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úǵòϵĵһ̾磬ѵõò൱ʣɾ࣬ʶ˼̻ӡ 
װױߵ̫Ĺ 
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ֻҪһӲʹӲϣԣԸѡ 
һѣرߡϲĴȾ 
߰ǲǾͿԵõأ 
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16ĶС̫һҹ֮ߪΪ̫ܹܣ˭Σ¸ϳڴǰʱеԭίһò꣡ܽüƮƮӣѩɣ滨һ֦ꡭŮңǳ£ƫƫòһ̫ϣзŮʵΪֻҲ 
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΢ͷᣬ޵ĺ촽챻ҧˡ 
ҿ£Ĳߣװרݲӡ 
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ƶһСĵݸ£û 
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ҲͲסˣµ֣˵ƤĴԼʹƵĿüᣬ۵ıԲ 
ֻñ˵ֱȣȵǱסġ 
 
 
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Ϊ̫ܹܵĺ£ȴסδ빬ϵ޹ǲбľҹҹĵط 
Ư䣬۰ôΣȴȻСѺµ˫ְڴͷϣ³ķֿ˫ȣСش 
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رߣͣ½ŲδȴⰻȻȻ 
ƵһμĵطʱɵȻҪԾƸ 
뵽ƣ½Цա 
ǡɾĿС˶ߣЦšģδĶˣһЦɫ 
׼ǰȥʱһһ 
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ᱧס½Сӣաһ˫Ŀƣˮ 
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3 



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ĸ˵ʵǰȣˣһϽתߣͶϵʯʨӿֻϣԼ侲 
˭֪ͻȻֱֱ糺գ¶ֺܱģЩôƸ磿 
еǻϸµƤĦԼֻȫѪҺе˽ӴĵطȥǳΪһڴ˲ɣ 
׼к·֣Ȼ֮䣬һֻɹм˼Ȧͣ˺µġ 
»İַŵͣһһϵɿƬᴵһֱַͣһᣬַԶˡ 
ĵ㻨ۣЦˡ 
Ƴճյ˵ 
๷ټء 
鲻ԽĸϺµİգҲ˵˵㣡 
ֻ˫Ӣ˿ֱֱĿԼɬĵͷĻһƸ硭 
˿ûвԶǵߡ 
ø飬á⣡ 
ֲǰչ¶ЦգֲÿһµҪԭڱ͹ϱˣ 
춶е񣬾ֱߵºǰȫɢ󺮹⣡ 
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£Цƽ˵仰ʱ򣬰ѡ䡱üأƺڸƺ·ͬһݣ 
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췢ֺһֱֻעԱߵƣֻһƣȻ˶Ųʣĺˡ 
Ĭһ֮ᣬ̲סѵϣء 
һ˵˼㣡 
Ķ˵ƽ 
ƸһվͻȻٹȥ 
׻Ϊ¶ΪֻһССϵҲӣ 
һᣬֽƽվᣬٽֹȥ 
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Ȼ֪ºͻϵĹϵʱȴһָǿҵĸо 
˫˿̻Թʱսȭͷŭȫһڽŭ 
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ֹһ⣬ʺ£ˣ 
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µһĶʱʹ̣ͺһŲ϶Լϣ˲ᣬصûûۣҡûκιϵ 
£һ§ֻõ˵Ҫ飬ԡ޿ĳ⣡˵ջˢµη졣 
ŭƣɫƺÿȥ죬ҧҧ촽ǿ߳С˵¶ҹһú÷̻ϡ 
Цǽҹ̾Ҫ㡮̡δ빬˵úܴҲ 
糯ƫޣʹͣᣬ§ﳤȥ 
תȥǰһۣ絶 
ƣûã߳жİ˶ˣ 
úݣݻʵۣûõԼ 
֮ᣬȭͷһ½һµĴʯϣֱѪģ 










4 

δ빬 
ǲ˹Ůͻ¹٣ӵϣ 
ϣֻҽһ°ɣºµŽڣŤӣһ˫۾֪졣 
ÿοС˾ֵģ̲סŷݲһС 
ϣ֡첻ٴѵ 
Ļ²µ˼ס˫۵С֣ʧЦͲʹˡ 
һŪɳ׾ߺֲҳֻ֣š 
 
µָ˿ڣʹþһûֺ£ֻķſ˺µ֡ 
ϣô¶Сģ˵һ浣ĵ˿ڡ 
ǹԼģȻ˵ֵá 
֪ô˵ô 
ҡҡͷ 
ΪˣҲավû˵ڣʹһɲĺ˵Ϊ£Ϊʵ۵Լ϶ԺµĹ⣡ѾС̫̫̫࣬ûҪҲܰĶȥ 
ȻģƻЦٶȸԺŴ˿̺ˮĴ۾ͺ󿴼Ϊʱһ˵ûκιϵһ߿޵龰 
ˡ 
ֱĳµ´һߣµɢ°øȣúµѩ״ȫԼĿ֮£ 
㲻˵Ҫú÷ô޻ſıأ뿪µӣߣԳԵĿ⿴ 
²ΪʲôͻȻֱúôֱ£˫ȣ߳ܵĳ˭֪һżȻСİѳˣ¶˸İ𪼡 
䣬Ṵް츧ϺµĴȣ˵ô 
³ӹ򵽴ߣȥڵϵ´ֿʱͻȻ´Ĳڽŵס²˵ʲôȻ 
һĶʹԭɢøңѩ綼¶˳ɿ 
Ѻµ·øͣʹǰźﱩ¶ڿУһţһ˵ĺôµСѩ׻ļһյзŮӾŮ˻㣬ôð͸أ䣬ȴǿȵµĵز 
³İ£ᴭţӼˮ 
ǳ˰ܲ۰أ˵ձİһºµ⡣ 
 
ͼ¶Ľг漴ߵô 
카µСɵ°ͣǿԼ 
¶ǲϣ˿ǰĲޣأ첻䲻ȵʵ 
͵ҡͷ˵ǵģϣ¶׵ģ 
׵ģ㶼ӱˣεεĽƸ硯Ȼ˼˵׵ģ 
˵һ䷴Ļ̼죡»µش΢òµ͵ 
һô˶Բԣ 
ûУ¶ûУϣǵģƸûᱡ¶һһƸ硱켵ʵ÷͵ĿǽĻѨϧ 
ϡʹʹ 
ʹֱУԵջ죡 
͵ĳָߺµӣ˶ǿ룡 
 
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ɵ㡭ް㡭 
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ϡһ㡭ϡµҲ˱仯ֻʹĸо 
鲻ԽϺ΢ŵĺ촽͵Ĵ룬źµĶС࣬ƷС֭Һ 
ı飬߳ܵı˫ۣ΢Сӡ첻ݵӣӼľ࣡ 
ϰ𡭡ϡ 
һſС죬С˾ͷ͵ 
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ϡϡ¶ǡϡﲻɵ˫΢΢Ŵﵽ˸߳ 
СͻȻĽ˶㣬ůѨͷ˼Һ 
 
֮󣬺²֪ҪΣֻ֪ÿζڼ߳ʱҪ˵ģһ˵ġ 



5 

ڶ糯غƫνʹ;ʹ͡ʵ۾׷Ź 
ڼ¹ٵӵ²ƫŻ۵Զ޿ɱİȣ 
΢ߵ꣡ݵ 
ƽ߾ơ 
ƻƽ͵ĿӭϬ̹Ȼĵȴ߸ϵĻʵ۵СˣʹʵҪͷأССһҲĪκΣֻϣʵ۲Ҫ̫Ϊ¶ 
û¶һ˿һ־µıȤЦһ£빬ƷǱáֲνѵһӢŰ 
Ϲˣ΢ţƷʵҡСĵӦ졣 
쳰ȡαǫѷ޵ĺǶмѰ 
ˡ΢ޱϽټ΢֪кηԸƻֵ̿ 
ؽšЦˣ 
Եʹһɫɤӣա 
ǾǵһݵʯȹΪ˼Ľ롢ߵʹǲ̻֮صҲԳš 
СŮӲμϣ꣡󷽵Ĺ 
ƽ 
лϣ 
ȵΣ޵òĵüĿֱڻʵƹŮڻ¹ٶеʿˮ 
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ǣϡɻĻص 
Ǻã޽չΪޣЦ 
¹Ƿ׷¶ԾĽı飬ơһλͲƻ᲻ģ 
ƫƫƿ࿴һۣ˫ϥ£ֵ̿Ļؾϣˡ΢ľګޱ¹ɡӱˣ΢䲻ϳ¹ջس 
һڳ˶ɵۣ 
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ո߷ƽһ¡۸ڶȻǿϣϻʵ۴ͻ飬ҲֻίƾȻʶôľܾĸ飿 
ɫżܻ֤ʵԺµⳤ 
ˡ޵Ҳ 
ҪպӭȢգּϵİʥּ 
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ǧû뵽ʵۻдͻһ֣Ůӳɻ飬ⲻǽѺ£Լ𣿣 
ֲΥʥּּ֮ 
صĿĨϤӰ 
¶ 
Ƹ硭 
糿뿪δ빬һ͵͵Ƽʱˡ 
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ƸжĽס£С¶Զࡢõ˶ԣԶӵڻһӶſ 
ڴϲƴʱ˿̾ᣡ 
Ƹ磿¸еסǿ۰΢΢ 
̧ͷһϣ̵̹ġ 
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һ鶯µ°ͣĽ 
ºߵı˫ۡƸĵһǡ 
źµĴ꣬ӵ΢ſС죬漴ͷ룬סµĶС࣬ȡ㡭 
 
·̵ĽСӽΰ鲻ԽĸķΡ 
ơ硭 
ƣ΢ӨβӭƵİ 
¶ҵС¶ҵĺţֱѻС˶Լ 
Ƹ硭¶ġ¶ϲ㡭 
ߺһ˫Ŀˮƣ顭 
Ƽı·ŵϣȫҪķ۵С¶ 
ƽ⿪µһƬѩ׼ʣ¶ô 
۵Сֽƣ˵ͷ 



6 

ӳһ߾Ķ壬Ӥۼѩ׵ûһ˿覴ãֱƿȥ 
Ƹ磬ôˣ 
¼ƳٳûжֻĿԼΪϲԼӣһ͵Ƹ磬ҡǲǺܳ󣿡 
ŻعʧЦô᣿漴˶һ˫Сַŵߣǣһ֪ж 
͵Ļͳߵó֣Լ˵Сٿơ 
С˶ɰľٶˣЦ¶ʹסĵطǿһŶ漴´ڲļ 
Ƹ硭Ƹ绵 
ᴷƵţ΢ӣЦ 
ôЦݡƵĶˡ 
ѹϺµĽЦʣô 
ӵҡҡͷء 
Ӧþصģΰ˵ôӴ󣬵˵أΪѹĲǱˣƸ磬˰ 
¶·ɺãͼ¶ʵ 
µֹԹԵƵЩĽ⿪¿ۣȥ£ȺġŰ쵽ƵĿֶøǺ׽⿪Ļᣬƫƫ˺һǽ᲻̫ˣ 
Ƹ硭Ȱơ 
ҲΪԼ⿪˿ӡɬĶﵽ޷Ƶĵز 
µַŵԼ£ɳ˵ҡ 
סƵķСоǻȵĶԼԽ״󣬺µͻȻӿһҸС 
ҪƸ磬뱻Ƹ۰ 
ʶԼ뷨ŵ֣˫ʪ˵Ƹ磬ҡұú֡ 
ŨܵĽëôˣ¶ô 
ҡҡͷʵĻشҡҺҪƸ硭˵Ͳ˼ͳסͷݲ˶ 
˵üСȫˣ仰ĵòüͣûѪ 
˺һᣬ²͵͵̽ͷɴƣֻƵﾻ𡭡ֺߵĶȥˡ 
Ҳÿʱͺ£Ƹ磬ֻȫúȺȣرȡ 
 
һӽгġýѪ£͵İǿ½ץŵıӣ˵С¶ˡҰ㡭 
Ƹ硭ߵòӶˣȫıưţſ˫ȡ 
С˶ɬ̬ƷÿһĤӡ 
¶㡭ﶼ㡭 
Ϻǰĺҧ˱̰ѩɢ㡭 
Ƹ硭 
̧µһѩ״ȣͦǵķǽСѨռС¶ 
 
Ȼʹĸ߽Уȴ˳ƵľͦϸԼڵɶ 
ô 
ϧĨȥ¶ͷϾӨĺ飬ΪĽ϶񣬸Ϊʹۣ 
Ƹ硭¶ۡ 
һһĻƵ֣Ŵ˫ȻסƵ 
ۣĺۣҸڱƸ簮ţƸů 
ƸۣĸԸ 
¶ҵ¶ýů¶Һ 
Ҳѹֲסһ壡 
 
