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ĵɻҲﲻסڼ޸ĵʮҹ֮ʣҹؽס裬һʵ裬㣬֮䣬ڴϣӦЩʲôѽ
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裬Щ𣿡ôоǹҽҪأ
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ڼ޸ĵʮ죬˷ڴӦЩʲô˷֮࣬ȴּΪʧ巳û֮¡
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ҳòãԸϲʲôޣ룬Բǡ
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ϲҵģԿ϶࿴ŮһۣƽҲãϣȷѾ˾ٰüྴĵز
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ǶôһŮˣһӣĵʱһļڸ˵ʱԻһʵӵŮ֮һΪ
˵Ͷ޶ȵġҵ޶Ⱦǽ޸ĵҹңҾͺƤ֮ȥڴϣʲôúߵģ˵ԼͬʱԼǷڵҹžȡ
ô˵ŽҪ£һ
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ǿָЩǺ
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͵Ǽɹһ̣ȴˣҴϺԥ£ȴһ仰Ҳû˵֮壬ʧ֮ǧ仰Ƕжʧܵдա
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ҺһʵĲ㣬ôǧΣҾǲġ
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ڶ׼սģȴûзƵģһǵػһҲšһӦҲ٣ϲңȴװһӡ
ֻΪ˯߲׵Ĵ۾ȥмһȦԽԽ߱룬ʲô֣ʲôܣҶҪˡһҪʸΪʲôҪңϲңѽ
ŭӯңȻ˸еڡߵ鷿Ҳûãһž˽ȥ
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ȢңΪϲðɣ
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˿ף˵һжǻѻֻȺõĹ߰ˡ





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ɫƫƫ㯡ŭвݿܵתɰתڡҵķȴڿܺһֱڵϹãȻԤ֪
Һ巳һŴϡŽǸİӵĳ֮٣ҺȻ͡Ц˳УҾ
һָϡϣؽ¡
أԵúܱһȥץס˫磬ζضһĿĲݵģ
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ڶ죬ͽݸҡ
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һҪ󡣡ҽ۵÷΢Цſ
˵飬һνı飬ô¶Щʧ֮ɫҲԣʧȥһιߣܲôһ̾ϢĶһôɵŮڲأ
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áػشһҲûΪҵвϵûΪץס㣬żŸҡ޸һҶҪӦҺο
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ƽôǵػһ
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ұŰ޾ɵصߣʱһ·ϵСʯֱߵֺЩˣ̧ͷϸ
ź֪ȻߵҺ巳һ˵ĺɻˮߡ
ϲɻһֱ㶶źɻƵңһ˴ţ̧ͷ
šɵŵòʱĶ˼£ȻԹԻش
ֺֻɫ֮˽֮ԲɫΪڣһֹУŵغȾơ
ժһ䣿
Ҫҵһۣ˽һϲɻժһ䣬գߣҪһܣ
̣ȫɢһ顣
ɻ˺
Ⱥɻ
ϲ˿䣬ΪǱ治˵滰ǼٻԼңͷҲ̧㲻˵Ҳģǳ󣬼ʹ˵ҲʵΪ
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ҲǵҲңǲѾ˼ңҾǲǰãǲǶ⡭ĪǣңҲʡľƷϰŮزҲʽοУǱãһԴ˼ңôʲôǣ
ҵ۹⣬Ըޣִһƴ紵ҵϡĪϬѿصò
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ҹԹĻƽմأҲӲ硣һֱΪһ¹µַʽñ˿У˳ȥ
ðףҵӦˣȻҲ޻˵˵Ǹĸ֮ⷽ棬ǼΪݣ˵Ҳ֮ˣǲҼ޵ġҪȻʮ꣬ҾѾˡ
һ㶣漴ЦտҲû뵽һ׵شӦҴСˣˡңҲӦֻҪʹһССɫͻڳϵӣܾ׵˼ҡңüޣ÷أ
ҲԼĸоƾòƾһ˫Ȼĵ۾ǻ׹壬ƽգҶԸ
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ƫȻôϲ޸ˡҶˡ˵ҲϲǸүô˵㻰Ǹģô󣿺ò
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һ뵽ڵС㣬ҾһƤǸɵӣſھһڱҪж󡣲ɵȴרһŮҲֻ׷ҺãáãȵС㡭ãСӺðɣÿγŽŸƵģɵȴãÿЦĿǶ˵С㣬ֻҪӦ޸㣬Ҿԡ
Ҽ޸ү΢һԱȣľޱʺͼᶨ
䵽ȻֹҵһοۡȻ޸һϲҵˡСءó󣬵ϲҡ
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ҽʣµһװӣҪͷ¶ޣˣҪȫһЩ
Ŷӣֻε˺ߡʱ򿴺ɻôûСܳԣɷǿϧ
ſţ룬ŭŵĺɻ˼Ѽ⣬ζɽ䡣ſˮƽֳǷһˡ
ͨ
ĺˮҴ˺ü飬ˣΪʱˮԵֻˮˮк
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ҵͷ֧ŲסûˮеͬʱȻˮµһ޵жڼٵĳ£˹ȥ
ʶҪɢʱоȻźγҺ㣬㺦ҵġ巳ҲŹ㡣巳巳





  

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˭ҺǾ֡
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š
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Ҫ
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һշĴ衣
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𶯡
ɡȫʪ͸ˡ
Ҳ䣬ĬĬֻǽӵңƺȶȽȫʪɡ
ůͣҵһη֣ԭ˱Ůˣôůһ¡
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ҡ֪ԼǲȥһŲסˣˤô죿
£ҿס㡣棬Ȼÿҵÿҵı飬ͿԺ֪ͨҵ˼ˣ޸̫ϧˣ
ҷѾ˳ȥڲϵʱ򣬺Ȼӱϴܳˣŵ˵Сӣ
ĴŻˣæߡ
˲ãķأ󣬿ûˣܹȥ󺰣ιιι𣿡
ûлֳܴһιιι




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һŶӵİ¹ôһ¡¹˵ջסһصˣϲŮˣֻҪûг޹ĹȥһͿɵõʮ
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ǣȴʹվǰ˵۹⣬ȻԶҵӲͦѵʮʵ̫ǿҺֻȱǮ̰ǮĪǣҵ͹Լ
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ͷſң۽ǵЦѾ¡
԰ɡбҧڵͷݵߡ
ôԹԿȥҲϲԱ˳ԹĶ۾ɨһ۱𴦣ȥһӾҧǵʱ֣׼ҵʱζûθڡԼʱݳޣ֪ô
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ǡʵϲͷǶˣûзӡҿķǣϣܹ
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㡪ŭˣһסңߡ
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ţУ㹻Ҷסĺɴ˼Ҳţϻгñ巳ˡ
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ҳȥġ顱ЦԼǽҸɴѣô𣿿ң巳С㣬Ҷʶʲôмܲס
ҽ쵽ĶΡΡסɴһ





  

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ʮһ   ͨ

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ҳȥߣιҩ巳ʰҩ޵Ҫ
ҵֻιҩûнţԼȥҰһۡ
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ûңҿ϶ġѾͬİ·޷Ե֣˵һ
Ŀƿ̧ͷ죬üٲȻڿֹҲֹס





ʮ  ô

æıͼʹࡣȴһѽƿ䲻Լȴˤ˵ϡ
ˡһ߷һ߼ƭˣһġ·ȥԲݣοһҼ޹أҹ˵ʵҲȥ
ѡûƿңȴҵĻһҵӡ
ҲںôιҩɵӡһֱһˣʱȴС㻹ҪҪɵ
ջطž̬ȣһۣǰߡ
ÿңһιҩҪԺߡ
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˵˭ģҪ˭ҩȻݶϧ
˵꣬Ͱһֵֹı飬һסҵ֣ľȥҲϻͷ̩վԭ˿ջƵģС͵Цˣһס
ٿûһĹУԵȴ䲻ðһĻ
̫ӣԴˣ֪ڳĪķɴףȴĻϲҪҴ
̫ӡһҽ̫ӡãոյıһޣ治á
̫ӽʲô
ǰһ
СŮӲҡ
ңǾͽ๫
ϧǡѵ̫ӻȢң
ȻҴδڡ
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㲻⣿Ī檣Ƶؿҡ
СŮʲôҲ
㡪ֲϼˣЩڻƵľУȴ쳣ƺ뽫Щĳ׵ȼ
ȷе˵СŮӲ̫ӵŮˣһΪϵŮˡϵЦݽȥ֮Եĳ





ʮ  

һ򵥵ˣҲһɹ˵ˣʹٷҫҲϲ֮ңһһСŮӣκŮӷԼˡΪ̫ӣҪ̳лλҪļ򵥡ɡרһͳͳǵòġиҪһ㣬ǵҵĻ
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û㣬ֻҡ
˵ˡסҵĿڣӵ뻳Уǧ£ȴ֪οڡ
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ҲǷޣһ˯
á޸ңһ춼Ź㡣ûǿһϯڵϣȥ
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ҹѾ̩رȫڣ΢ĹҪ߽ȥҺȻ˾ҵ졣Ů˵ļ˴صĴϢϸһ̩ѵڳܻߴܣҲóȻ룬׼ʲôºٽȥȽ׵
һǱ۸˵ĽһĴЦʱ򻹼һġڿ޻ЦԽԽԻ
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ղ
ҷУһ죬ɡɡɽǷأô
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ˣɵʲô̶ȣϣֻҪɵŮˡ첻ˣϴ˯ɡ
˿̣ȴ˯ˣ˷ǳ˷ܣԺƵľ̩壬ģ̻գȡ
˯ڵϵȣƺѾ˯ˡ̫ӣǻʹˣҵĶ߳˵ǧĻһӾһԨȥȴԸнӡ





ʮ  һ

Ҷµ𣬵Ͳʤ䷳ظң˵ôãôҪ֤ʹȻҪҶϾŮϵȻӱ˵ĿУ֪ĹϢ͵˵Ĵг룬һǸŵĻ˵ٷٽʳһȥҲֻһֻûɿԡΪŮңҪڶŮ˷һˡ
̫ӣǸöáһүһһҶԽܡƫƫ̫ӣǽҪ̳лλˣܽĻʹļҡ
Ҳܼ޸ȴӦ˵Ҳûе̾һʶҹǺһˡ
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ҲǵУȡֱҾԼѣŲɵĴŷſңĿԣﶼƵĹʡ
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巳Цţǰǣסػͷңǳ硣װûпֻǰһƺ˸оľ¡
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֪У巳һȻϣȻ͵ĻС
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ƺпĺҵҵĴЦѽһڸǡ





ڶʮ  ˼

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ҲµҽӴ巳ٴμ޸
ʲôʱˡʮֲ
ٺͼ޵ȥ
巳ĺޣѾȥҲǣ
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˵ʲôŮô
㲻Ҫǰڳһӣ򵥵ȴҪ˵úܸӣҧгݡ
Ͳܰѻ˵Щڣһˣأ㲻˵ҳ˾ͻңҶôˣѵʳԣ
ܻǾĿһžˡ۾ʪʪģңԶ֪˼ˡ
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յźڱ߹˼ʱϵˣӴһ𣬻ܾƣҽ˵ϵ˱ȬĲΣֱӰ쵽Ŀ첻ˡžž¹ҵҲһ˳
ôôûãҺʶãֻǷֿˣˡҶúúõģôͲϷ޼յĸأΪ⻹ǵ̫ӣδеƢ
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ҡ
㣬㲻ҲΪ²롣ǸΨһĶӣˣ´ң֪жλ𣿡
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ҲҴӦҵҪȻҵҽȥһ棬ٻҲΥԵĳŵҲװȻҶϣҿ͵͵һ棬Ȱơ
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ģ
˵ͷ΢΢ЦţƺҲڼʲô
㣬ȥ

ǧ͸綼㣬ֻ֪࣬ǣԿηϾ޵ǵ̫ӣҪڽǰһݡ
ݣôԽԽͿأ
ԡɸһʧٶ꣬СȻݣ޸̫ӣҲŵԡ
Ҳֲͣϡɽȴ˴ĴۣԼã
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ǰֻסңҶߵס˵ĻҪСģҪڼһððʧʧģԹԴ̫Ӹܡһ㣬ˣԼܣҲǧҪκˡ
ҵͷ˵һӴԺҾͳСȻˡʲôʱԼôûţѾеЩѹˣǲΪСԵʣ
ҵ˵ʲôôͨ
ʲôҲû˵أֻǸһš
һţ
š
*
ϻһ֧Ŷ





ڶʮһ  ³ȫ

ǵڶμˣѾûеһǰ˷ܡֳµڶߣȴԵ΢Ҳ˲
ԶˣԶˣҰԶˣҪ޽һĹڶزʶˣһǿİò
ֻҿʱ˷еĿ־塣Ȼһ뵽ģһ뵽ҵһ뵽˵Ļҽľ΢΢ſЩɵĿܡ
ˣˣ̼һΡϾǵ̫ӣδĹΪҳʹĥҾھΡ
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ðааһЦٶϴȻ󻬽ҵıѣһؽұĻ
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ҷڶ֣ĴҵģȶŨҡҵʶʼհף忪ʼֻԼҵ
ҪұǵѵõĿ϶Уɵýгһ䡣
£ὥϲϵġ





ڶʮ  Ұ

ңֿʼԭ֧㣬ʼơȻ˯£Ѳĸȫ飬ѡ
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ʲôʱˣЦȴҺް취
̫ӣ˪ˡֻһɳƵŮ۾ŮҽӦúܴˡ

űƿŮҽȴһ˵˲ò࣬˿ֻ̣ܸĳɣ˲ò
ɳƣŮҽᣬǵòһ˫ֻۣһۣܱȥǡ°ͣƤȫµŮӶ̾硣Ҵλ֦չۣĨ֬վǰҲֻܰŪԲλࡣ
ҾĲľòߡĿȥҪԸЩĸߵŮڴҲָò˫Ůӣһͷһεü
۾գض˿ﲻ룬԰ЩǸÿ˸ҪʲôӲ





ڶʮ  δ

ҽ̫ţȻѪ˪ߣ¡
ǣ̫ӡҽӦڴأֻĮؿһۣҵ֣Ұûκα飬ЩӲƵĶһ۲գӲѾˣЦһЦǸҪˣ
ٶŰҽҪˡȻҶ𣬴ҵĳ˼ҳȥϾЩá
죿СѵÿôƯĽ㣬㶼Ҫܡᡣ
̫ӣ˵ҵĻ˪û㷴Ӧվ߳˷ƵġЩգͬŮˣǽҡô˵Ҳ̫Ҳûнңûиһɫǹ°òС
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˶
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֮˶֪ٻٻǻʺڶ̫ҵҲ˳ȴˣʢˣҰᣬܶԶ֮






ڶʮ  ϲѪ

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ڶʮ  

ȻѾʮˣȴδҲδǡͬ£һ¾ǣҲֲ֧
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תͷǼŭӣ̩Ҳɫ䣬һ仰Ҳ˵ˡֻڨڨһЦ㡪
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ңҲ˭˵ֻߵ͵һ׺һֱмӣûжҷ˴Ļ
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˾ұУɵ÷˽Ųƽգ·֮꣬£ɴʱȫȣһܣΪʣȻҵḶ́ȴ΢ĳ졣
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ҽܲܽȥ˵ȻҩĥüΪܣһǴǣҵ£ȥǺ²롣
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ʮ  ֮

ҡҡҲСĵġʵ˵ڣʳҩѾ֪ˣٽֻΪˡ
̫󵨣̫ӲڣҩҪȥ˭֪ҩûˣ˭ҲⲻˣԾɺԾɺףҿںǹģֻĹĺںֻᷴɣĹңҲֻ̫ӣΪƽ
Զˣҽ˵ô죿ǿסԼ̵ӣؿϣܴпһ˿ϣ
ңһ仰Ҳ˵֪
ʱʪңҲܲȫ·ճϵܡ˪ҲǸŮӣҲ˲ôˣһߵڵϲغ߹һѵϵ
㡪תҲŴƵʱǵͨ죬תߡ
ҲܺԼȻŮǰѵԼҲʵ˵úܡ˪ӵӲ˵ĶߺɼҵΪж޳ˡ
˶ˣڣһ䡣ǲҲһ̣
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Ĭ˰ãȻ˵ȻôҪˣҸҸˣֻܿıӰ˿̵ı飬Ҳ£ʱһֻġ
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˵ҪǲҪһҩϮһ߻ҪսʤϺ;϶ž޴ļ尾
治Ҫ㻹ʮʱʱ䡣ˣɾ͡
ĺܣԺеȷɳܵҪһˣεظԼǸҾܽܡ
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ƿӣұĨϸҩʩҲֻʱԵЩᣬһٰŮˡ
İɣûϲŮˣ뵽湬еڶ˿ƣҲҽһŮӼҲɵʳôһ䡣
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ӲҪ˯£Լڴء
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Ѿ˯ˣҲ˯šʵϣج˯ҲǺܺã˿̫ӸжڴĿ־ͽȻ˼֡
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ҵ֣΢Цţ˯ȥ
գʱƣ˯šôֿɼܾòƺһСģԶȥˡ
ҵĿ־ֽ̳һֱߣҲ˵ʲôԼֻҪԣжΣҪˡ
ƫɣùţ߹زַ֪˺£ò뿪ʹҰǵı߹ء
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ҵͷģȴôİɣϾӣҲŵ˯á־ȻԾûȥҲⲻ
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ϡ¶ɵ˵ҰǵļңһСªȴƮļҡ
׼ҹڹ߶ˣҾСϰһ齵棬˯ţţⶾϮ
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˭Ҫ㣿⹬еС·ֻ̫ߣЩңҸӲǷĲңȴӲҪƲϵ
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Ȼһֱ߶ȴԽԽ䣬ҹͺļл£ýɢ΢
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ȻѾˣӦȻˣΪؿȻǶµûأƺһ޷ŽĪꣿ
ӡһͺ𱸣ͻȻֲ֪ܳİɣһѱ𣬼ȥҸҪȴϵƵģȻ׺ݵааеԽԽãùе֪̫̫Ӳڣ˲֡
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ůȴô˯Ҳ˯ˣΪ˷ܡڴϷȥշת࣬ƺûһ˯˿Գ
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ʮ  ޳

