǵõһɱ¾ʱ˲䣬Ϊ˲ָƶƤףÿȫ֮ǰȻģʱһС 
սϵʱҲ֪Լ̫ţǳѹֵһɶĸȪˮӿ 
ϸɫͣͷ˳ 
ȰɣºĴôȫûκ֤ݻ 
жһ˳ 
εĶǸˣ񿨶ô׾ǰ 
Ϊ˽ٴһѵԷһΪõϺܻܿմߵѪԻǾܲõĺá 
ѡĿ귿ǰͣ½Ųһ£š 
ղѴ绰ˣӦòŰɣҪķɾͲˡ 
ֲűߵС¶ɫƽʱ԰ףž䣬ɿ뷿䡣ֲ飬Էǳ΢˵ 
鵱ȻûдѵĻᡣ 
ɱʱõ˾ϣٵذӵжϷֲӣֱۡ 
ȥɣ 
Ƶϣٶӡ 
ֲŤŲϵֱ顣 
ΪʲôҪɱң 
ֲ˵ﾡʡ 
ٶȰעӵУȻսػشԵʡ 
ʱֲѪ˿۾־ͺڵɫ 
ƴ߶˫ţͼƣϥصѹϣá 
תֳݺͷӣȻҲ׷ˣĺͷ۷ĸһţɫҲϡ 
Ź֮ãֲ߰һҲȻʹس 
ΪСٳٲ־ӡӹȥˡӣڷˡ 
ѶѹڷֲǰѰ 
һƽԼĺվ 
ֵڲſʼ 
ţְѷĵƹϡ 


2

ڷ꽻ӵıҹУĹɫͥ԰ƹҫ֮š 
ֿ籩ĶҪ۾Ͳһ׵¡ 
˿̰һվᵽǵļĹѹסµñӣתùݡ 
ʱһڷе 
һһعͷȥ 
ǶµľͷȻӰ 
ѵ˲Ĺ棿 
һ߽Ĺʯһͷš 
һ̽ǿκӰ 
һһع뿪ʱȴײһǽ֮Ķһ˲ɵʱĲȣһƨɵڵϣ˳̧ͷǵǽ 
ۣ 
һȫڵˡӦ˵εġĳֶ 
úɫž޴尺ȻġˡֵߣѪ˿۾ɫϵֵ 
飿 
һǣǵ 
߽һ˫ƵһĲϡ 
һ֮ţ֫ӲãʱΪ 
ǵΣڰһϵҲš 
ۣ 
һƴ˦֣ 
ħͼٶһ 
һ˲һĹײͻȻ¡һֻѸõİ׹ 
ۣ 
һһʱꡢҹ顢׹ȫˡ 
һƣߵشӴ֧ص忴Ŵ⣬ֻĹߴӳŵĴĴ겻֪ʲôʱͣˡ 
ԭղһΣ 
һŻĺˮֶӵĵİͳһƬɬȥĿˮûС 
ʲôǵģ 
һ˦ͷѶ˦ƺЧѣɴ˴ºʪTϸ·֮߳䡣 
һ簲 
ߵϣϺϰ塣 
ϰ塭硭 
һһ۾һ߻Ӧ 
΢Ц˵ 
;Ϳ׼ˡȵϰɣ 
һóϵ΢ЦǿġϾ˱ıɱ 
ֻùÿ˶ƣ룬ҲҲһ 
ϰ壬绰ͨ𣿡 
һʵ 
źû޺áùݵĵ绰﷢·иˣͼ·½ǡ 
û취𣿡 
ѽҿܻ·жϡһʱ֮ҲҲ 
ţ绰ͨȻֵĽ 
ø˼֣ܵһҲ·϶ֽţ÷õ绰ȵͷˡ 
ͧĹҲ˸ɵġֻеȶѲߴˡ 
𣿡 
ѲߴҪŻѲߴﵽ֮ǰȻøݲɱһµϵù 
ѩ𣿡 
һҪƽգתƻ⡣ 
ûС־ٵˡ 
รȥѩ𴲣Ȼһȥ 
Ҳãôˡ 
һ˵ͷ 


3

ѩޣ 
һѩķţš 
Ѿˡ 
ѩôšζشһ 
㻹Ѿ׼ˡ 
ϴȥһԼȥɣɱüξСõŶ 
ʲôˣ㣡 
һͷ뿪ѩķǰ 
ǵģûͷûԵسԴס 
һ˵ţδô롭 
Դףٺ٣ 
һ¶Цݡ 
ڰһͶĲѩܽ鱻ѧΪУ԰ʮ֮һ 
ӵһһΪŵУ԰һĴŮѩ˿˵ȫˣȻȴӰΡ 
ľУֻ÷ˡ 
ʵںܾǰһʶѩǸµˡ 
ѩҲúõˢˢϸɾ¿㡣 
ͷҲѩķԸһϴһΡ 
ѩСʱһԲСĺͶ̿㵽һķ棬Ĵðһ֪ð۹š 
ѩʱһĸ׶˯˲ߣаһܲˡ 
һһһɸͣȾļð 
ѩôأ 
⵱ʱ飬ͲҵĴˡ 
һţʱ־ٻŵĽɽ 
һ 
ؽţ󻹸ĺ 
ôˣ֣ 
һʵ 
ôˣһ㿴 
˵꣬һСֽݵһǰ 
⡭ǡ 
ֽϵõԴġ 
ֲں 
ʲôҵģ 
һӽֽš 
˷ҵϡһô˵˭ 
ŵŰһ 
ϰ壡 
һˡ 
ʲʲô¡ 
󱻽һŵòһ˵ 
ֲǡԺˡе𣿡 
ǵġ׷Ź˵ˮں 
𣿡 
ǵġ 
ɫԤ˭٣ 
̴ѡѵ 
ں˵һʱҽ쳹ȡ 
һ 
ѩ 
һû˵꣬Ⱦ˹ȥ 
ѩû°ɣ 
һײľš 
ײź󣬰һԡˮֱԡҡ 
ֻԡһƬʺ죬һȳζӭѩһԡضԡҽ䡣 
ѩ 
ɲʱһԺ롣 
һ 
ѩһһס 
ѩûˣ 
һֻ˵һ룬߱ˮˮͷ˶ʱסˡ 
ѪѪˮ 
ѪҺʺɫˮˮͷ 
ˮ 
һ߽ƵصૣȻȻһԵĺУ 
ϰ壡ˮ 


4

ˮڡԺСɽϣԸ 
ˮڽϾɵľԺùʱΪˮѹģרṩ͵ĸˮ豸ùݵĹԱΪڶˮ㡣 
ֱߡһҵˮһڵϣһڿĵ¡ 
ӣһˮۡ 
תǸǱˮͧտڸϷĻ״̣ӷ˴̶ĸ¸ɿˡ 
һֵͲĽֺˮۣ˳ֵͲĹ̽ 
 