Ƶײ´ķš֭˳˵Ľϴմʪ 
С¶¶ҵС¶ҵҵģ 
Ƹ硭ġ¶ġһ˵ġ 
ںůڴﵽ˶㡣 
ƿţᡣ 
¶۵ŻС˶ 
ĨȥᣬַƵģЦˡ 
Ƹ硭¶ϲ㡣 
ʹǲһȻлĹΰӡ 




7 

󣬺ƻպһСš 
ƻס׵ӣ̰ĺķ㣬˳ɢĳ塭 
²ƣоָĻԼļһĶ 
¶ưѺµһƳ˳󣬸Ķỽһ漴סСɵĶ 
½еŤ۵ļĦƣͦˢţʶ˵ĸй١Ƹոйٶ̧ͷ 
ûСƼı仯ɬĽ˼Ҫˡˡ㻵 
һ£ס壬ģ˽ߵС 
ưѰźµ˽ܴİ 
Ƹ硭Ƹ绵˼ҲҪˡ 
͵Ťģˮơ 
÷ſָ͵ʪȵĻѨ 
Ƹ硭 
Ѩָţµβ̵øߣбǽҧűĽС 
ƿӣӱѹϺ°ӣֿ۵ΰ꣬ռ 
Ƹ硭 
ôС¶ϲô 
㻵۸˼ҡƸ硭Һ 
С¶˵ĽдƸӷĹռӣС¶Ϊһ塭ôôȣ 
ۡƸ硭 
ۣӲסԼڷ۵ĳ 
жᣬƵĴִ󣬲˼£ǶҺ 
ɬ֣ſƵϣεεʣƸ磬ϲ¶ô 
Ƹ㱳ճյĻشϲϲ 
С¶ôɰôϧֻģܵһ˿˺ǣȻĿʵΪ 
úݣúԼ޷ 
˵ϲµһĵЦݺƴյ滨ûпʹı顣 
Ƹ磬ûΪôǺܵġ 
ƻص 
ôĸߺ»ҪպȢޣҸЦݣ˵ڡ 
ҾͷˡƸ磬ҳþˣûعˡ 
ưѣСġǣ²ŴӺ뿪 
С˶ԶȥıӰ絶 
ȢʲôǵһŮȢκŮˣ 
ֻҪС¶ 
ΪС¶ƫƫǻʵۿеˣ 
Ƹ硭¶ϲ㡣 
Ƹ磬ϲ¶ô 
¶¶¶Ұ㣡Ұ㣡Ұ㣡 
ţȻĵڴϣŽϺµ㣬ƽͷһʧʹޡ 
 
 
ƫͻ챾ֱӻδ빬׮ϲ¸֪谮ĺ䣬Ȳ뿴С滨ģ˭֪ھʱʹƵ췢ֺº͵رߣɵƫƫһζԻ 
Ӹ硭һ㡭 
࡭ظ̲סˡ 
 
رߵĲݴһŮڻŮĽд쵹θڣ˵Ҳû͵á 
׼뿪ͻȻе˵࣬δ빬һ࣬Ϻͺǵ֪𣿡 
˭֪ǻϵг裡 
ٺ١治֪ô̻ϵģ 
ڴϾƨɶԻġǸñŮ˻С˵ֽεεģвŮŮֶĵģ 
Ƕ˵㣬ʵǳñϻؾűˤˣҷһѣ֡۵ġЦٺ١˵Ӹأ˯һΡ 
δ˵ͻȻһ۵Ļϣ 
һ̣һ̴˵ţ 
Ů˾ֵĹĽ£ͣġ 
 
Ů˫ȴġ 
쵥ֹסŮϸľһս 
 
գڶر߷߹ʬ塣 









8 

صĻصδ빬ȻĽڣԼڻǰһСľ¶ˡ 
ſʲôһ̤ţͿŮͻ¹Сӹڵϡ 
ӣϷū澺Сӹʱ 
ΪٳδǨŭˣֵʵϻعˣ 
ӣϻعһʱˡ 
żı޷Ҳûϸʡ 
ޱȻķֻһˡϣĲһѳ۵Ĺâӽ洦䵽Ӣϡ 
ϡ 
̧ͷ£˵ĸӡд׵ýϾһƬʺѪ 
ºôվԭأҳһ¡ 
½ 
ӵߵߣסŵԼϣһﲻס̺С죬ҵƬ 
¿ܰ죬ƽĺ뱻ǡ 
ץסֱ󣬰͵Ĵ룬ӵĻᣡ 
 
콫Һι뺫µĿУ±ǵô۵ȾϺ쳱֧Ųס̱Ļ̬ 
ڴϾƨɶԻġǸñŮ˻С˵ֽεεģвŮŮֶĵģźµ𣬻ŮԴǣƽͷһθе 
УǲвŮĻ¹٣ǳжᢵг裬̬ԼԼ˶ݣ 
Լ԰ڻδ빬Ըϵĳ谮ȴκ֣һķҲ𡭡 
۵ĸϻС˶ԭ޵ȥ 
 
ûɵģϵ˿ͻȻֹסۣ 
¼ס˿ڣĵʣϣֻô 
׼ҽֹС˰ˡ 
˿ڣ漴ǣַŵߣĴһʣõôϣ 
µԵ˿ڵʹ 
߽ս²ϣ·æҪע尡 
µʹͷĳëĵ㣬һĶָᡣ 
䣬ͷ̧޺㡣 
»̧ͷһ˫ˮӶ 
¶ỽһ 
쳣ú»һֻʱŻ֡ 
¶ 
ѡ˳Բļͷ£ѩϸļʵؾĹԵôֲڲ 
¶§סµӣߣ 
¸еԴǴ׳ʪʪġ 
ڷмּȡôô 
ƴĵͷ漴ֺµҡͷСĵϣ˫ֲԾĻסӣֵ졭 
С˶ķӦûʰѣˡ㿿㴩ϡ 
¹ԹԵĿ죬һ 
콫׵ĹϺµӣϵ´׼ǰʱһ̼ŭԿƵĶ 
һСϺɫӡǡںѩؿϵǺۣ 
¶Ϊ飿װƽʡ 
ûע⵽ͻɫõĽػϣ¶ѡһ¹ٵԵˡ 
˵ѣִϸ󣬴ֱΪʲôΪʲôҪޣ 
Ѫ˳ϵ˿£Ⱦ˺°ֱۡ 
ʹᣬ֪Ϊһ۾ʹĻԣ 
㰮𣿡ʡ 
ҡҲ֪˵ʲô 
ƣ㰮 
˵ĵ׵Ǹ֣¾ȫûзϡǰƸ磬ֻƸ磡 
㡭㾹Ȼһˣ㻹֪֪ܣˣܻ˺¼ƣüȴִſ˵㲻˵ûʲôϵ¶˵ 
¿޵ȴҧź촽Ӳǲ˵һ仰 
ãܺã켫˿ҵĳµ˺ڿ㣬ӱ󰴵ֱķֿ˫ȣ 
½СĻ̱¶ǰĵطһһϵķ޵õ졪ոձӣ 
һƴǽĻϣ 
 
ʹüСһ˫ǰİŷŭĻʵۡ 
ﹴˣֹһɣѹֱɵ˶˯һأ¼ĶŴֱĴһʹĺУ˵˵޵ģ˵һ˵ģ 
ϡ㡭㲻Ҫҡҡʹ 
˵˵޵ģ޾㣡¶¶ˣ 
ҡϡҡǡҡƸ硭ȾҡȾҰ 
Ƹ磡Ƹ磡㻹Ƹ磡µ̳죡 
ĺĲڴͷĽһͱµĻѨ 
 
¼ʹ˹ȥ 


9 

Ƿδ빬ϸ˺ԡ 
˲ǻʵ󹬵ǻʵһҹĹŮ 
зŮ 
Ҳ 
ѩ׵ļһһ˵ĽѪҺ˳Ŵ󿪵ĺͥϣȾ۾ߡ 
СˣҪװ춪ѪϺ°ӣӱҲĳ 
ʹܲ𣿼ˣôɧˣˣָݺѪܵĺͥ 
ٿױǽȻûһ˿ 
˵Ƹ簡ٽаˣֱŤµͷŭĵĹסϸʺȫѪҺڵ˶㣡 
ֻҪ¾͵ 
Ѫʧ 
һ˲䣬Ϳ֣ʹ˺𣺡ΪʲôΪʲôҪޣУ޵ģԶ޵ģ 
ĸµÿһ缡ӡӣͣؿϺɫӡϣǣҧҧǴ۵ӡǱԼģ 
ǣµ֣ߵ޵ˣ۵֣Ľţͷ촽ȫǣ޵ģ 
ȵĴַֿµΰ꣬콫ǵֱֱͱ룡 
¶¶֪жϲô 
Ѫ£뵽ȵС˶Ļڽסߣĳײš˺ţ 
¶޵ġȫ޵ģ 
¶ů 
¶¶޵¶˵Ҫޡ˵ϲޡ¶С¶ƣ 
þưŪ£ϵȺһһεں±㱳ϡ 
ҵİ 
Ĺᴩ 
ʼգ¶ûѹҲûдﵽֻ߳һһĺš޵ġֱɳơ 
Ҳ֪˼ʱߣ£԰׵촽˵Ҫٱޡ 
һ˳ź¾µӻ£˵ϡԣҲ뱳㡣ǡҲ㡣 
ʹ˺ۣȥԸɾൽʹһʢŵѩ 
ҡ¹еϣҡҵģδ빬 
㣿ͶĻ㡪ݡ룡ŭĺ 
ϣֻг衭αءαأ 
г裡 
ֻг裡 
ֻ޵г裡ź峺ӣ絶ʣ 
ϡỽһ 
סĵļʹ˵ӽԺ̤δ빬һҪгӣԹѹ·ڴϵ޵ң 
û˵ʲôҲٿ졣ԭû̫ϣȻ̫ʧ 
һǰˣδ빬Ǿ޴ӡ 
һ룬סһ 
Ƹ磬¶עԵ 
һһŵµϧ׷ԼԴǡԼģǡֻһп޵г谡 
ϴǺýɺã̫ҽơ 
˳ĵͷһжͻ˵ˣɺܶ࡭ 
ҲԼԭͲƭϰɣ 
 
ҹûлδ빬Ҳûȥйһ鷿һҹ 
סκ˼ 
ԣԼҲѻزͷˣ 
ģٻͷ 
ʻͼ˺˺ֻԱȲδ빬Ŀ˶ 
¶ΪʲôΪʲôץסģ 








10 




̫ҽǸ¿˷ĨҩԸŮСźţ֤վͿȬ͢¶ȥϵ̫ҽֲֻ֣һ̫౻ϳҵ˵زͷһ⡣ 
δ빬̫ҽ̲סʼ˽ 
ոȫ˰ɣ 
ʲô 
ﰡѪ 
ӴС˵ʲôأߣϵ˶Ҵ⣿ 
㲻ҲһӶˡôܹ˰ɣ 
ٺ٣޵úܡĨҩ 
Ǿǣ 
 
̫ҽߺ󣬺 
ӡǲǣϵȵҩĨں˵˽ʵʵ 
۵ץ˴ȴ˵ˣѹ 
ӣοˣһ۵ģϡôݵģ 
ĨҩǿӣȥԼĵŮᣬҵ 
޻ôԼҲס 
ҪԹԹɣΪԼһӶǲҵġ 
һǰ˺ϻˣǷׯϵĸһǮСĺ³ͷ˺ۣøƵģͻֻޣﶼղͷ 
Ͽһջ¹ٵĸʾȲİԼĶͽ˹ƾ¿ŲҪǿٺ»۷Ź⡭ 
ׯϵĻʹɭң˲пĹ̡ 
ˣӶһ 
̷ĵһգڽ޼ԵǸеĿ⡣ 
죬Уͤͤεգʣ˲۵ĺͻĻϡ 
Ҫˡһ仰һ 
סδ빬ңǧ谮һЩԼҪģ˳ӣΪ 
Ψһ䣬ΰӰɣǶᣬ䱦ӡ 
رߵĳ鶯ͬһ 
Ƹ磬֪ô¶ÿడ 
ӣͲˡҲ˰۵§ס¡ǻ㽿˶ôܵסڣ 
ĨȥᣬҲˡȥɣ˯һᡣ 
ߺ󣬺¾ϣ΢ӣͥǺۡ 
˵˲ٿһ뵽ԺҲҲƣͲԾĵ±ۣſž˯ˡ 
֮УһΣźѣźͷƸǣźء 
ͷһ̣ƸӵЦƸӡԵǡ 
¶ҵС 
Ƹ硭 
ӳ˵ 
 
