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һֻϸӨ׵֣ͻȻ˹ס˵ʲôû˵һ顣
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á
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ĿȱŻϣأȴŲɵļ㲻˵ˣס
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ҡ֪ҶԲ㡣ǱǱʵ÷ˡСҵ㣬Ҳݲ±Ůˡ֪Ҷġ㸸ͻȻƲɱĸȥҲȻĸ׵ķԣִһ𡭡
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ַȱٶȱ𣬡ЭȷɡǩֺһҸʱԼһȥʦġû˵ĻŰɣҾͲˡ
㡭ĸѾǰˣĶֺʵˡҳϣҸ㣬ҵĸ㣬ǣɳƵŨŨƣβסıˣҵͷԸ㡣ΪӣҪҸĸҲһѪĲƸҵңûа취
ײһϸ΢Ĵ졣ˣ߰ɡ
ߵĵذЬ߹ᣬᡣűشˣһ΢˽˲輸һСɵɫֲҶӡ̶ֹ
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ͬ·ƣѣĿ䣬ƹ⣬Ϊʲô˵ġĿ
żɲ̶һϸӰգأħͼڿƮ䵽档͵Ũˡ




1 


Уҷ·̹ſٵ֮ǰ磬һƬ磬Ĵֲ̣巽Ҳǰһ׵ĵطת˸ȦЩãȻ֪룬㽥ʹóٶ˵Ҳ·ѿ
£һϥǡĸȥұ㳣ƴڼյļȻƲˣǼķȴǵǼŵ£ȻֻӣĸײһֱæչҲˡȵĸҲˣÿصңұܾѹֵÿҪˡֻţ壬ԼϢĹ¶ѹȶ˴ʶأǽǣԼ
ҴнȳһůļңһҸļҡ¶ȵĳ¶ȵң¶ȵĿ꣬ȹҸ˰ɣĸʱҲԶӦ겻ᣬżÿУĸĸϲȥУңǴڸĸ֮䣬Щͻأܲг
Ĵ⣬ƾлĶ㾡ȫȥڹ˾һü˷ݵ¶ڼΪɨǲԣܾĸһǮƣȫԼȥ
ҺҸȻÿÿ춼ú࣬ʱ·ȫ¶ɢˣȻ֪ĸײͬһŲԵϱϧ뿪˼ҡҲ£Ҳġ˵δ·жߣһˡ
ڣվǱ˰ҪˣǺǣΪĸ׶ԼӣôôŴŶأ˵֮߳Ҫһǣ˳ĸȥû뵽ڶʮһ͵ڣȻҲΪԭ飡
͵Ѿʧϡ˵дһ
˭ѵֵĵطңбֵţĴ
ǰһĨɫӰģһŹŴȹǰ
ЦЦҵˣ㻹ðɣ
ҡҡͷ˭ϴ˰ɣҽʲô
ûϴֻ㲻ǵˣЦЦҵ֡ůҵΪ֮һ
ʶ𣿡ɻʣ֣Ϥĸо
ЦˣܿģȻˣû뵽ȻǵˣȴǸеϤ𣿡
ҵͷԻؿ
ΧͻȻۣתͷеʱ䲻࣬ҾҪˣļģģ϶ѾסĸǲᱻģҪ㣬ΪѾʧȥεĻᣬ걻ͥϽµģʹͶҲģңţһӣһǳ̵ˮҵǰپһƬ
飬ٶʱļ䣬Ƿһļ䣬֯Ů˵Щ鶼סһλᣬǧټƣö飬ЦŽ͵ȴһҲֻ㶵ؿ
ģһһٵģܵĲԽԽˣȵϵ
һؿһۣתȥУӰʧˣҵĶͷȴܸоһˬ
ͻȻһѣΣҵ˵ϡ۾ǰΪŵԵʰɣǸֵĵط

ٴȴζֻۣܸо޾ļѹһĪǰȥҷ·𱻰һڰĵطܵĴкճʪʪġ룬ӦһСͨҪȥĵطӦþͨĵط˰ɣ
ͼǰȥûа취ûа취ֻþһпܣŬϻƶҲ֪Ҳ֪ҾôˡԺ쳣·˼ƮȫȥᡣֻҪųȥͺãҲҪȥ룡
֪˶ãҵԴӦȳͨɡȻûио磬ȴеʲôץסҵԴȥҲõøպãὫ׽ʹϸϸоһĺô󰡣Դôˣ֣ѵɽǱʲôطӦҵ˾ǸұԼ뷨ˣ뿪ЦȴǷֻ졣
ڣظоȫѾγˣǣֻϵµĴȴһ£ǡŵģֺֻܴȡëҴͷϸϸزˣȡһЩĲҴͷŰҲŻعҾȻȻӤһȫ¹ű˰˲ʵ̫ˣ
ŬҪۣҪֵֻˣҪĵطҪҾôˣΪʲô˰ڲ·ûУ߳ȫܼ٣ܽǸӵţҵԴϷһŮӵϣȴǺŵ˵ʲôĽЩȴڴߴʲô
ϵĲƿһЩҿֻѵΨһһ鲼ҲҪȥǸ˭Դһ˻زҲôˣ֮ǸŮӵΡҲŹҪʲô
ۣĿģһŲϵȴ˾µױֻĺˮױҲЩˡˣЦ˵˾ʲôһԡӵ̴˹Ӧ˾ʲôͷǻشˡ
ҿͷϵ̷ѿô󣬶Щĵš̶̷ԣϤĸоǡģⲻǷ𣿹Ŵĳеķ٣ǰʱǵķٿܼ٣Ҳܳأû뵽ھģȻûе￴ô󣬿ȻԺ׸ĸоȵȣģģôǡ
Ůֵͷ˵˾ʲôȴоǷǻĺǡ
ҿѯʣڵȴһޡؿʼֻô£⾿ô£ţʣڵģȴĵ׵ĲǿϼӴأҷͼ˵ѯʵŬĴſţұ֮ǰ£ԽԽģһֱԹίȫΪˮ˳
ҲǸֻ֪ŮӣֻҲʵ̫Σ̫ͻȻˣһҾͽ侲ڽСĿ˵ŮӵᣬУֻЩڿбƶһ£һĵط˹ԼǸŴ
ӵٴδ˽΢ײǸЩ͵Ůӵ˵˵˼ʲô㴫űƿһ΢紫˽һ䣬űˡ
ӵҵϷͨƽķģŶ룬ͷŲһͶʵ޻ûпңҵϷԵŮӡᣬ͵͵˵˾ʲôߴŮӵ˵·ڷԸʲôϸţͷ뿪ˡšһ򿪣ٶȹϡͻȻΪʲôӵôϤ
Сҵʱ򣬾ϧ
ôãȴǻʹֻʵڵֲϽƣСߴŮ˵ȻȴðģʶؾãǸҵˡغ׸裬ҵŽĴšһůĸоΧ˵г˯ȥ




2 

ӣӣѾˣ㻹һͨľͷһŮӵ
ˣʯͷȹڣ˽ȥ
䳯׸ԱߵһСɽӹϽϿӦ׸İɣֻشƫƧҪ壬ҪһҲɽԴӼºûмˣȻҲͲ羿ˡ
Ƕʵȫʶ֮ƽﶼӦȫԴΪŮ֯á
šΪ磬֪һЩʱĳʶ˵ﾹżʱҲԾˣϾʱʻ
̾˿ʱĳʣȼȻʮϸ񣬵ȴѹǶֻԶûԼ֣ҹǱúּµʱڡѾңǸصä
ҵȻڳ͵Ľ׼ˣҲѾждֵʸˡֻǣ൱صġƧ˭̻ŮЩôĶأˣȻѧϰѾ˹ųԣȴûѧ֣˵Ƕˡ
һ֣ӡֵʱǻõԸİɣǲ֪Ϊʲôˣһûϰҵ֡ÿﺰʱܾǸԼ޹صˡֻеԴߵغҡӻӡʱҲŻΪǰЩҵŭعͷȥ
ҵʵƽ򵥣кŮǿһġȵ˴ЩкŮǱҪʼŸԵĸĸѧϰԣ֯µĻˡ
ܹ֯֯ϣƬƵķ֯ȴδʵ˰ɣܾϤĸоȴЩҰ˵ı𣬼򵥵ʳȴ˵Ҫ֯Ҫȵſԡÿ£ʵڲЩСˣܰ˵ˮ׽㡣ܴÿ˿֮⣬ܻЩʱģ㳣ĥҵ󣬴ȥɽµĺӱ׽㡣
֪ЩİɣȴΪʲôȹŪʪˡҲ˼ҵŮһԼ˿Ĳ񲻹࣬Ǯ̫١˵ǮֻҪþͺãһ˵ĳԴöȫżڽüѸҴѾˡοգǴ˶֪õģļҾߣһЩСõķᣬͷϴķȫǵԼġ
ʱҵֻƯױУƯĻ䣬Ӵ򿪺۳룬һ֧иǣǶľӣƯˣйŵζ
￴ʱԹ˵ױ̫ݻˣõôõġЦ˵˭˵òϣھ͸ѧźúԼˣԺ˼޲ȥŶ
ЦȷҪȱŻӵļױˣԺÿգﶼһΣ֮ʱױоļױˡ
ҵͷȥ治ɶƵЩ̣ȴҸˡ

ۣ÷ʢŶº˽СԲϵĲɫĵؽе
ˣȻǾÿ̴ֻӾ˯ڵذϺܲȴѾϰ˰ڵذϵˡ
ӷŵǰЦǾͶԵ㣡Թȥ˼С
УһҰæپ׽ȥ˵УҪȥ𣿡
ǰʹ˵Ĵӽй˻һʢݡʹ˿ݻʹ˸ǰĿյϾУ˷Ӧûкܶ˶ʱһǺֵġ߽ݸߵ
㲻ǲֵ𣿡ֵ
ɲǴȥŶұ߼в˱Ц
Ŷǻ˵˵ȥʲôЦź,
ðǣǻӲ¶ˣʲô𣿡Ц
ЦЦȲ²¿ΪʲôҪȥ
ȻΪˡ⼸쳣ϢŬ֯Ҿ;úˡ˵ҲһλƥȥɣҺζ־ӿʼ׷ΪкֵĻգһҲüǮֻǣǳ˵ֻҪþͺã̫ΪʲôҪôŬأ
ɵӣ˼ǣ׬ӣҲҪΪģǿԼȥϲ¡׬ӣȻҪŬȥȡˣЦҵԶǣнǡƽʱЩӣмʱŲᾪʧ밡
ҵͷ˵ⷬǾ١ȲȥǿԼĶҲŹκһȡĻ
ôҪһȥεôʢ󣬿϶Ҳ˸һļҪһЩŶ
ðҲҪȥӻ԰Ŷҷ룬˷ܵصЦؿŵҲ¶ˣʲô𣿡
ŶҪɾͷʹˡЦ
Ҳ˵ֻҡϲĶˡľٶܻЦŽҸ߸߾𣬷·Ҫ䱦
꣬Цô׵һ£ýӣòã
Ц׵գĴȰʵҵõĽˡǰûĸԭġ
Цҵͷ˹ӣšϲϲ
Ҵ򿪰ǰױ̵,ĳмġױȸȻ򲻿ֶ๦ױˡϾֶʶģҪëīˮʲôã
ױģҵСرз⣬ͼҲʮַϵ˷ۺɫװΡӴúƯһģŻĺۡױ,ḧǺ͵һ㳤ӣǳϲ
ⲻױôױأҲؿŵ
£ǳʵĹң϶ҵġѾˣҲѧЩҪĶˡ
ҵͷǣӲףױֻд˼ҵСǲŻе𣿶ң⵶ģһܹذɣ
ȷͨױǷǳױͬʱ⵶ʺ͵ϵĵҲϡǺĶЦЦ˻һҪСıŶǧҪŪˣҲҪñ˿ˣⱻ죬¡
һױôôصĶǲǺܸԣ˼ҰΪʲôҪôصĶѽ
ȴֻصؿЦЦҸӵԻˡ




3 У1

ڣЦź˵һۣҽ͵ױġ
ģôأʡ
峤ķ˴ֻ¹ġױǴ峤ĴӺǸԶġ˵ľգõģΪķ˴һֻ¹ǲӦģȴ˵ѴӺǸױΪͣӦˡЦȻһҰи˵
ôأĿִĻ¹ȥȡҵױҾʵΪǴľġ
һ˫ʮܸɵ֣Կ׽㣬ҲЩľĶĥ⻬Ҳܾʳ¹񣬻ҵױУͷϵķƯģǵȴûΪһľᣬȻĽĴǶҪˡ
Ц⵱Ȼˣӣϲ𣿡
ϲֿоµױҵͷ
ôΪŮЩ飬ͶֵõˣӣҪסѵ˺ԼҪ㱣ԼģֻͨĴûݣҲûȨҪѧűԼ֪𣿡
ǣ֣صԾңܹõһŮ￴ĸס
ˣԶɣͱٴŻ˵ˣһһҪ·ȥأԱôɽأԹ
ţͷҽױСĵ뻳룬ڵس
ոﲻʱһжܲӦӦӦĵ̣ӦķˣӦ棬Ӧģԡ
ҴһʮҵгɼͥҸŮˣһ¸ڴҵŮ˲ãٴתݣһӤ
ϿഩԽģÿΪԵɺ֮ԽĵطйŴĸٲϰٲĻʽİأֻ·פƬ̣ͻȻΪ˷⽨ͳµһոյĸӤ
ҡǰ֮ǰаãسȫûˡĳԷ˵ݳޣ롣ֻӤеĲϳ˯ԼԼʹԼ
ˣڿƽľԼĴԽˡҺ۰ңҷĵطĸĸҲſƽŰɡ
ӣһǰ
ԳԹ緹һֱױĴƮɢ˼˿
ʲôѽպױߴ򿪰ʡ
ȴѾųȥˣʱ˳ֹҵҵš
ۣƯҿŰĶɾ̾һ
ƯȹǶ̰Ͳȹǽ͵ϡΪɫȹ޵ķۺ졣
ϻɫȹã㻻ȹһ˲䣬ҷ·СӣΪ˴ƯѶ˲ѣȸԾҪȥĸչʾҫһ
ҴױУóΨһĶһľᣬϸذͷɢһ飬÷ŮɰҴ˴ȻúʵǵһΣûбԼŵ̫ˡ
ľŻأպױУ˳ȥ·ʶ΢΢ҡ䡣ļ÷ƮƮʮֶˡ
ҵѣÿ𣿡ЦĿɿڴĵǰת˸Ȧ´һڷƮ裬Ҳˡ
Ư̫Ưˣû뵽ôСĻӣھȻѾôƯˣٹ꣬׵ˣһ̤ǼҵĴˣ˵ؿңЦ
ȥΪȻôûţߵԺ
ﴩÿȥʱᴩŵİɫȹȻأֻںڴ˼СȴҲǺܺõĳϣֻʱŵ·򵥵ʽϣȴҿһŵ
ҲƯŶҿ
˵Ҫĥˣ߰ɣҪץʱˣЦҵҪĲҳš
һͷԵ֣ˡ
Щزأ費ҪҰãҿﱧźüһԣʵ
ЦЦˣӣģѾˣ
ҡҡͷҸµİûӰðɣǻҪɽأôĶʵ̫ˣ
ұ˰ǰȥȻЩȴҲõö̾⸱ѣʵ̫ص¡
ֻֻСĵ㣬·ʯͷ࣬ǧҪˣ
ЦЦԱƣģˣҲԻỤŰŪ֯Ĳģ
ɵӣһۣʵڿղһʳָһҵĶͷˣƽװʱǵ㣡ڻСǵˣ˵Ҫʹ
Ҳǿ׳úģǵˣҲģôˣ
ЦЦ컬
ǲ˵ֻ벽ԶĵطıӰͷҲ˷٣ȴ˾ûڻǳأҾֶصΪʶƫİɣҾñ˵ķʮѿ
·Ҳ˹ģȻ֯ǰ๤ǴڳæСԲǰ£ûֹͣæµȴǾãϣֹһֳŸߵȵĽŻʳֽõеʡǴ˿̣ҿŵıӰȴΧɽľɫȫΪһ壬˵г
ڵɽȡ˲ɽϵһʯҺϢСȻȴֻЩңѾţˡ
ֻϢһ£㽫ݵһԣֻһֻɫɻİϥϡ
Һؿֻȡһֻ«˹ʶؽӹȴֻʲô˼
ʲôȰӦúܿ˰ɣټ·ҳٳٲǴߴٵ
«װˮҵһ֪ԭˮҲζ
ԭ֮ǰõȥɽժһֻ«ΪΪ֪˽ݵ£Բ²⼯ϻ֣Ǿҳȥһ档æżӽʱ֯ͬʱȴ뵽ҵɽϿܻۣںܿʣԻ׼װˮĺ«
Һ˵ˮ«ӵݻʮָжصлл
úӣҲҪллðЦЦ«Żذ
ÿƯЦʱÿأŷ磬ɵ
ҵҲһ᳤󣬻᳤һÿģ
ҪشȴͻȻɽһɮˡ
ƺЦһ£Ȼʱȴֻ̣ܶһ˲Цݱʧ̫֮ҿҲ
ɮЩˣߵɽϣҲҲǣԹǶһʯˡժ¶ŷ磬ҷ촽Ѹ￪ѣ䣬С͵ˮλʦȰɣܿأ
ҵݹ«
ҽ˹߹ȥ񣺡λʦȣɽ·᫣ˣȵˮɣ




4 У2

ҪŶ~
ɮ˿һۣһԵؽӹ«˼ڣֵݻңվתɽȥˡ
ƵؿɽķȷžǴһģôתȥˣҾôŸ·ҲҪȴ϶ѽôͷأ
ɻţԵһǿҵĹ߻λҵ۾תͷȥȴɮ˷Ĵʯϣһö߲ʹεĽָ롣ҵģأһ̶һʹֱָһģһգգۣҽɮ˴󺰵ʦʦ˶ȵȣʦ
ɮȴֻͣ½ŲСǱĶҵģ˵գЦſ첽ȥ
㶡ʼ˼ǲǾǴ˵еĸɮҲ̫˰ɣһĸɮǶܼСӵ˵⺢ӹ棬ǿϰϡԣָ֡ôɮʲôãȻѼ
ӣʲôϢһᣬϾҪˡߴš
ߵǰǸղλʦҵġ
ӹöָ˿ǼʹڴҲʮֺǺϡĶȻλʦˣŰɡ
ҵͷ˿СҽöͿʽϤָʳָָȻҵʳָպ˿ɣҲ˿̫˿ҵöײͬһ˺ϸСָֻǣȴһֿĸо
ϵ˺ܶࡣҽЩҵ˼׿רĵ˳ּȥڽֿڵĵطһӻĴңǺңϣǻ˰ɣǸƯС˶ˣһҲһ
Ц⺢Ӵûгӣμ֣Ҫ
ûзſҵ֣ȴ˵ͷʾͬĻɲεļаǰ˺ЩأߵˣŵʵһЩѧ˰Ƕ༫ˣȡһϯӣݸ磬Ǳ߻һطţϽȥɣ
ｫһֻϣֻһַֻؽӹϯӣλָĵطȥ
ȷһطûбֶСռݡϯӺҰѰùȥͬһ𽫰򿪣֯õĲƥȫðϯϡϯӵĴ붼˲ҺϯӺһСط
òƥȡΪҲ˲˰ɣھͿϢһˡһʱҪԹԵҶҲ˵ȵｫеĲˣͻĴһ䣬һ档֪𣿡
ǣҴӦš
ⲼúܺáΪƥ֯ϸǮҲɡԼ۱һߣȻֻǿЩ˵֪۸ϲЦݣܾӦðѼ۸һǡˣôõദԸҲ飬ѧ˵ٵѧ·ûа취ﵱˡڿϣܶ׬㣬ܾͣЩֻʵ̫ˣ
½Ŀ˶ˣ̯ǰѾûпʱϯֻʣƥõĲ䣺ҾĲԶԶֹôӣӦý۸һɣżʹļ۸ٸһЩҲһԸĲģ
Цҵӣ㣬֯ĲƯƯ
ȻƯˣ֯ĲǻӼƯˣҵͷ
ǾͶˣƯĲֻЩ߼۵ĴٹˣǸжϧļ۸񣬺ܶƽҲȥǺܺãЦŶϸؽţ·ûнҵɸĺӣǸƽƽĴˣҪ֪ٹƽʱкܶе·ԴȥҲϧġƽȴͬļ۸ǸպÿԸȥҲһᾫĶԴСĴŵġϧĲˣԸǵˡ
ҵͷʮ־塣룬֯ĲȱҪϸҪܾΪİɣ۸ߣֻʶû뵽ڳһȼ˶ΪĴµʱ򣬾Ҳˣѵá
Щôͷ˼ȴͻȻǰ洫һɋ̧ͷһȻǸ߰СкӣƤ׾ͷŸߵĳУһСүģ
ЩÿƥһӡҪ𣿡˵ǰȵʮֺЦ
СкͳһֻǮָָǰƥۺɫĲҪƥҰ͵Ҽȥɡ
Щɵ۵ؿ˿ǰֻĹĵĻɫǮֿ˿ǸСкĳأСӴôӳңⲼҪҿȴЦеؿҡ
Ҫô죿ʣִЩ飬·ԶȥˣֻһƬ¶
Ⲽ͵⺢ӵļȥ￴ţЩļ۸㶼Ѿ֪ˣ̧ߣ֪𣿡ʰǮͲҪߡ
һȣǸСкҪѲͻȥ
ҾؿָҵǸָң
Ҳתȥ
СкͷһȻӡ
ΪʲôҾֻ˵仰ˡ
Скϵıǲǽľɵ񡱣
ŭ˴ϿӦñҪȼ
ˣȻô֪Ҿ͸ɣﻹô಼Ҫҿ֯ҲҪһ١ôˣһСŮܿЩ˲ȴǮҪô죿˽ʵѣҪô죿ѹסɣһֱûжߴٵˣ㻹ʲôŲߣ
ҧҧҽߵһŬͷش˼Ļƿס˲ȥ
ӣ⺢˵ҲеôⲼ⺢һ˰ɣסҪ飬ȥ̻⼯˶࣬һС߶˿ɾ鷳ˡ㡣
ҵͷ룺ӵķϣ̣
УҸֵǮˣȵ⺢ӻ˼ң㽫ӻĳ
ҵͷδ˵ǺȴˣҵӣԼ
ҴǮȡӵݸôСջضӡ
ǸСкһۣҵļҺԶôС;ôصĲһȥҲˣЩӣǸĽˣ
ˣСŮлСͣҸҪܾȴҵ˵ͷЦֽӷŻǮ
СкһֱԱվţ˿ڲͷشߴٵûУ˰ɣôĥĥģôģ
˲Ь⣺СӴ·ɣ





5 У3

ܸоСкֵؿһۣû̧ͷ
ûа취ͨ˸ղһ̸Ǹĵ񻰵Ǯ֮һûʶݣ̫˵ȥˡֻҪҳΪСӡףԳơСŮҲǿҪҹޱȵضԴһСѶȾ̫˵㡣
Ļġ͡ҿ԰õϾ˭ȥܸǮȥҵĴԭ򡪡ִĸܽѧںĸҵšսʧܺʵõ֤ǣҪұϥطҿ첻ġ
ȻΪôСƨʲô۹⣬һƳĲǺ鷳ģԣҵͷ
Скǰ·ұ㿴ЬںšİʱҾóޱȣڷϢ˴ѾָƥҲɡҺⲼûִｫصãҴ˸ȻСҲ˳֡
Скǰߣұһֱšһ·Ͼӻ̯λģƷģҲʳСԵģЩִĳˣֻҪЩҲҪЩҲ
Скʵܽ˲ʮӾ͵ˡȻܸ˲Ÿ·ˡҪ֪ڵ˵صġȴҲǺܻɵؿһۣ˵ļҺԶСӣ
һۣѵԶ𣿡
ؿ죬Ȼ׼ͬûйͬ԰˼ʶһУ
ͻȻĿһͣҸղſʲôٴϷĺֿȥȻǷ֣ȻµжϳǼ֡ʹ
ſˣ߳һϲѽСүˣүþˡ
СкͷָָңҸĲȥɣ
ָָԼҪҡҪСŮͽȥ𣿡
ϲֵؿңɣ
ֻ񣺡ǣ·
۵Ļȣɽһ·СĵĴ۲šĻ԰ú͹ŴձǺƣϵͼֱƣﲻΪʲôһĺۼأ
һСԺǰϲͣԺСѾͷ㣬⺢ӽȥСүСĲϡ
ǣһ񣬿ңɣ
񣬱뿪⸮ĹܼңǽоĿݲ͵ŮԺӡ
Ժ﷿٣ֻġ䡣µĵ˶ʯ˼ò֪򵥣ءʹΨһС˵ǽ⡣
ţȽȥţ֪ǲǸøŽȥҳ꣬Ȼѧеԣ廨ʲôû̹ˣҲֻ̻׽㣬֪˼ҵڣ
Һûеȶã㿴ǸоѾ˳Сȥ
˽ȥϷӣ׹˺ɫգΪ˽ӷ㣬ҾͺܶˣҸնš
ȥһųεС棬һŮһԵº͵ؿҡһæ񣺡СŮС㣡
ɣؾ񣡡С㿴ദ˵ᣬҲº͡
󱳲֪Ǹöֱͦǫ΢ֻý
ͣǸŮӾЦ˳þִǲˣˣˣǵȼɭϵĳҼǵʱйķ⽨رϸôΪҲһֲܿˣһЩС˼ôѲ⣬ǽı
㲻þҼСΪǺܺġ̲ס
ҵͷǣ
㣬ȥЩĹ
ֻʣˡŮӵͺãΣҲЩˡʵΪģֻƽЩƣҸ˵˵
һǲ˵˸Ⲽģ
ҵͷСŮĸڼϷԼ֯ĲǾסһƫƧɽƽĸױڼ֯ÿһΣõ
ŶôϿ֣˵кܶȤĶȻᣬȴѾ˷ܺ
ǵģϵ̯ĶеҲȷ棬С߹ʲôϡûǲϡġҵͷ
߹󣿡֪ΪʲôͻȻ̾һ⸮һЩҲޣÿ˶Ů죬ޱ¶ֳһ
Ҿ̧ͷȥһţͷȥֱ̫ӵشòһŷֻʮһӣǸúŮݵģϴ˼ɫ£ۺɫĳȹŵɫʺʡֻǣĴʵ̫Щϲ޵ɫʹƽҵĹҲϲɫ޵·һС㣬ȴؾͷϵɫһװΣҵ֣ȴҲص
ôʲôԵĵط𣿡ķ裬ֿ˿Լϵ·
񣺡СŮˣСˡ
ûʲôϵɣ֣Ц
£ȴٲҿ
㷽Ϊ˴ңҵʲô֮ʡ
ҡͷСֹׯ룬κβ֮
ţȻˣղΪң
СòСŮۡ
ԣһЦԶ׼ƨܣ۾ңҵĴǾ棬һʲôԵĵطǲǣ
̾˿ôҵĺһһ
ȻʲôԵĵطֻý͵ֻСŮһû뵽СᣬòСŮҲܳԾСȫ¾һװ磬СŮСЩͬĿЩԾСĪ֡
ŶԭͷȻһЦЩװΣ·ұȽϰЩŵġ
ҿͷȴûзŹһĨʹҲǣĸŮӲϲЩװΣ޵Ȼ·ҿǿ飬ʲôΰɡ
ĽˣԱã㽫СŵСǰ£žµССͨԲΣǰƬ״ǾƯȻϵĺۼȻЩͷˡ
Щģ㳢ɡ
ҵͷСڵس˿⣬ζܺá
ЩȫСģĺζ̾
ҲЦˣƽ£ѧˣżЩ򷢴ʱ䣬ϲͶԵ㡣ˣһ֪ʲôģ
СŮӡӻӡ¿ĵģ
ôӣܺ֡ͷٸҽĶɡ
ҵͷСʲô




6 У4

Ҳ̾˿š͸˵˵ЩĶɡ
ϣЩƣ˵ұСҲò˶١ҲǴδɽһֱֻ֪׽ʲôģ˾廨첹첹·Ƕѧֻ֯ʵģ˭֪ǲ̡γɽҲǵһΣûüȥһ䣬һ棬
СĻСŮҲǺСŮڴ˴ǰһֱǴɽģҲûмʲôСԸĻһͻȻ˵˳СŮСЩС档֪СԸ⣿
ŮӾϲؿңĿԸ𣿡
ȻЦ֪СûʲôرҪĶ˵ҿ԰Сҿ
ҴδţʲôȤĶЩįصͷȥȻ̧ͷЦˣҿϵָֻƯ֪ɷһֻһ
ҵͷȥ˿öָʵǱǸС㣬ȴСŮģ·һɮ͵ġ˵Ҳ֣󣬱ȡˡǿС㡣
Ŷ£ȤشһۣЦǵҲˡԼѡɣֻЩúõĶǡ
ҵͷֵСŮĸ׻ڼϵСŮСŮҪˡСģڻȥ֮ǰСŮΪСЩ
ŮӿĵЦ㣬ȥȡȥǵͨͨȡ
ŮҲܸˣӦžҪȥæס
ȵȣС㣬ˣ֮ǰСү͵Ӻܶ࣬Сٻˡ
ôԣܵõõģҵȴΪôԻΪһ̸أ㣬ȥԸ꣬ЦŶҵٽʱͲɴˡԺӵĺһƬ֣ԴӺŽͷþͬ˵һȥˣֶҵԺ徲Һ;㣬ֻҵĲˡƽʱҲûʲô˵Щܷ㡣
ҵͷﰵƲ⣬ŮڼλߣԲһӦþ߾ǺܺãҲֻˣסĵطôƫƧҲʡЩǷǡ
㲻һͻˣСЩšǼʲôȤ򼸼㣬ȥһƺţ֮ȥ
ͷ񣬱˹
Ҳ񣺡СŮ͸ˣлСд
˿ˡÿҲû˵ˣպܳңҾ͸ˡǣԽưɣҽ磬Ҫ꣬ͽˡ
㣡ҵͷЦúܿģʵӵĸˣٺ٣һˣ
ص˼ϣϯϾţǰյģƥȫֻ꣬һԱȥİʱǼŰƤ
ˣﵹҲûбԹֻվ˰ɣߣȥԵ㶫
ҵͷڸһʳ˵㶫ǼСƹݣҪվƣֻǴﲢûƣȴҲûж˵ʲôͿشкʶˡ
ζζܶءһʱϰζᣬҵζȴ޲ʣҵ֮⡣Ͼ⺫ζйˣҼһȴҲһһζвͬ
ԹĴתתֱߵС̯ﶼûмģСӵߣ󵽲ƥĵطĥȥ˿󲿷ֶЩ򵥵嵶ҲйõױֻǸССĹģҲȴȫйձϵĵͬУӦǿɿɴ̵ģձЩơҼǣ䲢ûϣ¶ĲͬȴԶ׼ġҲǣѻ鸾ŮԼŮġ
תһȦԼתһתҷľԼŪһһʱڻصԭغڴӦˣһֻɫǮݸңЦղͲӣʲôϲľ˰ɡ
ҽӹǮЦܿˡ
ղŸ伯УȤĶҶűµļǮϸϸعһ飬ϲľݡǮڻû޳ķ⽨ᣬϴ˽Ǻõġ
Ǯ˫ݣǮǲһ·ɫǮԱЩȴɰţɼλСүǮǴִţ
ұøõһ˻·ҵƬԺ￴Ƭ֡
˻ڿšҪ֣߳ȴһкһŮ˵ԭأ߿ٳȥȴҵ֡
ӻӣǼٵģӲͱƭˣͷȥ뿴мϤ˭
İɣλС㿴ƣӦò˰С㿴Ҳϲ˵˺һӻ˵ġ
³ˣЩǡ
ǣˡԴϴνСķ˾ͺֻ࣬СƽﲻܳţʵǺƵģżǻȥԺĳЩСġ
ȻɣֻǱ֪ȥһˣ
ǣū֪ˣ
Ĳϲ𣿡
ϲǺϲ
ʲô˵
СƺϲǸŮԴȥˣСһֱ˵̸Цúܿģ˵ǾŮȤЩһʵĸоȻǸͻȻСүĲСҲǼϲϧġֻǡλСĻǸƭСһĵġ
ҲֻϣҪ˽Ρֻǽʵ̫³çˣôܽôӶһֻһİأ㣬ΪΨһѾͷ͸Ȱŵ㣬ôأ
ū֪ˣСүūԺһСĵźСģֻǣū澺þûмСЦˣūʵǲ̷СⰡ
ˣȻѾˣֻǸаСˣǸ˵һֱСкȻ̾˿ֵȥɣúź㣡ЩȲԸͶһ㣬ˡ
ǣū澸ˣ񣬱ȥˡ
ǸСкվƬ̣
ֻԥһӣ˾
ͻȻ˳СкòӣҲǱһ
СŮС밲
˵죬ô㣡֪Ӧþֹ˹ǡȴͻȻ֣ʵ̫ͻʧˣûн̹𣿡
һʼãϣһܣ˭֪ҲǣĻð˳Ҳȥ




7 

СӵĻСŮССŮﵹûü̵СŮһЩҪǣֻü̵һЩ򵥵˵ĵ
Ŷ˵ĵ㵹˵˵Щ˵ĵСкüĲźͲм
ȣҪʵţӦ˱˵һҪΣҪ֪ͼڱ˵ĺ⣬üԻɣӦĻмؽܣ˵ĵҿٵ˵꣬һ񣬿첽Ժȥװûĺ
ţֵ˻ű㿪ˡһʮò˿˿ҡ
ãһ񣬡ССġ
С㣿ʣǻӹ
ҵͷ¶ϲɫؽӭСԺ
ϲӣϵű㡰һˡ˳ң˷ܵСܹѽ㣡ˣС߶˹þأҵ־һСܡ
òĸ˻ԺأЩĵػͷۣȴǸҴЦů·Լĺӡ
֪ΪʲôҵԺͻȻð֡Լˡ
룬һԺָһˣǸ˰ɡǽ˾棬ӡơɶͺܴƵˣȴǸ
ӣˣҸսţ洫翪ĵɺᶯȴȳʱ˼ҲࡣԵĸˣҵЩΡ
̽СϣС㣬СŮЩȤЩСŮԼϲĶ˳񻨵ӣСŮÿݣСһݣСŮһݡϲϲ
ӣôôнˣ˵˽ͺãǱƽ㲻˵ǱԹһ䣬žͱϵĶȫĿ⡣
㣬ϲ𣿡һס磬Цʡ
С㣬Ȳ裡˺ູܶǲɡһ裬ִǸϵȡֽݸҡ
ҽӹֽ˲лл㣡ͱҳЩͽһӰɣ
ôԣСѣȻǾİˣˣԺСľͽСС㣬СĲơƺܸɵģԺ¶ȫһڴԺǵ˿գС죬ʹӺߣƻ㿪ŵġ
ƺã񣬡Ӹ鷳ˣǱǸ
ĶĻСһִģȻСѣȻӭˣСҲˣƾ͸ˣôЦңЦﲻһ˿α
һЦƵĳտɺˣǲߣƸЩİɣ
æҡͷˣˣҪˣﻹڵһȥأ
عͷȥ磺㣬ҪˡлһÿĶģ
ͷ۾΢Щʪ󣺡ֻҪͺãΡǧҪҰ
ҵͷģӾģ
ԺţұҴȥ֣Ҫƹü֣ܵҵĵطʱ䣬СʱҲ쵽ˣҲɼӿ˽Ų
ͻȻһ˫ϵһߣҪ󺰣˫ȴͻȻסҵ졣£㲻ˡΪҸоϵ˫֣С
򾲰ǽ벻ҴڴϢţ˲ϻشԵϷ֮
ƽˣһ񣺡СŮСү
ôֻ˳ƺЦؿңȻЩ֡
СŮСүСŮΪ㣬ôСŮһСүҲӦá
Ŀһ˿⣬̶ЦʣȻҲ㣬Ҫʲôˣ
ҵͷСŮףȴ޷⡣
Ŷô˵
СŮСүڴ˵ȺСŮΪµлֻСŮʵ޷⣬ΪСүлķʽȴͻȻֲסСŮڱǡҺƽ
һݵѾͷͲɵ죬ֻ
ĺһ£ȴֻǵһЦҵֻСλߵĽ׼ʶǿңͣպγɵʱǳٸ꣬Ƕϲġ
Ȼ֪Ҫб޻ͱҪʹЩֶΣܵõҪġ˵֮ǰһ¶ùҹôԴӿǰױҾ֪ҸΪЩˡδڣҪδѡ
ô˵ҸлЩӣ֪һֻǮǳɫģǻĽƣݳޡ
ҼǮպãѵСүΪĿֵֻ֣һ𣿡
һ㶣Լû뵽侹ֲ̡˰ɣٺ٣һЦΪҼǮʹŽлˣܣϵɲм˲㱻ŭ棬ҵͻȻӿһɶĿС
㡭үӣɲҪҪ
ǰһڹ˾ƴʱ಻ĻҲѿ飬һʼѹίܷŭö֮ҲѧԲۼضЩĺ֣һЩŭЦ
ڣΪ̫ЩɣΪܵĸĸ۰軵ңҵһǿҵӿһŭյҼȾߡ
ҹһ񣺡СŮ̫ˡѾСүС̫࣬СŮʹ˸ǣԺԲˣСүԷģ
ҹغ˼תȥҲǷҵļƻֻҪҵĿ꣬кܶ࣬αһϵ
վסҲߡ
վסû𣿡ͻȻǰ棬ǽһŲҲͣ
⡭ѵǴ˵еṦǣǳѽֲôᡭΣṦô󲽣˵Ҳʮˣһֻʮ⣬δ䣬ȴǰ㡭ٶȣ˵áҿСҲûãվ쳤ڼϰ˵ģӻ飬ͺܷ㰡
ҵ̫УЩŵغһ̶ͣסŲЩε㡭ʲôңһңֱӶӿɺͳ
ЦЦСү֪סСŮȥ·Ϊ
΢㡭ԺԳҽ㡣
㶣ؿһʩĪĶݵӣ̶ЦֹǸʵġСү
ܣҵȴû˿쳣ңСŮݵͼܳʹ˵ĸլ߹ĵطСŮȻʶ֣ͳ΢õġ
üҽ㣬ָСŵķλպȻԳ顣ҽϲ㣬пնһˣƽʱǺܼįġֻҪӦңҪʲôҶ԰쵽Ұ㣡




8 

ҳЩжˣΪΪһġֻϧиĸ۰ȴûһֳܹ˽Ŀ־壬ңάҡ
ԣһҪΪԼ㣺СүĻθҵһʣҲϣܳ˴顣ֻǻɽУʮƫƧҲһΣպ޻ᣬʵ˵СŮ಻СүûôõĹһһ䣬ҪüʱءȻҿһۣЦǻôõĹ򣬿ߵô죬Ǿˡ
ҪЮңʣȴĿ϶ĿΪʲôô˵ΪʲôһѪ
æһ񣬹ˣСŮҡСŮҲΪѣ֪СŮ֮£Խ֪Խáǳⵢ̫ãҵʱ±ػܵʵ㲻
ô㿴ָΣ
ЦˣСŮ֮Ҳ򵥡Ψһ⣬·;֮ԶСŮѧСүôһ⣬Ȼӭж⡣
һᣬɿڣҲ˵ˣ㲻ⵢ̫ãҪν㹦أ
СɽɽƬ֣ľܣʮΡƽ٣ʱ֮ظ˾лʱϢǿʯ󷽵֣
ãͻȻشʹҲɵ̧ͷɵؿȴһЦͻȻ֮Ѹ뿪ȴһ
Ҷһ󾪡һȻױ
СүǺ⣿ʡ
ЦǺǣѾͷթˣȻҪһˣԺÿʱȥеңѧɹҽ֮ǰױ㱣ˣģЦʹҷŭسȥƴᣬȴʼױĺҲţһúñܣԲκ֪ģ
ﰵ֮ԱǣܹͨѾȥ͵ȡױǱѾȥʹˣʱԼ黹ױõ˹ô
СŮĸ׻ڵȺСŮȥСŮ͸ˣһ񣬱תȥ

ﻹվԭصҡȻм죬ȴʱȻЩֱϲԷǼ˵˼ʲôҵ֣һȥˡ
ɽġڴʯţȴûˮȡн񱣬ʵ뵽«İɮ˺ȹҾҲȲһˮ
΢ϢһҺٴγɽ·Ȼߡֻϧ沨ҵıԣǰһһҪɽʹֹһ
˴壬Ѿſڵˡ
ԶԶģ˹һѱ𣬸߸߾ٹͷӻÿİû
ҴЦţĵԱ
§ŵĲӣ˵кöĶŶˣĺȤкúóԵĹӣԣǼֲӵĶҧȥĽ֭ǲǺ
ЦϲúҸ
ݣ˰ɣϢһᣬһ£
ҾؿŵȥһֶСԲϰ˸ڵĲȡ
ҵû˲ЦŶ
ͷЦЦ
ҲôӴ֪أҺʣⷹ˵ζʮƣвͬ
ǰڴ˼Իһա޸ңְֵؽ̻أЦŶ˵ʮԺ֪ΪգΪ̻
ˣˣԷɣôȻ˵ЩЩ죬
ǰһУҾʮ㣬ǰһûеõļͥҸ̣ҵġ
Ҹ̾˿𳵻ǸŮӡӦǸӰɣΪǰûеõůԲŻһεĻֻǣŴҲͰˣΪʲôڳأȵȣԭҲ˵ˣʲôᡭǲˡȻͨ˿̽õġ
ӣӣڷʲôѽԷٹһζҪˣҡҡҵļ
ҶڴڵغţҺȹζˡ
ˣ˵ӹڵʹ˵Ĺôʹ˾мλӰ
Цʹ˵Ĺλƾǽӹڵλ˫ȫҲӢ˵кܶС춼ӦˣĻҲڲ֮Ҫˡ
ӳ󲻾þΪزˣΪ̫磬ֶûȡҲûʲô˵ˡ
ӣңƣ˵ǸʮִĺӣǶʶֻϰ䶼ܵĿޣʹҲʮϲСĹأЦôôͻȻ
һһڱЩڣֻû뵽͵ϸظЩ
˿̼ʣұЦЦѾõĽ˵˳ûаֻҽڼϿλӹڵĹӣ߻икӣ˺ܵӣЩ棬֪ǲֵܡ
ЦʵŶӿʹ˵СӣֲûأôӾλСӳΣĸ𣿡
ѽôȻҴĻֻǺѣֻǺôֺŮʲôϵֹƶϡ
ڳʣҵĻɸĸġǶƽ˵ûЩ˼ҵĹˡ
ŮӳǰڼɻڼϷճЩЩǺƽ¡
ǴƯĹС׷󣬴ҲֻЦؿţͬ˻Լ͹ϵƯĹкüС׷󣬴ҲһЦֻ֮Ǻܿݵؿš
Ȼķ⽨ȼƶʮų⣬ǴʵĹϵ򵥵Ĺػһʮϲġ
֮İƺҲʼˡ
ǣǸСү֪ˡȴǾܵģһû뷨ţȥͬ׼ȥһӵ̸һнǵ氮˹壬õĽ¾Ǳųһ谭Ϊˡ
ƣֻˣһҲΪ࣬һʮġĴϻۺʹ˶ӣԼܣԼȵȵȵȡضǸ׼ͳν׼ңһŮӣһƽŮӣĲҲƾҾܿԽġԣNO
ҺԥؾܾĻ⣬Ҳ˿Ǻǣҵĸ飬ҾúЩЦáֻһˣҪôšңҲŶѽҲôɣ
Ϊһȥˣһ죬ȴעƽΪһǵӡΪʱиӾĶǵڵҡ 




9 

극˷Ϩ˵ơֻһˣҲûйҡ
̺õıšȻϰֵˣǸϲɳʹûɳҲãҲûУôڵذϣҲϲšϰߣʺϴ
ͻȻ֮䣬ǰ·һ׹ɢһ㡣ƵӣͬʱĴ⣬ѰԴ
׹ⲻٳ֣ȴԴϵöǸֵϺõָ
⴫˵Ժ˵
룬ΪҵԷλڻߣԺӦǿƹġҷĵصȼ򡣾⣬ϸؿֵʳָָɢ΢΢ĹΣ·Ϧһ㣬Ѥᡣ
Ȼҹۿʱһ׹ͻȻӽָ˲ҵĶͷʹһŶͷ㵹ȥ
ͻȻˣΪĹ˲䰵
ȴѾȥˡ
ͷҵʹȥұ·һص֮Сҿظо齵ȴûа취۾
ҵӾѾĪռˡһĻĻԺл̡
һѶϢһУʵģ

ůٸʵ֣ҵš
֥ţͬ˵ȥպЩĪҪĥˣ
һȥ˵ˣô죿˰ɣǳЩˣҵĶȴٳûϢҲԹﲻϲҡ
ôܹ㣿ԳǾ࣬ûУһ֮ôܽȫֵͷϣҹͣڼּңÿ춼ææ⣬ô㣿ţҶҪȥͬ˵һ˵

ǸܳԺӡˮԣԡ
㲻˵ˣĻҶˡһʱ䣬ʰЩұԼȥ֥㣬Ϊѵġ
ô˵ܣϺӣ۵ҹ͡񣬾Ҫãǲؼңʵǡʵ̫ûеˣ£ǲʶô޲ˣ
𣬴²Թ㣬֥źˡ
֥˵ǧĪҪϣһһͬ˵˵ģֻһʱᵱҪģң
ðɡ֥ʱߡֻǣżˣҪô죿
ģģһģ

֥ģ͵ȻȥϢ졣ίˣңЩֻʱģȵˣҶٽģ
𣿷ĿȰ˵һ𣿡
ԵģңһԵģ֥һԷϣһҪŬǵİ鰡
ã֥㣡

һ·˵ϣѹ˴
֥˵Ļ䡣гһգȢţ
֥㣡
ͣż³ӣٸͻȻȥ׽ס½ǡ
ӻͷŮкᣬĿᶨһһֵصʯ檵έέ˿ʯתơ
£ˣฺټǰԵ

Ϸ˷˿ٸŽɴ£˿ֿĹ뷿ת˷䡣
ɵƹе·ˣ˺ӱߡˮȻţʱǨ¸ı˿仯뵱գӱ߳ĵЦݣǰ
䣬ʶ޷˵ĺˮ֮С
紵ϵƮƮͣںӱߵϣٲԸ뿪

һӱߡʧǰҡҡλţĵӰҲԵǰ࣬һͣ˽Ųǰ峺ĺˮȻʧ
һ紵ķաĿͻȻһ͡Ϥ㣬ĸо
ḧȴһɫؿţ̶΢ЦЦ۶Ҹ
ؽ˿ȡٴСĵ˿Ͼּá
ٴƮڰ֮Уһһľ
֦ѾĦ²˼̶

бҺ廬ҵաҿˣ
ٴ۾ЩãȻ
ԵǸȼŵҺ֡ϡǵ֮ǰѾͻȻϨ˵ġ
һűƿˡתͷȥ
ӣӣˣһҿ̶Ķҵߣҵʣûﲻ𣿿ȥԵİɣ
ôˣ𣿡ҸҪ˵ˡ
ǰǰ⺢ˡȥԵİɣ⺢ôûԶһˣæתͷȥԵ˵
ôˣʲô¶ˣʣúüֱҪŲˡ
￴ңЦỨ⺢ӣѾ˯ûˣƲʲôɰＱˣ
΢΢һЦˣⲻûͲõ
᣺ôûеҪҪҸƣ
ˣæѾˣȻͲҴˣװ׻ǸԩǮʲôûﲻǾЩڿʡ
ڿǵȻѾôûкˮˣ촽ɵöѾˡţ͸ȡˮȥ
Źˡٶȱ۾
ЩʵޱȵƬͣҵԺУ˿ģ֮·ѾؿӡҵԺСʶؾãЩġһÿϸڶǵˡ
һŮݵһҸȻʧȥǷȴԶرİ
ʹЩƬŮ֮ȻֹҲԿ϶İղûбǵİڵ֪ŮͶӵϢ˶׷ȥˡ
йŴĳƪʫУԻ޴ǣ¼İ˵Ĺ¡ʫȸϷɡ
ֻǣŮʲôϵأΪʲôһؼǵе£ΪʲôһǿҵظоҸϲã꣬ˣ飬ңʲôϵ
ͻȻ뵽˳еŮӣ뵽Ҷǰһָ뵽ָϵ΢⡣һеһУǷʲôصĹе֮Уʲô֪ϵ
һٴδˣˮңˮ˲ܳԶ
ؿϾֺˮͻȻ¡
ôˣӣʲô¶æ룬Ҳᣬĵʡ
ҵȴֹסԽԽ࣬գҸɴ˽ĻޡԴԴϵ˳Ҳ֪ڿʲôǸŮӣҵǰ񶼲ǣֺǡ˵벻ףֻίֻʣֻ޾ĿɬֻпܹЩѹŵĶŽȥſԼȥ 




10 

Լſû⡣˺һڽֹס۾ܲ˼̧ͷ
ЦЦҵŻ˰ɣú£ﶼڻأôãҲÿˣȺζٳԵ㶫
Ļ䣬ұ㿴һԵСϵһֻ룬ŨŨζҲٴᡣ
˹ιңҴڴڵغһ룬ȴٺˡֳ˵㶫δ㽫ˡ
ŭĿӣЦҵͷӹԣѹ̫ܳණ˵ĳθܲ˵ġҪ
ҵͷԹɻصϣ۾
سŸ裬˯Ҿ˯ˡҺòδټЩƬΣһεĺߡ
ٴӴ͸һ㣬Ȼʡ
վ֪Ϊ˯̫ãȱӪߵҡҡλεģұҪˤۣȴδʹ졣ҾһĻ
תҴһæվֻ˼ΣסΡǰˣҲ֪ηӦҪôһĹ뷿Ҫƽ
ôˣҾͲ˵ˣ֮ǰǺݵ𣿡Թ߳Ϸʿǵ
ҾСŮӣҹһ̧ͷؿ
΢΢һЦֱ֪ΪλͻȻСŮԷ֮ڣҲӦʫ飬֪⡮Ůܲס֮񡣿СŮݵͼݣʵνΪһƽ˻Сү뿪
ƺ޺޵صң·ǷǮƵġƵؿķ߿ίǴӺζ
㡭ʶôĶ˰죬˵ˣȴھôһĪ
÷ִָŵָңҲ⻰˵֣СŮʲôط˲ɣ
㡭㡭ױ벻Ҫˣ˰죬˵ôһ仰
һʶϣ̶֮ǰ书ҵױһ첻ȥ磬һ첻ױ֮¡
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һƲмؿңƭˣҿţȥˣʱǻزġôŸ𣿡
̾˿ŤСȻӲߣ뵽ȥһվ̫Ӵ͡
ڳţҲ̳ȥúһСŮδʳʵЩˣˡҲдˣ
˵꣬Ҳش𣬱ҡҡλγţˮƴ£֮ڳҳԵˡ
ԼЩԵĶ󣬵ﲻʱػһȥһ졣棬ȴûʹÿʱܻڳðƷʳֻҪŵ¯һȦͿԳˡ
ڳҵһЩϲ˰һζᣬһ׷һЩѾкõƬĵϣֻԿһͿԳˡ
ҽԵĶȫϣһ¿¯ӡͻȻⳡϤұ۾ҷ·Ҳһ˴ڳ¯ϵ
ζɢŨ㣬վһҡΡѣȥȡһֻ룬ʢһ˴Сĵغȥθ˶Щ̾˿¯϶Сĵش¯ãʣµʢŵһߵСϡ
ĶҲ½ˡҽж˵ϣǰӡδ㱻һͻȻֵһ㣡벻㾹Ҳ
ؿڣͷµģһȾͺáЩҳС˰ˣ벻ӵۣģСүȥɡ
˵꣬Ҷ棬һ鿾⣬ҲһŽ˿У̵ýȴֹ˼ӣ³ֻͣض죬ʮֻҿЦӣ̿
ǿ⣬ҵݸһˮڰɣͷЩ
ӹˮεô֪ģ
֪ΪѯʣȴǴǰиСӱ̵ˣġʱҸԱ߿ͼסʱ꣬Ƕȳٶ۵Ϊˡ
󵨣㾹ҳЦү֪ү˭𣿡һ죬ŭ
Цȡֻ룬ʢЩ׷ˣСүԶ·Ƕ˰ɣֻЩֲ赭СүһͬЩɡ
Ǻܶ˰ɣȻûоܾ׷ڳ
ϵĲ˺ܿʧһɶֻֻ룬һֻ̡ҷ꣬Ҳ㿪ʼʰӡ
ȴߣֻڵذϿæҲֻԹ˵ϴ롣
ִǲڼңֲϲЩİıķϰԼԼһֱææµҲ̽ԼҲڣȻܲ˳֣ϴ룬ˢӣȴǲڻµġ
һֻӲɣҽв;صãתͷȴɱϴǰƣĿƵؿҡ
ôˣʲô𣿡תͷȥܿ̽Ŀ⡣
ЦЦ룬꾿ˣ
Ҵˮ򾲵СŮˣӡ
㿴ȴԶֹͣҵ©˰ģҺϴӣֱǼʮĴˡ
ϴ֣ЦŹˣǲ֪ƽࡣСΣ˵£Ȼ
Ŷô˵㾭Щˣ׷ʣ۾ҵֿ
Ӹûȥˣ̫ãʹ˲ż𣿿ңҵʱһƼӣǲá֣ɵ
ðȻ뿪ұߺˡֻӦһЦ
ε˵
ҵǣӽԺ㲻ٽˣҿڣּƺ˶ʹôӵģֲǲʶҵˣΪʲôҪ˻ңûԵ衣
Һѵֲ죡ﰵڵĻȴǣôҪСŮƺʲôأСүСŮҲļŶ
ҧͲܻĳƺ𣿻аһҪԳСŮĳΪʲô˵ܣ
תȥСŮݵλƺˡӿСŮȴ
ΪʲôѵҵһʱͲ׿ݣЩһЩ𣿡˲⣬еˡ




11 

ΪʲôŪ䣺ΪͬĴСŮٷڶΡ
ȥıӰҾЩ¼šרҵģ۶Σܸлл
ҪڣȴͣסŲϺʱɱˣٽбү׵ȣ˻ĶɾҲˣ˵꣬ЦȥҾЦһҲӣǰﳣֵЩеЦ
úõĺӣǰպÿСѧһ꼶ˣôأôСգҲضһҵĺۣҧ
̾˿һصʼ廨ִرϲ廨ϸ֮󣬱㽥Ķһ֣
տʼ൱εѧϰ廨ġûκʩҲû˿ҹĳճϢС廨һܸʲôʼղϽֲ֯ͷһһߵط·̫òϵǺ׼ֻҪʮȥҵžϸܲȹӣţҪ쵽ʲôʱǸͷ
ģұһһ߼䣬˱Щƽ룬һɫʸߣһ覵岼ϷȸԾһһεĻһֻֻɵĺµˡϲãĳʵ㣬룬ֻеˣܸܵС
սڴ֮ʱұ淢Եÿ﷦ζˡ
˵·ص㡣ºܶСֻպøǵؿڣȹȴܳϵؿµĵطȴܺáǰɫĲǵϵģϴʱԵ£ϴǺǣŴͶǻ۰ǰżװ磬ͺǵ·ǰɫģڿΪ˷𻻰
»ãһķ꣬ȹӾͼòˣܾǲɵˣҪ˵ʱĳۣ붼ˡ
廨ʱ͹ϣҪ˵öˡõ·ǵһɫҲ̫̫ڵģֻɫʣҾ̫ζܰԣԼ½ǵĵطϼСΪǡɵĸо·ⲻǱĹΣе֣ҲĵأһһߵأԼɫˡ
ʵﶼ·ı޵Ļ䣬λҲ࣬һȺһȥ˵ľĪ幤ͼˡ÷ȴϲֻ̫䣬̫ǰ½εġ?ӽ÷ֻĵطֻԼ̫¸ߣҲ̫ˡԣţҪҪͼأֻһʱ֮䣬벻Ҫʲô
ߣԺתת˼ʲôʱ䡣˿ɫʱ仹硣綼ڼҵĻһ㶼ҪʱŻ뵽һ£ǻ˷ܵת˻ȣ˵ķ䡣
ҼǵõֻģȫǸ鼮мһΣûü㱻˳ȥ
߻룬Ű뿪ţжҲˡҵһϸؿ˵Ĳ顣ġöడ
Ϊ֡ȫĺ鼮εؽPASSڵϣֱӿֱǽСĹӡ棬ȫ飬ҲȫǷ庺֣
󴫡ʷǡ顷ǵһ񣬰ڷŵȫЩʷӼ룬ӦÿΪʹŴľ̿˰ɡеѧϰģﶼУҪࡣ
ͶˡڶΪҽ飬һؿȥƵھʡ˺ۡҪԡǧ𷽡ͭѨͼİ·ڷŸʳףԼһЩɽˮμǡ
ȡһݸĿһҪ˿ȡһϼμǡ
飬ǰ˵൱йŴҽҩ鼮ˡ⡶ҪйʳӪѧרⷭ˷ȻҶԷֵ˽⣬һ˵ĸʳ߲ˣˮʳáҩüֵʳ÷ȡ
飬ⷭ˷ͨƪֿͷΡ
ִʱڸĸǰȻԴȴҲģǱáֻҪһȤ飬ҿԿһ첻ԲȡڣĹŴҺҵ˼鼮˷
̾˿֪ⲻһ֮ЩѶֻ֣вͼЩ鶼ֳͼҲֻԼϸëԭɣҲֻͼϵȴѶֻ򵥿˿㱻ҩˡԭҩݵĻҲƯֻϧȫΪɫī֭棬ɫʣֻ֪ЩصĻǺɫʵ
Ժﴫ΢Ķæ鼮ȫ񣬼̶һźŵ¹ǰʲô
ӣôʲô𣿡ңֵʵ
תװûпĵݸǸɫİӼǵһ˺öƯͼҪȴôҲҲ
߹ЦҵҵƳųȥˣҪʲô
Ц廨ǻӲĹǶĻˣϲкܶƯͼ𣿻Ҫѡһֱ˶ûĻӿԿ𣿡
ЦЦȻ԰ø㡣
ҵ֣ߵ¹ǰױȡ˳һĳ룬ƿķڴȡһֻɫľᡣ
ۣŵúŶѹֻֻһأһɣҿСĵؽϾϵ˿ʵ
ЦЦѩ˿Ҳ󣬵ȴڴˡ֪ٻеĴ壬ȫԽ̵ҵġʮʱ뿪ҡԣĸģ
ҵͷԭǼﰡ
ｫչҵ۾ҲԽԽֻһΣ֮ǰżȻ俴ڿġֻʱﻹûн廨ҲͲû⡣ԶҪҪҪ¡
࣬ȴֻһңֻ䣬ÿ仨½Խ֣Ƿ壡
һһȥۻң˻ָұߵһ仨ʲôƯ
￴ˣЦǽյ
˵꣬һһָŸĻҵ̣ľңɽ裬࣬ӣͩʯ⣬滨
˳ָһһȥͻȻǶ޵Ļҵע⡣ʯ⣿ǲǣ˰ôİٻϾĻ 





12 ѧϰ

ôˣӣΪʲô˵ˣʣ㿴ϲʲô㡣
ҵͷؿ죬̧ͷĻʵ̫ˣѡŶ
ĻģҲûġĸҲûġûģȴĸĸףҲĸĸȥġظϵĻ䣬Ц˵ٻϣ汲˵ѪϰĻ䡣ԣӣһֱûн֯ļգϣרĴ壬ûźý洫ļռ̳ȥ
һҪҸصĻӣôͻһ£֤ʵĲ²⡪ͨĴǹȥһʲôĶǵĹ£
Ȼ϶˵һɫĻҵע⡣
һָʲô
￴˿Цβϲ𣿡
ţϲҵͷ⻨Ư
ǰȷƯĸףĸβϣȹϣɫ˿βƯˣ
ʲôɫ𣿲ɫ
ǰֻɫɫɫɫɫ㿴ŵıɫβΪɫβƯ΢紵ĺ⻨иֽ
ѪҸ̾ڳʣ¹̵ŵˣʵλߣȻգ˭ܾܾأ
ֻǡ̧ͷȥǻΪʲôټ廨أﲻϲ𣿡
ЦЦҵӣ£ϲͿġﵱȻϲ廨ϲƽ
ҿַ죬ȴĻ䣬Խһ̻𣿻ҲҪ࣬ƯĻ
ȥḧһľȻӣѧ廨ҲˣóЩݵġϲԴ쿪ʼʽ洫Ĵս̸㡣ֻӦպʲôѣʲô飬ıҲɽ¶ǰ𣿡
ḧžã˵ͷҴ塣ӴӦպƶҲãҲգԴıҲὫ⼼¶ǰ
ãӣסĻˡȻҪѧպͲ͵ˣʮؽ̵ģɲҪŶЦңϲ
ҵͷģһúѧʧģ
ʲôģҲ֪ǸʲôģҲֻ֪֪һҪһƽŮҿܵҴδй飬ҿҸֵСŮˡ
׼⣬ְֵؽҴ塣֯ԼϰǼŵͻȻҴˣ֪ǾȻΪ׼ģ
ҼҵԺӺͱĴһ΢ЩˡϵҲΪֹԷݣõĳѷŲ̵Ĳ񷿣֯ʹ֯Ĳƥ֯ļֱ᷿ǵķ䣬ҵķ䣬õķ䣬һ䳤ӡ
ڣҾļ
ӺСֻҵķһ󡣷ļҾҲܼ򵥣ֻһСһŰմʱһܺδ򿪹ķ﾿澰Ƕѵ컨Ľһ
źҿŵСͰǽİ񣬱˺ġ
պ÷ԿףߵߵһŹǰһȵűˣһ뱻˳ӹǰ߻ʱĶȫεسҵǰ
Ǽ巿ʶ˵
ЦˣǼ巿
ߵĹǰȡһɫ޲ḧţ𺳾þƽ
ЩΪ׼ģӡᴫһŰ񣬹аʮһʮ롣зõȫʺϴĲҲĹзŵȴǸָͬĲϡõʺϴĸɫ˿ߣҲĳõǸֲͬߣдϸνո߳ھ岼ϣû˿ƯĻ䣬ҪκߣеĲ϶ͼĵһ¡
֣صصͷͻȻһɳ߸С
ӽʱԽ֮աǼסûǰţ㲻ٶһ롣֪𣿡
㶵ؽӹԿס
Ӵˣ巿ҵĵڶԷһͣҰ켸ȫ巿ˡұߵİߵĲͬйȫǿŵġҿһۣˡǵҵġҵȥˡ
ƵļҲ˳һμû˵㿪ʼ̵ҹΪţҪû˵Ľ̵ܼ򵥡Ļ˵ֻǸҷҪԼ
ҷ·ֻصִոձҵһƴҵǸʱڡÿ춼˯ġͬǣʱңڣ˺ʱʱһʱ⣬ԷÿĳܣҲû飬С½е﷢ǵʲôһʼղ֪ܽǲΣֻ鷳
ΪһҪרоļգֻڼϰĥôʱգŻ档
̵֪Щ巨ֻ˲һ꣬ҵƷ¶˾ɫʼҸֲͬĻˡ
ִĹ£ġ滭Ĺ£ұúǲ⡣һУǷݶصļɡÿ˿ߣܾʮϤ·ԺǸڵȴɷŮҡ·Ǹѳ֥ҡǰǰ
ͬʱҵѧ֮·ϳƵļ
˵㣡һˣ̻ôȣ
ҵһ˵Ҫ㵹ԵϣЩ̾ϢУʵĹҲйζĶ档
úкӰȻЩҹⲻؿ
һѵʲôŮΪʲôҪѧ
Ҳ˵ˣϰĻʽȻⲻ䳰ȷͼЦ
ڷע̫ڴ˰ɣҲ챾Ͳ̫೤ɡ·ϵĻıȴĹĻÿͬʱҵ书Ȼפ㲻ǰĵܵд֮ʱ֪ˤ˶ٴΣʮ˽İҼֱҪǷ˵ȫˡڸʱ˵
ƺݺݵһۣȴصͷȥд
һûټˡѧ֮ұ⣬ṦһղСɣһղȥʱΪԼšȴִˡʹȥʱиӵĿʱ䣬Ҳִزȥһ죬ṦСɣĵȥϲʱǿԳҹ̸κιǣڣֻ͵͵ļʱ䣬ҪʱĽײˡ
Ҳ֪ܵѧϰ书֮£Ȼܵǵ͵ġŮѧ֮ȴԡÿÿϼȥܻἮĵϼȤƴȥյ󣬱ҲظŸҡƲͷÿÿ͵͵һѧĿα֡ڿϰĶˡȻдţôһ룬ԣֻ׵ĵܵܣƴˡ
Ϊˣһװһֻſöİ룬ͣ˵ĹҲԽԽˡ 