һת 
ֵͲĵƹϳһĻ 
̴ô 
˵ָס 
̴ʬѪˮˮȾʺɫһƯˮϡ 
ڰһЭ֮½ʬ־ŭҧ˵ 
νġֲںΪʲôҪģɱַأģϷµɱʲôģɶ񣡡 
ǿʬ˵ġΪⲻһвģ⡯ϷһʲôҪ塭 
һ̴ʬ˵ 
ҽʦܿ͹ʬ 
ʬڼ䣬ѱɱʥӺ̴ɼͷ֮⣬е˶ۼڲ 
ʬԼһСʱʬֻнһһͽ־֪ 
ʬʾʱ賿һ㵽賿ĵ֮䡣ձУˮ۵ѪǴ󱻴̴ĺͷز˿ġ 
Ҳ˵ʬϵɵģ 
ѯҽʦ΢΢صͷ 
ţΪ˿ûӦ 
Ӧ 
һؿŽǡ 
˿ڵӦָ˻ŵʱʱ˿ڵΧ̴ʬ˿ڲû״˵Ҳ֣ΪʲôҪʬ˿أ൱̴ɣ 
Ӧòġ 
һ˵ 
ţôΪʲôأһ˵˵ 
Ҳȷϣʬ御챻֡ʬϻЩ˿ڣ˿ѪͻᾭˮܴùݵĳطټϡֲںľţǾͻ뵽ˮ̴ʬ塣 
еǽһΪʲôҪǾ췢ʬأһ˵ɱֶǾܲʬô챻ֵѽ 
ΪϷҪĻ˰ɣ 
ʲô 
ִѲߴ֮ǰһжɱ¼˽ᡣ 


5

ֶԼ϶ԲԱ򵥵˵ߵ״ 
ڼ䣬һرעÿ˵ı飬ûκԵķӦ 
ֻÿ˶ӣѰͶԼܡֻмξɷͶһɲһͽֵ۹⡣ 
Ϊĺʤ־İɣ 
һݺõĺˣûȥ 
ðɣ 
СҺȲ衣 
˱һۣͰ̵ٶ˵ 
˶ĵĶܺǲýʬˮݵģ 
ÿһԼ̬ȣ 
ץ쾯 
ǰԲϣƽϢֵŭ 
㲻ȾͱȣЩܸɾ̴ʬĸˮǷרõˮۣݺˮóˮǴǰĸˮġ 
˼˵ 
ԣλʹðɣ 
ûȥò豭շãڼȶӵ״̬ȡ 
 
ʦû˸ҺˡҲǱȵúãΪûл̴Ѫ㲻ѱ˶ҩ 
ϰ壬ллĲ衣 
һƺҪԣ˵лл豭ɫҺ嵹 
αߣ 
мЦ 
ۿ˵ 
ڿʼҪλĲڳ֤ҲǸλжλʵ˵ 
˵űó± 
һͷ֮Ѷʽˣϧûκγɹ 
Ϊ賿һ㵽ĵ֮䣬е˶ûвڳ֤ﲻڷ˯ƿ飬Ҳûκɵ죬һı磬˷֮⣬ѱע⵽ 
 
ѯʸһʱڷˣ 
ʵϣҷһ¡ 
ʲô£˵˵ 
ҿʼ׼֮ǰˮȥˮעҷ105ҵˮƿ 
105ǲ̴ķ𣿡 
ǵġ̴ˮƿڹˮҵĵϣܶŪʪˡ 
Ŷһôġ 
ξ˽ֵĻ˵ 
̴ҹﵽˮȥˮס105ˮңΪô̵ľ벻⣬һʱӷǻϡ 
ǸطϮȻ鱳̴ɽϵĸˮȥΪ˱ֳɱʥСʱͬĹ磬ʬ嶪ˮһ˵ҵô 
һµξ޹ߡ 
ǿԼֵĿľҪЧ 
ʲô˼ 
ûʲô 
ξ޺޵ؿɲİһͲٷԡ 


6

Թ˼򵥵ͣ˶һﲻػصԼķ䡣 
ѲͺԱԼ򵽵ڶˮѪˮ 
Ҳ˵Ҫȥ鿴һµ绰жϵĵط뿪ùݡ 
һΣһߵĹȥ 
СȥֻӾ͵ĹǰѾһ 
𣿡 
ڳ䲻ı˴ӺôһУһٿת 
һ 
¶һЦݡһ߽ʵ 
㲻ȥ鿴绰·𣿡 
һͼ׳Ļ 
ԭȥ鿴·ģŲߵˡ 
еĲɵػش 
𣿡 
һֻ˵һ䣬ѻˡ 
֪ĺʲô𣿡 
ڲδشһ⣬ֻ˵ 
Ҵ㵽ȥɣ 
ң 
ţкܶСĻ񡣡 
˵ĻҾ롰Ժ·̡ 
ݽ˵ǺصؽҼòεõġ 
һԲľ϶ɵСƽ 
ù֮̽ȻߺӾļò 
òֳӣڰһʵǲô 
ǽڻѾϰˣֻһµӣ岿˵ͷ뻭ҡ 
ںͰһ󣬼òػǰ 
á 
һòк˭֪òͷҲֻ̧صͷȻڻ趯Ļʡ 
òı鱻ǸӾ߸סһ㶼ȻԿµ΢΢š 
оһ߻Żһ૵˵ЩʲôƵġ 
һ߹òԣһڻͼʱͻȻһֵĸоǰһϾȥ˼ʲôĸоΪע⵽ǽϹͼ 
С㡣 
ڰŹǽϵĻ 
һͼҵǽ涼סˣÿһ·˵һŮĶݵ 
ӻСФ񣬵ʼӵŮŮʱȻɱΪˡЩ׵˵֮ǰĶ 
Ůͫ׳˴СһųһƽŮһƽŮԱּ˲ͬ໥ìܵʡ 
ҺϲС㡣 
˵ţעŹǽһĻֿ˴Цݣɳϡ 
ҾԲԭ鲻ӦɱʥС̴ģӦɱǸˣ 
ƺһΪĸо˵ͷ뿪ҡ 