ʲô㵨ǲҲ̫ˣ̫ڲ˯Ĵˣ̫Ӳ̫㣬ֹʲô䲻ټ𴲣Բ
֪˭̫̫˯ҵĴҿ㡣
㵹˵˵㿴ʲô
˵ʵ㻹ûʲôطҿģҲǴȷɱ̫ˡ
ԭȺʱԵɵںҵ̬ȣ֪ݣںҵ̬ȣоڴ̬ܶȺЩǰ飬ҲƵĶҿЩ
ѣҾȻϣΪѣûйѣ˿ȴҺЩǲ̫̰ģ̫֪ôˣ
ȥЩĪҵ鱻һһϬȵףįزٿȴִ۾նŴ
еľٶ߳ҵ룬۾һգգضţ˫ֻۣýϡҲÿҲԸܵһ˫һ۾һһңӶ񣬴űģ಻Ƶ
ٴΪľ˻̾һԼЩеûġ
ڶһƣ룬ҺȰٲ˯һȴҪҶ¡ܰ˺ĵ¿ηεˣһĪˡ
ҵİʮպĿԲ𣿡ſڴϣڱͿĨ
ĪҪһأǸһûǸʱ䡣
Ҳһǿװ⡣ҰԼӦϰĿǡĶԶȻҾǱˡÿҵӦǿЦƣһһλػ
ҪڲŻһڣͽҵķ˯ҿԱ֤ҵķھж棬ĵطɲҵ˼Ǳҽ䣿ҺǸɫȻһΪǹء
ҳòã֪ܾһǽҵһ䣬ûĹУ
Сѿڱܾ
ϻУôУ
ϻǿ幫ϣΪԸȥ
˵볺أ뵽巳Ĺϵ֮ãҲɵѡֻϧڣȻҾ˵˴ԲѵĻ
ˮŮˣΪλҪװ̣һжǿϧ
ҲֻΪ˳˵볺ģû뵽ȴ˲˵ˮǳ鴤˼£ۡ
ҵͷʱ̣ϵһҡΪ־ٶҺʵʲô
۾Ϲңġ˵ţȴЦŹĹĵңͽ˼ֵ
⣬׼һ̣ҾһլŮһÿεĻһ䡣ֻȴƺѾӦڿ־ҹԵ飬ûõߡ
šͣ˽ŲûлͷȴӦһһһ绻һռ䣬Һһǣҵķޡ
˵ͻɴ˿Ѿ˺þãȴûлһ˴ڷ˵ﲻж棬ûڷڣܾ鲻
򿪷ţվ⣬ӭҹ硣ʵˣҲ˯Ҳⲻഩ·ΪҪ䣬̼ԼѣźðȻ˯
Ůˣôվ棿·ֻҹգʱˣʱվǰҶûв
һȻķۣİ˼֣ȻЦ׽㣬ڵ㡣
û˵ȴ˰ã۾ҹеӻҪԶ͸ݣסҵ֣ҽ
һأҾůģɵú֣һֱǱģΣôôȣô˵ȴûгֵ˼̰ѵõȡ
˵ɵϣҵһֱǱģվ̫ãڱ䣬žҵůġһ˵һ߾ִҵ˫֣ҵֽ˫ΧɵȦУס꣬ƺ뽫ѵõȫݸҡ
׽㣬áԼȻˣһʱҷԼǺһŮˣһֽˣһһϲûҪ˵ʲôѿڶľȽԼˡ
ֻǿ㡣
ޣ𣿡Ѿȷ֪ӲˣһˣһˣĻΪȥ˫֣ĵظů
˯˯ӰɡҴԣҵͣŬļȼҵûڹ̫ҵģĲ˯ˣġ
ʶ̧١͵طſҵ֣˴תڲ࣬ңҿ˿ϵıϲŭ
ߵǰٰһӣһſţһŸȣڱ֮ǰۣʶ̧٣֪˭ʶ̧٣Ϊ˯þŽǵ飬ңûñ
֪ǲԼĺܶأ˯ůĴϣշת࣬˿̿ڽӲϣȴȻЧ֮ãԱ۾
˯еңҲе˯ůʵʼѾجˣΪĿ־壬ȴÿÿĿڡ
ڶҲطԼ˯˴ϣڴ߰Ūĸҩڵҩ
ô˯ˣǲ㡪
Ҫ飿Լȥģֱ޳ܡ
Ųءţڱΰ̣ȴܰգԽԽֲ˿еĻˣ滰Ǽٻ
һˣ˯ӣڶض˯ڴϡмҹۼװ˯ˣҵʱһ٣ôȶȲֻûԼ˯ʱ̰¶ϴˣΪûôõľԼر۲˯ţŷ嵽ϴԼ˴
جѾپҲͲȥ׷
յʱһ̫ӸЩţʱյţҲÿεʱ̣вû˵κα߹ص£ȴֻǹҵΣԵΣΣоŨŨ˼
ھյʱ˵ձع̫ӸҺ˷ܺ͸ˣ㻶ܵҽݣİɣϲסˡȻһ뵽滹־壬ֻҪţƺѾûеôˣİɣҵǸңҵ䣬ǼҵĿ־塣
סԶԶҾͿ˴һµİɣһ֣ͣסˣΪ쵽ɫЩ֣ҲĴҴҵһȥĶұ͵͵
˺ܳһ·̤乬ҵɴ۾һаŮװҽ˿ֿտգ乬ʲô
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ʮ  ͷ

˿̵乬ϻʱҪһ·߹ȥǹŹ֣Ȼûһվ⣬ŶţԵøΪ䡣乬ŮأĪһҹ֮䣬ɱˣ
İɣߵ乬ľͷ̤һӣϻشҽ乬Ǽ䡣ҶӲĴ󣬴΢Ĵ͵ۿȥ
ǡһŮ˵˳Ů˲ңһϮؾİ¡ʱһĨȪʹ
ǹеҽ˪ûв´ĻǽʧѾõĳΨһ˳÷
ҽһϴˣֻһڻǰ˴Ůˣ塣Ů˵ĻƽҴӴ쿴ȥŵɴסա
˻֪ƫƫ֪÷壬ǳ÷乬˶˳֮ѽľ綾˿ȫԴΪֻһ˿ԲζİɣЦһְڳһһеģ
ô˵µģ
Σ㣬οɷĶ
ҽ˵ԽԽˣʲô÷ʲôοɷɣȷʶж岢ûг˶ʳѡ
ѾˣĪ㲻δʳҵˮδߣǲǺ˵Աһ²ˣİɣŮ˺޷£һ˺ɴȻӻͳһ񣬽񶪵ŮǰЦͬһˣ񣿡
͸뿴Ů˵ĳ࣬˿ñңҸ޷
㵽˭Ů˵Щ
˭İ׳Ķİɣ˿̵ɳƣ˵Ů˲ɵúһ˼
ϵдһ죬ǧټƽΪľҵ㣬ҵοɷɣȻԹŮһųҵٽʬΡ
Ҵˡ
ҪٷˣѣƭˣıˡҶ

죬ھ͸һҽݡİɣ¶ǸŮҪߣǸŮҲСô϶뿪Ů˵յвˤڵء
İɣһһųŮȥ߱ߵ񶾵ŮˣСûеǺģǺģҵҵ
Ů˱ߣȴģ಻ʹһ¶ȵʯȻʶİɣҶΣվһߣĽŮ֮ʱҵľĪʹһһŵʹƺԼϡ
ˣ̲סſڳ˽ȥİɣһѣİɣˤڵϵŮ֮䡣
ʲôȥ˿̵İɣȫɢһɱŰɱ֮˲
㻹ǲˣ˶Դһ޸֮Ůˣҿ㣡ҪҲܣҾǲ
ʲôˣҪ̻
ҲʶҾǲ۸ŭȴ޶֮ʱæˤڵϵŮˣŮ˺֣ת֮ʱȴͷŤһߣƺⲻҿ
û°ɣҽãŤͷֱҡҲǿòªҿˡ
ߡİɣңһӶҵӡ
ΪҪߣ乬ĵôٸ۸Ҿ͸߻ϣ㲻аŮװ¶ˣ°乬Ůˡ
б¾;ȥ˵಻ұ֤ǻϻʺ֪̫СȻǺ֪Դ㣿
㡪ֻŻĵǰݣҵİѱвңʵŭ
߲ߣ
ƫߡȻǵݶǼٵģ뱻ҲͱвΪҵ˵ʵҺܺԼļݣôںһƹˤ
ڵϵҺؼŮ˲Ҽܼһ?
Ҽһ̣ŵϴԼٶܵŮ˵ǰҲľܾϵŮ˳һһҵѾˮ涣ͷغһ

δ棬ķһֱһŮ˵ĻСʱһΣҳŵڣ͵˰졣󣬶Ե˵μˣһģúء
бһۣŵ͵˵˵ﳤʲô
Ǹˣ۾һִƯǲǣ
΢΢һЦش
ü䣬һź룬ԲԣָԼü䣬Ƥʵ
ɴ۾ŵؿң㡭ô֪
ҺٺһЦɵˣǸպ˵μ𣿡
ûãʹӵķﴫŭѾͷԺ׼ٷĶæӿԺʱ򣬾ͳŵڣ﷭Ļ񣬺ͻе˵ĻȻ󽫻պãõƲ˿





ʮһ  һֱҪ

ԲԣǧΣεһ۰ĺӣţ˵Ļ
̫ϴˣôĵƿң䣬ĮȻҿ޵øˣ֪жΪʲôң
ʱһԵİɣͻȻЦǵȫѹοɷɣҲܲ
Ҳؿİɣ֪е˼ȴ֣Ҫ˵ȴſ˿ڣְͰͺ졣
ôûзأ䲻ͬ۾ȴһһڴƣҾΪѰοɷɣδ֣ôû뵽ΪһŮӣ֮пοɷ֮ŮأչĶ֮Բҩôû뵽ĺ
İɣ˵꣬ת˵÷Ůڹлúúõģô͹Թҳ
岻ĺûаϵµԾɲңΪʲôѵֻǺﳤѣ
Ǻã㲻ɣھȥ߻ϻʺʵݣʺ󻹻᲻аŮװ¶ˣҼȻбȥ硣ǻģԼ䣬İɣ̧ž뿪
Ȼİɣǰԥ˰죬ҴӦˡ
İɣЦ뿪ˡ
˿̣ҺվţҿҲңеԾĮȻۣȾһˮ̶͵ؽұڻУһ䣺ҵĺӡ
ˮһӿˡ
𣿡
ǣӣΨһŮ˿̿޵ñһҪףӶڲһİɣʱ侲ĮȻ
ΪθղŲŮ֪֪Һ͵㣬㣬ȴ֪
֪֪㷽ŲӦİɣѱˡĦҵȰؿҡ
ֻҪܼ
ɵӣﲻ˵ɵ
ΪβϳͲ𣿻İɣΪ˵˵Ҫɱ㣿
ô᲻롣ǶһˣﲻΣΥΨгܱһһ
Ǹοɷ˭
οɷɾηɣֻҪܺټһ棬ųİ׳룬ʹİɣɱ޺ֻǷĲ㣬һڹС
Ҳİɣɱ㡣ûʮİգһŹ

ｫ޷غţڴ£סҵ֣Һ͵£Ҳ֪һЩ¡
ʮǰںֱ󣬾ڿҰ˽ţȴ֪䣬ֱһգҵĻΪһҵʱ￴ŻеŮӣر۾ʦ㣬Ҳһһ˳ҰŪŮ˵Ļ񣬵Ļ󣬾ϲѣæ͵Ļ乬ҵ
ڣʮ󣬲ڵ֪ķŮϢ˼ŮУ֪ҺϲԷ󣬱дһŸȥϣӦҽţ֪ﻹţϲѣʲô鲻ʱ˵ǾĻ㣬ɣҲõһֱҪġСһֱҪģ𣿵ʱôû򵽣
޵˾ѪĻϣѪı߳ǣһŽҵĿԵȵһֱ֪ڹǻȴö֪СҽΪ͸˻ʹİޣҵﶪʧԸҺһڹнӴЩıұ֮ˡ
ҽң̤乬һһ취ȰСĽΪɣҽ乬ڵУڰ͵ۿңǱϲӵˮվסţͦ
ҵǰ裬ʵĶطƵģݸң뾡һЩΪĶԺӵİġѹֵҵݸĻʱǰϲ顣
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İɣҲǺ˵ҲҪȥİɣ˵ĻΪ߷
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ܹұڻеס˵Ļڻûİ·ʲô⣬Ҫȳİɣĵίˡ
㲻ҪߣҲҪߣİ׳Ůȥɣһȫĵط꣬ŮһТĻᡣ
ǲԲôԣѪȵϢ˵꣬ҵĴ޴󺰣첽뿪
İɣߣӦҵġҳԶİɣ󺰣ϣӦңҼһ棬Ҹţкη
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ϲİɣȴû£Ӹµض˵ңˣһ񡣡
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Ҫһ뿪Ƿ֮
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ллhuminus2002͵Ļ
⣬⼸ϵͳ֪ιʣĿ¼ҳЩ½βʾˡһҳֻ׷ֱ㿪ˡ





ʮ  Ҹ

ʱԼ˯һéڡ
Ϊ˱ʹ׷ɱԽ㰲ڴˣίˡһֱԱߵ巳ˣæһˮҡ
ҵأѾˣȴôһ䡣ôϣֻһجΡֻһͻٴγǰ
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巳һңһΪҲˮ
ӦԺʱΪȴѣ
죬ѪĻϣҵĵӣϲӣȴ๫ҴδӣҲδҵ๫ţΪԸϣΪﱨ𣬱ǲĳ౨ʮĳֻҪţҾҪȡȻ΢һ᲻ϧһдۡ䲻ծӻѳɣҺǳΪ·ˣǳΪˣ
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ʮ  ª̫

Ϊ˱ʺ׷ɱ֮ǰİɣ˵ǶҪױݣԶһЩ֮
İɣûиԼݣֻǸı˷͡ǰҲΪİɣ˪֮Ŀתķͽɢ״ġͻȻʶİɣǰ˪һϵļǱȥʱôûз֣
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ԶˣԶˣԽԽԶ
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һݶεŮˣ˰ǿЦİɣںӱߣڿࡣ
֮˽УкοЦЦĳЩˣǸˣȴǰŮˡвУŮŮʵġ




ʮ  ӵ

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ࡣСؤȴӲѡȻ˵࣬Ӧ󲻶ɫģÿЩѹʲôûҪŮˣҲû״ʣοң





ʮһ  ܼ

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СܵܣʹɣҶһߣŽС嵽һСؤСؤ˵ȴʹЦ
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ƿˣ죬ȷҺģеʱķǻ¡ұǸضСؤСܵܣԲ𡣡֪ģΪҶΪھβѡ
СؤҿˣǳżСĨȥҵᣬȴڸҪʱ̣ڰ˿ڵİɣһѴ֣ĿСؤηֹȴҡͷƺ˵㣬Ҳ㣬һ㶼㡣
ûж⣬ĵصû㣿Ҳشİɣһ䡣
û۾òУ㲻һܰô
˵СؤԱؽͷ͵úܵ͡İɣҸô˺ɻ䣬Сؤ࣬Ҳܵô˵
Сܵܣ⡣У˭ģɾһСؤתİɣ㲻˵ֳôСܵҲֳҺպһģңԼ֮£ƨ£Ҫ£
ΪҪ㣿ֻԾͰɾȥİô·һɲһûѾֳˣѾܵļޣҲǲմȾۻ࣬Ҵеĸ
ߡվʹҴҡ
Сؤ˿ڣİɣֽ̯ҩļֲҩĩһ𣬶Сؤ˵ſ졣СؤƺȴԹԽŴ
İɣеķĩСؤſڵ˲䣬һԶȫ˽ȥҩ࣬۾гһߣٴȴǿҧ촽³еҩۡ
ʲô
ΪҪ㣿ôһ䣬İɣߵһڻѩԣðװѩ֣һҪɾӡ
Ұ۾ʮֱġò֮磬ȴɷϵ͸һ֮УΪӦöǴ֣СڣݣҲҵӡ󣬲ǰŮˣ֮дһɸɾϢ
ޡ뵽ҲҪԼ˲ò࣬ٺÿԵøɾҲֻģúܣúܡ
һһϴԼ֣߹ȥ̧ţǰİѩز˼ţΪ汾ŢʪҵЬҲںڣѩ̼ͱҵЬˣī֭
Լٶ뿪λãװһ֪ЬӾϴɾˣѩȽϹá
СܵܣˡҳСؤСܵƺҷŲѩľٶˣС͵ЦţҰ֡ٵǰߣ߳һ·źܲԸػͷ޳ô̵ģҪ𣿻㣡˿ҰԼӣʹūš
Ůˡİɣҵá俴ı飬ҵıѾɱ˵Ŀɨ˺ܾãȻܣбĿС