Ƹ 
ڷǵһͨլӣ⼸ȴøϲŵƽʣүķϸһϲ֡ 
ƸһƬϲ󣬳˱Ӧ׼Ķүơ 
ư㣬ĸҪȢϱһüģҿ㲻Ҫ׵ӡƵĴݷɵ٩ûƢĵܵܡ 
׼ǿҪúúõġ 
ǣӾǵһŮܻò𣿡ݷЦټôأȤ 
ѿڶӣ 
ŶѲͽݲؽһݷɻȻֲöǵһŮϣΪԼһͬأǺǡ 
磬ҪȢ㲻ˣ㰮ˣô죿½գ 
˽£йģͷҲʣݷɵ뿪ǰɣӵԶԶĲˣ 
Ҳ밡ô죿ּҪųնģʹ˵γ¶Զ߸߷ɣ 
ݷƵļ̾㰡֪ͨľԴ׳ôĸˣӴñһˣ̨̤ף˵ºˣұȽϸߣ 
磬ʲôʱˣ˼ЦвУż˵ 
ðɡ֮ӻɣǼҲûɶݣǲ˼ͺ󣬾ֻĸˣչšģһȥһȫĵط 
ʲôȫĵطƻǲġ 
򡪡ͻʣ 
磬ȷ㲻ڿЦʵ 
ǿЦҾˡɣȰѵ͹ȥٺ˻ϡһȥͻʣɺã 
Բŵ۹⿴ݷЦЦͻʵͷ˺Ӿ˼ 
磬ûǴӾֻӣ 
԰ҿҪȢСӺӸˣǺǣݷɵ˵Ӹ޲廨ݷɣȢ㣡 
̾һƼע޺ˣ 
ҹݷɾʹ뿪˾ǣֱ򡭡 [ī] 










11 



峿Ļصδ빬ͷЩȣ鷿ŵ£ҹδ߶Ⱦ˷纮 
ֱߵԣһѳȻ--ϵ죬ǿ˶Ѫ 
̧ͷĿ͸ɴĨݵİɫӰ-- 
С˶ڿ齵һǣü΢֪ʱĽɢһԡ 
ɴЩ 
جô¶ 
챧Ƶ룬۵ĸüġ 
һ漴ץס֣һ˯òȡ 
¶췴סµַŵձߣĦͻ֡ 
ϱӣС˶һ£ɵʵšƬĺ촽ʶɨؿڣķ˿ı۰ǹǣľոջ졭 
Ļס£ֱС˶Լ--ĺԼΪӺǧΪԼΪòѣ 
۰ԶҲҪƵֻʱʱ̿ڻ 
Ҫĺǻȴֺݺ˺˿ڣѪԼֺγܣ 
µ䱦Ķͷüҡ۽ǡǼ⡢°ӡϸǣͣĻıϣǡ 
Σ뿪µĺ촽ӣʹֻһˣ 
ϡҪʹ˯оУҵŤ壬ͷγȺ 
Ĩȥĺ飬Կḧؿڣ۵İ¶¡޲˺ˣ¡ 
ƽ 
˭˭ů˭˱飿 
ôƸ磿 
촽³ɵۣ̼˻ʵϵģ 
㡭ΪʲôҪ˺㣿 
Ƹ硭Һʹߡߡſľǰ 
ʹƿ£Ĵվû۵ļ--˯ô޹̵ֻԼô 
գգۣѹӡеӢаȵ--Ϥס 
ϡɫЩ԰ס̧ĶͷȡĪȾ˷纮ɣֱ˹ǣһ˫ˮǹӯӯˡ 
ϣҡˡ¶ܷҩͷĹ裬רη纮ġĵĻеĵʵ 
ˣüϵȴԽԽµ񡭡Ƶ£𣿡 
Ŀ죬Ĭ--ҪĴ𰸣Ǿ˵ڵġ 
ֻҪ˵һ䡮ˣˡ޾ԭ㣡ʹ˵ 
µ͵һϣǺοء 
ǰô߸ϣοΪССһ̫࣬пƤгίȫ˵ȵزҪʲôûУοƫƫִţ 
شңȥ˶ӨΣʹൽûԳơޡ 
Ҫһ仰һ仰ѡ 
绨Ĵ꣬Լѽеİ߸˻˶ 
һİؿӿ 
뿪µ㴽ķ˸̽ѯ 
شң¶ 
㱼䣬··𿴼ƵӰԶԶڶ΢Ц 
ɴƮ˴ᣬɤҴûڹ 
㡭ްϬðĵΪѻ˵ 
ϣ¶޷ƭ㡣Ըƭ㡣´һȪ 
ſ£һȭڴͷʯϣ--Ϊǧ谮òһЩЩѵĲޣѵþʹ˷֣ 
¶֪֪޵жʹ 
ϣȻ飬ûɵķһʹӨ紮䡣 
սȭͷƾѪֱ-- 
ܷ֣ 
ٶȸϺµĽҪ˴˵Ŀ˱µ࣬һ˺½ķ۾һ·ҧޱȵͷѪ˳ֱʹµؿڣȵġ 
 
὿ץƾţȴȫ޺ͷŰͦ˼㡣 
䣬УȺͦں¶³ఴŽͦĺĿС˵ü۽Ǵ˵Ĵ⡣ 
ϡ 
½еøɿ飬С΢΢̺촽绨ŰǰԸۡ 
СĵĽӼѣ͵Ṇ̀Ʋס壬ɳٶм䣬ýϲĽд 
ߵĲϼ̧סС죬ƺߣˮ죬ޡ 
µֱۣҧԵ˵㡭漴͵źµСԼ̽ȥ 
-- 
ǻȵĴ׳ߣµͽһµ֣ȴӿһֱ 
䣬ȫ㡭¶ôô㣿޿Ҫܲˣ촽İźÿһѬķ㡣 
 
ѪҺϳ壬´ֻñĵط顣ϿκһζҪȣȼһ㣬յһȡ 
ĸСԲΣ˺𣺡¶޲ſ㣡Զſ㣡 
СȫƺԾˣϢԽԽ촽ҲԽԽޣϡϡϡԾĴ˫ȣס 
ܵ˶飬㴽ǡĿӿϺµԺСĲסġ 
֮ԵĶź£¿Լڵ--ʣ죬˫Ȼסϵļнֱֱ¼ 
ŵɫף߳ܵջ˽ţ˫ֻס¶--ڸʲôô֪ߵ󻶣ôҡʱ˿̣ҵؿڵĹĶ޷͡ 
뵽кƳʱ˴˽ԣᣡ 
ԲƸ硭[ī] 











12 

ôȥµᣬʡ 
ÿνޣǲԸġȴԼźǧ˳ʹĹֺԼĹǲ˶רһ 
޺ϲ㣬Ӽͷһ޾ͿƲסԼˣǿƵץסµĽףĺ㲻ҪӣΪʲôӿҪӣ¶һ֪жϲ㣡 
ȷ²죬ֻ֪ñʹĻϾȻ˵ϲĲ֪Ҳܽܣ 
ϣҲӣΪֻг裡ǣ̽ԼεشֻռӰˡ 
ϲϲôһδεǿ 
ϲĺǻǴֱӶᣡ۵ĵૣǷŭõ廨ϵ㾧Ө¶飬ǻһϸĴ̣ 
ϲ˺ 
ǣֻãָһͱźµĽѨԵ˵ɧֻ༸ͷʪʪģ޵ָš 
ҪƲסķˮӯ˫ȥôӨ͸ 
ԼôôģֻҪжûһܵˣһָŪµ˽һ٬̧°ͣᣬµˮֻѹ㣬ѩ׵ϳɣ 
ϡ˵ˡŤϸ׵СϢѣɢһζѬǣ 
㣡ȫ㣡¶޵ģһӶ޵ģ壬Ķֻޣ̧µһȣĺѨǰҡΣײСܵĽĴ 
ϡҪҪٶˡ 
¶Ҫӣ޲ӡ 
С˵͵ǽĻѨ 
ϡһЩ 
¶ٳſһ㡭ů޺С¶ 
ϴҵײڶ첻֪˶ٴΣ˶ȼҲȫζʵҪƵģһαһλҪ 
ϡСЩûĿгź½޵Ĵ޽ıȫҪڻһ쾡Ū 
С˲̬֫ճյסС˵ĺ㴽˵޵ģԶ޵ģ޲ߣ 
ӱѩ׵βĶõ죬ҺһһϹ۰欻Ѩ 
Ҫϡҡܲˡҡ 
ţԶţ¶һӶ޵ˣ 
ץ˴һдܹȫֺ߳иоŤţӯһյϸ޵Ĵ̼ķ˿ŵ㺹ڰıϣ΢⣬޶˵㣡 
ԽϺµ㱳ͣķȣһһĦײźеԵڱڡ 
䡭е޺ˬ 
ϡҪ顭ٶˡ 
Ľѣ΢΢ţһٵ˵Ҫȴˡ 
ϡ 
䡭¶޵֣ 
ϡ졭졭졭 
ڵһƬ糺죬ﷺӯӯˮ⣬ŨܵĽë˸žӨĹ 
˽εһˣܲĶأŮˣΣκһŮˡ˶ 
Ϻµģİ˵޾㣡Ҫ֪֪㲻ֻ޵г裡ҪΪҪһһ޵ߣ 
±죬ı飬ȻԸоȵĿ⣬ӡĵǡ̵촽 
졭µˡ 
ΪʲôΪʲôƸ綼ԣȴˣһһ 
һһ 
 
 
糯 
ڳĹڽǵϣ䲼һʥּ 
̼䣬ȺȻ 
ˣǻȱ꣬ͷĻʺ֮λ͸һ˶Ʋϵֱ̫֮࣡ 
ڳΪ𾪵ĵڴк󲿣ǰաܡ˻ԵƷơ[ī] 













13 
˳ڳ˽۷׷ס 
찡϶Ժĳ谮ǲˣ 
ֹ谮ϸħȻһͼгΪʺδ̫ƣ 
ɲǣԭΪʺλӳģû뵽ϾȻǺǣû뵽 
һˣôһˡ 
Ӵ֣ˣ 
ֱЦˣƽˣ֪ǸʲôѻԵͷתģޣвŮ̫౧ôˬ𣿡 
˭֪أûԹٺ٣˵Ǹģʱ濴ء 
ڻǰװҿһ޺ӣʵҰĴأ 
ǣҪûĻûֶΣô׾ʵʺλӣٺ٣ʶʶڴַĽ˵ԺͷƻأǺǡ 
ͬųĶԻƵͷҪըƵģ 
ͣĸԼǰǼҪĵķǳʱڣҪͣҪ¶ˣͰǷŭŭ˵ķŭ 
˵ҲƲסĳ˹ȥ˻ߵĺ˵˵ҽǺ˵ 
Ťһһº͵ƾŭյúۣʮֺˣ 
ƣë˰㣡 
ֻͷ¶һǼȭǰ 
ʲôʲôҰģֶΣʲôԺͷƻˣ 
˵Ǻ˵¶ôһ˫ˮ۾͸Ŵõһ˶ 
쵰׺ݵİƵڵأ߿ 
С¶ûͼ˺κˣΪɼ˻ʵ۵г裬ͺ͸ܾ˵Ǵ𣿡ⲻƽ 
֣ߣӣߺ޵ĳһĭñѪֱĳֻʶӡ 
ֱֱĶŵϵһ̲ѪĲӿ 
Υʥּչջʺ˽ӳϼ˵ǰ¶ܾ࣬˽ôڣҪԶ߸߷ɣ 
ʹǿ˶Ǹ֮ء 
 
δ빬 
ӣôֻˣ¶ͭǰΪͷȻ 
ţϲһ׼ֵǵȹɫʣϸǡôļãһ֪Ծǵһ巻ѣϲ溫װ 
׾ڵǳȹ΢˵۵ıɴԭùɫ㣬£еѩǺŵٰϢΪŮҵȥ·Ҳ˰ɣ 
Ȳӵ˿ҪΪһεķ٣˭֪Ӿ䣬š 
Σٽʱ򣬱Ƽֻӵװױߵ̫๬ 
ĻϲҪȹұ㡣µ˵Ȼȥ԰Ʒ裬Ѵá 
ôƯΪδãź£ӣʹһϲģ 
εĻصֲŮҡ 
ǻʺﰡлЩƼ̫ĪҪЦˣȻ綼ǧ򱶣 
ǳЦͷô 
⣬ε̾һ 
ӴԣҲΪԼЩʲôģʺλˡ 
 
