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¶ǳ룬ʱһϵͺˡ 

ûǸҹѭָʾûĵصһҲǵһĻ 

ٷžȴûص˼˺Ϳֲм䣬ڹצӺݺµɲǣ㿪ľУ޴һ˲ѹǿҵ¶ǲţǡܷѹô 

޴ѹĿޱȣ̫ҫߣ޷ֱӣɢڻָʱӴĹѾӰɢֻãȻվԭصꡣ 

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һɻվԭأŵϺԼһģһʧȥʶ壬ŨҺ·ĵο¹Ũضѹɫǽɫİ졣 

ʲôǡԼ 

Ȼ걻壬ǾȻǸ飿¶Ǿϲǰȥûˣ϶ѣҰصȥֻҪ֮ 

ĻͻȻʲôһȻֹסˣΪ˳վؿڴǶϿģ 

ˣھɵŮ˫һǰ 

Һġ 

ιˣĪڸʲôƺĿŮȻ̧ͷȻһ˫ҹһ峺۾ڱŤˬϣżֲײĹп 



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šͷ 

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նǵҪҵ¶ǣľ¶ǡ 

Ǻһܸʶ㡣 

ӡ£ȥϣԺǻл档 

ģôǿͿ飬һԳΪһҵźһĵܸĴۣôǿһûһϸо 

ŮնǵʣһֻɫķβƷɹӰУٷʧϣĺ񣬶˯壬૵أԲ𣬶Բ𡭡 



֮һݾܾԼ 

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ɫģѪһա 

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ܣֻΪ˶ԵԼģܶ鲻мȥɣܶΪһʱֻпԼ 

ɫĻֵ꣬һ꣬ʧ 

Ϊ֮࣬һϲڻƻʱɽȥա 

ѪĺɫգִֺϦĹʣؿΧɫҡҷ˿˿ߣȫ·ѪҺУɺ졣 

ǻԶʹܰļңֵǳСĸףСС;ܸϳɵǣÿߵޱȼֵĲŽ׷ϮԼģʱССء 

ʱ׼ʱѡ 

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ѧԺʬĵطѧУѧʱӣ׷Ʈⱻиϸϸģϣɫů 

Ѫɫ˫ۣһ˷һĻ꣬ССεĻֽ᲻ֵĽʣ˵Ķվһûһ˿ʵգôϧ겻Ծ˱ĵ۾ 

ɾĽҺȣ˵Ļﷸ˶ֻм׷ɱ¾ֱǵõ 

Ϊ»ٷ꣬˵˽֮üĲϰԵšʲŵʱɡ 

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ôҵò˵ĵطƷп϶Ҳòȥˡ 

˵ģһµƽ㻹ָʲôƷôӣһ׶񡭡 

Ҳǣ˵ 

ɶҧסȥƵȻʮôΪ˼ѧνġơѵÿѧԺϣΪһšԵִʱ˵Լˡϣ¶Ҫǿľġ 

Щ۸ڶĹӵܣǳöѣûʲô˲ģֻҪʵǿˣǵҷȥġЩһƽĽְԱҲҪȥں 

һ߹һ֪ԼıӰٴд˹¶Ҳ֪Ĺ¶áܵķ磬дζ 

ϵԸ⾡⣬㲻ȥ鷳ζ鷳㡣 

ι˵ŰֳĳСӣ嶼ùһ㣬ҪҪ̻Ӧеڰ 

ã͵İҰĶ̷νʬĹӵôЩԼ鷳Ĳǲడĸ綼𣿾ʮؿЦһȺ˶ס겻ԾЦɳĻȡ 

߰ͷ壿ǽ˶ڽϹҿʲôֵ𾴵ġǵԽǲⰡ 

ȭͷø¸죬»Ҳ֪ƣСӣһҪ 

ȶֵľȻƵһһҪЦӴŽӡͱѪصˡ 

ͼƽ֪˭𣿡 

֪ôҧҰ 

Ȼ޿̵ΧͷΧӵзḻս˵ѧʱ仹̣ȴҲǺӣ´òɿֲһеĺݾŵĶƴ죬̱һϵ˲ŲͷѪصˣƴһƥҪԵСҰǣ˵˷׺ݡ 

˱壬ȴӣԥ䣬һɤ˹ڸʲô 

Ǵһĺ󷽴ģͬʱһЩһϵľȺ;ηܽЩĹӵ¶ֱ飬ʲôɣ 

עȴȫǸ档ǳĺȪһ㣬ĳֵĴ͸ʹԣ˲Ҫͷһ 

ؽΣգʱӦ뿪ȴôҲƲס뿴˵ͷһתͷ 

ͿһۣһҾ뿪 

ô۵һ䵭˫ϵǣǹ塭 

һϣжʱˮ㷭ӿǸò˵ǿǲֻǾվѾɽֹ֮УƮΧΪһ׵Ʈݡǲаȴֻϵİᵽ㣬ñʾʲô⣬һתͷȾߣ˵ľηγķ 

һ˫żҰԺ棬峺ĵɫ˫Լɨ֮ůϦɫ˲εĵӣĪŭմӲ֪˿Լ򵥵ֻһͼŭġ 

СӹȻûˣľҵĵңӳϲֻ˵ſƽĺϷȴһߡγѵ̧𱻴ҵ˷ҲƵˡ 

֡ƺǺͨĻȴһҪˣһģʲôʱϢվǰˣҪһͷײĻȥˡ 

һССƽ֣ҪͶʰɣһٴתС 

㣬֪Ͳͷˣܾǵ˲ǵˣǼŵѹȻɢĺڽб÷ۡ 

ʹ˦ǽϵʱһ׷ʲôΪ˵Ķ̫ˣȫ޷Ԥ֪ˡ 

رײĳۻ£ѣǸ˸ߴӰס 

Ӻܴ󣬸˵ 

Ӱп˵ݣֻһ˫ԱһɭӣҪϢʵ̫ˣ仯ѹĲóأܺһѹԾסǽڣ·ǽڼӲĴУѵƤۡ 

ڼҪĽڶߵǽϣ΢΢˸úýԿѩһƤû¶ȵİףŵĽ۹ʮƣһɲǵãȻʲôһ״ 

촽˵Ǳ³־ŰλеѹȸУһΣ֡ 

ҧҧɻȥŬڲס˾£ΪʲôҪ㣿 

ҵģ㻹ȥĻ 

ɶ񣬳вȻǺö 

嶼ôϲȨ𣿡 

ҪʹõĶֵֵˣС 

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̱ųŸ۾һ峺ůʸУ˲ҪԹǱȰǻ촽ġ 

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תȥıӰµǾ㵵񣬽׵ϵġַĿӵĶӳ˵ֻʲô˼ 

һ֪ʮӵжӳѧУӡ 

֪ǣķǵȴݾܾһԼ֮ܿʼ 



֮ 

ԺӺæµΪʵԸһڶ̶̵ʱбĿĿһǧĽٶȺս˵ǿ˾Ȳѣȳ緺ĵĳˮһؽڽǣͨĴԺЩγ̶Լֱ͸Էˮһס 

һǸóΪˣһʼƫĽʦǶòϡ 

ۻʵ۹һأıӰʼ͸һζ 

ѵģһʱˡʬӲ̣ĻҲУȻĹ¶͸ҡʱǸԼŮҳΪӦÿԿɡľ¶ǣһȴΪǸӶӳãȫͬأ֪ȻļͥлʲôܣЩɡ 

ĳɼҵʱһȷرʾϣʮһӣǸӳԱãսڻζķӡȻе֪ͨ 

Ϊʲôұӣʮһӣڵسרְҵִңһ˫صϣĵֽɡ 

۾ͬѧһѧԱԸǵ׽ĸɽǵķӶӳġľӳҪ㣬ӦøеҲŶԣ˵һҵѧԱģƽʱܷҲܶ࣬ľӳƽˣ㻹 

ָҪңǸˣ״ʲô⣿ʱĻģ 

쵰˭ҪȥǸյļһ¹ҸĻ׳գһ֮һ˸׳졣 

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ƢҲǺܺķѾģһǿסߵѵԸ𣿡 

УľӳʬĴ֮һľҵļҪǲܾܾ 


д˶ġֵһѵõԥǻҪȥ𣿳ΪǸһĲ£ͷɸֳڼݣһ㵵ط֣Ǹ˿Ȼ̣ȻûΪĺԶģ 

ӦνɣոӵһӦúѾڶĶӳˣ̫ˡ 

УôɶҺһ¹˭˦˦ͷһȥǸͷµѹȸУδĵط 

ǵ·ĶԱƿӳҵȥӭһ˫ž̶ʱŷ֣ǰּµѹȸУǽͷŵѹ 

Ӹļһ˿庮ݣһԼңԶľӳ¶Աһǰ 

úܿ죬ûп㡣΢΢ףʾһ¡ 

ľƿһеһǲˬüͷҲΪš 

⿪߹˵ľ޴նǵһߣһڰյĶ档 

ŶͬĲѱ׼ŵƣͦñֱַ緶Ͻѵʧʿȴ˷ӺݣСǳ80ֵطô 

֪㱨ԸʮһӡյشĻΪʲôԸӣңߣǺң 

ˣ˵Ǹϧıɽ̱ȴôֱǷ·Դ̴ĵ۹⣬һеǱرͷûΪһ仰ͱѡ 

һһͺˣⲻŸ߶ԷԼĻǵúô 

ȻҵĻǵúԺ㲻ҪҪ۲۵쿪ʼӵϯ׼ʱˡ 

ɺ޵ˣְݾܾƣɺ޼ˣȨĻ쵰ΪһӾϯҾͻм 

һ߷ߵزӳҵʱ򣬷Լȫ̫̾żʹӲĸоӭײһ첽ĸߴ췢ӡ 

ӴһŶͷ˵̧ͷ 

˭Էµشֱ̹Ȼ񣬵ǾԵᡣеŹֵĴ࣬ʺеӰĻʱҰʿĸо 

һӵĶԱǡ 

รǸӳɢΡǺһӳָϯ˵ǰҵģǽҵѧԱеĵһ˲𰡣ȤһΪŮӵġһĻ˼ıһ㡣 

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ô׸ʲôһкӽʲôݮ׼˵𣿡ľίڿš 

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ҴభӺŰСӸͲ 

˭СΪ㳤ñҸߵ 

Ǹһ㰡ݵûСѿ 

ԽԽ۾ð̣ͷֵһȥˣҲ˿ĵص㻹ڶӳҵſڣĶӳѾʼðһ㣡ﲻǸǳܵģ 

ӳԲ𣬷ǳǸ췢ʱ߾Ϲĵص˸۸һССģ 

ˣͻȻЦǸӺֱһԼ·𿴵һֻ͵ĺëΪܵǳͰ͵ش˶䡣 

Ǹ˼ΡһסЦ˵ 

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΢΢һգڵ˶ǰһССһ΢ЦȻâ䣬չü΢ЦĿкʵֻԡɾƯݣһƫĵطͻȻ˴ůů⡣ 