ʮ  ⲻ

߳ѩڹԤҪ߰졣ƥԸ죬ԼһһҹɳǣѩڹȴһֵĹأƥˡһҪҶֻƳˣЩƶΪ׬ǮƳ˵ķƳ˫ֵģҲֻҪϳǮҲҹǡ
İɣһ򣬴ӦһʷӣҪǳǣҾҲȥ޿̣ǿбϳע⣬
Ůˣʲô
㲻ƳԳԺǲƶ̾·УҪǳǣҾӦ˵һ·ݣѩɱʮֲȫ
ͬУΪ˾ȳҵһ·ȥˡʲôʱĳˣè޺Ӽٴȱϳ
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㡪ҼŭˣЭˣƳһͬУһ·ƺƽϢҵĲ䲻ҡ
뿪Զĳǰ㹻ĸҪһá
˵ˣҵģҲҪãֻҪ¡
Ƭ̣Ǻû£գȴظԼһ¡ѵϵѩ䵽Ҳܲ˵ĵز
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ϰ壬Ҫˡô˵ܵ˼裬ӻϰ塣
ϰҪ˻ȴҪˡ
ǴӺ֪Ǹ˰֮ˣΪҵһϷʵĻΪ˺ҶȻͣͶ˺дõ£Ҳǵķ룬
ţȴ˼ԽԽ٣Щˣæǰ·ΣȴһҲشֻ۵ҡòһ壬ұסǰ·Ǹ˵ǰһѩɽڳǵطҪӣѩڹطѩʱ̣ѩɽΪҪƮѩûѩĻᡣ
壬һɣ
ȻˣڳʱҪ伸ʮءףǲеģƳһǴĶֻ׼һ£ѩɽλӵôԵס
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޳ʲô˼ƽ·ΪҪѩɽŴȥıӰһ
ԭƽ·ƳˣЩԼ֪ôܾˣҶҲǴƽ·ߣҪչܵİǴѩɽɽ֮ʱֱ̤İء
ǿТĿɼΣҪķϣҲŲ·ҲͻȻĵֻŭΪ
ԺҲ֪ı·ΪҵҲΪյΪ˱׷ɱ
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תͻͷߣһסңʲô
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һʱԽԽ䣬ѩɽѾȻǰ֡ѩɽ£ѩƮѩɽϿգҲɵÿˡ
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̤ϰɫѩأǰİѩͷƮѩԼƺѩӵøɸɾҲǡ
ڿҰǵʱҲѩҲѩɽȴԵòһˡѩɽǰߴһŰµʥŮȴ¡
ӴһҹѩûˤˣϥǵȴһƬ䡣
Ůˡǰİɣֵݸҡ
֪ңȴܣ֪Ҿңѩɽϣ
㡣
ˣԼߡ
ǿһǿסҵ֡ʱҸоֵ¶ȣ˵֣û֪ĴģȴûɵؾҲûȥ˦֡ıӰۣǣǰеľб˼֡
һɽµʱѩѾͣˡ˵ˣóһûˮͽϵѩˮųԡ
ҳԵͷȴڳԵһͷҲЩ죬Զһҿ𣿳ȥ촽ϣûһ˿Ѫɫԭȵɫұ˿̾ҡ׽ŸӲͷ΢΢Ķƺʡ
ЦģӣһǲԱҽ㴩һ
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ºҲŷԼҲڳǿϲݶڴܣǿţЦ
ֳŮˣ˭Ҫ㴩ġһһ³׷ɫѿ֪ǶģǱġ
׷ȴûǰˣΪѩṳ́ܺһţݵúҪ̤ڶţȵðγĽšƺĶˣҲûʩչ̬Ṧ
ܣ׷һͷ׷ٶȻǱҿЩΪһʼܳһξ룬׷ҡ
׷ˣ޳Խ׷ܵԽ졣ҵвЧɣճ
޳£ҾͲˣŲţ˵ǺЧŭ
׷׷׷Ȼúܺ棬һƬѩУʱ˵Ĳ죬Ҳʱ˺İɣйڣֻǾˣŪȤѩĳбҲ֡
ǻصСʱ򣬲µңѩзܣлѩĵط̤Ҳȣ˳ֻҪȥЩƵöСϵµѩҵͷϣ굽ҵĲУʹҿЦں׷С֡
ÿģÿġȻ䵽£ȴҲ㿪ġѩԭãԱأЩݰܵĴڻƵأ߲ƾɵݶʱһЩļ䡣
ꡪ
תͷİɣһ䡰޳ҿ㻹Ǵ˰ɣˣҾͣˡ󣬻ǰܣȴûԤǰ·Ѿʣ࣬һһ·»ƺһб£Ըûпץסľʯ飬Һް취Сİɣ
ͷҲûʱأֻңԶĵطİɣڷ˻





ʮ  ů

˿ƵҰƵģµĻƣɶֹؼ»ȥûˣȴߵ㣬ֻԼ׹Ƶģûֹ
ٶʱ٣ʱ֪ԼΣΪԼֻˣôЩԽԽȴʤѹĿ־塣
ԭ֪Դ̼ˣ֣ȵĺ䣬ϵѾڣҪ˯ƵģҪоԼ˲Լ»ӣ⣬۾֪޾УǰĺڰС
û֪û֪Ҳһĸо
ٲ䣬ᵣʲôǣʲôٺЩʲô
ȵָ֪ʱѾһһҹԺҵӶů͵ģƺذһ͵ʲôУ
ǱӣǶȻͣȴȱӶЩǡ
ۣϵľһȫİ
ô峺ǡ
һεСӱҡСӣΪҸоͺҲࡣ
Ҳˡǰĸɾ峺ǣԣѩɽϵѩһˬģ΢΢ЦţǳƺԽڻ
Сˣ˯ú𣿡仰ȴҶӡۿۣ˳׵һСӣôȴḡ
ȻĻůҺƽܱһİСռ˱ˣҶɲǣȴ֣Լʧ˿Ƶģʹһ˿һ
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Сˣ㶳ͷʧԪɲҸʲôҪˣûãůӣô
ô˺գ֪Ůܲ𣿿ңȻûҺ˵㹻
Сѩɽ󣬲ʲôŮܲ壬ֻǼ㳤ƯԲԸ㣬Ҳů㣬лңöס˵ǲǣСˣ
ԭңҶĵ⽵˼֣ӺҲδٶ
ʲô֣
Сˣȸ֣ٸҲٰ
㣬ȻȻش𡣻УСˡ뵽ڳȥСؤµǸ޳ˣڵСˣɵŻĳƺֻҪ˿гҲûء
Сˣѵ㲻֪𣿡
У㣬㼸?
ʮߡûоֱܾӻش
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С۰˭ͱСںһܣѾ̧㻹м
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ʲô
Ǹӣ϶ᶳֻǸŮӣҵԿǴȥ
ȻŮġ˵
ôСѣˡҵ۾Źϵκһ顣
˭ôǸŮ˶졣˵Ҫ㻰ȥҵİ׽㡣
ǡðɡұ㡣ҹԹԵſıϣ§סĲӡ
ץȿ䣬Ȼߵģɱֻ΢źѩı棬һֻڷɵĲӥѩɽԾԾ£㡣
ıϲЦȻڿڸ߸ߵ͵͵ѩɽ䣬ϵңȴſúƽȣõĻˤ¡ǵҲǺĻѩӦòۡ
ҵ۾û˿ɣѩɽеɫİɣǰ£ڰѩУѱʶ˿ŻϴҵǼɫ¡ĨɫӦòѡ
ѩɽȷʵ̫ˡԼʱԺ󣬻ǺİɣټԽˣ᲻ᶳѩɽˣѩ֮˵ѩɽֻסһˣˣűȣİɣһûȥ˭ܾȵ





ʮ  

İɣİɣ˪˪޳󣬰޳󡭡ѩ֮۵ıϣҵسѩɽ󺰡
㵽мͬ飿ҽô಻֣ͬѩ֮۲ʡ
ֻһֱȽ϶ѡСۣ۲ۣ۵ĻͷϢһ¡
С𣿻ûңô֪ңǸˡȻһ¶ûУⷬģҵˣҸҹҲ⡣
ᴵţ
СҲţûͱ£һããѩɽ֮Уδ๫ءһʱҪˡҲٱңòã
áشҵۿȴˣİɣǲĳ£ȻҲˣҿô죿Ը˭ȥɣ
İɣһҪţһҪţҿֻҪ֣ôңôûңҶ㡣
˼ţУҷֲԶһŲɫӰæѩ֮۵СۣһȣҺ񿴵ˡ
ѩ֮˳ָķ򣬷Ծȥİɣ׿ĵطͣ
۾ҳ˿ȥȷʵİɣǣѵǰɫ´ϣûеϥǡ
İɣûкҵĵһ͵ȫںԺ󣬷Լǰ΢Сôѩ֮۰Һһʱȴ͵תȻ̧ͷǡ
۵ɲǣҹ̵ҲƲסરડѩ֮۵ļϡ
İɣ򲻹һеؼӴ󲽷Ǳƺ㣬˺üΣÿζǿ߻ǵ˫ǱסƵģңʢұ治Ļ档
Сۣ֧ˣһģ߽һЩҷѩ֮۵ıϣȰ
߲ˡѩ֮ȴ϶˵ĻǰһǶƵġ
˭ո˵ҹģôһ߲ˣ
ѩ֮۵ؿ΢΢ţƺʲôίͺС㾹ƭңǸˣ
ʶΪˣæͣŮװĶѡ
ѩ֮ڳһֻסҵ֣ҵβ᲻صشһ£ƭң˫۾Ů˸е𣿡
ҪԹȴİɣʱѾվǰѩ֮۷Ŵβľٶ¶Ϥı֮ɫҲ˶˼صͷ
ѩ֮һֱֱۣҡ
ѩ֮ȴקסҵȣҶҵҲвֹ
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˴ѩ֮ΪҪڳֺԴֻܽ§סĲӣ󣬵ûãҵʹˣǼҵĶԴУұ˦˳ȥصںĻѩУҲûֻӲſѩУؿǶԴ
ͷʧԪؼֳ㣬Ϊ㣬ƭ˵Ůˣ㵽ʲôˣΪζ˴³ѩ֮۽زϿңȴ鲻һߺİɣţһ߶ѵ⡣
İɣͣȴѩ֮һƣһˤڵϣҿ
ѩ֮۽ҷ𣬵ճ·ϵİѩ۾ʱسİɣȥ
ҲİɣҷģֻҪţҾͿԭκι΢ЦţһСһСŲİɣӿڴͳһֻɽȣݸ㣬ܺóԵġ֪ĸֻиӲͷɽȴԲҲϣһʧԪ޷Լ壬ֲԿصζرܡ
İɣûнӹɽȣֻƳһۣҵȻ֣͵һĻͻȻӵǰ㼱ȣǰϢǰƺǰδеĿ־˼
һҲˣˣȲˣڼһź󣬲㼤İɣ
ǲΪˣһţ㼤ģûоȳҼԼͶˣȴΪ˰οǰ˵Ŵ󻰡
ɿһνȾٵǰʱ񷢷Ƶĸ׾סҶñĴ̰꣬





ʮ  

ҵ֪ԺһҡȻǵΣƬĺ촽ٴνһȴΪϤϣʹҵĺúԶ˴˵ĴʶԷƵģǿҵĿɱ˴ˣȼĻȣƺҪµĻѩڻ
޷Կأܾǿǡô׵ܹҵĻǣ¼ʹްʱҲѾݵУʧȥ˷ǣ̰ǿƣԵƿҵĴ࣬Գ룬ʶƺ롣
ΪΣۣҪ˻ƵУ
ȫ߻һӡŭյѩ֮ǿǣֳİɣȥһƣŭ𣺡ʲôˣҡ
İɣضһƣͨȵӺȻֱñ䣬˵Ǹ˾ɷŮˡһǣΣ
ҵģ͵һʹҲεȣ̱ؾҪڵأѩ֮ۼʱطסеؿҡ
ĪǣĪȶȣȴ񶾵ĻУκһζġңôˣԼҪںκȴǻΪĻ˵ġ
Сۣ뿪ҷѩ֮۶µıİɣһۣǿ¶ν΢Цİɣ㴩ҵ£ֳ˰׽Ƶģÿúء
ѩ֮۱ңѩɱȥ΢΢תͷİɣȴ
ˣҪѩ֮ʡ
ô֪ã˵滰Ҿһ˾ɷĻŮˡ
ҲŲţ˵С࣬Ⱘѩһ
ͷһȣۿʪˣѩ֮˿ҡ
Сɴ˦Σ
ŰɣҺҪȥİҪ¡꣬ҺͿͬ·ˣ޹ϸˡ
С仰ҰǾšǿķϣҾͷŰܳҧݺҧ
ұӰ˼Цˣʱ˷ŵĲ졣
صѩѩ֮۽ҷŵƤ̾͵ĵϣٸϺáҪ£ҵļҵģЦСӽԺҾĿůֽʵ治
Ҫ뿪ȴİɣӶ˽Ķ𣬱ʵСۣղ˵ʲôûɷ˵һ飿
˵ӽԺѩ֮۾СĿѩִ֮˵һ顣
ðȻůֽʵ΢΢ЦţƵؿİɣһۡ˵ҹˮƽһҾʶһҵ
Сۣˣ˯ˡ۾ȴº󣬸˯š
ҵİɣӦһ֮£ȴǰҡ˵ң޷Ƶȥںȥ⡣ɷϣ֪˿߲ԶţȴʮİҲõ
Уһ˫ĴִӺסҵ漴ѩ֮۵ĵͺ𣺡ʲôſ֡
ڴ㿴ô
˭֪ǲҪռıˣ
Ůˣʲô˺ռ
ȻˣԶ㡣
Ҳôֻ๫ңҪúչ⣬һ๫˵İɣʮֱ䡣һɺԣе๫ؾ巳巳飬ڼʱǰң
ҲգȥЩԶ벻׵£İɣôѩ֮˵ҶԣҲһ¡ѩ֮ƺЩϲңǻ˱Ļˣһỳģѩ֮£ֶѩɽ˼ѩһɾʵİɣַʽҵĳЩͷҲʧΪһֺ÷
ԴӵȥҲϲ˭˭ڼ˵ۣҸԸⴥҪޣζĳһݡ˶Ҷԣƺǰ̡ΣȴһζδܳɹߵҲòĻ䣬ټ˵ͷοŸصΡ
˲֮Ķİɣѩ֮ۡ
һɽΡ
ҡ
˭ҪĳǮû๫ϲŮˣҪ㾡еıϧֲٺġ
Ȼѩ֮۷߷Ȼ뿪ĽŲѩһӰֻʣ²ȼʱͻȻž
İɣҵ˺ãȴû뿪ֽҶͷɢҵĶһߡ
۾Ӵ˿̲䣬ŵĶƵģΪ͡
֮ˣҲЩȤҾղɫ԰ףƺһ࣬Ӫ¡
˿Ҳðɫҡ
ҺԻʱҲƽͣһôĵ£
ȻһԲǰ͵⣬ҵľĪؾůͣ⽥ϮҺ۾˯ȥ





ʮ  ٱһ

ֱŵζҲѹ
ѩ֮ڶڿһֻܴɽϵĲɽΡ
˲ѩ֮۵ݸһֻȣȻһֻԼҶЦЦİɣŵĵطŬŬ죬ʾҲԵ㡣
ѩ֮۳˰ãҿ£鲻Ը߹ȥʣµļصݸİɣ
İɣȴֻ俴һۣϵʳ
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İɣǲ԰׵վǰӼϳһ⣬ߣ԰ɡ㲻Ե⣬ô㹻߳ѩɽ
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ŵͷİɣŵúܴ󣬾ϲʪۿȻ󾹹Ժȥ󺰣ˣˣүˣүؼˡ
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ǰֳŮ׾
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־ܾˣǲѾ߲ƯҿѾһۣǸѾ߳ûİɣˣҩɾȡ
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ǵû뿪Ƶҵ֫
㡪ſңΪҪ£֡ȡѰãҲռұˡ
𶯣ֻһѵҪ컹²˴
ҪʵģҪҡ˼ţȴһЧû
ûõģҶҿ治ˡҶŲݿܵв
İʹѵһ֪Ȼʹθȴİнѣ÷ɣƺһдһļ
ұҧأõǣǿɳܵġĶиֺﰲһƬֻĪĴִ
û֮ͣǰһƣ˯
˯УһƬϤĴڲͣң˱صĺһֱڶߣֻǶѡૣͶ뵽ǸǵĻУȻ˯ȥ΢
ڶգҾ˵´ˡ
ճԹ㣬ҽ˴ǸеҪʿһֳ̧ۿȥƽһһӣֳϣ鵭Ȼ
飬ӣݡὫһ൱ŮƵǰ
˫۷ǳ񣬺˼ɵسҿĿƺԴ͸һС
ҲηŻؿһ߿һøֹߴһƤ״Ķʱãʱɫе˶һŻվţؿĶһǳɡ
еļƤǸŮӵϣ˵һˡʱǸݵŮתҲȵŴͣŮ˵Ѿһģһ
飬лл㡣лʾ뿪
ؿܾȳ׳룬Ҳܸˣǡ뿪û˼Ȼתͷҵһ¡
ȥȴһ·˵ֻҸţҪк£Ȼȳİ׳пգʹңǽƣŰɡ˵ݸһơ
⡪ȳİ׳ҾҪ뿪ˣΪλҪԻ󲻽⡣
㲻ʹҸұ֤һڡ΢΢ڣ¶һĨҿ͸Ц⡣
ǰܲ˵Щ
ô˵ɣʹһʶˣҪ㡣˵һܿġ
ĬĬվԭأ֪Ǻ˼İİɣûʶˡ˵׾ûм޽ȥǣ˭
ԻУѾԶȻ׼ɣȥɽ
ҡᡢİɣǸݳҵӵŮӣһȥɽ
ɽɽڣһɴ棬İɣǸŮһɽȥҺͰᣬԾϡ
һ·ʻȥɽ괦ͣ뿪ңһŨĲݴС
ڲݴУܹǰһ΢ƽ̹Ĳݵأݵصľͷһߴʯڡ
ҺȻ뵽ǵҵģʯšԭѾﵱסİ׳ĵط
ãİɣŮӳʯǰ棬İɣȻ֪ʯοʯΧĴ򣬵ʯžûκδ򿪵ļ
Ů򰲾վڲݵ롣
ȻһĲݴУܳ߰˸ˣû棬ҶʱϳˣǵڿҰǣɱǼˡ
ǺİɣİɣŮӻ󣬺ǼսǵĿ꾹İɣŮӣݺݵػŮӡ֪ɱڡ
ʱףΪҪǸŮݡҪ߳
û͸ȴǼ˴һǿڣݴִܳˣİɣŮӰʵʵ
İɣǶԴ򣬵ΪŮӣ˼ɣкüЩЩ˿ˣÿÿʱͻԹɣǣŮĸġ
һȻ˼صŰᣬŮ˿ĺݣְ취ҶʱףЩɱŮӣΪѾˣҲͻ뿪츴ҪʯˣͲ
ĺݣȴǸŮѾ˴̴ţЩƺģϷŹѾȻصŮӣϴİɣ֪ŮѾˣƴغЩ˼
ҵ̲סŮΪҶģڱҽľˡҲΪҶˣΪʲôǲܱ⣿
ɣǣóˣʲôԹһ䡣
ߡһ£ȫˡ
ûһִӲݴԴܳһˣܵǰˣѾԶˡ
ʱվİɣȥ˵ɣ㷽źαôƴЩԼﲻǸ߹㣬ֻҪװͿˣҪġˣۡ
İɣûлش۾ҿҵһۣ޼ĸӶˣΪ˾ǵķ͵һ޹Ů˲֪ǳĿģһᷴԡ
ᣬߵŮӵߣŮϵļƤһ˺¶Ŀ۾ֵشţֺסĿۣ˵ĶԲҲ֪ǱĸƵİɣ