֮Уÿ˶һԣ˿ڻ̫ǰ޵ûʧɫ[ī] 














14 


 
̫ءҪΪڻ̫Ľ£޵ݺᣬģ˵жίжί 
ʵ̫ˣһ̫ҲͰˣȻҪΪ󣡻ȿȿȡ̫ߵֱɼж಻޳ľ 
ʵϣӷŵ֪ǵʥּüͷûչ 
̫Сӡ״æһů裬̫ 
̫ӹ豭һڣһůѣָ̾ίˡ˵յᡣ 
ԭǻʶܳһ޲˵ѵõĴϻۡʶ壬ǻʺѡ˭ϰ·ɱһ꾫Ӳȥ˻ʶ־ 
̫ˣһѩܺáֻǡֻ̫ܵʺأ̧䣬ôãĸһһķ̻ϣܻ֮е˭ʺ󣬴ҶһԹԵģ 
ⷬͷεĻ˵̫Ŀȥˣ 
Ǻ꾫ǸŮӣǲ̻ŮӣǿˣƫƫǸвŮ̫࣡ 
һŮƫŮһ˳˴е 
ߣǵͼūΪ󣬰ҵһԣɲһ̫ŭ˵ 
λϽǺ꾫޹̫Ŀõļˣ 
̫˵Ǻһǰڻ̫Ķԣζ˵ 
ŶϢɿ𣿡 
ԿɿŴ˵δ빬Ƿ˺ôĻأ 
Ȼ᲻ǵδ빬ü̽ӡ 
ǿҪúˣ 
ҿˡĽɵ 
ãô졣̫󲻽Ц٬ 
 
԰ 
ůƮ㡣δ빬԰ڸǰٻţ涷ޡ 
һлʼҷ緶д̵񣬴ֲʧš 
Եľͷһ۵ĻȣȽˮϣˮһˮ۴ˮ̽ͷӭŵ㡣ˮϻӼߣһ·϶йŮι㡢ˮϵĻ䡣 
ǻʹ澰ȻҲʵۺͺϾʱĵطÿε԰Ʒ趼ỽһλңĸͷƫƫطΪƷ裬ʵ򡭡 
¶Ǹʯϣǿ˶ 
˶վڰǾޱĻ£ɬĵʹͷԹԵĽһ˫衣ϻ̧ͷƼϱƷЦЦԼ˵ 
ô²豭ЦʵѵҪԱ˵ձɷнµ 
¼״󾪣ӵĻص¶ĸͼݻϣԼǡ 
˶ߺһСƵĽ̬ߵЦŨе 
ߵԣһʯϣأ±һȵĻγϵơ 
ϣȥ 
ƾ죬ధԱ߻кö˿أ 
԰Ĵβǲ˹Ů̫ǵעӶ§§ģ 
ˡ§µԵʲô˵ŷȥȡ 
ˣϣҲԾɲĵš 
Ĳ 
ģǺǡϣŪˡ 
컵ĵӺµ񾱣ʹú²ûĻŪÿĽЦѡ 
ǺǡϣҡҲ˻ôֻ˽Ļĵ 
ŲŪߵһ𻨸⣬һС͵µߣ𻨸⡣ 
ĲˣԼ԰ɡһɫ 
С˲飬쵹Ҳգһۺ˵ԣ졣 
ֻεſ̺С죬ƾһһڵι 
һԵĹŮ̫ȫɵۣ 
˵ʵڵģûικһλû϶˭йı飡ǰĳ谮ǰĳԡ 
ó𣿡ḧ绨Ĵ꣬ʵ 
ɬĵͷȻϲǰǵιԼ𻨸ζ治أ壬ģҧһڱֵ 
ϣҲɡ¹˳ĵһ𻨸⡣ 
ðӹһ⣬漴ַŻںµĶߣҪúóζ 
ɳƵаɤԼڶߵĻϢǵú»һʶ΢촽 
ȵ촽̸ģԵ͵Ĵ룡 
 
麫µĳ͵Ĳס࣬һµ˱С֭Һŵ򡭡 
±ǵȫ̱סı۰ӶԼĴ࡭ 
 
С˼ǵòܺҪƵģһһδ棬С͵Ťѡ 
Ƽ˻ǵĹŮ̫һʶȤıȥļٴϢĽȻڶ 
Σδķſµ㴽Цζǲ´νЩ͵δ빬ȥ 
ߵòҿ죬ᳶ䣬ϣǻȥɡ 
쵱Ȼ׻С˶Ϊߣ̲סŪΣϷŪҪô¶ 
˻һڳūһѪ״ϸòҺǻʺɣ 
ǵģһ߽һæ񶨵 
ôԵô˵أ 









15 


첻ʱüΪȵټϷֳ˹𻨸⣬Щڸһ裬һһˬپ˺ܶ࣬ 
ÿ࣡豭Żʯϣ°Խ 
û뵽εĲô࣬ϲƫõĻôҲԼȵ̫ˡ 
Ƽ˶ü΢壬ʵ㰡ൽ˰ɣ 
ˣ²˼ĵͷ 
ЦЦº˵һͽС촽ȥǿžӨεѣסѵͬʱʪСָ 
һҧˮ֭ݼ䡣ûһ˿ɬζúôǹƷɡ 
Ŷ²޵Դġ 
һ̧ͷƼаȱ˵񡭡㿴·˵ʲôĻʲôĶƵģ 
ְһԼˣһԵź£ЦⲨ˹ʹ߽ˮǺ𣬡һָˢµĴ꣬Ȳ𡭡 
콫һ˵ü飬ǴǵûС˶ȶ૵һ㣡 
ߵ˵һһ̫࡭ĸŮˣôˣ--Ҹط 
ʲôأ§СѵӣߵĽЦʡ 
̧ͷСȥɣϡҡЩͷΡһڡ 
ҲŲһĶͷ漴һԵĻ¹ٵСӣ 
 
Ƭ֮СǣһƥɫĿƥһӽ±Цȥطɺã 
˳ӦȥĶãֻ뿪԰ 
컷ź£ĲǰУһʱٳ·ͥԺɷʱ񱩷㣬ʢŵĽ޻׷׵µĻࡣ 
԰Ժ˵ץ޵·漴˫һУµƥﳤȥֱʹĺɽ 
䲻ٴ棬鱼۵﷨ڲԭԣֻɣ߳˸վԼķ 
 
̤ɽ֣ƥ͸ּľ°߲ĹӰȥǰһƬ˵ĻǻСϸܣӣƥȹĵطʵĻꡣ 
ůůķ紵ϣ¾̾ǰò˼澰ǵĻ֮У鶼һоξ㡭 
ƥЩСһסһֳĻסµҲ˷ΰεš 
һʱգؼΨˣʱͣû˵κһ仰ůůȴŻڱ˴֮ 
һɽ㱧źȻȡ¹ϵһƣźµ֣СϪԵһϯض 
ɽķ̾Ǻ 
ˮ˫̰ɽд̡̺죬ƵĿתĿ 
˹ԵһңǵЦݡ 
С˶ûԼЦж˰ɣ 
ƼϵľƱѼף΢Цմ綯ƣU 
ʫպ㣬棬ݳʹƣգԺ¿Ц绳޶֪ôʫ˭ģ 
鶯˫һ˿Ķߣǻ̵İ 
µЦʣС޼ʱ̹ˣ 
¹ѹѧ໶þЦʹ޺ޣͤɡ 
һ⼸ʫʱȻԼϰҹۺʫľ׵ʫ 
¶öˣȻԼҲѧһ㡣Ц۵üˮ 
챻ϾܽЦԵĽ֮¾ܻκӵ˵Цݣ 
ѵǣʱ˿̣С˶ԼĻԼЦǵһΰ 
һΡ 
¶֪ʫ˼ 
ҡҡͷڴĽ͡ 
ʫ˵ĵ֮ӣӳõشЦݿֻڳͤĵӣŻеෳա츧µķ˿ʵɼǵú޵һμ龰 
µͷ 
ǣǴıһ 
ʱϡ 
ûȥҲգû 

޶һġ 
ĵߵ¶֪ôԴڶ԰һ޾ҲŲˣ֪ô 
ûлشĪļӿ죬쵽޷ܣʵ֪֪ܲأ 
ʳָİµĺ촽ԵС㵽׶ʲôơʲôҩ޵ȫ㡢ֻ㣡һӰڻԶԶҪſ㣡֪ô 
Ȼûлش𡣲ҿ۾ǲҿ˫Լʵ֪֪ȴԸϡ 
סµַؿڣ޴Ӳ޵ıֻ޵޼֮ 
쳯ʥһºµĶͷ漴Ƶüۡαǡ촽űһ籩ļǣ 
ҲΪƵµ࣬ǴĴůֱﺫµĿڣҲͬȺġ 

֮ӵס½ӣͳ۵ԣ¶ϲ㡣Ժ󶼻úôġ 
˵ؿڵůҲǸжɡ 
ʵ֪˵ҪΪ֪Լһʱ̰--Ҫһһߣкơ£ںȻһڴȺľǹִÿԣ 
ԸǰԼģʵǺİսӶԼһУ 
¶޺һ΢ЦŽ͵µĴߡ 
ĺ¾ӹƱһ 
ϡ 
ֽƱĽһ漴һһ߰Ŀ죬м˵⡣ 
츧źµĺ󱳣ȣǺˡ 
ҲģԹԵĺȵó죡 
תǵ屭ˣ۵СһƬΣ˫ӳɵˮȥòɷĵԹκ˵Ļꡭ 
ϡǺǡ½Ц˽ĻûþƱСĥţĻšϡ 
ǽεεһȣ 
¶ˡľƱɳ 
С˶֪𣿣 
µЦû˾Ʊֱƺ컹δüֹӲʣµİһ 
һ©˳εǡ°͡ľһ·ʵ˵ǣµĹ⡣ 
鲻ԽһڿˮͷǣԵȥǵơ 
ϡ 
һɣƺ˵ϡ 
촽˵ĽȴͻȻƿ죬̧ͷһЦ쿴ĵһǧĵɵϡ 
ʹľ˵ֻıô 
ΪԼǣ 
Ƹ簡 
 
¶ԼȻȵĿɵϵ˶޲ðƤǵ̵ 
졭Сɵ޵Ĵ꣬Ľһеǻʵ۵ 
ǻʵۣйƻĺг衣 
ʺͷڲҲҪʹ 
ʱ˿̣˳һΰɣĵ˳һΣ 
һΣг裬Ҳʺı[ī] 

















16 


Ƽ˶ӵ򴽱ߵľ¶СW࣬ճȻֱָ̽˶С๲衭 
СѬѬȻ캬ס˵ָɰֱָͷǹСҧԽԽ 
ΣС˲ġߡһ΢üԹԹ죬һָʾָȥϷᵯһʪС࣬ʮĻָ 
ûˣǹϵС˶Ĳӣſѩۻסͷĸһ㶼𣬲ó~ 
С˶ģ̰ԵСèƾֽ̬һ˼ҪúƷֻ˵С 
һµ˿Ʈһͷٵ㷢зȵɢ˿ģӵӵʹһڲݵϣ챧£ĳĿ㣬˺С£С˵ıѩ㱩¶ǰ 
ŷжһƬƽ̹ȴκŮ˵ķ죬СɵĺƷ㽿WΡ 
ﻹ̵סݺݵŪһţٸ׺סһţϴֱҧֱſĺͦ˼ſϰݣ 
ѹϻｿĿ˶˶СһӲͦߣһۣЦĻŶϣֻ˼һ£㻵ˣ 
˵컵ˮ۲֮ȴޣټϱµСĵЦݣڻκһɽ̼ѪڣԴ󷢣 
ȵֱ°ֻץסӵС˶ѹĽһ 
Сܣ 
׷˹ȥС䲻ȵʱԵҪο˷һƻˣӭܵСϷһ˽ĶԼЦֱҪò£ 
ΪһˣҪԼһǧṬҲԸ 