7

ֺͰһڲǰӶʱһ̶̵˵仰Ȼ̻عĬַĶѾ˽Сʱˡ 
ѩֳ̫ģ㵽æϴ;ߡ 
ιһڸղŵ顭 
ʵ 
ʲôղŵ飿 
Ǽξ˵°ξ˵̴ڹˮұɱģȴ˵ֹⲼµ󡪡 
ŶǼ°ѹˮҵɵһֳĻЩطԵò̫Ȼ 
̫Ȼ 
ǸղŲΪ֮԰ʬ嶪ˮѪΪǾ緢ʬ𣿡 
ţ 
ôһ룬㲻𣿡 
ʲôط֣ 
Ҫ̸ˮҺ̴λùϵ̴ķڶ¥һˣǾͲǹˮҵˣķڹˮҵǰ氡ָʬᵽɽϵĹˮȥأ 
Ϊģ⡮Ժˡеڰɣ 
ڷԡҾͺѽǸ˷𣿡 
еΪʲôֲôأ 
Ҳ²⣬һֳӦ̴ķΪһ㣬ѹˮҲóɷֳԶذʬᵽˮȥ 
ôģ 
ִĳַʽ̴ķ䣬Ȼɱߵڿͷڣ˵Ǹֵĺûᣬ±֪ϤĻͻ˷һ˹ڷǺΣյġôһҪһηͻȽˡȷ̴ڹˮұϮְŵĸСôһұšֻҪڷҪΣյĵطȥûˡĴ 
ǡôѵ 
ǵģ֡»ֹˡȻڵȴҹʱ䵥أ 
ô 
֮ʤܵĹؼˡ֮󣬰ѴҶϵȥֻҪƽ£оˡ 
һ˵꣬Ƶȥ 
ȻѾֹͣˣˮ䵽ʮȵĵȴϴҰһƬɡ 
һͻȻͷйɧ 
ȡﲻֻϰɣ 
ֵĻ˰һ˼ 
˵һ 
ţ 
ǸΪʲôҪɱ̴أʥһǮԵС㣬˻߱Ǯ鷳УͿɱĶ̴ˡ 
ʲôɷǵɱּûǮûƷζȵأһʲô᲻żȻ䷢ֵĿڣ 
ԣǴͷβܼƻɱ¼һʼʹɱʥɱ̴Ͳ׼þţϾеĽɫɱˡ 
ţô˵ҲеǣΪʲôѡ̴ 
ڻɱ̴ĶɱʥӵĶһġǵ룬᲻ʥӺ̴˹ȥ޵顯 
һ˵˵ţȻ˺ἰŮɱ¼ 
һʼǱ¼ڲĶǲǺǰɱйأ 
ôһпܵɷͲˡ˵ǾǺˡ 
ǣڡɱʥӡ¼кһŽĲڳ֤ҡ 
Ҳ̸ʥӣ̴˶ͺġʧɱʵڽ⡣Ҫ˵ĻȵȣһĿѲɾǡ 
һ̲סͻȻĲУæʽ֣ 
֣ķǼţ 
һأ 
һҪó±ĵĽ֣ɱȡ 
һҵĵһ䡪101ŷС 
ǽһ뿪ţ 
ſˣξ̽ͷ 
һʲô£ôˣ 
ҡ 
ʲôѽ 
ķ䡪ˣһ£ڡԺˡݵʲôɫ 
ɫŶŮǵѦӾ 
ֻɫɣһֻݳԺˡһӦûᵣֲͬɫŶѽ 
ǰһŲл絽ס硰Ժˡľ籾ˣǸʱ򡱼ͬҲžĽбɱˡ 
ھУȷʵСǳϡ 
һڵƵµĸ֡һǱƽˮġֲһˡ 
ʲôɫԤҪݵһɫ˭ 
ǸԺĵл򡤱ȿ˰Ǳ 
ξһ 
ͶˣξС㣬ķ 
ӦȵĶ桭 
Ҳ鵽ˣһ108ŷ 
ż±ԶԶܹе 
֣߰ɣ¸㲻þ 
һĩ䣬Ϸɱ 


8

ŨţѡвƺĵߣЬӱŪࡣǰ·вƤˮʯӣЬһҲûմࡣ 
һже൱˳ƺЩСƻʱˣǣӰ쵽Ҫľ鷢չ 
ԣڷ̴ʬ֮е˻᲻صһעתּдڲһֱĻļƻͻܵӰˡ 
Ϊ˼ðԣѹˮŪɱֳĻӡ 
ȻΪԱʱ֮裬׼һ汾ϣܵڡԺڰһж 
һжΪù¼ų˯ᵽʯĹµ裬Щҵģ 
鼸ûعۺú˯һ۾ȴΪ쳣˷ܺͽţҰâ 
˫ܲ˾ȻسĿĵءȥ 
˫ִףһӾ糡ľ޴ˮʯ飬ĳ䴰ǰͣ½ŲȻһ 
һֻҪһСһоͶˡ 
ʯ߾ٹͷǰĴӡɷĲȥ 
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1

ﶡ 
Ųѵһͽֳķܹȥ 
һղŵ 
һ˲ͣ½Ų˵ 
֣죡Ǹ򡣡 
һ˵ţʹܰ׵ٶǰ塣 
תսǣû򺰽ķŴ󿪡 
 
ʱ˳ 
 
ִһǰȥڵϵ 
Ƶȫͣؿţ·һ㣬Ѫˮļ 
һһۣܽķ䡣 
ڵĵ̺ɢص鲣Ƭһ޴ˮʯ׶֮ϸĵСȴӱײ÷飬ӰҲûƼŨܵҿѿдܽ 
һͣ½Ųصػŷڲȷϻ᲻дߵĹ˴źɫӴ̵£ɳϮ 
ƺ𽥽ڵĿˣһС̤룬һҪƵعĶţȫ亹ʪˡ 
߽ߣʱԥǷǰһ㡣 
¶İͷӴӵƶȥȴûʲôټƮŨ֮Уģؿͥ԰ɫ 
һص̾һ档 
ţǡ 
µĲƺһɫƤƵƤ 
һܿڴϼĲƶȥȻڲָƵ£Ƥ 
װǮİɵ˰ɣֻĶһأöʮԪӲҡöһԪӲңԼ۵ССϸ 
ǮԱһֱҡ裻ťۡλťŪԲŷŽƤİɣ 
⻹ףһǿСTOYOTAףһǳʲôɫСס 
һ̯еϸ 
ֽƬдš 
˲䣬һԺһðһССģһССӡ 
ڰһһɢڵϵĶʱطѿϸˡ 
ιһû£ֻǼ򱻵иˣӺҲչ̫ˡ 
ִӴ̽ͷĽûܽһĶ 
һʱҲָƣ԰ѿӵеĺɫƤ򿪣Ķȫڲƺϡ 
ιһûû¡˵ǿʯͷͻȻ˴ӴڶȻһߵķ䡣˵ûԷ࣬Ťԣ㲻ûµĶףһڸʲôǸƤ˭ģ 
ĶҸղĴҵġ 
ʲʲôôǡ 
ȲҪҲ²⣬ǵķȥ˵ 


2

ι󣡿ţ 
ȭͷôţš 
ӽƿѾоųɾŵİȷˡ 
ιҪŶޣһæ 
û˵꣬־Լײ 
ǵʽڰһûüս£ͱһٰʮֵĽײ 
һƬžѴ򿪣ϰ󾭳ߵЯԣҵԴǿŵġ 
ɶ񣬱ˣ˵ţӴŵĴͷȥ 
֣ѩξҽڼùݼԱ 
ţòҲߺӾˣҲϵ 
һҶˣ㿪˵ 
ֳˡ 
һ߽ϵĵԣҺӫĻʾһЩ֡ 
ͷдű⡰ϷԺɱ¼ǡߡ񡣡 
ǡ 
һСĵزָƣ˱ǡһ桱ļ 
һ䣬ˡǳһ 
өĻϡ͡ɡŵġ 
Ҳȥġʥӡ̴͡ɼͷ򡱵ֵ֣עм򵥵ϡ 
ʥӵǡһߣձУѹڵƵ¡ 
ͬģ̴Ҳдšڶߡ 
ɵֵдšߣڷﱻɱϲӡ 
һǡ񡱡 
дšʵ֣ɱ˵֡ 
һһ¼档 
ɫӫĻ˷Ĺµɱ¼ʼĩ 
һ·չǹµĽβˣ¼;Ͷϵ 
µһдţ 
л򡤱ȿ˱F 
һҳ¶̶̵ĺ 
ºʦʦƷʦĵʮԺˡΪԷ޵ӵԸ񡣡 
һ֣ 
ЦԶ 
һٿػͷһֻѪվ 
ѽǣȻȻɱңĻô򵥾ͱɱ 
ͻȻͷסƵֹͣЦһı飬ŰڵùݵĹԱ·ҪǳԵݺݵ˵ 
ǻڷʲôȥǼһץѽ 
ǣûԴϷɱ¼ͽŴСС²Ҳ꣬ڳԣˣǶħªЩĬʵĹԱǵζڣǶ˼㣬ȻĽҲš 
ľͷѽܺҲղЩͱɱˡһжΪùݵĹ̫ЩԱ·ܲҲŻ⵽ֲ⡣ҪȥͶߣ뿪Ҫȥ󣬸ǡ 
ʱξߵǰ 
ž 
İξһơ 
㡢Ůˣʲô 
̫ˣ죬һɱ㡣 
ξһȵ 
ξסڡ 
𡢽һ⵽ôһ£𣿡 
һҵıʰһ 
һҲش⣬ֻǳȵ˵ 
Ҳ޼£ɴȵϣ֡־ٻ˵ 
ȷôȽϱա 
ξ˵űתĬĬظ泯ȥ 
֪ǱϮ̴棬Ϊܵ˺ֻ°ͣȴԹƵ̺һ̵㼲뿪䡣 
ѩʰԵİһ˵ 
һϾдЩʲô𣿡 
Ҹղſĸоһɵϴ˴¼Ϊдɵľ籾 
ô֣Щݾνġ԰顯ޣ 
ǳֵ֮ĻŰ˾Ųʮˡ 
š벻Ѿˡ 
⡭ 
ߣҲȥɣϸƪ԰顣һеҿ˵ˡ 
˵ţһص˵ԵĵԴ 