ʮ  ˵׼

˺˺ļƤʮŭ˵ͻȻĲ㣬ǻܾȳɣ𣿡
ݶŮˣ̲סкַܶΪʲôҪ
ߣЦݶĲңĵǽҵķô꣬ûҵĸܣ벻ĺݵĵƵŮǿЦ
־һƣ˵Ļֱۣͽ͡ҵİƻû䵽ϣٵһ̶İƳ
İɣʱסһƣ˵ǲҪˣڵǾȳ
һ϶ҵ쿪ʯš
ҽһĨ˺
ŭֱðǿŶǸ˵ᣬϡ
ǡŮѸ뿪
ῴҵڿ˰ɣ
ҵۣģʯڵҲСȥֱ̽һȻָȫٵ¶ͬ״Ŀӣҽеóʹ֮ǶУպӡ
ֻѵһûκʯϾȻһʯŷ죬Ӳ򿪡
߽ʯź󣬱ʯ漴Զϡ
ȥĲ󣬵˵ǲɽãһʼֻһ·˲ãͻ᲻ǰ·Ҹһ·˷ͬûκ
ԼľŵĲ졣
Ϊ˵Ҫ߳󣬱ȻڵסĻҵİ׳֮Ҫ˻أҲΪѡ
ߣǧҪ˵Ҷһ䣬˱۾ʼѡߵĵ·
ֹоʮ·ÿ·ڶһģһ·밴Сңÿε˳ǰߣȷķ
û·ǰֵͬ·ûʯڣұǰߡ
üΪ̫ۣͣһ£ǰߡİɣͰҲΪһ仰ҲûдšҲ֪ɽǶһ仰ͻ˷ģȫ̡
ǰ˵ҵһ״ʯʱʵ֧Ųסһ̱˵ϡ
ôˣʱκʱҪҲԤϵ̼ķˣԷǳȡ
ۼڸҲûѴ࣬һۣͿʯڣ۾
㡪ǿ
İɣȴֹϢһ°ɣںҲ׷ɱˣӦò⣬ټ߰ɡ
ӵĻһߵʯһͷţҲ۾ʵǵĵز
ԭΪʮ·ÿ··̲ܳȴû뵽Խ棬ÿ··ӳտⱲߵһ·ˡ
Щڣô֮ǰû뵽ˮû뵽·ôƣ㳤ڣʯݲɿʲѡұ۾סԼĵĴԽԽӸɿ͡
͵ۣİɣסҵĴҵĿﴽϷƣκһζҪʪ
Уѵ֪ܿʡҼŴ֮ʱҶ˵
ûҲûдУǵȷҵȼü֮ҵ˺ˣû뵽һпַȡˮһ졣
Ҫ𣿡ٴңϹаȵĻЦ
һѣվ
ߵʯǰȻ˵ʯϵŵһ״ƵָĵУűģСȵģһСסа̾죬Ȼա
óЯذףεʣԼ۵𣬽׼ҵġ
ʲôһ󼱴ٵŭİɣסҵ󣬲Ҷ˰ᣬʯվǡ
ʲôں˵ţ۾סҵ֣ʾÿ
ңξȣ
ʯϵϵʮСֻҪС׵λãϵӦȡѪ룬ʯͻƶܼˡ
ܲһѪ𣿡
ܣΪϵĸֵѪҺ¶ȲͬȻҪͬ¶ȵѪҺ󷨵Ҫ֣
ϣԼԿ쵶ն飬µʱ̫ãԼûôԸԼôطʹʵܣҪԼԼǱñѡңǰ֮ˣҪܽԼȫѪ죬߰˰ˣеľսңû·뵽뵽ԸĴ۶Ը⸶ʲô
İɣȴûֵ˼һѴϵĵұţҲ׼׼׼
ᱻİɣľٶŴͣɣ㡪
İɣ㷢ʲô裬ſңİɣһ򶼺ѣʱΪα⸱ģЩʲô
޶ԣֻöŰŮˣǰѵÿѪһЩ˵Ǽžİɣĵ˵һὫ̵ֲ齻ɱȥ
ỹûİɣһƲ˽¡
ɣˣ㲻Ҫ𣿡ṴĵӴʱϲķۣ˴˵ƺ
ʲôƽ󷨣Ϊ?İɣңűڶŭ





ʮ  ˱

ѳĻʱֻϺͽнذףҺͰް취
ɣΪŮˣҪˣ㵽ʲôѵȻͨʲôƵģĿҺİɣ֮䷴ơ
İɣ۾ȴ϶ƺԥʹ֣ҿ룬ѵһ֮Ҷ˸飿ġһҵһΪ˳Ϊ˾ȳҺõġͬʱ뵽׾뿪ǰ˵Ļ˵İɣҵѹֵġ
ûô£Ᾱİɣ֮ʱѨİɣһſ
ɣҪΪﲻ˸£ңҲͬʲô
˵ߴİɣŵ׳ذףݸҵ㡣
ҽӹذףһνסԼ
ȥҺˡȥİɣȻѨԲϰ
ҳȥȫȻûʲôҵı֮ɫصʹ˿̵ʹΪҲˡҵĶʱӦҰɣ
ҷ⣬΢΢һЦ˰ãҽذ׵ݸС׵Ѩλɡ
ῴҵĵӣЦһӹذףһסҵ
һ£˵İɣʶҲֹˣһֱδϲ˭ǵһҲһ㣬ǧһ㡣ûʲôһΣ顣ۡʹʹ
İɣ˵ʲôȻǶŰ˵׵ľǶҵĸ飿˵ϲˡԭأûͷ˿̵ı顣ԣ˵ⷬҪ
µĵҲͣԭأ˼ضؿĶӣţҲ˵
漴ɨԹ۹⣬֣ûԤ뵽ôأֻõ΢̿ѩ׵ļȻһһҸѪСס
ÿһѪСףʯͷоһ
ҧأסرۣϰ¡֪ʮ˿ǱģǾọ̀ｫ顣
ʯǰֻİɣĴһԴ˷ϵʮƤѪʯͻȻһȴûκζ
ôˣżΪ˲
ҪһѪҪЩʱ䣬İɡҵһζԺȨл֮ʱûй˿ڡ
ʱûгİɣ⿪ҵѨ
߹ȥ⿪Ѩ
İɣѨһ⿪ͱǰҵڵϵѪΣۿʪһѱһߣʯ£ǰҵ䣬ҵ˿ڣһůʱڸ˿˿ڵĴʹ
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İɣ㡪ϵ£ϣֹͣôûƵģִҵ֣ÿָĸ˿һһ¹ȥٽתСȡ
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ҵ۾ȴΪĴ˷ִľٶˮӯӯҵһθܵңᣬĺãΪʲôΪʲô˵ϲң
ϵʮ˿ڶðѪվߣǿӵ뻳ȴҿԸܵ廹΢΢
ǹ𣿡Ϊ˴Σѿڶľôһ䡣
˵һ飿ҵһ˿Ц⡣
ǹûظһ顣
ô˵͹СҶǵһ죬ƿȴƲ
ʱʯͻȻˣƿ¶һ󶴣һ̨ס
̨ߣʼܰ߳һҺ󣬴۵һͶϣٵľһƵĵĵطܶǸʵͱڣ죬ͱڰΧеģȴһ˼ɾƵĵط̻죬ɽˮðûжĸо
ĿȥȴûмκˣǷֳ·Ѱİ׳ټ
ԭŭʱ˿ȴޱ᣺׳룬Ķ׳룿׳룿
˶֮ȴûκλӦжڰ룬²Ѿ
ģģ׳룬׳롭ԼؿڣǰѰ۾Ѿ룬ƴλС
ҹţſŵأԼСĲȵһʬǡͱڵ֮ȴǳɾ¶ůԼȪˮĶ
ȻŵһϤĵ㡣ζһŵһѰ˼ţһ߳ζķȥ뵽һģһζʱǰһĻס˺˺





ʮ  °׻

һ׷һӲݱ֯ĵĲϣ齱߿һϺɫСζǴǲ֪ĻɢȻͷȴ࿡ǳꡣ˯ˣǸոȥˣ
˵˻гζҷǵûŵζŵ˵Ļ㣬Ҵŵָ߽̽ı£̽ĺ֮ʱҾĵ¶΢Ц
Һ޹ʣ֪ΪΣ֪ŵʱȴֿġҲĻͿĿˣпкž۵Ļᡣ
ߣḧ߿ϺɫСصҳϴʱЩԶİɣͰȷ뵽ǰ˵ĻҾͲô֪ŵ£һˡ
㡪İ׳Ȼ۾˵ˣû׼֮˵ϣͷ󿴿Һ󣬲ûбĸ
ꡪ㡣ҳЦЦʾҪ˵۾һȵؿҵʱвɵ̾Ϣǰ䣬ǵü֮ƺһƵĶҾܰǸ׶İᣬҷú䣬֪ΪҪȢ
˭ô΢΢һЦҵҪʮϣѹҡ
οɷɵŮȥҵѾˣϣ㲻Ҫһǡ
ʵǶӡãԺܲԵ֮ҶĶ
ˣҵˣǵûиˣ¶֮ɫôǣҲǱƣţôҲһھΡ
ллǰ˿ǰ㣬ʲô
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ǰ˵һŮϣŵζ룬ʶɣ
İ׳ô˵Ȼ˲齣סҵļ򣬴ʵ˵ʲô˵
˰İɣע⣬ڲԶһ׳롱ͷɱİ׳ڼǿ̣ҪҵĻ˻ȥ
֪Ƶģƿңҽûվȣ͵˷ٸϹİɣĻС
׳룬㻹û̫ˣһžˡ˵İ׳ĻֿЦİ׳ֻţȴû˫ȥӵסޣҾʮ֡
İ׳ƿᣬİɣ㡪ɣ
İɣֱֱسİ׳ȥһʵҲ˵һ䡣
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׳룬뿪طɣؼ˵İ׳ߡ
Һİɣں档İɣǰںһҵˣӦÿ԰Ϣˡ
ϣһԶЩԽԶԽãһž۵ĳʹҵġİɣȻҸеңֻʣһȻһżҳδ
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İɣȻͷϵˮһ仰Ҳû˵ĬĬȥϹŵ飬ҵֵֺܴ֡ǣʱ֣ȴů֣һ򶼼
Ϊ˻Σʵôůˣһͬһû¶ȵ𣿡
ǣڲǡ
Ϊҵ˰ɣ˵ʱҵĻģ˵Ľƭ˵ġ
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˭Ůˣ޳֮ͽᵽɵ˦֣ȴյúܽ
ҽؾİɣȥ·ΪܲҲ㣬ٷѾȥʲôҡС
۲ۣʵ
ϻҰһۡ
ұ㣿ʻһûͬ⣬ѾŽұڻС
ҡͨ죬ǰˣĺǶˡ
㲻Ҵ·ô㣬Ҿ߲¡Ҷ˵ţϴȻЦݣʲôʱİɣ컬ࡢ޳ˣ
İ׳룬ҵ۹ȴʮʹޣȴʲôҲû˵İ׳۾ȴʱʱضңĿģЩڡ
δϱɲ⡣İɣҲİ׳ĲԾȻ˵˴ԲѵĻҺݺݵصȥ
İɣһ仰Ҳ˵ºˣǴ·ķ򣬵Ƕ߲ȥСұһ׼˶ٳй
˶ģ˵ůĻУȻˣȻԺ˯ˡ
ʯվʯ棬ŮѾڣѪڵϡ
ϲһžۣҲѾ񣬸ˡİɣһҷ£ҾͽõĻ˵˳
תͷңɫͲ뿪İ׳ЩݣİɣЦȫޣҡ
ʶ࣬Һð׳뻹ţȻĻһ߰ɣ˵꣬תİɣɣѻ˵ǲܵģӦȢ䲻㡣
İɣδڣҾЦŮˣ˵öԣúùܽһĶӣʲôʱ۹˵£ȻŮӣҼ޹ΣòӶǣĹϵΩӣûаָ飬ɷģңҶ
㡪İɣŭĿӡ
޳ܶĪΪк޳ܵҾ͵Ƿ˼ȨЦѾˣѾǷͬİ·˵Զİɣ˵Ҳһ뵽ζ¡ǷҵһҲˣһжʧҲὥǡ
ô뿪ңһ鶼ûİɣסҵļҵĺ⣬ƺΪˡ
ôУһ㶼û㲻᲻֪ռˣһֱӲҪʲôӣѩ֮һ巳㣬ͷߺޣ
ۣز֣ٲҪ뿪İ׳ȴǰҳӦúúл㡣
ãҵǷģ̸ϸл
ܲܿҵϣڸٶסգҪҪ㡣
ܾһͣס˽ŲĻй°ɣ뵽ڹȴҵľݲȥܾ
һͷӦİɣĸӶܲ졣
׳룬㡪ǳƺֹٽ׸
ؼҰɡİ׳һӣٲ˵ʲô
ѡ洵磬һˣʲôǣֻһˡȻ棬Ըоһ˫һ̲ͣ͸ҵϣ֮ȥ





ʮ  һȢ

ùźҾͽ˰׾סķ䣬ڣѾûʲôΣգҲúİɣסͬһ䷿
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Ĳҵ
ҡҡͷ΢Цһ㶼֡
еĳ⣬ҿЦǵȪ֪֮һҲοɡ
ãܶһֱ㿴ɣˣ㲻Ҫ֣ΪҾͷϲŵΣʶ
ޣһȻΣݸֻǾʶ𣿡
İ׳΢΢ؽӹΣСʵ֧Σģ
һƯŮҵġ
˭İ׳밴סҵļ򣬼ʵǲǾ˵°׻ζŮӣ
ҵͷסѪʹǰ͸ң˵һ죬˵ʶͽ͸ȻϵҾͰ͸ˣҲС
İ׳еΣѾ㣺εʱʮ꣬˵˵ԶǣѾˡ¶Ĳϵң𣿡
ЩһֱסڹܾӣҲ˵һֱǣһĻӡ룬ǸӣӦþɣ
ΪҪλң
˵ЩˣˣҲûϲ£ѾˣţһطĻᡣ
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ҲáǻʹʲôˣΪοɳ룿
ǻʹʲôˣҳãȻҺ͹ǺѣԿɳ롣
ɣమҲᷴԡİ׳ĬƬ̣ȻתƵҺİɣϡ
Һˡ
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ϲԭӣȻ̧ͷңںڰз
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Ҫھ͸ҹȥƲù
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İɣЦˡһǱ־ĺãӣʲôҾ㣬ҺҲڡڣԶЩ
ĲڣԽϲ
ˣҲټˣҲ˺֮֮ȥһθ˭ҲνˣﻹǾúˣܱ
˭˵ѾҵŮˣһȢ㡣
һȢ㡱֣ҵͷʹҵͺ˵ˣˣˣҺ˼ˡ˵棬ҵͿƲסӿ˳һί
ɵѾͷˡ۽ǵϤǸɣȻҵĴϣһοҵĴ࣬ҵĺһʴǵСô£ҶӦûиģΪǻУζ
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ҾĬĬ߳˰׸Ĵš
Ҫ˭ǣҵĴڣǶ࣬Щ˵
û뵽񣬻Ѿ뿪˰׸֮ǵ͹Լ
ҪİģǸӸҵĽơһңһҪȥһ
ȥʹ·ȥ





ʮ  Ƕħ

İûѩȴҲ϶ĺ䡣
һջмؿСڼʱŵ˵͹٣𣿡
˵ͷ
͹٣Բסˣǻطɡ
Ժǿջĳͣƹ˵κʱз䣬ô£ⲻ𣿡
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ɣǸԽˣ϶£Ѹı䣬Ҫһ뿪ˣȥ㣬ԣҪҵĺ·
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ţİȷϹۣȴǿ㿴Ϲۡ
㡪Ȼŭˡ
Ůˣ㱣֤һ뿪İҲİɣͷŹҰɣŨɱ⣬Ҵδҿɲϣʵԩˡ
ȻѾǰҲûлųİϣҲɣһִԲ򡣡
˵꣬ʹһɫ˱ŵұƽ
ǱˣҵԺ̸˵ѡһֺȶǣǰᣬض֪ҵı졣
ᣬŮˣбӦġ֪ԼѾ·ˣɣǰҲҪݺ
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ͻȻһϮֻҽУͷϵĴ󵶲ûҵϡ
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һɴ۾ȥתľһСС
ҲţɱˣΪڶЦţЦǰ档
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Сۣס֣һæסѩۣ֮˺ǡȻҲ֪ǵкζԹҶԣǶǶжˣҲκˡ
СһȥҪɱ
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ʮ߼  洫