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ӣֵڴŶ 



֮˼ν 

մ硣ͷĺڷŮڳϣʩʺá 

ˣ¶ǡ˵ͷ΢΢˽ŲȴŮȴȻ̧ͷһŵı飬֣ôˣ 

ûУ硣ֳȻôºͣŲմִ¶Ǿʵе㲻˼顣 

˵Ѿݣڲǰ£ʼһذò͡ 

磬˵ӵϯˣǸкһˣ¶ڰһ²豭ζſ˵ʱץʱ俪ڷʡ 

ţôʶǸԼΪӳרְһˬȴ糿ִļΪݺһ裬ȴܰһ첢ҽͷĹþȤ꣬ɫԾط 

¶ǳΪľҵŮʮ꣬λɽıԻǱȽ˽ģٿóƺϯΪһˣǰֻһ棬ǵΪʱ򡣡 

벻ʱ⣬ǸԼֻͳʮ棬һһӵϯλãʵ̫ˡɫرռСϢʱе㲻ء 

ǰɣм𣿡ղ¶ɫʵ 

аףһ˫̥áһӼˣΪ˱ǲšһ˼˰ɡ磬ҿȥӼ˵ʮңϧʱҲڡûһСӲ֪Ůǰֳ˫۾ 

ԡմüĶԻ 

лл硣 



һʱͶҪĴ۾Ϊٸȴǵøڶӳ浱ƨӵģѿյϰë֣Ǿ޲ˬǻ쵰Ҹõȥˣ˲ó鹤ͷһسûñ 

һĲ˸߲ҵļʲôֵܰҪˣͽˡʱ쭵˸ߵ㣬һѲǲ֪ϵצӣҾͲΪʲôȥһǸٰڶӳߵӦŶԡҲȥܰ鰡ն´һԹϢɡ 

Ǻǣ˭̫ܸأҶЩļʲôľǲˣһСǣǳˣһߺȣθ߸˵ﳤȥ 

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ű³ֵͦվë֣һɻĸֱʬ绹֣ӵͬȽƼʽȴȻôϣΪֿ˲ٹ 

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Ե΢ЦڳĿ˾ΪĴڣƺҲ˽Ĺߡ 

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ķ̫࣬ӦͿԴˡ 

ţһԺ㣬ȳȥɡ 

ңͷԵһ߱ƣ˭ôӽжӳ׼Լڹʱȥ 

õĸ֮һжӳĸֲӣ˷ʢŵļڣҪȥͿ͵ϼ¡ 

׷ĵɫУСŮ΢ЦԵ÷ģһþòˡ 

¶ǣһ˵ĺһ첽˹ȥ漴еŤķŵˣȥʮüζûҵ㣬һ̫˰ɣ 

ܾϲȴҪҵɱԹ̬¶ǺֺЦʱƺȫһ㣬ദһңһΧĿԼзأһŻ۵ġˣֳ¸оΣ˳ɣ 

˵ӳãƢ˵˵̫Ű˵ûȤ˵ϲɧֹŮȭͷ֮£쵰Сӣ׼˵ҴĻ 

˵Ͳ˵šвŮּͷʹһҲֻгԱķݣţ¶ǣô仯󲻴󣿡ʵʵ㿴ҵļûбϮɣúòãѾ˰ɣ 

һ¶¶΢΢ĵǣ˼ļ𣿡 

⡭һɡ˼һе㲻ڵػش𣬵ϵͻȴȻ˵ôһ㣬¶ǲеᣬϵǵɫʸŨˡ 

һ㡭Ȱ㻹Ƿ˼ȽϺãѾʬˣǵҲˡͽ˼ֻʹѡ 

֪ˡ΢΢еĹʣһЦЦת⣬ϧδӳȥˣ˵ǴСһڳģͻˣһ۾𣿡 

ˣҪȥˣʸðɡ¶ǰѻת˻ȥһļˣһտģ㰲ĹɣҴܿรҪúñ֣ 

ţлл㣬¶ǡ 



¶ǣһҡҡͷб˼ǿѹȥȷʵ¶˵ģûкô˵ܲĻˡ 

صӳңһûгؼԼĹ˵Ĳɣһһղõüʲô 

ûʲô˼еһʵʵһļˤȥԲ𡣡 

¶˵мˣ 

ǣǵġһǾȰվȻ顣 

˼ǣ 

ȻǶԶӳ˵ľӳΪʲôҪļ£һؿա 

ΪǲǾΪȥִͿȥˣ˼ζһûвֻڵµĻ𾪵ۡ 

Ȼ̾˿յĻȴûаֲ 

ģΪʬ˺ܾãõȴ䣬̫ټˡһʬи涨лŵֱϵֱϵȫǰִκҲ˽뿪ʬ硣Ĵǲʵֵģ˰ɣ 

 