3

ܳȥѰ󣬲ʮ֮ͻˡ 
ҵˡ 
־һѡһɿż˵ 
ҵˣأôֿտյģûץ 
ִһţؿһۡ 
ȥĶץѽˣںϵˣ 
ҡλεˣһƨϣ漴ӺͷӰĽ 
ߺߺߡ̫ˣȫþˡ 
۾˵ţ 
ôôɵ 
ҪĹ𣿡 
ҽȥǲӦڴʱ¶Ц˵ 
ûʲô飬ֻվŲķչ 
ҼòεıӾͿָסʲô 
ˣȡл򡤱ȿˣԼϵˡ 
ξŮԱݱ߳ʱĳ˵ 
ƺ̫ͼξϷ˵̬ȣִֻйƵ棺 
λѾˡ 
óɫ± 
ʣµľδɱһ£ͱΪֵڵһɱ¼еĲڳ֤ 
Щ»᲻ĵԵ 
ֿŰһ˵ιм𣿡 
ţС֣㿴ɣ 
һ˵ţѷϵĵԲϵԴ 
־ǰʶµġ 
һ˳֮ĸ¡ 
ʾԼ֪ɵľ籾Ϊ򸾵ӣδ͵µ֮󣬿ʼиƻġ 
ž籾ʽɳЦıдͽΪʥ֪ΪȴĬϣͬʱԡֲ̫֡ɵɣͼӾϳķŭд˳ 
ڶƷ̨ʵʽ˵ 
һԼĺӱɱĲְס 
˼ָʬľ籾Լĺһɣ 
֪ԺˡҪʱ뵽ԹµϵùΪ̨Լдľ籾һɱ˾硱Ǿɿɳɱ򸾡 
ļƻУֻԤҪɱ򸾡ǣ̴ȴ׼ɱ˵Ȧףȵ£ֻид籾̴Ҳɱˡ 
ɱʥʱõҼҲԽ˵ 
ڰһǵﵺϵϣƻ׼Ϳʼˡ 
ͺ̴ȥӰһǣ˳㵽ʱܿ˵ĶĿһס糡ͬ͵Ͼ 
µʱ̴ˣ󲻵òڡʡ¶һԩ꣬Ҳɱ̴Ķ 
̨֮ųǰĿյʥӽе糡ɱ 
Ϊ첻ڳ֤һõӻСʱװáߺɵװðҵӵľϡʱװúͰһͬ 
ȻٰʥӵʬڴԼװµ 
ߵʮ֣ˡFľšȻҲİšõ˿⾯ʱܵ糡ȥ 
ˣ󿴵һе̨˶糡һҲƽȥˡ 
ٶȿʼʱܿس꣬ԼҪȥõԣ뿪 
صƻװʱʹõĹߣ͵͵ǰ糡 
ʱ糡űϾסùжԭϾ糡ʥӵʬ̨뿪糡óͬϾϣǸƻľ 
ûãʱԱ糡 
ʱҪ򿪾糡ŵףȻ֪ػԼϾף״򿪾糡š 
ɱ˵ĹƣҲΪôǸԴ͸ǽڣĹȷʵڡ 
ǣɱϾ̴ʼļƻͿʼЩˡڴ촳ķͼɱ 
籾ͽˡ 
ɱļƻʧܣĻ֮࣬ԼƤĸҲվˮʯдһȻѡɱĻϷ 
־˵鰢һɫ 
һ۾עǰĲ豭·˼ʲôƵġ 
һôˣıƵġ 
ûʲô 
һ˦˦ͷһĺ衣 
Щõüͷ 
֮Ȼ¼ʹ˽ˡ 
˵գֱϺɫ± 
е˶ط֮󣬰һȻڲǰʳָϻʲô 
ѩһ߰æʰ豭һʰһ 
һһֱЩʲô 
šһĵػһ 
Ųŵ⣡˼ҽܵɣǵġ 
ѩ˵͡ 
һͻȻ̧ͷѩѩǵ𣿡 
ʲôǵʲô 
ξС˵¡ʱ˵Բ̫𣿡 
ţʱô˵ġһм¼أ㿴 
ѩ̯Լɷ¼ָһ 
Ưдţ 
񣬳ɭûضˣȤӰԼͼξĹϵѣɷϲ̴ɼͷȲǲ 
ô 
ȻûôһľЩˡ 
 
ѩæ 
û⣡Ҫʲôæ 


4

ιһ㵽ʲôȻ鿴ķ䣿ɱ˰Ѿ᰸𣿡 
ֺòײŻص䴭һȴͻȻһȥȷʵϴ󲻸ˡ 
û 
һһ߷һ˵ 
ʲôɡǸո㡪 
ΪҪַѽֻҸˡ 
ַģѾѽ 
֡ 
ʲʲô 
ҵ뷨ȷġѩû¹﷢ʲô 
п˺ͿӵĿڴֻѡ 
Ҳûʲô֡ߴˡ 
ιһô£˵һ°ɣ 
׷Űһʡ 
ƤһǳҪĶˡ 
ǳҪĶ 
šӦŵġһǷУԲңû뵽ĲˡǱˡ 
ˣʲô 
һ˵һִһɫʱףæӿڴó׼Ҫ֤Ƥϸ鿴Ķ 
ûСιһΪʲôҪ 
 
ʲô㰡ˣӦ֪˭ɣ 
Ǻ 
Ǻ˼˵ѾضĿޣ 
ţղſġ԰顯ʱ뵽ġһһֵ֪ĶҲû֤ݿ֤֡ 
˵Ҳ¾Ͳڳ֤ҵ֮̽֡Ӧûû£һҿȷġ 
Ҫ¶ĿֻҪδɵʱץŲųɡ 
ֻעжȴʱĵͬʱҪװµӣ֪Լ˱Ŀ꣬ôһŻĴ󵨵ؽж 
һȻͷͷǵȴһɲ뼱ꡣĲ²Ϊ˴δɵ鲻òֳȥҲĶҲⲻҺͲڳ֤⣬Ǹ޼¡ 
ǸƻˣػǧɣԼ˳ 
ķﶯ 
ΪĹɣԼԭŵ£侲ؿʵ 
һԼܻڵԺù֮ġǸˡӰ 
ŬԼңȥǸˡ顣 
ܾĳطЩԾĸطأɶ밡밡 
һ벻ĵطĳˡ 
Ŷǡ 
һ˵ٿش 
һôˣ 
ŰһĶ 
һûлش𽣳ֵ⣬ֻ˵ 
֣Ҫ߾ȫζҪסԣܲڲݾߵ£šһһ 
û⣡⹤򵥡 
ٴˣˣ 
ţյĹҪˣһ 
ǱΪ̽үүһ֮ģһҪ⿪յסһ˶־ʮġ 