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Ҵ㵵ؿ֪˵Щʲô
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٣ҪûѧͷˣֻҪʱ䣬֮ڣѧᣬҲ㣬ѧûᣬŶ㽫Ҳ޺ġ
룬ԼǳĺˣҪɱ죬һ챻׷ɱҲԻò׷ɱҲʧһĺð취ǣҵͷʹشӦ飬һʦ
ʱ䣬ΪԼʦʧǣҲûϵԼ֮ʱҾһ̾ͨѧõӦֱ֣ҪʶԼˣʦһԿҲҲһı顣
ܿȥˣٹվǻϴ֮գ׾Ҫ޽Һ׼ȥ棬֪ҽŮڹּǲμĻ磬ɼڻʹĵλ֮ˡ





ʮ˼  Ҹ

ڻϵĻϣҺƷİĲȣ۽УȫˣԵòֺ
ˡֵĻ糡УҺȻһ̶ŭǷ¿ӣͷȥһ۹⾹ǳһŮˡһƾ˫ۣҾѾ֪ǰˡ
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ɻ˴֪ʲôҲȥúܣ˯Ȼϲһգͳȫ̰ˡ
˰ʱңűƿһ̰ˡ
ĽŲᣬƺ¾Ƶģߵߣȴû˶
ұ۾ʵȥˣߵȴشֻվţҺ۾ȴɲǼֹͣ˺






ڰʮ  ұ

ҾﲻѣԼһ£ԼΡ
Σôչ
һģվڴأĿ⾼أңȫڡôֻһμԵøΪֻ˿۾лϢ
ҧŴڴǣ֪˵ʲôãˮѾ֪ۿ
ôò㶼𣿡ڣǰȴ˼ʹͼ尾
Ҽҧĵҡҡͷ
ұ㡣˫ۣſĹâ
קקޱͷ˵̫ӣҺѾǷޣҺ㣬ûޣ˵Ҫңǲ̫ͻˣŮܲ塣
ûз˫ۣҴӱһѳ뻳У̫ӣ˵ҲǷޣ˵ܲ壿
ҵҲƲסȫȫļϣҪѣȴͽֻͣ˵˵ʵСȻȢǸСȻѾĸĸʣɱҵĵҳ˵ĶӣҺҲûʲôԵ֡
Ҳô˵ҵģһӶҵޡұøһʧ֣ҾˡҲ΢΢ɿңסҵĴ
ҴɲǣȴҲûǰůĸоͿܣţҪӿĴԽˣȴԽǷŭذռҵĴ࣬ƺежעС
һűİɣײҲ˲ͣǣȴԽӵңϷ֣һͬſڿȥ
ſİɣץһֻ֣˵
ؿİɣһۣ˵ҵŮˣΪʲôҪſ
İɣ˴˻һЦ˭ŮˣԼش𡣡
ԣҵһɣҴĵ̫ӣ㿴Ƿʶ
İɣһۣҡͷ
ʶٿһЩǲǾ˪أ
ԣһοİɣɲǼ䣬ɫ䣬ؿҡ
߽İɣסֵ˵ҲˣѪʹҺѹһգң˳㣬ŮˣҺͶϣá̫ӣѲϲˡ
˵ţҽӿİɣһǵӣȴѹѡԭңʵڲ㣬ʵڲٽĸ顣ҵĵ㸸ʵУôܸ˵Ķһ𣿾һˣһգҺĸʵְ˭ԸңԹңҪٶ
˵ⱲӣҶҪ㡣˵꣬ƺǿűʹ뿪Ҳûлͷ
ҵӰûɲǣһξ̣ĲģǣΣѵҪȥ˵ȻٸҪɱĸʣΪҵﱨ
İɣһԲұڻУʱ򣬸ʱů
Ϊ˱ҴԽӽعȻûɱ죬ǣҲƭҿҪɱʵ£ȴԸñ˴˵ĸ顣ϾôĵػϲţǰùҲԱɵֶΣдƻ
޵Ҳ޲İɣҵ£Ҹϱӣ۽ǵˮһҿ԰ɱĳˡ
Ҹձϵſ˼İɣ㲻˵Ҳҷ𣿡
İɣסҵ֣һ£˵ûǽԸĻϣװĶûҵλӣԸȫǡ
Ϊʲô
ΪҪҸ
ҵ̲סһȴΪİɣʲôʱôΰˣԽҷΪšҺɣòȥΪұ𣬼ֱ顣Ѿ˾ģٲʲôǣ
ģҵһηŵĴϡ
ҵͷǵģʹ㲻ᣬҪȥʹΪɱΣΪһ̫һݹŮˣһ˼ҵŮ檣Ҳ䲻̫ӡңһᱻڳȴҵĲһһ͢ѡ󣬻Сһˣããأɵش
ôһ죬㲻µһ㡣
ҴᣬЦ˭Ҫ㣿ԽԶԽá
һΣûҲûзңֻҵĴĬĬҡ
ϸĽŲһæİɣг֡
һӣһСһС߽е㡪
´ǹĶԲԣ˵գΪԼΪ磬ǲǣ
ҵ䣬㣬ĲǹģǴɵĶѣģ粻ģɸ˵չġǡ֪Ϣѡ
Ҳ˵˵㣬Ҹղſĵ뿪ˣ㲻Ҫ֪Ϊʲôչ𣿡
û˵㲻Ǹո˵˵չҵģ
ҡͷǣ͸ַˣΪ㣬չչˡ
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Ҳ˵˵Ϊ͸ַˣ̫ҲҪˣһŭ֮£˱̫ӣ˵Ǹڹ˽ӣȸһ꣬巳
һ巳֣ҼֱţȻ˽ӣҽʵĿͶİɣ
İɣҲ㶲˵£Ҳ֪
ҳĬˣһЩϵһҵһκںڶǸڶ巳ĵ̣ʱһǱ巳ץץʲôɱֵܣΪҪ
巳˵ҵİҪҪ£ǽָҵ
ʱſվһѾߴŮŵʣСǷסڴ˴




ڰʮһ  ʮָ

Ҿǣк£
С㣬ūѾߣ֮Сһۡ
عĻ˵Ҽ̻Ѫûʱ
Ѿȴ뿪˵С㣬˵ϽүͲˡ
ãɸ˵չĻʵ۷ŭܻǨŭ磬ɱҲһ
?ô˵ҲѪĻӣչôѪΪУ
㣬˵ûǣչһĹңҹ棬ûзʲôȴִչĻʵ۶ԣֱܴ裬ô׷Źأ
ãȥ̧žҪѾߣİɣ
Ѿȴͷ˵ֻСһ˽
İɣһץסҵ֣ȥ漴һԵطſһĿ뿪
˻ʹһչҾʣأ
չش𣺡
ô㲻Ǻϲ𣿼Ȼϲ͸ֹ㸸˺
չȴش𣬷˵̸̸ֻ
ŷ֣Լƭˣ˵Һʲô̸ģ
չȴԾЦС㣬Ҷ㲢ûʲô⣬ϲ磬Ҳ֪һȫϣȻĽȴûҪӺ㣬֪ϴζ¼һֱΪġѾˣ֮£ٻٻģΪǵĹϵ˺㣬֮£Ѿʹ̤ʹһˣʺû顣
Ϊ㣬ңȻģǣҲ˭һ룬˵չ۹ⲻһжһŮӲҪжרһ֮ģȴѵáҺ㣬ˣһӣֻұʧܣΪĶ㣬ûһطҡ
Ϊģô󵨵£ѵͲܻصߣǻ˼ļ尾С㲻ڵЩ죬֪ôģ˵ԵҲ٣һԵ࣬ǱǾơʱ͵͵ӴȥڴϣŵеĴҲ档
ʱҲ棬˵չ㲻Ҫ˵ˣҲ˵ʲôûá
չȴң˵Ҫ˵һҪҸƢܲã۰ĹӦѾˣرˣ϶̡Ȱջ顣
С㣬Ҳ㣬Ҳ뿿硣ֻΨһİ취粻ҵģȰһҲܸʵĥ֪û˵չ̷˺ǻˣԶָõģ֪Щ̷˵ǶָҲҪҡ
һҪָæ˵ˣȥ
չôżһЦҸȥá
Ҳ֪һǲչıҲ֪չĻмģû·ֻУҲ룬ҲãԸ⣬ΪκεˡҲǷʲô롣
ԶԶģҾͿõıӰڽǰҽϵϤɡ
̤ȥչϵĻƣ֪Ѿվ
ϵѾ޿Ҫһָˡ
붯ְɡ
ҿ˿չǰЦ˿Ѿˮؿҡ
߹µϣԸջ飬Ѫ
תң¶˾ϲӵı飬סҵֵʲô뿪
ʵ˭
չصʣ̫
ϵԭ㣬Ȼ˹ɫΪ㣬Ըָʵǣ޵󣬾ֹнֺ㷽ŵĻ𣿡
ϻش𣺡Ȼ
Ҫֹæұ죬һ仰Ҳ˵һ뵽Ϊָ֮࣬ҵͺ
ؿңסҵ֣û˵
չӹ飬Ŵҵ棬ҽ˺٣Ȼǡ
Ϊôңҵһһ顣
Һ㣬ϾһٷޣҲǣ뿴ԼļٷΪм֪ˣǶҵͷֱĿۡ
ֻ֪ڹңں˵㲻ڵ˺ܶ࣬Υ˸ĳŵ檣ǣҴûҲ̫Ӽ̳лλҲûʲôѹԣΨһޣһΣҲбŮˡŲöãҾͿԺסȥϲ
ҪִԲˡҲΪչ뿪㣬̫أ˵ʲôǶ࣬ҲزȥˡʹλҲˡ
ԭҲ˵ôףΪ˶һҪ˵ȻǸŮӣûʲô£ǣҶԼûʲôԸǱ𡣱ӦףҪɱĸʡ죬Ϊҵﱨ𣬵ȻֺܴĿǣұɱɱˣҲұ£ҷŲ¶ĳޣŲ¡
㸸ʣһڣôꣿҵոžۣͶʧںޣôҲʲȥԣԶ㣬Ҳƭĸ飬ĸ顣
һֱ˵ţû˵һ仰ʹҵЩҲ˵ʲôݻס֣һָһָ˵㿴ָô˳ôƯɲԴӦңǲȱ
ҵ֣ŵͷ
ҴгԼ˫֣ǰ˻ΣЦ㿴ҵ֣ǲҲƯ
ͷһסҵ˫֣ĵ¶ȣôϤȴôңԶɼ
ҸֱڶʮָģָȱһָҲȱһʳԡ
һҲ˵Ļӵ뻳˵嶼΢΢





ڰʮ  һǴ

ǸùǰˡúôĻЦЦ뿪
˺ܾãܵᣬͣ˽ŲڻʹߣȻоһֱ˸šѵ
͵תͷȥֺŵľİɣİɣԶ£վŵȴǶ˶ĬĬҡ
㶣Ѹ˵ı飬İɣȥȻһЦ֣ż⣬һǣȻ
ܻͷһͷȻᣬҲҪˡ
һţһֱûпİɣ˵ֻҵʱ򣬲Żɣ۾Һյ֡
ϸеЩʣϳ֣˵С˵ջǷǳƣתƻôˣ
бһۣ΢΢һûʲôطҽȥġˣģʹⱲӵʱСۣҲһսԵ¡
ҵ۴أСۣǲСôȥűŮˣûǰ;ԵϹˡ
İɣԣĿĴ֣һסҵģǰϹۣʲôҲھҵ۾˵꣬ͱ۾
õܴҸͣҲǣҲУֻúĵջߡ
صջ׼̣ΪҪ̩ҺİɣԼǣ˸ѩڹ
ϣҶһ˷ܵĶ˵СǣѩڹһˣһֱʻѪˡ
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ЦСǣΪʲôԸĻ
СǾϲĻǵһСǵˣСǣСǾãСǵˡΪСǵŵʱǸСů´óԵĶСǳԡ
ҵۿЩʪѩ֮˵ǶħˣһĿůĺӣѵңһܸܵң
Сǣǽ㡭ܹţϣСǵ׽㡣
СȻû㣬úúõģΪʲô˵ܹţ
ҰͷϵñӣЦСǼȻӦ㣬͵캦£۽Żˣ𣿡
ȻСǴѧŴ˵ظ
һߵİɣͻȻɫСǵģˣͽȫµˣҲ
ԣضİɣŴֳͣҿ˿֪ôش
ҵİɣһۣʶǵСǣ㵽ģģ
ü˵͸綼СǵĶˣСǶ
ֻһ
С죬źİɣֿң֣֪룬ŵ㣬磬СԼˡСƽղ͵Ҳл۸Сǣ۸͸磬СǾȥ͵ȥһƥȻԼ߾ȳ͸硣òã
û˵˵Щǽ۸Ҳ۸ֻҪȥ˺ƥҲûʲô󰭡
İɣһͷ˭ҪȣܺԼ
һ˵Сǳסҵ䣬֧㣬ˣСǣĻ𣿡
İɣ״һѴ֣ۣȻǿаĻе⿴ˣҪϢˣ˵
ͷЦŽͷת˴⡣
ҲˣԱ۾˯İɣһԵִֵˣǷҪŸɡǾԼӣҲٺƽʲôƺϰߣ˵ϲеĸо
ǰ;ĩ·ôڻлŵ·ϣȡһЩů޳һ°ɡ
ԺѾ˿Ұǡ
ҰİɣͶǴرնյľƷļУڴ˵Ъţڱ֮£ҲİɣΪ֪ﾭһЩŮʱԼݣɹŮŻɱϡ
ҴӾƽб̳ƣǵ̳ǾԺСƣʺϺӺȣȶҲֻǻ˯
þûкȾˣЩ̰Ƶζ뱧̳еǰһЩƵڴУһںȸɡ
һϴãɵùЦһ۾뵽ȴǺ͵ھƷ̲ס˳Ϊֱˣֵһ룬һһں¡
Ҫˡİɣҵľֹ̳Һȵ롣
ʲôһȾҵͱúܴ󣬡Ӧ֪ҺȲң
Ȳȶ˻ǸƵġ
㲻˵ҲǷǷӶԷӣҪҪȾƣ
ʲôȣ׼ٺȡ
һѾȵÿ˯ˣſϵɲǣһΣ̳Ƶϣˤ÷顣
İɣ״ǿ䣬ǿаϣϱӣ˵˯
ֲǶǣҺȾԽԽѣ˯ţİɣתҾصİɣҺļңҺμҵľƣȶ٣ͺȶ٣ܲţȥҾȻﲻӭ㣬ҿҪġ
һ·һҾǲ˯ţΪһ·϶˯˺ܶ࣬ؿڴϣз۾һνҵūš
˯תظһ顣
ģ˯ʲôҺѣһ㶼˯ȥþȻҾ͸ߡ
ҪȥİɣͻȻۻصȻ˯ţôҰ㡣ڴأ˫סҵļѸ˴˵Ŀͬһ־㣬ǻ಻ϢҵУһβȥҲûججҪ˯ȥ
ɫңٴȥԣȥСǴȥ㡣˵ָ꣬ҷһЦ뿪
źϺҾִٵĺԼ̵գپˡȾƶ죬һǶǵɫ죬òˡ
ﾹȻڴĵĻǡʹҡҡͷվŷԼ˳ܡ
شƺһͷϮһ㣬Ҹմһͷȥ˯ǰһ̻ʣǵĴ߹ܣôǿˣ
*
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ڰʮ  ֮

ʱ򣬷߲ûİɣʧ֮࣬ͻȻʶԼȻڴ˯ԼߣɵֺԼɳܵڴ
ҵͷһԼŵı죬ͷһ£ٻæĹˣȻ֣Լû˯ڼ˯һȫİĵط
һ´ţṳ̂һȴſڴڳİĵǰӷԸ㲻ܳȥ
˭
Ͼ͵ˣء˵꣬ͺܲؽŹסˡ
ŵߵߣ΢΢һ죬ͷִҲ˰ء
˭ҪץҵҪɱңסôõĵطǲɱңҪʲô
ں˼벻ʱŴ򿪣ֺˣ̧ͷһνӣ
ô㣿ҡΪλ
Ҵġ
зʲôôһ㶼֪ԼǱأ
Ҫؼҡ
ļңߣмҡ
ҪؾƷҳȥ
֪ﻹңȻôҵָҪں˳ޣҸʣˣҲϣκһ˵ˡڣҴõİ취
Ҫң
ǣһӡת˳ȥڷŽšҳȥ
Ҿɥţ뵽˵һ仰Ҫһӣ뿪ҡ
Ǹʱ̵ģˣȴÿɬޱߡ
ҿʼ飬ˮҲԷ֪˵óõ뵽Ҫһӣ滹ˡҾʳֻϣҡ
ʳͺŽʵķǰιߣҷŭؿƵϡȴʰˣٶһ
һ𣿡վڴأڴޱҡ
ûҺһ죬֮ǰ檣ҵĳ֮ӣִؽĸȥϲ˼ڣôҵĸܣҵϲãҡƺԴΪ֣м΢Ц
õΪʲôڽԶȥ
˷ŵһߣϴұڻУȻҵٸҵĴƣǣεؿĶҽձݣܾ̽롣
ĲˣоҵĿܣȻͣʡ
۽ǻ䣬ҽͷеһ࣬۾Ҳֻ֪֪ҲңҡµʱǰůĸоҲѰӿޱߵĿɬҪܺ롣
Ҳ׼ͺһŵᣬѹҵģҵĴʹȴҸӿܣȻвǺи
ȴҵĿܣͦҵ¡£̻¶ң϶£ҵĲؿҧɡ
ҲԸ⣬ſңҲԸ⣡㣡ҳһԵޱŹң֪ܾҵ˿̺ҵһųţԸҲԸ
ͻȻſң˵ˣȻôң
ſϳӣԼסƺõƵģʹޡ
㲢ûʲôаʱôûɰסһᵽİɣƺЩҧгݡ
˵ݸҵԷҡͷ
ϳԣôǼԶѡһ˵ţִչ˹
Ͻӹеķ룬ڴڳȴʳ֪ζ
£վڴأ̾ԸԷҲԸҡһҷֱ̫õԵʣֻҪסţţ㶪ʧģһصϡ
˵꣬뿪ˡ
ҷ·룬ˮһξ̡
ǰȻֳİɣӰʱĮؿңʱڣʱضЦš
Ȼ
ҪĻҪǡ
ҡҡͷԼһЩʱ٣ʱͣ͡
ҲϲֻǣҪҳȥɣҲ˺󣬻ҵ
죬ʱ٣ʱ䣬ϻ˵ݵϣҿЩͱ˵۹⣬ԹԵؽӹ˳£ҳ꣬ḧҵķĬĬؿһȻȥ
ÿҹʱ˯ţڷȥβӳȥİ취
ô˯ͻȻŽ
ԥΥĵ˵ҳȥ㱣֤ޡ
ȴ˿û¶ϲɫ̽ңòŵޣҲٸһ𣿡
촽˰죬Ӭš
ߵǰҵŵͷֱ㲻ҿһش˵ѣΪ˱ΪǸˣ㾹Ȼѣ
˵ûУȴôҲҵȷƭӦϵҴ˵ȲѵˣǰǰŪ衣
ҪһˣܿԷˣҪԹԳԷȻһͷ㡣ˣұڻУ˵ŰвĻ
ϲɣһֻ񣬾ûгޣûбˣҲϲҡ
ҲԶ㣬˳ޣ˱ˣԻỹɡ
ھҪܲصһ룬㱻һҲܵġ
ҵָ۵ǶҵЩݵֱҵ۾ҹܹҶңң֮á