13 

ʮȣҽһͰˮٻһԵľֱȡʪ˲
̾˿ΪûзȺͿյƣҲűӶࡣ
ʣԺ⾹Ȼһӵ
æš˲ȥš
΢΢һ񣬡·Ҫȥʿˮ𣿡
ұϵΪ½ţ΢΢һЦõģԵȣ
תȥ
ȵȣ鷳ˣԺľˮͺá
һعͷӲ֪⾮ˮȻں䤱ڳθ棬úЩˮǡ
ӳȴȻվſڣδԺЩøУ˵ʮ֪ġ
Ÿ·Ϣһ°ɡָָأһܰСʣϴϴ·ġ
ãСʣ۾˿졣
Ա㣡΢΢һ񣬱ת˳
緹Ҫõļ߲õϴ£ﲻɵһϲá
죬ұʮˡǲ˼顣ִ·ѾϱӵˡЩ䣬ѾʮȥͬʱǸҹͻȻҵԺеЩ䣬Ǹ֥ŮӵƽȴգǺִЩһεռҼĳ롣룬һĳһĻ䡣
ҵĴʮ⡣ʮϣ֣صؽٻҡһΪ⾫ϲһҲΪյĿ϶ֱڣȻǷݼδȥϴŲˣұ㲻
ÿ糿ķ׼ġ飬ΪḺΪڣʵϣȴֹˣһ룬Ϊÿءһ첻﷢ˣʱΪҪǰһʱұ׼緹ĲΪˡ
ϴòˣһתұ㿴һ˫ЦЦ۾ݳڵĸȻֹ
ժñӺ¶ӦöʮңüĿʣԵʮֿɷǷڳʣòӦǳһˡϧһǾΪıƤˡ
ңüĿľʵӲҵ۾ˣض򵥡
ӿɻҪһˮ򾲵ؿ룬
ЩԾΪûصͷȥܿ
ʣЦЦ˾ϣˣллд
Ҫߣұ²ˣ׼ſ˳š
ճɿʮָм֪ɷ֪գնرʱͻȻһ䡣
΢΢һЦӦĴڨѾʮˣˣһˮˣл
ˣȻʥ˵˵ˮ֮ӿȪ౨Ҽȶʥ飬˲֪ж˹Ķݣתߣ
΢΢һЦǵҪлСŮСŮһ£빫Ӱæ
ʲô£˵
Ҫæ빫ӲʩԮ֡ǹܸСŮõĳ걨ˡ
˵꣬΢΢һ񣺡ʱѲˣҪ·С֪ʱ䵢Խã·ϾԽȡ
˿΢Щ̫ҵͷˡ
ţҸһתԡ̱ԣȴһˮԵĵϡ
ʰ壬һϺãС׭һ֣زǿͨ塣壬ʶαȥ׷룬ȴڻͣ˽Ų
ҵ书ƶʵˮƽģѵ˿̣ҪΪһ·ˡй¶ȥҲֵ̫ˣ
룬ϵȹգ±ԺһϣҰγǰѴжصױСĵһƤͳһһСӣ壬ָƤƤܺĿӶѱ֪ط򼴱ȹùǾᱻ˷ֵġ
ߣЦһǷ⣬ֻûпһ֪Ǹ鷳Ķɵɵƽ
ӣӣﴫæȥ
»ȣӣô磬ʲô
ǿѾˣժӱȥժµļöӡ
ˣߵһȥˮϴ
ȥ˾ߣˮӳϴһ顣߲൹Ǳִɾ࣬ˮֻҪԳϴĻҳͿԳˡ
緹ȥݣȴɫЩԡǰǵɫܲãû˯𣿡
ûУ˯úܺã㲻õġЦ
Ҳ˽ӣЩһúõؿżңȥһϣҸ򿴿
Ҷ˵ˣôǲأ΢΢üǰ֯֯üЩ΢Ϣͻûµġ
ѵõض˭˵õģȥҪЩĴڣǾȥ￴㲻õ·̫ԶҪɽ߲ҴԱȥѾҪʮˣǱô·ǲڻµġ
ֵĻһ١ʵ֣ĸҵͣȻձҪЩȻִʮǳ£ȴʮ˾˵ˡ
΢΢Щˣȴӵˡ
ҵͷĵȥɣлڣõġ
ͷǱ㶼˵ֻͷԷҲֻˡ
Ŀ͵ȥźţ巿
ǰұ㷢巿ʵһôǾǿԼʱҸհʦãʦڵ书ģʹڰ죬ҲҪһұţ巿һ졣ֻԷʱ⺰һ֮ʱûˡҺܸˣЩ֪ǵĴŵϰ塣
˺ҳÿù⣬㳣ڰ컨һʱ巿䡣巿ƺΪ˰գӦʹ˸ĲϡϴûǾκġ
˿巿ΪʱܹĶȴδšұߵĹｫҵľȡҪţ첲ȴС˹ڣͻأһ죬æڵȡ鿴Ҷ˿𻵡֪ǴʲôʱʼģѱΨһ֡ǰΪֵĴ壬ڱ︳شѱʥٲܴЦľ巿廨ˡңʦʵش
ʦˣΪʲôԶʹ˳ʣҲֻ֪ʦںݺݵһ󣬷Ұݵʦ
ҰʦĹ̺ۣԾò˼顣 






14 ʦ

ǰһͨҹ
վ䡣
ľҽҿˡƵһľҵ
ҽӹľۣĴС״񣺡ģ
ưһۣҲҰͽˣȻЩôѧ˵㹦ôø֦ȻţһѳҵǱľˣʦġô໰ˣϽϰҿǵһƭʦǽˣǻҵȵģ
ҸмЦЦԴǰʼҽұһֱ֦ϰҲȷ̫ѿЩ
ǶѧŽĽ𣿡Ž˼£Ц
£ϰһۣɫҾЩˡ
²ٶպýǰոսĽͷβʹһ顣
ãʹòһڿˣѧٶȻһ࣬ôǰҪˡЦ佱֮оҲϷʡ
һ飬Ҽƨˣһɽϼ
Щһֱˡÿָ֣һ߽̼µʽ֮뿪һּϰ
ˣһЦ
񣬾Ϣ
ÿÿʽʮɵĹǳش̣ǷתԾʹȫһɨŵơ
ǵģǰһֱûоȫ
ǰ书ʼұûһ첻ŬķҲãȭҲգ֪ʱĽǻȻǻЩʱգ޴󰭣ңҼȲɣ಻Ϊޱ
һǰҿʼѧϰŽҲһֱСǰҴֻʹ߳ɵˮƽ
ˣȻΪ˽иһ֮ʱ·ôұܽκ֪ҵʵˮƽʹҵġʦ
ûаȫаɡһ⽨ƶȵңûпˡ
һ츳ĻѾͷͻȻƵͻһԾսеľ
˭Ϊʲô͵ҵͺȵϰ¡
ߣǲСȻǲͽ˽͵͵书ΪֽʵΪľʵ
㶣ͽ
ͷʣͽܣôƵʦˣһڣԾ˽ҪͷҾ˵޴
֪ұǳˣǼǰǺ˵Ĺأûʦ˽Խ书ˣΥҪ书ʦţɨһֿۣɽ·뿪ķ
һ޹ءʦͶעѪ´˺֣ʴϻۣᣬѧǽ񲻿ϧ
Ƶ书ûѧʲô书һΪС룬Ҳǰ֮˵аɡϾǸˡ
ֻȻ֪ͷһǵͼƵϧ֮ģϾҿǲܣû뵽һ㡣
Цһ˲ͽҲգʲôÿϧģ
Ͼʹ谮ĹӰĪ嶯ʲôԼ¡ͻȻ뵽һ㣬һȿ˵ͶǲСӲ˿ҸõĵģӦǷ˵ŴμԼɣ
һߣ㵹ǹʹһ
ȻҵģһԽ϶Ŀģҡ
һת֪Ҫ˵ˣӦһ£ҵǿԷŹͽ˽书֮ɵ֪׷
ˣ²βƶȴһֱţ뿪ˣĿİɡ
ҿ˵
֮ǰҪȷһļֵźжϣǷֵȥȥһָڣҪܽ£ôҾΪͽƶ˽书֮Ҳ׷ΪͽԽƶѧõϵա첻ôұԷţ㣬Ϊˣȴ͵ѧգұ㲻ã
ҿϵĶҧΪʲôΪʲôһضҵױΪҪЮĳ룡ʵ̫ɶˣߣ;ʵ̫ˣ
¹£ױɢžĹâ˵Ц˵ǶҵĹС
׼𣿴ڿʼʱŶȡֻóһֻɳ©ŵ˵ϡ
ױҽһ٣
øӷɣ͵صͺһȴֻ֮һ󾢷磬æתһԡ
㣡ô˵ҲǣֻΪҵṦֺαʱ䣿ֻǣľûа취ֹҪ˵ӣʱ䣬ôȡױ
ȴ΢ЦؿңڵҵķӦһΪһ󳳴֣˵۸ҸŮӵĻɾʹˣ
ɳڲϵţָʱ⡣ҪģǶԲߣ
ǰϲ飬ֻ顣һֻ֪֯£źô򵥵¶ûԲɣֻôƲߣԭȥϢŵЩϸɳ
˼ƣҵԺһŻң·ļƲӿֳȴһɵó
ôˣʱ仹ûҪ𣿡
һûô嶯һ仰ñʧǡ
ֻǣϵױƴˣ
սľһԾѸȥ˫Ŀ΢УܿЦôᵶɣɱڣ
һЦľɵرУɱ㣬󻼣
Цܿһбȴ˫ֱ󣬲ֻ֣ǲϵţеϷ̴òΪƾ㣬ľҲɱ𣿡
ŭһҵعٷϻô֪У
ʼչɵЦ˵ȴҲֻ֣ţڵƿҵĽУƮƮĿ¶ζʵ¹£мֳֻ֮ϧŽɳźͷңʵûǸȥ͡
ɳţεʱ䡣
ͻȻһȵ棬תǰȥľֱʺĿһ̶ͣ΢΢һЦľȴջأǰȥȴڼײӭһ֮ʱһ䣬֮ԾľһױƯĺѹڽϡ
۽Ƴɳ©Ϸɳֻʣһˡ
һ죬Ҫױȡ£ȴһ󼲷ͻ΢һľһᡣ
ڵϣҳصش
㻹ʲô˵׽ױҡ
ɨɨϵҶڵء 






15 

ô˵ֵŲǻĵҪɱң𣿡
Цһһʼ֪СŮͼעˣȴ˵ƣȴϷˣСŮôãҪСŮ˵ʲô
΢΢һ㶣ϵıЩ죺㡭ûʲô˵𣿡
ȻУسŵСŮΪͽɣ΢΢һЦ
һ˵ʲô
Ц˵ʲôˣСŮ£ʵֻⱾͲǳԣǳ԰Ѿ˵ˣֻҪСŮܽױȡ£СŮΪͽɲδҪױֶ֮ѽױСŮȡģ
øݵѾͷ˼ңѵͲɱ𣿡Ц
Цûɱҵɡǡ
ʲôʣüĿĺԶ׼
¼仨СŮ츳ߣ̳ʤʦʱҪڵӵ£̫
ŶѾͷȻЩ֣ȴ˰ɣ֪ǽź룬
ҡҡͷˣСŮʵǰˣ˶ԥڴͬҷĿࣿ
Ц̶ôڴͬ˵Ϊʲô
ΪʲôСŮӲ²⡣ֻһ㣬СŮȴ֪ġСŮΪͽѧڣʮ꣬СŮضʤֻ֪Ҳðա
Ц̶ԵļΪһϵ
ȴֻЦſ˵
ãͻȻͺȵ˵Ϊʦұؽһմ㡣ȻҪţҵģʮ㲻ʤңҶὫȡ
ôأǲˣʡ
ȰΪʦҵͽܣʦˡȻͬΪҵͽܣǰΪ޲ף㲻ٷ
ǵͷͷʦ
ͷδڣұҲ⣬ֻҵױ˹
ӹױպãֵʦռСŮΪͽȻҪмˣ
ȵؿƬ̣ȴֻȥ
Ƭ̺ҿֲشӻȡһֻϸĽ֣صؽҡ
Ϊɫ˿УңԲͲΡĶǽһ͡
ɻش򿪣㻺һֻѩ
ǰѧ֪֧ֽг߰ˣƴʱձȹġǣҶԶʶֹڴˡ
ﴥֱȴˬĸоŵһĵ㡣ҽȫȴβС׭˸ġ顱֡
ΪʦһλùҲӲֵıΪʦΪͽǲ㡣պˣ
ֿʦΪҰѱȴֻȷ󣬿ҲᴵѽΪȻţǾǸĸֶԵġ£롰ľԿΪľ磬ǻԶúģ
ʦȴٶ˵һӣ뿪
ҲʦΡʦȴҹǳʹñΪɽҴˡ
ǰѾʼʹĵˣҡ
Ϲţеľ̾˿ʼ

ʱڳǻˣæ˳ȥôˣô˵
Цڵûʲô󰭣ɫҲģֻҪúϢЩӪͺá
ŶˣЪŰɡ緹ѾˣһͺáҸݣ±Ҫȥ
ˣȥŰɣġЦųȥˡ
ɻĶ£Ϊʲô۵ɫˣȴһܸ˵ӣʲô𣿡
ЦţḧŸӣһˣһܼįɣСܵΣ
֮ǰŽһɵĵطԵͻȻ˼Ҳһʱδջأ˿ͻŴԣѽܣһ㶡
Сܵܣʶظ
ɫΪҲģæӣ㲻õġﲢǸŮŮԶ䡣ֻãһˣվǹµЩңҲѾˣҲиܻܵ㣬񲻸ã
Цˣ˵ôҲӽʲôҲҪСܻܵСأ
ô룿ﻶϲʡ
ҵͷ²ȻˡУ𣿡
ɫ΢죬˵ͷ
Ҵһæʣôô˵֮ǰɫôãֻΪۣûбʲôûʲôҪرעĵط˵ʲôܳԣʲôܳԣʲôʲô²ģ
ЦŴҵĻˣˣ⺢ӣôﻹţղϾס˼Ҵһ׷ЩôҲһ
һ㶣ʱ˵ӣһš
ҽŴ򿪣ŵС˽
ҿһ࣬͵֮ǰΪ岻ʣֻЩ࣬˼µСˣûʲôرóԵĶʲô͸߻Ӱɣȥ
ˣϵķŪ㻹бҪ
Ŷʲô£ʡ
ü˵һ̥ЩȣڻǲҪΪãҪкЩӲ֯ˡ֯ĻԺҪˡ
ҵͷûϵȻǰûн̹ңôãҺܿͿѧԺ֯Щ飬ͺãͰĵشڼ̥ɣ
ǣûѧһ֣Ҫô̫࣬ۡҡﵣǵ
ѽͷػӻ֣տʼĲܻ᲻ãǿǮ֯˼ƥȻʱ˵ñ֯ĻҪŶ
ǰôôӵĴ岻ҲѧúܺãͲٵЩˣʵڲУҶ࿳ЩȥǣܲȱҵģͲҪٲЩˣúõϢˣ
תͷ˿ң̾˿ãҪͬҲԣֻԱ߿Щʵڲġ
ҪڣЦô˵ˣҲˣҲʱý̽ЩˣպǼˣʲôᣬô죿
죬΢ŭôô˵Цֲʲôᣬģﻹ˵ķܺóأ
֤ؿЦǰǻķܺóأ࣬ζͺܺá
Һݺݿ˵һۣȴЦҲĵЦţҶʱ㼫ˡ
ҪҸʵܼ򵥡ǣΪʲôôĲ׽԰أһ磬ԶߣӲΪ˭ͣҲӲΪ˭ա
ʱҲһ㣬ֻ֪ڻЦڡ
 






16 ֯

һ巿űٴγˡ
ÿ˯˳ܺʱ⣬ֻҪŵ,ڳԷǱ֯
ʵܼ֯򵥡ߣ߻˿ϸϸ˳ˣװ֯ϣ㰴չ̶ķ֫ڻת£һֻϸ߱㽥һƥƥĲϸ壬ֲڣʵʺ֯ն
ʵ֯ҲѡŵȣֵĿЭ֫Լֻ࣬ҪԿһ㣬ǱˡȻ֯˵˶ᣬȻͬߣͬķͬˣ֯Ĳϣƣྶͥͬն
ˣҪ˿ɲףҪ뽫֯þȡ·ϸܣǱ㲻һɵˡ־򣬽Լ֯ãÿһ˳ɲĺû
ոһգҶ֯Ϊտʼѧϰֻ֯֯Ǵߡÿ֯ϴ죬һ飬˵Уʱᣬٴᵽ߿󸴶ͬѧˡķ߿Ͳʣü򵥵ֱݵģ
ڴĿ˿϶Ĵ𸴡
ԣ֯ȥɣﰴ⼸ϰʱʱ˵仰ǧϱŵĸпӯˣ飬ֱǩµһݺͬʱļ飬й֮޲
ΪһֱõǴ߰ɣҵֱճһӡۣûѪȴһۡǣ֯ĵһƥϸ鲼һǾãҲֵˡ
ƥȻõĲֻͨߣȴҲһ鲼Ҫϸµöࡣԭ򣬳ϵķ۳ľ⣬֯ĪϤС룬ⶨǶЩӣҴľɡ
Щ죬Ҳࡣ󣬲Ǽ򵥵ؽҵĲ족Ǿҵȱҽ֯ļ꾡ؽ̸ҡⲼ估֯ƯȴҲһҪˣԶԶֵϡͻȻе᲻þˣֱ뽫ˡ
ӣ˵֯Ĳڹˣ깤ĲͣˣЦҡ
ҵͷǰ֯Ĳ˵Ĳڿóȥˡ
ãƯҲһ㶼Ǹ֣֯˺üأⲼóȥһûܲµóǻ֯ġŲЦ
ûôðɣҵһЩˣӲѧ˼ѣϵˮƽ
ǺǣЦҵͷȻѾʮ壬ǸˣǵСȴһֱûбӴŲ֪ɡﵱѧ֯Ƿ˺üߣ֯ʮƥˮƽŶӶ̶ڱѧˣ֯һƥòǴسأȻϲ˵ǵóȴǺܸ˵ġ
𣿡ҿĲŵģȴǶǰ֮ǰļ䣬Ϊǰͬ°ɡ
ʲôӣֹʲôʡ
ЦЦûʲôǴȽóɡϾֹ֯Ҫ򵥵öˡ˸ڣԼҲܻǷš
𣿡ü̶չӣȰˮˡ˵֯һûгȥŲסġŬҲóߣ˳ȵˮϢһ°
ҽӹˮˡˡ´뱭̾˿
ſ˵ıӳȥˣ֯
һļϣҵϸ鲼˺һļ۸Ҳûпȥʲôʶ֮˵ѯʣֻ˵ǰЩ֯ˣڼϢһǰʼ۵Ŀˣұļ۸Ҳһ˾òס룬ǲǴ֯Щ鲼Ѿһأ
ԭΣҲܹ׬Ǯˣ԰ˡһ뵽һ㣬ұĶ֯Ĳһƥһƥϸһºļϣҽ޲ȫ꣬ٲ΢΢С֯ˡ
кæ࣬Ѿʺʽÿ춼ɽȥԣٽԵõҰϡҳ룬ǰǲǸʿΪǹʵڲһеġ
ľǹͶú׼ǰɽʱͳҫľͷɵĳǹֻҪͶȥͶտնء⵹һ书ֵĴʣ鷢ٺ٣ľǹûзɵ֮İ˧ȴϲԴҰζԳԣȥ
ǲίģֲƷԴԴϵرЩɫˮǴźӰ㴿ϲá
֯׬Ǯдá˵ҲЩǮԼãҲͬˡÿȥ׬ǮһЩԼѾȥϴӿˣ˵ĽֻҪҴĻͺáֻǣʼղԸȥ룬Ҵ˴ӣͻһԶԶĽ
ҵĽңңڡ
ǳһҽ֯õļƥصãﻹڳ緹İɶЩԾ
ӣŵĶҪȥĲʡ
ҵͷǰεĲȫ޲ˣ鲼Ǯ̫ͣõ˶Ҫ̫õǸؼǮ޲Ͳͬˡ֯úû򻵣ֱӰ쵽ĴУۣͼǮ޲֯յҪߣҲһֲԣԺӾͲ֯鲼Ѿе޲ͺãӰ׬ࡣ
ЦԭѹҲһֱֻϲ֯޲أӣ
˵Ҳе鲼ȷǶƷҪ󲢲ߵġǣ˵ͷȴҡҡͷЩϣܹ˿еҪôأ֪޲֯úã˶˵֯޲ֱ˿лҪƯܻкܶҪ߼˿еġӣҪǵ𣿡
ЦҡҡͷȻᡣϴμϣһˣ˵һ仰ϡΪ󡯣˵һ٣ȻˡˣӲ˿е⣬ÿֻ֯ƥϺõ˿СΣ
Ӽãһ׬ĶЩҲʧȥЩ˼ҵ⡣ЦˣӣѾ˵ˣ֯ԼƥͶˡڿﲢûԺϵ°ֻҪˣͲңֻԼ뷨ͺˡ
ҵͷǣˡ
ÿϼȥֻҪһ˴ڣұʩչṦأֻΪ˽ʡЩʱ䣬·ɽϵƬʱԽȥһҲֻ£Ҳſڰ޼ɵΪйĴģ˶֪дֵڴ˿ľƣ·Ī롣ò£ʦĽ




17 

ӣϰ׼뿪ȴϤ
תͷҹ񣺡ʦô
첻ǳһΪʦ֪ȥе,רŵڴ˵ͬ𡣡
𣿡Ҳظһ飬ҲԾЩ
ΪʦҪһˣЩҪʦӹһӣһӹɵػȥϵľ
Ϊʦ㺺ҲЩʱˣӦܿˡΪʦڵĶŽԼΪʦһЩĵᡣΪʦһȥ֪ʱûҲڵʱ⽣ɡһСĽҲͲˡ
ǣʦҸ̧ͷȴǰӰѾˡ
дͼԱע˺֣óЩͷˣӦ϶һݵֳңƸô죿Ҵʦе֪ܿ죬͸ѧϰ⽣˰ɡ
Žף̾˿ȻҲЩǸһԽ׽͸¡ϾҲʦ
ߵǿü֤۵İʦ£úͲͬķغ˽ס
Ժˣ֮áҸſ˿ۼƤЦЦĵ
ʱѾ硣ĴˣұʩչṦһ㵽ɽ¡
ʮ֣ȴһ㲻֮ͬеУ࣬Ҹû֦չϲ޵ɫ·ϵҲɫʷ׳ʡֻǽ죬Ϊʲô˶ԼƯ·Ʒϣ
ԱߵĴʵδ֪ʲôôϵĹͻȻȫرƯƵģ
δһϼʱλӻĴɷδǰȥˣֻһδĺӣ񣬽ʮˣǸ˹ģùĺúӡδδű˹ѣȴҲӦҪúչΪŵᵽμңܾĺü£ֻһһ⺢ӳֻЩӻ׬ǮңȴûǺػֻù飬һְٰģҲͶԵɷˡ
ӣ㲻֪𣿽ӡʹ˻˲ιļС˵˲λȨأҲǳΪ˵Ĳ鼴ʹǺĴѧӱȣҲû˿ѷɫġǲҾͲ֪ˣĳӢ˧ȴһˡҪģδһЦδŶһӢδӣǳʵˣȻкܶҪһˡôӣҲҪԿǲǻᱻ˿أȥķ𣿲Ӱ㻹СڿЩ
ЦЦ˵ȥˡҵȻЩֻϣܿЩЩȥҺûȥտ˲֪֪ӣҪɽԣûа취ڼǽ˷Ĳ¡ڣҹ֯⣬벻ˣﻹ˼ȥЩ
δͷǸúӣֻǽⲼ⼯ȥҪ֪ϵЩһû֦չƯƯģϣܿһۣôĲô׸أ
ҵͷĲȷú٣ﲻһɥҲЩա֪͸ǰʱ˶Ž£һѵġֻϧЩĵİԣֱӵϢͨⲻװ״ʧ˵˷˺üʱɵ򲼡
еĲãҰϯӾ÷ŵδҾӻӺ棬Ƿ㣬˲ϼʱҺϯӡ
ȻȥҾȻȥˡպðδ˸к뿪
ȵȣסҵӣȱæߣжҪ㡣
վסţƵؿһЦݣƬ̺˳˸ɫӡ
ӰУóЩõġֻǴҲԣͷҲûʲôǮʵЦţЩǴЩӴģҪʹȥúòͷװֵСܵܣ
æƴǣôԣδô࣬ЩøǣôҪûȥɡ
⺢ӣʲôһۣžţֲǸģǸĺӵģ£ĸֺãҲͬôģ
ҿҲǣҲǡԥ䣬ȴ߳ˣδĶӣ
úãǳһ񣬼̶ֿǣ
δĿ룬ҿֻ⡭ⲻǼļЩֻӣûӴȥҲԲЩ
ۼЩԻ󣬼̶ѣĸÿֻ֪ģÿһҲÿһĻִóѵÿ춼˵Ѿˣʵһֱƭң
ô򵥵ĶԻףҾɵˡһʱ䣬ε޴룬֪ǺãҾâڱܼˡ
δЩҵز֪˵ʲô
ĺˡҴлĹģ⼦Ĳáһڼʵڲģˣ˵ҴҴһ񣬱ӡ
ȵȣ񺰵ҵȻǣһͣס˽ŲȻסҵ֣
ҿһۣæſҲЩˣȴǼֵصҵǰãȱߡ⼦Ȼģûȥɡһ⡣ʱܰȻҪˡ
ǡҿδЦš
ɿҵ֣ȥӹδļ˹ֻ̫ϧԼˣѾôˣƽʱⲻҰæҲˣȻҶһ˳ôõĶȴԿ
δЩεЦţȴȻСҪƿˣʱù飬㲻òġ
ˣȴְڣ÷ֻ޺޵ؿһۣ˵
룬¼ȴ߻еİһһŵϣһֻ򿪣ȡƥ°׵ϸ޲ЦȻˣҾʹˡֻȴܰá
ӣʲô˼δҵĻ
ã콫ⲼﶼѾ߹ˣУѾ֯ˣЩ⼸ҹ࣬ÿ֯ģôҪüͷĲ΢Щŭˡ 





18 

δҲȴӵ˵ĲôĲأңЩǮչǼĿƽǲ֪ʡģҲ಻¶ǮУҪǮʱ㻹ǰⲼţ´μʱǮЩƷɡ
ⷴӦҵ֮С
ЦǴˣⲼɲǸģǸδġҪˣܻܲȥɡϾĳ棬ܵõģ˵ǲǣδ缰˵ڣ˵׼лģѵʱҲҪȥ
δ˵ǸģȻԥ˰죬ѿֱӾܾ
Ҽüͷһ壬Ҫ˵Щʲôæӳѧ֯ջܲ죬δִⲻҪĪⲼ֯òãˣⲼӱûأҲҪǲΪⲼ֯òãĪҪƴˣδҪƿˣҲǻӵһ⡣˵ţҪƥջأͬʱ۾δգգ
δ׹ҲȰȻ⺢ӶѾ˵ˣŰɡЩɶ֯ģףҲһݶⰡ
ҷŻ˼æתͷɻؿҡ
ôδ绹֪𣿡ЦڼУȻ㲻֯µˡ⼸Ĳȫ֯ģǿϸ񣬵Ҳû˷
̫̾ˣ̶̼¾֯ˡ
ҡ͡һЦ˳δ磬˵Ⲽˣ
ڨڨأ˵ԽЦˣǱЦδҲЦˣһӵڲôˡ
ֹЦҡҡĲ˵δǲӵˣ
Цŵ˵ҵԴ龫
бһֻżֻҾ뿪δļҡҪң˳㶫ǵؾܾˡǲÿǣܹһؼʱǾܰ쵽ġȻûа취ﵽףôһʼһˡ
ڽϣǰʱ򣬾Ůӵ·ȻһǸϲǵķ¼ñԼطȻʮҵ
ҳһԱƽʱʱȻǱһİȥʱȴҲɣйġڣϵĶû٣ȴֻӡʱ˫ָһֻпɣȴζ̫أ̫ۡЩûһҷŵµġ
ߵһֿڵʱͣ˽ŲҪֵĶһ£վһֻȴʱв⣬˭֪Լٶҿҽƣֻһƥڵұ
һæԱȥκ˫ʼֻܲȵĿ֮ʱԱᣬҵֱ㱼˹ȥ
һʹҵۿҪˤ飬æ˹ȥȴۿǰһָĵطҹ˲ˤ۵ϥǣƴȫǰȥ
һޡط˹ȵزס֡ڿлһߣһֻ޳
˿ӵҸղûһʱ嶯¶
ּˡЦţһֵĸоáϤĸо
ôˣȥҵǰš
鿴һæһ񣺡л
ӡݹӣ˭֪Ӹմָ㱻һʹ̲סһƺߡ
ˣæջӣ׽סҵ˿
ˣû°ɣˣһ˹ƥϳǾҴ˿˵ס
û¡صɿҵ֡
ĴϣΪҪƽΪӵļУѾ߹ۿˡһ⽨̻ȹ̵ĹңΪԳƵϡŵ˰ɣΪʲôǰȴû¶һ
Ǹˣŭ˵ٴˣڴҪСˣ˰գ㾹Ȼçײʹλˣ˵Ҫô㣡
ǽаͷЦˣС֪ˡͱ˵СˣСӰɣңָָҵ󣬡λҲüʱҽǡ
ȥٺϸ㣡һֵۣ֪ҽģ
æҡҡͷˣˣСˣԼȥطҩͺáﷱæСŮСˣͲˣ
Ҫȴȥ̶һֱϷʵĿôҪνǼȥ˵ţָָǽаĶǼ޴İֵ֪Ӧ˲ɣ
ҿ򷽲鼱֮У˵϶մЩҳİ룬ЦԵȡ
нӹһִֻƵıҼϣһţֽӹֻֻֻ̱һѹòֱҾֻ֣ϣȥӹЦնлȡСŮǣ
Ϊ˷ֹһֱûʹһε·˵עĿб߱·ڿһҽݵơ
Ҫ߽ȥȴͻȻоʲôһͷ
ҴһǰֹǲŵĹŴŮһ
㡭ҪʲôΪʲôһΣּһ䣬ˣ
΢һüȴңشҵĻֱϵļԼŵֻ֮һֻץסҵұۣ㽫Ͻҽݡ
ǼСҽݣ沢ûһˣһеشſ˯Ͽűҽ顣
ǽ飬ʵλ˭ʲôط
ܹˣλ֪յĴ̶ӳһӣ㣬õҩġ
Ǵӣ̽һԵ꣬˱ŵظҴ
֮ˣܵҲǳ¡ȴδܹˣƤЩĥˣ˵ͷԱ治Ǻõģ
ӹǺʹǱ׼ģһҲʹһͷ˲亹ʪȴġԽź󣬳Ǿ仰һֱûпڵͻȻһҿ˿ѩ׵˿һʢĵףĸ͵ģ滹е֬㡣
ҵҡ㲻ٿһȡԼ˲۽ע⵽΢΢˶ڽ˻ȥ 






19 

ʱִҪðҵʵڡֻӣҽݡ
ΪὫ͵ɽ£֪ʼղڵ𣬾ҵҵ˼ˡһæͣ½Ųˣ͵СŮѾмˡ
죡ͻȻһʵʵһ
Ƭ̼ұ侲ˣСŮðе֮˼£
俴һۣһҪô𣿡
΢㶣ʣ
ˣػӻ֣һֻôණ𣿼ǿˣɻҪôһСɽȷܰ쵽
Ұ̾ûڣֻʩչṦƬ̼ɽڿӣǲͣҲῴɽɣұҲֻĬһо
ɽҲûͣ˼Ҫڣȴܵɢǿҵ⣬ֻñ죬ĬĬ·
˴ڣͣס˽Ų˼δǲʮֵĴ뿪ʱӭ˴ҵĻ롣
ӣôôͻˣλǣңʮ־档
Ϊ˵ǸҪҶ۷׷ףҪ֣ϸû򲼣ڼңػˡϲ˵ţͼɢע
ԭˡͷôλǣ
ãµСײ˻ӹбǸͻӹͬʱϱǸ⡣
ŶôôСģ
ӹˣѴˣȻʵֱǸ˰ӹ˵㶫˳ʽǸشʮ˳
ҾؿԴ·ǶƵģ˽⣬˴ʶģȴ·֮ܿŵպһȼĻ档
һڼңʵ˵ġȻȥɡҿڣתˣлСŮˣﷱæСŮͲˡ
ŵ棬Ҳ̫ᡪΪˡϵˣˣ֪ǣ
æڣŵЩҰζҪȥİɣʱѾˣø·ˡ
ɻؿһۣҪ˵æưˣ߰ɣλŮдõģǸ·Ҫȥˣɾռõ̯λˡ
ŵɻıӰʧҰ֮⣬һعͷȴЦЦؿҡ
֪˭ޱؿңõǲɵĿ϶
תȥȥ˵ЦˣСŮֻ˻ˣСŮŽУ֪ݡ
ĽŲһ᷽𣺡㲻Ҫˣ
˿ϷˣҶסŲʣȴޱȵĽš
Щĳɷݣ˸ȤĶûзֹġ
̾˿ǰȥô˾ֻɣСŮ˴ʹӵƥ͵񡣡
ĽŲҵಽ˿֣ˣ
Ҳ˵ֻǰȥ
ſڣƿţ˽ȥţȴһԾšҴ󾪣ĵķš
ֻȫŵԺﾮԵİϣ˿ҲڣԭֻΪһؼҶѡһ·ҶĪĵִЩھΡ
ǣ°ΪʲôߣĴ˿أҲؿֱ̧ȥվס
ع£
Ұҧ˵Ļɣ
֪˻к£ҵͷȥСʵ
ЦЦƺܺͬļ˵
ҵͷ
Ҷˡ˵̧꣬űǰȥ
æ˹ȥǰˣСŮСŮûʲô󰭣˲֣µСŮǸСŮﲻҰ񣬲µ˴ˡңˡ泯ְ͢һƫƧСׯҲʵǲݡ˻ȥɣ
ǺǣЦҲðɣȴҧסͷˡ
ڣЦˣ̧ҵ°ͣңҪھҲԣֻӦһ
˵Һһ뿪°ϵʳָ
ҡҡͷĪҪͬСŮӿЦˣǴˣСŮһƽ񣬲ˣָûʲôأ
ӡĿ΢΢һݣûϢɪһ¡
ӣһʶر㿪ظ
ճڣͻȻ䣬ҵԺǿԺһϵǿ塣ǿǿϵ𣿹ֲãܾҵĸоôϤءԭԣڻʱҵһʮصĸоҲὫһİ˷ŽԺǡΪʲôأ
ˣˣǰ¸ҪҿͻȻһ˿һ֪˭ˡ
סˣԺôУس¶һ׼΢Цתˡ紵ǣҿȥıӰ룬ǲӦþ˧أ
ǣͷ϶һñӣϵ״ʵǡ
ӣתͼţҪʲô£ôôͻˣոں˭˵
æźԺţ߻ȥֽЦЪȥѶպã֮̽ʱʲôҾʹʲô𣿡
ˣһʰºȿˮʲô£ŪĺǼǵãġ
ȻǺ㶣еһ˿ѵҵô𣿲һ͢ٶųǶ
ûµģұߵˮЦ
ɫȴһףͻȻ׽סҵ⧲֮£ʹһȴ漴ɫ˼֡
ô£Ȼúܺãǲѿ˲ᣬ΢ŭţͺȵӣʵ˵ôģң
ҵһμôôͳغ˿ϣ¡
ҾЩ޴š˰죬ʵܼ˵ҪеĹǼƯƯĵȥˣΪλ˺òӢûӣԾ˵ÿһطĹСǾͶҪȥй䣬ΪľҪύһſꡣЩδҵģ˵Ҷæſ֣û˻ˡĲȷһƥҲûȥ԰Ҿ̯ȥ
ı鲢Ϊҿӻ˵ٶȣ˵ʱı䣬ɲؿңʾҼ 


20 ʦ

˿ڿˮֻýӵߵʱδ˵ԼģƴǲˡģӲûаҪĶʱƥϸ޲δҪϿˣҲˡδԭǲҪģ˵ǸδģҲԥˡ
ͷĵؿңûΪ˼˿ֵ˼ȴҲɲҿ߶˿ķꡣ
ҺȿˮֵĶ̫ˣס۾СĲ㱻ȵȻÿˣǹˡˣһûƭ
￴һۣʣԺǸ˭
һ㶣˰쾢ôǵ¶
һұ˵һ·ˣȴͻȻס˿ڣջ˵һĻѾˣǧܴﰡ
ɤӣƥҵ˰ˣãңΣ˰˶һġ
ˣʣô˵Ҳλݵλˣ
˿ҺͷĺΪʲôÿⶼʵüȺ׼Ҫ
ҵǲֻ֪˽ˡұҲŽˣǾ˭ʲôģȴȫ֪ҵͷһԣһ滰
￴ҵһۣľֻ
ҵͷ
̾˿Ҳ̫Сˣ˵ôأ⼸ͲҪ֯ˣÿķˣͶɡúϢ
æˣȻӰ֯ĲûȥʱңȻֲˣһְǾûģͲõˣӵգŲ𣿡
ǡﻹҪ˵
ЦȻӸ𣿡ͬʱָؿ˿Ķӡ
￴˿ԼĶӣڲٷԣǺãԡҪæͺһӲ㣬ûġ
ҡҡͷͷİɣµġͻȻһԺļˡȵңȥʰ׼緹
ƥźãְѼý˳ұæƽʱֻ֣ʲôֻǺȻʹãδʧȥһֵֻʹࡣᣬʵĲˡ
ޱʹϴʱǰͻȻһ˫֡
Ҳû̧ͷֻǷԸ˸ĵطһҪϸϴϴɾҿǻģ˵꣬ұתֽ˳
˵㣬ҽ״⣬㻹ʲôż
Ҷ˼ߵԺŵϣ㿪ʼ衣
ҵ֣ڼϵҶ˵ˡҲСЩǡײ˭֪˵ȥ򣬻𣿡
Цſһۣʦ֣㵽˵ʲô
ƿһۣʦã˵ʽʦҲˣѧЩҲûʲôֻǣôƥ㲻أǲҲ̫ˣ
ҵЦЦʦ֣Ҫ֪̫⹦ԶԶʦ֡ʦ˵ͽܣС춯ֻԣ书ģǰҲ򲻹ġңʱ̫ܵʵǷӦ
̾˿ʦģԺһһֱչģˡ
ʦ֣ܳң£ҾѾܸЦת˳
ƶڳ
˳ͼͬ˵

֪ƵĴڵġԴǰҰʦƱʦԾӣҪд裬һΪһ˳۸ҵĻˡ
ҵ·ԡΪҵ׾ŮӼӦҪľĲǣ֪˴£һᷴԵģȻͬˡЮҳϣе㱰ɣ˭֪ںģأٲˣҪĽ㣬Ҫż򱶡ֻ˲ˡ˭ֵ֪ˣڣһǵ龰
ʱһ巿ϰ幤˭ͻȻҳһȻ֮ǰҲΪ巿Ǵʱ£ǴʱҸճ緹鲼ʱ磬ҲǴӲòʱӰ廨ġ
ӣ˸ӣ˵ġ￴ңЦ
һæţ嵽ϱ㼱ЬǴЬȴ侲򾲵ߵźһ·˼Բߡ
һֵǸӣƻ˭
ҽӲؿ֪˵ʲôãҲֵĳƺֻŽô졣𣿻̹׽̽ڶֿܷҪ˭ȴ˵˾仰
ãʮ𾴵һ񣬡СǰЩڼżΪҼʧĶԽл
˵ţתңһصĶ¶ʮҪģ̫лˣ
̫ˣӦġң֮ǰѾлˣ˶񣡡˲񣬻ʮȻ˵̶ֵô֪СŮĵַأСŮǵãδ˸֮ӰģԼʣҪô
Щ˼ͷģߺһֱʮָмͬʱҲеЩⲻȥôҪĶֻǿͷ˵˵ʵڲܱ¸м顣ѯ˼ͬкλġðݷã벻Ҫ֡
̫ˣҸЦţﰵ˼Ҫʲô
Ǹ֪ĺúӡЦӣȻˣнпվĵأ
ҼڣȴֱϣֻεؿԺӣǼȥ
ߵ£˫Ьǿºݺݲһŵĳ嶯ݡ
ҽЦӣ⺢Ӻú졣ȥΪ׼Щ㡣
ЦҺﲻ鷳ˡ
Źˣתͷŭʲô˼ʦ֡ǲ˵ôˣǽҵ֪ҿɾٽв㡮ʦ֡Ҳټ
ЦЦû°ֻҪҲᣬͲ֪
ôʲôʡ
ЦЦȻΪ˴ඣѽû뵽ʦõļһģٱҪöǲҲϲµ棬һ˷ܡ
ģȻˣƵһʱҲ֪ηӦ
˲͵ĽʮòصлÿЩϲؿ޲ζֲźۼشƨ
ĵȴҪߵ˼˿һſڡ˭֪·ԣȡһֻҵлΪʵ̫ܰˣҲĿġΪ˱ҵĸлһ¡ 




21 

һܾ㳯﹧һ֮תݲȵӲٶȣɿ뿪ҵߡҿȴ˲ڰٲ֮ĶͷȻҵʵǿݶṦ⹦ΪĳʣҲһˡ
Ӱʧҵ֮ҴֻУȴ澹ɫķһɫߵ˿ߣһľȡ֪ϲĻֶصߵ巨дԵİˡ
ҿ˿⳯ʵķҲ˽⣬ǼȻǷ⽨ᣬͲŮ֮ɣȻ֪һﲻô밡
ЦеҺϸӣȥ׷Ѷ
ﾹסҵ֣𼱡ⷢл°ɣʰҪĶл㣬ҲӦõġ
ͷԵؿŲӯؽݣһʱˣǡ
ҵȻûдֻؽãŽҵױ
Ժع䷹ġ￴һֱϲΪһֱòɡȫÿδﶼǾĲ߻ֲġǣһ֪ĸײʹ˸ʹ˸ˣֻأÿ뵽ҶϣԶҲ֪𰸡

ӣӣ˹ţסҵ֣⺢ӣʲôģô񡣺ƶǺˣȥдһţֵģеĲ㲻Ƕ׼ֻҪ΢ŪһŪͺˣŵģ˵ţ㲻ɷ˵Ƶһȥˡ
ҳ΢Цؿҡ뵽ΪﾹȻҪݲ裬ͦŸȥҾһӲּ£һض΢ЦţҸȴûа취ֻöݺݵصһۣͬʱԵƸɡ
Ƹ硱ǰҶĳƺһôʵҶĵòУȴѾľˡϰߣǸµĶ
ϴõĹӣһű㷢Ū档óһֱϲ棬ӵһһֱڣôˣÿҪϸһʱҲĿʣﰵЦ֪ĻΪأ
ӣңֹ
ҿһۣ֪Ҫʲô¡
ŶͷûУҿܸ
һӻ֣ˣЩѾˣ׼ٹ£ȥΪʲôôʱ䶼û룬Դӽʮ˻أ֮ûˣҿҲΪ˵˵¶ɣһǲġΪʲô
һۣͻȻתȥСֹ˾ʲôû壺ʲô˵ʲô
ûʲôֻȽæûʱ㡣𣬼̶Ϸʵôˣ
΢Цýεε԰˼
һ˵꣬һ㶣Ҷ˶ļƤָ㵵Ц
΢ҡҡͷҲЦ
һſˣ˽ЦƶҲʮ˰ɡӦѾ׼ļӹ˰ɣ
ûСЦЦЩΣҵڰ£Ŀǰһ£
ҲˡЦЩ׼ǡ
Ƶ˵ǣֻǲ֪ʱɲһǰȥ񣿡
֪ΪʲôͻȻղһۺ˿Թ΢ͷ룬һ֮ǰʱ˵Ļ
յǰһϡҽİ˰⻨״ҵݸƣתʱͻȻңӣǶ٣
΢㶣̶Ц³ôˣʦҪ𣿡
ˣȴҵЦʡ
ֵؿʮѽұҪСһ֪꣬ѽôң
ôĳ񣬾ˡֵ
˼ȴЦҡҡͷתظҵԸֻ뵽ʱܺ͵һһ˸߸˵سԶٷҳ˽صվƣǾҴҸˡ
ֿһۣתظʵ˵ҪҲǸհˣʵûʲôҪԶĹ
ˣȴûǵͷȥظûβþò
ЩǸϾƽҰٰ㳰ŪһǿԸоҵĹġҪ취ͽͣѾվ׽ңЦҲãǸʽˡأʲôֵǮĶˡ
ЦˣˣҲû취ҵһʦ֡˵ڡ
ЦЦԼƽʱһתˡ֮û⡣

ԣҿЦӣԷԼĲ²⡣ƽʱǸ߸ϵӣҲǵڡԣ˼ҿˣһ
Ȼˡ˵䳣Ǽ棬ǻȴûȥݷùأӣȥ˺ƶҰݷ°ɣ
ͻȻҵ֣һ㶣̶ʶصͷմӲ²عңûҾӦʲô
ø죿ͺðõ֣ӦҲ֯˲岻˻ȥҼɡ
һΪŵ׵ͷղѣȻһ룬ǽʼδ
ôòԸ𣿡ҡ
ҡҡͷǰ㲻ҪᡣȥƸҵȻˣֻǽһѾˣʵڲôԶ·ˡǸɡ
ͷ⵹ҲǣɫǲˣˣҿǵòܵˡȻǾɡ㣬𣿡
ƶĵطʹ˸Զ𣿡ĵʣͻȻݷã᲻᲻㣿
ҡͷȻᡣҵȻڸסĵطȴܽҴȥģﻹûйʱ򣬵һסŵĵطʱҵûнʹ˸£ֻǸССĹˡ˵ţȻδ䣬ȴܵһŨŨıˡ
Ƹ粻Ҫѹˣ㻹ееİ˴ʹţҰοͻȻ˵ĶǼٵģʹԼķʲô˰ߣݼҲƭˣ
뵽˴ͬ飬ݺݰһۡͻȻоʲôұһȴЦؿҡղҵı֣ﲻֹﲻῴʲôɣ
Сӽ컹䷹ģ
ǰϵķˣ˸ۣ
źһתڿҡ
ʲô𣿡ʡ
ЦЦҵǳˣѾǸ绨Ưˡ 



22 ܾ

ЦŽ˵ʲôģƯǼһ
ҵıӣС찡Ĩۻ𡣡
ҿļϣúܰġ
룬ӦӦ˰ɡȻǲϰ·ȴԽԽˡȻǲϲ棬ȴԽԽϰˡѾ˵дȦȦ֣֯Ĳ˹ŨŨĳζҲůĵĸо
ĻޱȡҶеҾΥģѾõ顣Ҫģˡ

ڶ죬ƾȻˣֻúһš
ɽϣͣס˽Ų
عͷƵؿңôˣô·;ˣ
㲻Ӧøҽһ𣿡ʡ
գգۣÿĽëʮ㣺ʲôʲôҪ͵𣿡
ΪʲôҪȥĹӦ֪һҵǾͻᷢ˰ɣʣãѾܽӽˡ
Цҵʲô¶أ˵
ҿĴ𰸡
ðɣҸΪʲôȻ֪Ҿ͸ôԭ򡣡ʼղؿͣЦҵΪ㡣
һ̶ŭʦ֣㣡֪ⲻǿЦģʹ谮СӣһӹڣݶҵԣٲˣǶ㻹أôȥ
Ϳ𣿡ͻȻûͷûԵһ䡣
ţʲôʡ
˵ĸĸǾͲ֪ҵ𣿡ӹ֮ұˣǰһÿգƱҪʼΪҵ¡ʱͷ¶ĻȻ٣²вʶҵˡΪͲ֪𣿡
ҡͷģģҵȥϣôʶ㣿Ŀܣһʱһʱȴȥ֤Ļԣ㾿ʲôģһ뵽ӣҾûɵĻҲࡣ
֪ΣͻȻôϲҵҵݺ֪ܶʰ˵е˶Դ඼Ǹʲô̬ȣأʲô̬ȣҵҪǹˣʱεľҴ硣ϲĹһֱһأҴ磬ֻʹŴӦ޸Ҵ磡㣡ôɻҵݣԸ⽫ʵ
ˣûмܻӣЩ¡
ôˣΪʲôôòͣ˺˵ĽŲʵȻ㲢ʲôãҼңΪʲôҪأ
ΪʲôǰΪʲôأЦȻңΪʲô
ʶҡҡͷʮƣôˣ
ԭʵܼ򵥣Ϊϲ㣡Ҫӽ㣬ӽļˡҲҪΪҵݶұϹϾ־ӡҪǽΪѣɷ㸸ĸŮش𣿡
Ӻһҵܡ
ΪʲôܣѾˣȴ˵ܣ㲻˵ĻΪ£㲻𣿡ײŸƽĺٴλˣҿҵôõദҶΣ㲻𣿻ӣ㲻ϲ㣡Ҫҽͳ㿴𣿡ҵ֣󺰴Уֱʧȥǡ
Ūˣſҵ֣ҽеȴңֻס󣬺ʹ
æɿ֣ȴȻõؿҵ۾ҵĴ𸴡
ҲǲĻЦ󣬡ֻǣ֮ǲܵģ
ܣΪʲôһ㶣̶ʣΪʲôô˵ӣ֪ҪʱܣҲҪ̾ʹӦңֻǡ
ھͿԻشˣҪʲôʱ俼ǣתظеﱻָ׻ƵĵطڵѪҵɲɣǸ߸ϵ塣ʹʹְ֮ΣҲطչ¶ĲܵġȻֻǸˣԺضࡣңʼֻǸƽãһ𣬻δ𣿴һʼ֪ûϣͺαأ
ǡ㿴һ֮ʱ֪ض㣬ҲȻŵ𣿿ңʹˣȻӰ֪ǵĸ鲻Ὺ
Цǵĸ飿ʦ̸֣ʲô᲻̫ˣΪֹǵĹϵֻʦöѰңüͷ΢壬֪Ҫˣֵһûи飬ԿܲޱϲȴᣬԲͬ
ת΢΢һ
ʲôüͷøˡ
΢΢һЦʱʹ˵ӣСŮƽԻŮʱǼǵˡ
ĿһݣȴѲٸڵĻ᣺ӵĹСŮȻ룬ȻȥֻǽСŮЩʣҹСģݲͬλ⣬ݷ֮£ʹաСŮˡͷҴ˫ۡ
ֱǿ˲ȥ飬תɽ·ɱȥ
Ҫ˰ɣҵ۽Щʪʪġ

ս壬ȴײӭվڴڵһˡͣ½ŲһִæصǸתȥ˭֪ȴһסҵֱۡ
ҳһͷȥȴǡ
ӣôˣʣϵı˼ֹС
ûʲôգգ۾ЦЦڼôˣ
Щ˼ЦЦƽʱʱҲûˣǾôڼƵûţߵӭһӭ
ŶҵͷǴڷҪСıҿһǷȥɡ
ãͷֿ۴ڣͬһȥˡ
ݣʵ˵ɣӣʲô¶겻·ܣվڴ㶼ûп
ԥƬ̣ƸĹѾҪȥμ𣿡
ǰƶǸúӣôЩֳۼҲæֺչ㣬Ĺ񣬵ȻȥˡЦ
̾˿ԥ
ʣӣ㾿ôˣͺƶ㲻ӦúһȥҰݷõ𣿡
ҿƸ磬ԭơơ
һ㶣̶ȵƣΪʲôΪʲôҪأ巢֮ĸοҪĶô£ӣΪʲôҪأ
֣ΪԭֲãΪ̫ˣǿЦЦһؿңֵ֣ܶ𣿡
ͷȥ˼Ƭ̣Ȼ̧ͷ󾪵ƣǲʹӵѵʹ˵СӣС֮ͯƵӣ
©˵һŶǰ㿪ʼ˳ΪһӡˡҿЦңĸ磬Ӷ˿˵ʹΪ֣ǶֵЦǡ˫ӡ
תͷңɫѻָƽȴɾңô᣿ôӣ˵ģûƭ
תȥȻġƾƣƸ磬ʹ˵СӡҪȥμĹ𣿡
ӣô֪µģǸո·ϸģǣ֪ˣȴһֱһ
ҡôܹһԹˡ⡱֡ 


23 ټ

ôΪʲôҪǼҿ㣿ҪǣʣңʣôʲôĿأ롭ʱֻʮɣôСĺӣΪʲôҪأ
գգۣЦЩԺͺáҪǵģһºӵĹ͵ҪҪȥ
￴ңҺҪҪȥô˵ԼѾоˣ˵˵ӣȥ𣿡
Դҵ˼µ俪ʼұ㳣һµĺӵ󣬳ڸĸǰҲϰߣʱ漣ģɺء룬һԣļ䣬ЩôȻǴҵģʹ뱯˾Ӷࡣ
˿ôʣҿЦЦȻ⣬˵ȥǣʲôȥأƵĿˣĿˣΪʲôֻô룬;úܻ
Ҳȥ
Ϊƭ㣿ʡ
ǡҡҡͷʹ˵ӣ˫ȫƣŮݸʵģŮʵûʲôȥ
￴ңǡ
ҪŮûµġңȻŮȥΪȻˣʸȥμӰùңȥȥɡ
ɵӣ㶼ȥˣﻹȥʲô˵Ķԣӣݣܸʵġȥ£˰ɣȻĺƸˣôټǵҲûˡ
ЦЦСˣúʧƵġֻǡֻʲôأҵ˼ˡҳһݺ
ҵֻеʹȻطϢˡҶЦ
ҵ˵ͷãȥЪŰɡʱˣġ
ҵͷתԼķ䡣
ϣȴһοʼɳΪѾӦһеĽ죬̫˼ˡ
ۣҽǰ첻ȴȴ޷ƽôˣⲻӦðҲϲֵ鶼ûзңǰ䶼ɽˣҡǰǰˣôϲһСӣܣܣ
ķҵ£ķҵʼվҡվߵȥҵȥߣɢɢġ
˵ͷұţš
ȵһƬʱҲŻȻ֪䣬
ԾһȡﴵͻȻ쳣ʦ
̵ҵʱޱ飬˿κȴܷӦණÿ´еıʱܸоʵд·˵һۣİ顣
ҵһʦʱһƮɢڿұ֪ˣµĽ֣˸еģʹġ
ʦҵᣬδݵ˲
ʣ
ҡͷȴǰǰΪһµ¶Цӳ¹⣬ˡ
ҽ㡣ʱ
ǵڶ죬ʱ֧棬ֻѩ׵ʱа䣬ĩ·нĴҵȣǲ㡣ǣʱңȴ˷ܵģΪѧϰµޱȣĪ
ڣʮңͷѹһĽԵ׸⾫µպͻʵأƾ˼ڶһƽϲоЩף䲻ͨȴҲлѧҲδѶֻƽﳣϰ㵽Բ磬ߵ⡣ֳǰ׼ԸĶﴵ࣬䱻Ϊ첻ͨԼȴС
ֻǽգȴ޵ֻȸԾأģҷ·ն˿Ȼ
һ꣬ҵҲƽЩ·ʱЩ꣬־壬Ͳʣĵɳҵؿڣʣµıֻƽˡ
ˡҲȻϲ
Һңһû㹻ʱ䰮ʵΣδӡһҷģصǰĸޣԼһ·һݵλ⣬ƲĶѣЩ·ɽĿҲҪˡһʼ֪·ͨΪʲôҪִ̤ϣ
һûаҶˣ
ٴξҵƽࡣԭͨЩɡ¹⣬һĵӻƽ̶Ծ󻶿죬⻶һˡ
ҷҰĵ·һۡҸôԸ
ҸոպȴڴžžﲻɵóһҲ˴ȴδˣô쾹˽ȥ
֪λڴ˴֣þû֪⣬ʮ֪ͣɷһ˵Щ졣
΢ͷҪϸϸĪϤȴͻȻĸ֮˾ֳĸҰǸŵȴӿš
ЦһʰһֱΣǼ˰£ķ϶طתΣڴȥ
䣬ұͣڴһôϣǱš
һᣬĸɫ£˿͵˳ˡ
ӣûпκһӰһ˵
ͷɴڵЦһðû뵽ĽҰ⣬Ҳӣ
ĸ˵ͷҴ𻰡
ȥɣɴ
ĸ˿漴ӦǡϢ뿪ˡ
ҼϡȴͻȻ̧ͷܿȥ
һⲻǸӡ
ȴüͷĳ˿̾˿Ȼλ̨ҵˣʣð̨֣֮
˵꣬˦ˡ
ҿȥıӰ˼
ʱɻΪʱ̫öЩľĽǣ
ɽ¿첽ţȴͻȻ䱻ǰֵһ
㣿ҡ
Һһ˼񣡡
ȴᣬֻüʣղﴵ㣿
СŮᴵղҲδ֡˲֪˵ŲĶ˴˶֪òҪҽ
֪Ľװźͻ֪ɷһϬ۹һɨָɫĽ
˼֪ͻֺα˷ǷҪ󣡡һʶסôܣ򲻿ɰˣСŮ֮⹩˹ͣأ
üһҪأ
ҺһˡҪʲô
֣һȻ֡
һָȥҰֻ
Ҵ󾪣ת㳯ɽȥκν죬ɽû㱻ǰ
תӡˣ컯գǿ𣿡
ﲻ˵ôֻǺ棬Ҫһ۰ˣЦš
ؿСŮǲӦأ
ǾͿûˣ 



24 

ǾͿûˣ
ͻȻһƷϮҿת¹ҵһˣͬʱ״ε㡭Ҫ
һܿҺһʹʱ˵ڵأٵشϢţ졣ҶһֻΪ̽ѣδ̫ӦֻƤ˰ˡ
󾪣˹ҸоǸ˿͵ĺһ˲űʧˡ
˲̬˺üΣסӣ˦Ҽϵ֣ȴСŮҪؼˣǡ롭ÿ
ҽŲ鸡ƹɽȥ֪ͻȻϣȻ˵ᱧҡ
㡭ʲôſң¹ޣҴѹγĴʻ㡣
ĽŲһ£ű첽ɽȥҵʹҲ
˴ڣûзſңǲҵԹһ·ұſڡ
ҶʱǶ˼һ·һƼǱԼĶ
ſڣڷ
ҵĽŸһأһ⡣ĹضԶ㿪֪ȴ˿ܣӲؽˡ
ڵأʼδؿ
ֵ˵ȣҲ޶ʣ𣿡
Ҳ֪ôشֻ㶵ؿϵӡ
ЦЦת˰ŵĴš
ЦĪسҵǵҵһԻؿԽ޳ָҵģţңҡȵҴѹҪֹʱȴѾˡѾԺš
ĽŲһæſڣȴ֪˵ʲôһУҾ˼ңԺһţֻŶ˵һЦ
ϵӡޱؿŴš
ſˣޱʧվһԡ
ңİ˿Ҫڣȴңӣλǣ
˹˹ĵһ񣺡ã
ﻹ
ֵ·λ˵ᣬСʾǸ⡣
æң´ţǵôˣһ֮ڣˣǲҪﵣ⺢ӣ
æȥûֻǲС˶ѣѾʹһҲҩƾͺãûˣ
ᣬﲻעʱŹϣ˭֪һͷҲ˽
ﲻ֮ǰŪ֣Ҳ˵ֻСˡСǸСӾȻˣ٣ҲλһͻʾǸɣ
æס֣ݣû¶ŮڻģŮ찡ǳŲ²˳ǸոճȥһˣȴҲջŶ
ӣûˣλӻ𣿻Ҫƭˣ￴
΢ͷСʱŮĲŮǲСĽλӣһڱϵҪŮôңĲȻղͷеεģڶ
ûˣӣɲҪƭŶɫɣȴɲĵʵ
ؿƺ˿ӣ֪Сһϰ֮㲻ʲôģղҵÿһ֣
סĸ첲Цûƭﰡ벻֪ӽʲôջ
ŶʲôЦңʱҵˣȴⲻȥվġӡ
ҽ⿪۽ǵȵط۾
ĶСϣҶЦղ鲻ãǳȥߡͻȻ뵽һСİߵȥϻ·ɽƬ֡պÿЩһұϽװôһ
Ǹ״֣ϸϸĴ𣿡
״ְǺҶ»꣬Իȡ˳Ҳ֪İѾʼŮͶǹҰŶŮ׼װӦСľǹģû뵽쵹óˡ
㰡ǲңȻȥѧЩָ˴ҵĶͷ̶ֺȵƽȥɽϺҲͰˣȻȥ֣˵вĶȥ˻ֻģ㲻ǲ֪ôԽȥأ
İɣûнȥ˵ҲˣҼЩˣæҡֵֿ˿һֱһεվŵұԥҪҪȥժһ˭֪˼ڣȴǱɢ˺Щһ˵ҲˣǸմϱҡƵģΪ겻ȫɾҼʣֶ˱ǣҲûб˲ȹ룬Ļ԰ҲûнȥЩһҴǱʰŶ
ŶǵҲˡһƬ꣬ңȻƯǻӣǳ֦û˵ġҪЩʲôأ
ЦŽ£һͬʱﲻ֪Խ˳󣬱ܰЩС˳⻨Ȼܹô۷ζҲǺŮ룬Կ˵ЩҲóԵĶŶ
һƬ꣬ңǵòôడңﲻǾп𣬺αôԶ
ŮİȻҪԣ϶һξŪˣҪˡĻȻҪܶ໨ŹһǴҵİܲΪժ̫࣬ԱҲƽô֮ժҵͬʱƬɢ䵽ϵĻʰ𣬡ҰţһȴģҪŶɼҰĻǱȼĺأ
⺢ӣǻӶ࣡˵ҵĶͷЦ
վȥֻһȻɾҲҪһܲŸɾҲЩ
ͷûȥɣСĵ㣬ˡ
ߣ΢΢˵ͷˣСŮѾƽˡСŮ£ˡ
ˡָָҵ֣˿
תȥʹ˷ġ
ӳ⿴ȥ̴˿Ьڲˡ
һúմӦģȥҲҩơ
һ˵õȷأ룬ϿȴһˡΪԴĺЩˣȻҩ֣ȴһֱСƽȣû˿Ūʹҡ
뵱ʱ龰Ҳ¼ûסļҪλãҲصİɡ˵ȷˡֻǣϲҲΧ׷½ذɣʲôĿģ 