5

òһԶùݵĻŻ 
ʱѹϾŵ㣬ݱʡ㰾ҹҲҪɡ 
òĻֱ¶Уеĸ鶼ע֦ϡҲΪ⼫еȱ㣬ǰ¶Ŀⲻй¶ԼС 
ǣɲǼ䣬ǹɱŻˡ 
ʱ𣬻Ҽòε˾޴ת䡣ãɳӰŮڻ̳ո¶ͷǡ 
֮ǰµ¡ 
ˡͻȻ˻ҵš 
˭ò͸ģš 
òǽһܲҿţ 
òһվǴţĽһѩ 
Բ𣬼òô˻ģΪܽ¼ҲòҹáǿԽȥ𣿡 
òٿŵĻԥһ£һſһ̽ŷڻϵĻ˵ 
ƯĻ 
òû˵ʲô֣˽ˡ 


6

Ѿˣ֡ 
ӼòĻһ󣬰һһֱڡӡֵĽֱ档 
𣿡 
ţŴˣһȻԴǰɱôƲΪʲôҪƤߡǸҲ˾Ųʮ 
ôֻʣҺͲڳ֤ˡ 
˵õ򵥣ҵǰ⿪أ˵° 
һС¸Ѳ㣬̽ѽ 
һ治˽һҵơ֣Ѿ糡׽Ұɣ 
ģȥ 
ְ̽µĿڴס 
ʱɫĶץ״еһڰһĽűߡ 
һһǸԪӲҡ 
ף֣ƵԪӲǲҹƵʱӮߵģ 
Űɣԭһֱڿڴﰡ 
֣ýƻŶһΪһѾͶǮͲˣû뵽㾹Ȼȫ̡ 
ѽǴëãǮͲѾˣԷŲȥ 
˵ǿյġ 
㲻ҵĻԸȥķӲңϿɳúģ 
ףɡʱǮͲǿյġ 
ʲôѵ㲻ִ֪ǮͲͽСħǮͲѽ 
ؽ˵ǮͲİֻһٵı仯š 
һ˵š 
һôˣ 
֣Ѿ糡׸ң 
 
죡һӽֵ״糡 
һ߽糡ڴ컨ĵƣȻֽҰ̨ľ۵ƹȫ򿪡 
̨߽ȻֳĵƲƬУһƨɶʼѰŲƬ 
һôˣôͻȻ 
ѩ֪Ȼظڰһ̨ 
㷢ʲôι˵˵ѽһ 
Ҳһһ߸ȥ 
ȻûΪʲôҪ֮աԺĹˡĹݳɱ¼ˡ 
һ˵ţץһѵĲƬϡ 
ҫ۵̨£һϵ鲣ƬʯŲõĹâһЩƬ૵˵ 
еⶼ⿪ˣ 


7

ڶϵʱ⼸áġݡ 
ԭִصƺҲɱ¼ưɢˣպҫ۵Ĺâ˺УһǰһʢĶεĴ 
ͳԵñƽʱЩʮӲſʼ 
˽ֺͰһѩ֮⣬ֻнǺͼòξˣԷԼڷ 
һڳŵţû˵ÿƺŶѻɽĻ˵ϾڹȥѾˡ 
ԱֳƵգ죬ĪкڣǣƵȴȻ֮ȥ 
òΰѵڳһĲϣһﲻϯ 
ѩͰһҲһûʲôʳӣеĻȵ㳦һϡ 
ֻнҽһȻֳƽûɶʢʳ 
ɵĴҲʰƺҲصȥˡ 
ڵķ䣬¼ŵЦŶ˵ 
Щˡ 
ʦ 
뿪ڵķԼķʱξ׷˵ 
ʦҲھˡ 
ŶΪʲôأ 
󲻽ʡ 
ǵŵĹùݰæ 
˵ʲôɵôвŻʲô־ģ 
ʦߡεĹ֮Ҫصԡ 
㲻ѾӪҵ־Ҳ޼µġ 
ôᡭ 
˭ϲɱ¼ùݣѾˡװɣ 
ҪҲҪ 
ˮӿϼξǶԴ۾漴ˮڵϡ 
ϲʦߣ 
ξںļͷ 
ξ 
žԻǲż׵˫ü΢΢бţ·˵ 
йɳ嶯Ҫסξȴһ¡ 
ξ 
󾲾˵ţؽξƿ 


8

˿õѲߴһ㵽ˡ 
ѲԱԭΪֻǰк־ٱ淢ɱ¼֮󣬻ŵʹߵ֧Ԯ 
صĹԱ⣬ڵ˶ϾѲߴǰ½ȥ 
ڱΪ¼ֵɱѻݱҲ൱Աڵصľ˼򵥵ı¼֮͸Իؼˡ 
ûθڣ𴲺һֱûгԶṩļʳҲûֻڻضĵ糵ϳһƬɿ 
ټڡԺù켫ȵĲûعۡ 
ȻСԭǰ޵Ŀ쳵ϣֻ΢΢˯һ£ǣƣѾ˶㣬£ûз֡ߡҲǺȻ¡ 
խĵµ֮߳󣬡ߡڳڴͣһ£һξֿʼµţٶȸ 
ľиΪ¼Ѿȫˡ 
ԡߡԣ¼ûн 
ߡ߽ԢԼҲȥ 
빫Ԣ󣬡ߡѵЬӣⷢŲȷ˷֮󣬲žĵؿǰ 
ߡһֱľٶ·ߵȴϮһסϢ 
ԼĪʮңŵһͷְתţŴˡ 
һ˲䣬ߡĽű㼷˴򿪵ŷ 
㡭㣿 
˿־ɫʡ 
ս 
װĶߣĻΪֹеѾṩˣǷǳڴҲѾҵ˽һҵġࡱ 
ɱ˭ 
ΪʲôҪģ¡Ժˡڽз 
һյʲô 
ʾµġ顱ݺʵ¼֮ġìܡ 
ԣȰֵдټƿĻ 
ǡ 
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1