ڰʮ  

ڶ죬ȻڣԾһ˿
ʳ֪ζʱ򣬺Ȼ˴ҴһŴܳȥˣһϲæܳţԺңֻдŲſԳȥŵź⿴ȥ˴һƬ֪Ϊʲô£
ٵҲܳȥûܳȻһ󺰣
תİɣվڲԶ֣ؿҡںӲҲ̫
ܲô࣬Ҹ˵سȥҪ˵ֻҲ֪һжʵģػˡ
һ˺ȻİɣǰӭסҵĻҸ߸ߵر˵Ĳֵؿİɣ֪ô¡İɣȴޱؿҡ
סҵľ巳æϻ¡
ô
İɣ˵㲻ˣ˸ҵ䡣巳˿̴һϮĻ£һհװ
㡭̫ˣȻţǿ˴Լӣܲš
巳ͷסҵֵ˵ܸģҶܸ㣬ܸģҲܸ㡣һعɡ
֧˵졭㡭ʣɱ𣿡
巳΢ЦҡͷҡôĿѾϵͷƵģ
Сʣ㡭ҡ𣿡
巳Ծ治ɫ¡
۾巳ֿİɣ֪ΪΣܾ巳ԽԽİҴû˽Ҳ²͸벻ס
巳½ȫſº󣬶İɣİɣع
ҪʲôһѵҪɱҺȻ뵽ץڶ¡
ô㣬㻹Ҫ˵ģֵܣֻЩ£̸
źİɣ
Һţҿȴңָֻģ
Сأ
ˡ
Ҳûʲô˵ǧֻ㶵ؿұ٣ȴ͸һаӲ֣ȥƽּĸо
ȻһҵĵҪƵģҵȣʶİɣ˹ȥҲ˫۷סҡ
ٵѾȶȴû˫ΧסĲӡϥϵƣͷװһδӡ
ŵůеϢصһɢӰ١ܶοԼҪȥЩ˼ԿƵ̰ĵҪĻ
İɣң˵ûƿҵ˼ϲ֣ȴֱԼ޳оߵࡣ
Լʣһ°ɡ
ʲôİɣͷңȻֽҵһһҧۡȻѾ죬ΪҧѪûмʱ˿ڣѾˣĿ
һ뵽ҧңҵӲɵһãʵˣͷսİɣĻʲôҲû˵
İɣҲû˵Ҹоˣھҵţһ̧ͷȻһѹֵŭɫؿҡ
ҧץ˵ġ˵ҾͺˣôŵĻѻƭǻ࣬ƭֱ鷳Ȼ
һҧģǲǣȻһѽƵĽ䣬֮ײҵͷͱʹ
ҿ⸱ҵӣίص˳ᣬҧҧԣҧģôְǲǣ˰ɣңҪҡ⣬Ĳ巳ƭҵĴġһֱϲҲϲ⼸ڴϲҪңꡣôɫΪôܲǰɣܲ˾³İȥ
Ҳ֪ԼΪλ˵ⷬ񶾵ĻѻѾ飬ҲٶҺãΪκ£Ϊ븴Σ֮С
ǷµծѾˣҲǰôΣôĿԴҶԣҲܷһеĴʯ
ûеȵ³ȥҲûеȵҡˡ֮Ļֻջ˵ҵӣ۾ԳĬҵĴڡ
³֮ǰ³˵˵㲻ǣһͺˣ𣿡
һװûͷҲص





ڰʮ  ̴

ڽǰһɴϾЩ˼ң巳ڣһ֪ҽˣɱޱ
Ҿܾ巳İţֱס˹ڹ̩һ𣬸ֻ
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ﲻʣΪôʣ
ʣΪ룬ˣİ㣬Ҳû谭
ḧеĲ豭һ֮ˣǶңȫһƬġʮǰҴҲұŮˣҲкӳ䴫˵٣ҲںֻǲĵؽңҵͷӦӵһ졣
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ô˵ҷԭһģ᲻ڳϦദѾԻ϶飬óȻɱƽ׶һˡ
ҸʳҩǶҩһԱ˯ŵҩ
Ҷ䣬͸ķ϶ĵ󣬷ƵƵͽķ
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վߣذףֿʼȻҵĳˣҴûɱˣĿȻȴԼ²֣֪һȥܲʹ
ôǰ˯ΪɱһΪѵ£ȴû뵽ô򵥾Ҫ쵽ˡ
ſţؿţ״ɱ׼һѣƵţ÷֡
ʹȫ׼ƵʱȻһϳһõĽҵɱޣΪô𣿡
˺һһ仰Ҳ˵ô£ôû˯ŵģ
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ҺˣôûпЩ֣ˣڣҹȻԤҪˣû뵽ô졣
ҪɱҪ㡣Գˣֳܱηһ棬Ȼҷִ˿ҵǼȻѾϣҲֻˡ
ķ緶ͷӲ޾Ͳˡһ飬¶һݾɫ
һ۾ȴĵ
žѩԼٶȴӴⵯ˽ֱĺһȻأĲϣѪѩĻ塣
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Сǣ˵ز˾ǿ뿪
Ŷǵ֣ȴűײźµĴڸ֣ýסǵȥ·
תеѩһһȥڸýѩͳͳĩǲƽ
ʱ巳İɣͻȻڴڸֺ棬Ǵӱ
Ҳ˺󼸲巳ŵףĸʣɱ
ҹǰһɱ㸸ʣɱҰɡһסǵͣ˵
巳ŵĮɨһۣΪҪɱ㣿
Ҿˣѵף
巳䣬ҵףǣŪ󣬾ȥ󲡲ˣǰǺ޵񣬻ݹ᾵ӡҴСûֻҪһţҪҵһУҲġˣ˭Ҷȫ
˵û뵽巳ڶԴϣ顣죬׹¶ٳŮӣ巳
ѵһҲûҲɱ
ǻʺĶӣǸҲǺ֮һﻹнĻᣬץɱʧȥ׵ζû̷ǸˣѾɱȻĶӵˡ
巳Խ˵Խȭͷգ˫ðų޵Ļ𻨼жԲҺˣҶǺû֪㲻ʮɱɱ֣ѾĥҰιˡ𣿡
סҵļһޱߵĺӽŵֱܶϣҲɵöһ£⻹ʶе巳УŶصĳޣжŽʹݣ
޻ɻش巳ţȻеһէһ쾹ȻûŽԼٶȳҴ̹巳һûС
ܣֻżһֻǰɹһĨɫǰ棬Ȼһ̴





ڰʮ  ȡҸ

İɣȻΪҵһסİɣӣ̫Ӵֱֱѹµʱǻ¶һĨ΢ǳЦ˵ĸԸ
žеѩȥ巳Ȼ𽣴̴ʵţһѪ۾úܴؿ巳ֱڵϣûбϡ
죬ˡ
İɣİɣİɣȴ۾һҸĸմѪ
İɣҪ͵һҶȥʶһ㣬ҵģڶξʹһǵǴΣһΣӾңƺҵĺһˣҲˡʹҲʹܶİ׳ʱ򣬱Ѩ˵Ļۡʹʹ
ˮҵ˫ۣҲʶ˵Ǿ仰壬˵ǾĸоңΪҪԼڣҲͬĸоʹ޷ʹֵܵʹࡣ
ҲûɣҰİɣ
¶ң巳ϲȴûаǿϲǻûüŮݴİɣȴ˿˿ۿۣפҵģֻǣҵڣȷŷ֡
һУǲѾ̫
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巳һûʵɣ˵ϱ̿ɱ̿ҲѾ̫ӵݣǻΪʡ
ҽΪİɣˣҽ˵İɣѪ࣬ûΣաǣİɣȴһֱڴϣ
Ϊ巳յǻҪֺܶ񣬼ΪæҲûпİɣһֱİɣչ
巳֪չİɣ˽һȥϢ˵ùŮտİɣҽ˸巳˵İɣΪҶˣչӦõġ
ƺôˣ巳һɲ֮ˣȻİɣܺã֪Һİɣ֮£᲻İɣҲȷҪεȥչİɣĻɡҽڳʱҿİɣ־룬һûڣҾ͹ţؿİɣ
̣ס֣ϸ˵ŻϣȻѹ
İɣɵϣļһ˭Ҫҵˣһ㶼мһ㶼ᡣԽԽ㣬㡣ȥɣɣˣˡ
İɣòãкҪĻҪ㣬һϲģұ֤ҽģȻ˵ʱ򣬲Ż㿴ڸû㣬Ѿ֣ˡҾͶһЩȻҲˡ
޳󣬰޳㵽ѲѣҸ˵ں䣬Ҫ㱧ңңҲ룬ҡٲѣȥұˡ
ҲҾ͵ţˣ˵ǰìܵĻһȥһֽ˵ʲôỹǻ۽Ƿɳʱʱεϡ
ҹҶһİɣ˵޳ٲѵĻҲˡ˵꣬صһ֣ۣŽ꣬˦ȥ
Ҳ֪ѹغŵʱ۾ǺЦ
Ȼ巳˳ǻѪĻϣȴΪڳУһֱ̫ӣϣǻΪͻȻֵ巳ʮֲ
谭أڶ࣬巳˻ϺҲѰº͵̬ѵΪҪĴۣ
ҵʱ򣬻ǿһЦҿóǰװɣۺܽꡣ
ĺϲһ֮𣿡
巳˼Ƭ̻ش𣺡̸ϲⲻһֱһƻѡõˣҲ䡣
㲻ϲλԭ㡣
ƫģҸо巳ʺϣΪʺϡĿڱܺãնϲ巳ܸܲմҵҲȷ
ްλø㻹ź
æҲ˼ֻϣԿ֡
ѵף޿ֵԴȪΪӵ㣬Ҷ˻λϣܸһҪģٻȨϣͳͳܸ㡣
ҡҡͷ̾Ϣ㲢ңҪʲô㲢֪
˵Ҫʲô޸㡣
ʲôҪҡ
ҷųȥŵĸӷ˻ܹȥӸȡֽİ׳˵Ѿڹſڵȴˡ
巳ʹӦңɣҴȥ巳ŵˣȻϲ˵뿪ʹȥ
ȻԶʹڻʱİɣûҲڹһ뿪
빬ſԽԽȻס֣óܽţһֱĮ׵ʱȴǲ֬Ƶģ΢΢죬һ޵
̣ŵӣǸߵС
ֵؿһۣ˵лл㡣ڻھƷںİ뿪ǰټʦһ档
һ㶣Ϊ˲ƻطգЦ̣üİԻҵġ̣㿴ޣ
ˣȻһЦһЦƺʢǷŵɫ°׻϶֮ʱһڵķů
ſڣ⣬վһͷ׷İ׳룬һ۲գؿųķ򣬴ʱæǰ˼ȴͣҲһ۾ضţ¶¶
ڼǿ̣ˮ˲ʱӯۿ˫ȴʲôҲûз
̣ȥɣİˣ߲Цһѣͷһۣͷӿ첽ӣİ׳ȥ
İ׳ſ˫ۣסӭŮӣڻĿԣ˸̶һαһ
ĳϣİ׳ͷĴҵ¼ǾŨŨ˼ǡ
ԶԶǣҵҲ˸İ׳ʱ̣ž۵ʱһǱ˴ţĲǱʹʹطϲúҸұطҸȾţ΢ЦĬĬףǡ
ǲҲһ죬氮Ҹ뵽ĺȻ͵һʹǸҪȡҸˣʱ˯ڴϣû





ڰʮ  

ûкҾ;عˡǴʱڱ˴˵İУһˡ
̤ţȴӭ׼巳ǻͳүס˹⡣
ûһվڲԶؿң䣬˿͸ƺ˰ȴּ˷ŭ
úܿ죬ϣ˳߹Ǹպ֮ʱһסҡ
ȴ˵ʲôֻصضңʱ̧ͷʱͷأȴôڣȴӲ
ҪĻʺ𣿡ãڿڣ˵仰ȴƺѾ
æҡͷҡͷ
ҡͷϽıչ˵Ȼˣһظ¿ʼһӭȢһΣһΣСȻҲչǣĺ
ˣչʱҾܾΪδڣҾܾΪ
˵ȴֱ۵ȣҾúʹ
һð˳һ߲֣һ˵ҲãҰɣұˣҰϱˡ
ԣŭһ˫ҵֱǰһӱӵסҵѣѣҲң
úúܽϣȫʹҲٺ󺰵ɱҺˣɱң֪㸸ʣɱģɱģѵҪɱվ쳤𣿡
ҵĻ͵һ𣬽ҷ˹ʹ˫۵ˣ֪㲻ᣬ˵ûУ
ҧ촽˵ɱģɱұˣ
һαסҵ֪ҲáΪʲôǲٸһλ᣿
ҿ޵øӶòУΪʲôǲɱ죿Ȼ첻ɱȴΪҵĳ޶ҾǣɱסԸңԸΪûɱʡ
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үſ巳ȻǰһӸµ̬ơ
һſңĮؿ巳
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İɣķſţһİɣһڴϣ¶ߵһŮڸ壬Сġ
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ҲˣֻĿڻǶ¶µģ޲İɣܹҴһٲ
ڴأӱͳ֣סظţôѣһҪӣˡ
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İɣ˵ôҵˣҲҸҲֻваɣ
̾һַŻرѣ׼뿪
վȻȻһ
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ˣҺ˷ܣæشأ͵ؾࡣ
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ҵ˲ǵͨ죬ΪԺҪԼ˵ʲôˡҺȻɴ۾ʶҲпƭˣװͰ͵ʣ˵˵ʲôˣ
ȥ
˭㲻ѣ䣬ҳһ
˵͵ڡ
ֺˣʱûѣţôô޳ܣȴۣҵĵҪ϶˯á
ҵΣ˵㻹˵䣬Ҫұ㣬˵Ҫ㡪
һס͵˵ˣߵ޵ݣô˵Щ߳ܵĻģҼֱš
ҵ֣ЦôôƤŮˣ
ұ˼㣬ſߣҪΡ
סҵ㻹˻£ҽǸŮҲһӣߣȥҲ
ô˵ҵ֮ĶʱͻȻŭȫȡȫˣˣǸŮģǸŮڸʱŵģҸϹŮȥʱȴ۾װ˯
תߵĴǰǿѹŭɫҲŮ㡢㣡