25 

˻ʹһתؿʹ
һۣ·ãһεˣ⺢ӣһ㶼˰
ҡҡĸ첲Ǹ⣡
պҩƣͷҲ̧ʣ˵ɽ쾿ô£
ԥƬ̣룬λӿ׷ɣպô·ǻң³̽Ҳ书ͱ˵ˡҲԼСģûҵ
ʣΪʲô
ݶɽĺһңҵͷסϵЦ⣬ôҪˣҲ̲סʱ
һҰĽﲻ˵ŮĶܽӿȻҪҵĽҵȻܸ˭֪ḡӻܲҲȻֱҪ
̾˿㰡㣡֯廨ãҲô¶ϾôԽȻǵҪһʲôԣϾǲԳ֮ġҪӦ䰡
Ǹʱֲ֪ǵֻ˵ʲôﴵúãͻȻ˵ҪҵĽúֲʶΪʲôҪŮŵĽֲ˵ݣ̾ͻȻ֣˵ţסҶͷָЦѵԺ˭Ҫҵ֮Ůø𣿡
ÿЦãָҵԴѽ֪ңúõģֺ˵ˣЦң䲻֪ݣȴҲÿϵ˲ǣѵͲ֪ҪСЩӦ𣿡
ѽϵĽŮҲǺſİص˭ֻ·ˡ˵ţ嵽Ļļ˵ˣǲҪ̸Ǹ˺òãЩøˣɵģһζʱһҲϲģ˵ܵԺҲϲŶ
⺢ӣҪעˣǲǣЦֵңô֪Ǹܵأ˵Ǹð
ЦһıΪͲǰ˰ɣ
Цҵɵӣ۷ʲô£㶼Ů
оݶϵĺʧˣ΢΢һЦӣŮͷˡҪȥһˣЪŰɣһŮЩĸԡ
ţЩЦǴˣȻҲǳô鷳ȻβĸңĸǸıĶУСģ½ִ·Ǽ˽֪ˣµͷȴǾ޹
ԺЩһЩˡ뿪ʱΪһװЩһ꣬Ҫô찡Ҳֻǻһ㣬һҵĳնƽҪ˵ʲôˣܹôʵΪѡ
룬ҶԺˮȥϪˮ
ȵȣֻûãɲʲôػæЩ¶ǵɡ
æҡҡͷˣֻһͰˮͺӼϻʱһˣͲҪЩ޹ؽҪ
Ц̶ֻͰš
Ϫˮλɽ£ЩԶһ˴壬һԵСűʩչṦɽһ·û˿ͣٵصϣСĵѰЩ˵С첽ţһ㵽Ŀĵء
ߵߵߵãûȵӣű㿪ˡ
㣡ҿԺ磬Цǰȥ
ҿĵЦãϻ룬ʲôʱأ˵
ҵͷЬ˻ȡ
ôֻͰ翴ҷЬԵľͰʡ
ҡҡͷһѾ
ЦЦ˺裺ȺȿڲɣӣһǴЩСİɣЩ꣬ˣ
ҡҡͷʲôݵúȵĲ裬ʲôֵ
ҵĵأŻֱˣƶֻ̽ЦŴȤ
ۣöİҾϲؽе
߰ڷŵıЦСǰʳľȿǼС㻹Ҫأ
ҿк˿ɸ⣬Уҿ˺òã
Ц
ϵʳĳ˸飬ֺ˺üڲ裬ƣɵðҰ
Ʒžһֱ˿վһЦ˵죬˿̼ҿһ㶣ʵСʲô¾Ը˵ʲôﲻﰡ
Цƣ̵ģֵǵյ̸Ұɡ
գǲ֣Ҳѵǵ֮ǰȻϲӺζ˸ô֡ȴһֱ̫ӣûҪѧİôѧˣʡ
һͷǰǰСĻǵãСһγԵʱֱóԣһأ׷ôġǻû˵ģŵֱҡͷ˵ǵʱ䣬ֱˣ
ʵǺʦ֮ҾûȤˣ뵽ƣƵҡţգ۾ƣҵĺƣͽ̽
ЦðȻСѧв̵ĵֻһ㣬֮ǰ鷳ؿɲ;ϣưæһȴֻѧһͷѧˣĻСɾͲٴѧһˣ
ǣ֪ҵͷЦӦȴΪΨһһĶơģĺܷ鷳
˵ˣڿѧ𣿡
Ц˦˦֣ûйϵ֮ûôǹ۰ˣʱȥҽݣʱκˡﵹǺܵģ⼸춼Ҫˡ
˵¡룬ԥ죬ڻʵšʦôͬ˵ģ
գգ۾ûô˵ڽϲСıײ󡣻ʲô𣿡
ûʲôҾ֪ʦûн˵ҵĻӣЦ
ҵĻЦû˵ʲôģǺܵ㰡ֻ˵Ҳ̫СЩ֮ˣҲԽײˡ
ʱûע⵽ֲܹңЦͻȻһԴЦǰ쿴ʮʱ͵ͻȻ뵽ʦ֡㣬ʦǲҲʮˣ
ǰ˵ĳƱûȥƼӹڣһҪѽ
ЦҸ
㶣ȻǰС£һֱû֪ġҪôأ
ǣ㰡˵˵ڳʱżȻʶѡ 


26 

ҡҡͷ㣬㲻طˡҪ֪ݲȳˣʦƽŶ˸ŵģǽύʲôˣĳв֪֮ƽðôѡɻأڼϺܶ˶֪ġݣǾԸʲϸġ
ҡҡͷҪ˵ʲôȴС㣬С˵ĵȷЩǵûСˣҲ۸лСΪѡ
ǰЦס֣ԣ㲻÷ˡʦֱ﷬ףˡʦֱҵѴùҵġ
㡭ɣȻȥҲΪˡ̾˿ֻգʵҲǲ֪ĸܡĳϣûиӦݵλȷǽܡ
֪ԼһʱҲ֪Ҫôο

Ǵƿе֪ġ
Ѿѧϰһ֮
ҸвãˡûмŽңͳһŵݸҡ
ҽӹţȴδֻЦؿ
ôҽҴġָҡ
ţЦҲʶѽ
΢΢һ㶣̶㲻ʶ֣ô˵
źεľȣһ˿ġĪģıҾúܴۡ·𷭶Զ˿ڡΪͽȬĵطͻȻʹߣȴѾûģοɤһҧֲĻǿѹȥͻȻ̧ͷֱơ
һЦôӣʹ˵Сүú𣿿СŮǲʶְѵ֪ȥѧôԶҰСܸġӣתȥժ˶һ棬ȥϼ飬ԲμӿƿıôٹҪĻƲԼˡȻСŮȷǳ󸻴󣬼ŮӣѧʣѧЩʲôأͽЦˣ
ɫ΢죺ҲǸ˼ôֿʼǹ˵ˣΪҽСͺܴ黭ͨɴˣΪҲһ
ǵҪллӵ̧ˣֻϧŮҹ㣬СŮҰɱȣתȥ΢΢һ
ɫһ̶תȥ˴׮£ãʵŲ֪ҽʲôҹ㡣
תȴͷɫƲκζ
˹ȥһԱߵһ˵
Ҳµ˵ʲôʵҽһֱЩ۵ġԴӶ𣬾ͳҵֻǸЩû˼ҵŮȻнҲͣЩûˣ˴˵ȻڹϺܳܵȴҲΪǫͣʮˡЩǶȻȻ̸ЩǷȴ˿˼ɡǶ˵ҸʵȢģ֮ԻôֻΪʱʵûа취ˣΪĸռˣΪ˲ҽ㲽ĸĺ󳾣һݡԣҽ㣬
㶣̶Ȼʵһĸͬ׼ͨ飬ĸ׵λϵͣŮĵλ̳ĸλ˵ΪĸͼռݣȢƵĸףΪĸϵҲ˵ͨ˵ʹ˿ʲôߣϾʹݰ˭ҵ׷룬µǼпġ
Ҵ±͹úܡǧСԺֻһѾߺһƵġңԺȻú࣬ȴҲʮأľˮʯͤ鿣ͨĲѰ˼ңɽľȫ͸Źɸ֮ҳȥʱ·ĻԻݻء
֮Ժӣʵ÷·ǼҵԺӵ档
ڣ˰ɣҽ֮нЩѧʵȫԼŬġҸʱ˺㲻ϲˣȥԺĴҲԽԽ١Ц̶̵ַʱд뾲Ժǰ֪ôһ㡣
۽Ǵһε˿ڡǣӦþ˺µӡ˰ɣִͬ˶Դ࣬滭ϲڳǻǾƤ׾û˿ۼǸɾƯ
Ժ㸸𣿡֪˵ЩǴδΣʮָжȻڱеӣȴ־üİʹֻ֪οƣֻʵϣܽõĻͨͨ߳һΪ졣
ҡҡͷǡڽȥ֮ǰһֱĸչ˵ġҸױ˵һңԼԾסǣǽƴţĸ׻ȥ˾ԺΪ̫ˣѡѾŹȥϼ˶֪㲻ܳ裬һԸȥǾ㣬ڲһѾҲޡ
ô˵⡮硯֣Ҳĸˣһɫʵ
ǰЩ£˹ҸӭȢĸ׵Ĳ²⣬һĸ˵ͷĸǽĸĺѣ൱չǸѡƣǾסԺӣΪӲˡȻЩӹÿЩڸﲢûʲôλȻϣҲûп
룬ʵ㲻ú㸸ԭӦǺϲǣҲΪ˸ôСݶ˵ĴˡȻôϲôͻȻֻΪǸССˣ̬ȴأҲ̫ˡ
ҵǴû΢һ£̶૵ǰΪʲôأû
ҺȻʶԼ·˵ʲôӦ˵ĻˡӦڴ˼ҵɡĻŴԺûе 
벻׾ͲҴ£ӻţҪô죿
Ȼתע˿ţ˼Ƭ̣ȻҰ㿴ɡʲôҪĻҲת
תһңĴԣȥˣҲɣңͨţƾʲô֪ݣҵ̷
ǾӵۺͲϵڴһȷÿ书Ҷ֡ͬ⣬ҿԼдżǰƴͣ粻ͬ⣬Ҷǰ㲻ͨţʲôҪ£ݸš
Ȼѡһŷ룬ǹ¶̫ðɣԼֵĿ֣ˡңƼСΨһ˺ˣ˵ǴκαȻҲ㲻ƽЩˡȻǸΪظ˽磬ڣΪһäҲֻÿ㣬ˡ 



27 ҩ

һѧϰĽŻѹҲɶŻЩƲֵЦЦ㣬ͲΪ˶ڻˡ㿴ȻҲܳţûһɡǣһԺӵĻľ㰡㻹ѧϰֲգǶϰ֣մ壬ֻҪģ˺ʦܱŷӵ֮£Ҫѧ㶫գ֣ҪĵأУʵǲ㼫ˣ֪жĽ㰡
ʲôģģʱˣԹŮѧϰЩΪ˽ǰˣңЦţʶԼѧٶ࣬ҲעʲôҸˡ
ҡͷôᣬǧҪ롣ƯᣬѧţֹׯΪº磬ĵôûҸأõõҸģ㰡
Цɵӣ㲻˵Щοˣҵ£Լ֪ͻȻס˿ڣʵʵ㲻֪жôĽڰ
УӦѾеĵʵ˰ɡ
ɣŬ¿еĵģЦʣ㣬Ҳ֪ӲѧҲãѧҲãĵؽСڲѧʲôҪĽе£֪Щ֮㻹Ȼɣڰ㣬ҲǼȥɽϴˮĽڰˣʹ֪ЩǾɣˣ˵ҵˣҿɲ̫ܵãƣϽֵǵյķ̸ҰɣҿɲܾôΪҽڴˮųģʹߵҲʱûȥ
ΪѵؿңС㣬Ʋֻ̣ʵǸӣʱҪĵþЩȼŻȥǺѧᡣ
ûϵЦȻˣƾȽҵĵİɣʲôãֻһ㡪ҪһΪϡ
Ϊʲôֵʵ
Цʼ磺ΪʲôֻһüãζҾЩŵһĵˡ

ˮͰصʱ򣬲ŷγŵʵ̫ˣЩÿԹ˷㵽ڵĴ³ǶѾˡˮЦӰˣǼòУɽȥˡˮôôʱѽ
Ҳ˼ɽ·˵ʱ䡣ＱҵøϽȥˡ
ԶԶģûԺţӰæ첽ǰˮͰˮ˳ʪҵЬ
ôվ棿ʱ̫ôܵסȥɣͰŵûа취ֻýͰŽԺҪȴѾںˡ
ôôŻ˵˵һͰˮ˶ˣ⺢ӣҪﵣǲǣţһݣո£ŭ
СĵվţԲζǻӵĴҪҪֻ˵ҪӣԺӲð
δӣ侲Һȵվʲôȥһ£֮˵
˿ҪţȴԺ
ΪǵˣתţЦųȥӭҵġǡҶÿ﷢ǻҵģ˳˵ϸĸǼҰȴǡ෴
ΪõȰȰԿ첽߳ӵңȴһһڻϿȴûбϣֽһˡҶһȴǡ
ӣ΢΢һ˸׼
ңЦλ˵ĿǲȻû¡
ֵؿŵ˻⡣
ӣλ˵ʶ㡣·Ѱ㣬˵ǲС·һƽؼҵġȴţС󣬷һֱǼõģʲôʱԹ·ѽ˵Ժǲεģ΢΢һЦֵλȴô˵ֻͬһ˭֪Ȼû£λԲǹȻʶˣ
˭վԺ޲ڵ˾˭ſˣ˳
һסȴѾ죺㣡ʲôǻӺȻӲ𣿡
Ǹعһ񣺡Բ𣡽ǸᣬʵǱǸ
Ƶôˣʲôǡʲô˼ʶ
λʶӣڻӵıһƣ󱳶ˣȻﵱºȻҡڵس֣Ҳʵ̫ɶ˰ɣ
ԣһŭؿ죺𣿰Сӣ쾹ȻԥصͷˣӵȻ˺εسǼҪһѵˣ
Խ˵ԽȻԺһɨ㣬ϻȥ
Щµһæݡ
ãߵϣҴһվԭأһֻǽ˫ֽ棬ǰ˱޷ճˡƬ̼䣬ñغڵϣѾǻҰһƬˣɻɨҪȥ
æЬӣ˹ȥץס֣ҪҪ
ңϵĶȻͣɨȴɱţСӴ㣬㾹ȻҪӣⲻ°
߶ţΪݲģ˭ҪߣλţʶˣߺߣôױŹ
ȻҲйҪһٵͷʮǿңǹҲ˵ݰҸҲҶ˵򲻴ùҲǸҪⰡ
ǿѹĻһ߷ס֣һŭ㻹վʲôղΪʲô㣿
һ˿ϲһ˿ζͬʱЦΪʲôҪ㣿ǰΪСλǸȻˣĳͷȻܣ֮
ЦӽҵƽôõģӻĪҪ˵Цˣȥɣ
ӽ󣿡ؿңȻɨ㣬ȴڷ
һ˵һɿ֣˽λӿ죬ϴ׷һᴵĵպŮֲСĴԾǱˡⲶ䲻ʲôҪְ񣬺ô˰ֲ˶֣ҲǸҲˣҲˣͲҪˡ
ƭؽƽӣҵģ͸ߣ֮Ůĸ㳢
صԺҵؿְϾˣ
Ϊεʼ磺Щҩҵ󣬽ҵһֲСĻһƣʵǱǸЩŵҩһЩƷ䲻ʲôȴҲЩӪЩڲѪЧҴ¡˵ţȡ˼ֽӷŵģЩˡ 


28 

ҽӹ⼸ֻصֽҩĲƷ͵СŮл˹ġҸ֪ݣŶð֮ĪҪ𡣡
֪ҲƽϵġֽԻЩɫȻʧһգתۼ㻻˸ɫղΪɵҵݣһή㸸ףŻ𣿡
⡭ǵȻֵؿΪʲôôʡӲ˼򵥶Զ׼Ĵ𰸣Ϊʲôǿ
˵ֻΪҵݶѣŻģֻ𣿡ŵʱֵһĨȤζԼĻϲѾȫʧ֮Һ֮
ؿӺǵģҿóˡȻֻ棬ҵĸоҲһֱģҾ֪ˡһĵ׵Ϥûʲôԭ
ˡˣûɵһʹΪ£ΪʲôһʱҲˡֻʶҪʲôȴֲ֪Ҫ˵ЩʲôΪôһʣԼȷղΪʲôҪŵˡ
죡ͻȻصͺһһ
ʶס죬ؿ
Ҽǵϴͬ˵㺰ӣͻȻץסҵʹһ졣
һһ̱ͻȻ͵ͺһ䣺ҳתȥ
ҿ첽ǰţƬ̼˴ڡ
үүǶѾȥˣϻһƬ
תȥˣӣҪʲôһ˵ˣʲôСŮһδεΪСŮΪʲô
ңҪڣֵҪͬСŮ˵ʮȤСŮ˵ȴ˵սľıϷˣ˭߸ϵˣʣΪʲôҪһ٣ٶСŮ鷳ƻСŮƽأע⵽ͫһ£װʲôװӦҲ³˰ɣˣܳԾСŮ֪ݣ
俴ңǲµ֪ʲôȻѾ˵ˣҲͲȥ²ˣôھ͸ңô֪Ҿģ
ڴ˶ƲãͻȻֶƺ˽ˣ˭ңЦЦգգ۾ͻȻӿǶ˵ĪɬΪҺ壬ҵۿ򣬡˵òڣǳʵһӣǳʰ˵˲֪ġСŮµóкѣ
ЦСô
ңѸٻصͬʱתȥʹӺζζȴ֪Լ±ʧĻ˵ڵ˻صûȥĵطԺҲ벻СŮˣʵǣ񲻺ϡСŮƣ಻صġСŮСɽϳ󣬵ӺãС˸ڻ£źܿͻˡңСŮݵ΢ܲôҩģ˻ǲҪ˷ʱˡ
ߵǰؿңͻȻЦô϶һҲһںˣʵڹⲻȥ˵㶫ʾһǸˡ
ô˵ǲˣЦЦ˼٣ȴŴпζڰ˿˴򽻵ɲʲô£ȻȴݺݵؾʹĪѹ
ҡҡͷЦ˵СŮˡȻͬСŮĿǱáûʲôµĻСŮˡ
תȥܹ˳ұȥǧҪ׷
ʹһۿǰһ֮ǰ󣬶Цú޷ȿԵˡ
ǳλȨصְһƷӦǸϣǸ˰ɣȴᣬ֮ǰȻҲȷģһķԽӽż¶ǵϲŭ޳ȴҲֿÿÿʮ֡ڣֱչҵ׵ĵطЦң
ҷһƣ˼ҿ󣬴ȥˣص㣡
ЦЦʱ򶼲˵˵ôиɻ𣿡
Ҳ˵ֻ޺޵ؿˣﰵԻţ壬ҪôԸţͻȻһʹôˣ
ô˵ˣҲ²¡ͻȻеǰȥߵıʱͻȻͣҵǰڻţҲ࣬ôҪԸң
һʶؿȴ۾￴ϷŪ
ӦҶǲ¶ˣִЦ֮Ա
ҿͣЦЦˣСŮҪȥˡиĸڵСŮʵס
ҲãҰΣͻȻһĪЦݣ
˺˵仳ɣȴҲ˿ȻˣСŮˡϣԺҲĪҪСŮĸˡ
һұƹҴ뿪ȴʱͻȻʵܶ
һŲ٣ȴǰȥŬԭȵٶȣֻװû㲻κηӳΪûĻǾ仰ġ
ĵ̾˿Ϊʲô㶨Ҫҡˡأ㣬ôҪ𣿡
ΣҵĽŲû˿ͣٵؼǰȥ

ص˼Һ͵򵥵˵¸ղųȥˣ֮˳
ƺ̵ĵܼ򵥣ЩСģôЩģǵһΣȴҲ֡룬ֽƻ֭ӽȥܺã˱ǣ֪һЩƻζЩ
ڽˣҶԱ߿¯Ǹˡת֮ǰھϵҩĺͲƷõһһ
Ǽҩġҽ飬ȴȫ棬⣬мζҩһϵóģЩѪҩġһԴЩֽкüֽЩ֥¹׵ȻЩߵƷļǮˡ
ӣм¾ҪˣЩøﲹӵáϵˣһֱϲºӵҶӺãټ֮ˣۣҽݾͺںϵˣСˣû˴󰭡ôţⲹƷñȶҵҪöˡ
ƻЩƷ÷ԺͻȻʱǾ伫͵ô̽Ұɡ̽ǷУȻͣ½Ų˵ûУǰߡЩʱװûֱǰ߾ͺˣʱʶͣ٣Ҳ֪ûнɡ
ӣĺûУŵĹͻȻ˽ʵ




29 

æ˼عȥŵ˵ͷôѾòˣֻСһͺá
δãȴ㰡ӣǺܺðҪϵˣߴ±ߵ˵ҲˣǲҪ˵ĺáˣɵɡ˵˵Щʲô
ҡҡͷЦûʲôԵİֻҪǵģͶóԣӶϲ
⺢ӣôˣôôŭֵЩô£Ūģ
ҿ˿Щڰ֣ŶǶǽλ͵ģ˵ңܱǸЩʾǸ⡣
ͬӣôЩأ
ΪʲôܣλӼڹټҵôȻȱӻඣӦǮ˼ҵүЩǿ㲻ʲô˵ˣЦתȥ鿴ŵģңʵ㶫ҲӦá
ҡҡͷô˵̫Щ
ùһֻӣСĵؽʢҲհλ˵ʲôҲϴߣ˵Ҳգҡ˵˵ô죿ֻˣպǰ
Ҫ˵ʲôֶģЦͲ˵أҲòЩӪˡЩøﲹ𣿿ҶѾˣҪˣҲ֪˵ȥ
˵ұ˵ģȥˡ
¾ôȥˡ
뿪
֪Ϣ΢ʰ˲ƥڶȥ˼С
ƥһʱȻŸʱ룬ʱպöƹ˶ļ֣·Ժ⡣
ӣҸű㿪ˣͬʱڴܳ׷С˭
ҽȥŲ죺ˣӣҵöˡ
Цȥʵôˣʲô¶ˣ㿴ܸ˵ӡ
£Ц˸öһֱ㿴أ
ЦʲôöôˣҶҪúơ
һԵľЦСˣСԵ԰תСأղŻһֱ߶ţ֪أ
˵ţЦʵСõ磬»û緹ɣ
ҵͷЦ첼úãôȫˡҿʱ磬ҲͲȥˣСٳԵġô㲻Ҹϳȥɣ
˵ģʲôЦַԸ㣬ȥƣӽ³ԷֵĲ˶
ӦųţԶԶıƵ
ˣȻƫƧȴҲֲܾɣҲˣôƵ磿˵ͬһԷˡ
뵽ҿ磬Ц㲻ͬʹ˺ͷһԷҲˡҪҲһˡ
ЦŵͷɲҲͨˣҲܳ裬Щ徲ӿɹ̣˵ǰͱҸȥˣܡ֮˺£
⻰˵֣һʱȴҲ֪ηЦ˵ЩˡҪҿıأóɣٵθˣ
ЦЦתùױУ򿪣ڳһֻԲεСľеݸң򿪿ɡ
ҽӹЦСĵش򿪡ɲǼ䣬ее˼ȫʧˣʣµģֻ𾪡
ɣ·ӺԶĵطտָֻʱҾͺϲϲϧҲ˵ʵ̫ѵˣҴûиӵˡ˭֪ȻͻȻݷңң˵Ǹҵļ񡣻ӣ˵ǲǺֻ񣿡
ҺϸӣݸЦȷ񡣲ֻҪҵƯ㣬ôأ˳ôִ󷽶ˣһܺʵģ
ЦŽľָֻȡظţЦҲֻǡֻЩġһб˿ˣ϶Ҫ˵ЩʲôҡһǲҪ̫ĺá
֪˼ΪйĴԣһֱ̫һԼı˵ۡ
㣬㲻ҪԺƽʱûʹЩС˵ʲôʵȥİֻҪԼҪ£ԼľͺЦŰοĺϣ¶ϲ顣
ҡҡͷ˿ַָ࣬ŻľУḧźϵĵ񻨣ӣ֪𣿱ǲ֪ǸԵģһֱΪ˾ҵĸңֻΪ̡
ϣƽأأ˵Ǽ̹ģʹ¡
ʱһ͵͵ܵǰԺÿļ̻ҵС㣬Ǻһȴû֦չƯˡҿ׺ܸ˵ڶ棬ͻȻ;úܼǡҲӵңЦֻҪżңҺɫ˵ϼ仰ͺáҾˡ
ʱһСͬúܿģҾ룬ңΪҲƯЩСһش磬һҲƯЩɡȻҵ̣룬ǾĴһӦҲһЩ
㿴ӣʱңɣЩͷ޷ңɼġ
ͻȻң΢΢һЦЦ䲻۵ףȴҲԵˡֻ΢ĻȴĨȥıˡͷһģ֪Ǻá
Ҳûе˵Թ˵˵ȥԽԽ죬û˵ˣеҪЩĵ׵ĻһԶִ߳Ļţʱһؿ˵ţ·ֻҪһͣ٣ͻʧȥٴοڵ
һƯɫ޵ѣϷ˵ǰļΣعϡչüξӣȷϵķѾڵòСľͼҾĵܵǰԺȥҸˡΪһһͻῴң˵Ҳұ϶ЦڴЦ档ңܼȸԾ
ʵȴûûУֻһ̷ۣɿתͷȥûбңЦСûؿңҿɰСֻǳһƳ˫Ŀ·𿴵ʲôһӶټһ̵ģתͷȥ
״չҵһ١Ҳܵ𷣡ʱʮ꣬ԼǸСأȴΪң˶ʮޡҿˡʸΪʲôϲңΪʲôҪǡӦûŽʲôɣʱ̫С̫Բǵȴؼǵã״ͷβûٿһۡ 




30 

СľУͷ·̾·ڶ죬ԾͿʼڸ÷зĸĴڹôúٶȱóΪ෹ĵ֮ǰй֮޲Уҡ˵ҵӾ֪ĸضǸ˼ҵС㡣ĻôСô硣ȻɶҺܺãûΪʲôı䡣ȻЩȴҲǴҵĶС
ҵĴҵʲôȱӣƯ·ʳģӦоСǣȴʼնܵõСӵеĶ飬λҡҾʲôأҲ֪ˡ
㿴ǲܴģҲҪٶȳΪĻ⡣Ҳ룬ΪҵԵʣʹҵĸ׵Ļ⣬ٴα𡣡
һ仰ܽôһ˵̣ܶʵȴܳĹ¡
㣬ˡգȥʪЦ
ؿңŶˣ
һʼʹˣ㣡㣬Һ˿ڲ裬ƯƯ֮ǰʹ˿㣿
ҡҡͷĿȻʱѾܾûмˡԣҲš
ҵͷʾû˵ڵĻô֮ǰĸ׵ĴԾ𣿡
ͷ
ȻˣôίԼС£ʲôãʹ˲ΪŴؾ㣬˲ΪСĲҡֹͣɺͷ̰ôʲôã֪ôЩ̣һǼôȲʹʹ˶һЩҲʹһ㡣ȻЩ鶼ܰ쵽ôΪʲôίԼأСĽ£磬˿Լˣ£ʲô仯𣿡
β۾գؿҡ֪ûҡһ̣ʲôҲʲôҲˡ
һҼȻ㶵ģֻÿڻ㣡㣡
Լ˵̻عȻЩãȻȴЦЦ֪Ľδ⿪ȴɶļ
㣬㲻Ǻϲָֻ𣿼ȻϲǾʹ԰ԥЦŲϵȰõֻԿ㲻ҪժɣʹԿ㲻Ҫһֱţô֮ժˡ
ԥؿ˿ңڴľУ˽ָ
ǵ͵Ĵҹ֣𪣬޳ָָ̱ĵ
ۣƯҾ̾ǽϾĹôµĸо
Цָǰĺ
̧ͷҲ
΢죬Դɬؽӣ
ͷٴȤ
ʦֿϸģҽĿͶöָϣСܺʡָ֪ʦôѰأ
ǵģС
Ҳ⣺ʲô˼
ѽôף˵˵ָ͵СؽţͷҲԽԽ͡
Ŷ𣿡Цſ͵ģҲʦ֣ƺ;˳ˣȥǰԺͻԺô
ͷҵķҲԽԽͣͣͣоҲԽԽˣЦ㣡˵ǲǽʲôѡ
ͷ̧ɬʵʵҲʲôֻǼѡ㡭㲻ҪϹ
ҵĺڳɹر˳Ŷ棬ͿôصĶҿɲŶ
ֻǼѣҸ׵Ŀˡڸ߶ʱеԺҡͷæֱţ·ҲţֲСʱһģ
ҵͷЦˣ˻ôأַʲôѽ
ˣȥʱ塣֪ģƶ壬ԼͬԼ¡ұǱģûע⵽˭֪ͻȻƵҵǰ˲塣
ˣͬһǱ˵˵˵ţ㷢ͬƣϲʫͬĿһµġĻģƵİãǾǶĺѰ֪̸ִЩ磬ɴ𣿡
ǣӣµĺ׼㡭ô֪ģڴЩϣȴɴźΡ
ɬЦҵȴһɵǣԥһʵ㣬Ժӣ˵ʲôǸĻ𣿡
ʲô㶣ûаĵ̫Ͷ˰ɣ
ûӦӰɣһǶһˣͷұŵһӣһ˴һҵԺӣһͬ˰壬ûһʾ񲻴ˣЩ
ģģһͷԵӣӣ֪Ϊҵġ㿴ͬ˺ܾð֪ǸѧʶԨΪֱˡֻΪЩӵˡ
ǡ̾˿ûм˵ȥ
СǱ㣬һֱסھԺûţ˵ˡͻȻгһᣬָвŻӣĲŹ֡Ůӣһͻ᲻һеġ룬õģΨһѣȴҲûʸȰİɡңȻãǻǸˣľء
ӣ֪ΪҺáǣ˽Ǹľӡ㿴֣ҿöʶĿָ̻ؾܣָֻǰ͸ҵġ˵˵öָżȻõģֻң˵˵
˵ʲôɫӺ죬׷ʣȴһ̾Ϣ
翴һֵۣͷȥ˵ȻΪϵ±뿪лᣬһҵġ
ЩһȷˡֻΪԵʱͬһ˶һŮ˵һġһ䰮ĳŵ
ﻳţΪˣǡ
С㣬뿪ź𣿡
պǻ˼߹ȥŴ򿪣ǣ棬ӷڵ£ٶ˽ͺ
ͷ֪СһƽЩ
ЦԴ
㰡㰡ǰȥϵЦôΣǻûгء
ǿɲСÿæúܣйƵתͷȥֻСȻ̬ׯ߽Цƣܷʱ𣿡
ɲ䲻ӣȴõĽˣͬһӰڵǰ˽ֻԱߣС磬˵ҪԷͶŸʲô쳢ζΣСأ
ЦŶ˴ʵˣ㣬˵˰죬һ֪˭أȻڸ·Ȼʹ˵Ŀˡʹˣ󣬱ضдˡѵǸˣߣ壿 



31 ʹ

壬ǴеĴŶδ˵ȵǾģλȨأݺܸߵĴأ
ЦЦ¿ʵŶĴˣôĴأλѽλܸ𣿾֪󣬵λܸߵĴˣͶѽ
һЦҫĿҵ˰ǲλߣ󣬶ҲᣬӢ⼸찡δ˵ȫƯƯȥ߶Ϊעأ
ݣϤ
һߺһʶʵŶ˭ѽôֱ˵Ҫ
С㣬ˣһһŶѽǳᣬӢҲݵλߵģ죬Ŷ
ҵͻȻܿƵض˶Ǻ˺䣬ҵؿƾԱߣ˿æű
˵㣬ҴϢŽӹһں̾˿ȴһ̧ͷе˫ۡ
ûˣ㲻õģֻǸղźʱûעˡҳͻȻЩصǣЦЦõġ
˵ͷ˿
ϧû꣬ЦҿģСþѾͷŵģ⺢ӣҲǸˣô˵£ôððʧʧģ
ȴֻСĵؿңƺЩڴҵۣȴЩġ
µȷһ㣬˵Ǹˡˣ
˵ͷ
ſڣȴ֪Ҫ˵ʲô
ּС㲻֪˳ÿɺˣ˵ֹҲţСǼģһᡭ
ˣ㣬Ҫ˵ˣͺȵֹ˾ੲݵĿޣԷģҪ˵ЩˡӣƵࡣϻزƽһһСҲһŶ
֪һǺߣǵԼݣ䲻졣
ϣǰﲻʲôæģǱĻת˻⣬ЦǿһҪˣ
ӣʼɨϵʳӵʳҳ˴롣Ϊѵһôʱ䣬ΪʲôԭһֱԵúܿģҲ˱࣬һֱЦؿҳԣʱظˡ
Цű߳Աͬ죬żҲͬ˵ϼ䡣úζҲûʳ֪ζζǣһע⵽粻ʱϵĽָͶȥСŮɬۡҲйʱԣҶ
ǣΣλô⣬ر𣬼ı˴మôõĽҲǼ޹ȥ檣ܵģһӣݶûС
⣬ҲҸ
ǣֻܿšûа취ֹЩҲûȥֹ
ΪҾЩ硣
ԣҼʲôȻʳȱȴδҿԡǸ죬ߣͻʽ壡ʲôϡģ
Һ޺޵ţֺһִĺƺġħ
˼ȫˡغ硢˵ףЩҵԺͣ롣
ͻȻҷ룬
ֵؿңôˣӣ˲ó𣿡
վˣȱһܡ˵꣬һת˷
֮û뿪Ϊղ˼̫עΧµҷ֮ʱѾ⡣
ȻǵһǾķӦȴܿ졪̽ùķͿյһĵӺֻҪƵϸǾƲġƣҲͬһʱ佫˹ȥĴ
֮ͽʱ龰ǣڳһٿܷʢͣһŵģҪв˵ľơ
ûκο֮
˭Ϊʲôķ䶼ͨʱҵʡ
ԭأǲԼ۾ƵĿˣţͬʱò˾䣺״ˣ
󸹱ӣȻĵֻ˵綨Ǽ̳򣬲Ż᳤绨
Ӽ磬ǳһҲЩ漴ЦضΪֻǹˣ°ɣ
˵ȻУңȴһ˿
Ƶݸϣףʹϡ
ôڳ緹ģָǰӵĲʣ۾ȴûƬ뿪硣
Ҿ۾֣磬ȴַ·ڿһˣʣ
ǣף̶ԥʣףҪҪһЩ
ʹЦðǾһЩɣ
ҵĵؿЦҡţ󣬷ϵĿ𽥿ء
һֱվһԵƺ;״̳ȥ׼꣬ϲЩִٵؿ˿ʹˣ·ֱڣȻ⾹ġ
ЩҪ̫нΪûʲôҪ£㣬˳Щʹ˵ЩΪæ㣬ϣ㲻ҪʲôԹ޲ǡ
æģ״æŮԲôŲǡո״ŮѾ㣬̸Թޡ
ʹصͷ֡
̱ƿˣνһѶŵһԵĵϣڷ˳ˡ
羪ȵ˫΢ţĿЩɨɻؿʹˡ
ЩΪǰ˴ӾܹϺõΡЩȫǴʱµʽҲˣúúôǡЩšѷԸ˷ȥѵѡʹС㣬Ժϯֳϣܴ̫ܲᡣ
缤ӯͷȥȴֻ˵һ仰Ůл״˹ģ
֪˺ܾã˺ܾõһ졣ΪЩ·ΣֻΪ׵һξˡ˽ֵȴ˴ĵеο
ƺܿˡʹ˱ҶΣȴҲǴСƵϸֹܵ壬ʱȻȴҲʧ̬
ʹˡȴϲ֮С
㣿㣡ǰ֡
Ҹˣӣڻعϲץסҵ֣ЦӣҸŶղҸˣ֪ˣôˣһ̤Ժһң㿴㿴ôණң
ңߵһŶǰЦŽѵСɽƵĶָҿЦЦţȴͻȻ棺ӣӣҲҪЩֻҪҶѽ֪ҵһ죬˶𣿻ӡ 




32 

ȥϵˮЦ֪֪ҵȻʹ˸ղˣˣҸղҲﰡ
΢΢Щˣȴ̲סϲõЦݡ
㣬ҪˡôãҲûȥˡҵ
æ𣡱ߣӣҰɣҵĸǰ㿴ŸãҸ׾ˣȱߣٶһɡ
ֲֻõ˵ͷ
ЦСᰡһ˻ˣϣиһ˵˵С㣬̫ˣ
Цˡɵ˵ˣҿûôͣʹŶͬʶôˣҪı£һʹˡ
ЦǾһָֻˣһҲŸմûã׾ˣҴ˺ˣ
һҸؿϵĽָһ֪ˣ֪Ϊʲôʹ˻ͻȻ̬ȴ䣬ӲܳŮôˣŮģصĹǽпҪ˵磡˵ףͽδ˵ģ
ߣһǸٵģֻûһƲģѾˣҪôӭʹ棬ʲôãΪĴӰɡϾһ˵õȮ졣Թδ
ֻǣεģȴĸм֣
ʵڲ̷ȥϵҸЦͳ˵ʹڴҪ˵ϺõеȵģҲǼѵõģеλ˲ܵõĶԸǴҸңͬɫвͬԢأ
ȻҵĻʵŶǣʲôԢ⣿
ܶŶЦŻִʱΪһʶѧĿͻϲĸε֪ʶĴһһо٣ɫԸ˴ƽҸɫŸ߹󡢵ţɫºɫˬ졣
ԼǴδ˹۰ɣ̶ЦŵͷԼĽָҵôӣɫɫͰɫִཻʲôأ
һ㶣ͷΪÿ춼ţϰˣöָ
ֻɫɫͰɫĽָɫΪףɫϣȻ޵֮࣬·γص·ĳλˣԴͨĲֵ㻭ֵ滨˽价ϡ
ȻһĽָԸʯǱʯǶǣڹߡǶȵĲͬɫ·Ҳڲϵر仯š˱ɫΧߵǿȺ࣬ԷɫƻϦ£ʱԷѤõɫ·仨ӵĳħ㡣£ڽԾţţΪ֮Ŀѣԡ
ȻѽָˡʱõΪ²ҵʳָСϣԲŴʳָһ쳤ָδϸխĸоǰƶ£־ժˡǱ㽫ָϡ֮⣬ȴ֮еģҲʺָĺ롣
Ľָǰɫͺţ㡣ңһ˻ָ֣ʲô棬ʲôѧһѧȴʲô˳һ㣬ûʲôس㣬ʫ踳黭һͨ˵գұЦ
ôô˵㲻Ǻܻ˵ˣ˭˵ӳòƯЦҾãĽأ
㲻ðο֪ԼûƯׯѧʣʫһġָãһ㰡ǾʲôȲʼ磬ͣԭһָƯģǺָʵûһɫĵطˡ
УЦָ˴ҵıӣ㰡ͻ˵Щңʵһ֪㣿治ϲôһô꣬û
Цֻϰ
˵Ҳ֡ҸռʱʹˡôЩ꣬Ӧô˲Ŷ԰ôŻôأӦͬһöָɣ
һ㶣̶亹ֱð⡭Ҫôشźã 
ߵߵߵҲ˿
תͷȥʲô£
С㣬ˣ˺ЩģƵдЩϲãٵش
ʲôˣȻһʵ
̴ϲõԭɤ˼ģС㣬˴˺üأѾ쵽Ժ
ҶǸӡպҲûȥˡ㣬ͷ˺ú˵˵ɡ
վҪ߳ȥ
Ҳվӣȵȣ
תߵһʹ˷Ķǰ鱦ζϷĳд򿪣ȴֻ
۾һЦźľǣݵҵϣЩһֱչңҡҾҪš
ҡҡͷҪôԣʹ͸ģͺ򲻿Ҫġ
ȴֵҵϣŰɣҵ⡣ҳôΨһģҲ֪ĵѡң㻹Ƶʦð͵ǳİʦɡ
Ҽ˵ö飬ֻõͷպƴкƿţѸӺˡ
ϣ깦·ʱֿⷢȷƯʮңһ̶ɣͷκ˹Ƕĺۼͨѩףɫ䵥ȴһʢĻɵĺƾ˼ϸֻʮ־ϸϵ·Ҿģ֮£һʢββصĻ鶯ĳ໥ӳģ˱˴ʻʺûҲͨһ㣬ⴥµָУӦϳˡϵĵ̣ӦñȰǶϵҪλ룬λưɡ
ḧֻƼ򵥣ȴޱ־ϸŵʮֵǡЦٴγҵǰ㣬ҸȫܹܵõʵǸܿŮڸĸĻʱƽһ¸ҵ¡ԼŬװ磬ͼӮø׵ĻعˡʧˡӴˣÿŮӶеİ֮ġСģԽҪĵʱ׼ЩҥԣԼҥΪ޹ȴҲɵǡЩȹģҺµš
 


33 ج

ʱĹ¿Ѻȥ𡣶ִʱûеõĸĹذȴһֱšĺǻҪǣȻһֱܹ¶įȴûܵӡ෴ģΪĸصĹϵǣΧĸھǵңǵĹģҲֵܿسһҪء
ȴûСĸĳ谮ϧѣһûСеģֻһȱԴȴĺĵķˣһȴʼŮбܳȥĵܵܡЩ鼮壬һС
ԣƺ;㣡ǣʮůǴӳұҼãΪĹϵȻˣǶİͿ֪ˣһ룬οЦˡ㣬ڻңǣģʹиʲôһǻ㣬ңҲ㣡

˯ˣһֱ磬ȴûԤϵҵĲңһ
˼⼫ãƥǮϳˣɫ棬˽ЩӦˡұŲƥ´ǲǿٳһЩĻɫˡڴŵʱ˽ֿڴļеĽŲ֣ܲĳأȴŬӿ˽Ų˲ѵ˲̯ǰ
̧ͷҪʳʲô¶ˣеؿڵӣϽȥһˣԺˮС˽ţˤ˾ԣҪˣ
ҵԴ̡һըһҵǰ˲һڣκζҲʧȥеҸеҡңںʲôǣʲôˣҲʲôǰȥҷ·䵽һǸֻңΧһˣһ硣磬һˣй¶ңпӵҡûбġ
ʹ࣬ѹҷ·ҪˡãȻ۾ʲôȻ׹ص飡һ£ȴ·ңԶԶãҵ硣
һʱͻģˡ֡һĲҿǰˡһؿңϵض˵ʲô
δſڣȴҵ֪ʱɳƵ÷ȱˮ㡣
˵ɵ¶˿̶ȴֵĵؿңӣ𼱣Ȼȥɣ𼱡ӡ
˲˹
˲κˣκҷɿǰšûʹṦֻǿȣƴȫšΪǵǴ֣Ϊһ̣Ҹѽѧйȫˡ
ҷ·صִҽӵѴҽԺĵ绰绰ᣬתǣȴᵽһ˿ա绰ʱ˱ӵһұӿٶȵ·Ҳͣ
ʱҲİɡû˼ȥģԺֻĳطĸĸŵģŵģȫǡʹȫţ·һеˡǶ˵Ŭȫ֮
Ŭأƴأٶȵҵ˫ȡ⣬ΪʲôΪʲôأ
ƽʱҪһСʱ·ҰСʱ˻
ǣûеõϣĶϣʲôңûеȵ
Ժﶼˣ١ＸеŮ˶ˡҼһˣæǰҵ֣οң˵ЩɵĻȴһ䶼ˣֻǴվŵԷȴһҲˡ
ҵģҺ£ңǰ
һҲʶŮ˴ڽͬʱģһˮ˽ˮ˳Ѫˮ˽ɫ͸Һ壬˳ǺɫճҺ塣Ҵ͵ؿһУеرˣԺһƬհס
ﴫһӤޡһһ
ˣҷɿ˻ȣߵԷǰȥžͿˣһ͵ϸ˳ң̱ҪҸԶЩ˲صѪץ˫ۣôˣôˣôˣ㵹˵
һۣĿ¶ŨŨû£Ǹ
ӡûˣ˿ȴԼЦûˣʵأҲû˰ɣ
ȴֻԸңտڲٴ𻰡
һҵҡ˵ѽ㵹˵ѽôˣ㵹˵˵һҡֻǼеҪҵ֣ȴɲ
Χкü˫ңҴ
˵⺢ӣô
˵ӣܸҪǿ
˵ӣȥɡ㡭Ҳ
ԶһһЩ˽⺢ӣôСͣû
ǰǰǿϧˣôõ˰ģҲܺðôͻȻûˡǡ
ڳ˵ĻҲԼôͻȻôˡΪʲô˵ʲôʲôҶ֪
գգۣȴּǲǸոգ˵ʲôЩˣЩ·һ̣ƮҵУȻأͬʱһأƮˡ
ת߽˫첲ƺҪң˦˦֣ǿ߹ҡŵż̧ͷһ۱һЩĸˣŸС٣ڵϡһߣﾲϡ䡢ذ塢źӵŮˣͻȻҡΡ
߹ȥأߡ
ɫ԰ףȫûһ룬ǺۺģοɫѿҲ
ḧ԰׵Сĵ˯ɡ˸ŮҸոĿˣܴŶһܽһǸƯСȻˣͺúϢһ°ɡӦȥҵˣˣһ۾ͿԿ
һֻҵļ磬ʵӣˣѹˡҪǿЩҪߵòİ
ת΢ЦؿŸڵ˵ʲôֻ˯˶ѰӦúɣԣﾹȻûеȵһ˯ˡǵģԺ󰡣һƫҵأ
ӣɱӣͻȻҡҵĸ첲е
Цˣôˣ˸СãôأǣòײŵıŶȻǸŮҸҴģҵһᱦòأ
ӣӣͻȻɿҵĸ첲ֻǿţϵؽҵ֡
ôŶҼĵЦţǰﻹûʱ˵ŶÿЩǵʵǸŮô졣ͻЦ˵ûϵģŮðһƯִģ£áǺǣõһҲϲġȵˣͻʱһĿڣһҸأ 


34 ˫

ŵ̶סҵĸ첲еӣˣˣٻˣˣ
ˡˡˡҵĶпʼԺʣֻ˵֣ϵأظأ졣
ôܣⲻܣͻȻһԺеɢȥҵǰﲻȥôҺ͵ǲߵģôҺ͵ô뿪ǣģģֻˣ˯һȻͺˡҲô˵
Ǳסˣ㶣̶ӣӣȻˣ㻹ð㲻ҪҰӣ
ܣסڣҲٺ˵˵ˣûܣţͺ㿴תҡ˵ˣ˵òЦȱ˯ˣ۾ƣжЦ
ӣӣѾˣˣ
ҲǣѰҪ˯ˣǡǴҾȻ˵أЦǲǣѹǿ
öңҡֻǱ壬һһغЩףƽʱڿˣΪʲôôôѡΪʲôأ֪ҺżҪҪ۾ҿЦأ˶ϵˣֻûСΪʲôأ
ţԸ뿪ߣҺţϣѳ˯
ҲûܻҲûе

ҿŵﻺǸ˵ĴΧԸĴǿʼһһ£ֱӣرһͷεѡ
Ĺˡдŵ֡ǶԺܶķޡͬޣͬѨҲҸɡ

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ǺǣЦˣΧ˷һҲᣬ֪ʦļֵˣڵӺóŶ
⺢ôˣǳʲô˰ɣĵ
Χ˿ʼ˽
ת̧ļСӵλ磬ǰҵ̧Էȥ𣿡
ӣʲôˣǣһϤ
ףδѽôˣ㲻ӦѧԺôˣʣƽ
δľţӣôˣҰѶʰþ̸ˡ
úˣҵոձ̧ӣӦ׷ȥˡҳ΢΢һЦ࣬ҾͲдˡɡ
˵꣬ҶĸСӵ̧ȥɣУ
ŵһҽ˸ϳӡ
ѷȫȡױС
ִûѧЩǣҲõˡҪʰģƯƯߡ
һʱţ˳ȥѾԡϣױĵûѧרҵǻױƾĻױ飬ǿʰˡ
ĵطվš
ҽӹֻ٣ͣȴûҵǮǸղżеظϻкͲƥһ˲̯ϡ
һֻݵҵǰҵǮ
ɣδ͵мϴæˣ̯ҲûգҲ֪㼱û㣬ѶյҼҡǮҹã͸ˡ
ҵͷӹǮлл
ҡҡͷ̾˿ӣЩ¶˭Ҳ벻ʲôѾ͸˵ֻҪõģһ㣡
ˣҰǮǰҴæˡҡҡͷӹǮ
˵꣬תͷȥȡӸţȻȥˣõƽҪлǡӣȥ
⡭̫ˣǸͽϴ󣬿ҪЩĽŵ
Ц࣡࣡ҪͷҼ¡
ԸǽӣЦе
ҿԴӳ֮һֱ޵ãҸˮҪ㣬Ͳ̫󣬵һҪءҪģҪãҪơ⣬һ׼ݶлģ
ͷģȥ죡Ҫ˰ʱܰ˸ͷİɣصļw w w.27 t x t.c o m (ȥС˵)ṩС˵Ŷ
Ǿˣҵͷ
ţҶԴ峤壬иλǣᣬ£ɥ»ҰŰһ졣ллλˣ˵ţһ
æסң⺢ӣǾͱˡҽַģƽʱҲչˣ¶ȻԹۡģӣԺҵ¶ֻҪڣǾƴǣ
峤Ҳӣģɥ¶ŴޡɥľЩ㶼òġ£Կɿ
ҵͷ˾Ͷлˣ
룬ֵɥķãҽʡʱһ󣬻ӻһģ
⺢ӣ˵ô⡣ѣ峤ɫǣһǴǮҲɥ¸÷ģ

֡ɥʹʱ򣬲ӦŴΪʲôµĽȴһ㶼أתشʱ̧ͷ˿죬ɫһĺã治ΪһŮʧȥ˫׶˿仯
ͻȻͣס˽ŲҲȫס˽š
ҵǰŸСӡ
ʲô磿ʡ
ͷãҡҶԲ㣡ҪûӴվ±ϣ䲻غô仰Ҳʧ£ģȫҡҡģҳģֻҪ㷢仰ҪһͷײĹǰҲԥ˵ţڵأصҵĻ
ǰ磬²㣬Ҫֻ֣ܹû
Ҳʲô֮ˣֻ뵽ִĸĸ뵽˶ֳ룬עûǸܼͥůĹذɡûʲôԹҲûʲôú޵ġңҲǻʴȣûнӵеһȫջء
磬Ҫ˵Ц˼ףҵǻţ˿ҲضʹҲãˣôһҲǲµˡҲãģ
ĵӣҪ޾ͿްɣԴӳһֱûп޹һҲûгԹһ㶫Ҳܲ˰ҪѹͿްɣû˻Цģ
Ҳȥ᣺Ҳܿޡ𰻹ҪչˣˣҪô죿
תھǣһ񣺡ллҽҵҾҪᵽȥˣллһֱչˣӲߵ˴ҵģ 


35 뿪

ȫ
峤ӣΪʲôҪߣסڴһ඼ʶôиӦǰȥ˱𴦣һңִŸӣزģʲô¿ô죿°ɣڣ˸۸ǵģ
ĺ⣬סֻŶ˵Ѿҵ˸ĲƣֻλԸ뿪ϣҹȥңȷҪЩѾˣҪȥסңҡҡͷЦŵͷȥŻ𰣬ҲҪɢɢġȻܺã̫ĻˣˣѹͬʱҲҪЩˡϾڴ𰣬Ҳ̫á
ô˵ִҪˣʵʮֲҵ֣еطסݿͶ𣿡
ǣһҪˣõģҵӵŶұδҴӣҵ֮ǰȽסˡδͬҺʶǰڼһֱչңͷİɣҲõˡӻûµģ
ǣⲻһȥ㻹ãǸӤأһˣҪסɣĵصһ㣬۸ģͱھˣ
Цҡҡͷϵ𰣬ЦģһúչԼҲúôģϾƴҲҪµĺӡȻֻʣһˣһúչġϾҾֻһˡҲֻҡ
⺢ӣСƢ˵£һҪɡ̾˿̶Ŀת٣̾˿ɫӵˣҲˣطĺЩɣ
һ˱߱˵˿ѵ˼ſڡҵͷͬҴк㱧š
˯Сĵطŵϣҿʼʰ
Ҹ֡ﻹûüһһȲ뿪ҿԸܵõǰڴϲԣһúչģϾھֻб˴ˡ
ϲɫβϣǱβһ㣬ݵس
ҰᵽȥסʵиԭġҲ뵽㣬ͬҰߵİɡ׻˵ûв͸ǽЩԼʹĵҲѾ˷ϵİɡϾѲʧѪǵʧ£ҪӣƽֶҵİǵĿڱãһʱ˵ЩʲôҲֻǣҾ޹ܵ˺Ψһİ취뿪һµģûЩŵҥԵĵطȥ¿ʼ
Ȼ֪ĳҲһ֮ʧȥΨһĸĸΨһ顣Ҹúİɣ
ǣҹڷУŵһʱ򣬵ұʹѾľκθоʱĿҡ֪ϣҲǹһˡ֪һһҡȻиҪȥǻȥ۰ôҾͲԼڱ޷߳Ҵӱ˵ԨģĿ
رȥʱЦˡ
ҲٿˡΪûˣҲȥϵᣬѲߡ
ûߡԣҲޡ
ҪЦһУʵܽҼֵ̤زĹŴߵʲôʱ
ңҪȥһֱҲûΪֹ

ҵܼ򵥡ϴװױд˸ڱϣеСҴӵҳļ顣ﱧźգ۵ת˷š˷ţҪ뿪ȴ̾˿صССĵطŵϣֽĴŵϣٽҷ˷䣬˸ڵҡ
һԷ𣬴˿ˡ
ϣȥɣЪЪȿڲ裬ôæ˰ɣһһæҵ֣Ҫãͬʱвͣ⺢ӣô⣬˵Ҫס˵Ҫʰʰֲá⺢ӣôǿţǸǿӣһ
ſҪͣҡ
˵Ļ᣺㻹ûԷɣһԵɣ⼸춼һȦˣԵ㶫ɣ
ҲԷұϣĲ豭ʵЩЦá
ȴ᣺ӣ𣿡
ҡҡͷûһæʰʱ䡣ҪҲˡһ˳ԷǱǸ
žÿӱҵŶ
ҿȴȵʲô˵ʲôҪЩţǿ㳤ģȴҪ˵ЩҪ𣿡
ͷͷȴйůӿ
ˣͱӽˣһԴǽһֱ۾ؿҵĶţ˵ˡҸмͶȥһƳ
ĶӣСһ꣬ǸܵƤĺӣĵȴܺáסһǰȴŮ֮нһΡܡӴҰһֻ˵СŻѣҳŵ͵͵һɽȥˡֻ֮Ҫȥɽɽ֪ʶҲϤֻǵˣȴǺٽ̸ġ
ǰ⺢⼸Ҳˣͱ˵ˣϢϢúóԶٷɣ˵ֶЦЦǸֱӣ˵ô߶ѽͱٿˣúóԶٷʲôǿ۷ʲô£Ҫġ
ҵͷţ֪ˣ
ô˵ҲԷˣ̻ʣ뷹Ҳκڷʱʵôʲô¶ɣ
ұӸղŽݣͱһԺϵҵȥæŵ
ȥϣôҪ𣿡δڣţѼĲԶ׼ܻ䶼ˡ
ҲЦЦʱЩ¶ԵúˣҲν֪¶ˡϾǲǶͯʱˡң뿪Ǹʱڡ
ǰҪȥҵķȻŶˣҪԼȥһ²̤ʵ֪طܵȴɨһźôȥҽţתˣȰΪտһ¡̫ãʱ͹ˡ֪㡣Ҳȥģǡ
˵ӹ𰣬û̧ͷֻô˱ҵĻϵȥɣʲô¶𼱣Ҳû£տţ㲻õģֻȥˣҪţҳ֪𣿡
ҵͷתԶţЦҵþͰˣɲ۸
ţֱɤӽе˭˭۸ߣ
΢΢һЦתš
һȥȡЩӣȥϡ
ȥȻҲҪӣټʰʰһźôȥϾǸӤܲñɨʲôġҾʲҲܲ㡣
ңȻҪˣķҪ˲СǶԴǲΣֻǲˣܹǲġˣҴȥҪķ䣬ҪϡڴţͲˡԭǰѾУȻˣҲáңϾǸСӣ̫£á

ڶ죬ʱ뿪˴ӡ˭ûֻ֪ͨ˶ţҡ
ЦŴӿڴݸһֻ棬ǼԿס鷳տŵԺӳʱһٻժġ
ӹԿף̱ʪˡ
һֶԶţЦЦתߡ
·֣ԥһ£ջǽȥǱȡ˳ 


лҪ˵
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36 

δҵķӺܺãҲλһֵĽֿϣδҽһֻ֣ҪţŽֵ꣬ٹո䣬͵δҡ̶̵·̣òӡӵĹδҵҲͬΪ㡣̣ס
Ϊ֮ǰɨüҾߵ¶Ѿˡֻһʱʱ䣬㽫һʰˡҲʰһȻЩ£ȫǱġ
ܹԣЩֻ࣬ȴҲٿ֡룬ԭɣȽһֱܰǶҪԶҸ򲼣ԶֻһֻҪҿʼæˣ㰲۾ңιԱˣǸ˸ɾ򲼣ʱسչһЦЦݿģࡣ
ͥ˼꺣ģͥĵطҾûҲûʲôֻ˼Ұݣ˿ԲεĻ̳Щɫβ
⻨ҴӴԵСɽġԴӺѧϰ忪ʼϵֻҶ˼ǧΣϲģʼβΪӣżϾ֮ʱȥɽϿǡɵط裬ǿֵԾͬϷǿ¶ϼ浾Ƕɽ䲻ηѩĴݡ
ڻ۳ļɽҰӶ˵Ʈ裬ɫ˵ֲۣǵǻ
ͥԺմãǸƱˡٶȵǺܿ죬ЩҵϡϾڿδܵķӺû£ԭȵķּۻ˴ʱ֮˸Ǹ˸Ŷ˭֪һĹˣ˸׼һУֻҪԡͨ̿סˡ
һǲƵʱһ⡭Ҳ
˶ʮңƤ׾㣬ûʲôӵķֻͣǽͷԺһ֧ľ̶סˡҪģϸƽĲǰ긻̬⡭ҲвƣȣǸơΣҲܲӣ
ǿҵĻɣһ͵СڻūҵɣС㾡ܷūҰǰոһӣˮʱ̸Ǿģ
ʣȻˣôĺأ
ĸ״ˡūұһҽ̷ռˡūºӺ󣬺ӵĸ׽ҪˡΪ˸лūãū˰취ȥ˼˼ɿֵˣūڵ֮СԸҪūңǾʲô鷳ġֻҪСԸӶūңūҾԻὫãԼĺչ˵ģ
ҡҡͷҺͬǣһԼĺΪ׵ĳŮˣǲĵؽҵýġ
СūˡūԸӸΪΪǺӺðһռˣֻݵͼļ񡣿ǸЦЦЦûϲãûᣬеģֻƽػǺһõһ߹ݣ⺢ӽҲͲĸһźҸԵˡЩΪ˺Ӱ
һֻºϤ棬ֻǣҸȻʵԣȷõİ취ˡʹǣҪȳΪΪռ˻ռҲƲļ˷Ҫõöࡣ
ţ˹գգ۾ʼޡ
ҽӱ£жǶˣ̧ͷιһҿ
ӹؽ⿪ιֹͣ˿ţ׵ϷӤеͣһϲ
ӹԱЦֱֵתͥһȥ
ӣԺˡĶĶϢţˡһӣҵҪ֤Һ֮Ѹ̸ȥι̡ΪõĲƣ㲻زı£ֻҪϺͿˡݵĸڣҵӣ㲻жõҵ
£ҵʲô֣
һ񣺡С㣬ūҰ׵
üɣ
ūֻûб
ǾͽаǰɡÿµĹǮǡ
С㣡ͻȻµСūҰɣ
Ҵֲ㡭ʲô
СӦףū˼˼ȴ޴ȥƣһѡ֮ūұ·ߡСȻһ˶ԾסūҰɣūԶС㣬СϴСտС㣬ȫ
˵ЩҶԼûбҪ㡣ҡҡͷҲ̫嶯ˣղŸոռң֪ҵΪ˺ûδױȴҲǸˣױľɫ콫ٶ̷Ҫô죿ûһ죬һʮĹң˸ӣҲ˵ѱˣýҲҪһ𣿡
СƽҪæƣҪչ˵ģһôæùңڵأūҽС㣬С㿴źӵı֪ĵؼáūҲзˣֻСܿūңūһҡ
룬Ҳ÷ŸڼԶԶŸ߰ȫǼʹôãһԽԼΪһ˿ڵİ׼
룬ʵ𣿻𣿡
ֵǻᣬֻȴǺ⣿ңȻ⡣
룬ǵۣ׬Ǯ١
ͷȥūҡūֻЩ򵥵Ǯ㣬ʷ飬ȴǲġСҪūҿѧūǰڡʱѧǺܿģС㡭ֻҪСūһᣬūʲôԸģС㣬СūҰɣ
ɣڲ㣬ֻӶõơ֮ǰѧϵ⣬Ҿͽ¡ĻҳƬ̺ҵʹŮˣȻλɲߣȴҲиޣиˡңʹˣҲذȥɿʱͿ԰ﵱԼļˡ
СҪ𣿡ңôСĵʲô⣿ҪūһЩʲôūҡūʵ˵裬ʲôҲġ
Цѧ֮һڵæҾͼ㣬ǲɣǾֻˡӦǲӦ㡣
Ƭ̣ᶨصͷãūҴӦԺ󣬾Сˣ
תݣȻңͲҪԳūˣҲĿˡ
ǣСļסˣ̸Ŀڡ 