ܵïܵĻУһһʱʱͷЦɽȫЦ 
ɿǰҪ׽֪һʯһСľͰˣ 
յӢմ˲ٻ֭ԶС˶ƼҲһ̽СԴ͵͵Ц 
СƵô󵨣ԼΪ߸ϵĻʵۣ˳羴˿ȴСûṬûһҪʱӿģ 
ƼСЦٻĽģֻԼúó谮 
ֻճյԼ׷±ҲӣʵıժһۺСǼǻƺ㣬һ֮Цúòã 
绨Ц˳ǣ˹㵹ĵ 
ǰӵʱδüϳĿ㣬ְС˺ˣ˿ȫֻһ塣ӵɫ˿ûµĳˣŮԣ绨ĺӲؿװ綼ȻϵЩǧ򱶡 
ո̫ܵ죬ɿ볨ǰķѩ¶һƬƺˣҲ·ֹй̧ȣһСѥһ̧ȣ»Բͦѩ֣һǰԸ㼴ۣѿֱѪ 
Сˣڹ 
²֪Щʲᣬ̧ͷƼɫɫԼյĳһ漴Цˡ 
پǰһҲ֪ĸЦ 
ʱС˶һѣŲڻݵϣЦ˻еľ飡ϲӭǰȥһ£»ЦͶĻſ˫۱ססı 
СαˣԵӵ˻ﲻߵĽС˶ 
ˡ˼Ҳˣ 
Цÿɰ̽Լ촥ͦ⡭ 
ϡ 
ıˣ̲סеúýģң 
ϡ 
޵֣죡 
졭ǺǺǡ 
̵Ҷӭҡҷľ˽Ц 
˾ܲ 
һůůԾһִδйĿҸ 
ĸоΨıܸĴӴֻһˣúϧһӡ[ī] 



















17 


ǺǣϣȽ۱ϡ 
̱컳̧ס˫ۡɴ˿ñֻۣƺ£ݲҪ 
СˣʲôԹԵģӣСɵ°ͣԵ˵ 
ЦϷŪĴƣС죬˼ұ֤ӻôϣ 
в˿˵ԼǳЦű˫ۡһ̣оһ˫ḧӡϤõĴгС˶˭ 
ϲס˫裡һֱϲְԼ˫ʧԵıСԼнů 
С˶Цˣϣϸţ˱Ƕ㳢Ƭǵ㴽 
ԴӵһǹԼͱˣŮ˵֬ζϲķ۴̰еζ 
֮󣬺΢ϣ͵Ŷ 
ǿѹ˵С˶ֱӹӵصԳ嶯͡ѵԼôŵˣ 
һ̣һµĸO@žص 
찡СȻˣ˿һ˿ңǽӶѾ̫̼ˣο»ϣȥۺ£ëëŵĸЦÿģ 
챻ͣС˶ȻԽԽ£۵С־ֱĵ׿Сסµζ 
¶-- 
첻һľǴŹ̲ѣ˿̿Ҳֻк²ˣ 
˵زﻹ˼ٱȣ 
ļۣǡƼӵС˹Ĵϣһָοһִļϣ˹ĽһźӲͦͽ 
տĺסǿźϷʵͲȥ 

Ŷ͵˼ҡûˣַԼĻ汻Ͼ۵ףߺĴš 
ᡭ 
ԲС˵֣Ƿȭϲʹְֻס·ۻԲѩΣӿĴꡭŴѰΰ֮أԼĻȥָǽڣǿ˵סԼҵ˱ͷŹ̵İҺǸС 
СҪ㣡 
콫ǿѹڲݵϣ̧һȼڼϣǰһִиͱС˶۵ĻѨ 
 
СѨûоֵİʮֽУڼҰɶ 
ֻԼ챻۶ˣ챻˺ѣץı὿ϣһ㡭Ұ 
סС죬࣬һͦů 
¶޶챻жˣ 
˻ŵͺ𣬾޴˶СѨƼ壬ˬ¼ 
ϣһ㡭̫ˣ 
¶ôˬ޺ 
ϡһ㡭ҿ챻Ūˡ 
ʹ͹СתлĽģ԰⸱ߴ𽿵εεӣ 
紦һϵĽѨÿÿѣȫѪˣôҪҲҪƵģ 
ϣ 
˵ĽϴţһֻصİϺµ⣬ǵú½еø졢Ķˣ 
ϡ졭 
ĿнʹˮŪĽռȫ 
 
컺˳¾ŴϢѣͻȻͳȥʼһֵĹռ¾ӷõļϸ 

֮ˬı۰ȫСˣߵ峺СϪԣϴմ˰Һ 
С˶ļϣ۴˫Ȳ濪ϣ޷Ҳδ̫ˡ 
첦µη죬ָõСѨǹСѨסָš찵̾һոķ̲ס 
ҲƼˣϣôô֡ 
һϴ˽һⶺŪ 
ָǺ˵óڣ 
ԣʧЦˣ̲ססµС͵һ㣡ıʵ̫ɰˣ 
ĵЦµӿ죬һЯŰǾޱ㷢ǣһ˿˿ϸ͸źεķۼϺò 
쾪̾ź£Ϊۣ֮ʧʰһƬꡭ 
˲䣬һؿڣĳеĻ꣡ 
ôˣϣ˦˦ͷ仨ʵ 
Ŷûʲô 
Żعһ˲䣬ȻΪС˶ᱻǾޱߣԼôҲץס 








18 


δ빬 
˴죬ˣ˯㡭 
˯ŵϸܽë˳ĵʹţۺСԵøۿɰڴ߳ճյþãȥ 
׼ڽǵۣʽ߷¶Ϊʺ̫ǱߣƱǻᷴԵġһȥһˣ̫ݲκ˶˵һ֡ 
ʱڣ⻪ĹЩȡ 
Ȱ˯еĺµؽɴ䣬ǰζЦǺõġ첻Աߣɴཫɴߵ£ŤŤСȵıϢ 
ǺǣСޡſڹ͹ϣϸµȣϽðӽ䡣ɴӴȣƼ˱ӣԸ⿪ű۰µϡ 
ྻܽصѩΪȶȾ˵ĲϼǳеϸüëͦıСɵӣ 
Ǹˣ 
ʹÿնŽԲ̾ʰɴãߴȱʶĽƶĿӴ˺ϸµǣ滹ĵ׺Сѡļǵ磬ŵĿȱ˵ԶӢͦΰĻϻƴˣϲϱ׵ɡ 
¿һߵķۺǽεͦһߵĺﱻɢں㷢ڰڵĻסǳ˿һֱ쵽СɿɰĶꡭ 
ӵڣɢŵ 
㡣 
ȷŮӵ֬㣬Ѭǻ㣬һݵ㡣 
ôһɰ˶ҲѹĻϻΪߵĹƴ˻Ϊ˼Ľ롭ʱ 

ǵõǧѡ˸սõԼŷֹδ빬⻪ǷĹ 
ϣһȫ˺ԣѩ׵ϲϺɫĺۼʹδԼҲʲô 
ҹ˱ҹ 
һزƽġԭ 
ϸ˴ŵȼ䣬װ׵ҺǱЩ׵ĽС޶ҡ 
𾪵û 
ԼҪ̵ˣһг裬̫ࡣ 
úްԭΪϴ£ѡŮ̷Ľ˶ضǻϵĳ˺þá 
˭֪һͼг裡 
ҪжϵȥƲ˵Ůһ˫ȹϡ 
񣬱Ժµȫоֱ 
ģ 

Ѱһգ糿ߺŰˮ׼̺ϴȴڴ߿ޡ 
һ˫ô۾峺вݡ 
ơΪٻĸԸϵг裬ӵ 
ӵĽһ 
㲻ǵԼôеӣôɱߣ˼ıס 
Сؿڣϸݵļ޵úòģ 
ˡ 
ӣ˰ޣҲѹĻＤϡ 
û뵽ԼΪʵ۵һгۡ 
ãֹסᣬƼϵ̧ۣɡ 
ʱŻЩûԼ˷һƢЩݵĹ鲻õʱͶūǳ 
һΣĵԼ⸣ôһĵشӡ 

һˣӵŮҲĽ㣬ڹΨһ˵ϼĻѡ 
Ի˵ϧԻЦһЦȴʱûϳĵ͵͵ԼƴˣÿʱЦú軵˵Сޡ 
ųҸеҲ֪׸ףƴˣǸǧҪѻϡ 
Լĵ£ڻǷˡ 
ǰ죬ϲȻŭ 
ӻֱܵĶԴһҹûۡ 
˭뵽Ǹ߸ϵĻϾ漣ԭӶĲңʷȺӵĴͷΪʺ 
ԭֹ壬ϵҲϵ͸˶ϰ 
ʵӺγԹ޹ϡ 
ٸҹ֪ƣŻۣݻ񡭡ڻϵĻ˵ڳ͢ķ£İ 
ǵðǰһδ빬̿Ͱ˶ڣӵ±ɵ˶ҲԼûϼʱڹĶڸӱƳ˿ĶҺ룬Ͳ书 
Щһ˶ֻԼԻϵ˼ 
Ӷƴ˵ȴҲٵģ 
ˡǺã 
 
˵ƴ˽ҪǾǵһŮףϴ͵Ļ顣 
ƴӳһƬ飬Ǹɲȴ治°ɣ 
ľӻ飬ʹӱҲԵˡʱӸжôİ[ī] 






















19 


µȳʣӣ 
ûй񾲵˯ݡ˯úܲȣ֪ϡ 
ֽӵƺ˱仯ǰϽعʱ͸оӶԻϺǰһˡ 
ʱͼ̫ࡢŮĺڵſڣԶԶıƼһ˫ź۽ȦסϣЦڻϻﲻ֪˵Щʲô߽ˣſӾǹŽŵģϸһ󼫲ӵֻСѥ 
һūŽԵɴ۾ǧһĻһǺǿЦЩȵ˷ӣūĸΥʥֻùԹԵϺӵԣЬϡ 
Ҫ˼ҺȰӽЦӯӯǲӡ 
ֻЩĴӼ£СôˣĽ׸˭ 
찡ѵǻϲ˿ɣ 
˽Ե~~ϵĴ׾󰡣 
ᣬô˼ҵƨŶˣӽ 
ʵ֪ϴòأ˵۲ǳûˣ 
ûϵӾ׽ϣ͵͵۾ˡֻץסӵСţӴǿѥӣϴ󲻸˵һߣǵûϷǳĵͺٲ޿ɾҪˣ 
ӾҲ£ĥϵţĽһ족ϵ䣡 
һ̣ǻϳճյסӵС죬Զѥӣһ˫СŰġ 
Щߵĳϵ䣬Ա߻أҲᣬ߿ŻС˶ߴǵĳȥ 
˶ıӰʱ־ϲ 
ʹԴֱײУӵȴɣ 
һֱĽܻϣˣʹҲƴˣҲÿÿجоѵӡ 
ԹΨһ顱ˡ 
Сĵںɴɵ̾һ 
˳޷ĲúһӰʩչṦܷ´ڡ 
θߴǿݣһݵӣֻ⽫δڲסϰĨ˼ѿ̼ҡ 
˱ơǰݻѳƺԺеƭһѸٵȥֵĹۣĨ׼õ̼ңֱ˶޷ 

һղ 
ղѾء 
ɴ˯εԼô 
Ըȴò嶯ı˶Ƶͻ֡ 
ƤĴһգգ۾ԺûˣϰԵ밲磬ϡ 
ǰˣͷεġףϺʱһ£ 
ס֣Щ˸е˵ҡ 
¶Ѱ˼ңǱ⹬УǷÿ糿һ˵磬Ƹ硭 

ϲǵսľ 
һᣬĵƿƣӲԼ䵭˵Ҳʶ㣬߰ɡ 
Ƹһ̫ˣŻ˼װɵð⡭֪϶նģ 
¶ٴ§˺£оС΢΢ 
᲻ΪԼأ 
ߡˣ߰ 
¼ÿԴ˵鱻Ϸûһ첻ΪĵϲңԼҲüĿԣֻ͵͵ᡭ 
ҲߵģлҪ˵ƵȻ֣һΣҪߣ 
Ĩȥµᣬ˺ܴľİʵ¶㰮ô 
һ£漴ƣ޵øС 
ʲôʱˣЩ 
ĸԸĽ 
Թ޻ڵܿ࣡ 
㡭֪ġ½Ƶؿڣ 
ư˳˳ĳҪ׿ڸҡ 
Ȼ˼ҲûɹԼ⣬ηͬСɡһߣǽȥ 
ΣҪһ仰 
յô¸оƵļ֣żסĺڲһڣ㡭Ƹ磬¶㡭 
¶ҵҵıϲС˶һȦ˶ֹסᣬ۵Цݡ 
ߣ¶§£ĵ⣬߰ɣ뿪ʹ¶֪Ӧģ 
¶ʱˣ 
ߣƸ˽ 
ѡȷԸɻʹ˵Ӿӵóĵط 
ֽ׼ʺݣһ׽ϻһƸ綨ᱻԼ̣ɱ壡 
Ƹ 
ºģ˵ձʽΪʺ󣬴Ӵ˺ұüٻòȻҶ飬һ㣿ǿеİٰʹΥĵĻΪֵûϻģһʹߣɵˣ 
ΪƸ˽ģҪ˵ʲôѻԣ 
ʹڵѪ 