ڰʮ  һ

䣬ҵٴθһµĺΣΪǰ״Ρ˼ؽ˵Ļͳͳ˳
УΨп߳ţŲ޹⡣
ߡȴһס뿪
ʲôţȴߵòҿҿԸܵ˿̵һЦ
㲻˵ҪĻҪң˵һϲģ
ҪˣȻ˵Ļһֲ©ȴȥˣҵͺûˡ
û˾ˣˣãЩɱʳˡ
û˵ҼƤ
㲻˵𣿸ңУҡ
û˵ûûûУһֻס䣬ţ˦֡
Ӵʹشһһţס˿ڣһ˦̫أ˿ڣæƿӣ˿ڣҪҪ
Ĵָסҳޱֹ֣ƿҡ˫ңҡ
Ҳֻʺ͵ʺĿŵҪȥ
ҿԱ۾װԣɡ۾
գ˿ȥļůڵصȴȥǡǰΪԲѣԴŵȥΪͲ֪ڣȻ۾ȴŵģǵȥ
һ뵽ҵĸоľԿƵͨԾɻհӡ
Ϊҵķϣʹһˡװһںǻս֣ս
ҵĴûסģյ۾һ£ͷһ̧ѸپסҵĴشܽɡ
һαԻڻұǣסѹ˿ڡ
ҵֽ֧þҪ̰Уȴܳɹƺʶҵ˫֣ҵҸ£һνǼұ۾׳С
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Ժ󣬳ŴʱѸӳĽ޺޵޳ܡ
סҵ֣ḧӷ΢죬ؿҵһ㱧Ϣ
Ҳ˵٣ûдӸղ೤ȫѹֻûؿ
ҵסؿڣʵ𣿡
㣿Ҫ£׼һ֮ʱ̫ະϼݵ
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巳ҵҵĴüİɣ˼˰ɣ
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ұҵŶһʶĻе˼õػص˭ҪʺҸ˭һңҪܣ
巳Ұãһסҵ޲˭㣬ⱲӶ
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巳߳ţһͷİɣһۣңֻг˶ҵԹޡ
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巳ҼǴΣһ棬ΪҼûгʱֻſ巳ˡһμҺĶҹѪ԰˪ΪҰǸʱŮװࡣ
ƺǴҾͿʼעҵһһˣ鷳죬ΪΪԭǸʱ򣬾ͱҪӽϣںңңҺһ㡣
ҵĸоͱ˵Ĳͬ˵߳ҷֻ֣ҪĴҾͻһԵ龰ȥ޷԰ΡҴûȷԼԴ˵ĸ顣
ֻһ𡣲ҶܹһأҺҸܣźĻҲøԸ
ԸѾɣҲѾ˽ᣬҺȻеҪΪԼţ׷ԼҸ֮ңã
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巳糯ʱ䣬ܵİɣңҲûãһ£˽ȥ
ڴϣ۾ؿһۣһĵӣδĻʺﲻҪͱ˹Źһңôû𣿡
ЦţŨصζǣװһĬϵӣͷ
ȥû˻ʺڣҿɵ𡣡
ˣȴѣϲΪҳԴס
ԼٶȸӡһǣȻ˺һһԵؿ
΢΢һһۣȻȻ۾ˡ
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Һʲôϵʵȴȸղźࡣ
Լȥ룬ɵϡ˵꣬Ҿ뿪ķ䣬Ϊ뱻巳ֹ֪żİɣ
죬ÿ쾡巳һȥİɣһΣİɣƺҵĻҲû¶޺޵ı顣
عңҸ档֪ʵҳȥֻð巳˵ϲҳ
ϣֻһңҶӣȴкüҪһзҵֻһţܹװµҲֻһעֻһˣ
ڴھξôִĥҵģһһΣ֪ʱͷ





ڰʮ  ֻһ

ҪˣǱ̻ѩڹ
ҵ巳˵ҪͶǻѪ巳һȥ𣿡
ҡҡͷҵ׵ܵܣϣҰǿڡ
巳Ե֪޴ǿ㣬£޶ȫֻһ뿪ޣܷӦޣ߶Ǻһعûڣ޺ܼį
ҵͷҴӦ㣬һععҪĻҪ˵
ŶһҪĻ˵΢΢Цã޵
ҺͶǳ֣巳˵·ң֪ʵලңߡ
һǺߣǣûк巳˵֮ǰҲߡЩһֱæҵҲЩң֪θڣ˵ҲϲʺĻң˵òãŭӰ쵽ǵİΣ
׼ͻѩڹٿں˵Ǹʱ򣬾ŭҲǣ޹
϶ǣСǣѩڹ󣬾ͻѩɽѩ֮۸磬ҪܣҲҪ£˽İ磬㣬㶼Ҫȥ㲻㷢κΣգ֪𣿡
ǵͷỨ㣬С᲻뿪㣬СԶͽһ𡣡
ܹʹһɣ㱣֤ÿ궼ȥСǣòã
ŵͷ
ھǵҰǵ·ϣҴŶǳûгԹĶϲĶҲѩ֮Щȥ
Ǻܿģƺ棬ڻʹҪġ˵ѩ֮һɹ˵ˣѩɽôǷ۳ҡмˣϲ߸ߵĹǽأ
ڿҰǿ߶ǣ׼ؾǣİɣѾǰңģȴӲעʱ򣬳գһ۾
ôˣ˺𣿡
ʽػش𣺡ͺˡĮó巳ˣȥǱǼලġ
ˣҪڿҰסһԹҺȻúŶƺ᲻Ƶģؾͻط˯ˡ
֪˯˶ãҺȻ˹һԼȻѾİɣĻ
İɣ㡪
סҵͣһЦ˯ҩȫ˯ˣҸιҩ
巳ˣǺܵľٶǱضһֲ©رǶ˯ˣ첻ʲô£巳֪
˭׼ģȻϲǾò˼
ʵʵشңڹʹĻȦĻУʵ
ʲôˡ
ľңҹһˣ
ΪʲôҪش㣬ٻԵʱҶ˵ô߰ĻѵҶ壿ˡһˣȥ֣ȥʦ˵ڣҾ˼ޡ
˵ӽӵȣһش
Ҫı֣ãҲŻῼǡ
һתѹ£а˵˵ûҶǻãôҺúö㣬һҵĺá
˵꣬Ϳʼҵ£Լġ
У˲ܡ˰ֹ̣¡
˵ͺˣҡȵ⾲ңҶʱʧȥ˵ͷ
ڶһȵǺ󣬱˴˽ѱụ̀䵽ҵĲȻͣϴǳҧۣѾȴԼǵλá
оĲãҳ񣬷ѹ£ͱ˵Ŀ⿴ʣʲô
ûʲôشԲԣҿˡ
ûʲôѣ¶õİɣƭң˵ǲˣ£
ضҵĲӰãҵ۾ӣܡҲãûб㣬ȻҲ˵ȻͣסˣͷеһߣƺΪʹࡣ
еĲȴΪıֶһɨգЦһ󣬸ؿڣһ̡
͵һȴסԼɻʵôʲô
ҽǰֻ̽סĲӣڴսĶߣ˵һܣΪֹΨһռйҵˣֻһ
䣬ȴûа㷴Ӧɻض֪ΪֵȻķӦֻòһ˵滰ûб
û˵꣬һֽѹ£˵㡣ģƺỨһ
ţʼ÷ϼ˲Ļ磬ҽǱ˴˵磬ƶˣߴֻǣֻб˴ڡ
ҵһΣĸԸͶȫȫؽҺ϶Ϊһ
Ұ㣬㣬㡭ͳɤϽң˵ŰҵĻش˵Ļܹģֻ޾ĽԼ˵񡭡
عҾ͸߳Ҫ뿪ʹܺһ𡣡İɣıУ˵
˭һ𣿡üʵ
˵أҺ޺޵ذһۡ
İɣŪҵķ˿˵ҾԲ㡣ΨһѣûڹΪҲŮҽ˳ȳҵĵҲô졣ڹ֮󣬾ףûλá
˭˵ûװŵˣأ࿡ģҶװšҺǲ
ڵĶҵģװװԣ¶ãһԶҵӣĻЦ˯ȥ





ھʮ  

صǣȴûϻعİɣҵ¥֪ʵУʲô
ǰȻֳձȾƺʶһĻĻ
ػش𣺡Ƿģı飬۽ȴڲȥĳ硣
ҼǵǷһٶ٣֪ʱ壿
շɫػش΢
¥õĲ˽һһƷҴûǷҵٷзһ졣Ƶģ˺ܶࡣ
عûһ巳͸˹ôôŻ
Ŷİɣȥ¥Էˡ˵ϲһ䣬Ƿҵģò
巳΢΢ЦЦסҵ֣ղͺ㣬ûޣ
ô˵Ͻͷ£ԥ˰˵ϣҪôãҲֵҲʲôʺҲڹУ뿪
޻£Ǹ̸ȻɫģֻһۣʹҴȥ
˼죬ԭÿ춼ҺüΣǵȵڣû
ȥ鷿̫ȴ˵ںʹ£ҡ鷿ģҸûʲô˵
ʵƲߵİɣס⣬ԶԶĿİɣվԺʯһֻŸ룬һžڿߵ󣬾õûз
͵ţɣ
ֻ֣ͽŵذ˻ȥѸպãŻϣôˣ
˭ţΪβҿ
ûϵûʲôÿ
뿴
аһЦôû޸ңͿʼˣ
дŰɣһ˵ҵĻ
ҵıӵϹ롣
֪һ˰ɣǲǺ
µʵҺ֪£ںʦѧҽʱҵġ꣬ҵȢ˺ֶܶΣ˳޸ҵҲҡమ֪󣬼ƻɣ֪Ǹɫ֮ͽǹⰲˣȻԸ찮ﲼסҵ¡
ҵİɣһۣ֪ҵĴΪǰҵǡ
İɣҵСҶ˵ĻĿȾҲźˣϾȷΪŰڳеˣȱǡȻеݣҲһŮˣٹ˺𣿶ңҪΪĶϱӦúദ
һ뵽﷢ŭӣҶ񶾵ǻϾһ󵨺İɣ˭ҪϱΪҶ㡪
ɫȻæɲס˿졣
վߵǰȻʵ㣬У巳λ𣿻ѩۣ֮شҡ
ˣȻҵģҺ֪ʲôһ򶼺ŵôˣѵҾôˣ
ػصãش㣬УǵλãİɣλãûС˵꣬ҿһۣˡ
ΪʲôȻû˵ĻǣұֵѵΪĴεػңǲУǰһһˮһһĻŮˣ
񱻶һʯͷƵģƲ֡
ҴڹûȥκεطΪ鲻ãҲûȥ巳ҲûٹΪİɣңҽͣǣȴҲٳٲӰиѹˣѵ˵ҵߣҿʼˣ
ԽԽԽԽաʱƵˣȴûпһЦһĺ;
ôˣ
ңС죬Ŭ˰죬ȴû˵ʲôֻǹᣬ˺ܾã˵һ䣺뿪ˣɸҲҪˣġ
ʲô£ȴҡͷֻǿޣ͸¶֡Ϊʱͻ£ǹ˼죬ȴԽįûЦҲϸҵ׷ʲô¡
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ҿŷӦֵܲζܲΪλ˲ʵشӦֻţϲˣȻҪȢŮΪޣ͵ؾͳʹ
Ҳ˲֣Һ۾ҵûгİɣң۾һȴָֻƽյĮ۾Ƶ˱𴦣ٿҡ
£ӦˣҧŴסԼ
ǡػشȴһشҵϡ
Ϊʲô
ûΪʲô
ǺǺǣȻЦ̫ˣ˹ϲƭˣɵš֪Ҳ̫ˣˣװԼҲװκˡɣɰ̫ˣ̫ˡ
ת뿪мȥȻô飬Һαһøһȥ˴һԭѵҪ˵ңϲ幫ԣǵøʶʱͺܲһ̬Ҳᵽ˼¡
֪ͻȻʲô飬ǣҲ£һİɣйأһͻȻʶˣңɣ
ҿߣоԼһֻ˳ƭıѾһУȴװǸİɣӣԺֵ︡Ļ
ҵͷͻȻײ巳Ļ
ˣһҲϲϲİɣȫǣǳȴû뵽ôһжˣ˵һжû˱Ҫ
ˡطȥҲˮȴû˵Ļ
±ӣһҪŮˣǱˣǱƭ
巳ң
һع£ҸϱӣȻĬĬ뿪
뿪ҾˮɣһЩϣһļƤ
ڶҴ·żƤ˳˻ʹ
ҲĻʹˣӴˣҾˡΪΣʱ̣ȴʹģûһ˿ĸо





ھʮһ  ƴ

ҹڵķǰ޵ȥΪʲôǶˣܹ̽ңôѧǣôѧ᲻ȥ⣬ôÿ֣
ڷǰ˼ʱɫһջס£Ʒǲܻˣ巳ץһȥ
ҲЩȴʳǾȥҼҾƼҺúúһپơ
Сʮ̳
СضңΨƵġҽĵϣ㣡
СæӦȥˡ
һһܣѾ˳Էʱ䣬ûмںȾƳԷҵ۾Ȼ䵽һ˵ϣȻͷ˿ҵظס˲ΣȴϤ
ҳ߹ȥ̽ͷ˭ûпȻ̧ͷĿԡ̩ɽ
̩һңȻ¶˱ϲӵɫȻڵվһѱסҵ
ҽԭأ֪ΪҵҺÿɲ񰡣ƺȶˣ˼вų˻þɣ
ҲţҪ˳ԵĻ̩ȴøˣƺҪңִ˵㲻˭ĲҪɸ𣿡
ʶΪΰҵˣļƤ˹һֱǳˣæɽſңĲ
̩һƿңֱֱضң¶ɻ󣬳տ񽥽ջأѾҵȫͬˡ
εسЦЦת¼Ƥת
һҵݣϳ鿪֣һȡ
ȻҺ̩һӱߣ˴˶˵ֻǹԺȾơ
Һ̳ʱ̩ͻȻ̧ͷңֿڵϵվ̳бŵľ̳ңҪôơˡ
ұ̳Ц̩ҵŮˣڣҺ㣬ʧ֮ˣİˣѵãһܺɽ־ͬϵʱ򡣡
̩ҲƣҵĻȴûкƵģһʵ˵
ҡҡͷİˣҪȢİˣ˵ǲǺܺЦ
̩㶣Ȼֵһƣһںȸɡ
̲סʵ̩׷ʲô£Ϊʲô˵㲻Ҫˣ
Һİɣ֮£Ѿȥ֪̩మģͻȻ£ʵ벻סϾҵĺýãԼҸϣҸ
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̩ңûлش
̧̩ٸһλᣬٲ̬ɱԶʧȥˡ˵벻
̩Ȼ롣ǣҪİˣһס
ҺٺЦа취ʱҵľˡ
̩ˣ۾һģ
ҶһƵ̩ȻҵòҸϣճɾͷϣףǣϣǺáֻڴ˺ȾƣֻԽԽʹľͲֻһˡЩüչ㣬ˣˡʶڿУᵽ㣬ָ飬ǿһᣬһͻ飬ܴɢģҪԼ
˵öԣġ
ٴδЦӵû뵽˵ɽҲСŮӵһ졣
̩˵ƺҲǳҵһЦҲࡣ
ڿջסһҸ̩صɽס£Ϣ֪סУΪϣУԶƴӡ
ң巳һԲµҾȻס̩ĸһҵҡ
סһ죬ɽòڣҾڽԺ߹䣬ӭ߹һƯŮӣȴûѺõЦݣЩǿƵģһ
˭ʵ
˭ҶĴ磬Ѿߴ磬ʵǲǽСȻ
¶ȵô֪ģ
ЦǣҲµġ
´ңЩ˵ʣʲôϵ
ұʵش𣬵תһ뵽һЦʲôϵǾʲôϵ
ˣСǵͨ죬ҧ촽ƺˮҪӿҰ죬ȻȻһЦַŵСḧûи㣬ѾĹˣ
һ㶣ʧ̬ȴװӵ£Ҳ幫𣿡
Ҳһ㶣ʵʶ幫
ҶʱˣһΪ֪̩Ĺ⣬ĳ
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ҺٺһЦ̩ûи㣬Ǹҽ𣿷ҴһѣûУǰɣ
ȻҲˣǵͨ죬ȴߵضҴ󺰣ûлУҲֻңᰮˡ
˵꣬ʹҴˣǾֵػͷҼۣƺŻˡҰԺЦðҽҲš
ʱڳԷ̩˽Ϊ㣬˺ܶ˵Ұ㣬Ҳв㡣Ҳ֪ߵ£Ҳڵ㡣
һĮĵ˵̩һϢѾ֪Ϊˡ
̩ϲʵΪΣ
һЦȲ㣬ǳɻ죬Ի㣬ǳɻ֮ǰûϻ֪ҵ䣬ץ˻ȥҿɲˡҵ˼𣿡
ͷԳ˼Ұ͵֣û뵽󽫾˿̾ȻΪһİŮӣӡ˵˭أǸǧеİɣҲңá
һ뵽ҾͶʱûθڣӷ£촽ŵ淢
硪ʱСȻ˽Թɵؿһֺ̩޺Ȼصһۡ
ҽӳֱ̩ۣʵ̩ðɣÿˮ飬֪û˼ң
̩һ㶣ҪӿǵĶѸٵسգһ۾ֻ㶵Ų˵ͷ
СȻȻ߹Ӳǿҵ֣̩𣺡磬ΪʲôǳñȻƯһЩã磬һж໵֪𣿡
ҽһЦĿСȻĸϣʣС㣬ʣﻵˣ
ץסİѱҲ˵һ仰ֻǺ޺޵صҡ
̩ȥϢɣҺС㣬ġ
̩ԣ˿ǣ뿪ˡ
վһŭɫСȻ£˵һҪлл㡣Ϊ˼޸̫ӣð˹
һȵ㡭үŮˣ
ǰɣѾˡ
ѵ㲻֪Ҹүõѣ㾹Ȼˮ
סڡˮĸ֣еܡһ˵ʵɣС㣬Һ̩Ĺϵˣ
˭ô˵ºࡣ
˭أһҵˡϵЦݽʧ֮ŨŨį
ΪҪ㣿СȻȻһͬ۹⿴ҡ
ǿЦЦС㣬֪Ůమһô׵£ϲ̩̩ȴϲ㣬ҿûʲôʹ̩మȴҪȷ룬ʹС㣬Ҽж㣬òɰΪƫƫҪ̩ϣû㻹ԣǣĹϵҲǺ׾ƻѵͲôһжԣʸ־壬㲻Ȣֻݵ㣿ָоܺãǲǣţȷϲ̩ǣƻĲǿ֣ʹ࣬㿪𣿡
ţ˵ĳĬڵͷ˼ЩʲôȻ֪СȻʲôҿԿڶҡҲڴôһΪ䱦жɣ
ôˣЦܿޣ֣ܶһͻеµܣѹǧشصǣǸİɣˣҪһһθҵǰŪЩ仯˵ı飬ȻһһλصҶߣ֮ȥ
ΪʲôҪΪʲôֹͣˣ
ҲֻҪʱɣҶԣҲʱ˰ɣ