37 ͥ

ұţ֯װҲ׼̫ǮȴһҪġֻȥ˿ĸľҲ⡣Ҿ߶ܰȴܾȱ˵ʲôֻ˰죬Ҳûʮȫʮģֻ˼Ҽȱˣļֺܽʵõĵ꣬ѡ˼ָ˶Ǯѿһ롣
ܶúұ˲õϸ˱©ʲôȷһжãֻŲܵλƥˣԿˡ
Ǻܻ¡ϴ󷹻æֻͷ֯áλѾҵıϣתƵıϡһ˸ۡҪССӰӲźãҵԵ֯ҲҪţһתۣԿ
ºеĶ룬ƥĴ洢ҲһŵĻܣ˸ոձҵһŬܶƴҵʱڡ
û뵽ΪٹһΣҿԵõЩ羵ˮ°㣬תۼšһ˶ԷܶʹۣҲû˿ˡ
ˣˣͻȻ˸ӣҵľʦԻܵı߽ϴ˼ѴС̲ͬĳߣģлġͣزһ߳ٿֽţ÷߶һ׼ʡ
պ֮ǰڼϰе彫µĶëҡұ㽫õʱƵĶëʣÿһҳ϶˱ЩִļʷʽҲ׼ҴšʱֻһܿǷܿöЩͰֺ֣αȥںʵǸȫ
ҹƥȫںã۵ô˴ʹĺôûѾ˲డԭǲô࣬ǱҪҵģȷҳ޺֮ǰһ׼̫£ǮԿ׵λãǾ֪ġ
ûѡʲôգڶպǾ³ţǸ;գ˵Ľ𰲼ꡱ͵ؿˡ
ص˺٣ֻһδûбڣҲʶʲôȨƵĴԿţҲǽơ𰲼ꡱϣѴŴ򿪣¶ĲܺĲϣ˶ѡ
δĵң㱻ҡϡˡ֪ģӻܺãҲڵ⻹Ҫ֧̯רЩõģϸߵĶˡڣҵľӪ㣬һ˶ûУȻæˣҺ׵ر㽫Ȱ˻ȥϾܲܵ׬Ǯʱ˵ˣҪҼһԶٷף꿪š
δұڵˡΪ˷ϳʹ飬ǿѹ˴һ麺齵뷨ֻľֻֻĳİ棬ȫҹӴġЩ棬¾ɲһеģеģռеģùģûùģӵһ𣬾ʮ֮࣡ҽȫµķŵԾЩģŵͥĸط
ⲢȫΪɣΪңûа취µˡٻѾױײ㣬͵ÿ͵ͬеһȫ
룬ǸųΪûǣʱһֱûᣬ᲻ܿƣһʰͬʱҲ֪ңûпҸ
ڰطſհһƬʱҪҪһ֯ŵⲻæĻҲԱ߿꣬֯
ʱ򣬾Ȼˣ
һȫµʿһ̶ܵ϶Ǹ֡
վҽ䱸ؿҹĵģֻһ㣺װ磬ȣݾ򲼣ڶҲ򲼵
ӻӣСɣȻһڣʲֻۣˡ
ҵͷǣ
ҲŮϰ壿
ǵģ
ʣôǷһ׵ռˣ
ڽǣҲѾǸռˡü
ȴ˿⣺
ҿǣ
ȴֻϱŵİŵ˰ϣЩΪףӿŵ£
ҿǰ״ƴǣӦǸεĺӡ
ͷ̧𣬼˭
ϰ岻Ҫ֪˭ֻҪ֪úչ˰׵Сͺá
ûа׵С㣬ֻаƣȻȣȴȻ򶨵ʵô֪ģ
ֻѾ͵ҲѾ˵ˣһоͰϰˣ
˵꣬תˡ
̾˿Ѿ֪˭ˡ
ĵȼƶǿɶνĸ˶ˣж޹ĺۣܵ
νɣ
ʱġ֮߳У˳ĸߣȥֱӵһı𣿼ȻǷ⽨ƶȣײǣⲻƽķȣû˿İ취ˣ֪ҵӵĵˡ
ֻҿǷø߰ǡȻûȫ𰵹Ǿľչ˵΢ǽĸͬĸ飬һתˡ
ͻȻ뵽ĶȻǶҵġСôʲôż֮أǴ򿪰鿴
ȻֻľСĶҫҵ۾鱦ι׹˿ȡĶӦоСľװصĶ·ҪأֵǮĶȫС
ǣȴǸе˲ƵʧȴǡǡȱҪһһ԰˵ʤеĽƱĶ
С㣬ҪСİæ𣿡̧ͷǰǡ˵꣬Ȼһæ
ҽӹ𰣬Цţʰǣǣһֱûʹ㣬ĿĺӵĸףӦҲǸЩݵλˣôΪʲôһ޷ĵس˽̷أ
û뵽һͻȻһ̶СˡȻҲСĶСûҪСġӡ
̾˿øֻҪ鲻Ҫӵɵϣ
ȴ˵
֪ˣ̾˿£˭Ҳ˵ãιˣ
ͷ
ҵûʲô⣬ﲻæȻѾˣȥϢһɡȵæʱԻ㡣
ҡҡͷСĲۣСľСɣÿæ
ұ㲻˵ֻ˰
Сſһһϵģ漫ˡ
ҿ˿տյС֣ĹˣҸ߸ǿһȦҲŷֵֻʱëʣƥܵҲǣϾǲ꣬кӵߣ
СʲôСĿ԰æǼĴʵ
ҵûʲô
СҵĶʲôʱСŵϵĺȴСˣָָϵľУʵ 



38 ĸ

ڷܵŶҸղҹˣûСȻѾ֪ҪʲôȻٽӵĶóˡԣȷŰɡ
ЩؿңЦȻոιȥЩ˰ɡЩóԵģҪ̫ʡδһҪԷ׼Щ
ǵͷˡ
ұ𰿴ź鱦̾˿Щ˰Ϊʲôؼʱ̣㷢ĲɿأľӽĳϡĵþµԿȥǼŵĿˡ
ֹһᣬûһţҽЩˡ֯ΪĲֹһңȻ֯ĲȴרŵղߣûҺһԵġҲǵѡԭ򡪡ˡ
ǣҲˣ֪ģңֻһЩֺŵĲˡҲûкϵĲ۸񶼺ܸߣһƽѵġңôĲ̯һˣͬʱÿµҲڲϵطչΪˡôһ̶ȺϢִÿ죬ҼȿˣЩôһ
ֵ˻ǻûл߰˸ˡ
ȻһҲ򲼵ġҿЩڵˣ̾˿
ҳӵģһʮִ³طŵĲƥһƥƥҲͣأЩŻݻĲϲ̤ȥҴðĵڶ仰
Ҳ¶ˡ
Ϊ׵Ǹ˳ú˧ֻɫĮվڵУҲ˵ߵһС쿪ڵҵ쿪ţôûأôţģ
룬֪˭ˣǾÿҵ̿ʱšÿ¶Ҫʱˡġˡ
ǣһʣ֪ı湦ǲٵġ
仰Ƕ߸пұߵǸ˵ġó߸ȫèĹ򣬲ãȭͷӲˡΪ׵ͷṦˡ
һ΢΢һߵǸղſڵһͷ˱֣һС̳Աһƥ׵ϸ಼ҵ˵ϣ˳ȥš
һСؿڣС椶ǸûĴᡣ
ؿţ𰣬ŵ
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ĸ磿ԭǴĸ磿ɲȥˣֻ˵
ͷԴȵؿһۣߵСЦô˵ǸðˣϽģӽǮˣҲ⣡ԺֻҪذ¶꣬ĸˣ
ҵͷǰǶǳģҶף
ϣ˸ˣСȻͱˣɣ
΢΢һЦûС
ʲôСûзӦűȻˣˣǸ缸أֵ˵һ飡
ĸ۾΢΢һУ߸С̵һһƥ׼ҡ
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ҶˣҲȦˡһԭأҵһЦϣձĵҶӣÿ°һӶģеĹأҲˣȻǱѣƽǸֵǺȾƣҲӦõġȻӡ
ãȻˣʲô˵ģȥǿûôʱͬģǸ֮ǰڵЦ۾гһ죬ߴٵ
λżһû˵ģڽĿתЦЦֵֻǽ𰲼꿪ŵӣҲûһʽʣʮʵòġĸ粻µףµı˫ͣ͵Ǯˡ֪ĸΪΣÿ¶ʮӵıѣ㣬δĸ߸ˡ
ĸ翴˿ң΢΢һ۾ȴްЦ⣬ֻ˿ζ˵Һܼأ
ĸô֣ضÿ춼æǮѣȻҲ١ȻҲӦõġֻĸôҲǺǲȱôӵİɣ˵Ҳ̫ˣͱͬҿЦˣһ˼ңᣬģҿ˿ãһЦ۲Ц
ʲôӣӣ˵ʲôĸ绹ûڣִһüͷһ壬ˡ
ӣôˣǰһʵ
ƲңĿĸ磺𣿹컯գ˷ͣ˽̼ңﻹû
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ĸڵͷסĻµӡ
һűŵˣ˿ŸղŵûпˣǱ˲ɡ
תۿƵңҵͷѨ⿪ղұǰס֣ĵѨ
ΪʲôҪӦЩӣӣڣұ֤˭۸ģһҽ⿪Ѩҡ
ҽһʶؽסˣӦѾתȥʼʰ
Ĳƥ˷ڱȽϸߵļϵģһ⡣۵ؽеĲʰһ𣬷ŵϸؼһֳصĵˣЩֻ΢˵㣬ֻϴɾͿϼġ
ţǻˡ˵龰һ˵ЩˣС㣬ǡô£ôˣʲô𣿡˵꣬ŭƣء
æָһСԺõĲ϶ǣЩȥϴɾϡ
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ȥҵ
ֻֿƻ𰣬Ƕ˵Ĳͥ
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ҿһۣ㻳ﱧŵģʲô 



39 ױʽ

ȵؿһۣǴáˣҽ˵£ûʲô԰ġ£ҡ
㲻˵ˡǿѹ³嵽ӵɬתͷȥ֪Ǻ⣬㿴ڹúܺãûʲôҪæĵطԺҾ￪⣬ӣӦҲ㹻ǽˡ
ңܺã˵ڹúܺãЩ˵ͷ̣̣꣬ЩѪ㾹Ȼ˵ã㲻书ΪʲôãΪʲôҪӦǮӣǰİ
ҿһۣӣСүǺӹ̫ˣԲƽɣСŮƽЩҲıˣңӾͿƽҵ⣬ҵӣΪʲôԸ⣿ԣʲôýҪô죿Ӯˣ˸ҵ𣿡
˵ˣЦֵֻһ˻ãиʲôɰᣬҪͼʮǧҪô죿ָô죿ҪһֱɱɱӣСŮһƽֻҪŰƽ͵ѡЩӢۣ־飬ʺСŮӡ
ҲǹҪ䵭شֻӼ޹ְһ֮ǿһѧʱ£ȴκְΰգ飬κΰ취ңǿһǻˡ
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֯רŴŹӣǰ巿ЩӣûаճʵļҾĸ߶ȴΪڵöӴձܰЩȫִ¹߶ȴģõȴڳձʹõġǵķϰߺձЩ񣬱簫齣磬ϸ۲İ뺺ʮƣӦ˺ĻӰɡ
˵Ųÿߴ컨壬ĵҲ룬ߵһŲѾ˲ƥȫЩĳɹ
ŹӣһԷŵǧƥˣ֪ǳڣⲻܺģһͻȻǵʱһæǳڶЩϱȽϺá
ϸŵҪĲҽĲƥŵ֯ſڵ˲񡣽ĲϷŵһԵİϣҹ˲šţҵʱľ˰죬ͬΪҽⳣϵĿʽ˹ϡȻڿ˷˰ĿˮֵãʵǱЩҪöˡ
ŲƥʱΪжţײ˵ſڵˡ
ұŲƥһۣôûߣ
˵ȴĲƥ㳯ǰͥȥ
վԭؿıӰ̾˿αأȻѾɴؾܾ㣬ֺα˼ֵ
ǰͥȴδվڰǰ棬ԭ˵ƣһ˶˵ؿһҹӵ˿УȴĲϳ
ߵǶѲǰСҪѲ뵽ϣһðɣ
ӣǣδȻǲ⡣
ЦЦڼ˵˽мҲ꿪ţԺĿˡպÿЩѣͺİҰ²
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ҵôˣ˵ȥû⣬׬ǮĻлӶⲻȥ
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ԵͷȥԲС㣬ȷûü
ҡҡͷⲻ㣬ȥϴЩϵġ
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һۣתȥϵĲ
΢æѡõİ˲㣬Ϊ˶٣Ƕ͵ϡ
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ϲ˰ִͳԹʱ㾪ζ˳ڳԵԭ֭ԭζģȻ˼꣬ȴã·ҴԽز죬ϰȫӦԶͨ󣬳˵֮⣬Ψһİοˡ
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һټǣҳԿɿʳЩƯϲ˰ƺǰš
УÿʶҪ̼ʱһãһ࣬׾ˡһҪϰߣȥδһ̷·˾ֻùԹԵһԣ𰲼꿪һʽˡ
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40 ָ

ҵĹԱͬһԶ˼ҵԱġȻһʼȻôġǰְҵϰ߰ɣȻѾȷظ߹ˣҲκβŵľٶǺ˹ĵССڳԣ൱ע̬Ǿ˵Եú٣ֱԵöˡҼѾϰڳԶʱߴˣȻҲҪԺЩˡ
ӡδͻȻڣġ
תͷôˣıడ
ңԥƬ̣㡭ûˣ
ңҳԵñ˯úãʲô£Ҳؿ
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˵ϲ˰
ˡҲģһҲҲ֪ôҵ顣룬ЩͲҸõõģֻҴ͵ı ЦЦȡ˿˲죬δү˸˯ҵõʮҸ֡үˣû˱͵ߵĶⲻǺ͵ĶͲܳãϵġЩӣ͵ǳΰɣˣʧȥҴӲӵеĶⲻǺƽ𣿡 
ǵͷʼҵĺ󳾣һһڵسŶˮ˲Ϻȡ
δǵؿңĿԶ׼
Щԣҭˣû˸Һ˿ˮ˳㵹˱ǣԴ룬ҾעòĸĹģůɡԣ֮ǰЩ䣬Ѿ֪ˡģ
˶ʱʵĸףųĸףִʱȥżؼһˣҲǸҴһܱһ߾ǼĸĸͻȻһѾõʮ飬ѾҸˡģ
ңﲻǻ˸Ǹ˰ЩܳЩֺͱʵǸеˣһ޻ЦҸʱѽѽؽţѹʱСַ·Ҫοҵˡ
Ҳ¶ΪʲôҪޣҲŲأʲôã޲ңûڹļҵңҲˡ
ңҪޡ
ſڴŲֹһ
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𣿡һԼʮòᣬͷ˼󃣬ֹʮֶׯĹ߽ЦЦӵȤ
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Դؿһ̶ۣתͷȥĸɫƥ
ѹļŵĲϣڸߵĲϣЩƽʵأ飬ϸ飬಼ϸ࣬ȵȣҲһһϸĽܡ
ˣٿɫָһƥǳɫĶӵƥʵԱߵķɫһģɫͬ·˵ĸоҲͲͬɫʺĹңԵúܻã죬˴ϲõܡƥǳɫõķΧҪöˡ˿ԴʹЩҲԡȿԳгṫӵķ棬ҲʹùҸˬ浾ĸоԳЩɲȹԸԶׯ֮С
Ȼ֡һˮƽ̬ĺģʵϰ壬ҷ֣㲻˿񣬻鲼ܵһϸΪһЩȻʮ۵ĵͼϸȤ𣿡
ЦЦˣСĵĹͣȻҪеĶȫһһܣźùѡ񰡣ⲻСĶӣǡǡСĶأ
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ҵͷŸá
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ֻұϾѾˣǲ⣬Ҳ̫ᣬ˼ǳɫȹϣⷢ˼ֳȣ˷ɬЩϰӡ
еĲ϶ѽˣλؿţʱһϵĴУվں汣ֹ̬ȸţȴһƳ뵽ȹ
ʵڳʵ·УϲģƴȹʽʮʮƵĸȹˡƳ·ʽؿڽס·ԽһҪ͸ϢҲûʽȹĿɣʴȫֲŮ̬
ţֻãɰҲ̬ׯͬʱκβƣȻÿ·ʽͬͬȴԸԲͬĸо˿ĸ߹޲ʣԼɴȹĽġͬĿʽ˲ϺͻƵĲͬǧָоʵ̫ˣ
ȹǰġȻ֣ҷҵˮƽȴԶһ롣ʮǰһֱǴĳ߲ͯ¡ʮϣҵǷٻһ·ǾһʽȹˡʼղǷʴĸоڰٰڵɫ˿Ƶĸȹ
ȹϱκͼƣ˵ҿԼϲϻơʵϲȹˣǵҹԺǳɫ˿ߣЩССβ룬ڲƣ룬ȹյҲ࣬һʢβɫڵʢʱɫԱߵֻĵɫ 


41 ɵϰ

ȹúĵڶ죬㷢УٶߣҲһ·ˡ֮ұæ֯Ͼ⴩Ŵ磬ҴƯ·Ҳʵǲ¡Ϊ˷㣬ұӴֻЩϸ޵ѣ·ҲͱСĵطŵסŴʮóˣڵǰúõĳһġû뵽û죬ұҲ˳ֻǣǣҲһĵضЦҲ۴ʲôƯ˰ɣҲҲһΪҵһ仰ҹһϸʽȹ˰ɣ
ȫҪˣҰɣ˰죬λһƥϸ޲ƥУҵ
ҵͷǣˣС͸ãֻǲ֪˼סδСò͵ϣ
Цҡҡͷδ˵ߵŮӱˣָǵ֮˿Խģ
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Щǰ̹ҵġ ҵͷдĿͷҲ̧
С㣬ĺϵأ ǵСĲʶС㣬һҪΪСѾܶˣСֻǸأ
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ҲѾԼϰߣǾÿԷ̣ʱι̡ʵι̣ڻϴ򲼵ȵĹҲˡ
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ȻЩֻڹС׼ȵǶԵϤһЩٵʱȥ߲߲Ǹ֯װŵǸľƢܾǿȴǼõġ룬Ǵϲĸ㣬ĥϵ㹦Ӧò˵
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Իؿ˿ңѾֿʼ֯ˣתš
ҪסҪ뿪ʱκ𰲼֮£Ҷ̽ȥã
ŲԶȥûͣ٣רעǰƽǴյġչƷԴġ 





42 ָ

֯õɫƽСĵڹ߳֯š
ԷĵţŵӰԵʮֹ¼š
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ʲôʵģΪʲôȥĸ磿Ҽʵܣ˳
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ֻǸʼȻⲻ࣬ȴҲʽʡѾ㶨ĸ磬ԺԽԽõġ
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ҪҸʱȥˣֻǼҪô죿ȻʱǴţǵҲͬ벻˰⵹Ҫú취ˡ
һңԺͻȻֳ˰ʱƵӣӿһɺֵĸооϲиж
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һǸ룬бꡣǺǣܾôʵĽ׼ӣܾܸ顣
ΪԱҡ˵ˡ˵ʱĵģʮģҲǣĵġѾܾңʲôû˵ҡΪ΢ңҡңԸ
ɵɵǣҲҸҸĵļ򵥣

ԽԽˡҵûǰˣҪӼʣҪһЩͻţһЩ˸ǧ𲻱ţ˵˵Ҳǲ˸Ѿҹȥ
ÿʱұ˰ϺõĲװɵһһ߼ġƷ顱ãЩ˼ҵѾȥ˵ĸۡߴ磬ϡͬʱҵ粻֮࣬ÿһ򲼵ķС㶼ΪԼֻҪǵȥĲƳɵѣôŮˡ
꣬һûĹģʱѾϲἷȥˡ
̶֪һµʱ䣬ǾȻصõġУλַһʮҪġ
ȻδҪȥȴڴҹȴŶָȻ൱ӡ

дҹȥͣʱһұ˵ţҴҳ˷ӲѡƥϺõı˿񣬸˼ׯصʽȹϲͳĳʱװҺķǳѣȹ
ȹΪ֣һƳĸȹǱҳַʱŵĿʽҲƽʽˡһ֣ȹΣȹɴĲƶɵĿɵĳȹ볯ʴͳĳȹʮơȻһֱĿʽ̫ɣ㣬ȻĸȹĻʽȹɵҪׯöࡣַ˵ĳ϶ԣʽȹٺʲѡˡ
ΪʱЩðǽŵ̵֯ϣҴ֡
Ѵûֽʽֻƾž͸оּӱѡḻķѿԺȫϣƯЩıпߣڣǾҪˡ
ҷ·ıͨͨԶҵպ֯ұðҼ˲ϣרĵ±ߺڼȹ˾µĻơ±ǲ廨ģΪϴ·㣬±ǿԲµϴġҲˣ±ֻͨ԰ײơǲͬȻĲ꣬ϵ·Ȼ̫أϾΪҲǵơ
Ļܼ򵥣ǰﻹڽҴʱұɫβţͻȻִ൱еĻҲЩԲβֻǰ趯ľǷݻ鶯ɫβıǰƯѡǲ֪Щˡһֱ֪βʲôĻԢż飬ǣԤ˱
ˣùһͷЩҲûáϾÿ˵Լеģ䣬ֻܸϣοվ޷˵ˣʲôֱӵáַ֮˱ɵĳͣһϲᣬӦȥɣ񣬳ɹʧܣǶ֮Ҫǵˡ
ڰǵİ£·ܿˡ룬ͬǰѧġרҵйذɡڳʣûбռ˸ˡǿװԼǿö֮׷ʱУȫЩҸŮǣճױ磬ҲҪһЩҪĹǳйѧ˼Ĺųʵϰס
С㣡ǿϱŵ·һ̾·ԴЩᾪȹϵĻƵġ
ḧڵβ˼ҡ
ﻳұ֯˼룬岢ް֯벼ơÿæµѣʱУæĻڵңϾˡ 



43 ֮

ôûˣû뵽ûкˣˡ
ǰұ㳣գβ鶯ӯ̬֮Ҳ޷̵ġָ֮߼䷭ţ岼ұǼȶۣǰ¿๦ϣгһˮƽβҰԵģ
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һԴЦݣһʱ䲻֪˵ʲôá
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ͻȻ뵽˱ϵֻľϻӣװŵģǱЩ࣬ҲΡǵǸҲĵˡǽĽǵݣô׺θ˺иΰչǺǣĲν¡ֻǣ˰Զ֪ŮҪʲô 



44 ȸ

ҽӹУ򵥿˿óֻֻӣʮƣϾһֻĿȸβȣֻҷȴͬһԡһãȡֻֻĿȸ
ֻ˰ɣģպˣǲǸ͵ģһƬ⣬ʹԸˣҲúúšЦŽӴϣӵݻЦŵ
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ЩⲻȥؿԲҲЩģˡ
Сǧô˵СĶС㱾ûд˿ġңЩǹȥˣСѲǵǸ׵ˣСС֣ǸССֻСİǶѡϺиǣЩСòˡСŰɣҲʡСպ򡣡
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С㣡ԴɬЦЦǳǳεͷҲ˵͡
ת˾ӣ⾫µױݣƾ˼ģٿһ˿Ůص㣬ٲȻһƯСŮˡ 




45 ðܼ

ǣֿɡҶҪϲԼˡҶž૵תҿҪˡַ˵׼𣿡
ǵͷתţ̵ģһֻŵױԴ򿪣Ҽַ׼ĲѾ룬ɵ˵ͷ
Ҫţȴǰ֪ʲôʱͣһΡǰˣŴ磬һһԻһɫ۵ӡױñڵ˴룬
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΢΢һ񣺡СģСĶտöСġ
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ϰ̫ǫˣ˼ȻȻݲף²ָһܼҰˣǰӭӣǺ˻űϰ嵹ǽ⡣±ΪϯģЩСء
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ҵխָһΪ˴µķʽŴͣΪ̼ңĻܻΪһ̸
˲˵ˣЦһһ֯©ΪԼΪҵĿ롣֪ǽ˽ͼ۸һߣٽЩ֯ϸĲȥ似ղ㱾»еġȻĻԿʧģ˭
ҲûǮ׬ǽ˵Ǯ̣ҲԵͼ۽εȵ֯ҲûκʧûеĻشұֵȫ廰Ļᣬˣǰλνġؿı׼£ôʱʧģֻҵĿˡôźڣΪ̵ֺڣ
ãôֻҪܾջͺãԵͼ֯߷ĳɲƥԵͼ۽ƥÿ֪ƥ⣬ȫ֣ܺù㵱ʵʧͳɲأ 



46 ָԺ

ḷֻ́ûУ˻߾ͲǷֱ治ߵĲ̼ңĽ񲻸㣿˳˿̼ҵҲˡ
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ǣЦһֵ˵ڶְ취ֻ˵Ǵ˼ҵĹӣСӪѴ£һ¿ŵСС꣬Ҫγ֪ܵһµ꣬Ҫıǿ˵ۣ˵Ŀڱʱǹ۴εȵĲƥɱʵǲ֮
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̾˿ǰǰΪҲϳ˵֪ȣҲ˳棬ش𣿡
棿ʲô˼źԵĲ⡣
ҡҡͷ˵ǶࣺλӣЩھ֪֮١ǿȻǸҹӣôȻûлᣬûȤȻԾûȤֺαڴ׷ңҪ֪ĻԻȥгһǺڻشġ
ôϰԸͬ˵ǸԵʧ䡣Ϊ̫ԣϷŪҡ
ҵңֻв֪˭Ρһİ˵Ѿ̫ˣ
֪𣿺ߣҿѾµ˰ɣϰĸԣѽ˸Ѫͷ˰ɣ˵ش
΢۾ϡò˵⳵Ĳˡ
ô˵ˣҲˣԶ𣿡һϷʵٴ
̾˿۾ȴû뿪ʵ棺ԲԶԡ
㣡ҿúҲģеĻ
һ·ޱ𻰡׼ȷ˵Ҳ˵ٰƣֻտڲ𣬽ģҲ˵ˡǾⰲȴ˵ѹķΧУĿĵءָԺ
ҶкڣǲٵģҲ˵һ񣬱ǰָԺĴš
ŵ£ӦѾͷģֻֻһˣҪڼչİǣǹǰӦңֻԼ¶ˡ
Եǰŵŷ˱ĵĿ⣬΢̧ͷֱͦ˱˽ȥ
ָȻ˼ңӭССĲϰС˶ôнģȫеľҲһ䲻٣һ˿ҿϵػͷкҵıӰﲻһꡣִʱұЩӦ꣬ǣΪˣҪһΣʵǽʮܡ
һ·ŽСˣƹ˱ԺǰͥǰԺ۵֣ƹһСӺԵдڼһšŵҾúϤȻ붫һҼһ޶Ҳ˽ųʵʷԲǷд˼Ҷֶ٣Ժûеġ
⣬Сס˽ţһߣϰ壬ͲСܽȥˣڡ԰·ңȥֻܼʯСȥߣǵС¥Ǳˡ
Ǻãͽȥ·ˣҳһЦؽһСӱĽ䡣۹Ž֪СѵöǲɺӵġݶļȻִ̳ˡ
һ̶ͣͷЦϰ岻ؿǷ˵ĹͣСǷҲӦáɣ˺͸λ̫̫СǶѵˣȺأ
ãȥɣҵ˵ͷתš
ȻҪµöࡣ֣С·ԵʯʣһʾŮǶôƷλǸĴϻ֮ˡ
ź߲ʮ·ΪһһҡߵС·Խ񣬲ԴΣšұߵСϣԲѩ׵ĹʵȴȻ˾ĴģԵ׸Ҷڹʵ֮䣬ӳȤ֮
·̵һģһĻʯҲ̾˿û̫˰
룬תǱ鲼ȥִ紩ͬԵϵҶӵɳɳӳԵúЩȤ
Ĳǰȥعۿһſų˵ѩ棬ȫع֦ͷ·ջ˵صĿˡ
תһ䣬ҿǰСͷһС¥ɵС¥㣬ɫϻɫͼƣָԻ֮СҿĸɫĽ֪ǱضҴеĿĵˡΪС¥һ࣬һʯͷΧɵСϰķڹսıӿŵ΢˿˿㣬ҲֵĵɫͰɫַ˴˴ξۻͷˡһƬʱŲʢĺɻ
û˿ͣ٣ҳС¥ȥЩ֮ǰ߹ҵЩַľۻ֪һˣʮֹؼַ˵ĹϵӰŲμӾۻЩ̫̫СǶҵӡ󣬶ЩԲķչʮҪá
ֻǣݰ˵ۻʵǰͿʼڵؾٰˣȻÿεͷͬҲͬһֱ뵽ڵȴֻʣڵʮˡǣǷѻ飬ǳȴһǳţãݵλ֮ˣ˵ֻҪַܹ˵ľۻұʮܣҲ˵ԢεĶǱ㲻ˡݵȦӣ᷽ Ĵ
ҲˣۻףȻҪڴˣ˵Ҫӵڶ룬졣˵ַǰʼٰۻῪʼǰ֮ûһ٣Ҳаʮ֮˷Χ㣬ҵС㣬ָ̼ĹˣҵķˣоСŮһ㣬ࡣȻַȦΪۻϵĳ͵ģȴֻʮˡǣ֮󣬱Ǿ̴֮Ůıȫһ˼ҿɱȣȫͷǣҲҪǫ֣֮񣬲е
뵽΢΢һЦȦӵǸصصˡֻǲ֪Ψһһ¿ͣǸͨƽκ˵Ҷٵö˵ԺԲˡһˣ˵ζʲôֻʲô飿ҺܺǵֶΣЩԥ֪ҪӦԡǺ£ԱҵزȴûԼҪģʲôǼһϲᣬʾݷݵʵСϰ壿ɴ˽ҵĲΪߵĳǼΪһƽ񻯵С꣬ŸЩǰ򲼵ƽңû⡣ 



47 ż

ѽͻȻһ׹ص̶һͺһ
һתУû߼㿴˷ԴһҵСк޿ڵƨɡûϵ˿̾ǰȻңЩεͣһֻֻƨϣҲǣҲǣŤ
ЦЦ˹ȥڵϣȡϵΎȥϻŵۣЦô͵͵ȴ±Ƽޱ𣿡
㶣̶һ죬ȥһ˭˭ţɲҪ˵
ǣǣûпޱӣЦŵǰ˻Σ˻
㣡㣡ؿңȴҲû˵ڶ
պֿ˿ǰһµЬӣȥЬӼӸȰЬӴϰɣǸСӺܲЬӶᴩɣ
һۣ˭˵ҲᴩŮˣ
ЦЦشЬӣת뿪һ½һعͷȴҵ½ǡ
ת߬ýС֣ҵҪ˵ʲô˵ˣĪҪŪҵѡ
šǸ£㡭㲻˵ȥɣͷͰ͵صСɣȴûзſҵ½ǡ
ͻȻ˸ӣǶȥЦôܵı֪ղſޱӵ£
Сһ죬ӿۿתѽתģȴŬһŰ׋Сͨ졣
ˣЦҴӦ㲻˵ȥˣ
ȴûΪЦʲôƵģ۾һɣ׺ݵߣҲҲӦҸ㣬ҵǶģҪǸҲӦҾ͡Ҿ͡
Ц͸˵ޱӱҿˣҪҴӦ㱣ܣȴͬ𣿡
һСֿʼ죬˼ߣּһСҲǵùĹĵģǿɰ
̲סĹĵСҪܣȴûõùȥҪڳҽ£ȴ䲻˵ĻȥĿ⣺ҪұܵĻҲԡˣһ԰ժŶҪӦһ
һϯ˵۾һȴǿסģ˵˵ɣʲôҪҪҶеǡ
̾˿ЦıӣҲҪЩֻҪӦһ¡˵ܼ򵥣ȴֻӺõô𣿡
ȻԣͬʱͦͦСš
Цˣ۾ҪӦңԺ޵ʱ򣬾Ҹû˵ĵطؿޣҪţҪǿ
ãҴӦ㣡ƶǶҵĻͷ
ڻǣӦңһӶҪΪӺɷǲ˵ŶЦЦֲõĻش𣬲ŷĵطеİȥժӡ
ժֻʱеˣˣɣɣ
ӵݸ׼뿪ôãٲż̫ˡ
ȵȣ˭֪Ҹתںקסҵ½ǡ
ת½ǡȡߡ壬ôˣʲô𣿡
һۣͷӣСҡһ֪˭أ
ҽӻӣ͵ġҿһۣԥƬֵ̣Ǽ£òҪ߱ˣޱӵ±֪ŶЦųգգۣתˡ
û֣ǲ֪Ǻ֪ңֻǸͨģżĳ͵͵ժӳԵСͯѡҲõУӽЩ
˼űǸŪ˵½ǣͻȻǸҹġҡ֪ΪʲôٶûĺӣǻǸðġҡ֮䡭ѵʲôϵ
ˣҪǸӵҡҡͷҽúЩ˵½ɿס˰ԽԽС¥ȥ
С¥ʽɫȻǵȴҾ뺺ĻżơֵϡҺ˼ţͼƽҵ
ǰ˵С¥Ҷ˶ٽŲ̶ǰȥ
һŰһȹգһּȲʧţ಻Ķׯ̬߽С¥
ӭŮĴ£һһģַ˼̫̫Сڵӡ
һܿõҲʮ־ʵķ䡣ɢĹһŵСϵ޹ɢ㣬ǳɫУҿжϳϵȵ޹㡣Ҿߣ棬һƯ͸ݻţԼ񵭡
Ůȥ󣬸üɨܵĻ裬ұյʮ˫۾ȵߡһ˲䣬ָͶĿ׷ӵĵУв죬вмздź̽ġ
Щ׵Ժ޶õλϵַ񣺡Сӻӣַˣ
ϰ岻ؿַ˵ûʲô飬ֻתͷȥԸŮ趼ˣ㣬ȥȵ
Ůͷȥˣض˶״þˣӶе㷦ˡ̣ʣµŮŲŲλãɵ
΢۾˵
һ˽һֻĵЦ
ҲЦЦ΢˵ǣַ룬Сʵָмȴֲʤ̿֡Ϊ˱ʾַ˵ľ⣬СϹһƥУЦɡĿתؿַˣǫЦЦ
Ŷϰ̫Ʒˣôأīַۣػ˻֣Ůǰȡеİ
δȰұ֣ǰ˫ּĿ϶䵽˵ذϡ
ѽôǺãҴʼûϢôòŸո֯ܵΪƽѽɲҪŪ˲źðæϣ򿪣Сĵؽ˳ϸһչ
ʱɫδȴѵȼ˺üִֵĻɫ򡣴Ӵ͸Ϧǰ밵£ƽϾµ˿·ڵذϣչ¶ҵСļ飬˵ǰ
ڽƥеĵط쿴һ飬˿˴˵صĻæ̧ͷ˵ȴǷŮӰʱպûŮ˲ϵַ˵Ĳﵹš
æˣ
һæ˺ŵزӣͬʱﲻϵظšСʧˣˣСãҪСã 



48 


һӵ˶ջĿ⣬ת۾̧ͷٿ
ﰵһЦϣȴɫַˣղСһʱʧ֣ǧҪλΪСĽ룬ʵ̫ŻһʱСĵ˰Һƽ˿𻵣ǲеأַˣ
ôҾͷˣϾϰ㾫׼ĶŪˣǽҹⲻȥַ˵Ц
Цҡҡͷַ⻰˵Ŷ
һĵε﷭˸ۡĺܵͣ˵Ƕʵ̫ˣвͬݸߵˣҲԲзԸȻй˼ӰģȴܲͬϾһζطӭشﵽλĿġңνӭ棬Ҳкѧģ
÷Ůˣҵ淴˵ĻʵȱഫһȻ߿ȴܴ󣬽ҺҺüŭĿĹĽ
תͷȥ΢΢һЦСˣСΪַȷֵС𾴵ġǼʹַˣҲڱ󷴲ַ˵Ļ
ʲô˵ʲôʲô˼ѵڱ󷴲ַ˵ĻҪСЩ˵Һʱôˣһʱһܺ壬ʵ
С㷽Ų˵СĲõ淴ַ˵ĻôС˼Сĸñȥַ˵ĻˣСȾƶΪȴҲ֪˵ӦǷģһġѵЦڿڵСַˣǵ˳ӣ淴ɣѽѽĻ̫أ
ǹﱻһǵͨ죬ȴ벻һ仰ңֻ˫ʪؿַˣżرˣˣģǧĻˣСŮľ𾴣ĵȷȷǷĵİСŮҲδڱ۹˵ĲǣСŮˣ
΢΢һЦȴתͷַˡ
ַ˲ÿɷһЦȴ˵
ַϢŭף˵Ҫ˼СŮ룬ֻǲϣ˶ԷмߣŻһʱʧԡʱһֵַһλŮӿдλﲢûжԷ˲˼СŮԻǸϾҲǷĿˣõĻȷЩˡ
΢ЦһݣɵЩڴĻˣ֪Ҫ˵ľֹЩ
Ȼλ޷ղŵĻȻǵһЦôˣõǸϣԺҪ̤˵أ˷߹ŵľ
ﰵͷⷬΪӪ˵ÿνˮ͸
ᣬȴطâλַ׵һλĹΪýһְڳȵ̬ʾĴԻҵǸ
ҲⷬҪĵطǡ޷ΪղŵĻͣôҽսɨأᱻ罻ȦӣӴٲַ˵ȹ˽ύһұֻǸССϰ壬һһ֮ƽѡʱؿ㣬Сָҵ֮ˡ
òǰڣȴ׸˸λ֮ŮмƣȻĿʱһ˿ɫ͸ĻƣȴǸԶɼġ
ַĻ΢΢һЦã˼֪ϰأ
ַСҲӣҵһЦȴæֻͣתͷȥǸڵŮӣЦʣ֪СγƺСĻǵһΣвܵĴСأðʣС㲻߸֪
²õǸ֮ʱԻһ֪ЦЦ˵Ҳɵۡ
ȴ˿ûŭֻ΢΢һЦʹա
ַСķ˵ˣǷ˼ǣСľã֮ǰСĻ˼⡣С˵ûΪңΪǽС֯С۽УŻġ תַˣҹСĻ˵Ϊԭ򰡣ַˣ
Ŷϰô˵ȻΪҹϹ֯ĽУǽ⡣ַ΢΢ЩԾЦôʲôԭأʲôԭô˵أΪ۵Ļ
ߣ˵ʲôΪУһ֪˵ѣΪۣôСֺܽŵȥ顣ǽŵҪȻѣǿЦǸʵС΢΢һЦһ㶣̶֡ߡһתͷȥٿҡ
ҵСô˵ѣŶСĻܽŵȥǷҲ˵û˿ң⵱ȻԭġֻǣȴΪСԼҲΪСԼ֯ĽС
ŶôϰǷԽ£⾿ΪʲôأʵĻܸбԭɣǾΪʲôأҲһλ˵
תͷȥ˵ͷλ˵ǡСĻôȻԭġԭ򣬾ַˣ
Ŷңʲô˼ϰ壬˵ЩΪʲôΪأַ׷ʵͬʱŵض豭һڡ
ڴ֮ǰλСǸСһʱ䣬򵥵ؽƥƽɡַ΢΢˵ͷҷƥУƽСҹϹ֯͵ġСĵСֲſţȻҪЩȥǰˡСЩӣ֯һƥƽСĻҹ֯ģСĿǰΪֹ֯õĲƥˡ֯õʱ򣬾СԼҲҪأС룬ܽһƥϷڵ룬ܹеĿһͿôСĵһܺõġ
һλ˵ͬʱ˵ͷʣôô˵ϣ㲢һʼҪ͸˵ˣ
˽ֽˣҲᣬֻλҡҡͷġƥƽСҪ͸˵
Ŷϰ⻰Щìأ㷽Ųǻ˵ҪڷڵĻôգ۵Ĺ򣬾ֱأ˵գǸ֪ĻõС㿩Ц˿˸ЦЩ˶ׯɫķǣҲЩ̿ˡ
ҿһۣƽС׼ڵĻһƥɫɫƽ͸ַ˵ģȴƥ˿ϰٶƲʵƽߵǺܴأˣǲͬһƥˡ
˽СȥҼΪַ֮ǰıСʮ̵ӡ󡣽ӵַ˵СıҪַ׼һС΢⡣ȻЩ鱦ʵֲСĶַ˵⡣ңСݵ΢ҾƶҲʵЩ




49 

ţģҲࡣλ˿ڵ
ȻϾҪ͸ַ˵Сҷܣ˵ͷ˵ַ߹ķˣҲǲϲЩİɡȥСľֻС֯͵Ĳƥˡֻʱ֯ˣСı㽫СΪֹ֯õƽȡҹٶƲʣÿһ䶼СĶַ˵⡣Ȼ΢е壬С˵ַ˵Ҳ൱ƽˡ
Ŷ㵹˽ˡϲЩȵˡһλ˿ڵȻɫ䵭ȴ˵ͷ
ΪҪ͸ַźܸߵķ˵ģСĸģϻ˵СĿǰΪֹѵ˼࣬Ҳ֯һƥˡǣ˵ֽ˻ȥЦС֮ôţȴΪЩʱѪΪַ˶еšСĺַܺ˻ʧȥСΪһƥҲվֻһʲôȻÿһƥϣԼġ
ʲô˵ʲôҲ̫ЦˣļЦͣ»ʱʱشţǸ֮ǰҲˡ
ĸŮߴߴżЦ־ʵķ˺һҲ΢΢һЦֵС˵ҲġȴԼеģ˸ģɴⲼɵѵġ
Ŷϰ˵ĵȤ˵ַЦôҵƥӣʲôϵأ
ǵȻйϵġҲС֮ԽŵԭأַˣΪľ׵ȶ̾Ϣţȴɱòȴִ˵İ΢ЦСĶԼ֯ÿһƥŸġС֯ʱţƥҪʲôˣҪʲô˵أСţ֯ĲСĵĺһ㡣СȻϣǡǵܹϲǣϧǣǸˡ
Ŷӣȷ档ϰԭôĵȥ֯𣿡λֵַһλĹ˼ؿ˿ڣϵĮɻڣȴ˿˼Զˡ
΢΢һЦǵģС㣡ֹѣȥܵĻСͻ֣ᷢʹֻͨһ֧һľᣬҲΪ˹ϵڲͬǵ˸еģôĶҲ˸еĵģǵ˸еѹôĶƯҲ˸еأ
ô˵ϰÿƥҲϰˣҵһЦԶ
ȻС֯ÿһƥСĵѪƥУСĵ࣬Сĵĸ顣СĽַ˵𾴺ͳ羴֯档
Ŷ𣿡ַ˵
ҵ˵ͷģַˣˣСĸողŻСĵģС֯ĲС֯ȥЩ𾴺ͳ羴ĸ鰡СźҵģҲСĵѪûа׷ѣΪƥܹҵַˣеοأΪҲҲַׯָ߹󷽵أʧȥַ˵ľˣôС룬ʹⲼҲҹİɡ
ϰ죬ģ˵ȷǷ˵ĲأһƬžʱǸһλĹﾹ˵ˡķЩȷܲһ㣬ۼҵĻַ˵ˣȿ˵
ֻ飬ȴҲˡ
СĶлСޣ΢΢һЦ
Ҳҵͷ̶תַˣˣϰ˵ĵȷеСŮķڷˣСŮãϰǸɣ
ңңæֵСȻ޶ַ˲֮⣬˵ЩǷǣСĻҲǺеģСŮ֮ǰһֱƫƧСɽٳʲô棬ûмַݵˡˣպʲô֮λָ㣡
ˣˣǣǣϰճˣֳĵôǾͱΪˣīȥϰӸӣԱߣͬʳɣַڿˣԼ·λû˻֣īԸҼתҵϰһڲţǽҹĿ࿴ⲼƥԭҲһѧ棬ϰ岻˵һľͲ֪״ôЩӣ̣ˣ
пٵһīͷлַ·ϵ
˵עУҵһϲ漴һݡϲַⷬȻͬҪ׽һЩǻﻰ⣬ȴȻƫҵģݵģȴǸ濪ʣȫļƵŮӣҲʲô򵥵أΪĽַ˵ĿУȻǲεģֻֻ֪ΪݵλͣΪʵƱϿǰ򵥡
ַ˵Ļƾòȣô˵̣أӦ˵ЩϵĸǰЩžֵַڶλλ˵СæҲ׷׸͡
ַ޵Ŀ£ҲЦλ˵ǰС䲻ʫ֮ȻСǳȻ޵ķ羰ʫҲȻΪϡ⴩ȻҲڲΪ£
ַ˵ɡڲ֪СЩʱ򣬲Ǵʲô·ǾֹȻ̸Ц磬⣬ʱʱ򰡣ȹϻ˵ΣΪ˳ġһ֪СĵڴϿȥעĻǷױŴѹȥ˱·磬Ѵˣ˴ˣһһȻúˣ
Ŷô˵ǷԼעЩĻˣǸɡ
СĲ˼Сֻ˵ʧЩȻжѡתЦЦַʸ߹òķˣвʱС밡ַ˼ǴֲӦҲǼİɣСأ
㡭ô֪Ծָңʲȫˡ
⻹ôϷֱַߵڶλǸ￪ˣŷ˲ǻСĹôƾһ㣬ܸɵϰ壬ȻǿԲ³ǵˡ
ҹֻЦ˵ͷСˣ
΢̶һϰȻܸɣ²£ҵΣĮӰΣɢŷ·ĸ߰
̧ۿһ£̵ͷȥСûв´СӦ۲ʹ˾˵ĶŮСɣ 




50 ĵ

Ŷ֪ϰǴӺε֪ģǳһȴɱ߹̬
ҵһЦô˵Сǲ¶ˣ
ߣݸ߹˭˲֪ĸҲ㶨ڽϼˣҲûʲôϡ档ᾲһƵؿҡ
ϰΪ֮ǰڽϼѾͷԲϳ𣿡ҲڶλλֿˣЦʵ
תȥ˵ͷط˵ĻҲԭ֮һ
Ŷô˵бԭඣؿңݴͰ·һеڼ̫̫㿴ҡ
΢΢˵ͷǵģˣһԭڽСˡ
ŶѾͷţʲôôַЦʵ
ҡҡͷûУСȹϣǿʽϵȵģ˿֮
Ŷôδţжϳݵأ 
һЦСźƯĴ弴ʹСҲǵһĻɫ˰ɡСϳСԭҲڴˡ
ϰ壬㵹ǰҵȤˡַЦ
ҲЦŴǵĿԸַ˽ƶҲСĵأ
ˣˣϰͲҪٹŪˣ˵˵ɣСţôˣᾲЩ͵
ȻڴǰС˸֡Ȼݵλ˵ᾲǺĽһ޶ģȻĻĸŴҪԶԶС㣬Ȼξףȴʼնׯؾţ΢Ц裬Ǵ£˿ңϿǲָ¡ڣֱӶ԰ҲԴݲȵشЦң߰ţɼһߡ
ʵ£˵Ҳ򵥡Сûв´Сѣϸ¿õģҲǵ³õϡӣСϴδǴӾģߡҼᾲ¶һ˿мı飬ǲŲæǴˡСˣǰЩС˵˻״һ޳Уеʹ˰ɡ֪СĲµĶԲԣ
С㿴һۣ˵ͷĿ¶֮ɫСһ㻹еʶ
С΢΢һЦֵϰԽƺڿҵѣԭˣϰ岻𰲼ϰ壬ȻĿ棬ʶѹܵ÷ʶ
СˣҵһЦϲɫȴѷڲѡ˵ЩȻҲʵע⵽ǵģȴϵĴ塣ĵĵ
ƽĹҲϸɫͼƣҪСЩЩһǵ;ƣŮܵĽźܴϵϾֻϲʿͽ̷ռǲŻ޼ɵװԼЩݵλͬһŮˣڴŴҲǱźķġ
ֵװҲڷ⽨˼µĽȴҵƽʱҲûʲôֻͻȻҴСȹϿϤдĵ壬ҵһеİ֮һȫˡǼĳϣҼҪȥָȹϣйĹˣ
ϰ壡ϰ壿
ǣַˣǱǸΪСȹʵƯСĿۣ񣬻ַ˼£æع΢ͷǸﰵԼ̫ˣȻŶĵַ˼ЩſЦķСǰ
ַҲŽСȹϿۣתЦȻǺѣҲѹϰ˳ˣҿˣҲЩأ
ַ˵ǰĺƯҲϲأϧ̫Сˣ˼Ҫ˺þãҲϸһƥƥģᾲ˵ţ˽һۣӣСҲһĲƽʮֿɰ
ǣǰ񣡡ǵ
ЦСʵǶࡣΪͣòˣʵҪˡֻҪϲĪ˵һƥˣǳ޳УҲϲ᲻õġ
һЦ⻰˵ĺûʣ˵ʲôױСԼ᲻ã˭˲֪˭˲СΪ۲ʹ˵ĶŮ飬ǧСȴʣҲڼеܳλҪ÷磬Ҫ֮꣬£ֻҪеģСò֮ο˸٣һλˣС檰ˡǣôܱȵùСڽзһЩ޳У˽СĹ뷿ѡ˰ɣ
Ѿͷ˵ǣҲһˡ״֮ǿѣᵶᰮѾͷַ΢΢һɣŭҲҪ˵ˣѵԱҵĶС㣬ҲѲɣ
˵ǣõȷЩˡǵͷ
ᾲʮֲʵ죬۾ȴʱɨҲɵЦˡаǼ٣ƤģȴǺܵҵϲ
ֻǲ֪𰳤ǷҲÿɰ
ż𰣬֪˯ʱᾲͻȻĿתңЦƽﳣ˵ȻȴҲЩûʲôġ˺׿ϼϣȴֲɵãʵǽоҲΪ˿ϧȻûˣȴ뵽˸⣡ɿԽз˵İ֮ֻ֪
Ŷ֪ʲôַ׷ʣļкܺõŵС
ᾲ΢΢һЦĵ˫ɨң촽ͻȻֲõԤС
ˣⷨӣֳɵôϰȻܹ֯͸˵ƥƽҲǲڻˡϵĵ˵ĿһתضסңҿϰԼȹϵĻǾƯ䲻ôһƹȥǻһ㡣弼ĵҲڻˡֻǲ֪ϰϲϸˣ
˵Ҳǰϰ֮֯ߣҲǵһˣϰԸ⣬һ֮ᾲ׵һɫȹŮ̿ڸ͵̵һƬݺݺ֮ͬ
ᾲǵһһ𿪿ڸͣ˵ĻȴͬάҵļյģгһҵıµģҴߴ¶һֵģһС㲢˵ֻЦЦҡ
һ̣ЩЦá
˽ֺ쵼ԼͻҪԺѶȵġǣбҪͱ˽׷֯ʹʣҲǲˮ׼ˡǵļɽСϰ֮ƥеġ
ߣַҲˮȥӲǽϣ˵ַҪġʵǡʵ̫ˣǡĵѣ
Ｘʮ˫۾ע£Цˡ 




51 ҡ

ɲǼ䣬еֹˣ޵ĿҲΣȫͶ˹
ϰЦʲôҵĻʲôЦ𣿡ᾲǿˣȻ࣬ȴźεŭ⡣
ֹЦᾲǣҡҡͷСĲЦС㣬ЦԼԭСĸλСģĸо
ŶǺ⣿С㿴ңû˿飬ƽˮ
ҵһЦܼ򵥡λ̫̫СΪСĲһãֻΪͼȱټǿָ֯ˡˣǱ˵ĲϻҲȥ죬𣿡
ϰ岻ԷƱǾ޴⡣ǿڵȴһ˿ţ˵ⷬҲǽΪĳ˵Ļˡ
΢΢һЦС㣬СһֱӢ֪ŮеĲſ֬ӢۡˣСţһ˽СĽҪ˵ⷬġСģȥ֯ҵĲʽ
һݣ̶¶һ˿򡣡ϰ˵
СҪ˵ĻʵҲ򵥡ҵǾǣСȻֻһ¿ŵССϰ壬ȴҲԼ֯ĲԼصġˣСǲ֯ҵĻɫġ⣬ҲΪŵ롣ŽСһǿġ
ͷΪԼҵ⿼ǣǲȥͱһĶġͻȻһתȴǲͬǲδϰ֯ϰ忴ڴҽķϰæѡ⣬Ӧòϰⷶɣ
С˵ǣΪλС֯СңͬᲢۣС˵ǴȷֻΪСĲ֯Ҳϵԭˡ
ôϵϣ㾿ܲ֯ȹһ
ҵ˵ͷ֯ǾԿ֯óġϵĴ壬СľҲԭûʮƣҲи˷ֻͬǣС㣬ĶȷҪĶ𣿡
⻰ʲô˼ᾲǿңûˣı飬̱ʮơ
ҶΪÿ˳಻ͬ䲻ͬʷȫͬͬɲͬ˴ţоҲ졣ˣСΪĵȹֻнС㴩ţƯҲʡ
ôϰ˼ĪǣǶ䲻ඣᾲǵŭɣҲһ
СǷ׷ŭңҲˣЦȻǡСô˼أСĲ˵úÿˣʺϵģֻԼһ׶صѡǲ䲻ϵģֻкϲʡ
ߣϰر˵²ǣΪԼܣѰҵĽڰɣȹС
ҿһۣЦλСҪ⣬СҲûа취ǸλССģСĵļաôпʱСĲһ°ɡСĿԸݸλΣʵȵ಻ͬĵط֯ƥλϡ
ΪŹ棬һƳȴûؿһӰӡһ㶣ܾӰӺ졣ͷȥϸ룬ǰȻһҡŵĲӰң
ǸðָܼҵعӣҾǴģ˵һ·ϣһֱǿĲӰġӰǴ
ʲôأԲ¶ţЩ̫̫СαĴлҵĶţȴûһ䵽ҵ
˼ǰ죬ȴղô𰸣ǶǰĲ豭̧̽ͷʱȴһ˫̽Ŀ
ַˣַʼֻңȴ˵
̻عҺͰϰǺϲӰԽûԶ٣裬Ǻ˺ü
ҵͷȥŷַʶؾһȹ˱ڵĲ裬ֻձء
ǰСĺϲأַ˸ϲãİ裬С¥Ĺ죬԰ڵĻݵĲ֣ʮŴֲʧʴݣ˴ž;ʮָˡСѾҪֲ˼أҷ²豭Ц
ַ˷˲豭ҵŶϰҲС¥ú𣿡
Ȼǽṹϣλãѡúܺãⴰؼľ룬ǽСͶأûкַеĹâȻܿͷȥһ㣬ŵس
һλڵķֵϰѵ԰ֽһҲóɣҵҪϰʲôҪˣ
۲ҵѡЦⶼֻСԼǳѡСֻǾãС¥ǵĽṹ¥ͼƣСϲáȻСԼǾ첻С¥ģȴҲĲõġλǾ
СЦϰ˵ĵȤ֪
ôѵС㲻ôΪСĵΪⴰصλáյķֽʯΣټС¥УǡܹС¥ֻҪԿ˴ܴԵʯϷһֵꡣⷽ򡭡
ҿһʯԼ¶ĵ㻨꣬˿ֻҪһ˿΢磬С¥ڽԿŵ޵˿˿㣬ǳȴʵʵС¥֮ˣضǸֵĴߣһҪ֮֮壬ó澰
˵ĺã˵ĺüַͻȻÿ㳣įֻܶҵ˼û뵽ϰ徹ܽС¥ĺô˵˾ȷҵ֪
΢΢һ㶣ַˣȻôѵô¶صС¥ֱַô
ַ˲ֻЦҡ
ҵģѹ˳ڵʣ˶صĸоԭ˾ȻǸصдǻ۴ʶ˰
˵꣬ʲôֲСһʱΪһʱʧ񣬶˵˼䡣ʧַ֮˼λСǼ! 
ϰΪֱ˿ҵأԺлᣬ֪ϰǷԸμϾ֮ʱٰһЩۻأַ˿ҵ۵Ц⡣
æͷȥַ˵ﻰܹϣСǰʵСĵģСôܾأңﾰɫ˶ˣСҲʮϲֱҪַٲ뿪أ
Ҫ벻뿪ǲǺܼ𣿡ͻȻһʵ֮ģһͦӰҸϰָһ·֤ϰԳ˴Ҫþڴˣǲɡΰ
վһСӻӣֶӣ
ӹˣҲһ񣬼̶Цӹϻ۹ˣճҲһڱҵݣֵĸ׶Թ޲ˡ
ҵһЦĳƺѡţӵСҵӵ⣬СҲжţյüȻһϳΪ档
Ŷ˺ǺһЦ²ʲôûɣ֪Щôָģôأ˳Ӣ˧ҷ棬Ǹ˫ȫģ˵ҪЩŮǣҲأǰɣӹ 



52 ܡ衱

΢ü°͡Ȼ˿ѡժñӣŹɻӵǻͬʱֹҲʮ٬ǣƾ°ͣұԶ϶Ǹҡ
·ԸαװǣĲӰߣ°ͣҹ۲һ·󣬴˿ǻûзҾͿԽ𰲼ŴˣҪ֪⣬ԹɫܺΪ̵Ļһ㶼ǳҪ˳Եʣġ
ۼЦأҪסҵ°͡Һһǿѹŭ̧ͷ
Сֶӳμ棬죬ӻϰɣٴһֵĶŮ죬ֶഺ٣ѵûرܵ𣿡
΢΢һЦǺ⣬ȴջ֣󣺡ŶӹŻ֪ɣҺҴɲָͬ»û˵ĵطңᣬѵΪָӣܲμ𣿡
ﰵ̾˿²ʵǹΪ֮Ϊģ¾һ·ܵҡ
΢΢һЦλãٲ
Ҳգַ˵һī棬Ѹٵȡһײߣ˲衣Ѹ٣ɣȻǵһˡٿ˿̫̫СǣȫһֲֵӣȻٲԡ
ʱַ˿ˣ嫶ôпˣǰξۻᣬ㲻˵Ȥûô쵹ˣ
ȻǴ˴ȤˣԶҾˣƦƦһЦգգۡ
Խ֮󣬱㽫һӵı֮ԺֻͬҺַ˵˿סˡ
Ǹɤӣղôǽˣ֮кһģ
תͷȥЦôأòɣãһˣôأ
ǲΪһ߸ϵ̬еϲȴӲҵ۾ġһ˽еĹϵ
ߣӽΪʲôֻʲôϰ忴еôȣѵͱǽǺ𣿡 ᾲǲصĿתĽҲЩԡ
΢תȥͳǣ񣡡
Цò֪ΪλǶ̫ˣҲȥģһģͶ˻̫꣬ʧˣ
ᾲǺͷȥȴЦһ
ЩЩ¶ģȴҲ˳Ĭڣֶ֪ӻ⣬Ѽֲ֣ϰΪˣָҿڣֻܶĿڻӶˡ
ˣӣո˵ķӣʲô ᾲͻȻֵʮֺ档
ʲô΢΢һ㶣̶ЦŶ˵Ǽ°Ǻܼ򵥰ĸ׼ȻӹͶԵǲ˻ӹŮɣһӹɳ븮ĸףĸҲɽӹ븮ͬס񲻱ˣ
ü˵ķɧ
еĵûдתͷȥȴһȺ˫Ŀϸһ˼ұԭίҹıַΪŮ񲻱ã˵ʼһֱĵ㲻ˣֲһ顣
ҪջĿ⣬ȴһ˫ҿȥ΢΢һЦ˵ͷĿ¶ֻͣ͡
΢΢һЦҲ˵ͷջĿ⡣
ŶӣǵȷȤ֪ϰΣַ˿ˣȻҪ̽̽ҵ˼
תͷȥųϻ̳ϿֵЦֶӵ飬Сû˿ַֻݸ߹СĲһƽܸʵϣַ˲ҪٿЦˣ򲻿ɣСʵܲ𰡣
ַЦ׿ݵλƣԸҵĸŮʱǰ˵˵
⡭ԥƬ̶ַ̣˴Сֻܳǡ
Ǻǣϰ˵ﻰ˴ϻ֯һֺòòҲ֮ˣҲ㲻Ȼϲ䲻֮ͻȻҵĻģǸ֮ǰ˵ķˣǷ˲⣬ɣ
д޷ٺòЦһĵӡ
ֹ֪ǵַĸǶҵⶨǻôġӣҶϵµڶǴ˼־衣ңͰǣҲܲΪǿǡ
ô˿һƽΪŮ˺񰮣ϰ徹ԸôڵһλķͻȻ˿ڣģϲŭʣ˳ŮеĴԣº͡
Ȼʲôûи˳ҴҲáҿһۣ΢΢Цʣλǣ
ҷս𣬼Ȼϰ˴ϻ۹ˣϰ²£ҵݰɡһۣɵûһ˿顣
ʶؿ˿ȴպÿüͷɼ΢̶ָһƽĮģ
Сûв´Ļر۲ʹ˾ķ˰ɣǾˣһȴ𾪡λһ԰ģһҲǿеĽˡλƶȴԵ꣬۲ʹ˾㽫Էɷܵεģֹٲ檣̷ټλޡ
ɨһۣЦϰ˵ҷ֪ҵ棬кθ룿
СģȫһأҵһЦ۾ܻ䡣
䣬λһֱ°ͿҵĽС㷢һߣм
Ŷ֪ӹģʲôĴţĽˣʲôأλΩ²ҵֶûзŹõĻᣬбϣңӹҪŶģɶЩеλϲʿЩ߹ķСǵǰɲŶ
һŭǿ򶨵ض豭ǳǳһڣЦ𣺡ֶ˵ǣл㣡Сĵһλֹţ¶ׯķˡͬʱҲѧʶʳڵġ
ŶΪʲôഫһƽʵһ֪ⲻǽ
ǵͷСǳ֮ңС˵ҲĶþ֮ġȻˣôضһǧС㲻ͬز֮УǳоİɣĴţȻҲ֪һЩˣ
ԥƬ̣·֪λشƵġ
ȴҲδָ濪ڴңֻЦֵ䴫ţ˱ǳţֻû֮Է˵游һ𣬸Ǽٵˡ˷һѾ벻ʵˡ˷޸˽ˣİǶ΢ǵģҶã䲻Ͻأ
󵨣