ΪʲôΪʲô 
Ъ˹ؿš 
ҵҪΪʲôĹԢأ 
һ˵ٵؿȻԭصһСӰĶǸðӰĴӡ 
㡭ʲô 
Űһ˹ȥ¼Ӱ 
ʱڰһĽ֣֮䣬˻ȥ 
̤ںһźŰ㣬ֻѩ󡢼ξںͼòǶȿֺؼ 
⡭ôһ£һԭ㡭 
ǰ˸˰Χţ޴ӣȻɫ԰ףȴȻŰһ 
һص˵ 
һΡΪʲôУΪʲô߽䣿ô󷿼ףɡ飡 
һʱڳ˶ͬľ㵡 
ĿǰΪֹһûаɸ߹κˣԴַӦʵ档 
ھʱһ¼ҽѯʱˣ 
뿪̵֮ĹԢȥ 
ʱʹɣǰһֻ˵Ϊɱ¼־Ų鵽סַ 
Ҳ֪һһܼ룬һ϶ҵһ֮⣬ҲͿ˵ľ˽ֻۣĬĬָʾ 
Ҳһ뿪ֱǰλڶԢ 
ȻǺڼСʱ֮İһȡϵһ˾̤ĹԢ 
飿ôһ£һʵڡ 
ֲȥ󣬺ϰ塣ʥС̴Ϊɱɱġ׮ɱ¼ף 
ڴÿ˵һ 
ǲԽ⣿飿ЦˡΪʲôҪɱʥӣʲôҪɱ̴󣿡 
ֱ׳ز죬ᶨ·Ҫһ˵ľ㵷Ӧ 
ŶôΪʲô˵ߵ¼Ӱʲô 
һֻмЦ˵ 
ΪҺѽ֪Կ׵ĵط¼Ӱҽġӵϻ֮ȻûԼĶ 
ǣǿɣҸ־һֱڸ㣬̤Ԣ뷿䣬ûκѰԿ׵ļ󰡣 
ǿ©˰ɣ 
𣿿ȴۿԼƤóԿװԿǴƤߵģԲԣ 
 
¼ӰҲܿɡɱ¼֮󣬾컹з֮ǰôҪûȥ浽¼Щʲôأɴųɣ 
һ˵ţƽ¼Ӱڷӳϡ 
ͻȻɫУ 
ס֣ûȨַ˽ţɱʥ̴һеԭѾдˣô˵糡Ϊҵأ 
ڳ֤Ҳһ֮⣬˭ܰʥӰ̨ҾһFľԺ󣬴ұ㵽糡ȥ鿴ȻҾһֱڲϢҡһ㲻Ҳڳ 
ڵƵһ£װûͿԲֱˡǣʬ̨һ£糡Ļġ 
ʬһСʱ֮ųԭʲôûе̨ϡڼ䣬һӶû뿪λôʬȥأѲʬԼ̨ģ 
·йˮϲı⣬ıԵظ˽벻 
һԵطй󣬸˼ӣŴųȵı龲˵ 
ʬԭ̨ϡ 


2

ʲʲô 
ţԭüͷһ顣 
һӣȷԼ仰Ѿˡ 
˲ĳĬðһͷԿٵţҪʲôȥ׷Ǹǿ־ͬʱҲõȷĴ𰸡 
ֵһˡ 
һ·ȼװҩĻߡ 
ҿԸ㼸ǧΣʬһʼ̨ϣֻǵˡ 
һ˵ʲô˼ 
˵Ǻ󿪿ڡ 
ϰ壬뿴һϲǰFڼξϷžʱ¡ 
дš̨ϳ˵Ƶĵס 
ǵģʱǶʥС㷢ʲô£Դұܵ糡ȥǣʱƻҵúúõģ̨ҲûκζʱʹضԣһжʥСڶ磬Ҫٻȥ͡ǰɣ 
ǰʱȷʵģһǵá 
ξȻش 
һתͷξ 
ôξС㣬뵱ʱ򿪾糡ʱȿʲô 
ȻǸ޴ĵưûеѽ 
ԣұҲ롣ӦҲͬ뷨ÿ˶һ˲˽ۡûеǷ⾯ƭ˵ġ˭Ҳų̂ϸȥȷ̨ϵ뿪ˡ 
һ£ǲȷϹ𣿽־٣ҲӦÿˡܾ糡ôް̨ûκζǲʵ𣿡 
̲ס졣 
ţ̨ȷʵûʲô 
ǿرʾͬ⡣ 
㣡ˣС̨Ͽκζ 
һ赭дָ˵ 
Цط 
˵˵糡ôҪƭô˵۾ôףѲͿʲô͸ҩˣ 
ߣ˵۾ʱǺܲɿġڵƹȾ糡ϢҲ᷸ͬĴ 
ʲô 
뿴 
һ˵Ŵ˶ȡһķܽӡ 
һӼӴķ壬ֻһ͸Ĳؿ档 
˼ǣ͸ĺмһ״ӸڰС 
ǵ𣿡 
ʱġ 
ѩ˳ 
ǵģǸװļĴǮͲʱΪǿյġ 
һ˵űѴǮͲõ۾ȸ֮ҿȷʵǿյġҡĶĽ 
ǡ 
һҡŴǮͲǣӦǿյĴǮͲȴӲ໥ײ 
װǮ 
ú档ôģ 
ξʽһ 
þʹСħССӿϰ벿°벿ԽϰװžӣǮͽ˾Ӷһĺϰ벿 
ô򵥣 
ţô򵥡˵۾бȻУǿȷͼƬʵ֮Ĳ졣ǣȴԽȺԭԭطھпȣʵֻǸ񣬿ȴô׾ͱƭˡ 
ǣһ⾵кͱε¼ʲôϵأ 
ʵ 
йϵģ֡ǮѾŽȥˣۿȴǿյġԭӦĶȴСԭԭͷ̨ϵʥӵʬǵߵˡ 
ǰ̽үүν̹ħԭһ־뾵ͬԭþӽ˵Ʒһͷ䲻ħ 
װúܼ򵥡ֻҪͬɫĴ̨ΧȻҪĶھǰʹ̨ԵĴʮȽǾˡ 
һӳھ̨രӹϯϿ̨ĴˡȺҲʵ֣Դӹڵ￴̨ӶĶͷ·ʧһ㡣 
⣬ֻҪʹ澵ӣϳɾʮȵVΣٷҪʧĶǰ棬ӵļ̿Ͳôˡټӻդ֮ξӶϿӺϴĶĻǾ͸ˡ 
դѵ 
һһͬصͷ 
ϰ塣Ǹ̨ǰդƵҲҪĽɫ 
ô 
ιһһ£ 
ֲ 
˵ģþӿʬʧǾҲӦų̂ϣǲ·֤ˡ 
ѽ֣ǳٶ۰㻹𣿡 
ʲô 
һ¶˲ı顣 
ţ֡ΪʲôҪģ¡Ժˡڣѵʬϣ𰸾ˡ 
šѵ 
𣿵ƲΪҪѹʬŵġΪ˴̨ϵľӡ 
ʲô 
ôӴĵƵĻһᱻҵϡáҲʹôĲټϵƻо򣬺ʺھӵƬνġҶ֡ 
ҷֵ֮ȥ鿴ƵƬȻƲ⣬ڴĲƬҵΪٵľƬȻֳССƬϸһѷóǰİȫƵľӡ 
ǿֲֻҪһطˣͻѣӴƬƵһ֡ԭȶûע⵽ 
ֲϵصͷ˵ 
ȻҲ֪ǰǼڡԺģ¡Ժˡڵɱ¼ͼͬĵطַͬٶݡԺˡĹ¡ôһֻҪԱһڵƵµĻκ˶šһ׮ģ¸Ժµɱ¼µƵĿġʬľӡû˻ȥע⵽ˡ 
һô̴ˮҲΪԵޣ 
ѩʵ 
šΪڶҲաԺˡڱɱôһµƵɾ͸ģˡһɾԼϷĽɫ˵ӡ󡪡Ҳ˱׷ɱĶ󡣡 
һĽɫѦӾ𣿡 
ѩŰһ¶ʵ顣 
һɫ˵ŮǵĶϷɫѦӾ֮⣬ݱĸԺлȿ˵Ľɫ 
ڡFѶϢждŵڸھеĽɫɱһֲ͡ʣµҲֻСл򡤱ȿˡҲˡ 
ôҲ뷨ôԼȥɣشƻҲа 
û뵽ЩѶϢô⡭Ǹµְ 
ֽ˫ۣ̾ͬʱ顣 
ıŨŨľ֮⣬ʲôԵı仯 
ΪһԱ߱ݼأ״̬ɴ̩֮ȻأʹԳǧϰٸﷸֽ̰Ҳб 
һֳ̬ȣƺҲȣֻǵ˵ 
ͿʼǰãʥСе糡ȥȻ 
ıȻû䣬ƺҲش£ֻûһĬĬڰơ 
һҲ⡣˵ 
Ȼ̰ʬٰ̨ѾһźãáСļʬ壬ʹҴӾ糡ڿʬ塣ӴҲǲװξ糡ĳ󻭿ٴϵİɣ 
У֮ʬϰǰſĲȻƣΪ㾵СЩҲһڸʬ塣ôƶϣʬһʼų̛ˣʬڱʱϰѾӲȻͳˡ 
ǰһҹ͵͵װϷ˰ɣΪھ¼֮ǰ糡ûɳ롣 
׼þӵװúʼװŪߵĻأ˵ƴھŵʬϣȻģڲԼȷźõġFűֶɧ 
ֻҪȥȷϡ糡̨ûκζͳˡһԤģ΢ľ糡ƹ͵֮£ǲûп̨ʬ壬ҲǷ⾯ʥӺĶ磬Ȼȫȥ 
֮󣬵һƻװϷĹؼҸ顣͵ƵƬһھֹ֮ǰ֡ɱˣ¼ͺˡ 
µƵĶʱװãֵȻҲƵܻ¶ʱ򣬵µһ˲Ĳڳ֤ûʲôˡԣ˭԰ʬ̨ˣµĹؼôһ糡ȥ֮жúĲڳ֤ˡ 
ټϱƳɡֽɫҼƻɱڵ;ϯ֪ܵȥˣûȷĲڳ֤ 
ҲͼɣӦʥӵеĳطȥص֮ԵúܲˣƲǱʥӷŸӵԵʡ 
ΪʥСʬ屻ˣûаԼгȥһ˵Ϊ˵ǰʥСԼԼܵɣҲֵ֮ڡ 
ǣһѵ֪ʥС㱻ɱ֮󣬲뵽ԼһĿ𣿡ѩ˵ 
Ӧû뵽ɣԣԶͲڳ֤أһҧϰ֡ 
ΪʲôҪָغϰأ 
ҶźϰֵĻעͻἯϣ׵´εж͸𣿡 
һϣҺϰվ̸ʱͻȻ֣ϰʥСɡҼǵõصպ̴ķǰ̴һŷ죬Σ㲻Ҳ֮ڡ 
𣿵ס 
ʵ 
Ҳ˵̴Լϰ̴ִ֮ϰ̴֡󱨸ĻҲмơ 
ҲǸʱΪɱ̴ӽķ䡣û뵽ϰ̴ǰϣľŻҳˣϰ̸顣ǣᣬϷķʽѡ˵̴žɣ 
Ҳ֪ôϸܵĳɹΣ̴ô򵥵ϡû뵽ֻڴŰɣ 
ٽºдôС԰顯ζɱ˾籾뵽ϣȻٴӴﵽ棬ܻԼĴ⣬ˮ鶪ڣٴӴԼ 
ʲôôɧ־ʵ 
һ϶Ĵ𸲡 
ĶϷȻƤڴµҲҪ׷Ӵӵ飬κ˶ῴڴڵµƤҷġ顯͵ͷʱ¼͵ȫˣ÷ǳܵ 
Ȼû˵ 
һҲٶȴ򿪻ϻ 
ôܵļƻЩ覴ãʥӱɱʱϰΪǷ⾯Ƕ磬ذѾ糡ˣ糡ͳҡֶûԤ뵽żȻγ˲˼ɱ˰ 