һ˲ʧȥ˽࣬ĳԺһƬհס 

ʲô˼˵Ҳټӻϰ 

ǻŵʱҲȥȥĻҪҳԼ˵ֱ롣 

Ϊʲô֮ǷŭΪʲôҪôĹ涨һ̧ŭҪһҵĻ档 

Ϊʲôķŭ޶ãϬ絶пʿһԸԵʵһɲѾնһй񣬲࣬ʬļ磬 

ɴضϾǲʵʵϣɡ 

ҡûʲôֻ뿴ǣúòá 

֪ӳ˵ĶǶԵģ֪ҵ˼ͽģǲִͬڿ˼ʹţţҪϣԴǡ 

ΣҪˣû㵽ΪʲôΪģҪԵľʲôΪַǳɣǿҲ׼ȥִκεְֻᵢԼͲµ 

ҡ޷޷رܣһѪʵǰ 

׵ģֵɾôķǳҲûҪȥʲôȥʲôΰ룬ֻһĻ꣬ҲͣĵطԾھʹ˼нȥץסǸץסĵݣ 

Ĵ͸һе۹棬ҿԼɱųεִ 

ϥϵ˫־ָµĲϣ÷ףһԵɫѪܸ˳ԱȵƤİɫĲֻ̡ 

ŵʹͷͷ˿΢΢к֪ԼᣬΪ룬ôܱԺʲôǵúáȻѾôҪľ 


ԶԵ̿ֽŵøش̶ 

ӳɢӳСִУ˴Ĵ飬ǾͿֲ֧סˣ 



֮ġľ 

ڱߵľţֻǵءŶһص㣿 

E15746515245782575458λǰԮźŵġ 

վȫŽ֮ȥˣǿҡûпԭص꣬ȥ 

ǡ 

ؼٵĽŲں׷ӳһȥ 

ûлش𣬽ŲҲ˿ûͣ 

ӳ˵ĻҸղˣνսɣҾҪսвҵģҲ֪Ժһʲôȥսǽ죬Ҿɡ 

ת˵ 

ҲκһĹȥϣǶƽƽػһ̹Ȼֱӵ۹ᶨûãҵɫҪĤˣһƬĻƽͻĺ󣬷ͷ 

ҪϵĻҲġһ˲ԭʧȥӰ 

ǣӳӰҲܿʧ 



쵰ôϢӽ鰡һѹоɶ񣡡κݺݵ˦еβ轫һֱնϣǸǰ᧿ΣĲ£ҲҪţǧҪΧס 

Ҫֻһ˻ŬӳȥصȽϻһʱҲᲨ޹ôಿ¡ԮôʬµЧʵ̫ˡ 

ӳӳȥ𣿡ĵػӶնǵЩ鲻ǿǻۣǾȻرķ໥ϵƻذ඼ˣȻĿǰΪֹû𣬵ֻʱɡ 

ֵֻܼԮĵˡε˵һڣϧ׼ͷˣУΪʲôҵĹôã 


׼ͷΣڡӦģһĨɫκ֮䣬֣Ƶ֮ʮһڣ 

Ŀķɳڱȵ۹Уӿ׼ȷػ沿޴鰧һʱޡ 

Ȼ߳ӽôСӣΪŶðβŵ˫ۡ 

٣Σʱ䷢纰ŴЦס˱ĵڵĲһȦȦɢ޴նǵһһ㣬ɫӰһ˸߿գ仮һ磬Ѹٵһ磬Ķ޷׽ĵط׷׻ޣЩγ飬ûһһ֮ 

ȴ쵰Ҳ̫ͷˣҪҪչôСЩһ˵Ҳʲôη޷޲ƽطԸΧɰȫĶΣҲ˳ȥʲôоСӣԱ˲Ҫпࡣҿٿҿ 

ģǵģôᷴҪȡġæأǿˡȵˡ֣һ߸Ծһֱغ󿴶ٴµĿ꣬ϾǼս⣬â䡣 

ܿҲʼʩΪһһ׷ɱսƶʱ˸һ𣿡 

ôܣӳҲˡһͷָָȺΧסС 

ãΧòɱΧסľսĶԱͻȻšֵİɫӰ֣Ʈ·绨ɴ·ĻԭҽŵĽ࣬ʱ˼ذԵ𣬡ɢɣǧӣ 

üնǵʧˣ׷ӣƮһ仨ˮΣԭذɫӰȻȡ 

ĹǷ׷񺿽ʹŤ˿ܸıһһɢˣһ¿տĿռۺɫϸСԵƮŻ˹еնǵ۳ʵ塣 

þˡ˺۵ĶԱһԱ˱Ƚ϶࣬ܶûʵսģΪֻССĶȴ˴㣬㷴ˡ 

ӳǧӣܿٴλôƯ 

ҲˣûԱ̫ˡŴ󵶵һǸƮݵӰˬУûڣӳʸͲΪǸһնǵء 

ЩɫͲܱƳǸ˵ʵɣǱŵնǵĺƯһĵسϡ 

ðҽӳĻЦһ䣬лл㣬һȻжӳҪǣһûĽЩشȥ 

ˣȻȥɣƲҪɣξعȥ֯ЩǱԱ 

һڰղʱͻȻڣӳ˵ΪΪ˱ɣսȥҪˣҪػĶ˶ѡҲΪҵ˼ôνʹڲͬ磬ȻҵˣһԶı䡣 

ΣҵԼԭǸĵһ˵νĹ 

㡣յص㵨ʲôΥ飬ҲŹģˡǸСӣסԶʵķ 

֪ҲûָľӳִൽĸЩʱյദѾ˽ˣܹ֪ͬɺ͹ 

ղŷڵѪҺڿʼѪﰲ˷ܺХնҲͣפ˱ϣԱͶ۹⿪ʼ¶ŷǰڶԶӳķӡ 

һսмĪĿĵսΪ˷ܶ΢΢ƺսʱļּȫЩ飬Ǹܵһ˲ǵǿѹǴźѹѹ񾭣ܵҪǹѹƵƣǰʼįطӿ 

ܻлģıԡ 



սԶۿȫ̵Ӱ 

ѽȫûЧأ˰źȴЦ⡣ 

νǲôƷҪҵǸС 

Ӷ˸Сһأ˵ľϯλãΪƻıɣ 

޷˶ģõúˣǿֻԵģǺȤ𣿡 

ǺǣģֻǾȤһһۣһΪĿģľգΪСһ˲ǿнʮһӵӣһӾͳΪϯʵǡѰζء 

߰ɣ̽ѾûʲôȤˣǽϸѰǸ˵ٰɡ 

š 



Σ¶ˣϧֲڡصӣһ߱նǵ߶һߵ˵ 

νҲաƵشȵĵذϣ۾ֱ֪Ƶȥˡ 

ʲô¶ѵûһΣǲǴСһ𳤴𣿡֣һᵽһ鶼øӡ 

һҸݲͬȽϺá 

ʲôݣ 

¶ǹС㣬ֳƽǺ蹵Ұժϵ𣿡 

Ǹʱҷſ֣ʹٰûڣǴʧѾôҲҲˣżİ˻ҪΣƾʲôȥأ 

벻ҲںһҲˣҾþ¶ĵĲνĺ蹵뷨ûӵξȻôϸ壬һʵڲ⡰ַɵĸ顣 

СӲŶ󣬽ùһҿǶûйɣסһĲӣδЦɫԴһٺࡣ 

쵰ȥɣûӹǺܺЦ𣿡һŵſõӷתƻıһƲͷϧһͷҷʵڸı鲻ôôЦ¶ҪˣҪҪȥԼŰɡնǵһȥ 

ȥȥ⵹Ǹء뿪ıӰһƺûʲôյӸӳ˫ۺûڵϣշ 



֮塤ļ 

һ;úܲڡ 

һݣһһֱңڹ֮⼸ΪӶӳٵξͲò±ûˣҪǽӳҵգʵڳƲʡӦ˵ͺѹ֣һֵĺˮҪϢĸܡ 

治ǰЩ궼ôˡԴһСԺӱ˴ǰûеĻůӦù鹦ǸůеѹɡüšýһǷǮı飬ǸְΧձú˵Ķر졣 

ѹֶӳܲȥִôϰ߱䣬˰վ᱾ܵϲůءһȽϿôǿȴǱѹļ 

ֵܰΪİУǴһذ 


ΣӦòһݵӰɣͬȱǹůѹֵزʵİڻ˱ƽʱͬĿļ̲֮סڡ 

Ȼˣס飬ʵһݵҪ죬Ͱһҵˡ 

𣿡üһСȥˣƺھ͢ûѹѵȥ֣ǡ 

ûٶʣյͷμ״ĵĨ˰亹Ҳͷڹˡ 

ӶԱҲ쵽˽ⲻͬѰգֹɶ˷С 


裬ˡĹһͨĹǰٷ״̬ؽһƵĿܰĹǰ 

ûѾ˰ɣȴƺ˺óóʱˡ 

ãֻؼĴ 

ʱңֱʹ࣬ڣȴʹϰֺã治֪ǶԻǲԡ㰡衣 

ôãվûҵ뾻͢ԺҲûа취꣬ǻ裿 

סŮǰôԶ԰ְְֵ˳糵˺ááİŵ˼һγѵվЦЦϰֻأร衣 

ԾվԶ֦ϣһ֪ӦÿԼȴʶҶסΣ֦Ҷļ϶У̰۹ǵա 

ǣʮ˻ôţûˡڷŮһмĺĵɫŮӣͷ˵ġ 

棬ӣǳˣͷҲˣѾСӳΪŮˣӸ裬С˼ӢҲܿɰǷůůЦ⣬һ˿Ŀ⡣ 

ףôлǽɫĿܰɵؼԢΪĸ׵ĸл䣬صۿᣬһΪ 

ĺŶϧѾӽӹеĻԼķɫܰһĹǰ˫ֺʮ裬磬ǶúܺãǺǣϣһҲĵģҪǣǡ 

һߵĹǰһƵտ磬ǶˣܿҪˣȴԶֹͣʮꡣȻÿ궼Ҫ˵һ䣬ˣ֪֪Ƕôѹͷͷˣ껹ʮ갡ôأĻ˵硭 

ˮڵͷŮǰĵϣһߵ̲סҲһٿȥߣԲ𣬶Բ𡭡ҲڣġһΣһϣܺúûңḻʵһ 

ҪˣŮһ᲻ܰġŮǺ˳̣ѵЦţǼеĿźǣȷʵ˵޽ǵǰɫ͸¶ĺ㲣ʧȥӺͳӵĴпµ˺ۡ 

ӳ˵ǶԵģͽ͵ȴ޷ǰ˿İοߵľ룬ȴ͸һһ޷ӴңԶ 

粻 

ദůѾˣǵıˣʱƽǵֻһڹȥĻ䡣 

ĺһУ˹˶ѡ 

ټٲˣһǸúõػȥϣҲˣϰ֣棬ӣ 

ҶԵһ£ٷԭʧӰ 

ף澪ȵ̧ͷ֣ǳ˷ɳɳҶʲôҲûпֵֻҡҡͷ 

ôˣ棿Ӿȵطʡ 

ûʲôղţҺ񡭡˴ûû£ǻɡԳЦЦôأ 

棬Ҿ˵ɣڵģ˵ҡ 

ڵĵȻ㣬֪˭ŴƬдʵģҹ˯á 

ŮǰûĵĲФǵ˾ǰְְְߣɡְֵĻ 

ľͷȥɣ 


ֵľͷһɫ̷һСŮվĮȻصۣʹ۵ܲЭ 

۽ƳϤӰӣһ㵵ػͷͣ˽Ų 

ɣôܣҿˡһǸСŮ¶һ˿һЦݣתˡ 

òǸͣҲǴġ 

һֱһѹĽӽŻعϤѹ¶ǣ 

һô¶ǵľȸʤһѵ˽뿪ʬģչ涨粻İ 

ļաһĻش 

ҲܡҪǴ֪ˡ¶Ǻ޺޵䣬ǿһǴȴˣݹˣҲĻͿȥɡ 

ôģǣ¶ǣҸոտˡҷǳ⣬ʵڲܾôˡ 

ʲôʲô 

Ҹ߹ɣҵĸףǱɱġһŮʧĵطص 

ţ㻹˵ɱģô£ʱ򲻸ȥڣԸ 

Ҿʱˣһ죬źܴꡭ 

һʼصǶԶʹĵĻ֮УǰгʵգĿǰƣڿˮߣʧȥƽյİӿĺӵ̱ҡҡ׹ӰȥĽŲ轹ĺѹϵ£ŨɫĿҺ塭ںӵ̱߰߰ǻ˺þúþõԼҲûСʱЦ 

ǱɱģʲôɱģһֱףҲʶشȥ룬Ǹղţҿˡ 

һ˿֣һתϣдγѵĺ⣬Ǹںӵ̱ߵСŮʮһˣǵǷӣһ㶼ûиı䡣 

ȷûпɣѵ 

ᣬԲᣡһ¶˿϶ı飬˵ԼǱԼҵļ֡ 

˵ǰһɻ󣬵Ѿˣпģʬʮûκε˵ģر壬նüĸŨȵġ 

ǡgrand fissureԵ飡 

ԣʬ粻ӰΪǸģģǶЦŵ꣬Ѳ˰ 

ལ¶ǵĴͻȻʱ˵ؽͬʱҲյǹɲĸоѵ 

ģָ̫ˣʩչ˲˽ǰɱȥǧҪҪǡ 



棡ôˣ 

ӿſյأȴڿʲôƵģǺ£ɻ˵㡭˭СǸһ 

ڿʲô˭˵ 

Ҫӣתͷ澪ֵŴ۾Ӳ֪ؿƾձʲôһط˹ȥ𣬡棬㲻ҪҰϡʲô 

ִ˿壬ֲڣɢĺĿֲ 

ӱʲôסˣ嶼뿪˵棬޷ 


޴նǵն£ն˲ӽ֮Ĵ룬Ȼ󵶹ѪɽӲϵĹо޴Ĺڴʹвòˣ񣡣Ȼᣡ 

ٷżʧȥʶŮgrand fissureɣʮһǰվںӱߵļһԵ飿˵ 

Ǻǣôõ飬ôܼǵãҵģܻǲǣΪֹˣζȸոǸСŮζ 

ǰССްŮЦͷͷƤʼѿԳı壬grand fissure̬ģǣ 

¶ǣһǰδеı䣬˼Ҫˣս㣬ζҪ֣𣿡 

һаǿս̫ˣһ 

Ҫ֣¶ǡӾͰˡնµĵһ½޷Զѹůǿʢİɲĺ⡣ 

µս 

ǡҵսɫڽбɵü֮£ƶĻ棬˵ȣǱ 

[ս֣¶ǣҪμסһΪ˱սһΪά϶սںߣʹǰȥҲԲ֣] 