ͬʱȻȻȴǷɨ˹ȥȴᾲǡᾲǸȹĹԼڵڶλλ޷ͬʱĿڣ˵ȻвͬǴȴġ
ҹЦλСķӦǷ̫˵㣿Сĵ΢С˵㣬ɾҪŵأ 




53 ű˫

ֶЦЦֱҪݶҲˣӹȻǲһ񰡣ʣͬ˵ģҲֻлӹˣ
ͷ΢ЦСĵӻ󣬲ҵġ
ûַ꣡ڿˣŭϰ壬˵ʵ˵Ǹ
תַˣַĪСĶԽ˲κβ֮⡣ŵĻҲֻظЩŶѣС˵
ˣҲɵŽ˵ظ㼴ʹˣҲ֮õ˵˾ʵǲãַ˵һߡ
ȴַˣС˵
˵գҶһЦͻȻһ㶣һʱ˵
ֶӷѯСĴţСĲҲȻҲֻظһֶңоԣδʵ٣Сı㲻ôΪתˣǳЦ
ңĿƽˮȴˮŶϰɷһĻ
Ȼ΢΢һ񣬷˵СȻŰϲãȻȴСʱĸÿ˷Ϣжš˵СŸλ˺СǵĹ³أÿС˵ʱܻţ֪Ǹʲôء
Ŷ˵ȥ˼ͣͣǵ
ҵ˵ͷǣˣǸʱСͻС˽˵Щ¼󣬱㵱˽ˣΪоЩ˵ģǸƷһ㣬ƶʵģҺСĵĸ׾Сһʶ
ʲôĸףѵ˵ĸʶ𣿡ַ˳ԾҲ˲ϴҵĻ׷ʵ
ҡҡͷǵģַˣСĵĸһͨƽŮӣһֻɽʶĽˣǲܵİַˡ
˵Ҳǰַ˵ͷֵô˵ĸ׾ʶôһأ
ҵСĵĸȻʶˣҲ˽˵Ϊˣȴ˽ⷲ²ƫƫСģ˭ҪۼˣԽӴˣܹʶ˽⡣˵ʮֲŵġ
Ŷ벻ĸһͨ֯ҲʶҲѵãǵƽ䵭ȴЩʲô
ͷЦǰȷĸ̸Сĵġĸ׳˵ʹǴû飬Ҳûѧʡÿ춼Ҫµɻũ򣬻ԿյԷǣҲԼǻ۵ġǵѧʶδؾͱЩѧ峵أ
ôڽ˵ĿԼжϵˣλ˵
ЦЦǵģˣڽ˵ӣСԼƶϵģҲСĵĸĸܲɷֵĹϵ
ĸĸ¿ԽԽˡĸĸôˣַҲ̲סˣЦʵ
ΪСĸĸǶ֮Ǵûйһִġĸ׳˵ֻమķޣŻԶԷʼһġˣС룬˴ˣضΪĸɡҵ΢ЦؿŽˣˣС룬Ȼ۲ʹ⣬ıʫ֮ʿǸΪĺù٣ôܹģֹֻׯ˹񣬻ķˣодԵֺ
˻һ𣬼̶ɫӵؿңȻ̾Ϣһû뵽û뵽
ˡСķʧˣһ񣬵˵£ʵڲСݵһʸȥԵġֻСһֱΪƽҲǳ羴־һʱ̲ס˵˼䣬ʵʧˣ˴ˡС֮ɣ
ǺǣϰˣʲôСǼ֮ˣǲΪʧŭġǲǣˣַ˿ˣЦǵģȴͳɫո˼ֻ
ϣ⻹ûģͿʼ㶼˵ˣٶ֣ҲȷǸű˫Ѿͷǲϲַˣŭ̶תң뿪ЦŮɣǸͷ٣ϥֻһŮңҶὫܰίΣ
ôѾͷҵǳˣѾ˵ˣҪҵģӲûַЦܡ
˰죬ͻȻڵˣҲִʻӹΣ˼ҵ¶ҲԼⰡ
Ŷ˵Ҳǰϰ壬㿴أְȨַΪĸҪŽ˵ķȥأַԣ̿ң
ҿ˿ַˡ˵Цɨһ죬ȴ˿ϷķС㣬Цϡ
ô⣬ϰΪ𣿡Цʵ
ҡҡͷתַ˺ͽ˸һ񣺡СӻӣǸҰͨСŮӡĸͻȻ˫ִŸ֮еãǾٲάᡣȴַ˴ǹСĵһ⣬֮Сʢ֮УСַܳ˺ͽ˴СΪŮ٣СǰҲġСǾңܵλˡֻǡ
ֻʲôҵ
ɨһֿۣ˿֡λˣֻСѲǶһˡСĸѲֻ˸øС顣˵ɩĸòֳֻб˴˶ѡˣСѽԼҪչһӡˣСԸþһŬȥò⣬չ˺ʳǣƽԣҹȥٰأȻСʮϲλˣȴ޷ܷǵĺ񰮡Сʵ޷ãȥٻ
ɣӣī㣡ȥϰַ˵ǰ𣬡ɾͳɣɾͰգαд˴ϰҲ̫ˣұǺ⣬ҪչʹһıʱҲ˸˵İȫпԣǱˣʲô˵ģֵ
ַ˿ǽС޵ˡСĶлַ˵ţ΢һһ
˿ҰΣЦϰѴȴҲضȻܾʵѣǲãұ㽫һŮͬ븮оסӣŮı׼ȥ졣һҵŮֲ˿ǣ㣿
СĶл̧˺꣬СֻС̫ССס󸮣ʵ̫鷳ˡҲ֪ҿ΢΢һЦӤǺܶ࣬Ҳ鷳СȻƼѣҶ֯ô΢ĩı¡˲꣬СӻԽԽõģˣǽϧСĹ¿࣬Сգ볣СɡСľѾмˡ
üͷһδڣΩ²ҵȵ˵ˣ벻ˣϰ壬ǡôļӰ 




54 سͻ

ַ˺ͽǧĪҪᡣɶλСȻмǶһˣСľκԥæĸŮԵ֣С಻ԸʧλĻᡣպַˣ˲СԸⳣݷãλ˵ġȻǶλСݲСҲҸʡ
ַЦϰ̫ǫˣǾԲģպָĴţʱϰ峨ţֻҪпˣʱԹ嫶ȥǿѩȡ
Ұ̾Ϣⶼǵڼˣ˵ŴŮӶֺΪʲôǳԾʱͲܺ
ڴʱֵַϰ壬ҲЩˡԺҾͽӰɣҲáַˡַˡؽˣ̫鷳Ժֻܺһ𣬽ҷ˾ͺá㿴ɺã
ȻˣˣСǻӵҰˣæЦ
ʱˣŸССĽС
ߵǰСĵؽнַ˵ȴӣֻЦøˣֱӽӰɡ
ɫӵؿһۣһԲؽеĽе˹
ԴӹСĵش˺иǡ
һɫԲƣףֱһ룬ͨ徧Ө͸ӳ⣬͸һλðɫ
ˣ⡭ҿַˣѰ𰸡
ЦЦӽǰ˺ò˽ǰ๫µõģΡϲؾɫ״ҲɣһֱûôռȺԵ°ɣҲཻһ
ôصĶôأæиϣƻ
ȴ˿ְڻǸ̬бϺȲ裬ŵ۾˿顣
˵ԣͿԣպҪȥҸңҲЩôɲ˵ַŭѵ䲻𣿡 
æҡͷӲңֻ¸ܲص
ϰ岻ǫãҲַ˵һƬⰡգඣʱǾؿ˿ڣȻǵģҲһĮȻȴв׽һ˿֮ͬ
۽࿴˿λ޷ˣȴ̫̫ͬСһؿַˣֻ壬񣺡ˣӾˡлл˵
ַĺϲ⺢أﶼóˡЦӣϿɣַ˵ıƽǱһۣΪѵأ
Цⶼǻӵˣܵ÷˴˵ţһԥǽȡϡ
ɫӨĹתţףšҿīɫ°ϾţϾ·ѵһƵġ
ˣˣѾף˼λ̫̫СƼͤһŮ
ַ˵ͷԴЦң˵ˣдλʧˣλɣ½˵ţ䲻󣬿ǾȴǼõģ֮һͻһ÷ٺòˣ
£ĵӣҲóѵã޷˵˷׷׸͡
ַЦתңʵӣԸǰȥ
Ȼˡһ㶣̶˵ͷæ
ַվԭأΪ⣬ȴֲ֪ʲô¶ʱȴҽΧ
ȥסַ˵֣ЦþûˣΣɺӹһǰȥɣ
ַЦ⺢ӣôôТ˳ˣҲգ߰ɣ
գգֿۣ˿ַ֡룬׹æǰסַ֣ЦԺӣ±¡˵ӸʱΪķ˵ȵüˣߵôҴææģû˼ȥΧľɫأŷȥأҪúùһˡ
ַ˹ȻټƽҷŷӦٶ۵£ЦӼȻôϲǱ䣬кѣȵ嫶ĴתתǡһңûӣȥҲȫЪһޣһȥ
˵⣬ʮҡЦЩźü̾˿ֻǻӵöڼңʵڷĲ¡˷˵ĺ⣬޷ˡʵ˵ԴóӲӷֿôõʱ䣬ڣѾЩأ
ַᵽĹĲ֡˭֪ƺСԭЩĺнһȫ
ַƺ׼ŹңӵĹǣҲûеҲգҲ÷ǽžۡôӰұ嫶ɣ㿴Σ
ңҲһΪڹŴ̫ˣ˼άҲƫˣǡҵжȷģַ˴˾ȷʵ
ĺҴ𰸡
Ƴһ޹״Ҷַ˵˺⣬ӸмġȻˣӾȴ֮ˣֶӣת΢΢һ񣬡ʱҪ鷳ֶһˡ
ӹﲻضǲһͳأ޴˵ȸݣȴҲ̫ˣҵͷ縧һЦٲȻһ׼ģнĹ幫Ӹ
˵ǣǻӶˣҵ˵ͷڿǼɼ΢Ц󣬱װĵתȥַͬˡ޷˽̸
֪Ϊʲôҽݺһ˼Уֻʼնڰҡ䲻ԵɣȴҲҶøУ޷ģǺô˵˵仰ܵʲôĪ䳰ȷˣ˿ұַͬ˼䣬Խ˿εĴ
ѴԶˣ˲֪ĺܴʯĳرڲסԶȴԽ˿״˲֪أúܽ
·ΧŵСһҲûóֳΣǱʯг˼ԲΧŵĻ״ִȪù״ˣȴƲס˷ܡ
ӺرϲʯرڣԴӹ֮һֱϵָǿƵġַ˵ͻȻڶߴ
תͷЦ˵ǰӴҲûмôƯĳرڣôƯȻصĳӸδţδˡ˾̲ס࿴ۣ÷˼Цˡ
㵹ʵڡ޷Цؾֵ״ҵҲδ֮ʱҲأ
ƲƲ죬мʲôϡģԲ˵ˣӻǸӣʲô˼ҾͲϲֶ
⺢ӣô˵أ޷˵ЩڨڨģҲЩ֮ɫ
ҿֶ˵ǰ
ǰɣҲûȤɣ̶ҵ
ЦЦŽԵһӼȻϲǱ㲻ǣ˵أǶȤ֪͵İ˹͵ġֶӣȻǡȻˣǲҪǣֺοΪԼأ
㣡㾹Ȼ˶˵㡭ԼݣȻø̫̫СǷ׷פۿ
ҿһ󡣵ĸǸⲻϵšΪʲôġܼҡƷŲ裬ʱ˵仰ȴ䶼ǵѵǰһ壬ӵܡҲ֪ǣӺεأξȴһġ




55 ·

ҵһЦȻֻһССƽȴҲַ˵ĿˡŵأϣֶӣΪַ˵ĹӣӦø㹻غ;⡣ʹϲҲܹط˵⡣
˵⣿ʲô˼޷˿ڵģ·ǰֶӲûóүļѹˣֻһͨѡ
ҿɨַˣַҲȤؿҡ
޷ӦҲ֪İɣأʯΪڣɽȪΪɵһԴأǣһתأظ˵ĵط״԰ʯΪʣճһ޴ģİͼأ
޴İͼ޷ʶظһ䣬Ҳҵߣء
ָǽ׵ʯڣЦˣӽֻڶμˣȴҲ²⣬ȻУȻ˶İİɣ
Ȼ֪⣡Դ򽨳㻹ֻǵڶµóأַԴؿңеĹˣһ֪Ŀϲ
лл˿佱΢΢һ񣬼̶ǣֶͣ⣬ȴʵû޷ܡ
һʱ˵һֵҲ֪Լݵ΢ʵûʸȥֶӡǣʹӷŭҲҪ˵ӣʵǲַ˵ء˵Ļʵ̫Ӧˣ
ã˵ĺãƶЦ˵ҵĲˣĪҪôòɾͱƻˣ
ҲһЦֶ˵ﻰôͬأ˵ǲǣˣ
ַ˵˵ͷǰǰЩãҪദǣ
ǣǫõĻжȹˡ

ʳ֪ζǰɴҵ³仰㲻ٿڡ
ѾָĽĸһȥ
ΣʱǳΣǰɴʾ˵ݺ͵λһӰɲһ棬龰ʱһ·ʲôûб䡣
ȴѾ֪ˣǸҡĹܼңΪ򵥡
ԭ룬ΪַʷһƽŮʲôģİָܼңָ̽ҡ
֪ˣ飬Զ򵥡
ַˣˣ޷ˣĸ˵̬ʮֹŹ֡ǿѣάһֵζƺЩʲôȻӦǡεЧ
Ƚ϶ԣǽãС㣬ǸȹĹ̣˳Ůо¡ǵķӦȻö࣬Ǿۣ̾ǲмģֻǿĴ̽ԿóĶԴһİƽߵ̬ȡ
ֻǡǰǰֻ˲㱡ɴڲϵɢŹŹֵˣĳϷ
Ŷڽôõᣬ۾֮𣿡ȴûȥǵͳԵ
бϣ͵˵ﻰӵ˼ǣΪľɫԣûй˵Ʒζʳʳ֪ζ
һЦ˵ҲֵñĿ
һͻȻͣŹǰʱ⴫һүүкãкã㶫ɣСġСѾüûгԹһٷ˰үү
ƿɴҿηվڽǰԵλϣȴ˽Щ޴ӡ
⡭ô£˭˷֣ţҪʲôɫֻ̫ǰԼ¶һҺɫĶ
ô£˽Σ˹ȥ
عͷǱӹôˣȥɣﲻܡ
ˣкãкãˣСһ㶫ɣСѾܾûгԹһڷˣˣȱ͵㶫ɣŻҺ˹ץסҵȹӲţϵؿţ΢ȴ
Ҷȥ͵ͺȳ֣
̧ҵܽ۵ϼֱ٣ֻһ˫۾ԤʾĻ顣
ؿң΢üſҵȹӣ𣿡
ʶطſ̶֣һ˰벽ҿͷкãСһڷ԰ɣ˵Ķ£СĽˣ
ȱæͷҰͷ̧ơҵͬʱȡ
Զ˶٣̶̧ͷңɬܲ˼ӣҪæ΢˹ȥ
ҵûջȥͷˣˡСݵ΢ӱ˷˵
ԼɣҽӸ˹ȥ˲¶ݡ
ȻڼԵʶԵɫƣȴʾĿ
һԵҳֻ˵ôһ䣬ûᣬһֱԿţ˵˿̷ӹǸ·ˡɫٳ٣ؼҡ
һۣ˼ؿŵϵк
򡭡С㣿ǺӽͰ͵ȻҵĿסˡ
룬ʵأ
ˡͷȥ
üŶ𣿡
ģ򡭡С㣡СľûѰ򡭡С㣡Сĳûãĸױˣû˸ףСǸ游ġ游һǰͻȻ˲æ͵˼еĶûκáǰүүˣұѷˣүүɥ£񡭡ûеطȥҲþáþûжˡ
ˣΪʲô뷨ҷݶģҲãʲôȥҷݶȴҪֳԵģվȹڣȻ࣬ȥҪú취ˡ
ת˽ΣҶԽηԾվԭط߰ɣ
ˣø𣿡ڻعʣĲ⡣
ҷӣעȥѹܸһǮлʱ򣬵ʱҪصԭȥˣң׳ȴͶˣֵð
΢΢һ𣬱ƽǰ
һԵϴҲҲʲôѵĿҲ˵ء
δ˵ǰĽηȴͻȻˣүϰ壬ɷСĶһ죿
˵Ȥָ֪ļҽ̺ɭϣ»ǰǺ˵ġ
ŵĭʵʵǺӵҲССģûˡϵ˵ãԲſ˸ĸֿ游˸ҹ͡ңǺСӣҲʵڸɲʲôԡҲһɣҲɡ
̴ͣΣͣΣͣΣ
һӣΡ
ηΪԼ˵˻ǵҷŭˣæһڵϣҪǰһЦɣллЩ
˵꣬ٲͣƹһؿҵȥ
ĩҺɫӰԭء 



56 ƽ

㣬Ը𣿡ûж˵ʲôֱ⡣ĹĶǣԶǸĶǵִȦľƣ޵ػƽʮꡣǰӣȫû˶Ȧӵˡ
̧ͷңĿãȻȻû뵽һȥ
ôԸߣҼҵ𣿡һ䣬۾
ͷȥһᣬңԸ⣡СԸ⣡
㲻𣿡ҵ
ҡҡͷشóҵϵĿ죺ˣ֮飬СԺСǷ˵ˣʹҪСȥСҲĸԸ
ҿ˿Ӻؾǵɫ˿ֻ֯һ˶βڣմĻҺڣֱҪϵ·һɫˣֻǵβ࣬ɫ
Ǿ͸ɣתȥ
Ϊû˰ɣСھ󲻹ңǿŽ˽Ρ
ҷӣĿ⵲棬Ը߰ɣ
μƽǰţòŴӹ⡭һһŮһΣ¡²̫ʰɣ
ôԵĶӣҲ˵ĻлӳԾأɨ߾ִٲк
㡭֪ŮܲĵһңҪҪˣ࣬ʹ͸ɴҲܸоǿѹֵŭ
ҵ͵Ц
ԵĺȻŭͺЦʲô
ЦʲôЦЦ⻰˵ĺûڱԺӿ˼ɵЩЩΪʵڿļǹ˼˻ӵڣ˵̫Ц𣿡
ⰲ˽η·нġãáһʱ䰲ˡ
˵һֱֺãǹ𣿡ã˽ƽһ˿
Ұ۾˵ЦˣӲһƽ񣬶ȴǵص࣬ң
ߣ㲻㻹ʲôҵģٵֶ֮ײٽű㽫˵¶óϸһ飬нҵĻָһһһϸҵġ״ֵȻͷβʼ̬ȹԴǱ΢ңûĵԼǸСġĻǷâ𾴵Դµ²Ŀɣ
΢΢һ㶣̶Цӷͷͷǵ˵ʲôҲûأӵЩ棬æµѡֶӣôйȥТأĪǣЩò绨СǣλµġĿꣿ
΢΢һ㶣̶˵͵͵̾Ϣӹ˵Ϭͱ˵Ҳôġ𣿡
ˣӣϰ塣ͻȻͣη
һǸСкΡ
·ʱҽͷһᣬӣ´μ棬ϣ߻ӣⳡ飬ͨû
˲佩Ӳ壬Ǻ߽˵
ûſڵңҺ⡣֪Ҷӵġչ˺ԶſڽҪöࡣ
ͥĵƹȻţֻΪ˷ֹӰ쵽˯Ժ΢
վͥûнȥֻǵ˵ͷʾǳ
ŵֻ򣬵ȼ˳
£ߵĺӡ
ȵȡȥ𰣬ͷлͬ顣ǰȵͬʱʾǺͥңȥ𰡣
ֵͥУһԵĺ˾˺Ĵܡ
ҽݸǣ֪ʲôҪʡֻЩȵ˵ȥ⺢Ūɾ·ȥˮϴС
ôСȥ£СȥæˣСҲˣЪϢһ°ɣ⺢ӣСľͺáæ
ҡҡͷӹЦɣ⺢ûԹˣպҲûԱҪȥԵģ˳յϴˮͺáͲˣб½ȥɡ
ʲô£һ仰Ȼɢ˰ǵעʵ
ָָǺӣȥѣ⺢Ӹĸİɡ߱Һã¶ˣȰͥǼŵʰУûеطϴ衣
С㡭
ǻҪ˵ʲôҰڰֵȥɣó⺢ϴʱѸϳʱɲࡣһʱҲЪϢһ·ˣڻۡ
ٴƴǣҾת˳
Ļ𻹺ּ˵ˮܿˡ
ҸϹǣ溰ǣ̹ˡ
ҵʰ𣿡
ǵͷ
ҵȽԡͰȥɣͷٸһµľˡԡͰúȥѰɣͺá
С㣬ˮָָһˮ
ߦµ棬ЦͺƽʱҪϴʱ򣬲ҲԼˮôʲôʵģ
ôУҵĻû˵꣬㱻ǴˣСʲôݣôȥ̱ˣ
šǣôֲʲôǧС㣬㡭Ҳ̧ͷżİǣ֪ΪʲôӦ˼ҡ
ȴᶨСȻӲԼӣСȴԼݡСĲ֪Ǻ˭ֻǼȻСҪչЩֻɰˡСҲ³ֻ˵ԼϲҪżЩСԣСĲûֹġЩ顭
ˣˣľˣЦŰѰƳ˳ȻЩˣ㻹Ͽ죿ȥɣ

Ҷŷ˳ʱѾǺ͵һԵϴȥˡ
ô򣿡ɨǱߺڶӣعͷӣ߼Ų˱ʰǡ
ԵͷȥֱЦǺӣǺߡղСҪǺ·Ȼֱ㣬˵ʲôŮܲ塣ȥˮǺæһڴ򣬲ҽȥҰЩһͰˮȫͰȥˡС˵ɺòЦ
ȷȤҵ˵ͷֳֻȣȥˣѿɸĺˣ
ǵͷѸĺһףڷˡֻʱţЩֲڣϸɡ
Ҳãͷҷüƥϸ޲Ѱɡ̫ͺáҵꡣ
Ǳʰ꣬С㣬˭ѽ
ȱ𳷣ֻϸǶͺá⣬ȥŵǺӣ÷˶ˣ̫ûԶˣͻȻЩģɲáҵ
ԥƬ̣̲סʵС㣬˭ѽ
ǺǣҴ·ϼĺӣһˣ޿ֿģʹˡҴ˸ǷԺ¶˵ɡҲˣȰ˯°ɣ
õģС㣬ͷĵȥ˯ɣСĻᰲ׵ġǵ
ҵ˵ͷ뿪ݣȥϢˡָԺﻹãˣҸʵͷúõ˯һ˵ 





57 ּĸ


С㣬ɫϸ޲°˿ѾˣµĹȥ֯֯Ų⴫һк
ҷӣվߵһĹȡƥһһݸվĺӣȥɣСĵ㰡
һƥȴߵûĲӣ΢΢һЦûлȥ֯֯ͥţǡ
µĽ̵Ϳ죬Ѿĵؽ½⺢ӡȻʶ֣ѧȴܿ죬ʼʵ¶ȫˡһСĵع۲졢֪һʱ䣬ȷʤݶˣŷĵػص֯רĵش֯
ָ˱ԺʱǸϣɾò˼顣ͬʱҲ룬⺢ӣǷҵأΪַ֪˵ξۻᣬæһ֣ҿר֯һļãˡˣ죬˼ˡ
С㣬ǺӣǺܸأǵͣһ˿
һعͷȥôˣǣе㲻ˣ
СġСĲҡֻǡֻЩİˡǵͷȥָˡ
ҽӹ𰣬ЦôôŰҪˣ
СġСĲǹģСԭ¡ͷѹøˣĲۼøˡ
ҵͷʳָСֱЦ̧ͷֻˣʲô˵ɣҪԥԥµģ˿ż
СġСֻС㣬ǲǡǲǸˡǵ϶ش·˶ƵģȴͿġ
̧ͷɻʲô˼ôʲôѽ㵹˵Щ
С㣬С֪ԼûãǣСĻŬµģСľܹСģСǧҪıⰡС㣡ͻȻڵأ
̾˿ߵʱͥõǧ£ɣҪ˵Ļ˵˵ҪҲŪ˵
ǣС㡣˹
ҵֵȣȴʼղڣֻʵô£ԴǺӺһֱԡұҲģֻЩһֱæҪ⣬û˵㡣ǺӴѧÿ졭ްô˵˵žͿˣ㵹˵Ҫ𣿾ôˣ
С㡭СǲСĴԡԷСˣҪСˣҭ۾СְԹؿһۣŪһڣ·ǸĸĺƵġ
̾˿ʶǴӺζģʲôʱô˵ˣֵǺɵİ
С㡭С㲻СˡСġС֪Сںæûа취ȵС̣Сæˣ˲ŻǺЩҪǡСܹѽСҲѧģСæùģֻҪСܸСһᣬСһСʧİС㣡
Цˣҡҡͷǣ㡭ǽ޻˵ˡĻңңǽѹأ
С㡭ҡСġҵĻӽˡ
һӻ֣Ļǣңжˣ
šΪû뵽һͻȻôʰɣ㶡
Ǻǣ㲻ǵҸɣʮҵģǾʮ壬ٹ죬ˣҡ𰣬ôõദ㾹Ȼô˽𣿡
ӣҲЩˣǽݵʶؽסˣ̧ͷҡ
ȴûֱ֯ÿô󣬲ӽ֯ǲеġ
ϼʱȡ֯õĲպã߳֯ͥž˫ۣ˳ȥ
ôӦù𣿡ҿڰǰʵʵ
ˣæеëʣվС㡣
öɡߵ£Ŀ
Ϊǰʶ֣ʱֶֻ̣Ҫļ֣粼ƥƣмӼȵȣЩĶʱ̣Ÿո꣬պǶֵͣѧõǲֻּȴᵹ䲻ѱϣײÿ
ˣûʲô⡣ԽԽܸˣѾһˣĿûһ󣬿ȷѧϰ Ҽһ飬ֶ˶ԻϵĿĽʣȷûвʱֻҪҪ֪־˵ĵڶдúÿǲеġ֪𣿡
׻СǰĿ佱̲ס¶һ˿΢ЦҪ֣ͷС˵ǣСһŬ֣ȡдƯС㶪
ЦЦ⵹ڵĽѾҵˡҲûʲôˣʰʰŴɡ
ǣС㣡ͷתȥš
ҪͥʱȴͻȻԲλˣǴˣҪʲôɣ
ӵǺܴϰأһдԵȻЦȴ˿һЦ⡣
΢΢һ̶תͷȻһϤס
ȥɡҾˡҶֹʣͥת˵ĸ磬
´һۣϰǺͷԡ̶һµʱˣͼûв֪𰲼ģһܺðɡ
ЦЦŻشֻĸԵƬ̣ȥݱ
ȻֻԹԴŵȵˣҶ˲ʱվҰڵĻϵƥ˿ǰš
ĸ磬ò衣ٲȻһдˡ
һۣüҶ档
ҰϵĿʣһЩɢһ̧ͷ㿴˼̷޴ġ飡飡ܿƵؾ
ĸ˿ڲ裬̧ͷ䲻ǣϰӦ֪ҲΪ˶
ʮӣˣĸԵ㡣ЦЦ²豭ѷõģ׬ĵһʮ˹ȥ
üǷӣ˵࣬ЦԹȻ棬ϰȻܺðʮӣȻ۾գؾóˣ
ĸ⻰˵ĺûİѵҪԥ֮һԸ󽻳ĸŻ𣿡ҿһۣ
ĸҡҡͷ˸⣺ϰѵ֪ҳ£ҪСĽɫѾôˣϰ徹ҽ裬ǽ˿ˡ
ĸģǽ˿ˣֻǸ֪ܵŮˣΪٽЩӣɫ֮£ȴĸκʧġıѣһҲٸ̻Ҳٽĸ㣬ʲôõĵأЦЦںָԼ˱衣
ĸ˫΢УϰΪ֮ˣ
 


58 


⣬ĸûʲôɰɣĸֻܺ˲裬Ӿǡȵȣҵ£ĸ絣ǡ˵ţҿһۣһᣬϡ
δذɣĸһ΢ŭϰǷ˵˵ΪʲôҪţΪʲôҪȷ˵ӣ᣿
ĸ˵ʲôһҲסҵͷȥݵĺУĲҶ
ͻȻһץסˣ̧ͷĿһ̶ڵУϰ壬ҶǴˣлֱ˵㣬ңʲô
ĸôôأĴ磬ôأⲻ̫𣿡Цȴʼ֡
һߣϰ壬㲻ͬҴ˴ŸңҽٴˣΪŲıζţ
ĸȻΪΪʲôôˣŶһǰأȻıĸ粻Ҷ㲻𣿡ҵһЦҵ֣
ŭңͺȵҪ㾿ˣʲô˵ɣôΪʲôΪʲôҪңƻԼڣ˵
ĸˡϵȼأüĸֻǵŵĿˣٴЩҲΪͬɣֻΪӰ쵽⣬ûʲôԭ򰡡
һ˦ҵ֣һûü˵ʲôͻȻ֣һסҵ°ͣҵ۾ЦˣôҲǶˣ
ס֣Ҹſڣȴֱȥ˻Ȩ
㣡˭ʲôһƷͻȻϮĸ̷ſҵ°ͣת˶Դ
౻ʹ˵°ͣϣŵĶˡ
ⲢûһˣҵĿѾﵽˣҲνˡ裬Цˣֻ˿̳ضΪΪİŮ˶ʿǣϧ
еʼղʤҶ豭ʱȴͻȻ˫˫֣ͣҿ˹
ôˣλǴúܿ𣿼Цͬʱʾǲس
ӣ˭ôˣΪʲôУոաոաʲô
ֶӣ񲢲̫죬ϣƺΪϰ塣ҵĵȻҲʲôݣеλǧС㣬ǣһϣֶܹӦеأԽԽüͷЦЦֵĸ£ֶȻȴҲȨʡҪʲôĻɣɫСѾˡ
ӣ˵ʲôǡǲǡɫͨ죬˵ˡ
ҿһЦǣôˣֶӵ˵˵⡮ǡӺζ棬˵˶̶̼仰ڶСǰκ˽ֶ⻰˵Ҳ̫û˰ɣ
㡭㡭̶תһֱһԱؿϷĸ磬ǲǲʲôˣӣңҰʲô£ûҰ첻ġ
ˣشĻȥվĸԣҵ˽£ֶȨʡͿͣ
㡭ӡ㡭ָңָţͣǰš
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˱ۣѾظȴ˿ӡֿһۣԳѾ֪ˡ
һһ̶Цˣֶ˵ʲôҿɲסֶȥɣ飬·Ҫˡ
һۣת뿪˲ꡣ뿪ıӰõһ̾ϢܿƵسǻ
·һ˲̶ת󲽵ȥûлͷ
ʧ⧲֮£ĸͻȻƵڵء
С㣡С㣡ų˹ҷ
ײ˰ϵֱۣЦûˣõġȥɣ
˿ңֿ˿ĸ磬ŭ㡭˭ƾʲôôҼС㣡㡭̫ˣ
ĸüͷ΢壬æסҪĸȥͺȵû£ûˣСĻ𣿻ȥ
һۣڵͷȥĵˡ
ûʲôҪҽ͵𣿡ĸ翴ңǺڲصҡ
ʼ磬εֻǸˣĸ粻⡣ЩӣĿûĻĸ߰ɡĸæͲˡ
ŶˣҪ𣿡üëһҵ
ЦЦĸ˵ĻҰҲ
ֵôĸٳٲǮĿԣǣС÷
ңþòͻȻһ㶣̶ˣȴûж
ǡҿϵĶ㶵
˻θղŴͷϰµķⷢǸղܾ⳥ˡϰ壬㶼ðɣ
⡭ұһ˵Ūô̶ֲЦŵ£ȷҵĴĸ硭ܾˡǷͨľƣʵǲֵʲôӣɾ⣬ĸ¡
ȴҵȥӿҲһֻۣЦķⷢϰԣǷǳҪĶˣ֪˭أֵ㻨ʮ
ǲҪĸ磬ҡҿջӡ
ЦЦֻϲѽô죿
ȻĸϲǾ°ɡͻȻЦЦתͥȥĸߵʱǵðæϵţҾͲˡ
ȵȣĸͣ˽Ųȴûлͷ
㡭ˣⷢأǺҪĶˣ
ǺǡˣͺˡЦЦĸϲ߰ɡ
û˵ͻȻǸˡױ˰ɣ
Һһ̶ͣ˿ϵױĸΪλô˵
ǺǣֲϹġһǰҼ㣬Ưȴ޹ֻױһºҼ㣬Ż˿ϺõΣױɴţҸ֮ϣɼλ
ḧױû˵ֻǿ첽߽ͥһæĺˣųɢҵĶҲʼء
С㡭ֹؿҡ
ҷ¿ӣ̧ͷأ
㶣ոճ̣˯ˡ
ŶǺãʲôҪ˵ģֱ˵Ҫµĵθڣӣּ˿㡣
СġС㡭ֿʼ½Ͱˡ
̾˿ǲ˵˵
С㣬Сģ
˵ٱˣҪԳơСġΪʲôһһľǲأţˣҪ˵ʲô˵ɣҪû£㿴ҵ񣬺ͰһһҾͿҪ˵ӣ΢Щŭˣͺȵ
 



59 


Сġҡһɹȥڸ˿ڣҵģС㣬£ô°λӿǺݵ˰˭СİɣСΪʲôҪأλλһ·Ĵˣ˭ΪʲôС㣿СΪʲôСȥѵ
΢ӣЩжЦ˵˵㰡Ҫһ仰˵Ҫ˵ôһƪҪһشĸţ
С㣬С֪ԼݱûʸС£ǡҲǹС㰡С㱻۸СҺõİҲڲٽˣһңҪָ˵ӡ
ڳԱˣҷ꣬̾˿̶кܶ鶼̫ˣӵ˵Ҳ˵壬ҲֻҪ֪Сң֪ԼʲôҲԻᱣԼ۸ġ
ǽ졭
£ԼƵģȫҵ֮УûгԿҿ̫ˣǾͲùˣһжСȥ졣ɣֻҪ£ҹͥͥ£Ҿûʲôĵˡ
С㡭û£ǲĵһ䡣
վǵȻʶСôˣ˵һѻ𣿺ˣȥ֯ˣҲʰʰϢɣ
֯Ҹľȴ֯Ժ֮ȥģ֧ľ֧ʱÿ춼͵ľ֮һ
ַ˵ϻͻȻæµҪæŽ̵ʣ̣˾ʹ֯ץ֯һֱûʱϽֹ䣬ҪæŴԷҪæϴȵȣҲûˡȥǰ˵Щε¶ô
һһֱõ͵֧պˣûҵ֧ľĸȥ
ھ½ļƻʱѾ֪еķա˾Ȼ԰ȴҲпܸ鷳ĸˣԲ׿Դ򽻵ġǣټϣ˭ָԣǷȴǾû뵽ġ
ĸʶҶԵҪʱҹϵطˡľҪǣһ׼Ϊ˶ϱʲô磬ϡڵ˵úɺ֪ȥҵױǾ׵طġҪĶ𰡣
ױҵĵߡֻҪĶҶԣҪ
ͨһ㣬˿κ͸׿ЦЦź˿ߣϵľ鶯
һʱҷľչ֫˳ȥ
ͥУվ¹£ҡ
ôˣʣתš
С㣬СǸġ
һ£ӽˡΪʲôڶĲƺ´ͬ˵ǰðɣҪͰ͵ԳơСҡ̫Ťˡ˵ţתȥȻЩ鷳һæ϶ǺԼʹڹųʣҲɼÿ춼Ҫϴ裬ȥ˯
ҵԥ˰죬ڵС㣬ΪСǸġ
ŶǸҽװˮ̨ܵϣ
ǵ˹Сĵ̨¼˲̣ǵģС㡣ǸġҲӦòС㣬СЩͬˣȻСû˵֪СǾԲҲܵġȻڵѾˣţһ첻ҪˣСҲԲҸϳȥġԣΪҽСĻɺͲεǸ
תЦȻѾ֪ˣǾͲٶˡȥϢɣһˣָÿˡѽ㷴ȶҸˡ
֪ˣС㡣ҰСպˮȥǵ
ЦùеĻǯ˰ɣЩҼչˮ
ȴֵù˻ǯ˵ˮСźɡһÿ쿴СزΣȴְﲻʲôæǾԼûáЩС£ɡС۰ǣչ˺Լҡ֧أ
֪ǵ⣬ĲģҪЦĬˡæµˮæµˮȻЩȴͷβЦҵﲻɵҲЩжΪʲôңȴһֱǾľûһ˿иͲʵġ
ˮȫϸ˳ȻشͰ۾
С㣬ǸɡǵţұоһȵĶ˼ϡ
ҵǣҲæһˣͱźˣȥ˯ɡСÿ϶ҪϺüΣ㶼˯ãЩȥЪЪɡ
ģС㣡СողųԱˣһʱǲѵġЦظҲű
ҵ˵ͷǾˡ
ǸҲ걳ֶʵظ硣һİĦнˣұۣ˯˹ȥ
ʱڵµ
۾ʵʲôʱˣ
Сʱչ̣СѾ˯˿һʱˡת߳ԡͰЦ
ҽӹӣѽôˣôأ
С˯ú㣬Ҳ̽аСЩһ࣬ԾֻһźţˮСܺЦŽһԵøң
ҡҡͷǡѽֻңһҲ֪չԼһˣ㻹ùȥι̣ϰ޾ȥˣûϢôŵùȥ
СֻŶС㣬Ų꣬ǣȴûԼûкúչ˹ԼҵСءǵ΢΢֡
ˣһοڲʱ˵ΨΨСĽˡڣ߳˰ɡ
תƳȥЦǣǣǣƵģɲŶܰҵСӰ
С㣬ڰǵﰡһӡȻܻ⣬֯ĲҲƯġǣȴȫչԼҲǰСҲǸʮĺӰˣǿңᣬСȶС㣬أ
һס˽Ų
һֱԸţͣǰǰȥš
ס˰ǵĶȽȥɡҸո˯һڵˣԺһߡ
ǣС㡭һ㶣æ
ҳҡҡͷȥ˯ɡҾԺߣõġ
ɣۼŰǹţתſտյԺ
 




60 ʦ

ԺﴫϢ೤ĴЦֵ֮ģǸ۵Ӱ
һ񣺡ʦˡ
ʦ˵ͷû˵
ʦָָԺʯȥݱ衣
ˡʦվû
ҿһۣǣʦ
飬˵ˡãʦ
Ȼϵȴһ𣬼̶ЦЦʦѾ֪˵𣿡
ǡֿһۣͻȻŮӣᲢ
̶Цʦ˵ǡ
ܾû˰ɣʦ´һʡ
һҡҡͷԲ𡣡
ȥ˼ʦϵĴӣע⵽ʦŵһ
ģһֻһҵľУľɢ㣬Ӧ̴ľƣ˾µƣϴۣػ䱦ʿ
Ҳʦǰ죺ʲôţ
æӹľУʵʲô
򿪿Ƿáʦ͵ػ˻֣ȥһʯ¡
ҽľзŵʯϣСĵ۴򿪣һʱ侪ȵ˵
ʦרΪȥ𣿡ȥǾϸĵ̣૵ʵ
ʦһרţΪжӣⲻ˳·ӵġ
ʦ̫ˡЦţȴʼղǾϸ̵ľȻֵ˵Ķȡ
ʦһۣôóԣ
ҵһƬ̣뿪ľУʦҡѾþûˣûõĽʦŰɡҡҲҪ
Ŷô˵Ƿ书ˣʦһۣԺҲҲýˣ
̾˿ߵһԵǧߣḧϵĻʦµĲҲҪˡ书ٸߣҲδرҪˡֻҪúõذѲ꾭Ӫȥ׬㹻Ǯܹãƽƽֵģ͹ˡ书Ѿȥˡ
ߣˣҵԼӣʮ֮ɾҪɥˣ㲻𣿡ʦشһһֱ֣ҵ
ǧصţʦµ֣Ҳͽˡһʲôµġ
أղŲǻ˵ҪóͷĵʦϢ΢Щˡ
ЦˣʱҲʮˣŰǻչ˵úܺõġʮʱ䣬㹻һⱲӶòˣʲô÷Ĳµģ뿪ңһȥ٣ٴʧȥʹࡣҲã
㣡˲Ͻ˼ȡǸŬͽ̫ʧˣʦȻˣȻûʲô˵Ҳߣȴóķŭ뵣ǡ
ЦЦû˵
֮⽣ˣǵ治Ҫ㶪˰ɣ˵꣬ʦӣƮˡ
ҿʦɫ½ʧҹɫУ̾˿
ߵʯߣḧźĽʡ
С㣿ôˣôû˯΢һΪԼ費½ѧˮۣˡ仰ҲͬӦѧ
ҺϺиǣգգ۾Ц˯ţߡأôˣôˣҹ
ɬصͷֿһۣС㣬ˣ
ʲôŶûа㶣̶ЦŲ˲۾ɵİ
ֿһۣСûᣬڿޡ֡
һʱվȣ΢˻Ρ
ʯϣҿΪʲôô˵
Ҹȥʱ游ûпޣҲС۾ģҲܼ٣ѹӡǰɥµһ˵۾ûᣬǿŵġң
һ˻֣ȥɡ
С㣬û°ɣҪһ𣿡ңĵϵġ
ЦЦ˰ɣ㻹ǸӣõЩǳҹ𣿻ȥ
ҡҲǸˣΪһĸԣԹ߿ģ˭֪ȴ·ǵƵĹִزߣҪҡ
̾˿Цû£û¡⼸һֱæŴ£ջҪ֣һࡣڲȥ˯ôо£ȥɣ
˸ض㿪Ҹͷֱֱ֣ؿҡ
ƵؿΪʲôһίͷ߿
С㣬ţһ죬᳤ģһᣬ仰ɱ뿪ҵߡ
תʦĽ·ĳħǻϢؽҵȥضôûҲȱʲôڼ⽣ȴȻԭ书ѳΪһ֣֯һ㣬ҵѪҺ޷ָ֯Ϊıҵİã䣬ѾΪҵһֿļ䣬ϰߣһ֤ҴûǹһķûǹһʽС
Ķĳ֣ѹ
С㡣һ÷·߽
ûתĿͣľϣֻһЦ˯˾ֻˡ
С㣬ҡǵͰͣȻڵ
֣ţ⿪£ϣ㵣ңҲӦöഩٳҹ¶أȾ˷纮ôǺá
С㡭жؿң˫Ŀ΢ʪ
Ҳڵתȥɱᣬֻǵʲô£ûչˡ
ЦŭתͷȥЦʲô
ЦСǹģȴƫҪڳһνӡЦеؿҵɶˡ
̾˿˫տڲ
СҲЦС㡣ǵЦͣʵ
ҡҡͷֻЩķ޹ء㻹Ҫæȥ˯ɡ
ˣҲСɡ˵ţҲҵĻش𣬱㾶ʯ档
ҿһۣҲٸȥ˯㲻˵ֻĿֲر˽ϻϡ
𵱳ڲƭƽϰʱ飬úǷ̡ʱңǲҪˣ⽨еŮһĸ޸һమ涼ûһεˡȻһһΪȴҲʼղһİ˹һԣҪѧ书Ա֮Ҳ˰գȫ
ڣһϰʲôҲûܱҼ޲޵ˡǣҲҵУҵǰˡʼԭ򣬱ЦңΪζϰ䣬ΪζƲסҪеıϰ𣿻Ǳʲô
ұͷȥǽϻǰıȴɷħ㲻ϵԺг֡ԽԽǿҵԼȥӣȴԽ
 





61 ̼ɢ

С㡣С㣿˼У˰ǵ
ʲôʣƮƮģûпɽͷ֮С
ǵС㣬һ仰˵ȴ־ò̫ʡ֪ò˵
㶼û˵ô֪ϲʣңҲûа취̧ͷЦ
΢͵ͷȥҵˣˡҲ˵֮䣬ط֮λЩ񣬲ҪҲաлֱ˵ǣµģҲż
С㣬Ȼ֪ľװʲôԴҳ󣬾ûСĿƿɴ˿ɼСǼϲġȻϲСΪʲôԥأԥƬ̣ſڵ˳Ȼ˺ܾõġ
ЦЦȴδ˵
ǼĬϣֵСദЩˣȴûмСԥǿʱѣĸӣָС㶼˼֮ϵ˾û˿سˡ
һۣԥ
ʲôЦЦ
ˣСʲôദ˵˵ȻûСı£ǵʹЩԸС⣬ҲǺõġ㲻ܣСиߵĵطҲЩɡҵĹһ˵꣬ᶨؿңҵĻش
ʼ磬ҵʵҲûʲôҵȷϲĶȴܿ϶ǷӦýҪ˵ˣԥΪҲ֪ΪʲôϲϲǡֻϰϲµĴͬʱҲ֪ҴʲôǸǻʵжԣԥˡ
Ű㶵ӣЦЦǧϣһûһµصš
С㣬ȻҲ˼ǼȻϲǾȥɡ֪Сÿ춼æȫûһԼʱ䡣ʲô飬СϲģôС㣬һ֧㣡ҵʮȦʱǿңᶨ˵
ʧؿǰʮ꣬ƽʱˮּе͵ĸ͵СŮӡ˿ѾȫûһŮӵҲûϴ˴ʱĿᶨͦ·վսϣҪΪҵȥӵսѡ
ηҳϡ
ǧ۾һһǣӻңĽã
С㡭ǻһŴŵ˳µӹ䡣
ļЦ㣬ʲô˵˼Ļ𣿿˰ɣˣأ㻹ȥ
йȻáֹס˿˲㲻˼سһЦµݻңתСŽ˷䡣
ȥʯǰؿľУҲ֪ЩʲôߣҲ֪Ҿûʲôֻĸ顣
紵ϵõ´Ʈǰ
ͻȻЦˡ
˲Ҫʲô
ҲǽͣҪĲ̽¡
ҲǽҪĲǺᵶɳ޵С
Ҫģƽƽؽ𰸧󣬸Ҹ˰ػ
Ǳضûнġ
ͨһ㣬ұԥؽʦµİƤʰ𡪡ѱ紵ǧԵϡ
һԾϣȡͨɫ˿Уϻٴΰ
Ĵ˿Ҿǽ֯
򿪹ӣŽȥʱͻȻ뵽ǰϤĶϤĸоǰҲεؽ֮Уÿγ˽ţ˿ȸԾʱ̬ͺǸĺӣΪǲŲͬʱȴҲŲ״ļ˷ܡ
ϹţһصԼ䣬ܲϵظԼһҪ˯ҪϢãӦæµǣȴʼѣȴûһڽϵġ
ҡҡͷԼżصģͻʧһڸղԡʱ˯һԭʦûκιϵðɣУҲΪòʦط⼤õ飬Ǳ֮޹ϵ
ֻǡҷȥıϲϵر任ƣʼ޷˿˯⡣
Ƕ˶æڡֻţʵ̫׺˼ˣ
ҴãʼⲻڹķҲʹ˵ľõķɣϴ룬޷˯ߵЧٱڵϷȥĥԼͰҪöˡ
ٴδȴ޵巿ּžˡ
ʱƺһж˳˳س˳˳סƣʦҲֻССܴ죬֮ٿͱƵðһжƽһжһжͨһжҸÿľ緹壬壬Է壬壬Է壬˯
ʱżƽȴȻƽȴζΪʧȥģҴδõĶܹץУͨȴѵõҸոһգ긴һذҶȹһ
̫ˣҲ̫޴ˡ
ΪҸÿ˶סģ޴ò֪ȡǰεĽѵ
ԣôԵԤʾˣңǾõҸġ
Ȼ޷õҸôҾ׷ƽͺˡЩҲԴҸ
ˡҲûǰΪνν飬ȥƴȥȥȥŭȥˡ
ңƣˡ
۾˿İǡȵӰӳϣ񾲡
شȹҷСԺ
羵ҿٵĿĵطȥ
紵Ҷǰ·ĩҵĺ罫һͷ˿ɢ
ſ˫֣硣ַƮĳӵĸоá
磬ɫž˵ĽֵɻתڿУƽ˵ϲá
ģŵ˷һζ䲻ŨȴǰЩҵҹǱһƬҥֹҲɵģҸġΪɽµСһͨľݣҳ֮Ϊ˵ǣ齨ĳ֮Ϊҡĵط
ҡˣйػܰ⣬Ǽҡ
ǰĴʯϣĿҶġɳɳ
þҵģ֮ƽˡ
۾ͷϵĽָĹ¹ӳ¸ҵͻȻðһͷǸֵĺУòҲᵽһǸδ֪˰ɣߣɴöָ𶫺ģ
ĻǸøлǸԹлΪҴ˶ļ䣬ҸӼᶨ˾·۵ԹҼһθ飬ʹһξ
ˣ˦˦ͷǳɢɢĵģȥЩԶûнҲܷ˰ɣ
ȻŲ£Ϊʲô𣿡һӵϢһ
 


62 ¶


͵վعͷȥ㣿
СоŻ˵ܲ٣ܲٵ˵ľǴʦɡЦЦվ
˫ֺʮǫʦþò֪һɺá
ȷþò˵Ҫллʦûдʦ֮ǳŲ졣΢΢һЦ
˵ûǶһļ䣬Ƕϲ֯ġϾȻҪǣͬʱҲǸ֣ƾν츳ʹϻ޷ﵽ״̬ģҪģǾ顣
˫ֺʮһ񣺡ʦлǱʦĶ񲻹ԭˡ
ʲô˼ʣϡǵҲ˵ͬĻ
Źֵĺȴҡҡͷʦż֪ʱȻ֪ˡ
תȥһҹʦڴˣ
ʦĻشܸɴ࣬Ҳһ㶣ΪΪ֮ǽⳡƵԵ֮Ķȥ
ҵʲô
Ϊʦ󡣡
ҡҡͷû󡣡
СֻǷڳϰˡ
ΣΣҿʡ
СɮмҪʦϣΪʦ󡣡ȡһݸҡ
ȴһɫ˿Сһް̧֡ͷѯȴӰ
׶ӣվеͷ˼
ã̧ͷڵóۣ
һƥϵȷʲôҲûУû֣ҲûлɸɾһӣǿõĶӣȻͨ·ϸܣûһ˿бƽһ߿׳ȴһͷɼ֯ʮֽ
ǸŹֵĺ̫߹ҵġԡˣұȡֻΪʲôѶѾͷˣô ļְãĥ˭֪ﶼֻӣҳ֯պܸߣڵǰ뵫ôûа
зȥذţЦЦȻû֣ڶҿ˵ǺôʵزûȥԺпҲоое֯Լļա
ߡ̧ͷ˿¹¸Եʵ֣΢΢һЦ
վҽ˿СĵڵϣűһԵҡ֦ɣʹһ֦ͷ£˿֮ϡ
ǿ˿أĽǣһʱϷʵ
ͻȻһͷٶȺܿ죬ץס
Ŀ˼Ǹͷʲô
ʵܼ򵥣ͷһб޻
Ȼ书ûôҲһ죬ҿ𰰡һشǣܱһͨĲϰöࡣ
ѶּѰţڼϵļǺšԾϣױγСĵƤǰڵ𣬼ûбҲûëŪһͿ
ĵȥҸǰĿ̺ۡһ򵥵β״պ֮

ڶϣʦûϣҸյʱŰǺϴ˯ˡǵĺ೤ұĵس˷䣬֯
֯ȡʱƵĺɫ̴ϣ˳˲ꡣ
ɽ֡
⣬Ҳɵõɴ۾Ҿ˴ֶʦ
ʦǰһ񣬼̶ʦôˣô
˯ţ߰ˡʦ̶еĽĿ¶һ˿Ⱥϲˣ
ǣҵͷսнʣҪ䡣ΪģֻΪһ죬ҪԴ뱣ˡ
ãʦȻ˼ᶨĿ꣬չҲ˳һЩ
һ紵ǰòι̵ķĴƮɢ
̷һֱϵòΣΪÿ̫Ҫ˵ϵ÷Ҫ𣬴Ϸι̶ԼϵòҲûʲô󰭡˭֪ԭʱΪʱֱضˣԲûͷ˿̱յĺҵͷʦע£ڷзأš
šΣʦعһ״
ֽӹͷһȴǸʵ¹¿ԭɫͷĵɫСȴƯ
ҿʦʦǡ
ϻʲôϵͷϽҲڵЩӣ书Ƕķ˰ɣȰҽлȭŽȫϰһҿʦЩεؿһۣűϵذһ٣ӢϵĺΣҿ濴ʦԭҲкߣ˼ʱ
Ҿ𷢴ؽһͷϵãıɢţִķʽʱõƤ
ʦȵؿҵķͣĿƣ´ͨϳĶ̴װ磬ɻʵӣ硭Ӻδѧ
Ŷʦ˵ѰһοƹһӴ·ҾúʺʦǴĶ·𣿺ú氡קק½ǡڣ̧ͷʦʵ
ʦֿһۣһ˼ҪɻӲŴ·
Ŷô˵·ʽඣ̫ȤˣԺһҪɫģ̫ˣЦ
ʦɿˣˣ·Ժ˵
׻˵ȭ֣ڡ
׻˵ţ
׻˵ѧˮۣˡ
׻˵ߣһ֮
׻˵
ֻ˵Һ˲ֻʽǰҽ˲ٶȿĻķϣҵڹҪ˻ǰˣ
ʦһЦӣ֪ڵϣ֯ҲࡣǣЩ£Ϊʦ̵ֻӽÿ춼ҪһʱĽڹԼʱɣǱÿ춼Ҫ㹻ĹΣ㼴ǽ뻯ûĸĹв󽵵͡
ǣʦҵŵͷ˵㣬ɥԿֲٶ˲ôĽͬʱҲҵѧϰȭʱù˻ҲûֻʦǰҵнҾȫʼġ
һʱʦתߡ
ʦߣͽлҪʣҼҪߣæסȴЩԥ֪ôڽϺá
ʦתңʲô𣿡
ҵͷȥεؽУʦ֪ʦסδ
ϣôͻȻôòˣԭСé㲻ȥ𣿡ʦؿң˵ɣΪʲôͻȻ
ԥƬ̣Ȼ̧ͷʦʦǼСéʵ̫ˡͽҲԼһˣȻͨʲô˼ҵĴݣǲʦģôҲ˸ҵӣҪʦȥͬס֪ʦǷԸ⡣
 


63 걣


ⲻðɣѧ书һֱܽеģҲһֱͬ㱣ܵϾҲǸԼ·ҪסȥסҪζԴҽأʦֱشҵ⣬ָѣ
ЦЦô˵ֻҪܽЩ⣬ʦͬŶ̫ˣ̫ˣʦ
ӣΪʦô֪ʲôʱҵĺͽϵôˣҰȥͬסôֵøˣʦɵؿңдšΡ֡
Ŷʦôô˵أʦͽ֮䣬͸һЩİ𣿡ЦѾ쵽ʱ컹Ҫ𿪵أʦʦͿԴȥ𰲼һ֮ǰźһеģ
˵꣬ûʦƴǵʱ䣬ʩչṦȫٱ˲ꡣ֯Ϣػ¶̴ұصԷر˯ϰ֮Ҳǻ۵ģΪ̫󣬸۰

ڶ磬ʦˣеһһ֧һֻС
ʦ𣿡ȷϵ
ʦЦЦǰҲ֪ģĺΪҡǰûͬһطһµģ̫࣬鷳
ʦҴȥķɡҷľվ
ʦɫӵؿ˿֯ЦˣæɣԼҵõ
ôУԴȥɣЩ֯ģҾ͵ԼżˡⰡҲҪͬ˵ЦŽʦȥߵʱûš
ʦ˷䣬Ĵ˿صͷȻ󣬵ǻܺãžһ꺣ģ֮ϲɫĻ컹ŵ滨㣬̫ˣӣôҵطģʵ̫ˡ
ʦϲͺáԺϵ˰æҵģһֱչءԺʦסȻģʱٸܡҵҲʦһվǰԺЩƯĻ
ʦŴ⣬ͻȻЩҾͷˡ
ģʦԭڵʲôʡ
ʦңЦЦȻȰԴڶȰ
𣿡ЦЦϣԺϲɡ
ʦתңΣ̾ˣȴĴɡԺ˵󲻴˵СҲСء
ãʦһ¡Ҵʦ˷䣬û»ȣŻȵʦķķ䣬·ϼĺӣĸ˫游Ҳȥˣұ⺢ӺܸɣѾȥˣⶼڴ
ķұǰǵķ䣬סΪĲƣֲÿҷ˯䷿ǿˡ
ǱߣҵķˣԺķˡұ˵Ҳϲӵģǰȴ˵ͳ֮ģֲֻסˡ
ҵķǰߣ֯ˡͨ֯żǣ߳ԸʲôģܿͻȥˣԺʦҪңֻ֯ǡ
ôʦ֯ϵʡ
ʦǴ֯ɺеġЦЦʦصķ⣬˻ȣЬӣʵҲΪʲôˣֻ涼֯õĲƥ֯ģмϼܵģʱĴϰƥģⶼǲ֮ȻҪСЩˡ
˵еʦͷ
ЦЦӻȡԿףݸʦ֯Կףʦ¡
ʲô⡭ʦȵؿҡ
ЦЦϣ֯ԿһѣһһѾˣʦҪպŶ
˵꣬ҳһЦܻ֯
ӣܽ𣿡˰ʱ֣֯ǰվҪʦ
߹ȥţʦ¶
װˣվһ磬㲻֪Ҳûпʲô㻹ҵͽ𣿡ʦһۣЦ
ͷЦʦûţΪ˼ɢģ
ʦһ˼ҡ֣۾һɣҪſڣæǰ棬һ»ȿٵشЬӣЦʦͼϣȥ󱭲裬ȥ԰ߺȲ˵
˵겻Ӧ˳һæ
̳ʱʦվǧǰϸؿš
ȥһڷŵʯϣЦʦǧΣʯΣǲǺܱ°
ЩŹ֡ʦһۣ
ҿһۣͲܿһ
ʦЦ£ԹƷ
ʦͽĵġСģҴһʦҿɻģпڸأЦŶʦͬʱƼϵġ
ʦϾµĵģȴֺ֣ڲ裬Ȼʵӣ̹˵ɣʦΪʲôĿģ
ʦôôأʲôĿİ˵Ҳ̫˰ɣЦЦ豭Ȳ衣
ʦңЦЦŶ𣿡
ǰǰֻǼ򵥵뽫ʦͬסһʦٴĻˣʦ٣٣һЦ书ʲôģҲʱʦ˰һˣ˵ʲôĿģĿˣʦ
ӻӣҸһ˵ʵ㻹дǣҿɾˣʦžһ豭£ͺȵ
ҿʦһۣʦͽûʲôĿģֻǵҪТʦǰǲ㣬ͽҲСвҵȻʦֿˡ
ʦ߰ʦʦҼʦһۣתȥæһץס½ǣе̹ף˵ʵ𣡡
ʦ΢ǣ̾˿֪Ǹ壬Ҫĸоǲ
ҡʵʵġԥƬ̣뵽˸취ʵҲҪ˵ģǾʦ⡣
ҵݣʦңüʾҼ
Цҵô˵ҪʦȻڲסˣҪиݡƣǲ̫ǵĲɡ
ŶӵΪʦЩԣǹ㣬һʲôӻĹӵġ֪ǲǵġɡʦңϴŲ׽Ц
̾˿ʦҲģǶǱ˵ᰡǸʲôˣʦһ˽ģ֮ǼĪеİ
ʦһۣû˵
ѽǲҪ˵ǸˣղŵĻ⡪ƣʦĻԺרŸ𱣻İȫάֲģ
Ժ򣿡ʦüҡ
ҵͷȻΰܺãǳЩ˶ӣǽޣѹ¼۸ġϾС˵ֲ书ȻҪ书ǿ˰æˡ
ӣòʲôڰʦİɣʦˣû˵ű㿴ӳôը
 



64 

һ㶣̶ЦʦῪЦôأ
ʦҲЦΪʦȷǿЦˡһңССĲ꣬ôǵʲôڰǰɣ
ӶЦЦԽԽСš
ʦԣôҪ¶ˣͣסЦʦʦԵȣȥȥ
ɿȥ˲꣬ҵڶʵ
С㣿ôˣó
֪ǳʵĵǼƶȾģֱ߹ȥ£ҲһԵСˡ
ôŸʲô˵ٱˣɵ㣡һִٲӣЦôˣɾࣿ
ҡҡͷллСģɲãÿ춼ϰиұԹࡣ
࣬ʲôҲҵģҡͷͻȻʵ֣ɻѧʲô
С˼סؿңɻʡ
磬벻ѧǿȭŹ򣿡ҵҵʦǽλȭŹܰǵİȫȤĻҲͬʱ㰡
ʦλСʦȻ⣬ôСĹһҲˣ
Сһǲ˽Ⱑ鷳ĶҲŲҪѧأڹÿ֯ѾæˣﻹǸȴѧЩݳ޵ĶҴЦֹͣ͵ֻͶԵϺ츳ԾΪͽҴˣǸˡ
ͷЦԭС㻹ᴵﰡ
ֻǳѧѡʦӦúǲҿһĳݣɵϴĸ֮Ҿһֱ书ˣǵꡣ·ͳ룬ڱ˵ʦ˵ֻʦҰ׵ӹˣίˡ˵Ҳһ̾Ϣ
գգۣԶⷬص㣺С˼ϣҺѧ书
ֻҵ˼ʦһû˵ϣѧǲѧһǻġǲԸ⣬ǾˣǲǿģϾҪѾˣѧܻ࣬£ҲǿԼҲѧҶӦΪֹġҿ䲻ɫȴܸұĹû˿ɣһбС˵츳أ
ͷȥ룬̶̧ͷС㣬ȵҿԼλʦ̸̸𣿡
ȻˣˣúÿǡϾҵ˵ͷԼҲкôģǲǣĻɲÿ˶ģʵǺѵõŶ
ǣС㣡֪ˣһ뿴ġ˵ŵͷһͥ
صͥҽʦ˵ˣʦ˿ңôô϶һһֻ̹Ŷãƾʲô£
ʦȱ𼤶û˵ΪͽԼûͬأԸˣҲһҪΪͽܽ书֪ҳʦһЦݣͽǺܸӵģҪͷ˰ʦ񣬲ͽܰɣʦûпĹͷô书
ôһҵ֮ԻƣΪΪʦ˵ţȴͻȻ
һЦʦǿԭİɣҪΪǮҪΪ壬֮ΪҲʾǡ
ңҡҡͷѾͷô֪ô࣡
ϲĶȻöЩʲôֵġ˵ԸԸɡЦһĵ޹ЦݣҶž˺üΣרΪʦ׼ġ
ʵҵʽӣҵʽӾֻһ֣İʦӦҵĹŵˡҲ֪˵ʦһתҲ书ɵ׶ЩŵȭʹǳĹ㲻书
ûйϵҲûϣΪһֻҪܺúñԼ꣬ҾûʲôĵˡЦ
ʦ͵̧ͷң⻰ʲô˼꣬ôأҪ뿪𣿡
ˣʦ˵ʲôģ⣬ңˣҪô죿ǲܵİЦػ˻֣Լ˵СġȻʦĵĺãЩһǲ׼ϾǶԼ⣬αʦŲѹ