3

ǵԼżȻġɱˡڲɡǣ˼֮ġ顯д¡͵Կ֮ơ 
ʲôġ籾ȫдģ 
ʵһش 
ǵȻġŵ˶ɣһһ̨ͬ͵Я͵ԡ 
ʲô 
űߵĴ˶ 
˿ӿܣֻ֣һֱŰһ 
ġǿҲ 
ָ߸ߵؾӴȡһA4СЯ͵ԡ 
ʹ̨дƪġ籾ǿǻ˺üŰģԲԣ 
ûлش𣬰һΪĳĬ֤ʵ 
һش𣬼˵ 
ԭдõɱ˾籾ںѾ糡Ͼ󣬲òԸġʱһǴΪŰɣ 
ֶԣûнαװɱ߰ƸĳԴҵضĻɱ˾ֻûʲôġװΡˡôһֻʹ¼ԵЩֶѡ 
ȥƸļƻܵţ㲻ã¼ϵøãֻҪھ糡ڳѲ飬ͻʹСĹƱ𴩡ǣʾ֭ȫһɱ˱ɿܵĹƣƱһ˶С 
ڵھŵ֮ǰһСʱ͵С𾢵ʱһ¡ 
ѾٿŰһˣڰƮšģ԰һǺ˿ĸо·һһ 
ҵ¼Уһ 
ǣͷԴһǿż״ġơǾдġ͵Կ֮ơ½عʵ졮̴ײϾȻʵɱ̴Ķ 
˲ţһǻﷸ 
ֲɵ÷̾ 
ûΪֿھ糡֮󣬵̶֮һСʱʱôܵĹɼͷԷǱѰ 
ǣϾǼҴĹƣź©ݺжССìܡ 
һܸܲңνìǡ 
һֱ˵ڿˣǳϵ峺ȣղְѾȫʧˡ 
ı鿴ԼǱĹԢֳѰ˸ţԭӦǾȫƵļҲһһ֮κεĳֻӹ·ж¼ͷصʱ˿ɫذͶһ 
ǡ顱ܱԡ 
һԳĵش⡣ 
ȣһìڡҡγʱġ顯дţɱһ֤ˣҲĴڡǣҿ糡ΪֻǺϰһ֮ɵżȻ 
ȻϱʾҲڣǣͻҲȥ׼ôȫļƻδ̫˼˰ɣ 
ȷʵǸܱʣֵֻʱûгֵʱ䡣ºԼҲֵҲΪ¸е겻ѡҸڡ顯дⷢżȻŶԡһϣ©ʧ£ǣ̫ˡ 
̾˵ 
һ˵ţ 
Уڡ͵Կ׵Ĺơ֮˵Ҳмì֮дţȥϰǱԿףȻڻİ·ϻԼԿסҲ˵Լ־֮ǰϰķģǣϸ룬ʱ֮ԻȥԿס 
ˣҪȥõģ 
βƽ˳ 
ûµҲ˵ǸʱԺѾźˡ͵Կסļٹƾ飬ŻҪȥԿףԼȥǣжֲһìܡ 
ܵ糡ǰʱڳĲ̴ֻҲڡ£ȥԿ׵Ķ󲻸ȻӦ̴ŶԡΪ̴ᣬԭȡ 
ʱڸеŻУ꼶ѧԸһ꼶ѧҪ꼶ѧȥһڵʱ£ƽϰ߸ӦûȻ֣˵ĩ̫Ȼˡ 
Ǹ˲ĺѽ 
һԳЦţһ˵ 
һٸһ¡ô֪Կף 
ܼ򵥣ƤгӵԿסԿ׵ȵȣΨûԼԿףⲻǺһԣҶԿ׼ϵԿȦϣοһسûˣҲǡˣȻ᲻Կ׶Уʵǲ̫ܵ¡ 
ʱһ᲻ѼԿ׷ڱĵطԷǾҲôƶϣֻһˡΪˡĳĿġǱķ䣬ԲԿס 
ԭˣˡ 
Ŀľ¼Ӱ𣿡 
šȻͷôãôӦòµõ¼Ӱޣ 
¼Ӱݾɱ˵ġɡˡ 
ôͶˡΣ㲻κ˿¼Ӱҳˣ̽ 
˵ţſֵȴĻ 
ˣ 
ƺڵȴͷ 
и 
ʲô˵ɣ 
¼Ӱκ˿ܴӦңһһϸڹ 
¼Ӱ֤ȷ֮ǰҲ㴦 
صԥĽ֣ţ 
ҾԲô¼Ӱݱκ˿ܷʲô£Ҳڣ 
ֺͰһһۣȻ˵ 
ðɣҸΰ 
ô˵ˣʲô 
ܲ˵˵Ķںϰǰ 
һ赭д˵ 
û뵽ʲô¶㿴ˡ 
ź 
ϰ廹һ⣬ֻĬĬؿͰһ 
֪ˣ˵ 
˵ţʼ˵ɱʥ˵ 