Բ֣һս 

֪ˣһᴦõģ㡭һҪӮ 

Ȼһеն¡ 



֮Ԩӵ 

꣬ͻˡ 

һһ㣬һһߣһƬһƬʪ˸ˬĵ棬ʪŨܵҶӣʪĵķ˿ΪˮֶķҵˮһһεĴϣյ䣬ۡ 

ѪҺһεεشֱۣؿ£ˮˢɫˮȾΧĵ档 

ȻֱֱǰǶgrand fissureѾɢԻصŲĵĺУܣΪʲôôǿҶץסˣ塭 

¶ǣ֪grand fissureܶȡļ䣬ղŰצӲҵؿڣȻҿˡ 

ٵ壬ʵļĵ֣ȴΪҾĸο 

عͷˮݺᣬȴźӰ㵥ҸЦ⣬ˣʮһǰ񰡣ԣϣܻصǸʱ̣Ǹʱһٷſ֡ 

лл㣬ллˡ¶ԵЦˣһݺˮҲᣬãûΪ϶ս㲻սʤ˶֣άϣסлл㣡 

ףֹǶԼĲ̣ѹģΧ㣬ˡִ󣬵ǣûУ԰ɣ¶ǣллҵɰɣ 

裬㱨ˣʲôأҲصҵߣҲصϰֺõˡ 

ҵ棬ҲʮֹˣԲ衣 

øǿΪʹķεļ䣬뱣ЩƽֺҪٿͬһʧȥ˵ıݡ 

ңΪһսɣ 

Ĵ·ҪˢһУˣ䣬жЦֽȻ෴ıͬʱϣþõġ 

һͻȻ¶ǷɿǰסǸ壬ı¶ȸƺ𣬵ѹڣϢڣѹַ٣ôʹ࣬ǵģ͹ˣô 



Ǹʱ򣬾ҺӵˣȷʵǴ磬Ϊ˼ֵΣ 

ֲĹķװо޴ĵйеġ񡱡ʵ̫ˡ 

һ˺۶ûУ治ģΪʲôһ֤ݣ֤أأ 

ؿͤĻģһĨɫɿӹһһţȴһվ 

ģΰ 



գգۣһǰӽ¶ǵȻչӡ 

ĵطˣô˿ڣҿǺ˴Űȫκã´ôͲˡŮûػش𣬵ɵЦȴ޷Ρ 

¶ǣŮϵÿŶˣͶҵˡӴ˲ԱҪʲôѽŮ̫³޲ȥģ 

Сӣ㻹ĹҵĻ𣿿ȥɣҪ˽뿪ʬ类˾Ͳˡ 

ţˣ¶ǣƺܿü飬ֻԺ󻹻ΪĿ꣬ԺҪ鷳տˡ 

ģļһᱣ׵ġƴ 

굯¶ǵĶͷѩѩʹŮ¶ůЦݣҪѣҿɲϣΪҵԵʸʲôɵ£𣿡 

š 

ȥѹضֻңѹҪǿװЦݣ㲻֪ѹޱ˵ѹҶ޳ 

ɵΪʲôܷŹԼأִΪԼǺ֣ʹն仯ĸ壬ҲҪԼֵزǸµһĴɵϣ 



һ飬һϵĿռ䣬ǰչȫͬòŵĽʽʱ⵹˹Ŵܵķ綼һش˰Ϣ 

ʪõװһһͬռžԼ֣һ 

ϤֱԵʸУһһӲػͷһֻĵͣǰңϣ 

̵Ļűŭ⣬һ֪Ѿ˶ŭıˣһĶӳ˿֪ 

׻סƺҲûԾȵһԼƽǸ˲˵ΥĻŹԼôΪʲôǺµģȴûأ 

ʱǻƻ裬ûʲô˵ĳȿտŲһȻļȣһ㣬˿ֵŵ˼غϳġ 

ӶӳҵʱһĹߴӴй룬ԡĺɫе˵ҲͶעĿĺ塣 

ֻվţû飬ûвأһʪ͸𣬻Ѫȴȥһ㣬ӳң 

쵽ȥˣʲôˣ 

ӳ֪ˣΪʲôҪأ 

ش𣡣ѹ˿˿ŭ𣬻Խؼ̡ 

ȥҵļˣȻһֻgrand fissure飬ɱ֮ͻˡ̹ȻһͦñֱһĽͿ 

Ҷ˵Ļˣڵվƽꡣ¿ˣԱɫӱڣŨأϢѹ 

ҼǵúľӳҲ˵ҳΪ񣬾ҪػҪػĶ뱣ˣʹҪΥ˹ĴۣҲڡЩʮҵͷƶĹʲôģѡ 

סڣ֪ڸģڹ⼤ŭ𣿡 

ûҾأηЦݣӳҪôҲû취ֻ˵ҵʵ뷨ˣڰЩ򵱳ʥּĶӳ˵ȷʵء 

ҡ޴ֻ֪Ȿ죬ǹֻҵؿڣֳҿһ˲ǵ֮ȴҪٴɱװĸףµĵĵĸоظ 

֮߱ˣŭҵ˿Էپҵ𣬳ͷҲãҲãֻҪֹͣʹ࣬Ҷܡ 

ϸ֮ȷƣǿôһڿˣУεľ 

㵽ʲôˣô̻ҵѹƽָ˰ůĸоȫûˣ˵ãһӴҪȾʹĵز߳Ѫȴûһ˿ 

ԭµĻôͳͷҰɣľӳ 

һ⿪ڱϵն£ӵһߣɴȻ졣 

˫ֲͣЪ˹ճϸߵϡ 

վȵǯסæµ˫󣬡֪ڸʲô𣿡 

׵ģ˵һʼһֱһֱϵ۹ⲻҵĴĻҲʲôҲСˣľӳ 

̧ӳ׹ǰĻ죬ȵҪ˺һľ⣬۹УռڲסǱ 

˫ֱƿ˫üšøˣ˿ˣԲҡ 

ת屻һɴ˹ȥ޷ĵزһģҪĳͷ 

㡭ʼ£ȴѾˣתеľʵĵذϣ⻬ӲȴȲϷĺǵصΣ۹û˹޷ս 

޺еľսȴǡǡŰ̬סۣɱ¾Ѫȣ˺飬ӿԵһУɴʹࡣ 

ʱŰİοᣬΪﲻҪ 

Լĸ 

ﱻ˺ʱûеֿûоţ΢΢غˣ֪ԼԵģǰĵӵס˳壬֣Ǹôˣȴ쳣ȣļϣµһ 

˫Ƴͷ­࣬촽ŵĽ۹ŵˣڸϵѪϢǻǱܵᵽˣ֮ǰ˿̵òǿ͸ʵɫ֤ 

صӡϣݺݵ˺ҧڵĽҺѪҺѪҺǣ޷Ũ޷˳ֱӶĴȼ޷ʹͿ졣 

˭˵ģѪõĴ߻ֽҵջ˭Ҳ޷ֵ 

ٵĴϢȵĴһ·£ɿҧĳݺۣеѪ˿ӭһ§סƵͷ­Ǹеָ˷˿˿šϵóŲѪڵԸС 

彫޳˫ȷֿȵ˶ʵرֳס˲ηĸɬڣ޷͵סӣһҡ 

˳ӵ˫ۣǴѪ죬˰һ죬͸峺ӳ˵ı顣 

˫˵ 

㣬ʹ 

ôԸ 

ݺѹµ壬Ѫϴʹȱ֮ϵʹ࣬ŭ˲ɿѹ¡ 

ͷ­Ҫ۶ȻֱϸϸϸݵļάҪѡſ촽źȴ˻߸ 

һʹ࣬ϸĵһƬƬ飡 

˫й䴮Өˮĵɫˮף̵̫˲̶࿴µ촽Уϸϸʲأлл㣬ӳ 

Ҹôأ͸ȴŲ׵Ŀֻʹ඼ڲڵ£˲ԾΨԼôпһŵ㣬߾Ϳůĵ㣬ڽӴӵһ 

෴أӳе㣬еңҪҺһ޷۹⡣ 

ʹȫȥܵʹŽǣѾ޷ȥ˼ʲôˣ٣ӵڰ޵׵Ԩ 

ϸݵռмѵշתϢӿˮ·ûоͷӡڼϵĳݺۺͺӡþҪγѪľף֫ǽʽߣһеؾһٶȱ᲻Ť֫ջ󣬶ҵؼӿٶᴩʹεڱڸ̵Ϊʩʹߴֵá 

ʺѪҺȾ˽׵Ĵȣڳ鶯Բͣص䣬ޡ 

䣬һΪͷܣӵԨľꡣ 

ûֹĥؿᣬй˶ѹְ 

ӿһжֹø۽ǵľӨɳƵ𣿡 

ʹĥƣϸ𵭵΢Цǵģлл㡣ǺһϦɫƽڻһڵȾů⡣ 

ΪʲôôִţΪʲôҪߣмĸ飬ĵĸ飬ԭһʼһ̣;סҵࡣ 

Ū˵Ҫ⵽˵ĳŪ˭һ 

˳Ŀĵĺ죬һ޷Ƶĳ鴤̾ϢŶУһ֮о˹ڼҵľ˾ڲܵĳ˻˯ΣƣƽģӤʲôҲ벻֪ʲôҲԸ˼ǣӾĵİꡣ 

ý׵۹ס׵Ķͷǣ˯ɣǰʲôڶûйϵˡ 




֮ߡͣĵط 

ţ㣬ϢƵƣůƤǧأճһôҲ̧ʲôʱˣ 

һ˯һˡںϤɤȴŲϤͳ磬ǸɽΣҿ϶Σ 

ɴ˽ۣһͷı˵ɧţ˯ 

ɺ޵ɧŲͣ䱾ӣ쵰Ͳţ˭ҵıӣ 

ЦԷǵؿסǲϷֵļһ۾Ͽı飬ƺ˭ҪıӾĴҡ 

СǰֻСô˯֪ͲҪ˯Ѭʲôҩˡ 

۹ȴý촽ȥˣ˯֮촽еѬʪй󣬺޵ķӣҵĹƺɢ۵Ϣ˲ߢƺ˵һѵǣҾͻΪ˫ۡ 

ǡҾͲˡ 

촽ӡ£ס˱ȿ۵촽ĿңϸϸأݵأŴϸůʵأڵôߵصֽ֮䣬ɨкͳ૿촽̱Ѱ϶๥ݣֱָĿסٶ۵С࣬ڿǻƾᣬƷɬ˵ζ 

šô£ˣ˯еǺؿѹҪϢĸоʹŬŴ˫ۣǰǴ˿˿ڷŵ۾ëóϸ£ĹӰгֳһʸС 

졭쵰˯ڸʲôһ˵ļȴסѹڶ߼ǣǲŷò⣬˯÷ֵ屻Ⱦ᲻ 

Ϣǰһڱſڴؼ϶ݵɳ˶ļһڡʲô 

㡣̻ش𣬡Ч 

öҪðˣҿûͬ⡭ 

Ȼ촽仰Ȼſһ㿪ͷΪװʲôûؽôáֱ֮󣬻ݵˣ 

īɫĿֱƵ޴ӣһӱһת۾Բ𡣡 

ҲҪԲһӱԼֱӣҪôġ 

ȻѾҶ飬Ǿ͸øҸ𸴣ڷԺ 

ӳſֱϣҵ֡ 

ˣǰԵһ̾˿סաǸֹ⣬һ˿ԥ֮ȴ˵Ȼǣ·ӦӦôƺ 

աҡ 

 