Ҳ֪ʦ˵ЩʲôǵЯʱұ֪ˡ
ʦ°ɣЦֶ֣ʦǾ׼һӲ˾ͶҪˣʦ
ˡʦһЦ˰׵Ŀλϣҵ²ǸҵĻԺˣλӣǶ϶ϵġ
̾˿ֻ
Ҹʽһ¡ʦǰǣҸĲƣ鶼ڰҲٳŵģܸأСȴܴȫڴţҲܸɵģһһܸʦָʦλճǣҴʦʦĹܺãպǲʦˡΪ˲עĿҾ˵̵ֵҪסˡ
˽Ե˵ͷֵʵϣʦѧҲǺܰģ̵Բ⡣⣬пʱҲȭŹ򣬰ǣҿʦȵı飬һЦתǵҲҪѧҲᷴԵģϾ㻹ᣬѧЩȭŷǺõġңʦϧ룬Ҳһ˵ģ԰ɣ
С㣬ô֪Ҫʦѧأǻʲôû˵أȻ֪ʵ̫ˣңȵ΢ţǿɰ
ҳգգۣһЦǵȻİȻôСأ
Ծݵı飬̾ĵõ˼㡣Ǻǣֻ֪֪ͨɾϥжûаʦ񣬿ʦĹϵȴȻ׽࣬ӶжϳĽۣ᲻ʧ
ʲôģϽԷ㿴㣡˶ˣʦͻȻôҵͷһĻЦʲô˰ɣţ
Уίü̶תǣôҪһѧ𣿡
ǿһֿۣ˿ʦҡͷˡһŮˣѧҲûáҡִˣֱѧġ
ͷ̧˵ҿµͷ̶µûţű˵ͷ˵ˣ̧ͷ
㶵ؿңۿʪʪȴֲҵЩζ
ȡС㣬ҿ˵𣿡ʦ˵ˣȴΪ䡰С㡱㱻ζǺȻƺҲˣʦСǱŤ
ŭͲһԳݽѵңһֹ˵ݽСʵ̫Ź̫˻
 

65 ̷ԭ

һݼֻϵʦл˵ɣԻн̵֮Ҳҵĳˣ˾ڡ
׹м仰Ҫ˵ȫԼʦͷתº͵
æл˵СϱʲôԸֱ޷
׹㷽˵ʹˣֲѧṦģǲǣʦ
ǵͷ΢죬ֵͷ
ȴôġʦЦ׹üĿ£飬δԼЩӦĺòϡȻһװʵϣӦֻʮ°ɣʱ䣬ʱȴҲ²ΥֻҪպڼϰδûǰ;Ů䣬Ƿá
ǣʦô˵ˣ㻹ʲôĵģҼʦһۣҵ̨æĻͷ˵ˣ˭˵ŮûˣٿԱԼ۸ɣѵͲӵпԱԼ𣿡
šС㣬ǡǡǿһۣЩãȻ
ЦЦʦһۣˣҲϴʦŻῪʼʽ䣬֮ǰԺúһҪҪ
ǡ֮кܶҪϴϴ·жС㡭ǵ
æ˰ǵĻЩ㲻õİҲҪʱɨȵȡҹȫæ˵ʱҲ˰ɡ
ǡǿһۣԥص
ǣ㲻ؿô顣ÿ󲻽Ҫæ£Ҫд֣ʱ䲻١ ȥ£ʱǼģֻҪԸ⣬ܳ鵽ʱġ㱾ֻΪƣȫزٳּ£ֻҪרĴͺáˣֻҪԼҪҪѧ벻ѧͿˡ
ǣЩǰԸΪСİҲСһˣҪ֯Ҫĸ£ôæùأǵһĳϿҡ
ҸҪڣʦˣˣȳԷɣʲô£ȳ˷˵
ǿʦֿңͷȥķ˵
һ룬ԼҲáұҲûʲôرϣֻҪչ˺ԼҪΪò֮ǰݣڽ۸Ǿͺˡ

ǵĵڶ죬Ͻ˱þòءЩģȥ˭֪ȴüå·м䣬ֵܿȴؿϷһǰ
֪ʶ֪ݵ˴඼Щݸ߹ͷǾȥֵطģôǱϷֻһֿܡǾ̫ˣʹǲʩ죬ҲɣǸˣԲŻЩ˵Χۡ
ҷȺʱ򣬸պ˰˵λүǷҹȥɣҡҼС㻹һȥءҡĵûȥˣү
ס֣˵ҳȺʱѣôҿһĻʱеǶ뿪ҵͷԡûϸǰƣұǰһһ֣ŭǰĸ滹һɫĺ´Ļ졣
컯֮£ҪʲôɨǰһۣһЦ˵û
һ㶣ȻӶشЦһɫеЦϣ˭ҵŮѽҲ֡ǲô㼵ϣϣ㡭ô˰
ҴľҶ΢΢һЦһȭıô㲻ô͸ȥ٣ҵҪ컯գϷʹ˻ʲô
˵ţҲݷֱ磬һѾס죬Ҫʹ˸ۡȥ
øСȻҴңֵǣϣҡδ˵꣬һȭ죡ôţô˵棬ҪΧŹһŮ𣡡
Сֻλһȥȸ裬ûʲôġǳܺǱϾ˶࣬ǿ϶򲻹ģԹԻؼҰɡֵܵ£ҲͲƽˣһһ·ɫ΢µ㣬Ҳ΢õ˿ڵٲȻһͷ
Ŷ⵹ǲ롭ǡУҶȻһȣһǸͷĶһ㶡
ʵûе׵ġǱϾ˶࣬Ǹ͵Ůӣǲ书ǿ϶ġǼ书ǣҲ鷳ű鷳ȥòʧ
˫ֵʱ򣬲ԶĽֽͻȻӵǱ㿴ȥȴһ˿ɫ½ǡ
ߣǸͷĴֿһۣһͺȣһֵһȥ˲ʧڽֽˡ
ʧҵҲɵղǼȫȻûĹʱжȥȫһ·ɿұҪڵء
еײûеһĻ
ԭѧ;пΧۣ׼ƵУȴȺɢԼ·𿴼һϤӰӣȴҰڵأ˳ֽסҡ

룬úܲ⣬Ǹ֮ˣƽʱʱôҲͦûιôϻزִ˼ȭôأ
ȰǶЩӪʦҰɻֱȥʱȥ˴ϴ룬Ҳ͢ʦҵɻ˵˳Ȼʡ˴ܵԭǶΣֻ˵ǼС·żȻġ
ܼ򵥡ʦ˵кüˣȻҪȴѾˡÿʲôʽʱҲȻ츳ģڳ˵оϰźܴİҲˣʱǿԵѹסˣòӦеͷţڣ
ʦһգգۣ
ûУʦ
ҡҡͷס
ôôأʦҵͷô˵ɣѾСɣܹظоڴܣˣϣܹһ֮˭֪㲻ֹȻҪˡѹƵĹУ˿ĵҲͺܶ࣬յݵѣ𣡡
ԴԼҪٲͷҪʦıˣۼʦħצҪٴ£æͷԭˣʦ
ʦңģ
ţģллʦЦЦֵɫʦϢ
ӣʦͻȻסҡ
һعͷʦ
ңΣͻȻΪ£ſʼ̷𣿡
 



66 ĺ

ʦȷǸְġϾͿʼ̵ѧϰڶŪ˺Щá
Ϊʲô˵ŪأΪ̫˽ʦˡûаëǮֺãǵڶһľͽø⣬ǡŪģʲô
ãһҲû˵ѧﶪ飬Ӧû⡣
Ǽҿ˿Щѧ֮ĶǰԼʱһұˡ
ȴҲġʦø飬ĽġһˣεʾʾǲϿڡϰˣʹмǧԸ⣬ǲͷۼսбʼҲ̬Ҽȼһʵǲףηʲô
֯ԺصţŰƽϴҪõĲϣԥŲ֪ҪҪڣڡ
С㡣С㣿ͷ˼ţ䲻ڵе
תͷʵʲô£
ֿ۰ǣȥ
С㣬˸ӣ˵ҪСġЩ˵ӡ
ҵͷûʣֻ˾䣺ȥæɣȥ
ͷȥˣתмĻܣһ֣վһŻǰרĵؿʲô
վԿ
ԼǸоҵעĿعͷҡ
ǾվڵעŶԷþò
ΣȿڣЦӹþò
ҵĺ·ʲô˶٣תȥЦŪˣûʲôӹֻ𰲼ϰ塣ĪҪŪˡ
ӣҡ
סڣλأתλ򲼣СȻӭǣ뿪ҪӰ⡣
ӣӣðɣ̾˿ϰ壬ôûˣΪʲôһطҪԣǹལأѵǲܺúõ˵˵𣿡
ñطꣿ˵Цˣ빫ƽ̸طꣿϣ빫ط˶಻ʤӲȥȥɡСȻСȴҲҪæҾͲдˡ һЦһת뿪
ˣߵſڣͻȻͣ½ŲȥϵϲֻԸкλͣʲôõĹĶܸܽλӣǱãȲڵŹӵɣؾˣ˵꣬ٲͣתȥͥ
ǧûãͥ
ûʱ䣬ôͽˣô죿ֻҪſţκʱ򶼲ãҽĶ𣡡ҿ
΢ͷǣС㣬Ҵˣ˵ţҪصȥ
ҵȻңʲôҪ˵ҵ
һۣλλˡǰҸСӸٴ
һȴ˵ֻġ
š͡óһݸңֵλתС㣬ұ£չšЩˡС㣬û°ɣС㣿
û£Ȼû£ֻǲ仰ʲô˼˼ˡǿǣصȥɣû˲С
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˿ɫѾˣڳŷżڵյûеĲƥԡ
ȥ֯£ţʦԼкš
С㣡С㣡ǵҼʱ
һعͷȥô
С㣬ҪˣЩ𣿡ԥŵ
Ұڰ֣ҳȥߣǲصˡһԼŪġ

תһƫƧСұʩչṦӯڸ䴩ת֡
ȡ֮ǰıҰγšвУʽʽһ˿ŭһ˷߿һ˻ҡ
žžžڵشڴڵشϢʱͻȻ
һعͷȴһϮɫּԼ
˭һӽ̣Ƽ죬תѵǰ
Ӱпȴܸܵ೤ϢǸڹ֮ˡ
ɵҵһֻ̣ԽҹҴŭһУֱұۡɱܿٴιȴǡ϶
ֶУϿǲʤȴֹ֪֮ǧҽֱҪȫʩΪʼսʱżһг֣ʹæҡȻˣȴӲƣֻǼҡ桱šڶ棡
ؽʣҵڵأԲ
Ĳ࣬˺ǸԼԼ֮գҿ£ҪĽˡҲãΪ˵ΨһҵãҲȥĵ뿪ˡΪŰˡ
ôˣ򲻶ˣԵ˵۽ϵҶ£м⽣;Ϣ
һЦǰ򲻶ˣʦôô죬سʣͿԽҴú޻֮
ʲô޻֮Ϊʦôǵãڷλõģһֱأ
ҴЦʦٳЦˣͽܴ򲻹ʦƽ֮£ҲûʲôֵģǷ˹ǲŽжģ
˵꣬һ˻Ĳݵϡ
ʦҵͷû˵ãһ̾ϢΪʲô
ʲôΪʲôһ̶Ц
ʦҪΪʦʲô㿴ʦҾʲô֪
ʦҲ˵ʲôҿڴӺƲ¶ͷ
ʦЦЦ㼴㲻ϣҲûϵλӣΪʲôҪĽţ˴Ҳſ
ʲôŭ
ʦЦǰǰЩǰɣ
ߣʦ˵ңתƻ⣬ôΪʲôҪͻȻ֣ˣұһ
ǿ㱣׹ ʦЦЦЩεǺӲģҳ
Ŷ׹ﰡЦʦ
ʦŭһۣ⣡ʦ˵˵ΪʲôҪǧҿλȻŽֹȴҲǸ鲻ӵܣȻ⣬ΪΡ
ʦͻȻڣһʦĻ˽ֹǸӵܣֱǸ˵ӣ
 

67 


ӣʦ֪֮䷢ʲô¡ǣܶŮమȴΪһЩ򵥵˴ˡʵ̫ˡʦɣĶ⣬βͬʱҲԼһ᣿˲࣬صĸ޼ʦֻϣĪҪˡ
תۿϵһ
һ𣿿ǣģ̤һ·ˡڣһûҪΪĳˣĳθص޵ңپʴĵʹˡ
ңսеĽҧͻȻĽȡ˳УͻȻ˹ȥңôĶĹǸƭӣƭӣ
⺢ӣôûˣʦͻȻֶеĽѵ֮ˣҪΪʦΪȻ̣Ϊй֮֪ƷÿѶײµģ
ȴûˣֱֱֻؿĻ룬һҴ˿̳Ƶ顣
˿ڵĽ͸һ˿ʵ΢⡣ҿһĨŵĹâһĨĵɫɫƲߡ¹£Ĩ΢ʶ֮УǡҵĽָ
·ǣţȥ
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һֻͻȻʦ̾Ϣ
еĸйֶˣһعֻ˫˽ңⲻ
Ŷ𣿡ʦŨŨĴȤ
ЦЦǰ͸һһҲѵһ
ӡʦ֪˵ʲôźõؿҡ
ЦЦʦʦģҲýˡ
ʦɵĵؿңЦȥһߣʣʵʦղ˵ƷԼ£ʦǧ⣬ȻҪϧˡ
ӣ㻹ðɣʦĽݻңʵ
һʣҡҡͷûˣʦ
һ£ҷСĵعߵ֦£Ծ
ʦͷǲ֦ͻȫڵסˣ˿¶ۼ
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ʦЦҵҪȥʶʶ
ʹȥʦ׼˰Ͳ쿪ˣҴʦǿ£ǰ棬ܴǲǣǲǺѵãʦ
Ǻܴ󡣡ʦͷһȦͻȻֵⲻ
𣿡νֲܾЩһءνôߴϼʮ˶ᱻء
˵ĺе
ʲôʦȻһ˵ʱѹ㶵
ʦЦЦˣҲˣƢҲˣûȥ˰ɣ԰׹˵ӣǾԻȥٳġ
ðҲúܶˣֱҪԵһأЦȥ
ǺȻڵҡһֵңֺ±𷣵ӣЦȳԣûһģ⸱ӣ˭
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ʦϣξôˣȥ׼Ҷÿ԰ѹȥˣҿʦЦЦֻ̾˿ǵ
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תİǣǣѧǲѧ
ҡˣҡҲҪѧǿʦһۣŵؽͰ͵
ҽӹ룬û¶˿飺Ǿ͸ϽԷɣ극͸һѧ
ǡС㣬һҪϴ밡ǵе㼱١
ЦЦֻϴˡ

ɣ
Ǻͬ
ǵСÿ극Ҫ֯һʱĲѾˣǲܰʲôôϴأ
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ԣƳʦһۣ㻹Ҫѧϰ֣ôæùڰǡܲʦһ㰡Ѱˣ
ȷһţȵʦһۣҧ
ǡ
Ҫ˵ʲôæһ֣ãǾôˣ˵ţ˼۾ŪĪؿң۾ôģɰˡ

Ҹôأ֯ҵһ޷רעȡĽңóӣţϲ
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Ǹħջ˵񣬶ҡ˵־˵˼άӵһԵİϣţ԰ӡ
ͥһˣȴ˵͵͵˵
ĵ߹ȥվסʦ׹ﲻؿⲻ֮Ͱˡ
ǣЩϢɣɫѾˡǰǵ
ԱһʦӰ߳Բʱƺҵķһۡ

ڶϣҽе齻ָ̱ȥ
鷳ͨһַ˵ġǸŷЦ
ŷ´һۣϵǿѩʱ۾һæһ񣺡ˣԵȣС͸ͨȥ
ôһͨ𣿡ҰŪ壬ЦЦؿ
æһЦ£ָأκ˲⣬¡ԵƬ̣СϾ
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һССŷˣָأɼһߡ
СƻȣʮĻƺӵԼҲˡָԺﴩʱúǸӣǸ̾ԺԭǱȽϼӵʱԷˣ
תתһܽǵ񻨵Ľǰ·һ񣺡Сֻܽ͵ˣԼȥɣСĸˣ
ҿ˿ⶰԱȱķҪСɵĽ˽ȥ
һȥұ㷢ַİ裬ԺͬȴһĽˣ߹˼һһ齶ǽڷŵλҲǷ˷˼ʹԵü£ʣģֲԵ̫򵥡ַ˶Ƿ˺ܴ˼ɡ
 


68 ֶ

ӣһʲôʱأַ˼ңȵҵֵʵ˵ôʱ䶼ңǲǰҸˣţ
ЦЦַһ񣺡Ӽˣһаã
֮䣬ͱôˣɣ˵˵Щӹҿ˵ˣõòˣר˸ӻȥæǲЦҵǰˣʵ
æ̧̫ٻˡǺӣǻģ·ϼȥģΪ㲻ڵæѡᣬûʲô飬СңҲȫŸλСǵİġˣòЩˣСѾء
Ŷ𣿲ҿ˵˰޷ȥ򲼣ȻһĲٵذǮ𣿡ַ˶˴ȴźȣֻңϿϲŭ
ط˵Ļ˻٣ȷʵˡֻǣ͸һһʣܳȥæɫڲտţĶķСǣǹ꣬ǮǲҲעñҪˡˣҲǲѶΪ֮
˵ĶеǣҲ˵޷˶Ϊϲ˻ΪŮģ˵Ѿͷƽཾһģǽϻػ˵ģַ˵ϴЩŭһֱ޲ģԴϴڽǰԣôǮأ⣬ҲҪù˼һµ
ЦЦȡһСң˹ȥַȲҪæŽѵ˵
ʲôַīǰһĽҽӹõַǰ
ҿīĶӿһɲ졣ֿɼȴΪݵĲ࣬ݸҲҪ֣֮ͨǽܡ
˿ɻϲЦַˣʵ
ַ˻عҵɵĶַˣǣ
ǻӸ͵ﰡ͸ôص壬ʵǸмЩȻûˣ΢΢Цǻӵȴûһ콫ǹǵõĽ𽳶ƵģͬĽƣһֻʮ顣ŵģǵһ飬Ʊ滹˸һģԴúóŵأ
ŶôҿɲաַЦƷŻؽҡ
æסַ˵ĶЦʵʵĿ٣Ϊѵá˻ӻиСæҪ˴Ӧ
Ŷ˵˵ַ˿˿ңЦ
ﰵҡͷ֪ǲ˵ֻƣҲᰲĵġҽ˵ĻǻģǸģδ֪ˡ
ˣһʡԻ˵˲Ǹеĳһѧѣһ֪ĵͬˣʲôҲˡҿַһۣЦڻм˽ܻҪԷ˽֪˿ɷ͸ҡ
˵꣬ʩһ񣬵ַ˱̬
ַ˿˿ңһ֣㡢īһȥ
ڿ˵˰ɣַ˿ң
ЦЦַ˿֪ܲʮƣ˷飬ģʮ飬ҶѾͳȥˡ
ŶַȻû뵽һͻȻ˵㶣̶ͷ
ҵͷǵģˡ֪ʮŽƶ͸˭𣿡
Ҫ˵Ļһȫ˵ɣҪˣӡַ˿ңЦ
Цǣˣʵܼ򵥡ʮƣ͸˴޷ˡСһڵѵǮʮλˡԺƾǰȥ򲼣еĶֻȡŷݵǮ
Ŷд£Ȼôȴһ㶼֪أַ˾֮£ѿڶ̶æЦѽϧ⼸̫ˣæ˵ľۻᶼûʱֻͣͻˣǴ˲Ȥأ
̾ȵ̾ϢһǰˣǿϧأȻҲûӣҲ밡û˷ڳλСһأ
ôĪǻҪҰæڽǰ´ַ˿Ц
æҡҡͷ˵Цˡľۻᣬǻӵ룬ԻеǧҡûУҲֻ˵ûݣҲֻգϲǿġ
ôҪҰæʲôأַ˵
ҴӻȡһֻңŵϣǺͷõһģһĽơ˴ΪתˣӸм
ҵʲôģⲻС£һȲʱ㽻ǡַ˻ӻֵ
æҡҡͷô򵥵ģˡ
ַ˵
ַ˻Ӹղ˵Ļֻв꿪һڻǮĿ˲ſԻõġ˻ϣַ⼸ȥһˣ֮ǰµĲƥȡߡҵϾû˿ƥĻǺġ˶Ϊ²˱ˣǾ̫£Ҫ˰æȻƥر𽻴ȥЩѸ壬ͽֻȡؼɡ
Ŷǣǲ̫鷳𣿡ַȻصͷֵ
ҡҡͷ˵ﻰ֮Ҫ˿ңǷڰӵæҪ˵ǽл޵ô
ȻˣҾͰæˡַһЦ˽ң
ЦǾ̫ллˣ
ַ˵ʢ³ҴƯζӪҲĲɵһٷϾ˵˼ַ˵ĶԻʱʵԷֱԵʲôֻÿ˵ĵһʱϸƷƷȻַ˵۹⣬ϸ˵֮ţʳ֪ζ
극ַڻ԰˻ᡣ
ָլҲиˮأȻûбԺȴҲµúܣ㣬ӹֵϡϡιҲһ
ۼ̫ƫұַˡ
۵ĻʱǰͻȻһӰ
ȥɡҴӷ˳ȥͺáҳȥ˻˻֣Ŀһֱ
ҳŵһ񣺡Ӽֶӣϴһδֶ֪ӿɺã
ߣ㲻ͬǻõġлҪ㣡ʱѿԿָˣȴͻȻһסҵָ֣ƫȥ
һ·ţȴʼҲѲҵָ
ǼƥͷʱҳϣҺˣǣҰˡ
šֶӣʲôԾ˵𣿡ҵԼȥűϢȻ
ȴûעңֱתȥ⿪һƥɫƥͬʱﻹдǣ֬֬þûгȥ˰ɣҿûгְ
ӣڴһŻعͷؿҵҲ
һᣬͻȻЦˣ̫ˣ
һŭһץסҵ֣һҡӡǵصصġӡ
 


69 ĸ

รҿûҲ˺µʱ򣡡ƹҵסҵĶ
µţַܸܵҵСǰĴСҵģһ˲ҡҲһ˲ˡ
һֱ˳ȥӭ洵ɲǼͻϮʹҵ۾̰
ָǰλ룬סլЩȨƵУϵĹסˣһӰҲûСżһιȥ̧νηҲӶ
㡭ſңԻһ
ճڣ̱ûڷʧȴһеӣȫҵĻ˶Է磬һֻ֣סҵ
ƥֵļʱЩҡٺܿ죬ܿ㣬ݡΪЩ·˶ǵľԶ֮֮Ωֲȫ˸ϹҲͱ˱ϳΣա
ţͻȻڼٶ·Уҷ·𿴵һϤӰȻӰֻѸıһҵȴɼӿٶȣԼػ
ģúÿ졣˼˲ңߴĺҵĶġ
û˵ȴʼǸϤӰ
һС֣ס
㲻׼ˣ𣿡ҿǣȥһС˩סʵ
ȴͷֻϸϵ
ͷȴûеǰʹṦĵز
Сĵסǰ˵͹Źסŵţҽ̧㣬ҪʱûͷһĻǾһСģ
ͻĴһҵһɣҪˤ
ŵȴʼһġ˵ϣ̷һȥײȣ˵վ
㡭۾ңһʱ˵
ؿһۣһԲתȥ
Ե޴룺ȵȣӣȵȡ
ֶӡͻȻվס˽Ųת߻صæҵؽǰ
ȥȾϲɫֶע⡣ĸַ˵ĽȻУǣֶȴް㽻顣ԺǼ棬ֶƺΪϰ塣
˵꣬תߡ
ӣӣнġõáûͣ
˵ҵǰҵӣ֪˵ԶʲôᡣҪ㣬ЩģٲȫģһҽͣһҪҰӡ
ֶͬ˭˵䲻֪סҵ·ˣÿɡҵƹȥǰš
ӡֵǰ棬ҺǣڸĿڵðɡϰ壡Ϊʲôǲϸҽأһΰɣ𣿡
ֶǸʲôˣ޹ء˵ˣÿɡԶҪ·ˡվס
ȴִŵؿңΪʲôΪʲôͻȻþǧǵһμ棬ǽ̸ú𣿴ʱҾ֪ˣһĹﲻͬ㣬ҽô฻ǧѰҵ˵ǸرĹǸԺһ𹲶һĹﰡ
ֶעôʡǵһμ⣬ʲôû˵ĻϣҪ˵ˣؿ˵ᣬǳʲôʵĴԡ䲻ʲôǧ𣬴С㣬ȴҲǸװ׵ŮˡҵֶӣҲǾԭµģ
Ȼ̸̫ЦˣǸڰʲôĸйŮһʱôû뵽ţؿңͻȻЦ㵲ǰ棬ʱôû뵽ʲôҲ˵˾ʵˣ͸˵ʲôⱲЦ
ҵĺ˵ĸʱһͣΪԵͻȻһ޵ϢǰϤĸоϤһ統ƺĸ׸Ҳҩʱݶĸо
ȻѾΪʲôҪһδεسǰҵ˼ҵĺǵ⣬ΪλҪ飬ģңǹ壬ƽˣǲϰ壻ǣҵĵ㣬ǴŸõĻҹ֮䣬ôн
ֶ˵ĺãͻȻһĴЦֶӣôԼĸأĸĹϵᲢ۵ģ
һϢͻȻʧһ˲̶֣ƽԶ೤
ʲʲô㶣ЩӦ̶ץסҵļ򣬴ĸ磿ĸ磡㡭ʲôϵʲôϵ˵˵
ЩʹüȴЦŵҺĸʲôϵȻֹйŮǰµĹϵˡֹϵֶӣǺĹﶼйôӦϤ˰ɡ
ôܣⲻܣһſҵļҡͷ·ⲻܣһƭҡԲԣԲԣ
ֶΪʲôţߣʵѾˣϾҪ֪ͻȻ룬롭ҶͻȻǯסҼţֻЦſ
סڣסڣҪ˵ˣҪ˵ˣҵĻʵΪʲôΪʲôһ㲻ţۼѧʣ书òһָӣѵȲһڰС𣡡
žͻȻݺݵ˦һơ
۾ҺõӭĿеŭ𣺡Ҿκĸ磡ָӣҲܣ
˵꣬ƹǰȥ
˼ʮָ
ÿ
ңΪңΪһĶ˴ң㡭
ֶӣǴܵ裬ȨԸңҾԹԡȻָҪԸһССĲϰʵǼ׾֮£ܡֻǣҿƲʺ¶һϼĸǲĵģȨʡͬʱٴҪҵˣΪĸ磬ңʿɱ衯仰ǶָжңҲͬã
ңҲһԵﴫصĺҶûᡣֻȹǴ󲽵ǰţȫǰš
֪֪ܲܲṦҸ֪ܲԼġǣһȫǰš
紵˶ǰͻȻǰӰһűһֵֻİڿնһ֦Ҷïܵϡ
ŽµɱſϤӰ˸ɬ۾ţû˵
ô˵Ѿ⿪ѨˡһϷʵ



70 

˵ʲôҵ˵ȹǣ֦ȫҶȥʵվסˡ 
бһԵһ֦ϣЦ磬˵˵֮ĹϵΣǴʲôʱʼΪ֡йŮǰµĹϵˣ
ЦЦΪĪڹԾѣȴҲû˿¶ĸ粻ôСɣֻ˵˵ѣĸ⣬Ǳ²Ϊǡ
Ŷ֮󣬾ƮƮһϰǺưĸЦЦؿңص
ҴӻȡһŽƣ˹ȥҵ񣬾ĸ粻Ҫɡ
ʲôĸƳһۣҡ
ҵǲĽƣһβǲưɡԺĸȥȫֻȡųɵӡĸ֪ƣõϵġ
ǺǡЦҵһηЦʱϼӲҲͣ˧ԱҲǺ΢ЩԵϰ嵹ܵңٸô𣿡
׽űĽƣЦĸǻһˣҸĸԱǸ⡣֪ĸϲ
ϣ۾ؿңźεҶʱִ·վǰһ㡣һʮСٳ춮£ҲҪ˰ɡﰵЦϧҲһСǸ
ϡЦŽ͵̫æʵûʱ䡣ԾĸȺǰ硣֪ĸΣ
ĸЦЦؿһۣŶ𣿡
ȻǡҸһЦ
ң˹ʵϰ岻˿ĸҲǵȲ֪ϧˡϰϾȫԵֳĶֻϰϲϸˡ
𣿱ƻҪôô֪Ҿıأҿĸ罥չ˿ĸ绹˵ɡҪģʲô
ĴԽԽˡ
ұǰһ׵ĵطͣ£ҵĴᴵ˿ЦϰǴˣ᲻֪磬ǾŪٳ棬Σ
ĸ˵ЦˣмңĸʵڲһˣԣǲʵġŬǴϴŨŨ̴ζ֮Ц
ĸ罫Ӵ˹ҵƶţʱ£ЦϰϵǺδŮرˡϰ壬ܷ
оҵĲϣҵЦһѽĸƿĸĪЦˣٲߣɾͺˣʱĿ·ߴ˷ǿɾ鷳ˡ
ĸȴ˵ֻǶؿҡ
಻ţŬԼٵ
ãջĿ⣬ЦЦһסҵʹṦ뿪
вϵطԾţĿǰ촽򣬼Ӣ˧еĲӳڵϼУ
ĸڹԶ֮ϣͻȻֲ׽ӵ֮ʱұȻ
֮ǰﲻӣұоϢĸ磬ȴʱֶ֪֮ߣԶҶ֮ϡ
ڣұЮ²ϵءɡţָܾ͸ӵǿˡΪṦѾܸˣ估ʦǰ뻯ȴҲ鶯硣ĸٵǰȥڽ£ĸܣǲһʩչṦĿϲܡ
ôŵˣ𰲼ϰ壬ȻẦṦôĸڿһ˵Ĳǰҷ¡ɲ˵Ц
գգۣջض书𾪣ЦЦĸ˵ˡҲǡһҲϰˣáһʣʵҵ
һĲ˼飬ûٶ˵תմͥ߳ſڱס˽ţֻȵؿǵȥ
ˣĸ磬عסҪ뿪ĸ磬ҵ֪æᣬĸǧˡ
ϰġľɫ㣬ôòĸɫеؿһۣתˡ
Ҹջع㱻һ˫۾סˡ۾˷ŭʧǰ߻ãŨŨʧȴֱӡ
̾˿ȥʦҽ͡鲻
Ŷʦظһʴʣתͥ
æ˽ȥ
ʦʯϿңָʯнûţؿңҵĽ͡
ʦȡ˵ǣҾԲǺĸʲô˽顣ǧҪҡҵͷԼ˼̧ͷʦʦ֪һֱܹңչңԴԼŮһңһһֱʮָмġôˣѵͽܵΪҡҾԼĸȥĳЩҪĶˡһҪңҾûʲô˷ܵΥ
ʦͻȻڣҵĻ
ſڣûзһ˿
ʦҵΪʦȻ㲻Լĸȥʲô㲻ñ˵ĸ顣Ǹĸʲôݣ㶼ȥѱˣ
ʦ
Ϊʦһ޵ģǶԸ鲻ϣáƭ˵ĸˡңӣ֪ôǶ𣬸ǶԼĲ𰡣ĸʲôˣҸѵ㲻׺κεĹϸ𶼺п˺𣿡
ЦЦʦİɡ鲢Цģĸ硭Ҳûжκγŵ֪ҶûжŮ֮飬еֻѼĸмѡ֮Ҳ֪ҪôͣһһҪģʦֻǸлҽΧ
֪ʦңĲš
ǵģ֪֮ǰ֮ĽӴΪҰѵˣֻΪ˱ʾҶڴ˾ٵǸѣûб˼ҵͷļ£֪ġǴҶڳʲôأ
ʦңû˵
ѽʦšôʱ֪ˡֻǽһԽѶѡֻ˰ʦ
ʦңȻô˵ˣʦȷ˿ġôģ֪𣿡
ôҵģ㶣ظ
ʦͷΪʲôҪæ֪ģûа˵ϰ߰ɣȻ֪ΪʲôҪأ
šȤɡҲûһŮ˰ɡºڰȴṦַ˵ƨȴֵҾֶܾӵ׷󣬵ȵȡ룬ƲţЩú档ֻһȤϷˡ
ʦĵؿңû˵ֻҵͷȥԷˡ
ճ극Ҫȥ֯㱻ȥԻסˡ
С㣬Ҹոڵ﷢˵ţݹһš
 


71 


ҽӹ֪ˣȥɡ
֯һѹеߵ⣬Ҳš
ݺֻ̣ܶʮ֣ҹʱԸ
ЦЦպá
ռʱһˮһҪΪǸϧĹءڿţžЩˡҵӡһŶְԵ˲ǡ
ٴδӻȡңظš
ⲻҵĶ֪
ǣظţֻǸŽҶѣұܸоһĸоĵӿСʱ򱻵߾תȦһʱرĵġ
Сĵ󣬽־СĵһһظϸСµͻȻΪʲôǶ˵ŮһָԵĶһֻӣһ˲׵ضȥҵ˼Ҳ޷˼ҵǣҲ·űߵĺһʧˡ
ĵİɣĶǻǮõġЩжΪ⡣
ǡ
иһظԼǶҩǶεĶҩһΣҾصˣ
ʼʱζˣǶݵ֮󣬽ֹʹĥ
ĶҩҾ¡
ҵҲʧȥˡ콵ĿˮˣǸĺ£񲻰׻
죬Ҳ֪ڳʵʷϰһʲôĽɫ֪ҵκҪĽɫֻǸͣҵݵⳡϷվֻǣһһ㶼Ȳϣ
硭
һֻɫ覵һֻϸָϡЭȻһ壬·ɵǣ޷黳
͵ؽժ£ҽ˽ңһߡ

ȴ˶վԺվΪһȴȫ˸͵ңʦҲ⡣
šҳȥһ£ʱڻǣ˵꣬ǶûгԱںöŶҪֵ״Ҫ׼Ŷ
˵꣬תߡſڣͻȻͷЦŶʦʦǲģԺͬȥ
ˣʦ㡣ʦһԥ
ЦЦתˡ

֣ڶĵطǵʱұдˣһ书³̽ұһơ
ȴ·Ѿ˼ʮ꣬ȻʱĸоԾĿȻ֮ĺ蹵ɴڣҸˡ
ˡȻڡ
ҵͷҲϲȡ
ҲµˣˡЦЦȴ˿оЦ⡣
Ǿű˴ˣþû˵
Ȼȿڣӣ֪ҹԼСŮˣкҪ¡
֮䣬Ͳ̸ܻʽ𣿡ЦϾҲЩ˰ɣ
̸ģǾˡСŮˡҵ
üʲô̶ɿ˫ȭңϿҵʵûΪ˼֪ġԼֻ롭Ҫȷһ¡ΪЩмϵĴԣ˵һСˣšϵС
ˣҼ˵ʵܣǿڴĻӿʣĸĹϵ
ס˿ڣ΢Щ㶣̶ǲģԲԣңǲģӣ
ءСŮĸ鴿˽£òɣѵԼ̫ܵ𣿡ؿȴ޷Ƶؽ
üͷһšŨŨİ˺Ͳʵô˵ˣġĺǸʲôĸŲĹϵˣġġ
˵ǡŮˡɣǡ鸾ЦŴĻҺȴ˿ʹҵȷĸͶϣѻôشӿˣ
Ŵ۾˵
ҽֻɫĽ˳ݸСŮѾˣңСŮ޸ܣ빫ջأиĹɡ
ѾͳȥĶһջ𣿡ϵĽңȥӡ
ЦЦӺαִأҸ˵ʮʮΪĶȥɱֺοִСŮһأ
ŶԭʮüЦʵأ
ʹȻȫѣصس˹ҲЦˣ˵۲ʹ˵ǧʹ˼ҵС㣬ḮĶλС㣬ȵȡǣǺܺõĹܵӵĺ񡣡
һһһоЩһϸ۲ķӦȴһֱ治ɫʹ˼ҵС㡱ʱ΢΢˶仯Сȴûӹҵ۾
ûֵ˼ҽһףʶؽסˣתߡ
ߵòҲǺƽٶȣҵʼڿҵţһ̾ͻץסҵִ֣һЩγ龰˿ȴϵԺг֡Ҳ֪Ҵ˿̵飬ڴǵִиϵԼ׷׷Ϊʲô׷ûҪҽ͵˼
ʵҪʲôҲ֪ҵĵǣҵķŭ޴ֺ֪ĽͣΨһҵģ֪Ҷ⡣٣ҵģҵġ
صǰҵģյģ޷Ƶ˿̵ʧѹȴ·Ҫĸȥտյģģ·ˡ
ͻȻ첽ǰе
źܿͿˣ̱˽ȥܽ˳
ǣҶˡŰǵ
С㣿һȴЦһһߵᣬüѾˣ˼Сˣȥǰҽ˹ȥɣ𣿡
ˡҶһԵȥ˻԰ʯϣһ±ڴڵغ
տյ屻ˡȴҲ֮ڡȥǰ̾ǿİɡһ̾ҵĲʧ˵ģ
һ̧ͷȴǡվһԴؿҡ
ҳЦЦôŵǲˡǣȥ˯ɣһ˲㣬ָÿˡ绹Ҫأ˯̫ɾ鷳ˡȥɣȥֻǶˣԵ㶫ûˡ߰ɣ
ǣС㣬롭ǻҪ
һ˻֣ʲôԼѵ붼ϴ𣿿ңʦģ㲻֪ɣʦϴ룬һˣ
ŰǺݣҹЦű־ӣʼϵĲ˽һֵĶá
ҳϼеĲˣںһʱһֱһԾؿҵʦڵ𣿡
ˡڳԱˣǺǡ֪ΪʲôͻȻöտյģرԵʲôҷ룬Цʦȥ˯ɣ⼸ֻ룬Լһϴͺá
ʦҵͷʦȥ˯ɡ˯һʲôˡ
ʦʦıӰԥƬ̣ڿڵҰѶˡ
ʦͷʲôˣȥ˯ɡ
ҿյӿһů
Ҳ·Ѿ˵ããȻԼޱߵļįĸоʦǺİɣΪҳʦƵĶͬˣͬĲᡣֻʦ˿ƽһֱʮȴʧȥ˵Ķ
ȥʼĨȥԺǸӰɴ·˳ȥ
Ժҽ˽ϵ·ǧϡ
ԴʣһֱָΧšǵ𰣬ҷ·ûľһ˾ԺϺִһģһȴһˡ
ͻȻǻĳ޴йʵǲȥǸˡתȡԺش
һֺ٣°Ҳãࡣ
ѧ֮󣬲ŷԭǿԸݴ˵飬仯˵ġԻ죬ԳƣԷ϶ǵļҲʹ̾Ϣĵ
ڣҵǻ첻ġ
϶شһ֮ͻȻһҵͣȴֲͬͻȴʮֺгĬ·Ƕཻ·ǾյĺѣȻò棬Ȼһֱ꣬˴˵ȴκ˹Ĵ䶼޷ġ
ֹ˰ʱҵڲٱûеҷеһԵݶվ˸ɫӰӭ
ʦҵ
һƮƮҷ
־شһ漴ϣĬ޼䡣ľУҵҲڽذ
ҿʦͽˣ
յˣȴҲûнһֱ֮ͣǰˮƽϣȱ򡣽ҹֿƲҲӰʦɴ˿ɼ㻹ϰֻеӰеõںϣʱѧˡ
Цˣһģʦ
ʦЦЦû˵
˻ᣬ罥££䣬ʵʦôˣΪʲôûȥϢ
˯һۣתݣûж˵һ仰
ҽ֯պݣȴǵĽë΢΢һһЦϨ
 



72 Ļ


ڶ죬һ춼Լ֯оµĲơ
ҲúúÿǿǲķչˡȻַ˵ȹСʱˣһǾ÷һƽǿϧȻ߼ˣȴæϾϵȲƥеȲƥ軨ѵʱ;ȫͬġ
룬һ⡣ڵͥշʦķһ֯ԱߡշȫЩ
ţҵϴ·İǺ˵ҵ뷨
˰죬̧ͷȴһ滨ӣС㡭СڻǲҪ𣿡
һʣǰҲһ㶣̶ô뷨ô£
С㲻ҪƭˡҪһŮôҪʲôС㡭СӰʹˣѧԡԲҪ
ǣôô˵ʹˣôһȥѧ书ֻǲϣ̫˶ѡҲ֪ģڵæһʵչ˲ȻڴˣҲ֪еĲһ֯ʵûа취֤
ǿһۣǡС㣬ЩҲġİС㡣
ҪչҪϻʦѧʵûжʱˡȻֻϣиܸеȲƥ֯죬һûУҪѴʱ;ѧϰġҪЩȫˣͣǣҲǰ첻ġ
ӣһ¡ʦͻȻ󣬶ҵ
Ƶؿһۣתݡ
ʦ˵ĻҺǳԾ
ԭȻʲȴԵӴǷСһȻӦ־ûа취ı䡣ˣȻźǰûа취ѧˡ
һû˵ʦ˵Ҫĸ񣬸ûʱѧϰ䣬ҲţԺԺ¾ͶˣҲÿ춼ŷ
ҿʦ죬ֱĶҲʼˣЦЦûģʦȥʰǣҲӦǴ¾ôˡ
ЦſʦȥԺӺͰ˵ʲôһ֣̿ƴҡͷʦȴʼպϸ˵ࡣǺֹ˰죬ڵ˵ͷּе˵ЩʲôʦûԥصͷӦˡ
һҿ֪Ѿ̸ˣ˻ȣЬ˹ȥЦôǣӦ𣿡
ǣֻǷϴ´ɨСģȻѧˣҿϵʱ졭컹Ǻܿյģԡ¡˵꣬ڰؿһֵۣͷȥ
ЦתȥŶܶ£˵
硭硭С㣬ҿԡѧ֯𣿡ǵ϶
̾˿תȥǣ֪֮ǰΪʲôϣȥ𣿡
֪ȵصΪұԼ𣿡
ҡҡͷȫǡ
ʲôʵȻּ˾䣬С㣿
Ϊͷ̧˵ҿֵȥͷɵЩ䲻ǿ˵ǣԸԳֵţԼ˵šսߵʱᷢʵĶԼ˽⣬׵ġǸʱٲǶҵͷ˵ˣ
С㡭
ҲϣܳΪַһĹˡǣҪܹΪδܳµ˰ɣ㿪ʼعѣôһֱСӻıȴǴδ磬ʹΪĸţʵԶַˡ֮ϡԣΪʲôԣ
С㣬Сġ
ҵʲôū澣ˣҿǴû㡣Ҹ㣬㲻ҵĶǸˣƣе㶯ŭˣǵͺȵʱҾ͸߹ˣ㲻ҵĸƷ֮ûжһ˵ҸǮΪ£ⲻȫƽûи֮֡𣿡
һãȻӣ̾˿ˣ˵ô࣬Ҳδҵ⡭
С㣬ҡסͻȻС㲻Ҫū澣Ҫ֣һСһܸɣһŵİ֣𣿡
ҵͷ𣿡
ͷᶨܣС㣬ֻҪһᣬȥѧϰȥŬһ߾ȫСϣȥСʧģ
žžžã˵ĺãǻӣҲô
űͻȻһתۣȴǡ
ӣҪ򲼣Ӧȥóͥǡ˵ţתܹôûкúдأ
С㣬ԲС㡣ҡһֱڵȴûпԲС㣡æ˹λӣɣǵõĲڡ
ˣ˻֣ҽ첻򲼵ġ
𣿼ȻǿˣǾͲؿˡתȥͿͣ
ӣĲң˵ţתȥ溰һ
ɻؿһۣתͷȥȴǸмҵˡ
ʲô˼תۿ죬ʵ
ʼ磬˿ˣ룬ﲢǸ̸ĺõطҪǻطս磬ϰȥݺȿڲɡ
벻˰ɣѾûʲô̸ˡҡҡͷ׼
ϰ壬СһɡС໰Ҫ˵ǽ޷˵Сľʵ̫ԲҼҹˣȫСİɣǸаͻȻµ
ҿ죬ȴĿбӵؿֵͥβ˼·Ȼûע⵽һ¹һ㣬ɣȻйء
ûа취űǰˡҡҡͷǰʲôҪĻҲֵˡжϥлƽ𣬼ǸˣҲǲ׶¹ģ㲻˵ˣҸ߾ˣ
ͷʦͷұ˳˵ꡣ
ҴԼҵ˼лعʱѾˡ
е˶ڿң˽˵Ůˣˣӣ·ڸղŵһ˲䣬ͻȻĺˣ˵ǣǿų֡
ҰɡͻȻͣ½ŲָָһԵľ
쿴ۣüȷǾ
ҵȻ֪Ҫľ˶ӵľ˵ţҴͷ߽˾ڴλƽׯơ
첻һԵڶ¡
Ҷ԰뿪ĻҪ˵Ļ˵ꡣ
λӣҪʲôϰҲһۡ
ָָңλСҪЩʲô
ӵӣĹ𣿡ʣȥϰ
 


73 İ

ЦЦȡһֻǮϣ΢⣬Ĳ࣬µĻǹġ
̫ˣҵͷתͷһͬϰǾ鷳ˮ
ϰĿɿڴ
΢΢һЦǮȡһӵ˹ȥҪɽȪˮŶ
ãõģλԵȣС׼ȥϰæӣȥ
תۿʲôڿ˵ˡ
ǡǣϰ塣˿ĭŵص
ҳ΢΢һЦʲôʲôֱ˵ǣֲӣòҡ
ҵıҪغ£ҵĻӽŵؿ죬ֿ˿ңŽŵ䡭ʵСġСϰ壬̹̹һµġ
Ŷʲô£ʣô档
⡭¶ҪӡӼǰ˵ʱСҼҴ˻ؾ·
ִ˰ǳƪĿʼֻص㡣ЩҪ׸ɡҿûôʱ˵¡ֻЩҪ˵
ǡǣϰ塣
˵ͷֱĿ룬ڿڵ·ʱʹ˸СҲͬССڸȴ·
ȵȣҵȻӣȻԣҡ˼ƺһ·ΪΣ
šСΪһЩС£ҪϯƬ̣ˡʱ뿪˴һʱ䡣
ͨɫҴҲµõνС¡ʲô˼ˣǵͷûм׷ʣʾ˵ȥ
С·֪ôߵ˾Ժˡ
ԺԺ𾪹׹ָŰŭ㣡ԭ㣡㡭ƭӣ쵰㡭
侲㣬ӡʱ𣬡ھء
һعȴܵǴڿߣæΣŰ˵ɣô
СġСԭȥ˳ġǡΪС˫òԣʵ벻ۣ㡭С㽻̸һֵۣ֮ұʱʱšС㡣ԡ˼ǰȥݷʹˣҾ뿪ǰȥСҴ֪ԭһңҲ˹㲩֪ʶصļ⣬طļʤҡҡԼݣ鲻ԽҪشһ𡭡
ԼݣһԼݡҿ㲻ˣǼǴ˰ɣţȻ˵ݶϣҲˡ㽫Щ¶ʵ˵˰ɡҾԼŭѹ
ȴͷȥʵСҲҪССݵġֻСʵ޷ڡ뿪ǰڹ洫һöָҪ˵ԼݡȻȴңѾ֪Сˡ
һ֪̾ǴӺζˡÿ븮ȥ磬Ǻȥʹ˸ۡͬһ죬Ȼᡣͬʱʹ˾òҲһֱûб⿪
ʹͻȻǰȥ̽磬룬˿е֪ˡǰȥݷС㡱ĴԣΪ棬ŻһϷɡ
ֻǡ硣ӣǶءҷ·𿴵˶ʱڵҡһĸ飬ʹһԤõı磬Ҳ˾·ȥ
ҪҪأôţۼٵغˮİʱ򣬻ѧ峵ڳ£黭һͨһҡϸ룬ƽʱ˵ãһž͡ҡҡ˳˵˳ɴ˿ɼΪ˵ʲôʲôǰݱزһ㡣˵磬Ҳ޿ܡ
ֻǣǿ·̶ɲĺˮ룬һȲæˮ˵ĸ飬ɡ
˼Уѷˮ룬ٶȿڣСΪ棬Ҳû˵ˡ˴˵Ļ֪ԭС㾹СΪˡһжҵĴСĲöСǧС㱧зǷ֮룬ú֪֮ΪСݵˡ
ȷǴˡŰʹץͷ㲢Ǵ飬ǴֻǴ˻ϡ
ɣңĿã
ҵͷǴˣʹڲûСĸ顣ܽ洫ıС㣬͸֮ĸ顣ȻʱˣΪڱ㲻أ
һʱһʱᲢۣЦʹ۾ﲢΪҵĻ˿ϣĹâ
һЦȹˮתˮ룬㿴ˮһˣͺʹûװˮһǿյġ㣬ô֪װˮ
˵꣬һЦ˶ׯһת˾
ճ˾ţұ㱻һߴӰǰ档
к¼̣Ҫ򲼻ȥѡҵ
üͷ΢壺ĻҲˡ
СŮˣСŮʵҲ̴ءҴĻ
һЦ˵ӢʣŶô˵ɡ
С£СŮúȤ˷ھ̲ס˼䡣СŮȴܺ棬ΪʲôҪð¸֮أ£ӣһȷĴ𸴡˵ֱֱ꣬ؿƵҶӡ
ȴЦ
ŭشЦЦʲô
ǺǡЦͰһһ͡ҡѽҡģȫȻ˸еԳơ΢ЦҸеһëȻʶغһ˾롣
ҵķӦƺúȤЦһᣬ̲סҪʱڿڵģֻǾᵽСʱЩͬͼ򵥴£֪ΪĹϵϼ̫̫СǶֿѡ뵽ǰֵı֣ȻͲµ˼
ɾؿȴ˿
Ȼرȴûе㣬ΪҪ֪Ķ·Ǹоҵķɣ΢ЦŲԼҵģ𣿡
оŨŨİһǷȻûеңǾ˵ĹϵδʶˡȻˣôƵĹϵԼһ飬Ͷδȷˡ
˿ҵȻҲֻ֪Ƭ֮ǣʵˡȻȴĵ֪ΪʲôҾԸûɵš
̧ͷҪòһЦȴͻȻϣһֻϤĽң˰ɣ
ЦݣĽҡҵͻȻ̮һǡһ̣ʧȥеǣеļֻ֡ЦݣأȥǾµĽҡ
 




74 Ѫ


ָһϽңͻȻһƬأȴޱȵǰЩģʹļ˲佫ҵ˻
ʲôǴ֮ϣעһ㡣ҽ°֮󣬽סͬʱһߴĽƿ
΢ü̶һĨЦô𰲼ϰ壬ҲкߵʱôûϵҶϲͿ°ɣܶ˶ڿأ
ӴСʮҡֻ˹صСʵǳܲ𣬻ջȥɡ
˽ңҵ֪ͳȥĶûб˻Ѿ壬㾹Ҫܾҵ⣬Ƿ̫߰ˣ
ôӴȥҲô߰ĹｫĶͳսȭͷǿԼЦСĲȻȴҲܶ࣬͸ˡ
㡭·֪δǲܱķŭƵģҲû˵һ仰űͻȻݺһ˦䣬ﳤȥ
ĴϣȺܶࡣȴǰδеĹµ
ŲڽţãȻɨЩɫ·ˣԼĽŽҴ֪ǰ
عʱѾվһƬСǰˡ
ܿ˿ϳϴƬС֡
ﻹǺϴһž
ҼĿĵǰȥΪģ뿴Ƭֺ󾿾ʲô
תתҲֱߡ
µĿ΢硣һеһжִԸܲˬұ۾ǰţȥκˡκ¡
һӣǰȻʣȻʹСϪСϪˮǳȴʱشʯιС㡣
˳СϪǰУڼһƬ֡
ЦЦּ˸ط£Ҳһųص÷·ҪϢģͻȻȥҲʧΪһˡ
֪˶ãͻȻе˵洫΢𶯡
ȻûжҵĶȴԶҲҿĿ±ޡ
ȥɡһ˾һһӵҵͻȻٶ۵Щ֪˭ˡ
ˣĲС𣿡 
ˡҲһߣ㲻õġ
ˡ
ʲô
ˣСİɣⶼСĵĴС˴ˣϰˣŻᡭ
ġɣҷ·ĵ̾˿ңΪˡԼǽһǽͿǽԼıȻƽʱ΢ЦҲܻõӣܸоóܹˣԲ׽ԼġûϵֻҪ໨ʱ䣬ңҵġ
𣬴ˣ
ȻˡŴЩ꣬ѵҴ˵ͣ˵Ļʱ
ǵǡھô֪ʲôûץסһСطСġ
סڣ⻰ǧĪҪ˵ˣ֪𣿡
ǡϰ˻᲻ˣ
ߣ컰ôô࣡
һǣˡɻӵĽŲȴ˵ͳ
Ҿšȴһ˿ϢҼҪΪղ˵ĶԻҵĴˡ
ֹһͻȻоһƮƮһ̶һ
ұĿϸϸšӦĳġȻȴЩ΢Ĳͬﲻͬȴ֪ˡ˳ʣһûءԹų֪ʶһ֪Ȼ֪ǵĹŵˡ
صͻǵͳֱҵҲҲȥ
ͻȻϸ壬ᣬȴش˲׽ɻ͵ǡ
һжȫʧˡȻ·Ҳפ⶯˵֡еһпôгô⣬ҾЩҪʱȥˡؾͣڴ˿̣ǸöãֻҪסһ˲Ըһȥ
ʱǴûΪĳһ˶ͣġ
һȻֹ
֪ˡȴڵϣһ
ɻҵĶСұ۾
ҵĶ䣬΢΢˶
ЦˡͻȻһͳ
͵۾Ҫȴ϶˼·
ǼʱᴩŵĳۣϤĺɫһˣлл㣬ĸ硣
ôңһҲԾ𣿡üҡ
ҿ˿ܡѽҲѻָУһжղǸ·ǸΣѲڡ
˵ϵҶҡ
˵ͷܸ֪ҵŮˣǺ˭һھȾƵİɣ
ǺˮҾ̶ʱѾ磬Ҹûȥˡĸ𣿡
ҡҡͷǡҲ⡮ͽ֡ȥ
ǾͲĸˡתȥ
ĸĽŲţҲȥᡣ
㲻ҡ߳һӺ
ҵͷΪʲôҪ£
Цˣܲһ
û˵ǰȥ
ȴ㲻˵ʲô𣿡
ɳĬ
硭ǸӡԸңʲôϵ𣿡ЦЦ
ҿһۣΪʲô
ʲôʡ
ظһ飺ΪʲôҪֻ֮ͨѰˣûʲôرĹϵĸΪʲôҪ֪
ѡ֮𣿡ܸӣҿ
ͣ½Ųͷ֮ѡĸΪأ
û˵
ҲûС
Ǿؿһᡣ
ͷ֮ѡܺõѣ
Цˣתǰȥ
ԭͣһͻȻǰһסҵҾȵЦΪѣȥǺӦõ𣿺˳Ծ
㶣̶ͷǣǾĸˡ
ĸûڵǰڲ긽ƫƧｫҷ
Ȼȥɡһߡ
ҡҡͷ֮䣬䣬ʲôµġ
Ұ죬Ц˰ɡ㻹Ҫء
ҿֵڵͷáϵᣬΨһĹԲȱϯŶ
ģҾԲģЦˡ

С㣬û°ɣٳٲأǶܵأ˵ϣڼţҪȥѰءһ꣬Ǳ˳Ҿһ߶
ЦЦⲻûǵĸʲôѽ
ǣȥһλҹء˵ûлšˣŽȰߡһۣ
ûпĻ۾дšɡ֡
ҿһۣҺʲô˵ɣ
ҡСӣˡɵ˶죬ɡ
 




75 ֻ


ˣҪٰˣСͷƵģģСڴӦ㣬ԺԲȥôòˡòãţ˵ţֿǣҵĺðǣҲҪôһҪҪСҪඣСЦһţ
ҵС˵ģԺٲôˣ
ǣǣСʲôʱ˵ˣԺԾԲˣܿ˰ɣ¶΢Ц
̾˿ȻֺܸɣʱȴִĺӣҪ˷ȥ塣ƫƫҲһȻӣйǽ˳Բ
˺ˣǸϽԷɡôãҿǶˡǣɲҪңûŶҿǣ
͡һЦ˳ˣ˺üˣֻСء
ҲһԵɡӾҲˣǲǣŰתȥת
ҡҡͷСȽȥɣΪС㣬ﵽҲûţСȻˣҪȥæˡ
ֻõͷתȥ˵
һתȴһһԲʦתҪߣæǰһס
ʦûжֻһĺ󱳡
ʦҡһˡҵͻȻ֪˵ʲôá
š
ʦҡԺ󲻻ˡ
š
ʦҡֻĺңԡԳȥߡҵʱû뵽ᵣģԲ𡣡
ʦعʲôҲû˵ֻҵļ
ҿʦ̾˿ʦԭˣˣ
ʦҵͷɵӣĿ࣬ʦ᲻֪ʦİ
ʦţ֪˵ʲôźá
ʦЦЦ޾ͿްɣʦЦġ
ȴЦˣҡҡͷҿʦʦҵᣬˡ
˵꣬תȥ
Ѿŵ˳ﴫζˣԽԽˡ

ϣĸȻԼ
ſӭ
ϰ˿ܳϷԡ
Цǲĸ粻˾񣬲ĻһӰɡ
ãͷӡҲؽĸˣֵǽеġҵ֣Ŀɡ
۴磡ҵͷɣ˾ѱ룬ϯɡ
ҲһЦһͥ
ǸˣҲǡ໥໥ָ͡о·һ㣬㣬ԼҸֱһ㣬Ȱһϲ
ٽһǰ˰ɣǣǶǵؿ˱˴˵ݣ˴˵ǶԽǵߣΪǵѡ
ˣѡĹϵ
۴磬ǽһ¡ԺĸǽʦǣʿҲãҲãðˣĲƣǣǸܸɵĹչ鶼ĴŶ
ʦһۣ˻ͷﶼһĨâţĸ罫Ŀתǣͷľʿ緶һ񣺡׹񡣡
Ǳҿɫ΢죬æؾ
λҵƹˡָŹغõŽͥĸȻһ⻰㿴һ̶ۣͨصͷȥЦ˵㻹ûиʲôģպȥ£ܲҲûУ˻ƹɣ
ɬؿһۣơƹģ
ǰÿæŴ⣬˿ߣϻܣƥ鲻ڹѵƹģ˵ţ΢üͷôѵԸ𣿡
ҡԸ⣬ҵȻԸ⣡æֿһֻۣǣȻСȻСˣҲͲԼˡС㲻հɡ
㶣̶ųʣƽ϶ģҳԱôҪˣûյģи־˵Ķˡ
ˣӰɡȫˣɺãЦЦ
ͷ۾ﾹЩʪ󣺡ǣлС
۴磬Ҹ½¡ҵƹᣬͿǲСŶתĸЦ
ƹ񣡡ĸЦЦ˵ͷڡӡϼЦϲϲ
ĸ絹ǴݻԵúǴ󷽵壬ȫʱкģЩϵ
ϯɡʦ
ҴĸԺʯȥͬʱЦ۴磬˵ܻ֡ʵǲϲϯֻҪӣǾͻὫ˰Ժʯ÷
ȷܺãʯȻŴֲڣĥȴҲ⻬ǸöĸЦʯ̨棬˵ͷ
ҿʦˣʦǣ۴Ǽ̸ѣպദҲؾ񣬶һɡ
ûȴӦתͷȥЦĸ磺۴ԼˣҲͲЩڣֻʯ֪ɻ⣿
ãһԼˡĸЦܵûһ仰ʲôֵˣ
ҲһЦ˴ϯĸ缫ƼŰĸֲɫĸҲǳԵ˸߲ңʱؿŰǵաһٷڵķΧ½ˡ
ʦĸĵͶԵ䲢˿Ȼ·ཻѰ㣬ʮĬҴ⡣
ʦҪȥĸ硣ҿɫ֪ЩҪĸ̸̸ͷˡ
һӺʦ̤ͥ
ҸҪӭȥȴ˵űϵĴ
ȥɣʦҶʦתȥ˵ڡ
վŸµӡ
ϰ𣿡ݵһ񣬽ʵ
ҵͷҾǣ
ҼҷСڸоٰϯһֻɫŷ⣬Ҽҷسϯʱڸоϰݡ
˵գһشһ񣬹ǡת뿪ˡ
ҹϵţͥ
ʲô£ʦ
ҡҡŷ⣺ַᣬ͵
ʲô𣿡ʦʡ
ҡҡͷûʲô⣬ֻЩ֡
Ŷô
ַ˵ᣬÿ¾ٰһΣй̶ӵġûмǴӦǳ߲Ŷԡǰ
Ǿһʲôԭַ˸ıˡʦ˼
һ̶ԿЦԳʱʱ¶뵽
ӻ֣Ҷʦˣˣȥ˾֪
Ҳã㻹ЩϢɣӡʦͷֵҿ᲻򵥣úúϢһ˾ǡ
ҵͷʦ˵ǣֻÿ˯Ѿϰˣ֯ɡʦЩϢɡ
 



76 ٽ

ḧ֯δɵ˿ߣЩ˵ĻΪݣҾܾӦ÷ˣ˭֪Ƕλȴ֪Ȼûиı䡣ҲǣˣʳλȨˣĹӸԱȵģ
һǸŰһеǸŭջŵĽתȥǸ˵ҪƵиǽǸﵯϸ㰲Ҳĵ
ᣬϿңģţŭһеĶһģ
ţͻȻоеĽָĹâģżƳһĨǹ⣬Ȼ΢ȴ˾ðġ
ḧЦˣҲôǶԵģǲǣǸӣһ룬ɾ̫ˡ
С㣬С㡣ſڴǵ
֣ԼǷˣȻҵĽָ˵
ȥţȴСվ⣬СֻǵĴ롣
ԱãǽС˽ȥ
ʢֽҿһֻǣҿˣȴһ֡
ȥӹ룬Цָҹˡϴβ˵Ժ㲻ÿ϶ҹҰҪԵĻȥģ¾ȥϢ
Сô˵ȴû˵ǸǣҵҲֻÿ϶һЩˣ˭СôϧԼ塣
Ц˼ⶼҺඣǣ
ǿһۣüͷɲǣ
˵꣬ЦҲЦˣһ־ƽʱʵ˽ﾹȻô˵Ժ˸ķҿ˵ȥ
ǾЦǰȴ㶣̶ЦЦСȡЦˡһǲ˵ˣС㣬źС㣬ǰǵĸˡ
㲻ô룬ô˵ҷ룬ԼҨ㿴ζ˭֪źҲǴģǣֻҪˬʳǾֵϲģ𣿡
С˼ǲס
ף㵱Ȼףֻ㲻ȥˡǣҸ㣬ûģУҲֻὫҸ͸һֱŬȥȡǡ
ǰǵݡ
ǣҪ֪ΣȥҪģֻƺġƵջõرջõӦġЦЦֲңҲÿ˶ݵλĸǲںЩġǣǸŮܻһںĹȥһֻںĵ˵ġǸʱͻ׽Ҫ㱣ϣˡ
ǡ𣿡ǿңԥ
ҵͷ£ֶ˵֯ԵСϣʼ֯ǣҶ֯Ϳˣʱ䣬շһԺǾ֯ˡҪʲôԼȥɡ
ҡԼȥ򣿡Ҫŵİתȵؿҡ
ȴ˵ֻרĵ֯

Ϊʲô˵ôͷͷǵɶԼȴûаţ
Ҹ߳ȥӭʡ
ҿʦЦЦʦô˻ȥ˯͵˵ɲŶ
ʦ˵𣿡ʦҵ
ЦЦʦԼԼɣҿɬúأҪŬˣ
ӣʦ
ЦŰ˰֣Ҳ˵˻𣿷ҲԼ£Ҽʲô
֪컬ĿЦʦ
ЦЦʦصģûµġҪõжˡһжѾ׼ˣ͵ˡ
ȥ˯ɡʦͷ