¼˵Ľ 
һ䡰һ㡱һ䡰ʹһ䡰ɵˡһһ㽫ǻ˵óס 
ɱ˲Ѫ 
ǣҪûĻûֶΣ׾ʵλӣٺ٣ʶʶڴַĽ˵ԺͷƻءƻϷʵĻ絶ʣ 
ǰɵ׵ģʼնǻʵģʵӵ˽˶˳ԣ 
ֻɵɵΪαװĵĵ鶼ӣҪˣ 
Ʒſ˺£ʹ̾ˣֺοҪң 
ҵŪڹ֮䣬˵Ƹ磬¶㣡--£湻ݣ 
ж᲻ᵯֻδĴ 
ΪҾˡ 
ʪ۽ǣվ̲סȥᣬ۲ѡ 
ʲǷŻص 
Ƹ磬֪¶Ҳ޿κΰ 

ˣαػʵģ 
еȵĴ괥۽ǣһߺޣ 
Ȼϵĺڲ£ס촽 
ķ۴ԼѣԴ䱦ǻ˱֭ͬȴϲ۲٣еֻ޾ıʹ 
ʹ 
ֱĳѣѹڱϣҲƵ˺ĳĿ㣬⿪˫ȼڼϣ 
µɴ˫ۿƣһﲻͳߵԼѨڣ 
ҪƸ硭Ҫ 
ﻹýİͷްݺݵĳڣ 
޴һһµĴ۵ڡ 
Ŵǿ֪ڳͷڳͷԼ 
ûʵھͻԼؽһ˰ˣ 
 
Ѩ·ҪƵ˺ѣ۵У˼ڡϣֻסǿš 
ƸûԼôֱһʹ 
ĵĿˣһ˫Ĵ۾ˮӯӯƣǧ 
ģ 
Ƶͺһ˻δõй˶ߣ 
ΪʲôôԺݲģΪʲô۾ô޹ 
ԼﱻԵٲˣ 
Բ𣬰Ūˡƻָǣ׷ŷŵıС 
¹ȡһĿ㣬£ 
һ̣ʹ˶ǺڵģҲŲһݽȥˡ 
Ը߲ҪһǿĽ 
Ƹ磬߰ɣͿˡ֪ƵΣͷΪͻȻͨˣ׷ߵļƻ 
½ڲϣ뿪ӣһ 

˵ǳ٣ʱ죡 
ͬʱͻȻ䲻һذȻ˺µĲϣ 
Ƹ磬Ǹʲô¾ֵʵ 
˵ˣҪߣһֻδյź¾ֱſȥ 
Ƹ磡ѵԼΪӲȥſңƸӰɣžˣҰ㣡Ұ㣡ҿʼǡǡ 
ûȺ˵ꡰƭġ仰ƾ͵Ѩ 
Ҳ˵Ҳ롭 

Ǻʱһ书ǿǱʵ۵޹δʺ󣬵Ϊڵһǰš 








20 
죬 
δ빬⣬һẮ 
һ׽̿ͣ׽̿ͣľУʮߴ׳ǰɿؽ´̿ͲΧסܻϳ谮ĺСǻζˣ 
ÿɱƻӵˣ侲ɨܡ 
ذױƽ˵ľһ۵Ѫۡ 
ҧҧ촽ϵƤ֮ʹԶȲеĽʹ 
ʹԡ 
Ӳģ϶ᲪȻŭƸ类Ŀۦա£һ죬λεա£Ѫͷ­ 
ҪҪ 
Ƹ磬¶Ҫ 
ɵƸ磿ΪβĴӴȢһͻݵϱƽƽĹ 
ˣ¶ȻȴҲİ 
رߵһ磬¶Ը㣬ʹʶ㵱ıԼ 
ѵǺջˮ 
һĻĻ龰Ȼǰµһεµ 
˵һΣÿƳһ 
Ϊ׵Ʋʾᡣ 
̿Ϳڻңɫ֮ȻϲѰ󱲣иʧʮ⣡ 

겻ͣȫɲǼ䱻׾ڿУĺһţ漴ɢýֱҶǧεıģҶһƬҰףһŤ̵÷ڡ 
ƼǰУǽֲ¡ 
µ᲻ͣʪ˵÷ֻػƸ˿Ͼ˼ 
֮Уƺ˻ϣλεĻۡ 
󵨿ͽٷſᣡ 
û졣 
ŭڣȴӳڵĵǡ 
쬣ʮ̻ס 
֮ʣһǿ⣬ȫעĶ̿͵һһ֪ǷͬϵİΣҪ 
˵͸ýŽĴ̿ͷΪ侲ֻ§Цϣá 
õľǣǲмЦݷƣ 
û˼̽ƻ⣬ۡĶǽ˶ϣûϵԼ뿪һʱվ 
һܺ£ƯĴ۾޺ˡڷѶʪˣһ䡭ǵĺۼѪĴ̿ͣŪ 
ıʹ޴̿͵ĶУŭ𣬵ȷҪʲᾡᣬ解ƽǹλǳأͳͳӦ㣡 
˻һƲмЦ 
㳵Цʲ᣿˷Ϊ˵޷˺Ź֣ 
Ƶͷһº·۵СȻ˵ͻϷģҪԼá 
㲻ǻʵۣΪ˳᣿ 
ԭҵģ 
㲻Ҫ˺콫͵ǺµĶȨ˶ļŭ⶷̿ͶǰеĻλʲΪ鱦 
ᣬѹû뵽ǰ˾޵ 

ӳȥֻҪ¶ʵҲܽһ˾ǣаպʹϣЯС˶⡭ 
ŴĮ羰һãֻشǰǴ˶ɡ 
Լ񣬾Ѷ֣ 
˼˵ͨӹ˾Ի⣬ҷһ·˸٣ݹֵۣ 
˵պĵĥĥذשȻĥںµϣ 
ֲأ˿ڲƤȴɿ˴Ŀģѩ׵ľϼªѪۡ 
Բ¶һ©Ĭ 
ʵԼֺγʹ 
һѳ¹ƶƣĶˣҪ˺¶ޱ֤԰ȫ뿪ǣûκ˸ 
һֽӹƣĿǲΧסͺµ 

˵£ᣬѼƽӻҡ 
ǽģ۵ȫһеġҪ˺ȫ 
֪̿;Ƹ磬ϻ룿 
϶ΪҺƸ紮ͨ˽Ϸŭᡭ 
ġ 
ۿڲ̿·£ɵĽر߽ͨƣ¸һʹⲻͱʾԼ罭ɽ 
ϣΪʲҲɵ 
̼ǵԼϿڿ˵㣬ǿĲЦһΣݺݵĥȴÿÿڸ߳ʹҡ 
ƭԼ˵ҪĽ壬ֻǰҵг衢п޵ 
µ¶Ҳ޷ˣ 
ϣ֪᣿ʵɽǻ¶ûȫǿ£¶Ҫıġ 
ۣӺۣԼԹƸ硭Ƹһۣ 
Ťͷƣת죬ԽԽģĵø졭 
ӵԼİƸ磬ǰͬŲĵĻϣ 
úޣúԼۿһ˶ʹĽȴΪ 
̿͵Ŀ𴩵֮ʱƸ磬ǻϡ 




21 

ƽ 
һ£СĻ˵´̿Ͷʮ֮ң 
㣬Сذף¶кβ޾㣡 
ҲѻһΣҲϣ˸漴§һԽ̤֦Ϲǽ 
˵ֻһֱ졣 
ƴĿ񱼣ʹŵĥѪҲͣһֻſͶʣ 
֪ʹȴ 
ûǻʹһʼǸجΡ 
һǰͼµ걻˸ǻһ˵ֽȥһ 
ҪѽҰɣ 
ʹ 
ѽһȥˣʱ㷢ĲҽУһвʹ˹ȥ 
ˮĴ۾һ˲˲Ķǰĺţؿںơĺñµģ 
ÿαʱҲ£û־ֱܳܵĿ̣ 
Ȼֹ£Ƕµ˫ŴȴֲߣֻĬһֵԼ 
©ɤӺ 
°ٰ㲻ԸĽңһ̧ͷƼŸµֶͰʹ˵Ѫɫڵϣʬ 
ʲÿģЩ꾪ֵģͼˣ»Ҫˣñ̫ࡣ 
һԵĺ¾ˣǾʬ塣 
ˡʲʣˣ 
Сûϵ᲻ʹˡĽʬϵǽǣ˵ 
ѲѪһƬԱߵľͰȫǸĶһŻɵʯϣ˳³͵׿㡣 
ߵߣӣҪµˡ 
ʧı۾ 

˿̣ûʵĹںµ䣬ļǵõʱĲ 
Ƹ§ס˫ֺ㱼享ƺֿǰλεĵӣ˸ǻʹȲ֮ʹ 
кСûжѹ˵˸˱Ͳ٣ûеТġ 
Ļкûпޣԭѹʱ޶޲ 
Ҳû˻ΪİɣֻԹûٺ»Ц⾹Ȳһ黨 
һӲ㳤ҲɭĻʹһᵽů 
ӵĶĿǻ齫ڻӢͦаȵľǶעȫĳ谮ս˫ֲϵĲϵĽ 
ķ꣬ѲǵǸûۡû˰ųкˣƽ̫䲻ңԼֺƸ磬ϡ 
ƵľŤͷԶԶһۣüĿ価顢ǳ 
ϡӯϸ׷׷䣬һƮᡭ 
Уңǿ˶ŵıӰѩԼûб 
иǣһ׽Ǵ̿ͣزҪ˵¶ڲ˸ͻͷޣϵĳ 
һصĺѤ, С  



22 
ƽľǹжϡţҪи̷ֻҪصСӳǲѡ 
Ȼǿ׼㣬Ƹ׼̷ͷԤƵȻֱڽСǣԼõĿջʹǻϡ 
ȴǿн˶㣬һоƵļƻ֮С⣬Ȼ޴쵱治ӵķأ׼ʹõͨƣһ·ǲߣЩ˿Ѱи˰ɡ 
µһӵõӲҲ֪¶ľ޵ˣ 
§£ԼĽų̻صƸ˸еҡ 
⿪µѨСҩ࣬ʵӻ᣿ 
ˡ¹ɵķϣץס½ǵ 
ˮͽ˿ڣһۣ 
ʹԼ⣬ڲѣԷĽ˵ʲҲѾϰ߶ˣѩ۾ϵĺ۾Ȼ۵ý 
Ƹ磬¶ĵġ˽ƵĻ˵۵Ǹжġ 
ǰδ빬˵ЩѻƸģҲ嶯زͷԼ 
һ䡮ĵġҵ治֪ľġƴúµ˿ڣε̾ 
ֱӣһ½סƵ֣˵ԲƸ磬δ빬˵˻ţ¶Σܻϳ谮ҲģںʲٻƸ磬Ҫ¶ 
ˣֺοҪƭң£аԶԼ 
Ҹɰɣ¶ԣҲ㣡 
Һ£Ƹ磬˵ҪһҾͺ£ӳʹ̸ףӲͻᱻᱻնףٶͶƵĻƸ磬ҺˣѡҵȷڹҸҾƭߵͷʹʹҺҲûϵµһǺ㣡Ƹ磬Բ𣡶Բ𡭡 
§£ʹļס 
ʱ˿̣˱ʲ᣿ 
Ҳã¶˰¶ 
Ϊʲҵڲһһ͸˶ 
ҲһζıŭͼʳͷŪңΪ룬ѴԼϣ 
һݵ˶ƺεºӵһƬģ 
ǸȻһҲûڹ 
ϧȥ¾ӨΣĸеС¶ǳʱǸһѰųˡȻСᣬеıǿˣ 
µϵ˵¶Ҳϡʲ飬ⱲӶֻҪһ뿪ԭҵòãһһһҰ㣡 
¾þõƣЦݡҸӯļ䣬һΡ 
ƸĴֽİסԼС֣ůĿȣĻᶨ 
ȻƽԼκϣƸⷬǺÿġǵģܿĺο 
ΪЦȻ᣿ 
һһ˾ʱơ 
һһ˵Զߣ˵һӶģ˵Ҫ֪˶ֻ֪г裡 
ʵʱҲÿģȴûü˵֡ 
Ҳ⽫Ϊźɡ 