ִӵĺ͸һôϸع۲۾ҹҹһİףȴصļįᣬסһĲƿ 

ŵӰһӹ֮һĻĻ֪䣬û˵ƫ෴ǿִ˾ͷռ˾ȵҪλáΪʲôʱʶѡȵĶˡ 

һͶעϵ۹⽥ʴҵ飬ΪûвǾĸѿɲǼ 

˼·һڣʬˣһֱûʬҵļʼջˡһУƫƫѾزȥˡ͵͵صҵļԺҲһ㡣 

˵ԸͣĵطǿԳΪһ˵ļĵط˵ҵԸͣڡ΢΢Ŷ˶٣ȴǺܿؽȥĵط𸴣𣿡 

ڶĴǷºˮһɢűͿǷݴ˿̸ˣǱһĨ΢ЦΪŵģϲ㣬û˹˳ˢ΢΢ز 

Ȼ˵Ȼ˵ܱŤҾˡ 

ŶǱ֣һҪȴڽʻＸ̱ʲôʱϲҵģ 

ֹǰԵŵĵز˵ϲһֱҪˣĥ˵ĹԻû갡 

֪һμװͰ͵ģֲɷ˵Ͱӣ֧ʹǣ׼Ǹ׼ҡ 

ӦҪŶԣûУûмǰҾͱס࣬һĻͷʵջ°ܱ֤ݣ˺˿ 

ȨԵƣһжضɿܵˣʱ̸ɴط˷ڲ䡣 

̾ǴһʼɡƯʵֹͣƯգҪģһ˫ǿ֣סҵ˿ߣһִפĵط 

ɣЦ⣬ҲǴһʼ 

𣿡ĺϼΪˬݴ˺ſɰģϸµļϺõɣˣ̲סϰǣвϰܵ겻ڵƲͷȥҪ 

ˣȴô 

죡߳ŭ֮һ׶״ϧԵĶͷ˾ոεİԵˣһǾذʵǱ뱻Ĵߣīɫаıբſͷųĺһսľؽеһ۰ 

̾ϢŽͣĶͷģҲʲôġû㣬죬׷ʲôˣҰɣҷıʹ 

ͷ򰲾ҹհӣһȵϣĵ߳ԭڸܵŰζ䵽ͷʱ˿ڱˮ̹ʹ̺ʹ򢱻̧ǲĴԼʸģֻҶѣסˣ 

ţҼסˣڵʱͻȻеһѣ罻ĲеظһӯҪ裬һϵЦǰδе͸⣬ҫ۵ʤ 

̫꣬ڳȥİ֮ĵ˲ֱӡ 

ӵǵ˵ӰдŨŨҸζ 




գΪʲôȥϰǼһ϶п˰ɣľңĳֻðĲݮطʡ 

˭ķӵŻָôϢ첻Ҳܺ𣿽Ÿո߶ɣ 

Ѿˣĵʵ̫ˣͷɳˣ˹ܼӶˣʲô 

ֻҪ֤Ҿȥϡһغ±еĲ裬 

ۡᵽа˼һͰѿеĲ˳ǱĨȥˮ߲ȷʵ֤Ǹɣлһϣ 

Ǹ治ɫĹٴŵ֮ССûʲôˣ쵰ѵҲ֤ͲҳҵĴ˵ѽǲ˼ 

¶ˡشñκߵǻģշֶèʵǺȤΪִ˲ƣ 

룡Ҫȥˣɶһٸһʵ̫Σˣһòžܡ 

žһֻһѰס飬һźԼ֮䣬ȥ촽ض׼˶䴵ܣеѾȦ֫ͬʱһںס˰С۵Ķ 

еĶϴȵʪУⲦŪĴһһ𣬶˼򣬡ա 

תϺ촽߾ȫǰ˼һֱţǶѣһҪԵ˺ġ 

ˣǵȫȣ֫ɳܵˣֻĿӿϣߴֿԾֻס˵ľĥҪϨȴֻ֮յø 

ֻһᣬŵ˴ϣĴн࣬ӱһؽ˫ۣǵ͵͵ЦöĴ͸ԻһʶоᳶĲϻƤȻֱӽӴ΢΢ȴսһ֮¼ҪоƵ¶ȺʸС 

ûĿֵ㣬ڣĵһΰɣһһļġ 

ĴСɵĺᣬϸµǣճԸеǳµĳݺۻŵĺۼ˱¼ɫ嵯Եļ׺쳣ޡ 

աָŵؾͷһˢ½ֺ̼ġаǣأеӵغסݮٵɣȻھȫɿӲͦݼס΢һĥϸϸ֫ܲ˵ŤķӦʵ̫ˡ 

еּһסѾ̧ͷķఴϲ𣿡ҪֻͷһƬʶֻĥƣųµļ룬ϸճĤϻĴ̼һǿңܿɪɪķ߳͸Һ壬ʪ˻ƣǹսŪøӿ㡭ҡҪ 

̱һһᵽνĸ߳ȴ⣬ڻһȡ 

ŵ㡭ָ̽صصڣఴŰޣϵҺ󻬣̽롣ۣšüŬŷ壬õ͵ǣ鶯𽥱û˳ǵڶָż˽ȥǵʹڴʲôһջŸεռ 

ȣճĤϸ壬ʪ󣬻¯һȣڸ˵ս¸һ鴤Ҳ޷ˣһѳָ̧˳˫ȻסԼϣһ 

ţɡ˳ӵػס˵ľڴӲѹ룬˺ѰĴʹ֮⣬ȴʵ泩˵ڻ룬Ħڱڻȡ 

ȫûʱ˲źǻͷ֣𣿡ȵķʵʵȫס׵ճĤʱ鴤ҧ̲סҪݺݳ̵ 

û£ԡҾͲˡ󻺻ٿٵһͷĺΣʱĵسռǷ˶ڱĦһӿϵĿ糱ˮûĵ֣ȻҲڿ֮У϶峺ůдżɳƣԸѵȼܵյø 

峺ؼ˶Ķ˲ӹһʱ򣬡ԭģﰡ緢˱أ˺󵽼룬ٶ׼һػ룬ȷʩѹڱĵսˣһ˱ţҷӭ˷ϸ´ٲڣһ㴭Ϣᴩϸݵײ²֮ͣ񶯣ϵ˫ػ䣬ȫ̱ڻڼӿϵۿ棬ٵĴϢ֮£ﾡǻȵڽҪĿ 

ˮʪںХĿоý񣬺ɵҪðѪ˻Ƶľͬʱ˶㣬ӿÿһϸմȾʴ 

㣬ңѪů 

ºʪ˿оΣ 

̫̼ˣʵػشɳˣβصɫ͸뵵ˮһ۹ʴǵջ 

ȻôͱٴιȻôϲǡһΰɣ 

ߣҷ𣿶ӳˣ 

ЦԷԣЧ 

ǻ˵ʲôһΣ༸һȥ 

屻˹ȥӱٴ룬ʱͣĻڶߵȻĴ޺޵ػعͷȥ㡭ȴڼҵײ˵ĻֻܼٵشϢţžκ˰ĿٴûǣԼȫͶ롣 



쵰Ҷ֤ôǲܳȥľլɳƵĽкм仹ܵĿȿ 

𣿡侲ʵȻǹľա 

ҧŭɣôΣġ 

ǡնطΪԤıԣ̫ˣ̲סŶ˼ΡǸʱĵʵ̫˲ԳˣԷ۸㰡 

ñһ۾Ϳ۵ܺϣһץ 

ľգװ˾ӵСˣ 

㻹ôо̫ˣȻˡ 

߿ 

ºദʱУЩ˿ڶĵؽ裬ʼˣĿʼãסˣֽҸģ 

ûĵһҵǸ˵˿ڣԭôǳĶô׸ƽ𣿡 

ֻһԸؽʹ̻󽻸ȥȻȥȥȥ˼ 

ΣնΣնӰûûп 

νİǻ˱ϹӺӣäĿУԵô޼ˣʵվĸ壬ҺĲͬһʼôԡ 



 