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СŮַˣˣʹ޷ˡλ밲Ҷׯһһһ
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˹ˣⶼСŮңɼλ˴æͷǫѷȴװ׵дţ˽˾ۻѣҲַ˹ԡСġ¡ԳƣδԱݣңұֵᷳȼɭϵƶ£ֵһȵԳƣÿÿ˵һΣҪ졣
ţһͻȻӵЦ
һͷģ©˰ġ
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ǧٸͷԺըһʱ侹ʧȥеǣֻǴ㶵ֱֱؿַˣСͤţҡ
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찡ǻ˵޷Ц
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ӹ׼һֱҵĴ𣿡һһֱ֮ĳ̲סڵ
ת΢ͷСŮҡֻŮҪص񷨣СŮԽ
оһʱ˵
ҿԸܵõͶѹǣΪ˱԰һĹһ𣿺ǺǡǳɹˡѾʵʵᵽˡ
һ֣ұ㿴ϵ۷ϳˣʽҲΪʱֵĿʽԵӢ䲻ôǳʵǺеİȣĿʣǸͨӣҡѲһеؽ˰ɣ׷пܵأǺǡ
ӣӣ
һع˸εǸַˣСŮŲСƳ˵̱ǻ֯סˡһʱʧˣ
 



77 Ȱ

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δ䣬𡢴޶λ˱ҲЦ
ҵ˵ͷСŮȻһٵڼλǰǶˡ
ʲôöģǡǡ෴ҵΪϰΪһ֮˾ĵطأ
ͻȻһöתͷȥ¹ӡĽǽáղǾ仰ǳ֮ڡ
æعȥ񣺡С㣬С㣬С㡣
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ЦҶͬˣԺ˵ͲüӾˣֱƾͺãǾͽӣأҲҪС㡯С㡯ؽˡ
ǰͬˣȴǡϰ塯С㡯ĽУƵġЦЦͷԺͽǺˡ
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78 ˮ

ֵİɡ¼׵ңһ뿪ʱҾͷˡǸҲף˵öôˣЩǣǾԲĽһŮ˷ȥúϧġǵԶȨΪءѵʱŮˣվֻܿԼ
ҵͷƶ£ΪʲôŮǿ˳ˡԭһˡ
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ӣǣôôģʱȻǰֽе
סҵ֣߰ɣ
ұһ·ǰСܶȥһ·ϿƮɵķﰵ̾ǸǣеŮӰ
ѽǿԹǹҾȴϢһɣҺȥǱժЩӹ
˵ţһָ֣һԵ֡
ҲҪȥ𣿻᲻᲻̫ðһĲᡣ
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ھశֻʱͣס˶ˮٶȽҴ밶ߡ
 



79 ˮ֮

ҵЦЦţظ˷ģˮ
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ʦˡúϢһ˵ɡ
 





80 ֹ

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ôˣѽ˵ֹǺܺÿҲǺѵõأջҼĽ֣൱ˣҿ˰Ǻĵֵͣˣ
ĸ翴ңӣֻҪѵѵһ
磬ˣǸİ˶ѣýʲôЦЦת죬ˣɳԱˣûУ³ЩǳԱˣ뿪ɡõĿľѴҾͲˡ
ϰǺþģڡϰ塱ϼҵ
ĸЦ߹סҵļ磬һص⻰ᡣӣйʲôôô֪أҷ֡ӡ֣һһġ
磬ڿЦģ𣿡Ҳڡ硱ϼͬʱ˳ĸһЦ
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˵Цˣݵͼѡָ֡ϱڱδȻҲǹͣȻûиϿ͵ĵֻɫ˻ǻȥϢɡиʧӿɵΡҺ
ȴЦˣãϰ˵ļǣɫڴ˴ʵڲ㡣ұˡϰ壬ǣ
ĿһԾ뿪˺ԺЩš
˶ˣʲôʦͻȻ
һعȴԼĸϣԲסˣ۴磬㵲˻ء
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ӣԡĻٸһԵʦ˹е
ҸҪͷĸȴͻȻ첻˵ˣҳҹ𣿡
6ǸˣʦҿͻȻһؿʦ
ʦŪһʵʲô£ôˣ
ʦҼǵãо仰Զҳɣʦɻصͷֵʦոȴ˵ҪģʦĳգǴѧѽ
 


81 Ȼ

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ҪȻҪʦĵģһûгأæͷ
ʦҲƵ˳ҹЦ
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ҡҡͷ۴磬֪㵣ҡģЩС㣬ǧ𣬸˲һë
𣿿˵ǸСҵд붼Ļ㻹ҪСİĸǵؿҡ
ЦǰȷƯ֪ԣᣬܸɣҪģûһǧСļӡȻݸ߹󣬴ȴ˵
ҲҪģ֪ǰ͡ййĸ翴һۣͻȻ
ҡ͡һЦ˳۴磬ôͻȻˣ
ɫЩˣæӻ֣֪۴Ҫ˵ʲôҪ˵ǰͬɣ
ô֪ģĸ羪ȵؿҡ
վߵǧصԼҵġ
ʲôĸ羪ȵҲվ
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𣿡ĸüǣΪʲôҪЩǡʲôʱôҪˣ
ҽ΢΢ԽԽߣ˵ԴһҸ档ң˲ǸöҪƽҸعӣûԶһ㡣ǺǡܺЦǲǣ֪¾Ȼһҡ
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ʦָҵıӣҸȥгƥȥͽ𣡡
 



84 Կ־

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ǸʦҪǡιȥôҺȻҲûôҲ԰ɡǡǿǱҸطʱסһʦ㡭Ҫʲôʦһֻòˣ޿ˣʦƵһôϡ
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ãʦͬʱһץסҵ֣ңƥֻƤСɻȥʮǰҴʱһĻһƥǧҽ⡣֮һֱһλڰæչˡ֮ǰ˵ҪҾȥһң⾹Ȼ븽һƥҰƥСƥɻ֮һ
⣿ƥ𣿿Ӱǿסĺ£˵ڵĻȴǴ˿Ĳ
ʦЦЦ㲻ú¡ƥᣬûбκΪһƥԣ϶һΪԼˡֻҪѱֻˣ
˵ţʦҵֱɻȥ
ʲôЦȻԣôܱĲѱʦҿ𣿡Լ֣Ҫˣȴʦסá
ʦתȥֱ۾ӣҽֻΪȥɣΪʲô𣿡
һ㶡
ǰȥǷԼɡֻҪǻһԻҰáң¸ôԼȥҲԣ˽ҲԡôҾΪʲôһҪأѽΪܹΪǸһ
ҿԼֱۡѾȫۣܹʹأҲҪǿ־˰ɡǲǾͽ˰̣ʹ
ǣҺ¡־ƥ¿ӣӣͳͳеη壬״η塣𣿻ǣƭѣ
̧ͷʦֿ˿ɻɻˣãˡ
ҾΪʲôҪҪ˷ʲôҪʲôߣҪ֤ʲô
һɻȥҿ߿ܽ׳һߣӦҲǻʹİɣ۾ȴ˳˿Ρʵ𣿻ǡջ޹˽ӽˣ
֣ظ۾¶۾ģͻȻĪ
ϲأȻȻʦ𣬴˿ζϷʡ
ḧëûлͷëɫƯ˳̫ˣ
ǺǡϲءȻȻʦЦҵĶ
ֵػعͷȥʦȻʲôӸղһֱô˵˵ʲôѽ
ӣ֪һ˵˵õǧʵΪ׽ġ֮ƢԱңʦЦŽϽ£ΪһֱѰʺԼѣԼΡһѰҵˣͻԴԼİʼһ겻
ʲôЦģҵʶؽӹʦ
ʦҡҡͷǹǧһ˵
ʲôҵ
ϰɣʱ򲻷㡣ʦϵǧϵİݸңһ˵˵ǧһ˫Կ͸ĵ۾ڵһۼʱ򣬾Ϳ͸һб࿴˵ġѡ˵ı׼ͷ·ѡ˵ı׼һ㣬񣬺Կԡ
ʲôʲô˼ҽϵãֵؿʦ
ʦЦָָɻ˵ֻѡԼΪˡĸѡΪӢӣѡģΪƯŮӡΪÿƥǧǽģѡˣ϶ģԵġ
 



85 ⽨˼


ʲô㶵ſڣЩãȻ
ʦЦҵļ򣺡ϲŶӣ϶ƯĹأ
Цˣʦƿʦ֣ͷתȥڿװأƥôܣ
ӣΪҲһΪĶƭ𣿡ʦЦ㿴۾˫۾Կ͸һٵıֱ࣬Ŷ
ҿɻ˫ҵ۾һ
ͻȻҸеһɴҵ˫ۣһûӦ֮ǰѱɴһףֱֱҲһôײȥ
ҾţҪȻڿûһ㣬ֻñ۾ŭʦ֮еľʹ
Ȼʲôû
ŶʦҪҪҵѾܾûˣĸֱ˦Ҳܻܿˤϲӵģ۾ʦŭصͺ
ʦȴûֻЦָָҵ¡
ҽĿתƵ¡
ŶģġҾȵ÷·ɥʧԹܣֻ˵һˡ
ʦЦŵͷܴǲǣңƣѾ϶Ϊˣö߳ļһС
Ҳȷصе񾭶ǲֿ־Ҳ֮ˡҲȷؿɻԥḧ˸ëܿ֡
ʲôҲû
ظ˸ëɵԭ̤ŲӣСڣִ˿ԾԾԡ
תʦҵô죿
壬̤ŵȥнǲҪ̫׸еƣ룬ϾҪܳʱ䡣ʦ˵ŻѾ֪С⡱ˡϵİԼϣ⡣
Ϳˡѧ츳ܸߣҲڵҪǲҲˡʦ΢Цȴǹǣд˼թ
ȻʦȻһݣҵļ˳ȥٶȣ֡Ĺ⡱ˣ
ԥ΢΢һ̽źݣ
µɻ˿
㶣ҺȻҧ͵һȵݣ
֪Ҷ̫򣬻ʹͻȻĴܵ˾ţҲܣ̫ȸԾûй˼ϵֵ顣֮һ֡ͻȻ˳ȥ
ҾȵŴ죬ۿһԽԽȴڼҪײϵǰһɵر˿ȥ
ڶߺ죬ҹʱе磬ȴ˿ĸоûУеģֻǾȺ
üȶң֡ɻϵбܿӭľʱͻȻðһͷҺʦѡƥҼԦƥһײĿ˰ɣ
һ·ҽؿǰǰһƥӰӡ
ݣҴȵɻ̼ӿٶȣǰȥ
ˣҶʦŭʦ̵𣡡
ǺǡӣⲻúܺѧһʦֻҪ˵ҪͺãУȫ˵츳򡣡ʦЦ
ҵͷˣȲ˵ˡʦȥ·ûߴɣ
ȻʵʱĴεܱʡ˵ʰ˵ûûȥĵطʦңȥʲôҪ죬ǵȥɣ
ҿһۣĿתǰ³̷֣
ʦĴȣ˻ţֱ𣬺ðƽֻԭתȦӡ
Ҳסͷʦôˣʦ
㡭㻹ôˣԭͣס˽ŲʦŭңһңȻҪȥֵط㡭Ȼôˣ
ʦ԰ǿģҵ
ʦ㶣ôͻȻ˵⣡ʵ˵ô£
ûʲôֻû뵽ʦˣȻҲῴ̷ЩŮˡЩʧˡתͷȥضһ仰ʦûᶪĻͻȥɡƥܴѾܹԦˣʦԷĵػȥ
˵꣬һһݣ
ɻɳ۳ȥٵؽ·ߵľ
Ҳ죬ǵ߸ʦġ֮£ʹٹģҲ졣ֻǣϣǣܱҸˡϾ֮ĺ蹵ֻһ΢һ㱡ĤѡǵĹȥʦĹȥκ谭ǵݣʵֻ࣬ҪһҸʵܽ
ʱһ峺СϪͣ
Ⱥ˵ˮϴϴϪߣɻ߶ţʱͷԲݡ
󲡳ܿƣˣɵڲݵϣñϣҪЪϢһ¡
ůů£Ҿ˯˹ȥʱ΢ϰϰϼ졣
ҵһԵñӣȴ߻һˡ
Ǹˣʦ
С㣬ˣһЦ
ҽϵµݸô
ŶֻǷҼҴ˵ȥ¶ѡӹ·
ҵͷվĴɻϪеɢŲһƥɫĸͷȥ·Ҫһֱȵɻע⡣
ûкӰӡ
С㣬ҪȥҲʵؼĴѰټʱʵ
һعͷȥô
ôϵûأվҵ
תȥɻȥû˵
ֵ˵պã̫ʱѵܵӰǡ
ȥҪʲôԼ¡תҵ£ֳܹĬҾ͸мˡ
ʲô㶣ҡ
ҷұܣκ˶Ҫ£͵ûмҰɡ
ҼҴҲ𣿡ңü
ҵͷǵģҰ㣡
Ҳܱ֤ʲôǱҪһ㱣ܵġ
ЦЦҾͿԷˡ¶Ҵ˵ԼҵûκιϵֻҸ˵˽°ˡ
ôС·
Ҷ˶ɻǰ
ұ˱۾
Ҹоϵ·ʱΪʦԣҺѹڽ̷Ǻܶ˶еģ޷ʦжôÿûʲôͬĻǰǡȰϣȥȴǸر˳֣ѵ
ʦҶԣǸرˡ
Ǹգ书ҲǸգΪͽڵֵһУҶԣǸա
Ҳ֪ݣɣĶԼĿġ
ȻҵĹģҵĺҲġ
ûжһŮӼҶԿʲô΢ǣҲûжĸ硢ֶӵ˵Ĺϵʲôָֻߣһת㿴õĵط֧ңң˶ѡ
ģůĸо
ȻܹرضԴңұΪǸرˡӦҲ̷ܽ£ܰǵĹȥ
Ҵ˰ɣҾȻˣվʱˡ
 





86 

ʱеãȻֲ֪ȥδӵĸо
ȻиĿģ֪ҪĽ̷ұϾû뿪ͻȻһȫİĵطǡȫûз
û취ֻסһŮ˵֣һ£̷ôߣ
ǸŮ̧ͷһۣӶسԼ֣Ҳû˵һ߿ˡ
ע⵽Լһװ硣ôǸŮ߿ΪŮܲ壬ΪʵĶԲʲôõط
û취ֻҵһҿľƹݶһڵƵ˵ʣ̷ôߣ
תֱ߾ǡֵĴ󺺿һۣޱ
ллȡҪлȴתȥûᡣ
ֻǣԼˡ
Ǹ󺺵ָʾҺܿҵ˽̷
ԶԶģɻ˷̤ܵŲӣԽԽǰȥұһֱЩغֵľ󲽵ǰбˡ
ɻɱ̷ǰʱվڽ̷ǰ˿һۣڴӦҪЩһײˣǲã
ǣʦҴصͷԾ
ʦһۣתȥ߰ɣ
ʦǾôȥ𣿡㶵
ʦûתֻǵͲùˣ˻ϡɡ
ҽݸӭһˣʦǰȥ
ɡʦЬ淿ű㱻ƿˣһűӵСŮһ񣬵
ҼʦһɵȻ˽ȥֻҲĬظš
λϰɣǰҲ˵ϰһЩ飬û뵽վܵһǰңݣһò绨Ůӵ
ҿһۣȻ㲻þɫױȴüΪ£ܺõ͹еŵ㣬ãܻŮ
ʦҿ۾ҲգǱҽһ
ԭŮа飬̷ͷˣΪ質üãҲĸߣʦʱ鱻ɽţǳ־˽Ե
ҷѾͬ˵һѾӦæˡʦ
ҿ飺Ҫллˣ
ÿЩǶֻǰЩнģû˼Ҳſͨһ˼Ǳϵּ⣬ҲΪġЦЦ̬ȺǱ
ЦЦȻˣҪллġ֪ڿȥЩ𣿱Ͼ·;̻ȥˡ
չѵһΣ˷ڷסһɡǲĻҲٰæĿתʦڵ
ʦһۣ˵ǰЦ⣬ˡֻǵﻹЩҪ죬ʵڵ鲻áЩҴȥҪһҪЩģ˰룬ֻ´ˡ
ΪЩǰɣߣϰư˵ǽ̷ǰİ׵鿴һۣͻȻ
ҵͺȵһæЦǵ£ȥǸӣ¶ϲȵġҹʦñط꣬һ໰Ҫ˵ɣҾͲˡ
ϰԼҲáɫȻһɣűԸС壬һ£
űӭǽСŮ˽һԸ
֣ǽСŮߵߡ
ϣҵȻϰżǾ͸⺢ȥɡҵĸ»顣
ҵͷҪʦȴӣһ˰£ʵڲģͬһɡ
ˣʦͷͬɰɣ֮һģЦţֽʦƻԭλţתЦŴ˸кС˳ȥ
תü䣬һƬ˵ԺҵѵŮǡÿ˵·ƷȻһҲǼ뻪
СͬǸ˼Ů˵˼ʲôתҵ빫ӹѡɡ˵ţתЩСŮǣվһţ㣡
ЩŮȫվһţмȴ̲סؿһۣо棬Ҳη塣
߹ȥһһһϵﶼԼ𣿡
ǡȻЩӣȴ롣
ҵͷתȥСС֪ҿأ
û˵ѵҲûйϵ빫ɡԥһ£
Ƕ΢΢һЦǾǽϵƷȡƷŮӣеˡ
ȵؿһۣתԸˡ
һ·߹ȥ幤ϸģɫƯģԼ״صģһȡģͶ˹
һҵѾֻͲͬɫ׹ˡ
ȡƷģˣѵС˵꣬ǸŮѵѵһתЩŮ߳Ժӡ
ߵµʱվס˽ţСл˵֮£Ҽˣպػл
ôӲȥ𣿡ȵؿһۣ
ҿ˷һۣڽȥ²̫ɣСתһǡҾͲͬˡ
˵꣬תߡ
ˣſʱתָָ߸ɫһŮЩŮԺ󲻻鷳ɣ
ӷģġȫ޹ʵĹŮκġС忴һۣǵЦԢⲻ
ҿһۣģһúôǵģ
ӡǣҪ·ʱСͻȻ׷˳ָڵͬ黹ģ
Ǻǡҿһۣ£ҿɹܲˡС£ҲҪллպǵȥ𰲼ꡣҪ֪ôƯĹӦиõ·ϰ
ȵУת߸ŮӽǾҵˡ֪ﻹЩɻҪܵĻҪߺԶ·ǻлġǻ֪ˣǾʹ֮ڵġ
ǿңûҪߵ˼
˿ϵķǣЩˡ֪ҹô䣬͸Ѱһҿջסһˡ
Ļа֪ˣϱضÿȻǵڽ̷ζġǲСʲôһȥ԰ǣ
ҲѾΪѵˣ֪ﻹаôŮˣҿ治ʦһģ
ͣ½Ų˿߸Ů̾˿ºڵľȥʰ֦ɡǵĸһǧ̫ԶС·Σա
˵꣬ұϵİ﷭
ڣ˿ʦϸģȻ𵶻ʯˡ
תȴ߸ˣվԭؿҡ
ֻԼȥһͷǸղŻҲ߸ȴһ㶣Цҡҡ֦ȻңͶæɣ



87 ߿

ûһᣬѱˣ룬һ֧ϸеȵˣȻѵ
ڵҹĻѵȼ˹Ҳȼθڡ
еŮΧŻˣ㽫ĸ˳ÿ˷ֵ㣬
ͷûκɫӰ
ֳŵأͷϵǣ֪ڴʲô
ӣұߵһŮͻȻӵػ
תȥʲô
СĵָָɻûСԡ͡
ҿ˿ЦЦ⿪ɻıûиɲݣԲඣԼȥҵԵİɣǵ
Ҵ˸ǣƺԹؿһۣת̤̤ˡ
ۣӡôղ˵СŮСؾ̾
һص£ǰƥŶ
ӵʲôѽСŮӴЩȻǺܺ£ȴʵ
㶣šôûأ
ҡСô䡭ӵأգգֵۣصͷȥ
ͷô䣿˵䣡
ȵ̧ͷһֿۣٵصͷȥ
ķӦ˼ţĺʱأ
ɣ֣˵Ҷһ룬ƥƯִɻְɣúõֻɰͽˣ˵ţҴӰȡװʱµĺɰ˻Ρ
ۣƯĺɰ
ǰǰĺƯأͼ
ĿֻɰӦǹӵ͵İɣǡĿ𣿡
ϡ
һ𣬼̶ЦȻˣֻҪúõһ־ͿˣҪʲôأ
šҪʲôأһȺСŮʼͷˡ
زŻ˼㱡
عȴҾһֱûע⵽ΧĻѾСˣŮҲѾȫСؿҡ
ô𣿡ӽִ֦ЦЦ
ʵСŮӵ桭Ŀ˵𣿡
Ȼҵʹȿʼɡʲô֣
ҡûС֡Сĵ·ҲƵģֲġΪһֱطֶãԡҲһֱûС
֪ˣסĻýˣ㡣ڣԸ뵽𣿡
ϲؿһۣСʡϼ
ϼ𣿡ظûȥΪС˵ľȵı飬ֺ̫ܺأ
㶵ؿңûзӦ
ͷתұߵŮأʲôֱȽϺã
֬һۣԴӵ
ҵͷұߵŮ
һȦҷֽʲôֵĶУȻûСС족֣ҲˣиŮð˸춹⡱úǹЦ
ҿǸͷСŮȴúۡ춹⣬ǴóԵĶ˰ɣ
ӡǡ˭أǸ˵ԼûֵСŮ
ЦЦȻûԹᴵڣ֮ȴֺȻأнز̤
Ҷվÿ˶Լһ飬Լѡ֣òã
Ůû˵ȴվųһţȻܿԼȸԾıȭͷȴ¶ĵ˷ܺͽš
ʡϼұߵŮҵʾȵ
ɻһۣͷתһߡ
ǺǡŮǷһЦҲ΢˼ЦЦ
֬ڶŮ
ɻһۣûзӦ
ȵŮҪʱȴͻȻ̵߹һѽ΢˲ա
Ůһ΢ܿԼվԭûɻܿת˿ȥ
Ѿˣͽ֬ɡ֣Ůػԣ
ŮǷ׷ڶŮͶȥĽ񡣿ȴ֣Լûʲô˵ӡ
ĺɰݹȥҴӦĽ
ʲô⡭ҪС𣿡̧ͷһۣȵ˳ڲҪ˵ǸԳƣҶʱ˹ʵ
ҽɰô㻳˵Զ֮𣿡
ǡСû˼÷·ҪƵģȻ䵭ȴ·Կġ
˹ɰϵ´ϣҵ֪һĲźͻɣȻˣͷЩɣҪСؿˣר۸СĴ󻵵Ƶġ
ŮЦҲ΢΢һȴûʲô顣
̾˿ҵֱߣָǣӨǣȣͣͣӰʡҸǵ֣ԺǾͶҲûеı֮ˡ
ʡʡúְȻҲи֣ǱȲϼҪұǸСŮЦŵ
ҿһۣЦȻҵıԶֹˣԺԻ֪ģ
ӡһƬ˷ܵ˽УͻȻһƽСġ𡣡
ΪʲôأѵӨǡʲô˼𣿡ұڸýСʡ˵СŮʵŮҲֹͣؿ
ӨǡбĴʣ˼߹󣬴ĴΪʵǡ˹ġͷؿŻѣûбؿڡ
˼𣿡
ۣԭЩʶ˼
ǰǰĺѧʣھ˵ô˼Ĵ
ǣֻǱӴӽ̷ȥ˰ɣ𣿡
ʲôˣҿҪҼ˰ɡ˶ġ֡
ǰǽ̷ͷ˰ҲֻԳƣôܹ˲֪ܵԳƣʵǡ̫ͳˡ

ô˵תͷӸղʹǾ仰һֱ˵СŮʵ
һۣͻȻ֣Һϲԣԡ

һۣͷȥСңš
ãļ򣬴ʲô仹ǲģȫǷϻȫֵĺŮǰΪܶԭ򿴲ǣ۸ǣǶǹȥˣҵˣҪңͶҸǵ֣ǡҸǵļɣ
ǡʹ˵Ҳǡ
ӨǣͻȻһ
һ𣬼̶Ӧǣ
Ц㿴ҲѾˣ𣿡
ɵͷֵΪ䲻Ǿɡ뷨ǫ飬ȴҼ£ŬѧϰŬ£ɳΪֵˣҲܺ𣿡
 


88 Ŀ

ͷþò˵
Ҳߴֻĵصš
ڣ̧ͷ͵͵ǡСĻŬġ
ҵͷΪҪķӦеһ˿οȴûıˡ
˵úãӣô̵ʱշôຢӣճǵĹŵӰͻȻһʵЦ⡣
Ѹٻعͷȥʦ
Ǻǡһŵı飡ôʦʲôˣʦЦӯӯ߹ڻѶ棬ҵ
תȥŻѣû˵
ʦˣҲ˵ʲôҲδµСŮһʱʱ䡭ʲô˭֪أ
ңʦԽ̷Ůӵ̬Ѿˣ
Ѽžһʱû˵ֻлżſžҹ
˵񣬿˯ŮǣüһŵǷֱѷƣǾһ룬ʦʦۣá
òТͽܰȻҪʦȡů·ȡߣʦŲģʦһۣ
ȴûЦֻǵؽӹۣҪת
ӡ㾿ôˣΪʲôͻȻ֣ǻΪʦȥ̷ʦͻȻһסҵĸ첲
ʦ֣תЩŮǸϣԼ£ǿǰ棬ʦˣӲûֻǺˡû뵽ʦҲһ
ӡҲûڰˡһ˵뿪ˣ̾͸ǣ뿪˽̷֮ڲŸΪһЩ飬ˡҪҰ
ԭأЦЦʦģҲ԰˵ʲôġ
ǵģҲ˼ʦ
û˵ֻתһԵӨǣô˯𣿡
ҡҡͷֻǼűԼ˫ϥһ
ͻȻǰһһСŮҲһҲǽǣȴԶҲٻˡ
ڻ𾪣˫֣ǸˣӦͷҲǸӡˣԲԣԲһ
С㡭ҡ
ûϵûϵѧʣݣͳͳ׷Բõġˣ˯ɣҲµġԲᡣ
һۣ̾˿ر۾
ḧǰ鷢µ٣ֻϸСĶû˿˯⡣
¹һأ˻Եˣҿʹ˯Ҳ΢üĺͽ߬źɰ֣ͻȻӿһۡ
̧ۿѣҪȴͻȻ֡
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ʦת˿ۣЦûʲôʱСģ֦һ£Ѿˣµġ
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89 νҸ

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ǣСĵĴ빫ӴӨæ˿ڵأҵ
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ҡҡͷӨǷ𣺡ˣҲûʶʱ㽻ʶˡȻҲŸʶá¶ҵĴŸʲô
Өɿֻŵؿңû˵
ѽȻһȥ϶Ҫð켸ѵģֻǰҲôͰĥ˰ɣ
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ҵͷǵģΪŮṩһּǴųȹҲԺܶׯϵķʽԣ
Өԥŵͷҽһ
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һᣬӨȥУӰһ·ֻ͡һ·ǹ֬ʦԡŮûʵĽһһһ·

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Ҹûʲôߵֻ֮֡ҪĶԼжԶˡҪĶ̫ԶԶôԶ޷õĻźٺõҲԶԶеҸġ
ҵҸ𰣡ֻҪͺãҵҸһУҪҶҪʧȥˣҲѹһ죬ʹǣңԼٶƷζ

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С㣬Ÿջǵ
Ұڰ֣ѾϢˣ֯Ҳҽܸûɣ
ǣС㣬СЩ±żҪˡǲĵ߶˼䣬ҳţȥ
 




90 ƽˮ

ʱƽﻺš
һ棬ǵ˵ǳɹСĽҵȹ֭⡪֮󣬲ߵƥҲͽָȻǰȻЩģһҵǺܵġҿ꣬ҲֻҪһ±Ҹĳɳˡ
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ҿһۣͷʲôͷޱģΪʲôҶ˵ٴˣĿҪ΢ЦԶԣڼҲҪڸ˵ʱЦЦأ׳ഺˣһӣǣ
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˵ţҼ˿㵽
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˵Ҳ˵̫ˡ
Ƕʱ⴫ȥţűȵС㡣С㣬С㡣
ô㣿ҽȴһվſڡ
 




91 һ

ϰ塭С㣬СЩҪ̸̸Щٵһ˵꣬·ԼıƵġ
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С㣬ҪģСİѻ˵ɡе
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ƽС㣬ףǣ˵飬û˭Ҹ˽ˡǸһе鶼ȫԸˡǣȴҲǸһоǰֱçκʱ򣬶֪ԼҪʲôʲôˡ
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СȬ֮ϣǼ·ֶӲС˽֭ˣС㡣ǵǵص
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ϵӦû˳ģáҿ˿ʵգ԰ǵ
ǿңС㣬ѾˣҪԵ𣿡
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תȥЦǣôߵôģûԱƵģٶȿɲУǽɻҪأ
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һعʱŸ
˷һһ˲ͻȻⷢԭˡ
 



92 ױ

˵ڲ֪ôˡһǰȥ˾ǣ֮ұûϢʱ䣬ҵʱ䣬Ҳȥ˰ɡЩһܼįɡæӦ꣬ææšܶ飬Ȼȥͷȴͷһӱҵ
ڲ֪ΪʲôͻȻ֪òã֪ͰôˡҪģڣʸȥˡ
ǰ룬ҺױС
ǣͰĿʽҲü°ɡϾʹ֯ЩѡˡԹҽĸһȹȡ԰ǵ
ſڣ˵ĿʽСҪһģһ𣿴Ӱ֯Ĳѡôɣֻǳѧ֯Щʵò֣οС㴩ȥַ˵᣿ôԣС㻹ɡ
ˡЩҲˣ츳㱾ͺáԸԼһİɡļ򣬡ȹӵʽȻǸ˵㣬ĻҲһû⡣Բԣ
С㡭
ˣ͵ɣҪʲô¶ȥԷͻ˦˦֣˳ȥ

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ͱٴСֵˣҲǰżȻЩ纮ѾҩˣǾͿˡôСëŸʲôҵ
ҿֹĲȻȻ㣬Ľָأ
һ𣬽ŵͷ˿һָЦЦûʲôǸˣ򲻴ʲô
С㣬ô˵ҪѹͿ޳ߺͻС˵˵ɡôţİϲľͻȻſǻ
ɫְףŭ˵ĵط𣿻ȥ
㣬ʲôú˵㣬ȥɣҺС˵˵ȥſڿЩ𣿡ͷɫڻ˻˳ȥ
ҿ磺㣬ôˣѵ㣿
ӣʵ֪ģԲԣ΢ͷĽëס۾ҿɫ
㶣㣬Ҳ֪㾿˵ʲô
֪𣬻ӣ֮ǰȥĵ㡣̧ͷң۾ûᣬ֪ںæûʱǰˣӣҲɵĻƣһŮҪôҲ꣬һģʵҪһ㣬һǰҸ˵֮󣬾ʹ˾ȥˡ
һѿڵ𣿿ǡ
㲢֪Բԣָ̧ǿտյָЦΪ·ϣ侭һҾƵ⣬һĻ񲻵ĺϷ룬һǲҪĺá
ſڣ㶵ؿ
ǸɵѾͷʲô֪ԲŻ㵱ǰǸС㡯²£ҲǳϷС˵ŮˣᡭƬѵĻ翴ң۾Ц⣬ǹĻȣʹ
ţŵ޴ľ㣬ɡ
ǡŵؿһۣѸٵصͷȥ
ֽ˽Ƶϣ˳š
ſҪڣת㣬̿ٵʵ㣬СĽָŻժ𣿡
ǡڡ͵
סڣŭ㣬ø㾿˭Ѿͷȥû˲ӵĻȥ˸ףصѾͷ
ŵɫףͷҪȥ
סתЦ㣬αضԾһСѾͷأҪǨŭĶ󣬲𣿡
ʲô˵ʲôǨŭ㾹˵𣿡ŭ
ҡҡͷѵ𣿼Ȼû½ָǾʹһʱŷθģԣ֪Ǽ£޹ءⲻǨŭʲô
㡭⻰ʲô˼ҡҲס羪ȵ
㣬С㣬ЦЦҡͷΪʲôΪ˴ûˣǸ˽˵ʵݣһ
羪ȵؿң˵
С㣬ҽ죬Ǹĵش˼ɫģû뵽Ҽȴ΢һȻˣ˵ҲһϰݵӦþģôСĸˣ
תԾͷ˳ȥ
ȴһȵӣ
һ㶣תͷȥȴԣһ깫Цؿҡ
ӡҹ
΢㶣űЦӣûбˣ㲻Щˡҽɣ
ҸպСǹͲȥˡҡҡͷ糾͵ӣŴӾǻɣǺúϢһɡпգһ֪ӿϲ
ôҪǿϧҡҡͷΪʲôȴǽأ
ЦЦɲСҵȥμַ˵ᣬʵ޷д
ǺðɡɲܷŶЦ
ҵͷļ˵ȥҪ̸ʲôеĻ⣬Ǳ۾ĻδǰЦСİɣҾͲˡ
תܳԺţ۽ƳһĨɫȹǣûͣ

Ȼ˵õڶƹҸջصﲻһʱ˹׼ȷ˵Ƿ˽
ҽŵʯϣǣʦ˵ĻǻȥϢһ°ɡ
̷¶ˡ
תƵ컯գõӾȻѡķʽЩʲô
ģֵ磬˶ڼԶû˻ġǸҲᣬ֪ʲôİɣ
ЦЦӡ
ӣǶˣ㻹Ҫô𣿡ü
ҵͷǺãʦ֣ҲϲĨǵ˵ʦֵ⣬ֱ˵ɣΪ֮£
 




93 ﷢ë

ģҲƫƫҽĻ֮£׿ڸҡƵ
ҿ㾿ʲôңҵʦ֣С׵ܣ
ߣʲô𣿡ƵҼֵؿǵֱаɡ
ҡҡͷΪС㣬ֻܸ㣬£ΪһˣǰﲻʲôæҲκõġΪʦãתǰβ㲻õġĸ飬ҲҪġ
㡭棿ƵͻȻ˶١
ת۾ǵ⣬Һ˵ĻʱĻԾ̫ѵ·ҲߡҵĴ𰸣ɲ䡣
ǰ˵Ļǡƿң
ʲô
Ǹʱ۾ûƵ
һ𣬼̶Цʦ˵ĻҲס
ǾˡƵʵҽҲҪȷһ¶ѣûʲô˼ֻǻӣϣֻ֪һ㣬һֱܿĺϣõҸ
Ҹ𣿡ЦЦ㲻ͬ˵ͬԼ˵ǡҺθɣ
ӣ֪ģϲģˣ㡭ԥŵ
һӻ֣϶ĻңûҪһһ㣬ΪѾ˵úˡȥתС㣬Ҫʲôĸõңᵶᰮ
ʲô⻰⻰ʲô˼㶵
ЦЦҵĻѾ˵ˣʦֻܴΪתＴɣСȻס
ˣ𣿡Ƶ
ҡҡͷûСֻǷѾˣǸ᷿ģǧС㣬˶ѡ
ƺɵؿңû˵
ôˣʦ֣ôңѵǲ˵ġͷЦǽİ
ģŶҵҪ˭ǵҵˣͻȻһӵһתϢسһˡ
硣ǰס֣ٶȵؿһۣȻõݣڹŴڳʵĹŴľٶȻǷЩ٬ġҪ֣ĸȴͻȻסҵ֣΢΢
һ̧ͷؿƣһԴӡ
Ŷˣ磬һ¡ЦŽĸƵķ˼λҵһλѣǰմӾǻɵġ
ơĸ絭·ϤҵΪƵģһõݣ˵ӣ𣿡
˭컯գŵ˽լǺξģĸ磬طųԼɷĿ絶
ĸЦЦýЩӣ˵أ
šŶӣҵĽݴ磬ƽչˡǡ㶣ֿʼΪĸݷ
ĸ磬ô֪ܲأƿĸ磬Ц
һĸǻģôΪ֪´ӵƱضǶԵе֮쳣رΪϳ˱˴˵ݰɡ
ӣҲʲô֣ʲôݣֻ֪Ҵ磬׽ˡҵѣزڴʲôΪ֮£𣿡ҿƣ档
ƿһֿۣ˿ĸʼûɿǵ˫֣û˵ֻһתһԾ뿪ҵߡ
һع̾˿磬˰ɡ
ĸЦЦɿҵ֡
ǣҵĵƶְҵϰءЦҡҡͷǧϣ˵ôͻȻˣʲô𣿡
ĸӦ˵ġְҵʲô˼ģ˵ϰߡʱ ü˿̼ʣӲӲôû¾Ͳ𣿡
ȻǣңȻˡֻƽʱǴŽ𣿽ȴȻѡķʽΪʲôҿ۾
ĸҡҡͷûʲôֻ·ϸպÿһֻȸ׽˭֪ȴˣǿϧ
𣿡ҿһۣȴıûһ˿Ǿˡ˶ҪæˣﻹǸй񡣡
ǺǡӣһҲɰҡҡͷЦ
üôң𣿡
ôĸֿҵ۾ҵеˡ
ôҾȵ
ĸЦҵͷʱˣҲûȥˡ
ã㣬硣ҵͷ
ĸġٶἰ˽ݿģǴʡ
ĸ͵ֿڣվվܾýյĸֺЩŹ֣Ǿʲôطԣȴʼ˵
ʼ磬Ҿȥ¡֮ǸϳҪ·ǡǰֻ֪μʽǲܹظڶģû뵽˹ŴʣȻҲƵĹ涨̾˿֪ǵ·õôˡЩҪ𰣬Ҫæϴ´ɨ£ԷܣΪˡ
ԴﾡЩĵСʱǰĿͻȻһǰһͻȻϮҪ㣬ȴҲ෽һ˲Ǻ֮׷ȥԽԽԶʧҵĸ֪Χ֮ڡ
ֵؿʧķҾȥȻǽȶ飬򲼵ȥ
յſڣȴʦվڽţһң̱Գ˿
ôˣʦʡ
ʦ´һۣתˣֻµ֣û¡
ֵҡҡͷת֯
һʱںͰǵһæµжȹˡ
٣ٶָϣԸģַߵǸѾߣīġ
һ·ᳵ·شֹͷͻȻӿһǿҵĲұĿָоͣҵͷ֮ȥ
ͣΣͣΣƿȥīľȣԽηԸ
ͣīϰ壬ôˣβʣ
ġֻͻȻһ£صһˡҡҡͷ͵Ŷǽη鷳ǽ̧ȥұ̻ȥһˡ
ϰ壬ȵȡīľۻᣬеķС㶼ϯһֱԶھǵλСҲʵڲ̫١ʲôСȴȡ֪𣿡
С㣿㶡
īͷλСմӾǻһϯġǶλС㣬ϲ˵ġ
ϣ˱ۡ
Ҫô죬ϰ壿ηú򲻵Ըֻÿѯҡ
 


94 

۾۵ʹͷīԽηȥָɡ
Ҳ֪ʱ˵ĸֵġºٻһ̵ʱܵģֻ˺ѷεʹޱ޼ʵĻںޡ

ҵһμλСȻַ˵Ůַ̳˵òǻۡ˵򡡣
ֻŮˣиͨ㣬ǾǰȻˣҪǣġ
ƽִ˵ζķΧ½ţ׽쳣ǽҵ־ͬϵĻ飬ᾲһֱСذй۲ңᾲǣһҵĿ⻥ײ㿪ȥŪֻпЦĵӣȻҲҪֺˣǡ漣
ˣԳϰͣҪϰ塣ͬЩĲгʱͻȻ߽һŮַ

Ҹī߳䣬ƹС˴վڴ룬زͣ߶ţһңֱ˹
һæסеʵôˣʲôˣôᵽ
С㡭С㡭ȴֻţ˵
ҽһԵһŰ£˵ī鷳ȥ𣿡
īһ˳ȥ
˵˵ôˣҶ԰ǵҳʱúõô򣬾ʲô˵£
С㣬Сͨ۾ҵ
һǰһڣҪҶһ˫ʵı۰ϡ
תͷûˣֻҴҵ˾䡰ллһǣôˣ˵˵
СأѾѾʹȥˡѾȥҴˣ֪ͨǳŶ϶
Ѿûȥˡ
һסǵĸ첲ⱼȥ˵ˣǻȥҪȥµģģȥˣûϵһκĲһģͻȥɣҪߣտҪ
ûӵŰǣһ·Сⱼȥ
ȵȣǰͻȻһӵסȥ·
̧ͷǰһ񣺡ֶӣ
˵ȵȣ𣡡ҪƹȥֱȴͻȻץסˣɳȥ
ˡס֣еָԽһƥ𣿰УҰ㣡ӣƥ
ᡭˣҴȥɣüͷһ壬ҪܾȴͻȻҡҡͷشӦҡ
ûЩֻҪҾͿԷɱȥȥȥҽ뿪ĵطȥҵ𰣬κ¡
ָңϣֶҵ
һԥҲûбס
Ĵӵ㶣µ˻δ䣬һתɿسŴűȥ
ҽһж׵Ժֻܵÿ㣬ٿ㡣
Ҳ֪ΪʲôôļļãܺܿظϻȥҲƵġ
룬ʵ׵İɣĲʵ򵥣ͻĻʲûԵɵġ
ֻûԣûеԣҰиǣȥԣʹѾ˸оһûлȥɰ֮ǰļƻָȥ
ҵ·ԼŵģڣûʸȥԾȥ̿ˡ
ôǲ˵ѾȥҴѵѾҩˣʣͬʱ
̧ͷ۾ͨ졣
Һһ
С㣬ССˡͻȻҵǰ˻ɤӵ
㶵ؿͨۡ
ӹ㡭뿪
ҲţҾţ͵ƿ֣Ժȥ
żʱһһʵ
̧ͷǰˣʦʦһа취ģԲԣԲԣ֣еؽе
᷿ȥʦҵļ򣬵ͳһɡ
ҺһЩٶȰűٵŷȥ
ҴЬȹڳʱ򣬱㿴𰡣ıϣ΢۾Сſɫ죬ԵƯˡ
ҵҹظ
ССģȴ¼ˣüë۾Ǳӣͣ䣬رŴһ㣬ǧѡϵȵһ
ر𰣬ǰЦѣѰˡ۾˵˵òãòãһǰÿǸң쵽˯ѵʱˣұ뿪֯Ĺгʱ˵˵һ档
Σ𰣬ûǰ۾ЦЦûѽѽſһָС֣׽ҵָ档
ҳٳûеȵſ۾
ģͻȻһƬ䡣
ӣǲˡ㡭ڰɣ˵첻㣬ǰЩָȾ˷纮Ƶòףԡʦҵļ򣬵Ҳ̫
ʦҵȻ̫ѹСĵؽŻرϣתЦţҾʱ򡣡
ӡ
վĳȹǺ˺ƬĴ屻˺ȹ壬̱ѳ˳ȹ˿ʦҲ֪ʮʱ򣬸ĸͶ˫˫ȥˡǸʱҶߣϻȥʱֻõĸײ԰ûѪɫף͸Ŀȫǵʬ塣
ӡ㣬ôͻȻ˵ʦüؿңǵ
תױȡļвóеƱһֻСǸʱҾͷģٲҪʧȥ˶ΪʹࡣĸܣԶҪһξ
㡭ǧţǼⰡӡʦǵÿ˶ÿעˣ޷ıġÿ˶һ죬ǻŵˡ
ŵӦüúõػšҵͷԣҸĸȥûһ뿪ΪҪΪŵ˶
𰱧˷ţ˽İҴȥ򡣡
ǣѵҪȥ𣿡ʦ
ҵͷİ˳ȥ
ӣʦֹѵֻ֪ӴЩİյģûоǰյƣǽȥİ
ûʦĻͷգģһκģһµġ
ӭ濴ǺǵɫҵЦЦôʲôģҪȥȥ˳ܡǲôġ
С㣬ССѾ
ֹסڣȻһڣǾ˵һҵĻᣬҪҰװ׷Źǻӻӵļˣҿֿ˿ǣǾʲô˵ȥ׼ǰǣ
 



95 ǧҽ(һ)

Ǻһۣ˫˫תҹһ񣺡ǣȥ졣
ӣûõģɣ£ǶѹǣǾӦġֺο࡭
סڣؿǰʦʦûκŬͷԭ˵𣿡
ʦ΢в̣Ȼʹͱ˸˵ˣǸо˵˱ġ
ƹʦתȥ

ȥδң򵥵ظ˵Ҫصġ
տʱ㱻õȹǸһ˵龭֮󣬷ҷ¾ͺãִ̫š뿪ڼ䣬ԻҺúõؿţһ
ЦЦ򿪣һƱϣȱæžܾǸԷġҲ֪ҰЩǴֵطȳΪŸһȵҲѧЩԼꡣҪˣ֪ʲôʱܻԷЩǣʹչˡ
ӣ⻰԰ôţ㲻׼Ƶġӣ㡭ǧδҵ֣ǵ
ҡҡͷδû£ҽҾͻʱ䲻ٵȥˣˣԷĺֻ֪ϸˣ
˵ţҺһδһתˡ
ǺٶȹȻܿ죬ô̶̼ʱ䣬ˮԼһЩѱãİڷҲ鿴ҲѴ㣬ԱֻվڳԵҡ
⿴˿ؼĶû⣬ǵͷҪǰѶŽȥ
ͷ۲꣬תҽ˳ᣬҪڣȴһ߰ɡ
Ҵһ̧ͷһʦ˭
㶵ģʦһҳڳװϣ˳ֵһţһμʦôɵʲô
ʦôǡ㶵
ʦŭصһۣŶΪģڵô
Ϊʦһŭ֮£뿪꣬ȴңҵͷû˵꣬Դϱֱһơ
ʦûңֻͷԵİȡССģױϡ
ע⵽ʦֻһֻȻʦԼģɫزСװ˼ӡֻԴ࣬һֻʦŴ򿪵ֻıһֻϸ״ģ࣬״ƣȴҪࡣ
ֻһۣƿĿ⣬ĲɵؿʦĶ
ˣȥ֪ܵжԶһ·ôŵסͳŵס𣡡ʦҵͳ
æȥ
ʦʵҿæµŵʦŵҡ֮ǰǹ⡭
֪ʦСû̧ͷң㲢û˵ҡȷûŬװ׵ش֣ʧԼҸ
ʦ
ԣӣôģҲ㽫Ҫôסʦ̧ͷң۾쳣ʦԶվߣ㣬֧㣬Ҫʹȴٳ̫ҽԺҽ٣ΪʦҲﶨˣ
ʦҸж˵ֻǿЦʦ⵹ǲԺʵ޷ҲǲС
ͻȻһ£ָֻƽ٣ҿ˿ţ֪ԭţǲġ
һ·ϣʱʱʼնڵ״̬Ȼ¶ȲߣȴҲܽͷʹԭһֱţǰι֮ʱҲû۾ֻƾ˱ԼӪǼⱾܣҲ㹻ϲݿˡ
ۿžҪǸĳˣʦͻȻüݳͣ
ôˣҼ⼸һֱת̶ȲˣڵһӰ
ӣȲż˵䡣ʦҪ֪ȻھǣҽٵҽδرҪߣҲǴҽξ˵ġ
ûйϵҵȻйְҽ٣ô϶Ҫе㱾ġڵڶ⣬תȡֻƱεСҿɲĸٵĲȡ
ӣ̫뵱ȻˡʦҡҡͷɫҲˡﶺһȥ취Ūǵ˵
УҪ̽ǣһӶܵ飡̵
ʦͺ嶯ܽʲô⣡ĺôðʧشȥҽβûоƵǱضᱻʵݵģʱŪƣҲûлˣ֪Ļʲô壿
ҡ㶵ʦ˵꣬ԥؿ۳𰣬ò⡣
ʦҵͷİɣûµģôʱ䶼ˣֻһ϶ˣܳŲȥɣ⺢Ӳһûµġѵ㲻𣿡
ҺͷšҵȻţ첻ôģΨһҲߵģģ
ӡʦңҵĺ󱳡
ʦ˿ȻˣʦҴӦǡǸϽҸɾĵطŰɡҪˣʱͲˡ
õġȥʰ֦׹Сһɾĵط׼һ¡
ǣǵͷӦˡ
ŵ̺õıϣһߡ
С㲻Ҫ̫ˣôôһεúССĲġǱæĶ߶ҵ
ЦЦû˵
һᣬʦˡ
ʲôû˵ֻǸæԼеĻɾس͡
ڶ죬Ǵʦҹáƣ˳ǡ
ðǺʦȥҸסĵط̴ȥ˳Ļ
⺢ӡв£˵ذɣҽٿ˿𰣬̧ͷҵ
ҵͷǵģ򡭡ˡ⺢ҪôΣЩʲôҩܾȵúã
⺢첻㣬ȻúܺãκǰЩֵ˷纮βڡҽٿҡҡͷ
æץס֣ˣȾȾ⺢ӰɣΨһˣΪҪӣٴۣҶںֻʩչ֣Ⱦɣˣ
ҽٿס֣û˵
æɿҽٵ֣ȴɼȵؿ
̾˿ҵˣҲģʵҽ΢޿κΰ
ôң˭ܹκҵáңˣˣɲ׷ʵ
ȵؿһۣô㲻ǡ⺢ӵĸ𣿡
Ľ㡣ѾʧȥҵĵΨһˣ㣬ˣңȾˣҹĽűߣһ̣Ҳںʲôʲô˸ֻҪҵ𰡣
 



96 ǧҽ

ûзңֻңһ
ҽüˣɡôǺΪѰɣȸһҩȻκãǺô֮취ɡ
ˣǡ̫ллˣ̫ллˣˣЦ
̾˿ˣֻǻҵҽʵͨ
ʲôˣ뵽ʲôӣҡܻҪʲô飬Ҷںģֻ˸ңôôſκҵãˣҰɣˣ̼еؿ
ԥ̫ҽԺҽٴˣоҲ˵
̫ҽԺҽ٣а취𣿡ҿء
ֿ𰣬ȻܳŵڣѾ漣ˡҽԺҽٴˣ˵ء
ҽԺҽ١ҵ͵͵ظţһ˿ϣ
ݸңȻõأȻܳŵڣôλˣֻشпܡֻǡҿװ磬Ȼ󣬿ײ塣Ҫ붯̫ҽԺҽٴˣ̸סˣҿ㻹ǡ
ˣĶ£ȻҪҷãǾԲеġֻҪһ˿Ҷġҿ˸ͷվ
ҽ̾˿Ҳաȥԣ֪ܲġˣϷ˵ĻϣǧĪҪ˵ȥ
˷ġ̫ҽԺֵطȻһƽȥġʲô˵֣Ǿ˵ȥġ˵꣬ұ𰣬һ˻
С㣬ôˣС㣿ҽٴô˵û߼ӭ˰Ǻʦ
תݸǣǣȥץҩģҩƽϡ
ǣС㡣񣬱תҴˡ
ͷ˿𰣬ͻȻ˸ˣ̧ͷٿȴҲӰ
ʦ״ʵӣôˣ
˸ˡҵ
ȡһӣҪʦȴˡ
ʲô
ҩʦǰȥ
Һں棬ҡҡͷôԡҩǮôܽ
ʱͱ˵ˡʦûлͷԺӵĵط²٣ӣʡʡɡ
ҸҪ˵ʦȴͣס˽Ų
ˣˡʦתҵȽȥɡ
ô¡ǣҿǰĴլֵ
ʦȽȥɣܴ̫õķ硣
ҵͷæʦš
һܴĸۡͤȣ԰ˮأӦоУķͲ֣ĺһĸûʣһķ
﾿˭ĸۡʦסĿ𣿡Ҹհú𰣬ҵʦʵ
ʦȻˡûзִϷտյﱾĵط
ʦڲǿЦʱ򡣡΢ŭ
ʦҡҡͷӣ÷һ£Ҫšûκã͸ȿˡ
ʦҪ˵Щеûģ﾿׼𣿡Ҳͷػӻ֣ʦЩʲôɣ£Ҫηɣ
ʦתȥǰγʵʱʶһΪһֱ޶Ҳһֱšβģסڿջʵڲ㣬Ҿ뵽ղͬ׹һ򵥴ɨһ£ȻǺôǸŵĵطԺҪҲЩ
ʦлл㣬ôܵҵ
ʦЩҪҪǻҽپô˵Ĳϣ𣿡
ȻаĴ˵Ҫ𣿿ڲûǸ˵Ļһ׼϶ûµġЦЦ
ʦߵҵǰҵ۾ҽٵĻġô˵ЩҩĿκ𣿡
ǡЩҩģΪȡʱ䣬ҵ̫ҽԺĴβתɿ˵ֵ꣬ˣʦЩƣͻȥɡ̫ҽԺЩ˵ƺЩƣʵ𲻴󡣡
̫ҽԺʦ
ҵͷǰȫҽĴǡһа취ģ𣿡
̫ҽԺҪȥ̫ҽԺҽٸβʦһظ·ʶƵġ
ЦЦǰǰʦܱܲظˣ֪ⲻףǲԵĻô֪أ
ӣⲻײ׵⣬ǡʦü
ǻˣҪȥżҩˣʦҿ첽߸սŵİȥʳﻹҪ׼ˡҺͰǻкܶҪ飬ʦˡ
ʦĻȫػĶ
ǰš
ǲ֪ƶ£̫ҽԺҽжѡʵ̫ҽԺЩˣֻΪ忴ģ壬ҲҪмӲõ
ǣҲôͷ
ΪһˣǾ͵ԼϣҪʧȥˡΨһģеãҲ룬Ҳܣû
Сĵؽеҩι£ҷ룬Űǳݡ
ʦǣм£һ¡ͤڣҿŴң
ʦǵؿңʲô£˵ɣӡ
ǺҲͶǵ۹⡣
Ҫһˣȥȡ㶫ҵʦŰǺչ̫ã֮ǰضϻ
ȥС㣬ôҴҸ·һֱûϢãôܵأȥɡҪȡʲôҲõǾȵ
ҡҡͷЩʦǲģԻȥ
СİɡͻȻСС㽻ǾͺãС·Сġ
ҵͷֿʦͽˡ
תѣұȥϢԲݵ֬ǣ˳һ·һɣǸˣҪһˡ
֬ؿһۣ˸ǡ
ȻúϢһأòã
ֵһۣҵز㡣
ҷͺȵݣ
ͷϵϵʼҵͷҲڿƮ
һ·ɫֵļУǼž֣Ҷûͣ¡һ·ɳţǰ
ͣ֬⸽תתɡҰº㡣
֬ҵѣתˡ
Ĵȷ˺󣬱ʩչṦϸݶӹܿ˲Ժ
ȡԿףҴ֯ţǰʱֻҳִӲȡɫϵȲƤ˿У룬ַ֮ǰҲȡ˳ڡ
жʰˣҴֻһֻ⡣
ɿһˡڴԶ̴ţ֬ҵǰ
Ҫ߹ȥʱȴ֣󣬾һӵӰ
 




97 ǧҽ

վԭأһ
ôɵ𣿡ЦЦǣƥ·һɫĺ
ҡҡͷ˰ߵ֬ԣҪôȥ
ȴͻȻֽĴԼϡ
ҿҡҡͷȥˡȥɡ£һܶࡣԼ£㲻ҡ
˵ʲôɵءҵͷؿңҿ磡£Ȼҵˣ
ǡҿ֪˵ʲô
ǣңι㣡ڲǲЩʱɣ
һ㶣̶뵽һֱ˯е𰣬ǳĬתһݣ
ٵıУĸûж˵һ֡
֪ǲԵġҲܸҪĶͲ˺޳ܵذռᡣ
Ǵ˿̵ңֻ𰡣ûа취ٽҵϷֳһ˿һˡ˽İɣһֱҪģֻ𰡣

ǿĲƥ£ڼ̫ҽԺһݵ΢ҽŮ֪ҽŮ㲻һ򣬿ȴҴһҪѶϢ̫ҽԺˣ˳ƳʵҽΪĴˣҲǸҽܸߵˡܹ뵽ƣôĲϣˡ
λҽŮұĴϣܹһ档
ϧλȻҽҽΪȻΪȴǹŰ壬ϸӵȼƶȵҾһĻҲûС
ű˻ƥõ˿УһĪչ
ӡ⴫ʦ
ҵ
ʲôʦҿʦԥӣʵ
ʦңʵˣǲϼ𣿡
ҵͷû˵
ʦֳĬһᣬҪ˵ЩʲôͻȻŵС㣡ˣС㣡ɣСС
ʲôôˣæվûһ˲ѣΣеشţץסĸ첲ʵ
˲ϺСС΢һ㣬ҪС㣬˭֪ʼѪˡС㡭
һɿץס֣ұ߳ȥ
ûߵſڣĸӷ߳ںţɫš
ôˣô£˹ȥŵʵ
ĸ翴ңصӡ̴ȥ𿴿취ܼܲλˣŬɡ
ҳȥҪס𰣬ģģһһҩȫȥ˵ģۿһۣЦˣôⲻܣ
ӣ侲㡣ˣ㡭ʦסң
ѿʦĸ첲𰱧˹תȥ
С㣡С㣬ҪʲôССϿȥ򰡣ҪȥѽǺ󼱴ٵش
ҵĽͻȻһʹûССĴʹҼǰ첽ȥ
ʦĸںԶԶǺҲһֱظңϵȰҡͨͨûᡣ
ڽ˵ע£һ·ߵ˵ǰ
ǰţҺ˼ڵϡ
ŵ˴Լһһ
̧ͷҵתˣһĺͯϣõơܹβ˵ҽΪ⺢ʩȵĻʹţΪūΪ澣ҲᱨĶ¡
˵꣬ҽŵһԵĵϣԼڵأ˵
С㡭ǵ
ʦҪ嶯СĵúС㣬ȥ£ԺסҪ嶯
һ仰ƺָһᣬĸͳӦǡűʦתȥĽŲ
Χǿֵ˰ɡûжɷſڵϣҴδй̬
֪˶áһӣһСʱҲһɡ
֮ҵʶģʱԴһˣˣɣˡ
̧ͷģУһŹٷӰ
ȾȡȾӡˣ׽ס½ǣ͵͵
̾˿ȻʩȣǾɿְɡѾʱˣ¾ûϣˡ
ллˡ̫лˣЦЦɿ֣ţ㵹ǰĵ档
۵ʱ򣬿ģһƬɾˬ컨塣Ҵıϳȵؿ˿ܡ
ţҽŵسȥ
ӣˡȱߴĸæɱȥ
۾ʵأھ𣿡
ӣѾҹûϢˣҲûкúóԹԲŻ㻹ȻȥϢһ£˵İɡĸ罫ҷϣ𱸵
ҡҡͷЩҪȸңôˣˡκ𣿡
ô׵¡ͻȻһͳ
תͷȥˣʲô˼ѵ
ûСٻкóɼϽЬӴϡѵҲҪãҪҲһչ𣿡˿ҵĽţתĿ⣬
ҴЬ߹ȥ˸񣺡˿ǽѾмʹȲҵãҲĴм£ض౨
ȱ˵Щ㣬⺢ӵĲ飬Щʱˣʱ便Щҩʹϵ죿ңʵ
ҽ֮ǰλҽҩ
ͷԭˡѹ֣ѹ֣
ʲô˼ʲôֱ˵ҪǮҪʲôҩģûйϵġֻҪãʲôۣҶԸ⡣˵꣬ҼеؿĴ𰸡
ңǽȥ˵
ЬݣҽƵĿ£ڿڵ㷽˵λĴӦǵҽ˵ͽܲŶԡʦ⺢üⷽ涼źо൱ļ⡣Ҷ⺢Ӳŵӵ˽졣
ʲô˼˵õϣ𣿿ǻλȴ˵ûа취ҡҽԿİȻУһǼ˻λҽٵĽǸĿڵ
ЦЦŶܸӣҲ˵ֻ⺢ӵβõģصĵز漣ʵ벻ȬĿܡ
ô漣ҿҽ˿Դ𣿡
ʲôȵؿҡ
ҳ˳ǣЦղ˵ˣⷽרңǻλҽٺҽˡȻβˣôΪΨһܹ漣ģֻҽˣ𣿡
ˡȻҲȫ϶˵ҽ˾һκ⺢ӣٻЩϣġȻ˵뵽ֵĻϣ۾ֵ
ҵͷվһ񣺡Ȼˣл֮
㡭Ҫȥңڵ
ȥؼҡ
 



98 

ؼң㲻׼ȴҽ𣿡
ţȥˡҪȥҪߣҲڼ뿪ǡ
û߳ȥ
ĸͷҪȥˡû˵ֻǾߡ
𰱧ؾլӣҷԸǺЩʰҺĶһͳˡ
С㣬ȵҺҿ֬Ǽ
ҡҡͷֲǻᴫȾģǾʹ˷ˡǣԺߣֱӻزͺáܸɣ֯ҲѾܺˣԷЩŮǰ㣬һ¡ġ
꣬תɳ˳ȥ
˰Сʱ˽⡣Ż٣ұš
֪̫ҽԺһǸ˵ҽµѾѼˣҽָ߹٣ܼƽˡƶɭϵĵطһȫȫ˰
ԣʹԸ⣬Ҳˡңûа취ˡ
ôҺһɡһشȥǸ͸ĸһʮĵطǸɽˮȻƶȴܰ۵Ļĵط
ңҪ𰣬һ
˲ʮӺͻȻõáûͣ
ӣȵȣӣʦԶԶ
סʦϡ
ʦڸҵȥȱߣӣ£취ûþһа취ûƴȫҪ𣿡
ʦ˰ɡ֪ģǲҽ˵ƵġҪ˵ˣһҲ롣һƷȫľǸҽ¸߳ĴˡҽƷҽãã𣿡ҿʦƽ
ʦüˡҪҲԵأˣ
Ҫؼҡشȥʦתǰ
һӣӣȱŻȥİ취һˡûа취ˣҲһеİ
˭תͷһеȴκϣ
ȴԥˣ˸ؿңһֹӡ
˰ɣҡҡͷضҪΨһϣκΣǣνɡ
졣ҪʱͻȻ 
ҵڰнסˡ
ţһػعͷȥѵؿ˿ڣ˵ʲô
㲻֪ҽԺĶˣ졣ڣÿֱ֣ҵ
գգۣתʦ
ҽԺܸˡʦң
ҵͷ˿𰣬̧ͷҼǵãˣǾʶ֪ˣںδӿ֪
죬ջصľܣڡӦڸڡû˿顣
ҵͷл档
ûƬԥҵתͷžܵķɱȥ
᲻ңҪ˵Щʲôھĵطһƽܲ˳߸ϵˣⶼδ֪
ڣҲȥˡҵһƬհסֻ֪ܣĻˡ