23 
Ƶľһǡ 
Ƹ磬Ұ㡭㡭˵ 
ԭƸǴҪһģҾȻ֪Ƹ磡óģΪ˺Լ˫˫ɾϧκδۣ 
ԼȴҲԹͻƸĻϣֱһᵽ϶Լжϴ˿һܵԼİΣδ빬ɡ 
ԭԼ̰ĵˣȾƸᣬ᲻ûϵĳ谮 

ʲᣬ¶񡣡ƸϺµķ˿̫ˣǻƽġ 
»һ΢Ц漴ʵƸ磬ܲһֱɣӳȥ 
Ѿ׼ǰɹ̷ҹŻǡƴľȡѣŮװŵʱйٲ˵ҵӣǷ鱦ġ 
Щߵϼʪ͸¶һѩ׵ļƺȻ§ӣѵݸºȥǶæҵϡ 
һֱ£С˶һһɰ 
ƲᱧסЦСϵˡ 
ˣҰƸ硣¹ɵƱסȵ 
ĲŪڹΨһһδŮװæġ 
ƱЦ߽⿪ϵúܳĶǶ°ãûС˶͵һ㣬˵ʵոûϵֻ붺㡣 
գʲʱ˻ϷŪ˼ңƸ磬仵ˣ 
ȦסС˶ЦɫСʺ㣬˿ֻ⿪ӣ˵С 
ǺһСȭͷͼϵţһ˼ҲˣҲҪʲޣߣ㻵ˣ 
æס˶С֣һҲãԣ˰˵Ҳֻһǣ 
һˣȴҲ̵ģƵĻߵЦ˿ȫֻһۺСǶ۵Сƨ¶Ƹǰ 
Ǻϲ»ݵٶȳû˵һѣڻСǰס쩤С죡 
۵ӽƣȵĴƵĿУƽס࣬ 
ȫʧص͸߰ķʾƴ˿ǣ鲻Խ˳´ڲļһϰֱ֮أ 
ȡ۱ÿһдڲǻʱ 
¶ƿңƵĴ뿪µģͷģŬѹͺ 
Ƹ硭ƶŪȫ̱ƿֻӵĽһһ 
ǿС˶ȥ¶ϽѴá 
ӦһƸոտмΣЩжЩ̡ 
Ҳͬʪĺǿļ׳ʵı۰漴ӳ뺫µ͵˺һ󣬲űѺתȥ 
žΨĦĸO@Ƶڱϣ񾲡 
Ȼ˵ȴ޷ƽõʱǻӵжã 

Ƹ磬Ҵˡ˵ 
תһѡ 
¶ỽһȴû˵ʲᡣ 
˾Ķһ󣬺ǣƵЦˡһѱסȫǸж 
ںᣬڰ᣿˿ûҪˣЦԼеĲ 
¶õ˶ܹƴҸû㣬һҲκ壡ҲڴߣֻǱǸҰķʽһҪߣһҪҸƱ£İ˵ 
ȥģҲҪһΣҲֻҪһҾʲᶼˣֻҪҾͲڣ 
¸ж˵ֻǽıסơ 
ã˽ӵŷִֿµ֣Լһһһ¡֣µ¶ĸֽж񡯣ⱲﶼֻһҲݲ±ˡ 
Ƹ硭µµ 
ԶԼһƣӦûӦ˵¶ҲֻƸ硱Ȼȴ˵ڡ 
µĺۣ۵ü˺롭 




24 

һ·׷̿͵ƸʱȫѲ飬Ƹ˸׳Ծһ˺Ĵ̿ͷƾʧһ㣡 
˷˼ƸﾹȻһӰֵǮļҵҲʣ޼Ҵ̿ΪӵƸⲻ̫ᣡ 
ƣѵ㡭 
ɨԵһֵܣȻƵӰͷɷʱƶϳ˴̿͵Ŀ 
ƣǸӣȻΪһ̫Ҫ۲۵ķӣ 
ٻعϣ̿;ǰƣһ 
ǣˡ 
 
 
ƸһͨܵܵھС 
ưͷճϴӰɹ˵ģٱ׼õİ񽣣¾ܵӵ˾ƸԶ 
ƴڻһƥڵĿ漴һԾϡ 
ҹʮ֣䡭 
µӹԭͽټˣƺǲƬҲϢӵֻʱƸʱ׷ǵƥǧͣ 
˼ˣƽȦڻ񱼣µСХ紵ɷɷ׵ġ 
ȡȿȡ 
ǰ˴꣬´˷纮ʹ̧죬ǲС˸ɿ 
¶᣿ƵĵʵǲǺܣҪϢһ᣿ 
ûʲ󰭡»ص 
мɳƣ֪С˶˵ûֻڰĵķ٣һֽһúµĶͷȻ̣ 
Ƹ磬ͣȡסƽǰַŻصϣ˵ 
¶ 
ʹмǧ̣ҲֻҧǰС 
˵ԼҲ¶һһ𣬵˿̲԰׵Ͷϵ亹ƾмֻɴӻʹǶԻǴ 
ѵ˵Լû˽¶˼ֻһζҪΪУⲻͺױĻʵһģһ˽ᣡ 
ֻһ˵ҪҸȴ࡭ 
ԼѾزͷˣѡǻ޷˵Ĵ 
Ҳԭ˽ġ 

ݣ 
һߺȣƥٱɽּ䡣 
ͷεҲ䣬ֻǿƣ岻ͣĸԼǧҪͣϢһʱһ̵ͣЪпʹվ 

ԼĪʱ·ǰӰӡ 
һǣ֣򼯲СһӦȫСߺ춶 
ǰֵҹУǲ֮ʣͿԴ¶Ĵ䣬öϡСϲġ 
ӣ˰ɣʵϲɽôСģٻ¶ˡ 
ȡΨһһݸ£Լֻ˼ˮֻҧһСھͽݻƣαĻҪ⣬ʱͶʹŵ˼ޣԲκζ 
ƴС˶ģһۡҸСס¶ˡ 
ǣ˳ߣһעԵĵУһҡҡüҿ͵ȥˣƻûͣ 
ֹһ󣬿˵ƻңڴֵתǴһյƵֽϵģ壬󲹶ԭȥһ룬һۿԿǼҼëСꡣ 
Сǰ̨ϴ˯ 
Ƶӣɡ 
ʵһ᣿ 
ˣҹ·ƽȡƽ˵ 
Сǵ˵ѣһµվۣ͹٣סꣿ 
 
͹Ϸأ 
СϵȲϣһ· 
ǣСӹеݺ˵ 
һƾɵСӦ˳ 
ʿ͹ҪϷ 
Ҫһɾġ 
Ʋߣ߱ߵСη纮ҩݣûо͵ȥ򡣡 
͹٣û°ɣСȥһҩ֭͹ 
СǽһϷƽ±ϣٽһС˳һˮ 
СЦúϲ£죬Ӧǣǣһտ͹ٷԸ 
νСټֳŮˣԼʹʮƽ壬ҲǸеģֻһһͬεĶޡֻò绨СȾ˷纮ӽúܡ 





25 

Ϊддʴ¿ʼβżд汾AȽºͰɣддŰ~~ 
------------------------------------------------------------ 
ҩᣬ½ȣ촽ȴ԰ףͷͣð亹 
Ƹ磬ҡܡץƵ䣬ʵ˵ 
æʪëĶͷסְοûµġΪңΪǵĽҪϿ 
Ƹ硭 
˯һɣ㡣 
 
ӦһסƵֱ۾ƾڴһֱȥˮ 
ɺԾɷȥԳߣϵĲʻΣҲŸ尾 
һ·δ׷Ƹ˳᣿ 
ܳǣֽη 
ӵ⣬ܶ˻һ᣿ 
¶̫ˡ˯ɣһڡƼ¾þ޷˯üͷ˵ 
²ƣװߵӣٵġ 
С˶ĵ˯ˣҲٳ亹ųһϱϸĵĽ˫۸Ǻá 
¶ԼԼڵĹػͰ³󣬶¶Сû۰ǰļӿֱ֪˻ʵ۵г裡ƺҸʵξ 
ճյм㲵գۺϧƻеһصΡԷĽ᲻С˶Կ࣬úϧǻҸ 
¶Ұ㡭ϺµĶͷ˵ 
µһʹڱĵؿڣĴ˴ǰ塣 
ϰµĿƣЩᡣסȴһۿһת۽ǻ䡣ע⵽ʱǵѻգ漴ˮȥˡ 
鲢ʮ־µ壬絶ʡ 
ǻ͸ġ 
գСЯڵˤˣ¸ڴ߿˺ܾãΪΨһСʱòˣȻԼѼǲòȴδԶ񾲵Ŀ⡭ 
糯޹Ƽ˯ˣŨܵĽëȹӨΡ 
ԭɣ֪С屻ˤˣȥŹƷıѰŪһһģһĸ¡ϧұ˱ⶼûкʵģֻϸ״ͳɫȥĵ̴һ顣 
ᣬ̴õ壬һȻ¶ԭǿһģһ 
̴ᣬʮϲĽã̻δ빬͸¡˭ϵ;ʱȴĿһĻ 
С˶ǸĻﻹЦΪɷѿ׼ԼԿ 
쵱Ǿµ塭 
˿̺еǽ˵ҪΪʱϵġ 
ǹ䣬ȴһĵС׹ںµĲϣٽһᡣ˵¶ϸƣ֡ 
һϹȻиġ֣䲻ȴ 
޽ǰġ־ġǺ£˵¶һӶϵ㣬ʹҲģ 
ǰҹ鷿ҹδߣµĻһСһһһġ 
Ȼǰ˾ĴʢŭŪ飬һǰ¶ 
 
 
ҹˮıҹ䡣 
ʹ˿ϸϣɺİأ 
ڹһעȫİˣοǸ˲û飡 
½סǿ壬ֺ䣬һֱؿڡůůġ 
ѵǸǱĻʹģ 
ѵҪǸһӣ 
˲̣ 
ڣһڣƸְϻϣ 
Լ룡һһɻػʹϧǲܵģֻһҲֻһš 
գ˺޲ط¡ 
ЩɼЩĲɼֻƸϵгɼûƸĲɼ 





26 

ڼȵĲ»˯ȥŷȥĸվȾ 
䡭䡭 
ͷ̣ȫð亹ĹסӶ϶Ľ䡱˷ڴСơ 
¶۱ƼϵС˶쳣ģһľ 
ոջúõģһȴֲøˣ 
䡭䣬䡭 
ȡһޱںϣգֵ˵¶Բܿˡ 
ϺͻȻץס䣬˵ϣ㲻ҪԹ¶¶˺ģҲҲԸ뿪㣡 
ḧ·ۼյɷʱסˣѵ¶Իʵ۲ֻкޣ 
Ȼ˯еĺ¸ߵƣһİԼĵҲǣҵ죬˵ϣ˵Ҷ˶ҩֻңʵֺγĶ 
㿴ҵһֱ´ӻͳƵģỬ廹¡ 
ס˵һ仰ֲ̯սûУ 
ս壬սƵִַ֣ŵߣӡһǣԲġԭһΣԭң졭 
µʪ۽ǣĻǾģʯƵϣ 
䡭Һ䡭 
졭졭 
ĬĬºʵĴʹ 
Ϊʲ᣿ΪʲܵʱҪ˲ң 
죬лʵ죬ȴơ 
ϣ졭졭 
ʵۣʵۣʵۣ˿̣Ƶֻĸ֣ĸ֣ 
ǿԼǧֿܣȴҲ벻İǸ߸ϡһľ 
䡭ϣҺ䡭䡭 
˳²Ұ׵£ȴԼĻůϺ˵˶ 

Σ˹Ƽһء 
Ƹ硭 
¶úЩ᣿ḧµһƳʵ 
Ǹ˵İжҪѡ㾿߻Ǹߣʣ׻ûʳڡС˶Ȼˣɿȥûκκתɫ԰׵ʹ 
ơ磬ҿҪˡ 
¶ңﲻ᣿ƹ˺µӣ޶ȵů 
ġŲȥˡµ΢΢ҲĴڴߡ 
˵ʲɵҲҪúõĻ˶Բԣ㰮ֻ 
ִµֽס£Щˣع 
һֱֻҲҸɵͷҴĲǿ֡Ҹʹ 
νİҪ 
¶ûУʹصߣҲҪúõĻ 
Ƴţҵƹ񣬼еʵƹģ⸽ҩ̣ 
ҹֱߵڶСһҡشá͹١ 
 