οɥļһСӣʲôʱϰడ 

ֵҿҪˣ 




֮ˡԡ۹е 

ٴγڹѾһԺˡڳϵһ߷ߵһһ䣬ŽԹͻĹɫ 

Ǹ쵰ҿˣʲôɹִ๫ȫƭ˵ģһֻԵսƻĴɫǶѡƫƫôȻԶȥ 

ˬˬˬ͸ˣ 

٣СӣڿϳǰӵȥˣΪʲô㶼ҲӳҲ֣ɵôȱϯôˣɤŵĳһڱܡŰͬűϣڰ£ֱǱޡĿҪһص˹Ī 

һʱһôȥˣ쵰Ͳ֪һ޺޵ջĿԹǰߣû£ֻˣϢ˼ѡ 

гǸʮӵĸӳûʲôأʲôģһСӣԭôûݰͰ͵֪϶Ǽ궼ûԱ˷֮ͬζʱӵĵĿþ⣬һôϢ죿ûϵİ 

лˣ첻𣿿ȥɡůһͷЦѾˡ 

ȻͿ۾ֱصԼ˲Сľһ㣬֣ôˣΣ 

֣һС溬ǲҵˣЦһͲֵˡı飬һһɲǷӦķ㣬ʲôǸģ 

װŮСӵĵҪһ˵ߺߣǰǶ˵۾ˮһ۾ͻֵᷢӾеı鰡̫νڴһˣ 

ûУٺ˵ˣһʸڷϣȴĳһ´չĴͷһٺ٣ʲôһϵļӣķۺ죬Ҫҧġ 

ôôˣһʱ߳ŭȭͷšø֨֨죬ȥɣ˭溬 

ҽһش߿ˣһֻëҰȮͷǺ«л˵ˣҲôݰɣ쵰Сӣ 



һӳʱ۹⣬簡ա 

ǰһӻҵ˷йԺѾɣΣ-_-һ˳Ц⣬ǰĸɾ͸ڵЦʢŵĴӣһ㣬ĵҫ˵۾һĨԵ΢ЦҲڴǣյһӦýҶӳ 

ǡӳǼǸ̲ѵһ湧Ȼһ׼ۼӹϹ裬Ĳ裬á 

Ҫ߿ʱһֻצһѿסιתͷ˫͵ϮǳֹǣȤڿǺ߼污ŭº͸˵Ŀɰ飬ϺáȻŷſ֡ 

⡱һס촽˼󲽣㡭һֲָ͵Ȼ治ɫ׼ˣһֱ֪ôˣֱ鼡ļһʲôǰ״ɣȭͷ޻ϣ޴ 

ˣû˿ϰʱӦûǻзִİɣһץץͷ̾˿ʼ˷ڵĹ 

һķܶڽ˴һˬļסӳȥԷȥˡһӱסһһԣҷԸ׼ķݡ 

ðɣҲġ 

ģΪ׼˲ġ 

ǰĺ㵱һȵؽһ̫ݳ˰ɣͶѰ 

𣿡һԼǷҪۣһɫһ治ɫص̫ˣӦöԵ㡣 

ҵ˵ĹػģͻһӲѼӣһڲĵʳľҵĳǲ㵱Ŀζôڡ 

һŸñ 

ۡȿȡ㡭쵰ֻ𣿡һʱҭסˣǺͨ졣 

űɽԼȫʲôһӦȴҪҵóϵĻӦͺˡ 

ܸˡһٴ˿ڲˮɴͷԣԷٶȺܿȴһҲ³ԵôŶϽֳðտһ档 

ٿˡ 

ҳԱˡһط¿ӣһߵһֱǻ۹һ΢Ц۾ȴ΢΢һֱԱҸҪè䡣 

Ӷ˽ʰøԺ󣬰սһˣ 

š˸Ƿ˳˸ͷز˲䣬˯𣿡ƽǵԺӣµĲݵϴ˯ģյĻ 

Ȼ 

Ӵ©һ˿˿ģϸϸĻҳǹзţȻʱмͣפָ⡣ 

ϥϵ˯޹֪ʲôأ᲻ң 

ϸϸ۹ġ꿡̵ϴĶͷûоķ˪һϣ޳üϰԵ΢΢ÿɰ촽Ƿģ촽촽Ҫ΢һЩ˵ǿı֣˵ֻԸСֱͦͣʾᶨĸԡĻ˫˿Ϣܽëµӣڱõ»Գֲͬķò˲Ϣ䡣 

⧲ײҵ۾㣬еĲ֮ա 

ʵҫĿ㣬˵ʹ㣬ɰ΢Ц㣬ɵ˲㡣 

Զ߰ɣҵİˡ 

ѵĺͳ˯ˣƽʱУ˵Ŀռ 

һֿ޷룬һƻһϵĻ 



ƽ͵Ӿôɿػбϻһ㣬˳üǲ廬ľ롣һҲǲЩ飬ÿϰ࣬ļ°࣬ץľҡô 

ƺûʲôرİɣ 

رķһЩһЩƬϣһЩƬ㷺ƵӰ 

˵ӶӳңǵذǾɾɵģĥɫЩȣԳʵأһƷ磬һϢ˯ϵʱһĵһ绳ɵӰƬϣãȻһҸ 

һҲھ͢ǰƴ˵նѾ˲ʶˣΪʵӵϯһǳǿսֱǰսʽʵůѹԼС䣬ʹõ˵Ͽɺͳ谮ɾî֮ӳ͸ӳº͵ȾӳϲÿɺСݮȾƵľֶӳʶһǺ͹ףϲȾƵҾմ㡭 

͢˼ĸоˡѡֵ𾴵ĳߡʵæµҵҵĵطˣϰ֣棬ӣҹúܺãҲһܺðɣ 

һĻֻҪҸҲûʲô𰡣ġ 

νҸҲܼ򵥣۹ҵԼĴڣΪϲ϶ִڵļֵ 

裬ΪĹΪҾȥˣԣҰɡңҸ 

Ĺǰ»һվϦķ˿ҡҷĹҪôڽȥ 

ȻϦµʱ֣ȴѾû˽͸ѪҺ룬λõů 

һͷͿ˱ͦƮӰһעԼϵĿ⣬Цſ߽ΪϻԼ֡ 

ӭ͸۹һԼַȥ֣صĳŵ 

ȥɡ 

š 



֮šѪ 

ͨһ죬һæµͻȻһֻӴɽͣڰյָϣϵ𣬡ӶӳٵһӣҪ̡ 

֪ˡ̵Ӧһ䣬շͷΡ 

ǣӳæվ 

һЩǾֱ°ɡתͷһԸ 

֪ˣӳǸ˵̵ɽͷʲôˣö룬һĿӳʧſ֮ʱ˸߲ҵͷ̫ˣһǵʱԼȥԺݵտأǧޱҲȥżһҲ 



òװȺȸ˵һͷŲӣҺ־ᶨһڶûкȣȻ糿û취ˡ 

¸߹գûƣûǣֻһ޼ʵɫաӵ¹Իõħ͸Ĺ߽ռ˲ʵĴڣ˿ǸѪһ¹µݶ΢ЦʱһȻþ졣 

ڻһֲ΢ЦйšǻˡĶˣɫǸưһֲͲͣϺ²Ϊ֮Ϣ 

ҵаɫĶӳƮһһСܣô˻ǻɲأĶӳû𣿡 

ǰӳ˵ԸĲ˶˵ˡʧˣӳˣһԸػһ䣬ӿŲ뿪 

ÿοһͻвӱ߲סĸоܣνĶɱһγɵ⾫¶Ҳ˵ͬĸо 

Ǻǣֱӵĺӣȷʵϲ㲻ӵӳʱûлص͢ǵ׽ʲôأ 

ȷʵֶ͢û˵ѹʲôҪָǳô 

һüͷҲȤ 

ķǡŪ۽ǣģ㣬һԼתƸ࣬õʲô³ 

ţ̰ɡ 

ǣǹţľҵСأ 

˵ʲôͫһһȫεĵ⡣ 

С㲻Ҫȥ׽˵ˣɲҰ 

ѵԤӿͷһ˲ٸ£תʧɫҹУԲ۾͸һ˿Ѫһĺ졣 

ǺǣᷢЩʲôأǡڴݶӶӳ˫һֱڸЦ֮µӣľӨѪɫûҪʳ绪ޡ 



ӰԴ򲻹ģνס˸첲¶Ǿŵشţ˿ߺ췢ꡰ¶ˣ𣿡ĽͺȣŮ˺üѪʾǱ 

ˡ΢΢ذڷµŮŵضס˾ΧƮݰɴĿӣڵϵָ÷ס 

ǰһԭȻӡĤϵӰȻʧȥӰȻұŮ˳ֵġ 