ӣǻӰɣôĴѰʱͻȻһȵ
תȴһװӡһۣû˵תȥ
㶣ߵҵǰЦӣ񰡣ôˣǵ𣿡
㶣˳ԭδ磬þòˡ
ӣʲôˣɫáˣôˣֵؿң
ҡҡͷתǰȥˣҴҽġǸδ磬ʵûа취ú죬ϸ˵ɡ
ʲôʶ·Ҵȥɡһеضҵ
ҡҡͷˡˣЩʱˣ֪˸ۡģ
ӣôܵˣ˭Ųʦ˹
תȥϵѣƿġӣһ·ҵȴôҲ˸ܴۡȥ𣿡
ȥǿԣҪô𣿡ͷתҵ
ҡҡͷûУһеȼ˵ɡûʱˣұ뾡
ȥʦ򵥵
ҵͷЦЦתˡ
ľȴʵûа취ȥˡ
˸ۡˡӣȥɡû߶ãһլǰͣסˡ
ס֣лˣӡǲˡҡԼȥ
ǻӣڵӡü
Ҫٶȿھܾĸȥɡ
ۡĸ磬ôˣתȥǵҸղŴӸʱûȥ𰡡
ĸûпңֻҵ֣ƹȥ
㶵ؿţȻļҶͷͨһӻҴˡ
ҼҴ˲ʶʲôӻӣǻȥɡҶܲͷؿһۣƶûһ£㲻ͷ
һס䣬ȡһ壺壬ʶɣ
㡭ţǼҶǲؿץס֣ű𾪵ؽӹ壬Ҵﱼȥ
ĸ翴ҵҽ͵˵ܲš壬ҵһμ֮󣬼ġΪ鷳һֱûʹղżǼҶӣģд
ĸͷҵ
ҽעתڡΪ̫˰ɣ΢΢ôҲƲס
ģ㡣ĸӹ𰣬ҵļ򣬶ҵ
ҵͷڡ
ѾˣǼҶҴҵĽŲԼһŲȻִ٣ȴɳš
ãˣ𣿡Ǹʮ꣬ͷף˫ȴžĹâˡ
ҡҡͷҴҴģҽ죬ġôڼ𣿡
ҿ˿󣬲û
ŶˡҼҴڼңǡԥؿһۣ˵ʶ壬ҲʶӻӵŮˡˣúãȥɡ
΢˻壬˼ؿ壬ʶֽˣһʱ벻ʲô˼
Źرյ֨ѽҵ˼
ҲûģȥҪֹŵļҶ
Լû뵽һͻȻ֣һһɣźȻϣҵ̴˺ѷεʹ
ӣĸ󾪣һȥǼҶһȥ
ӣôӣĸ絣ǵʵѪ߰ߵ֣½ǱҪҴơ
סĶתǸƹܼ֮˵ȥͨһɣ˵ӻӣΣҪһ档ֻҪ˴ӦССҪʲôҶӦġΣҴΪתһ
 




99 ͷ

˵ţҽֵŵϣӻȡǮݸЩӣеĻذæˣ
ȵȡһۣûнǮֻת첽ȥ
ҹڵϣڴڵشϢţԻϴľʹ
ĸԱߣСĵطŵϣ˺۽Ƕҵָҡ
áһδ˵꣬ĸֱؽҵ˹ȥ˺˿һʹ̲סʹһ
ĸûпңֻǵͷϵ˿ڣȴࡣ
Ҳ˵ֻҧϴʹĸɵش˿ڣĶ
ڣﴫ˽Ų̧ͷŵĺӶϵģҵߡУǸ˵Բ𣬷ˣҼҴʵڲ͡˵ּȻˣ뾡뿪Ҹưɡ
ܣⲻܣŭŴӴվץס죬ô˵˵ģܣȥҲȥģҪߣԼ˵ȥ㻹ȥ
һ£źһתߡ
ֹ˺ܾãҽظе䡣֪ΪѪ̫ԵʣûᣬֻþȫվſڣĶ
ŵļҶԾۼˣΧһʱָ˽ʲôϣһ־־顣
ҲںˡҲںΪҷ˻ɵˡҲںǲϵָңַ
ӰȫﶯĻע⵽Щĵˡ
ϵĺʧȴڽģڴ˼ٵĽŲһϲ
̧ͷȴȻأײһ˫
ͻȻ֪Ҫôˡ
Ҫ˵ʲôôڣ֮ǰؾܾĸ顣ʹ̸Ƿ˺ϣҲǹҲסİɡҫ¶ܵ˲С𺦡
ĿҵƿҴҴҰ֮ڲѪͣƬ̣ͶҵϣѪ
û¶ȣûйģֻǺƽһʵ
ҵĺݺݵس鶯һ£ţʹұΪٲôʹء
ûйϵ֪ôãұҲĻ
ЦЦȴֻû˿沿˶ˣٲڵķ˵壬ֻϣ˿Ծ뿪ҪŪ˱ٵĵء
죡ʲô˼ܾ㣬Ҳʱ侮ʯɣĸδйŭ
˵ˣĸ硣ƽʹķʹһָ侲۾ҵˣСŮԲ˵£СŮԭ¡СŮԸܴ˵һдԾСŮϷйŭ𡣲ҪСŮЩʲôСŮĸԸسܣԲ˿Թԡ
Ŷ𣿲۱ʲô㶼Ӧ˫ĿһУ´ţҺǻĶ⣬͡
ҵͷСŮ˵ĻġҲԷģõı˻˵ЩʲôЩСŮԸܵġ
ĺˡ
ұ˱ۡ
𣿡ҵ°ͱǯסˣǹɴϧҵ°ͣұ̧ǰᳶǣ˵Ŷ
ǵģˡֻҪԸ⿪˵仰СŮõõҽ˵ľΡֻҪӦôСŮɴ˴áҿڵ°ϵʹЧرҵƽ
°ϵѹˡЦɴãɴãһɴãҴã˴ãţһĹһĲϰ壡ԭҲǸ
ҵͻȻҵزȴûм˵ȥֻؿһۣ˦ת
ˣ󡭡˻˹ȥȴСϵ˿ڣֻʹҵ
һұô˻ץס䣺ˣ˰æɣˣǰ£СŮ۲ʶ̩ɽСŮģȫȫСŮĴСŮѾˡ˷ȱ̧֣ȾСŮðɣˣǧȫСŮĴ޹İˣˡ
ӻӣҪ˵ʲôҴãԼʲôɫˣߣٲһʱͬˡ˵ףҲǸͨĴðˣʲôʸͬģһӣ׾ٵأҵ˳ȥ
ҵڵϣãȻؿǰ۾ֹţʶǸˡ
ĸСĵطң۵ӣû°ûеҿ֣˿𣿡
ҲסҡΪʲôˣԭ˰ˣô𣿡ҿĮۣҵҡͷҺ廬£ģҵߣı飬ģˡ
ЦһǹˡѾ˵ôȻǲסãҾٸһΡϲʱǽĻӣ̵Ļӡٲϲʱ㣬Ҹһֻ磡
Ļһ֣һֵأôҵ䣬ǡ
룬һȥˣǴ
룬жá

ʱȸյģҵӾζ
ǲҪ۵İɣиţҪ۾ˡԶ˯ȥɣǾͲˣʧȥʹˣҲԣĮ˫ˡ
쳣ζȴǿش̼ҵζ˶ȴ˴ϣζ
۾ŬתŲӣڵʲôζ
˻ƵһźĴţѰˮԴ
Ȱɡߴһʵӵģһֻװˮıӡ
ʶ֣ȴ˺ʹϵĹͷüҪȥӣֻȴѴյߡûж˼ſͣڴڵغ
ȵ̫һˮͻȻǺ˺䣬Ҵڴڵؿš
ԵĴеҵĺ󱳣ڶ𣺡ȣٸ㵹
ô㣿ھҵĿͻȻץȥǰӣ㡭ô
һֱﰡ𣿡㶣ſЦ
ҡҡͷǸҡӺңȫġˣأ
˿ţŬȴʼ˵ǸǸ·ϵۡ
𼱰ɻɡ޴˵Ѫ㣬ˡ㻹ǺⱭˮٺúϢһ°ɡһֶˮһѹסҪļ
ҽǵѿȥŭڲ֪ˡ㾹ʱϢǿˣ
ȱ𷢻֪ļҪչ˺Լ壬źȥտǺӰִؽˮݵǰ
۾չչô˵
 





100 þ

֪𣿡ҵͷ㽫ˮҿе˵ݣȰⱭˮˣٸ㡣
ٵغһˮҿٵţȴĴ𰸡
ˣˣˡʱûˡ
еؿʱ
ǰʱ޴ΡȻ±ʿҩȻоȵˡ˵Ҳҽ޴˵ٰ벽ɾ͡ӣҪȥģ
ȻȥˡվΣ˳ȥ
ߵϼѤĿ΢ۣӦն˼һƳ
һֻʱطסҵĸ첲˰ˣ֪˵Ҳġȥɡ
ӣлл㡣˻ɤӵ
㶣Ц֮Ͷѣ㲻ͬô
˵лл㣬ΪҽˣβתȥҲ֪ô뵽Ĵ޴ˡǣӻӲǸ֮ˡҪ֪ӣ£ӻӼˡлᣬͿأϧ
㶣Ҫ˵ȴ˼ҴҵĽŲ
תͷȴĸһеұ˹
ģһӱ㾾ĸ磡ôˣôôżˣ
ǵģӣ㲻Ҫż㣬ĸЦҵ֣ǰȥˣкתˣȶȥҲƽ࣬ȻûѣǴ޴˵ҩȥһޣһѹˣ
ҵĽŲͻȻһ£Щˤڵء
СģĸҪҡ
վհ׵ԺУ˼ָ
˻Σڰǰȥ
ҵڣԭ½
ҵΨһˡģҲᶪ㲻ˣԺҪ£Ҳ뿪벽ˣ
ԲĶԲ𡭡ԭ̷ȥģǽĴǽ㲻áԺŽˣòã
ҵֻʣˡֻˡġֻˡ
ҷֲʵǻþ
ҲǲֻĬĬţ૵š
ֻ֪ӣ¡
˯еָ˹Щѹĵκͻںޣ糱ˮӿͷ
ұ֪ڿޣЦ
ֻЩҪˡ
ָܸܵ¡
óƽĺ
͹ˡ
͹ˣ
ϵˣʹرյĴţĮ˫ͳͳԲȥںȥᣡֻҪҵҲֻ˰ɣ
ůĴУһ˫סҵļ硣
ʦ͵͵𣺡ӣ˯һɡ˯һһоͶˡ
ʦתͷȥߵĹУů·ʵĴ󺣣ԽҽذС԰˯
ʦҵ֣ȴøˣʦҲۡġҪ뿴һѹ
áʦӦ㣬㱧ʦͷϴʦеЦҲҪúϢˣȴ۵˯ˣ⣿
ǡüΪѵؿʦ
ʦЦЦֻסңͿʦϢɡ㱧ʦ㣬𣿡
áЦˣʦˮУ·𿴵˵Ӱӡ
ůĵĸоۡ
ʶģʱط·Լ˵ԭˡҲԭˡɣ
ǱĿѵġ
΢Ŀ˿
ҪȴԼůĻ
ʦʦҡ
ǡˡҵĸ첲ɶҪû֪ˣʦЦ֣վҩҲˡȥ
ˣʦȥɡһҹû˯ȥϢһ°ɡҵ
ʦûֻͣǰڰ֣˳ȥ
ҵͷŻȶˣȴûʲôͻȻ̾˿
һűЦҡҡͷ̾ʲôʲôʸ̾Ҫ˵̾ˣԹҶûСн죬ȫǾȡֵܹ˭
űˣǶˮ˽С㣬ϴһһͿԳˡ
ǣҽأҵ
ǵ޴ССι뿪ˡһţ˵ҪС㡣ôӻûиС𣿡
ûСҴҴϴϣ԰ǵȥʣ㿴ء
ˡССͺãȥЩͰɡЩҶûôԹòˡ⴫
ҵͷҲáһԡ
סļʵҲ֪ڣҲˡҸճţ㿴ֱߵǰĻ£ɫѥӡ
ӣ𣿡ߵ£ﺰ
һƬƬ̺㴫ǻӰɣȵȣ
ӡһҾأ֮£лæˡ
ѾлˡңҲûаʲôæʵ޴
ӣ޴ʱҼһţ𣿡Ⱦͷʦ
æ߹ȥʦɣҩô
ͺá޴˵ӦдĲ飬һҪġ㻹ȥŰɡʦ˵ţôһֱûнӣĪǣ˰ɣ
ʦ۾΢УҲƵ۾ҿĹâ
Ȼʦ쳣ı֣ȴǷȥעתһ
ӣ
ǰˣæȥ˯ˣҲһֱˡŭʦһۣЦŶҵ
ҽӹţҴҿ
ŷֻֽһдһעʳӵȸעͱܼɡ
ڶֻֽ֡ѻ޹ϸ
ӣӣôˣʦһԵĵ
̾˿ʵӣ֪˵£һֱѹǡ
ˣҰŵ÷Żŷӣ֮£ȫҾȡȡһֱֻԼ£˱˵ĸܡĽϵԣ㲻οҡҲֵãҲá
ӣ㲻һֱǸǵˣ֪˺ǱûдġֻŪˣܴ˽١ĸ侲š
תͷȥĸ硭Ϊʲô㡭
˽㣬Լ֪ĻҪΪҲˡұ˽ǡĸЦôˣ
ŶѾʹˡǲᣬҶҵͷ˿˵֣Ц
ĸ̾˿ǣҵ֣ʮָģʹ֪ҵǰͲóǿˡ
һ̾Ҫڣȴתӣ֮±޹أȴ鷳һˣǰظôģǹⲻȥȵ֮ҶǽȥݷøϣԵŵлģ
 


101 ݷ

һת۾ֻһû˵
ŵлҵȻ˼±ϣҲøˡӲ
ӡ뿪ʱįĽŲȭڼѵؿڣӵĴʲô
ӣ£л̫ˡЩҲˡʵǷңκζԣھΡӻ֣첽˳ȥ
˻֮ұ˱ۡ
֪ҶԲǣҲϰ׷˼ˡḧϵļױһĨЦҲǸ֮ˡϣԶòҪĶġ
ôˣãĸڶɵ
ҿһۣû˵
ضڵأסҵļҿ۾Ǻˣˣұȥ׷
ˡʹʹھܾܺùԽԽ޷԰Ρ̾˿ֻȴ
۴硣ĸЦЦɿȥ˵
ҿÿ°ͣıͻȻʵ۴㣬ȫӦһ
Ҫ˵ˣӡ˵ȥҿ¾ûа취ٿԼˡĸضҵĻ
˰ΣתͷͫӳҾɫӣ֪ϲһһҪõϲߵϼҹյɫǣȴΪ˵òʹֻ࣬ϲãԶԶؿš
ҿĸߣȴûа취ػ
С㣬Ѿ׼ˣҪأǵӻ⴫ת۱߽ҵߡ
ĸվЦ߰ɡ֪һļҪȥҿɲ㲻;ȥչһ󲡳ĺӣ
ǺǡѾûѡˡվҲЦ
ĸͷҵԣֻҪҵİžͺá֪ģͨʺģΪ˽ˣ𣿡
أʣ۾
ЦЦ۾̿һ̶峺ȪˮҵȻҲҪȥˣ
šС㣿ǡ˵ʲôѽһֵʵ
̾˿ǰȥĸš
һ·޻
ǰҿҰԵĶͻȻ̧ͷĸ۴磬ܰǲ֪ϲãԣЩ˶ҰԵġԼҪԵĶʲôҪǵøҡ
һġĸűЦ
˿
֪ҺҲ֪ҵĸ顣룬δȫָ֮ǰ˽һʱɡȵָԭҡ뿪ɡ
֪ػžͺˡ
Ǹˡ
Щʵһ˵ˡ
ȷǱġ
Ǹǵˣҡ

ӣӣ
ͷͻȻһƣһعȴʦƹҵߵһ
ʦҲԴ
ĸЦʲôģô񣿡
ûʲôҿĸĵģůůģ룬Ȼգȴúܡ޴µ˵պҪעⱣůƬкܾǰˡ
㲻õġǺ˻һʮʱţҺĿֻҪһҲȥտŵġǾھס£ˣٻȥҲ١ʦ
ҵͷЦǣ
˵¶أʦɫ΢죬߳
ҡҡͷʦǵ¶˵Ҳ¡֪ʦǸظˣǰ£ҲټƽˡֻҪʦԺõ㣬пĲĵ£ĶǸưˣҲҪ
İɣӡǸܹˣ֪ԺҡһϧġʦĻԽ˵ԽСȴ
Ǹ˵һˡ֪
˵ţͻȻϸ΢
תţȴͨİǣС㡭
ǺǡôҲɡȳţ͵㶫ȥҽԣת˳
û߼㱻ĸ
ҿĸЦЦôڻУ۴ôûС˼
СЦЦĸһȥ

ָúǿһغһǾÿޱȡ
ÿӾտ˯ҩЦޡ
ܴۡ˵ճҩѲԲǸС֡ȻҵлͲƥֶѾûˣʦЩһֱҰ׵ӣҲлÿĻѣĸġ
ûоܾĸİҲû˵ϰл֡ȻѾ˱ӸҪİ˵Щʵ̫ˡ
Һĸ֮䣬ҪЩ

죬ιҩһ԰æ⴫
С㣬ϴλˣˡҪ𣿡һ,⴫
㶣˵ģδ硣
δ֮ǰһΣкתĵڶ졣

ã˾ǣôûأڽϿʱЩûϳģôôѽȻֻǿƿǡãôˣôűˣһңЦű˵־
ҡҡͷЦЦûʲô£СĲ˵Ƥʦ̫СˣŸҰ
𣿡ɵüûдҵƿ
ʱĸһ˹ҵӣô˽ѽվſ˵಻ò
ǰǰɣδ硣㿴ңôû棬Ҳûˡƿ˳ɣδסѽδһֱܹأ߶ءҰĸЦЦлл԰æһੲݵ߶ţ廰Ļᣬý˸
˻԰ȵؿ˿ܣҵãھסܸɰңھǹôһլӡô˵׼þӾǣȥˣ
ǵģδ磬ⷿӲǡæδ䣬ȴͻȻʦˡӣû뵽ھҲء
ʦˡδĶӣδ簡ǲμӿƿġ֮ǰڽ֪˾ǣҵġ
ιӡʦͷЦ
ҡҡͷҡֱá
ιò衣˵ţǶ˲
ҸҪְæȴ̱ʦ˻ȥ֪Լˣʲôǿ͹ԹţЩðͺã
ʦ޴˶˵ûˡСȴûע⵽ǰɫͻ䡣
ȵվҵˣãˣ㲻˵ֻǲƤ𣿡
ŶǡǰǴСҵʱ񲻶ûŸһ¡ѾûˣͿմˮءҵô֪סأլʵҵģʦģסţȫ˾ͻȥġ
ôˣģã㾿ʲô£ĻŨŨĹģеĵǡ





102 гǰ

Ѿȥˣδ㲻õЦվƹʯλȥ
ͤߵĺˮ΢˿˿ҽ򵥵˵һ顣
񳤳̾˿û뵽Ȼô¡
ǰѾáٹȶˣǾͻȥˡδ磬ʲôʲôҪӸδɵĵýġҵ
ҡҡͷˡҲҪȥˡ
ƿѾ𣿡ʡ
ҡҡͷûСֻȥӡʹˣʵڲһǻȥɡһ˰ίʵףǸҾТʱˡ
ǡҪʣʦ΢ҡҡͷһ㶣ֿ˿һ࣬ʲô飬Ҳûʡ

ͤƬ̣˵һ͵Ҷ
ĽŲԶתһԵİǵǣú£Ի׼
ǣС㡣ǵͷ
ҳţȴδ԰ȥʦǰʦЩ㣬Խ𣿡
ȵȡʦ˿ɵĻҡ
üԵ˵ȣﴫϤϤȻؽ͵ƿ
ʦվڴһַ˴һ˼⡣ҺȻŽɳһһ֣Ǽ㻮˵ȣ⡣
ʦתң߳ӣվŮбóóȻرֱ
ʦ˵ǣԺٲˡҵͷδ䣬ͻȻֱȥ
ʦŵķ֪ʦ׷ˣǸӿٵǰȥ
ĴһƬϡľ䷢һĨ˺ɫİײ
ֱµأҪֻ㱻ʦһϮæܿסΣȴѱʦεС
ʦһۣû˵תӡ
Ҷ˶٣Ҳںʦķ䣬ҲĬš
һصʱ򣬺أʦϵǸѾˡ
û˵ֻתȥ
ȵȡʦȻڵ
ͣס˽Ųȴûлͷʲô£ʦ
ʲôʦ
ЦЦˣʦͻ׵ظ𣿡
ˡңҪʲô£ʦ΢ŵ
㶣űתȴɲȥʦı飺ŶʣδΪʲôͻȻ;Ҫȥδˣϴ˵ʱұˣǼʲôԵĿԣҲûʡЩæչҲ㡣ʦӣض֪Щʲôɣ
ӣ£кܶ඼ǲΪ˵ġȻ㲻ֺ֪αȥʣʦҡҡͷ̾
΢㶣ô˵δȻʲôõˣ
˵ţתȥ
ӣҵȵȡʦһסҵ
ҡҡͷδδΨһˣʲô£δ
ЩҵȻ֪ˣ㲻ʲôˡȻѾȥҪ뿪ˡʲôõİʦ
룬ͷ˵ĶԣʦֻҪȥͺˡ
˵ţתȥ˳Ķȥͤ
δ磬ôôûҵĳտ˲֮Цʵ
ͷ΢ЦõǺõû˵ھЩżءﳣţ֪ʱٳˡ
ʲôѵģǹҪˡ㲻ҲҪȥ𣿲һɣ·ͬУҲиӦδΣҶ豭ؽ
һ㶣űЦˣֻ̫ˡ
ʲôҶǽַھӣӦӦšЦϻδ䣬㱻˴ˡ
Ȼã
תޱĸ磺ۡĸ磬ȥˣһͲӰˣ
ûʲôĸ米˫֣ʦһۣ
ȴ֣ĸĺЩҡ
֮ǰʦʲô
ԴõţȴĸǿӲĻ˼ιҪȥ·ɡϼҴڵģиҪչˣʵǲ㡣
ʲôһ
ĸȴֻûпҡ
ʦվιӲҪ⡣ĸ޶ġʵⲡûȬ·Ͽ¶й˼ɡĸϰ֮ˣǿԲι˹˹ĵģȾ˲ʣ񲻽ĸ׵ģ
˵ǡˣ¾ͲˡҪڷȴʦһͨ˵ԣֻվȥ
ȵȣδ硣վһסĸ첲ûȥʦĸı飬ã˵û¾ûˡ㲻뿪⸮շúܣĻס°ɡһȥ
ӣ֪˵ʲô𣡡ʦŭȵ
ʦҵȻ֪ˡδ㣬ҡҵĺ΢ЩһͬȥʱҶչˡǿ˵ǴСһ𳤴áҲһ·ͬУԡкβף
һ仰ǿĸ۾ʵġ
ؿ۾ʲôһ
У˳ĬС㣬֮ǰ𻵵ѾţԺСرɡ
ղԣͣס˻ͷתҪ뿪
áһס𰲼ƹģʲôõģңδֲˡ
ǣС㡣
ЦŷԸȥʰδڴסˡ죬һͬȥ
ˣӡҿЦŲеطסóȻ뿪㡣ɡǺʱУʱǡ
Ц̫ˣ
졣ĸͻȻڵѾˣһ׼ʱ·ιӼȻҪͬУǱʱǻϰɡ
ʲôҾȵʲô
áʱ̣±ض׼ʱЦЦתҵ˱תˡ
תȥıӰͻȻãӣİ
תȴĸ˸ĺǷȥ˯ɡȳԷʱҰ
ҲȥϢɡʦɫҲתԼķȥ
һǰվסߣҲȰѻ˵ˣʲôʱߣʱǸʱ춼ûģǾʲô˼ãбҪҸ𣿡
ʦΪѵؿңû˵
ĸЦһôǸʲôδ¶ֲûɹǰ˵ʱѾ֯ˡô²ΪԼɡ
۴磬ʲôˣͻȻ侲ĸ۾
㶣⻰ʲô˼ô˵ҪҪͬҴô
۴磬˽ΪˣҲ˽ҡȻѾ˵Һδֻ֮飬;Ϊżг̡ҡҡͷۣʦʲô
 



103 ·ͻϮ

ӣҪģǺúչҪܷ磬ʱιҩһֱȫ޴˵ˣΪµԭһֱãҪСչˡ˼ʹˣҲ򲻿ɵġʦͻȻڵ
üЩҶ֪ʦҪ˵Ĳǡ
ôҪ˵ʲôӣԼҪʲôǱӣʦͻȻʲôҪĻһҲץסġ
һһ𣬺һȵؿʦ𶯣Ա
С㡭Դԥ
һعſտյͤ̾˿
С̾æ˵һҲΪС롣Ȼֱ˵㣬ȴûжġ
תЦǰΪʦ˵Ҳ⣬Ϊʲôôеذ绤ţ˵˵ʲôô
С㣡͵͵ؽеüңɫͨ졣
ͷͬ㿪ЦˣʲôġҪˣȥʰʰɡϴεȻ޺ˣǳﻹҪ²һµġܲһ纮·ϳԵĶ
ұ˵뿪ͤҴҵȥǰ׼ˡ
˵ҹҲã˵ҵҲգʦĸĹŹ֣Ҳȥ룬ҲȥˡǲẦҵģ͹ˡʱգҵ˺ǵƽͣһʲôңҾҪˡھչġû뵽ҲϸҡҲա綼Ҫ뿪ģ뿪һ죬δһǷ֮أǺܺ
С㣿С㣿ͻȻǵ
Ҵֱߵ̧ͷСôˣ
ʲôҴæز˲۾Цûʲôë۾ˡŪͺˡ
̾˿С㣬֪˵£ĺġ˵ĻҲδؾûе»ҪǰģС㡣вòôļҵһҵʺϡ
ͣͣӽëֶ˶٣űϽֹסĻͷЦЩԼ˵ɣôԼˣŰСҲ޳ȥ
С㣡˵ʲôģͨ
ҽϵһֻǣһصͰʦĻ¸˰ɡҲ˳㣬ϲô
С㣡˵ʲôģſ˵ʲôֻú˳ȥ
̾˿ûιҩ˹ιҩ
һҩιˣҸ˲죬ͻȻЦЦ˵ǲǺգȻǵĻ¶Ҫã˵룬ʵѽֻҪҸڣˡǺǡ
˵ֻգ۾ңһ˫Сػţ˵Ų֪Ĺԡ

ڶ죬첻Ǳ㿪ʼæµˡҪһֻᵽźõʱδ˴š
δ磬ú׼ʱǸպʰأ˵ţЦŽһֻݸİǡ
δЦЦǰɡ
ιӵأǵһƥడ˵ţĸ
ҿ΢¡ʱͽʲô
ûйϵҵ֬ƥʹˣҲǾûġͬ˰ɡĸ翪ǰҶ
৵ͨ죬պĸʦĺγĶԱȣ¼յ£Ȥ
ûٿ˵ı飬ȥǣ
֬һʱȴѾʦϣ˵ıһģһӲɬ
ﰵ̾һȴû˵ֻǶͷһʻȥ
ŸҲڹŴ첻ǳȥǵģ˭֪ΪĸڣǾɳ˳ǣû
üԼֻǴңֻͺá
ԼʱͻȻѹʼޡ
ס겻ųʵǣôˣǰǸι𣿡
ǡǰС㡣ﴫǵҲûС
˵ˣǣʦͻȻͺȵɫÿ¡
ĸ΢üͻȻһָ񣬶ҵӣιȥһܡ
ʲʲô΢ű
ҪѯʣȴͻȻˣΧžĿవϢ
תδ磬ˣȥ
˵ţµסʦӡ񣬽ȥ
ҲȥҶվڳԵʱţûйǫˡ죡
Сأվԭأûж
һסƽ˳˿ȵؿһۣû˵ֻǵͷ˳š
ŸոչϣǵΧͻȻɫӰǰ潫Χס
ʦĸվһ
ĸһŭӣʲôȥҺͿˣ
²аɡЦЦĽȡЩڣûдʦǱǲԹܶЩӬ޼
֪ˣĸ΢۾̷ؿΧǾȴŶֵĺˡ
΢ȥȹһϵϣʹ˫жΪ㣬۾ȴû뿪ǰЩƬ̣ɣոȷ
ҵƽȴʮְաԼʦǰȥʱЩ˱½ˡֻ޴ΪʦҲǲʲôȾӶȴȫû뵽һȥ
ֻǡ˭ôҪǵأһ·׷ǣ˾ǣ
žžΧȦͻȻ
óһȱڣ֧һɫ۵Ц߽ҵ֮ڡ
ţϰΪŮӣıǻۣȴѷӰ֣òϵȡϷһֱš棬ȴϰ屾һ̫˼ˡһ߽ΧȦĺǱΧ£ٶȽεؿס
ҿһۣ˭СŮӲƫƧСطӪСˣʲôط𣿡
Ц¡ϷΪʮأͷһΣˡĳƺģȻȤ
ˣһɻؿ
ôǵãʲôˡ
ǳ͢Уฮ£״ˡߵĸ
㶣ѿڶҲʶ
šĸ㶣û˵
ʦƽ֪ҹҵȣкιɣ
ֻϣϰȥһˣΪѰˡеһЦϰ֣Ѵ˶С˷ϷżȻϰǣʵ찲ŵĻԵϰһ
ŪˡֻһССϰ壬ƽʱֻЩֲ϶ѣʲôϸѡɫǼŸ·˸ϣǸǰȥݷõĺáҵĿʧҲЩȵĿЩ˵ע⣬ֵþûϢ֪Ƿ񻹺á
 




104 ɱ

ҡҡͷϰ壬˶˵ʶʵΪܡҿΪһŮȴҲмּʶӣ벻ҪΪģ
Ŷ⻰ҲסѵʹԱǿ͵ĵЦһյøˡ
ҡҡͷ̾Ϣһϰ壬Ȱ㻹Ƿֿĺáλʹߣȷ书ǿҳϣҵˣܳҡڣ˾ﻹӺһӤΪǿƽ뿪𣿶ңϷֻҪϰһ𣬲˿Ⱑ
ˣȻҪҸߣ͸ðѻ˵زʶô֣²ֹΪַ˻ô򵥰ɣģȴƲסز
뵽ʦ֮ǰǹŹֵΪɵİ뵽ĸ˫֣䡣
ҪڣͻȻһˣȰһȰ
ҵһ
ԡ΢΢һЦҸһʱ䡣
΢˵ͷлˡ
㡭Ȼ㡣ҿŴӺӰ߳ˣ
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ģͻȻץסؿڣʹϮȴҧʳʹ
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˭ҪҪ֪˵ζʲôǾ͹ˡһЦֻȥһˣ˳ǰȥ۶ѡֻҪСӦˣҴӦ㣬ǡ
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΢̶ЦЦղŵĻ⣺֪Ƕ㶼ˣһϣ°ɣ
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ҽסڣŮˣΪô࣬㡭㾹Ȼ飬˼Ц㡭㻹ûģ̧ŭ
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˵ģתȥʦ
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վԭأûüͻϢĸȻ˵Ҵ˾˭ղһһˡؽţȰ١µ㻹ʸ𣿡
ߣ٣֪Щʲôƾʲô˵ңű㽫ĿתҵϣС㣬̸̸ֻѣġֻҪӦǣұƽһһ
ҡҡͷԼǿųϦӣܱ֤ʲôǰ£ҿ㣬㻹ǽϰɡ
ô˵ǾƲϹԹԾͷඣҪڣվһԵǸײͷˡ
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һ֣Һ˱ֱ˹࣬ȴңֱΪ飬ֱˡ
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еĽչΣһͬ
ܴܿı֣ܲû취ˣһֱֻģܱ󰡣
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²Щƽ©ֻǴʱȴҲˣֻĴʮֵľͬƴֻʦĸܱͺãϾʵûа취˳ˡ
ʱͻȻһȦ
һݣȻȫƴȴҲСĵ̷š
Խңֱ˹ȥ
΢ЩԾĿĲ
ʱͻȻǵľţĺȣƺߡ
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̧ۿңŵģ
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ڳιȥˡǵ
ҵͷ۾ɽŰﾲţֻ۾ؿһС
ۿűҪӹ
ʱһȻӳ˳ٵŰ˹ȥ
Լû뵽ͻȻ֣⧲֮±һͷײһɣֱֱط˳ȥ
ҾһʩչṦȥ
׵ڵϴɫӰӿٵҳĻҫ£ȡ
ֱס
ʦĸֵסЩˡҰȫ˵ءҡ٣ſ˵
˹С㣬ССͽչ˰ɡҾԲᡭ
Ҫû¡ǿסʹ԰ǳһĨЦͽˣֹ͵Ϯ
ͷû˵ļᶨҷġ
˭ת͵Ϯҵļӣ
ʦĸ类׵Щסֻܲϵţȴ޷
û˵ֻ߷ֿм˱ĺڽ
㣡ʦͻȻű㴫һƺߡ
æʦõģӦ
ǣôĿЦЦȻ˫ȫˡ
˭ҿôҲ벻
Ȼûмʦôʶأ
ĪЦҺȻǡ˵ˡ
 






105 콵

ϰȻƾһ仰³ҵݡҾС֮ףӰЦôϰ²£ҵɣ
״شߴЩ˿ʦĸ磬ʦĸĶҲԽԽ죬ԽԽϧʼˣɱԭأá
ôЦЦȻȡˡ
㶣ûЦԼã
Զ׼Ϊ˲ˣֻһ취ˡҿֻ֪һݵİ취֪֪
Ǻǡڣ㻹ΪΪʲôҪб㣿ΪֻΪ΢Ů𣿡ϵı飬ֵΪ˲ʹ㣬ְ֮ˡ
ҵͷû˵
ܣͻȻ𣬴ŨŨŭ⣬˵ѣ˿Сʱ۾ᣬǼٵģҼСĵģС㣬ǧĻС㣡
ǰС㡣ǵһ˵ѣ˵Ҳ˵أ
ǡ̧ͷȴ԰ǵȷ˵ˡɱң˶ԣòķˡ

ҵͷȻҺ֮䲻нҲָ飬ǶҩҲԵõݵĿ֣ȴ᳤áΪĽֻл𡣡
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ʦĸ磬ԼЩˣֹͣ˶ֹͣޣǰ㶵ؿҡ
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ӣ㲻Ҫ嶯ĸ
ҿһۣЦЦòӢȫšûңˡҵԼҸġ
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ҽĶ˳ḧ澫µͼƣ˵΢Цݡ
죬ġ
ɣֹ죡ʦŴҿĸͬʱҷɱӰ
ѸٵذγױҿݵشԼľ
еʹû١
صˤڵϣϵѹҴ
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ӣ侲㣡ӣӣʦӶߴ
ʦĻ¶ȣĪİġ
صĴϢƽ֮ʱ죬Ȼ
ϰĸ飬ǽ˸жΪ˴ˣϧԾȻڿϰЩѣǾ£󻼰ɣ
˵꣬һ֣˷סʦĸ磬ˣ־ٳֱҳ
вκαңֻǱܿȻ޴ͬʱȹټϾδ徭סģƬ֮ҵĶģϱĵ˿ڡ
־𣡡ֱָҵʺ
ҵ۽ɨҪæȵ
ʱǱһֱ̬չ׺Ȼһ֣Щ˱ֱ˹ռƣǺܿ㽫ʦĸԼ˲סˡ
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ģߵĴҺȻ˰طһҽСţ׹صĵ𶯣ԼȵĲұƽ
վӰкӣɱңҪҴ˽
ġΪҼҴˣʹɱ²֮ˣӰ಻һüͷο񲻹ɱŮ˶ѡӰ
ʦĸĺɱԽԽȻʼ˫Ȯѵ֣ʹƴȫҲѲغ˵İΧ
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ǣʮϢһµţұ˷Լҽ
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ԺƬ̡òأұ̸ϻؾǣȥҴ޴Σƹǰȥ
Ȼõá
ҪͷȥԱͻȻһֻ֣ܲ죿
ûƬԥסֻ֣Ծһ̣ҵԺֻûбġ֮˲ǸħҲԥɣΪϣΨһϣ
ܵúܿ졣ó·ѾܹˡȻܼ̫ͣȴһֱ˼ٶȣžǵķ
ӭķ紵һ£ȹǲ䵽ǣϡ
Ӱɣҵ
ҡҡͷûϵ
ҿۻ谵ɫīɫĳȹͻȻ΢ȥȹϴεƬ˺
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Ŵ޸ĴųʱҵǷš
ǴӻｫҽһֽȡµСռ˹ȥ֮ǰ޴ʱµšǸİɣ
 


106 ֮

Ŷǰ֮ǰһæ޴Ϊ˹ֱϲǷˡӹţۣ
üŵǼȻѻ֪ϲ
ģϵġЦŶҵ
ҵͷֻ۾Īذ
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ǣֿһüתҪȥȴһסˣ޴ˣǽһ˵
˵ţ㽫޴һԣǰֻüҸĵ
һǻˡ
⺢ӱɡ޴ؿһۣ
æȥˡ
վڻϣҽţģȴȥĿܡ
תţͻȻһֻ豭
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ҲҪȵ㡣һůůӣҲ侲ˡһ˭չˣҵӵݵҵ
ƽǸԱĸоһ˫ů֡
պһȲ裬ű㱻ƿˣתȥŴ޴ˡ
һֿۣ˿ңڿڵ̫ˡ
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˴
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ڣʧȥˡ
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Ե˵ʲôĴŴ޴ҵĽŲҳϵ˵ЩʲôҵӵʲôȻһֻĴҵͷһһԼø
ΧģҿһƬһϮ£˳ضԷŮӵ֥֥Ҹʲôˣ
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ЦңʱڼϿҾ;úĺأ㿴ϲϲ
ƯĶƯŽʵС׹Ц
СĵҸϡ
ǣҪӰɣǵ
ȴֻϸظãֽǰЦôҾ˵ʺɡ
Ůӣ˼صٸ٣ͷֻһľȴ¶ѼЦݡ
ȻǾѿӰɲǼ㱻ֿ
ٸеתȴʧдһϸĴЦٸеĴţеĶȥֻʣһˣ޾С
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ͷȥЦЦֽע·Żļϡ
ŮЦӣţţչȻܺأ
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žķϦ͸شĵڲϣ¼ţ

ۡ
ǰˡʦĸ磬ǣаż
ӣˣĸЦ
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һһȦҪڣʦ֮ǰһֱġֻǷ˵£ߴټΣŻȥˡģһ
أҿʵ˻ƵԼҲһ
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Һˮٶʵ
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ġҹִؿǣʵ
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ȥĸȻͬʱ׼סҵĸ첲ȴֺȻһͣ˿С
תȥ˳Ŀ⿴ȥվſڣ㶵ؿҡ
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Ҹоˡ
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ҵǰҴֿɼĵط۾Ľëʹ£ӯĺˣΡ
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ǽ㺦㡣ǽ㣬֪ˣȴ᲻ãţ㡣
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Ҹ˸Ρμǰǰǰ
㿴Ǹ飬ôǵסôණ
ҵܵˡ
ҼǵõĵһҴСû˸ס籦һʱΪҸġҵŲϲҡǸӼТӡǺǡұˡڼڻڱټ޵ĵ죬ͶԾˡ
ҵڶﲻû˸ףûĸסһȥģߵúȡȻҵ÷Ǹʱ򣬰οҡûңû˺ҡǳСĵչңůңҴӾ¶Ԩ˳ԣʹΪĸ׵ԭˣһûа취
ǵˡ
ʧȥʱοңůҡǣ̫֪ˡ㣬ȴҪ顣˵Ҫϸףﻹûа취ȥ
룬һǴŭɡǽϡ
ʴȵģҵڶλᡣ
뿪ô޴˵֮뿪ôһУͶᷢˡ
ʦ˵ĶԣʲôҪˣʲôץס
֪һ㡣
߰ɡ
ȥһ۵˵ĵط
е㣬Ҳҡ
һĿڣžۡ
ʱٲֿ
òã
ḧȥϲϳֵˮ顣
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̾˿ֻ÷ˡ
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һ˶ûС
ЦЦ
Ҳá⵹ʡ˲鷳
ȥ˳˵ˣȥǣ֬ķ򣬼ۡ
 


107 

ɽشšұۣʮġ
ɽ±ߣҵģ·𶼺Ϊһˡ
ƾ棬䡣û˵ĴţһУǶôá
ЦЦ
ߺɫϼһԵЦЦҴ㣬ȥ
µʱҵһƬհףֻǣƽ
һУҶҪԣʲôҲҪˡ
ҪһУұһ
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ͻȻֹͣҲػͷȥȴһڵĳ޴ɽ޵ͷʦ˹е
һţҽؿÿ˵
ҽ֣εرס쵽ȡҵױ
ʦǸҹ֣ŻҵĻңرסңһͷɱưôУ
ڣҿԼδˡ
ҰγƯСĳޣȥ
Сܿ졣գ۹ұػɡ
ʦ˵ҵǰٶģ

Ϊʲôҵӡ
ɽ±ϣңԼ졣
ЦЦΪʲôⲻǺԵóסʹҲδץס㰡
ΪʲôûЦɽؿ
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ȻתͷֱֱؿңҸĸоôɿǰһһһԵĶû𣿡
㲻סתȥȴɿԸܵʹĿ⡣
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ĺ٣ңһԼġ

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ˡЩԺ޹ˡ
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ʰ꣬ǰҵӣЪŰɡ˵￪˼Ҳ꣬һֱܺãض࣬ѵϢɡʱ򣬾ͺúЪŰɡչ㣬òã
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ûϵֿʼ֣ܰҿ޼Ҳáġ
ӡؿңĵǡ
ҡҡͷİɡҲԶġǰɽϴʱʱܽŵСľӦûڰɣ׼ᵽȥס
ôƫƧԶƽʲô鷳ôչ˵ڴɣסŽиʲôѣԻӦȰ
ҡҡͷҲ鷳ˡ
ǡǣҪʱʰʰɣôûȥˣҪɨһð켸Ҿʲİɡ
 


108 ƹϢ

ҡҡͷָָһӣеĶˡЩˡʲôãֻҪʮȥͿˡڴɨʲôģȰȥҲü
ǡǡüƴ˼ţȴ˵ʲô
ҰȥҲˣվҲʹ˵һһ˴žͺá
ֵؿңžɲɫӣΪʲô⾿ΪʲôǵǰİǰһֱϲʹһҲ
Ƕǹȥˡҳӣϵһһֻӣ컹ԸңչңĺܸжǣǸˣԺ󣬻Ǳˡ
ӣ˵ʲôͻȻ˭ô˵ˣ飬㲻÷ϣ˭Ը˵˵ȥ£
¡ֻӣתȥҲ룬ٿߵ뿪ˡԣ͵Ϊңˡ
˵ţȥĽŲͻȻסˡ
ӽҪߣţҵ
ҵͷǰţǾɡ
ҪţȥһһתȥҰ㡣
㶵ؿţ
ʲô˵ˣӽ㡣Ҳ᳣ȥģҲߵ̫ԣûҪʲôţᣬ
ûȰֻЦЦǾ鷳ˣţ
ڶɽϵСľס

һʱܿȥˡ
ˡ
һѩ¹֮Ķˡ
ȥѵʱҲԽԽࡣ
һ죬ҿ֣صСľ
ĶҾ֮ǰõһȥˣܲƻ
ʱ˺Ⱦơħİû̵ҵֵįҹ
ʣӹ𣿡Ҫţһ
һǰ¹һѩ󣬡ƾաľĺɫ磬ţ˭Һ£
ӹվŵСƺŰظͬʱ´ҡ
תţûɨһɫ£ɫĳȹͣɫѥϵĿ⣺л˵Ҫ¡
ҡδޡԼǼҪˣɫͨ죬ͻȻͽ͵ðôһ䡣
һ㶣Ҳ׹˵ģǶţ
˽ϵϵƹɽȥеӦŶ
ô㲻𣿡ߺߵظһķ߿
ҼɽȥͬʱŻǰҪų㲼ˣûС
ȴˣҽв˵Ļģţȥʣ˶֪ģ
ԣɽµСǰͣס˽ţת
㶣ʲô
㣬Ҫ˵ʲôҿţĻ£ҺθɣΣΣ
㡭ҡ㶣űһͷڵҡ㣬롭Զ㣡ҪĻ
סڣȻһϺȣһ
תͷŶţŭ˹ţã⺢ӻȥɡһء
˵꣬תߡ
ȵȣӽ㡣ţͻȻסҵĸ첲㡭̫⡣ĵġ
֪鿪ۣǰȻعͷȥϲ㶩ˡ⺢ǸùҪúϧ
ţɫӵؿҡ
ЦЦתȥͬʱȴ޿Ƶ˿
ЩţҡżɽЩҰҲһֻЩҵĲ̶ѡʵ˵ˣԼΪȴ˵СԶˣñȥȵȡҼ֣ҲپֻܾÿαضЩϺõĲľȥסɽϣƽ￳ľǷ㡣
Сľޱķÿˡ
硭
Ȼʶֽټֵıʼǵڶ죬ұڽ˵ǶͻȻҴҶִҴ뿪ĸֲ²⣬Եóˡ
һ紵ḧ˸ůëûмȥ
ϵ˺١ȥ˳ȥҰζǼҾƹݡ
ϰ壬ָö˵꣬ҶŹ̨ϰ
߹Цϣӹѩˣ㾹ȻܴҰζ˲𰡣
ϰ̧̫ˡǵȱ°ЦžĶЩ֮ǰµ⣬õġⲻûԣӣҲù
⣿ϰ循ȵؿĶ
ҵͷ֪ϰҴֻʻ˷ðЩɡȼġȸһӣȫȥˣٸһ롣ô
ˣϰӻ֣ƽӹ⣬߻ع̨ӳǵԼҲ⣬֪ġЩӣšȱƴǣ֪Ҳ׵ġЩҾţζãԺҵ⣬Ͷ㿴Σ
Ȼˡֻϰԭȸʦô죿ҿɲ˱˵ķ밡Ц
ЦӹӦͺáǵϲǰ컹ڱԹ̫࣬һæҪмأҵҪʲôñԹġ
ҪȥءЦŽӹӵ
תҪ߳ţȴһ˵̸
ǰҲ˵ˡ޳˵֮ǰǻأŶõĹգۼ˱벻
ǰ˵⵱ٵģʱ򻹲ϰأ˵ûд󸻴󣬿Ҳ䵽ôز
ŲԶ٣˾ƹݡ
СС㣿𰲼Ĳ˼顣
ûпָָֻＸְɫĲƥ⼸֣Ҫһƥ
õġ̵
ҽӹʣӣ
С㡭Աʹ
ȡӵֶ˶٣ջתȥ
Ҫ̣ӭȴһޱϤӰ
ɵһ£ȴһˣ޳ʱǰ㣬ǰӵ
ңһͣ㶹󣬱ת뿪
۴硣ҿڵ
ԭء
֪ǰڽϣӭײת뿪Ρ
ıӰҵһ꣬ллչǡ
ӣô֪תȵؿҡ
ЦЦܺá
ǰǶܴҲġᣬȴѾ㵱ķ緶ˡ̾
ЦЦԺҲ鷳չˡ
أʲôʱҡǶڵ㡣ҵ۾ŨŨڴ
תȥĽţټ
 



109 µĿʼ

ƿСݵţ̷ҳҪĶæµ
ɫȥͣĶ
վҵһˮ׼µԡҪʱȴͣ룬Щ⣬ֽ֮ǰȥﻻ߲ȫȡ˳
ϣӦҪúóһءЦЦĶҲ
ڵȵʱ֡·ţ첽ɽȥ
žɽ·ˡһΣȴļ·ʲôҪҵ࣬Ƶġ
Ҽӿ˽Ų
Ժݶ¿ȥȴԺһƬеﶼûйɶڿ£վԺ롣
Ϣ֮ǰҳһ֯ش򿪲
Ĳƥڷŵ룬ÿһƥϸƯգѹôˡЦЦƥŻعȥĳ﷭š
𣿡ͻȻһ
عȥҿڵҹʮһĻ𻨣űʵ
̾˿û˵
֣ǽߣͻȻ
ζҿˣü죬ȴɳĬ
ͻȻִٵĽŲţűƿˣһϸӰֱ˹С㣡С㣡ڿϻС㣬Сģ
΢΢һ˿
ûȥˣʦ֡
ʦһ㶣űҡͷҪ⽣ȴܸ㡣
ûջ֡
Ҫʦ˵꣬һת߳ȥ
Ҷ˶٣̸ϡ
ò˲࣬ʮغϣұ֡
ʦǰʮӣ㾿Ҫ⽣ʲô䲻֪ȴҲ²µõҪ㣬ڵ㣬첻
üûз
ԣ⽣ܸ㡣гһգܰߣʱ㡣ʦ
ҵͷת뿪
ȻԴɳƵС㡭
Ų˶٣תѾʼЦЦ
СԵ㶫߰ɡǺؿң
ȰǰС㣬ԴӰ˵С»ǾһֱڵСءС͡һɡ
ԥſ˿ǣڵ˵ͷ
Ǹ˵ȥ˳ҵֵС㣬֯мСˡ
Ҳؿ˿ҵ֣֯
С뿴֯վãתԵһ
ʱûмģŽʱűԲδע⵽ʱת֮Ҳŷ֡
罥Ķ¶˳
˸ݲеĹâҫҵۡ
Ծǰȥظ¼ϻĳȹ
ԷЩѾͷġСϲ·ƮݵĸȹˡѾͷżȻһκ󣬱ߥԷѾͷѡΪıʯͽ˿̫ԺǵЩʱ䡣ǰŸոá
ǰЩѾͷǵҲ͡˵ˣҲֻ죬»ָ˻˵ǶҪɣʱøϲʦҲЦ㿴ҷѾġ˵ϲҿɲģ
¶ǰȹ޷˿ΪףѩɴΪ֣ȹֲϣȴһӯһľϸϾϸϸ˲ͬͼ˿ϣǶ俪ŵĻ䣬ʢģŵģ뿪յģÿһ䶼ͬȴеúгȻɴϣɣб䣬Ҳֻֻͬʤա
ȥḧͣһʢŵβϵĺû˵
С㣬Ҫ𣿡ͻȻǵ
һعͷȴֻľУһεؿҡ
򿪺ӣӳģҵǸ
ȥĿⴥҺɫ䣬һ
תȥҪ뿪⾹˵Ŀĵĵط
׷ϵĽŲС㣬˵߰ɡ
ûͣ
ӡʦȴޱȵ
һתȥʯԣĿĵģֻɬѡ
ڴڵسζĵģͻȻ˾ԺơΪѧһģһءǸʱ绹ǸܳС㣬Ǹʱ򣬰ġ
Ŀӣվ
ǰͻȻֻҲתͷȥȴʦεؿңŰɡȫǺϵ·һɫʽҲŹֵúܣǳʵĶ̴̵İ˴
ҽӹͨ죬ؾ½ǵİǣͻȻһѱס
ǣҵĺý㣬Ҫúõġ
ƿתȥûлͷһۡ
̫ϰߣˡ
֮ڴرԶ˶٣˳ȥ
ûȥһȥɽ±߷ǾֱɽһƬõȥ
ֵŴƬƬľ֡ľıضüǮġ
ҿٵؿţҵȫ
һᣬұ㿳˹ȥʮľϡ
ּ˰ȥ񵶣Ƿֱ˷ĴСɼѣڷŵ¡
һʱѾˡ
ҪҪԵʲôʱѩﴫ֨֨Ĳѩ
תȥüһʦ
ﻷȻӱĻҪСҲʵӣȥĴѩ֮㷭òӦûˡʦܵľɫϸ˿ľݣĵضҵ
ûжֻǵĽ͡
ʦʼ磺ô죬ҪҽȥҿǸȺĽŶ
˵ţʦЩҵǰ˻Ρ
ʦûд磬ֻ˼ۣĶ£һƴ̵˿д¼¶˳
תϻȣľһۣݡ
ʦ¶˶٣ҲһЩӡ
ȥüֻɡΪ·ϵˣЩֱġһݣʦ㽫ӷŵϣҵ
ȥȡ˼ֻݸһ߿æµؽʳСĵʢ
ĿҪŻȥʱס
ؿһۣЦŵ˵ͷҲáʵҲûгԶͼŸϹˡ
Ҳʦǰ̻
ǵһĺá
ڵӣ̧ͷʦ
Ǹӡҵע£ʦͷ׷ȥЦҾ֪ҽǿˡ
ûлشֻǾصš
ʦľЦҾ˵ɫ̫̫ˣƫƵϵˡձȻ¶Ŀ꣬ǲǣ
 

110 Ǳ

΢ЦЦǸտʼľʱһϣġ񿴵ұϵϺһ޶ĽʱϲЦ⡣
ſڣգҡҡͷû˵
ʦ̾˿Ҫרˡ
ʦȻһֱҡ
ڣͺ񿴵˵ҡʦ̾
ҿʦϵĲɣȴ˰ǡʦȻ˵ЩƽǣҲһְɡ
˼˴ڿԿ϶ǣûѡˡ
վȥ
ʦľݵϣʱ򿴵һƬܴ֣ȥɡ
Ǳһǰһš
ҸʦƬȥ

̫ûˣʽ˲࣬ǻãҲֵͨľ磬Ҫ̲ͬܵЩǲһˣӦѣٶ࣬·硣֮ʱʦҵ
һ̧ۿʦ
ЦЦȥƹʱʲôɣ
ջĿ⣬ߵգΣ˵ͷ
ҪʲôһǺʵġʦˣأ㶼Ҫ߳հԼ£ץסԼץסˡԣʲôҪˣֻ书ǡ
ҿʦġ֪ʦҪ˵ģֹЩ
ɫˣȥɡǣʦȥӦѾˡ
ǰߵĽŲ˶٣ͣԭء
ʦҲס˽Ųûлͷʦ֪Ľһʱ֮仹Խ⿪ģֻǸЩԵĶѡԺÿķʳɰǸֻҪרͺá

ǹȻǡ
ԶԶأұ㿴վšǣҪӭǰȴȻ洽վס˽Ų
һΡ
С㣬Ѿŵˣȳ԰ɡʲô˸߽ˣʵͬʱĵ۽ǵ͵ҡ
ЦЦû˵ֻļ򣬱
ӣǰţζ
˹ȥȺһף̻ʵسҵ
ԣӡһģû˺ʦǰЦ
û˵ֻתȥԶ˶٣תЦʢһ׷ݸʦֶҵСкһûԵķˡһտǡأ
Ű΢ʵĻҵֶ˶١
ϲ˰ܲݲˡʦָ԰ǵôܷʢͰɣΪ֮д˶Բ˳Ե̫ӡ
ҵͷָԼʢһ׷
һҺӦġǾҲ׷ΪʳġȻԷ׶ÿӣȻаݲˣҲҰĽҲˡֻϧˣһֱһÿҪ;ߡڲһ㣬֪ǰЩ죬ôϰ߹ġ
ǹȻûж̫áҺʦһ꣬ʰӣʦˡ
վ»ӻ֣תݡ
ŰϣʦͰЯȥĽŲͻȻеһɾΥĹ¼š
Բģ
ҿžԼЦһ䡣
ľ
Щ˶ұٶ
¹ĵ̽˸ͷԽԽߣּӰӰ
ʱͣ
һԴ׳ϣ
ΪһִˣҵȻ֪ı澿һֹ⾰ȻڣŴĳʣ֣ȴֻ¹⣬Ǹ֪һеŮӣįҹһ𣬹¶أ
ٴϰõľٴδϱݵĶ̴򣬾Ϊʲôʵ
Ҳ֪ҪȥʲôҲ֪ôҪҪȥû
Ǹ·ҵǰֿɼȻȴʼղǰȥģиڸң룡ȥ
ҵ˼άȻԭ̤Ųӡ
ȥ˼ĽģҲȴףҪʲôģΨ
ὣأҼŸղŵʽ
һعȥˡ
ÿ˳ԷϢֻˡ
ʽһһ
Ҳ֪ʲôãҲ֪⾿Ϊʲô
Ȼи䣬ڽʵ
ʱȥˡ
磬Һʦڴľݵ·ϡ
̧ͷؿվǰǻ֡
ҵĿȴ΢΢һ͡
ӡþòվϣЦš
㶣ûֻתȥ
ʦӣ
ãþòˡƽش·ֻǾδ۵ͨһ㡣
ߵǰ£ûǣֻǾֱʢ뷹Լ
ţС㡭ǵԥ
ڵӣµġ̸̸ܵ𣿡
û˵ֻǼţ⡣
Ĳ˵ǹأңȻ
в˵ֶ˶٣һȻתȥȴֻתȥıӰ
ǱӰįΡ
꣬ҽ˳ȥ
һ·ǰţֱͻأͣһֱûлͷ
վþõû˵
ҵֵȣڿڵӣҪ˵ģʲô
ǺǡӣĺںءȻЦˡ
˵Ϣ͸ķֱҵ
ãȻתֱֱؿңӦһ˵ĵһ仰ɣ
΢㶣Ȼҵ˵ͷ
͡ôҪ˱ۣȻ
ЦЦûлش
ҲЦˣܴǲǣҪôҲ˵أΪ˾ɣǲǣƫƧĵطżްӣΪ˱ģΪ˲ʧȥԲԣԸԼˡ顯ȻΪ˲۵Լ̡һеһУΪǲǣͷβңǸĸ磬һҲǲǣǲǣ
ӣ侲㡣ȭԼЩе׿ʵ£Ҫʲô
ô˵ͲԲԣ
ҿǡԣңôˡ
˵ҸıأȻһЦ飬ΪʲôҪȥܣǸǻ޹ذɣߣ
˵꣬תҪߡ
վסҴһ
ĽŲ˶٣ȴûתˣǲǾлأ
еѪҺһҵĴԡûƬ̵˼أһӽ
תң۾޷ıˡ
𣬸Ҫջľȴܿͬʱγ彣һش̹
æһձ˿ȥͬʱеӣҡֻһʱ嶯ѣ㡣侲һ㣬Ǻú̸̸
ȴһЦûлشеĽȴǲƣ顣
 



111 ɽ

ǱţһӽػΪľýΪʵڣ޷֡
ľȻܲ
˿ߵգҰ̾һûй˷ˡȻңôһʲôҪˡȻұΪѾĮ
ڿȻأ
ۼĽٴγҳûлرܣֻһӭĽײȥ
̽ҵۣġ
Ѫһεεȵɿ֡
ӣһǶԸղŵǸˡҷסһݺݵؽ˳ӻӣǷĶ̫࣬һԶԶ޷ֲǣܱǸܸģֻôˡ
ӡſڣҪҵĻ
ܿҵ۵֣Ľת߿ϣٲҡ
ӣôŪʦŭȵ㲻ô𣿾Ҳ򲻹ţ
û˵ֻǴ¹񣬰һ˳Сĵ˺״ݸ˽һˮİǡ
ӹСĵϴҵ˿ں󣬱زҲá
С㣬˺ûȥ򣬲ҩɡպöҵ䣬ǵ
ҡҡͷŻϣ
ȵؿҡ
ЦЦǣʱ䣬ˡ
С㣿ǾϲؿңűͻȻסңС㡭
ͷʲôֻ˸첲ѡھͿ޳ǵȵһ죬
С㣡һ𣬾ȵ̧ͷң̿֡
ǣ̾˿Ҫˡ
ߣСҪȥʲôʱǵ
ҡҡͷ֪Ҳ
ǣȳȥһ£Һһȥʦ
İǵļ򣺡һ¡
˵꣬Ҵ¹ҳһ壬ݸǣһȥʮа˾ţǲˡǰַҰˡʲôҪæģȥָɡڹϣġҸļױɡ
С㡭ǿңһֱûϹøˡ
ҽһƣЦԵһ£ٺʦ˵ỰͰˡ
ţתʦ
ʦʲôҪ˵ҵ˱ݸʦֱ˵
ʦͷתĲ豭ûпңȥǣ
ǰתӹȡһõİƤ򵥵ʰ
٣ת۱һֻ
ҽŵϣʦԸ˰ɣʦ
ʦû˵ֻǾš
Ҳûٴߴ٣ֻǿ
ڣʦ̾˿ȡɡ
ҹ֮ʱҷϿŲԺǡ
ҪЩһ𹲶һȫʱ⡣
ΪǣΪ𰣬ܣڸС֮䡣
Ϊ˲꣬𰣬ǣҾͻҸ
ǸʱҲŰ飬ֻ顣
ڣûңɲŰ顣
ȻҪȥŬ
֮֮
Ȼ죬˭֪أ
îʱˡҿŰǺػ˷䣬ʦԷŮǳţת뿪ҡ
ٹãȥ֯Ӧþͻᷢµ˰ɣ
ԲҲǶˡ
Ϊңٿߵˡ
Ǻͺǵѣˡ
ϵİǸ׼İɣҲˡ
꽻ǣҺܷġ
Ҫҡ
Ժһټġ
˼䣬ϡ
ǸʱϣܿǵЦ
ء
ߵ̫Ѿ͸ƲȲ˼Ͷһ˿
һ·ûͣЪ⣬ȴڿ֬һ˲ͣ
ôˣ𣿡֬ߺϵ˿üЦ
˵ǰӣʦ˲ǶˡͣûʦǺģңֻҲֻܴƽŶһİϣҲЦ
ǰա͵ı֬ϣǣ֬һһݣ֬۶֮˵ĺ
ʱһСϪͣ
֬ȥԲݺˮɵһԵĲݵϡ
΢ĽŲԼϸϸĦ
ȥɡұ۾
û
Ҳû˵
һӺҷתҪʱƥҲ˹
תȥ˵ˣǻȥӣһǲֱ˵ңĸ磡㡭㡭
תǿϵıҲ뿴ϵıˡ
ǷǸˡҡ𡣡ҵ
ûңҪôϢȻ
ҡҡͷҲ˰ȥ׷Ұ£
֬ȣǰȥ
֬Ľų̹Ȼܿ졣
ﾩǵʱ䣬ԶԤеǰࡣ
ͣڳǰ̾˿ȥɡģ·ԼѡģҪһߡ
У˿Ե˳ʱ
죬һ£һ˫һϴסڳˣҲҡǸʱʵǺܺµİɣʲôʱʼأˣˣ
תҰˣ۴磡
ӣ˵㲻ǷҸࡣЦЦʵҲ롣ԣҪر
ر㶣ʶظ
ͷתϵĴ֣ҪҸĻҾͿˡǸʱٰҵģҰɡǾǣҪĻر
ⲻƽҡҡͷ
ӣûʲôǾԹƽġĸЦЦôãΪô£ѾҸˡԣҰɣʱ̡
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ΪѾҲ˵Ļˡ
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áɫ磬ҸطϢһ°ɡȵڣжͽɽ¡
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ĸſڣ˻ƣ㡭ʲôʱֵģ
šҰͷϷ𣬵Ѿͣҹ·ˣǵ̲ܵǰȥˣǲûȻһ·ϣҪ˵̲ܵˣһ֮˶ûСǾֻֿˡһ̲ܵҲһٶȣ߸졣ǼȻ֪ǵĴڣҲͲˡ
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ҲǡĸŹֵЦЦǰ˵ĶԣûʲôҪϵġǣҲ̲ܵˡֻǡ̲µһɱְˡɱˡ˶ѡ
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