4

һֱ衭 
пǧ˵۵Ҳһ˿Ұĵİɫ 
ָоһ㶼ûиı䡣ҲɱǡΪΪ˶ɱźΪ˰ɵҧӵġ 
㵽ס 
˵뿿ץסļͷֹ 
˵ 
ʦܱǸһֱڳԣǣǶǳҵģΪԼһֱ𾴵ʦһ£ĵǸ 
㡭㲻𣿡 
ǣʦңİ裬Ҳġ֮ɱΪ»ͶʥӵĻǱʥɱġΪǸŮˡǸŮӰļģŻɱ 
׷ʲô£ɱǰǸ죬֮䡭 
ʦԭңһֱƭʦǰõ֮ʼ 
飿㡭⵽ôһ¡ 
ɱϢ̼֮ĵϡ 
桭𣿡 
ǵģյױдš 
ôΪʲôĸңĸ㣿衭 
һź˵ 
Ϊ̫пˣԼĸ˵ڣԡ 
ʲôĲΪʧĻôΪʲôҪɱң 
˦֣ץסرʡ 
ң㣡 
޾ıˡ 
̾һҧ촽Ťûиߵ˵ 
豻ǿˡ 
ʲô 
ѪɫӺϼȥ 
һжʥǸ񶾵ŮʹģҸ᲻˻飬ҷ̴ֻ֣衭 
ȲƵزţҲһ 
ӣźһϵ¼Ӱʣ 
ôѵѵǺ¼Ӱǡ 
ǵģС˰ѵʱ¼ 
ǿӺͷɬ 
ôôЩô 
·Ƶصš 
ҿʱŭռҵ顣ںޡҪ˺ҵؿһҺ޲һ˫ɱǣ 
ȭͷһѪܡ 
Ҳ뵽ĻǾ¼ӰҲͻᱻҲ֪¼Ӱ¼ӰǿԿġ 
дӣ̴ʥӶеĻҾ͵γСҲκ˿¼ӰģʹǾҲһ 
ָؿŽ֣ӵذƿˡ 
һоԼŴ¼ӰֻڲţԼϵĶǶħ³һôġ 
˵ţ 
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ǸŮ˵Ҫοңͺ޳ܵܵҷˡ 
ʱֻԼɶħΪ˱ҰԼɶħҲҵж 
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ҸоԼһªĶħ̵УĶĵӿҸоġϣһгâﶼһһ㣬ҺԾѾһΪĶħˣ 
۾ͻȻͬյƲһʴò 
ҿʼ˽̽¼Ӱ١һ߰űˡΪ˽Ұ򸻼ŮͶͱ޳˽ɫһֺʥӽ飬ȼŸ֮ӽ̴ 
Ϊȡ̴ֱС˵ġֻԼҲΪһӵˡÿŮԱҪְʱҾͿɢ˺Լԡ 
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갡ȸеɥ־ұϾˡҸԼϷ̨ôĳ 
Ҵӣڲ֪Уҵճͱһվ̨ϵо֧䡣 
ܳʲôûζͺ̨ϱòһܺȶôǿҵľƣҲϷʱñĺǿҵʿһ 
Ҷԣÿһ춼һ̨ 
ҰɵĽɫÿһÿһ붼ھطݼ˯ʱҲһ 
˽ָо𣿲˽ɣһΪں˵˵ 
ıЦ 
ҶĶ 
į˵ 
һ룬һĶΪ˵ʧȥ֮ӣҲһԶûоͷı̨ 
ɡǣ̴ô˵أֶСôͱԼǿɱ˵һжأʵڸ㲻ɡ 
ʵ 
һ˵ 
̴СȨ壬һҩɾȵˣΪȴӵͨ񾭹졣 
ԣʥ֮ж£һΪԼ̬Ƕ̴ԣȴǳʥӵǮͻýıϡ 
ԣɱһܵһЩǴɣµؽӽңҪ֪֪̽ɱɡ 
ҸɱΪЩһ֮ΪҸһ֮ѣ㿪ʼƨɺˡһԼʱܱɱáߡ 
ЦˣһԳЦݡ 
һ߸˻һһΪиһһεʵһҲΪȷǲд¡ 
֮ȻǲֱӵΪһǲΪܲվ̨ϵĽţھϳ쳣Ǹпľ󡪡һֱն뷨ǡ 
ͻȻӯˮ·𻵵˵Ļе©Ƶεδعϡ 
ǣʵԶøпᡣҿ⵽̴ģ 
Ǵ˿ڼˮһı 


5

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ǰһֱǿҵӡȻΪ˵ʵΪ˴ﵽĿģԼİŮˡ 
ģҸ־ͬϵѣһǰҴԼļҡ䡣 
ǿģԼ¼Ӱ౻Ҳ 
Ҿû˵Ҵ̴ǱŪ顣ȻҪ󿴿ʱ¼Ӱ 
ǿӦˣʹһͿյ鱾ȡǾӡ 
˵ָŰһŵ¼Ӱ 
һЦһϨ˷ĵƣʼŴӡȻǵġˡ¼һʼССİǸ޴ĵӻӹ衭 
˫ݺָкóѪ۾ɨһ 
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ȫ˺ëֱɱȻʧˡ 
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һºǻڡԺ¾糡ĿĻʽݳԺˡ뵽ֻ£Ҫɱ˲ŻһáҿʼⶨƻⶨԺˡľ籾 
֪ʲôʱˮˮɺˡ 
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ڽִߴ£Ҫſ뿪عͷ˵ 
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߰ɣ 
˵ 
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ϱʾԺ֣ÿʽ𣬳һ¾ţŵ¾Ŀ׳ݽ˵Ҳڡ 
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