ھʮ  ҵĹ

ڵȵİɣӡ
һһİŮƤĶˣȻϣõѣ̩һİ
İҺ̩ȽһͷϢﵽٴζһ˳ȥ
ɺվڴǰ׼ء
ҳǿȥͷı飬İɣһϮ£ޣҵģڼɲǣͣ˰ģʹᶼƲסҪ
ĸĺ
һ̩˽ȥԽεεɽ˵ϲأƯ𣿡
̩һƽ䵭Ŀº͵ششңǹȥˣȻˣҵУֻˡ
ҽĵض̩Цţ۾Ƴ˶һ£İɣæסﱻ˭˼Ƶģİɣ棬ôôϲ
ɽȻˣ죬ҪôմһմİϲҲȥɣ
̩ش𣺡ðˡ
˫ֻ̩Ĳӣ̩ǸþȻ˵ĺӣˣͲ޸ˣҺҶЩҽء㡣㡣Ϊҿ˺ܾãҺãΪˣ֪ҵĳһƬбۿİɣŵ̱ڵˡ
̩¶֮ɫ漴ֵҵίˡ
Ҽ̩ҵˣ߲·һطҲȥɡ
̩˵һ䡰áĿ£ұͷȥΧ۵ɫ䣬ǲ֨ؿǡ
һ۹һֱϣ̧һĿ⣬ôֱؿңĿϲ⡣
͵һ漴ϼЦ绨һΪ̩ģΪɣ
һϷţ̩ͽҷʵܳ𣿡
Цѽ⣬ţһ׷
͸ŷ⿴ȥûһͼѾƵͷϵϲɱ϶ᡣ
̩ˣ졣
̩һæһѱסңȻ˵Ҹо嶼΢΢
ƿţеɸ硪źһǿзֿǡ
˺һغ÷ţ̩ʹһɫ̩æסѨȻ̩ǣĺɫϲѸٻϣ˺ԭļƤ׼õļƤžȵؿҵЦЦıӣ˵ɽúóͷͷɱл´
ƿţȥ
ýżҳæҸϲҽȥİɣá
Ҳ·ɡ֪ǸµĿӲٰңһǲʹسȥðһȻ󳹵ģ
İɣҵļʵû°ɣ
û˵ҡҡͷȴǱšһ£ۡ
һءݸá޶԰ݡ
ǵΰˡһȴҶݣӣѹԼȴߵӣϲڳɴɴع¡
붴£İɣǲɢˣ˽ôȲҪ
ƿҵϲ˵лл
л
ǿЦЦڸлĽѾõڳ𣿼ȻһֱΪζ˵ĻҲûʱҺãһ֣Ҿͱȥˡ
վ͵ȥͷؿڣ֡Ļôůֻڣ̰ĵҪٰռһΣҲãԶĻζлᡣ
ԽӲһ£̧˫ۣҵļϣƿҵӣһ𾪵񶨶ؿҡҲؿҵ񽥽ȣҵ˫һʹ˺
ϲҲҡҲԵеŮӣ
ҵĹ
еȻغ
Һһ⣬˺¼ƤŭĺһסˡҾ͵һеɡ֪㣬ʱȴԹ޻ڡ
ţĴƺҵţֻ㶵ǣûа㷴ӦƺЩ˼ͷƣ㿪
§סĲӣĴһҵģֻǾţûκζֻţҼ¶Ĳˮһδۼչ䣬صľ
ҵĹ
ҴૣΪ§סҵ֫ҵؿʼңżռкͿ
ԭڱŮӣҲǵ㵴سɵɵһΪǣһ˵ģҩҲҪǶҡˣˣһжˡ
Ҹȥģʵں᲻ã̫ϲ̫˼̫ǡұ۾ᣬţ޲ܽԶͣһ̡ҺݺģҧĴͣѾĹâУһô̵ʵ
һѣŶƴǰܡ·̩Ŀͷ΢˻Ľʹִҹᣬ΢΢һЦſȥûܼ͵ӭһ˵Ļƺԭصá
̧ۣؿңҶ˶ʵؽһ硣
ȴӦҡҡͷ֣ҶһƤ˺ȥ¶ҵıĿҵǺοࣿ
˵Уʧʹޡ
ұȥ
˭ҲûпԶİӰУվһһµұӣϵļƤУȥϵѪỨ





ھʮ  ʹ

һصҿ޹ˣʵôϳҵģ
ḧҵķ˿ֻҪҵ߷Χڣ棬ǲҶܸܵ㣬ҵ䡣
Щҵѧúܺá
û뵽ҵȻһ£׵òǣģһ֪̩һ򲻽Ůɫ˵ǰchiĻһ֪Ϸ
Ҳ˵ͷסҵֵصߺ𣿡
ҡͷסҡͷΪʲôʳģȴҲĶǸ벻Ҳ벻ˡ
һ磬һڴϣصҷ˸Ŵ򿪣Ȼ󴫳ϼݵ
ϣһ֪кιɣ
ү˵ȥ
ϹȻϢͨڱϲҪǿ
ҴţŵŭĿԣ
ߵߣҶ巳ϣҲعذɡ
ѵҪ
ϣүֵܣΪҺ϶İɣȻҪˣҲͶ˵ĻԸ¶һ
巳һ֪ϲİɣ죬ҵһǰϣҰϧİɣˣҲмɣ
ͷҲصؽ뱻ѣ˶ܺҵ˫˫ȴԱ䣬ůͲ
ҲûгɲǼ䣬ƺضʼ
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ҽһһһŮӡ
С£һֱСɽСȻСƭ˵е£ٿչĶȴװģƺڱʲô
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ģ
ͷͷȴ͵øˡ
Ц˵ϲ㡣
˵仰ҵͻȻˡҵûˣǰһμչ˵Ů˵ʱ򣬵չ˵ûзŶ溦ҵʱҺܲˣԴ׳Եúܽڣ֪ĺӵʱȴûһ˿죬Ϊеˡ
֪𣿡ʡ
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ҺչһЦû˵ʲô΢紵ǵķ˿ذڶȴڵļįͿɬ
Ҫˣ̻ʱǷͻᵭЩ˼ͻЩ
ƺˣҲģֻǵؿЦûٽҵ˼ֻǻͻĬĬߣҳԷҺȲ裬ҷƺҲ֪˵ʲôҲزҵġֻǳȵ۹⣬ҾΡ
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ˣһɲǵش㶣Ҫͣæ˵úҵĺתƸĺá
˵һ㶼ںˣ
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Ҫôһ㡣
ҪҡϲһңҵľǵϣҲزˡ
˵ĵϣ֪ҵҲˣ
Բס֣бǸ
Ѫ֮գһȥ𣿾Ҫ뿪ϣܿЦݡ
ǰҲڴ£ڣҲȥ뵽ҲİɣҲȥҾʹشӦ





ھʮ  ȥ

һװֲһƥ֪ҲΪ巳İɣҲòࡣǰһµڣȴǳһ˼ԦһƥĸоҲ֮⡣
뿪ʱչĬĬ΢ЦĿǣһͷ˵үղŸ˵ҪЩ㲹ء
չˣϷɹһƬ̺죬ҿĵЦšûлͷһǲȥ
ڻʹ⼯ϣȻİɣһƥ巳档ĿԣҪЦŶȴôҲЦֻһȥ
һƥ𣿡巳֡
ҡҡͷԼС
½ȥһûӰֻʣңԼӡ
㲻ùңȥЩɲҪ˻ϣҺǲء
ͷԸӱңȥ
Ҹ߸ߵϣ磬۾ŴȻϢȴô˲
ͻȻһҽУһͷһָҵļӲ֪ʲôϵȥڵʹƺʹһûü쿴Ӹ߸ߵϺȻɳһ׳ޣصشϣæץ
Ȼܵ˾ţХŴڽ
Ҵʧɫ˺ȣֻ㶵ܡץ֪֣һˤ
ķϵңȴѾð亹ģĿֻžȻڣԼĻ鶼ҪĿ񱼶˦ȥֻпХֻڷš
ſϣ׼۾ӭһͻ֮ǰһĨɫ۽һİɣɣңҸȣңȻ˵Ļ۴ޣǣҡҺα
֧Ųס֮ʱһϾͻأطһޣ鵽ϣϼӾһбұˤΪԼᱻˤķѣǣҵģһ̯ɵĿӡ
ȴͨһƵģԽԽңԽǶӱาסΪء
ƺǧ˫ħ֣ҪȥȻ
ʱ̣ȴûоţûп¶һĨѵ΢ЦûˤȻҪˡҵһһ̯һججֲףȵΪʱһֳࡣҲǺǣҾġ
һĨɫҽٵǰ֣۾ȥİɣ
࣬Ǻǡ뵽İɣɾˣҺȻ˷Ҫˣɱǣôɾңǰ㣬࡭
ָҡڿӱ߳֡
ǺǣϲһξĺӣŽĿ뵡
İɣȻڿն𣬽ҵļһᣬؽӡ
ȫںڵʵʵɢζͼԶĸɾҸñ
һһҿ
ҺࡣҲңôǱӣԸȥҲԸ档
࣬ࡣ˵ţ߶£һѱҡ
İڴʱʱۡ
Ҳ˵ֻǱ۾ʹޡ
ҲһֱܳӣҴİԸ׼ˮȥҵ£ҷŵͰһһϴ
һŪĶǳСҲᡣͰˮұϣԼͰϴϴ£һŮΪҴϡ
ΪʲôҪңΪʲô
شֻĬĬΪҲͷһ˵ΪҵĻش𣬵
˭Ҫͬ飿˭赲ȥҶŭҪƿĲá
˵ô
ǡΪƭңΪ㲻ҡ
˵νӣִֵؼҵͷ
Ҳ̲ססİɣƭӣΪʲôƭҰ㣬û㣬ôȥ
ұţȴԲȻԼ̫ӣΪҪһҵǰô΢رסңңк壿
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巳ұڻû¾ͺãˡһȥɡ
ҵͷߣ巳ͻȻסңҵô
֪ʲô˼ҲؿңʱҲͷҵ¶֮ɫ
Լȥƽչ⻬ĸ񣬴ֽǣһȫð˳
巳ߵİɣ㿴
˦֣ү뿪ҲҪҲҪ
巳˵һõĴ
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巳Ҳ˹еҽҿǴҶ֪ʲôԵʣлϺүұ־룬˵ܻᴫȾ
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Ҳ´Ⱦ쿪š巳Ŵ
ҪҪǿҾǿ
ӣǸߵŮˣ˫ֽˤڵϡҲҪˣȻôұ˳ªҸԼòڳ⸱ģ˭᲻ʲôٶֵӣʱҲʧȥ˱죿





ھʮ  ԭ

ҹڴͷͻȻűǿ߿æ˿סתͷĲ巳ȴİɣ
ȥ
ñӽͷס
߿Źغãһһ߽Ȼ˴ϣȴҲûƿҵıǿҵĳֻ̬ǿڴͷʼ˵
ˣҲˡ
ǵǷȥ뿴ǵȷдҵģ֪ҵĺңҸҺһ͸֮ˣǳĺˣ˶׷ɱ㡣ֻҴӦãϾ쵽Һ֮£ҵвҪҴӦȢΪޣ˺һͷ
һǵһҵҶκһκˡΪȢֹﺦоңҺҲֻǷ곡ϷķޡҲȷҵĸ飬ǲҶǰ㣬塣Ҳү
û뵽Һ͹죬һֱûϳ㣬֪Ǹ̩ҵŮ㣬һɹӺҳףҲûϳ㣬ҿϲ²µᣬΪǹΪ̩İûڡֱ·ﱧסңҲŷͲǹһסңҾŵϵζκһŮ˶Ʋġ
ԴӾ͹׺ˣ㣬뵽ľʹңҵʱҲƲˣʼ㡣ܻ˵ѣҿнеǡҵĹĿУҵĹʱһİɣ
ǸøлҪɱ㣬ϾǲģûأֻзĶҩİٶֵӶº֢ϣòҶġűӣϿңһһΪֻǱɫǶˣóªҲҪ㣬Ҳ㡣ŲţΪУô䣬һѿѿһӡ
巳ԼϼˣҵңңҲ˵ӵ֢״֪ļҵ˵ѾĶˣˣҩң˵ӴҲˡ֮ǰϸңҵвңֻңȥҵһĺֵܣˣϣҿԸҸ
˵ô࣬ôһ仰Ҳ˵ô˵ǶѾݹãô˶Դ๫
űӣ˵ȻˣҺвҲøࡣҲң֪ңΪȲѶſҡ
ҵȴǺϲáҡҡҡҡ
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£ҩЧʼѾȼӺȻӹһ磬ˬ󣬴ϵĺѾͳͳӰһЦֱס
аһЦܹؿʼԵءųͷ⣬һһҪֱɫ΢ʱ˵˾䡰ӣôˡ󣬷˯ȥ
ҵ˵£߳һ˿ҰǡԭľƷˣһ˼ٵĵطһסַСİ£ԭƷʣµľͳͳᵽַõµľƷʼ¾ơ
ƺòҲáΪҰˣҲҡȻڱ˴˼棬
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ھʮ  󣨽֣

ºѾڿҰĽһרƣƵҲѾԿ׳ۡС㿪ʼйƵģƵģ;ƵģƵģҪ֡
ãкˣС˷ܵؽƷſڡ
ҶʱɵۣУһ˴һϮ£ߺò϶Ⱥ
ӶؿһۣСüС磬ҿǸµϸƤģ϶ɲˣǲҪһ
Сȴã˲ò࣬ӣɴءСԹҪС㡣
ΪªӰǾƷ⣬ԻҪɣǮҪȱһ룬ɲɣ
СҵĻͬȴǵؿİɣֿңƺô᳤ªûзİɣԼ˵Ըɡ
С漴üЦã˵ԸءǮ˰ɣ˵һӣرܻỨǮء
һôˣŮ˼С磬ôƭ˶֪˵꣬Ҷ߽˾Ʒһߵȴˣֻôһˣҵһ£ʲôȥˣ
ʲôҲøˣżָʹرİɣʲôػȥɣС㶼ȥˣü˵ûһɣʲôҲ˵ˡ
Ҫֻмˡһº㹤ǮʱȻЩæСʵС磬µҷһ⡣
ʲô⣿
ҷ˱˵Ϊʲô˫ӣرãʱӪҵǷ굥ӵĺü
Сץͷ˰죬ȻɵЦСҲ֪ô£˫ӣҺİɣֵ꣬ǣÿǿ꣬кܶƣЩ￴Ⱦƣȴ򡣶ǿӣûʲô򡪡
С㻰û˵ҵϵ˵ˡԺС磬İɣֻ븺ơЩػٰꡣ
ҿװƵİɣۣлǲݵ
֪Ǳ˲ܷйΪȱٻֻˣ߷ҵθͻȻ仵ˡҲز붯
ã⣬ôСͻȻ֣һǰš
θһڣ죬ܵǽǣŻ
Ҫ;Ƶİɣ״æֳΪ˦ֹľƶˤ˵ϣƻȫƿڵ˳Ҽ״ϧЩþƣвɵûҪİɣѾԼٶȷɱǰһַҵһִҵһģ
ʦڵӣҵŭ𾹼ٵزɣֻǴؿҵģ⸱˵ˣڣ
ǵͷͻȻ΢΢һ̧ͷһ˫ĵķ۶ҵͻȻģһҪ֮ʱֱôסҵл
Ұ̰˱żᣬƺ뽫ҺĴҲϷſ
Сվԭأеžһµ˵ϡ
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˭ӣֻƽĳνûһ˼þҪƿôˣһҹؾأô
ӣḲҵĸشȦǵĺˡ
Ҿһ仰Ҳ˵Ҳл㱵طЦ
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ŸһЦ鷳ˣӣ˭ģҵûطȥһ㡣ʣӼˣ
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ṳ̂Сȼƴ˵ߴһܣʵİɣޣǰհݹáΪһЩᣬԷֿô졣ڣҵĹ⣬ӽҾǵϰ壬Թ̥
ڴϣ¶õЦݡ
ͻȻƿæЦݣתţװ˯ˡ
Ҳ˴§סҪͷҵʲôʱ򣿶Ҫˣɱôˡ
Ҫܡ
˭ҰãⱲӣҹܶˡӽ𣬶ҪҵĻúˡ
֪ںĺӣҡ
巭ʹôӵĴ׶ˣǲڹôҵ㣿ԴҾͱ䱿ˣ糿㲻ˣǵʹһȻȥҰңѾԭľƷΪһȥѩڹҶȥˣȥһѩڹ巳İæڡ
Ϣ˵ҵϣӽҵĺУôţôҾ̤ʵҲǿӲȥɣҰ㡣
ҵһضס˵󣬷ҸѾļ䣬ֻɵɵضЦΪͻ
ǰûзӦȻ۾һգҿﾹһ˳
Ҳ㣬
ǵص
ֹ˼£˵巳λøүԼĴȥˡûҹңֻǸһţдţףİɣȥѰҵҸȥˡ
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ͷɫİɣһۣ΢΢һЦȥ
㲻ãһޡ
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һкϣһŮ޵ĶӳˣȢŮΪޡ
Ҹ뿪˵һЩתĻסҵĴپܾޡƺ˵һ֡
εصͷֵټ
ԶȥһתŲãҹɫȴޱȵ㡣ұһƽŮӣҪ޳еĹϲǽĸ߸ϣıƵݺԸǣһֿҵӣҵߣɵĿռæµţϾţСС֣ȴԶܰ
һصƷİɣʰӣңذһ۵ûˣ
š֪˺ܶƴס
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ߣˣһôŮһ̥кҪȢҵŮ±Ӷ롣
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˭ˣΪкģǹ⡣
Դˣ
˵۵ҡ
˵ˣÿ궼һΡ
ǰңᵽİȥ
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סֵǵĺӣҪǿŰٶֵӣôᵨС
ǰⶼĸһ£ߵԺ
ḧŶӣЩĵʵɣŮ㲻ϲ
ҵıӣ˵ɵղŶ˵ڳԴˣ棿ʲôҶϲֻ㡣ô˵Ƿ⣿ӣ
糺죬С
ӭ͡
మſҹգ󣬽ĿͶ˴ϣĿԣʣ̶ű˴ůġ
ϵ¶ƺ͵ţþòգۣ˰һͿ
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