еôеģ̫ˡŮܷӦ˵飬ֻھʹо㵵ص£ϡġԣ磬ǡҪס֣ 

׷ʲô 

ˣȵҺ壬ϣϣϣճĴС¹£ůɫԼϷӰɬĵЦ˵סְӳ 

ϤģİģӾԶļײϵģůԽݳ촽ĺȴתٶҪö࣬硭 



ڳÿһ˶ٵסˣǵʯı仯ǰһˡ 

סҼնǵȥһס˴ѪĵˣֻĿڵϵŮϡ 

һǡá 

չŮǰůһеЦգ棬벻ȻǸ¶ˡ 

磬𣿡ĺڷŮ˲ԼѪ˿ڣˣͻȻ 

ôȳĸѵӦñõ𣿲Ҫٶˣ˱ҵضˡ 

װãһվתԱ鸴ӵΣ¶ǣСա 

ڱϻָƽ˻նǵʣһΥǵ𣿡 

ǵ񣬾ɱҵãȻ׽ãʬ̣ 

ʵȥͲѲ£Ϊҵжչҵļ˵¶ǣʲôΪѵ²ò֮תƸ棬ʬ緢֮ľȻǰպΡǹǵ¶ǹҵŮԲûִ̾У 

֪ͺãһϷǸŮʬȥҿԲɱ¶һҪء 

¶ΪҪչҵļ˲˾أΪһ˵ȥһЭصŰգûһ˿֮⡣ 

𪣬޳ָ·ɵƷ˭޷ֵֻϣ˿ֻأһĵϣԽԽûˣһʹ㣬ΪеˣҲġ 

īɫкһһһɿ򵶱 

նµסǧӣһնһ̴Ҽ紫ĵʹҧӳն½յ˵ľ룬ǵĹ̶ִȲأӳ 

磡ҼĿĵѪҺ治סԼ촽ְھñĸǰǿҵıнѪɽϵĿ´УԽԽؼٵĺš 

ʮòĴ磬Ӳ֪žȻôȴޱȰȫůȶȣ˵ǾŻǻϲĻΣֻ֪ôңÿҪȥۿֹǻ֪òõ 

̴ٵľһ˵ղסն£ॡУѩǧӣ˾ϣ̹ǵĺӽӴļɢ 

˵һΣ¶ǵͷǸŮԹԸһʬȥȶ֣ۣѹȵòܺѹӣϵˡ 

ɱҡҧų־䡣 

һҪң 

ӳ㡣֪ȥʬ¶ǻôݵģѵøҪ 

죬ʮҷģѵʬΪ𣿡 

㣬աһֻ˽ദܳڵ֣˫Աɫۡҿˣֻ㰡ա 

˫ɫ۾İ󣬰ѵõԥˡһΪҰ 



һߵ¶Ǻξ֮ŹĪգγѵʶӲӵ˹ִĺ¶ǵϵض˵㣬ʬţߣ 

ʶĿǰеİ취ӳնǵɹɫĴƾճ֣¶ǿ˽ȥͬʱеӳ 

¶ǣһŭӣ㲻ܻȥ 

סڣһ¶ǻعͷϾӯӯֻ︡Ҫ㻳˾ͺˣٸҴԿҲԭġ 

¶ǡɵѾͷ 

һҸһʱ䣬֮ǰʬĳŵͬ⣿ 

ͬҪǿдһȥ˰ɣͬ⡣٣¶ԣҪȾ档 

סĻյת߽ţŻϣͷбķһĸȻʧź 

Ϊʲôգ¶ǣΣ 



磿ѪƲŴһգִŮ̲ס㣬¶˵ûĳΪϴҲȵǰɣ 

ǵģ棬ңѹˣԲ𡣡ס֣һ 

Һø˰磬Ƕ㡭ֹסµǿɶһ˵˵䣬䡭 

棡еŮΪʧѪ࣬Ѿ˻״̬һŵطŮˣÿˣŮ½ͻȻ־Ƶ˻ѾǸഺŮˣĻ 

ѽأṩһ𣿡ľ죬ñӣŹŹֺͷװϢسһ󣬴źƵ΢Ц 

һñµ۾Ӱɿĺڡ 



̫Ҿˣ벻ǣʯɣоϡһջڲԶůɫͷŮƵõĿ⣬ǰѧʱˡ 

ȵӦǲŶ԰ɣ飬ǰͻȻˣͻȻΪǰúҡ 

˼ǰԭһֱﰡҶûȵץץͷһԼԱ׵ĻëΡ 

ˣҶ¡۾ȴʦʯˬر 

һʬú𣿡ߴĬӿͣڹȥʱеһСʡ 

ܺãֻòþͲ֪ˡ 

˿վůɫͷŮ˹Բ𣬺û⣬һƻᣬʧȥˣԺҲˡ 

˿ͨҲðɣǵ鶢ϡлл㣬ϡ 

ʮŮӦÿֵഺŶԣª򽻵ΪʲôҪΪ񣬲ȣҪ̽ҵɣǡ 

硭˯еŮૣһ߹ȥסŮӵ֣桭̾Ϣǰɣң硣 

滻װõ滻ʱǰ¹ļ䶼ʧˣҲǵҵĳ֣ĵأȫǡ 

˯еȻ߳͸ˮǶԱߵļıȻ֮ǵô˿ΪʲôҪˡ 

նһμ֣̻᣿ 

ָȥŮˮһ͸㱵΢Цרעõϣ˲һΪ΢Ц˺ 



˾أõ顣ôľСδأδģ 

Ź̵ĵһֻͫĺè΢Ц˽ 



֮ʮͽǵо; 

ڻ͢ʮӵһͨ 

죬һϵеı仯ʵðڵ˴Ϊ𾪡 

ӳ͸ӳ庡¶С㣬ҲǶӳã˻ͶӵļΡ˵Ϊ¶С㴥ʬĽɣתƸ࣬ӳץ˻ 

۷׷ף֪ܵʲôĴ 

ӦòɣϾĴľҵС㲻ôοΪ˾ˡ¶С㣬ûʲôļӣһֱкøУϣҪ̫صĴ 

ɢӳ¶С׵ӣǿڶӳǰ˵֪ʵ̻¶Сء 

ĸоŨ̾ͷһиõ˾֡ 

ףһһ絽Ȼٵˣһӣ֪Ϊʲôȴе㷢֣һŵůĹģΪʲô졭߹ʱҿ۾ᶨۣҾԾرƺ;ú 

Һܿ𣿡һֵؿ˵ңԼôͻȻ˵һؿ 

ʵ̫ʧˣ涪 

ûûʲôڡɨذɨءɨͰ͵ؽ͡ 

ˣ㣬ӳأ 

ӳӳڶӳҰɫ̫أһҪСĵ㰡 

лл㣬ûµġůЦݣʱҷһһ˵û£Ǿһûˡ 

ΪξһһҲҵ㽣Ǹ̫һĴڣǿ󣬲ãϣ¶С鲻̫ѹɡ 

Ŀһ˶ӳңʮֵز 

ᷢЩʲôأ 




ӳһˡŵԡ 

µӺů국һǰ޼ˣ˿ȴԣﻹݡ 

ʱ˵Ĳ԰ȫܱ飬Ҳܶǵľޡ 

һͻȻеЦϴ˽ʬ磬Ҳվǰؿʼ֮һСڣǽ 

ôڹ𣿿ǡһЩ㲻׵ģ뱣¶ǣҲ뱣ģʹңһҪҵ 

˽ʬ磬ϼִҪ񣬲ϰɣһ 

ҳϡ 

洫Ŀľӳˡ 

 

һһİ˴Űɫ֣࣬רִеζ 

ȥ峺˫еľȣնǵһ 

ȻЦľӳö˽ʲôأܵĵˣڹϽֶĳѰɣϲԳݣǾܳô 

ΪҿԳŲȥᣬǻѵһ졣ֻԡ 

⿪նǵһƽڰˡˡȴݾܾת뿪ӳңûиоͶĸȵ۹⣬һӡڱϣǿԼȥԣֽűϸǹ֮ǰûлͷһ˿˼ûС 




űŶ¶Զ׼ʮ 

¶һҪʲôʱ򰡣ҲԣҲ˯ŲסġװͰ͵κüĿĵĻȴˡ 

ҲҲ˶ѡ˰ɫµ¶Ƕ˶ţͦñֱ 

㡭ھ󡭡ץʲô˭úһľҵĴСȴ֪ݣɳֳȴֻܿţǰͲһΧ˵ 

Ρġһ𣿡δɤŵ䣬¶ĵһ㡣 

Ƕӳðӳôؿ㱻أİɡҵ֪ϣ 

΢Ǽŵ·Ҫ˵Լһϣɱҡ 

 