Լһʱᣬˡشá 
ΪѨ֮ᣬ̾һλӵ飬¡ 
ʲ᣿Ķˣ 
ˡֱԣλӿ» 
˵ʲ᣿ʲлӹҽӹҽӹҽһȭǽϣŭ 
ˡΪһҩݣֻʶӡ 
ƻðɣȴ 
λһ۱㿴²Ů򶨲һӹҽܽС˶Ҫ 
Ƹ磬㲻Ҫ̫ġ˽һǿ壬ȥƵᣬֽʸң᣿ 
ûʲᣬȡֽ׭ʵݸ£ʹΪĥī 
պȡЩī֭дһ֣±ٽֽýƣƸ磬ϿͲήˡҡҺὫҵʬػʹ˵ⱲӶһֱߡԲƸ硭Բ𡭡 
ҲԹ㣬Թ㡭ԶİС¶Ʊ˺¡ 
ҲԼʼֻƸ磬ˡ 
䡭䡭 
ֱ£ҲԽԽ䣬ƵĻʧȥ֪ 
ƷֽΪ¶дЩ黰ʵۣûУֻֽīдһ仰ϣ¶ǰŹƸ硣 
㲵պþúþãֱͻȻһ˼ٵĽŲ˸ʵƹģλӣ 
Ʋ˵м죬ƹľŵĴءعٴүСĲλӣͶһԷޡ 
㿴ˣû 
һ䣬ƶʱֱ˵˾յͬ 






27 
磬Ṵ̃꣬ݷˣԹŶౡ 
ݰϧ֪Ӵˣüʱ 
¶ҲۿģʹõĴϵȵҩģһġʹ¾ģḧµĶͷһۡ 
 
 
⣬һڸߴ͵ͱˣƹŵ亹ֱ 
үλٴүСû 
ˣ֪鲻 
СĲңСĲң 
ֻΪ׵պû񣬶ԵһӢӹ˵湫ӣұСû˼ǣӵǰȥˡҪ·ô 
ӵͷһȥѰ£Ͷ¶ű˵ĹֻϧüлӲȥڰһ۱ϳӾ졢ʥϣ 
ư𾪲ѣʵ۾ȻΪͰΣ׷ˣ¶ 
˼ˣӼᶨĴӻͳһöڣ쬡һɿӹ˵ͷֱֱĶջŵĺϣǲתѰڵĴ̿ʱһӰʱϷҲĵڶϷٱ 
һݣе˵סˣ´̿Ѳ֪٣ŷŵĴϾһ˲ԣ 
ѩɴף˳ĺڷӰľԲ紹䵽ϸһ˫۵ź۽Ļǰů 
ϸһżµϸܵĽë΢ͦıС죬һһĽֻǣֻ̫𪣬һֲġ̬İף 
ǺձվǰļѲ̾Ϣ 
ʹǶ˲˵ҲԵ۾ûգһ£ôǸ֮ˣεǣ˺졣 
 
֮ʱĻ˰˵˵࣬˻ߵĺҪⲻģ 
е̧סĴһºµıǶ-- 
Ϣţ 
¶¶ţ 
ϽһϢı뻳У۵ò 
ӽϳװ˲ϵãϵã¶ıôôôϧĿ˶˼ҹС¶˭ 
ǣɫôҰף޿ɰСҲȫѪɫУôһ˯ô˫ֱص˯ţ˰ɣ 
ˣˣһعòã챧£һᵽľ˵ 
˵ƣ޲ţ޲ߣ޲ƭޣޣ˵ĶǼٵĶԲԣ¶޵ıûб˶Բԣȫ˵Ĵڣ˵߿źµģֻһˣ 
һԵǽ𾪲ѣǴδĻϣԭ˾Ǻû뵽϶ĳ谮Դﵽ˵ȵز⻹ǳ谮Ͽ˵Ѿͷˣ 
˿ǰĲǳ͢ǸĤݵֻһˡ˿ˡ 
ϣ߰ 
ϣ뱣壡 
ϣ 
£ 
ȥȫ޳ȥ챯ʹ 
ǡ뿪СĽڷ⡣ 
 
춨Ŀź£ִСǣˣɣֺñĴҲñ 
ȻӵڻУ԰׵գ͵͵ġ૵˵ӦޣҪ뿪ޡӦҺòã 
¹Ȼûѹش죬ҲĻתİ˶еĺ¾һᡣ 
˶Բԣشң¶ 
Ȼûлشֲֻһ¡ŷﴧһֽţչֻд֣ 
ϣ¶ǰŹƸ硣 
죬ҽ¶㣬Ҹ 
һּʶãȷ¶ддڶưɣ 
ƣȻе¶ߣΪʲôúչԽԽӣ۲ѡ 
֪̿;Ƶʱ첻ûзߺ޹ģȵģôҲԭαװĴ̿ͣԭ¸ߵС˶ 
δ빬һȹļٸҹҹԼ㾡е飬һҲ򶯣ޣܾôһ֮ 
ʹˣԴһ·׷˵أ̤Сݣ£Ǻȥı쳣ƺʱпԶ뿪ȻдһѶϵʹ 
˫ֱס¡оϢһɲǣԭ 
¶޸ô죿ĶˣһӶӲˣԣҲҪ뿪˺òã 
ְֺıҲʲôԼնԭ 
ɣ 
ʱͻȻŲһ壬һȶü΢˵Ƹ磬һֱû취һû취رһƬ顭󣬾ߣ߲֡ˡԲƸ磬ҶԲ㣬ԲϡҲڳͷ鲻רʹҵǰܼһ桭 
棬¶Ƕû鰡 
¶һ£ȶߵƸ磬Ӧҡ⣬תϣ˵˵Ⱳֽ졭졭 
˵ŻһѪѪϡ 
Ұ¶ң߰µգһ˲˲ı 
С˶漣۾졭ô 
ңҰ㿴Ҿ 
ϣ졭գգ۾ʵҲΰɣ 
Ȼ̧˫ס֣˵һ˿˵ĻǾ仰ֻ֡ıסϵظ֣ͬҰ㣬Ұ㣬Ұ㡭 
͸µǿ˵ؿ֮䣬Ⱥģϵġġֿ̺Ϊͨʥļ֤ 
þúþã˽ӵŷֿḧķ˿¶žʹعҽ̫ҽҽΣһġ 
 
Ӧһʹ֪Լ߲˶ˣȻЦˣһʢѩ 






28 
δ빬 
Եڴǰഫּƻ屨ʹһƬ䣬ƫƫδ빬һѰ֡ 
һͷΣŻ޹Яλͬû֦չòδ빬ĵ⡭ 
Ͼʲô춼û糯òʲôزɣ 
˵һֲֹ̫ҽһһĽȥƣһƾһʱֱ̾ 
Ǿǣ˵õҩӸϷ˶ɫġáʲôĶԱҲ飡 
͡ңء 
ӳŵȴټĿ˽ۿˣֱеһڽסĵʹ 
һ˿˷׷״ףǱٶȿզ࣬ǰһޱ˵Цģ 
Ҳ֪ЩŨױĨϯʢԹΪûĵޣΪǵĹͷζޡ 
ּƻϲټκһλӣ̲סʧǳ 
Ļϵ嵹ΣҪǺö˶˵ʧȥһڻǰԼжôĶôĻᡣ 
εЯȥȴΩһλڵĹδ뿪ԭӦϻʺ 
δ빬̽ӻرϵ岢˿вҲǻİг衣ϳҹߣδ뿪һ 
øİг裡̽˵ȴŭ֣ 
úްһ΢г裡 
ӲףΪľһг̤أʹг豳һٵͶ˵Ļ 
ľǸòȻŭնг裬ü̳ʹıô 
ΪʲôϣΪʲô㲻ûнȻȻô 
絽δ빬ˣҪ׿ʻϡΪʲô 
ɻϸʵĻᣬϲκһλӡڻϵе»Ǹгһָͷ 
ǰĻҹҹڸӵĹǣȴӲλӵδ빬ʩһҹĻϽǸг谲δ빬ҡ 
ģǵûϼʹʱġԴг֮󣬻񾹱ȣȴֻгһˣ 
һǰڶһ˺ʱǾ޵۹ԼЦǣͻȻĿںۣ 
Լ˵ںϵĳ谮ֻҪõλôõϲѳ谮г裬λҲҪһ 
ôԣ 
ˣֶΣ̫ܵȥߡ̫ϵľжôʶôףԼͺ󹬵ĽжôʹĶôί 
ٺ׼Ƹ̫Ҫ̫͵͵ҩǱδ빬гʱضٱץУƲ߲νֻϧСƵĹѰҩԵأ 
ˣǧټƵг裬ɵͷȴû϶ĳ谮ܵ˿ļʹֳ˽ӳĳ֮ 
գ̫󶼶˵ʶˡ˰ɣͤǶˣ˺£һʺ 
Ҫг衢Ƕĵ̫ʺ 
Ҫ 
ɾԼ˻ʺôأѵ˵ҪһһӲϳ谮ӵĹʺϵ 
ͻȻһ󷢷ƵĿЦ 
ĺܿЦ 
ԭ˵ںϵĳ谮 
ΪʲôΪʲô㾹Ϊһг̫¹̫һεεĵ 
ΪʲôҪôã 
ѤûĵǰȻʧ 
 
 
 
δ빬ϣܾǧ谮ѽ볤ߡ 
ˣδ 
˯úó̫ô 
һֱߣϣ۾峺ӡӰӡһһεʧ 
һ 
һλ곤ҽߵŽݣֱߵ溫Ρ 
ԼĪһʱ֮ҽͨһڵأĵˡܣ 
ڰʾҽȥٴʧ 
ҽߺӵ뻳ĵҽ˵ûˣбϢֻ֪˯ˣһѹЦ޵ֶԲԣǰûܺúϧ˴ˣûйϵµҲûκԲɢˣԶ뿪ˣ˯ɣ㡭 
 
Ļ⴫һܿŵĴЦ漴һˬʵߺιʵۣ쿪½ҿκúµĲӴ 
ϲȥš 
ǺǣݷɣƵֳ꣡ǰһЦ׸мƣȴƽСࡣİһᡣ 
ƽݷɣеʵĿκ¶ô 
ֻҪ˻ûûβõĲݷɷһЦҺҵͽܽȥôϣ 
ݷɵ̬ȸ߰񣬵ȴ⣬ֻҪܾȻ¶ĶҪ 
ǺǣʵۣһȺ¿ɰˡݷЦţᵽ¡ŷ¹١Ůһء 
ģûʱڵ˯һˡݷɱ˵߶ƣһŮĵͽӰĴѵʵۣ㳤ÿɰ 
ȻͿɰôǿߴӣݷɲ۾⣬⣡ 
߰Ļ쵹û⣬һֻС˶ 
ݷȻ¹Ź֣ȴƺǸز¶ĸ֣κ¶ 
ݷİͲסˣ¶غݷɣ㻹βδˣεĻͻʣ 
ݷһһۣ漴ǵŸӵߵµĴߣҪιѩ衣 
ӽ·ݷ˫µٿ촽˵ľ൱ӽ֮ʣݷͻȻ˫ſ촽³һžɫҩ裬ҩ軺뺫µĿС 
֮󣬰ӽƽڴתȥݷɣֻЦЦĵĵĻ 
Ȼ̫Ĺôӵݷɣ𱸵㲻Ҫ̫ǿģƫ˵𱸣ȴְ̫ĳ塣 
𩣬ҾȵˣҪʮҲһҪȡݷɵ֪̾ģҾôһ׵ܵܡ 
Ǹɵܵͻʳˡ 
治ôģȻôϲС˶Ҫر˵Ļأ 
߰ɣ𩡣ݷ§סӵŤͷ˵ϣնѣġ 
лл㣬Ҳллơڴߣסµ֣޻չ˺¶ 
 
******************************** 
β 
һգ¶Ĳδɫ 
ڶգδɫ 
գ촽𽥱ʪ󡭡 
գʼָˡ 
գֶ֣һ£ķס޵ġ 
գҹӵĶͷɳŻ޵֡ 
ӣźµѡ 
վǵˣ 
 
Ϲ糯Ȳıδ빬޷С˶ȴһա 
޷ 
ô˵Ѿˣ 
¶Ϊβڷأ 
¶̾ͼ㣬ס㣬㡭 
¶¶ϲĳݣС˶ڹĴѰ 
þúþã˶һЦ 
ǺǺǡ졭 
죬Уͤͤεգʣ˲۵ĺĵ 