ұľʮ꣬ǸˣûۿҡЦŴ¶ǻ¶ŨŨıˣβԶԡ 

ˣξһһŻؽţĻ¶ǺζȻɫ 

һôˣ 

˵ɫÿ°ôá󡭡 

¶Ǻεѹڣһӳ 

ʲôһؽ˽ң 

ǰ糿һʱҾ;ܲ԰û뵽ʲôˣȻҪؽң˵ӳȫ׵Ľߣ 

Ҳͬ¶Ǵ˿ͨΣÿӶеõģ﹬һɱʯɵܱʯңֻһСС촰Կ棬񱻹ؽȥԺᱻɱʯѹƶԽǿ˷Խ 

ɱʯеľƳɣ޶ȵսǶӳ񣬴Ҳû취ѡ 

Ȼֵز簡㡭ǲԭһΪǡΪ㡭һأ 

̫ˣǸ嶯˺ļһͲʲôɵˡ 

һ˽ܳͷ͹ˣûҪǣԸ۵һ 

ӳʲôȴ޷еۣһ£ִҲ̫ˣֲҪץˣӳʵ̫ˡ 

ҪܣΣһôģҵжϡ¶ǵ˵ңѾʲôˣԴҰѵ̽˵֮ 

ԵĿ¶ǵıӰݺݵؽȭͷǽϣΪʲôΪʲô 

ȫˣ 



˵¶Ǳſţ͸¶һֻľķôۺʱҪֱſڣֱӽ˵һǱ˵ѣԼǰˡ 

֪һġҵСʯŴ򿪺һһĨ°ӰĿϣһֻĳʹ 

ӱܵĿֱֱͶע棬տһֱůĵ̫ĹâǴ˿̣ĹâԼᱻˡ 

ĿȥܿĺҪءĵ׿Ц 

һ㣬ʮҶ¶ǵоѾȷˡ 

ĬĿȴ¶һ˿ѯʵζ 

һػľ¶ǽݣڶʮ̳Լ̡ʬľ 

ͫ͵СĿеļᶨȴû˿Ķҡ 

һҲʲôԹңҲȥȥһ֮޴ضԿʬ硣 

̫˽ˣס¶ǣ٣Ҳʧȥ㡣 

ȵͿԻָɣ֮ǰĵɡʲôҪԶ˵ 

աڰת׼ȥʱһڿˣ˽ңǻ˽ңҲһ¶ǵģһ 

ʹǰ㣬Ҳ 

ƾ㣿ڵɶûУ˵ʲôˣҾԻֹ㣬һ 

Կ 

[־ԱȸҪǿֻͣҪľС㡣] 

Ǹô˵ġҡԸšðϵĶս̻ѧԺЩûн̹ģνԵĲֽ࣬սʶĶ֪֮ҽȥ˶ɹ飬ҽɹҾԲҪ 

վİһȻ⣬յССʯһůĴǼᶨţװһڰͻȻץסľš 

һʧȥһʧȥɣǡҶҪ¾Υԣȴָȥʵ֣һ֪еԥʹ࣬峺ָʱҵĥ 

ͻȻ粽ǰӵסǸӵΣ˿ȴԵңԶ˳ҲӭϣأҪһӵסһҪңҪ뿪ңΪʲô㲻ܽҵĿģ 

һӵ 

һͷӿϼ͵Ľ꣬ʴĲҵϢ·籩ǰܲգ͵͵Ĵ£Σյ 

ʲôΪʲôһͻȻܵЩ 

ѵ飬͸αװǣͨеӵݵҵ 

ա㾹Ȼַֻ𣿵ףʲôģ 

һԼ԰ʱǿΪʧɲڽˣڵĴˮνʩ߸ܵʹȻ볣ʶ෴ģ⣬ȴǲɷϵʵ 

վҿʹìݻҺøˣ֪𣿰ա 

һ¶ǣҲ㣬գ¶ǵ 

úý޷һĽ߹ھ޴ѹ·һڣ߽һģգ㣬㰮𣿡 

ҴûʹڻǻǳҵųĿеĵλȲǰȥӣеҸֻһɳСң˳ȡ͹ذжϵΣУֺγһ 

ԲܹԵţʵһҵݰɣ 

ӵԽҰ㣬һֻԲܻɡ 

𣿲ԾͷƺǺ̲סˮ᲻СĵǵЦȴ˵ۡ 

֪ˣգҲ㣬һ㣬ζҪǣ𣿡 

Ұ㣬һģʹֹҵԼҲһӮ 

Ұ㣬Ҫңһϵٴظ 

Ҿģա 

ԾĴżҪĿȣң˴һǣ˺ͽҺ˿ɬ˿ڡ 

һҪȥšǵģֻˣҲսȥ 

һһظĽظ촽շתǣ촽ԷʹȻԸɿô㣬ô㻯һ֣ôŲٷ롣 

Ϣȵطſȴؽͣţ𣿡ȵ»ϸµߣΪеĲλ֮һֻҪһĦͻἫز̱Ȼ󵽼㡣 

ϸУ˫ְʾӵס˵ı 

ǽûŶᡣͳ͸ɳƣѾ±Եǻ 

ҲҪ 

ϼªĴ΢Ĺ¶ļ·ᷢ⣬ɫ͸Ĺ⣬״ĽʵؾӨ͸װĴ覡 

˫֣ʹаӵŵֹļ黶䣬Լѵϣǲԥظȥɶ棬޻ڵķա 

˭ͽ˭о˭˭ܾ˭ڴ˿̣ЩʶѾҪˡ 




ƪһ¡֮ǰǿӵ 


Ȼܲء˶³çĴδȫɵʱһ̲ס͵͵ʹüĺ۽ǵˮֳ˵ͱ飬ϰ˽ܰȴѱ˳Ŭɣ͵ذţʱس鶯ջ˶ 

ɫ޷ƵȼĥƵͦ룬ӽȫ˳һ˲ٺݺݵش̴ʸ˵ļ˫һӾµؿ۽ˣµϸӴײɫžӨıײͣ𶯣ȴҧס촽ƾ̴εزء 

ÿռУʲôĸоʱԽ;ҾԽ̲סĿҰһģȴƵĹִҿΪϲı 

ĻյԽԽѹֵи鱩ҵ緢˳һ˿ϢĥԵƵʺȼֱҪɽк£Ծ˵ٶȽڽҵüҪ޳ԼؽץסΨһļ米سظޱ޼ʵ 

ڼٽʱһѱϣܷӦһؿȥաڵִŶΣգһĿǣźںϣԸС 

Ҫȡ𣿺ǽ죬ԸӣΪ緢յͷԶǿӲ޷ס߳ܳİս¼˶ǵ˽ǶһشڱеķӲȵ޷Լȴڽȶ޵ذ˱Ըؿ䣬ǰķɪɪżε߳ܵҺͣ䡣ڼߵʱز˹ֱַһزʱһӿ˵ʹʣڵҪſȴǿӲؽս˰żӲı³ 

ˮøףÿһĦȵڱھͻŽʽ˱ϵûһ˿϶ǿ趯ϸ֫Ӱڶ欣˺ظ߸̧£촽Ҳܲסſǻĸ߰һδεͷȴôҲѲʴǵ˿񳱡 

ˮӹ֫ٴξŤšӽ޵ҪͷȴѹڶıԵǻʪķ˿һƵشǰζЩճס۾ȴûϾȥҲˡĲˡաȴ־һسڿҰĽŰ󣬡ſ㡭 

йڲпб˺Ƭҵģϣ֪Լ⸱ģϸţ̵ζţʦеңزŪҪ̬ȫƵȴһ޷ֿűƤŨᣬʹ 

һϲԲԣϷɵش߱ƣʵ緢ˣбƵʱĺʵ̺εĿֺ˷ܣǿӲͲпǡǡʶĶԼĿֻ־ߵʱ̣ܴﵽһеɳڡ 

ǡڻ屻һٴѹ£һͦ룬շſ֣̻Ȼըһ˲ǵĹ˺Ũصĺɫģþòɢĸ߳ڵţ˵ĿĵͺһҺȾʪ 

缢ƿʵ촽ٴϾûжҲҪ˿ֻ̣Ұǵ໥ȡ߷ס 

ӵԻĳ٣Ȼľ꣬ûеҹ̴ڰĹâԱ⡣Ϊĵȴϣԣ֮ǰǾӵ 




֮ʮһȫս 

ŵĽҪʮ죬뾻͢Ҫ죬ҵ㲢ҲҪʱ䣬ԣĵȴʮ죬ʱʧܣһǳʱֻпԼˣİԽܰɣ 

ֻҪܱ֤ʱһԼû 

ǲףΪʲôôԸʯǲأǵʵҲˣ˵Ȳ㣬ѾܲˣΪ֣ܱǸ³çļƻðɣ 

ûҪǣŵӦϧʮڶ˵˲ʯǿģĿǰҲûսʤκһ 

ΪʲôҪôִػȥҿ԰øǿ 

ҴӦ˶ӳ㲻ʳԡҲ˽һŻһʱ䡣 

˵ǱСõöѡ񣬵ָҺͷ۰ 

㾡۰ɣҪˡСллĽ̵ľñӡ 

ҸŲõӴôҲһ±˵ְɡԭϲסˡ 

Ҿźʺ㰡ŹֵĴ塣 

Сӣ˭Ǵһ˵ 

 

ԭϲ֣ƺ 


ǵڼˣʱ޵ûҵҲֻÿԼˡҪǰһ˽ߺͽңӳȥˡУ˽̫治Ǽ¡ 

һľ񻺻Ǹĵ磬ն´壬ˣѵԿʼ˰ɣ 

նǵľ֣ÿһοն´һԼʵںܿᣬնǵôִʵĴ壬һɣɱʯܶʱֻԽԽûϵ𣿡 

ν˶˯˯ɣһŵЦݣһҪ۷ 

ߣģûɱ˵ûѪûɱԺԥն£Ըһأͬأġأ־𣿡ն½ĻԶôʵʣһѪ 

ѻ˵նԺȻˡˣʼɡ 

ðɣ㡣 



һһ˯òʡµһʮɺһôô˯ÿζҪаſԷˡ 

˸ǷһץץͷҪԷô졣 

Ȼ˲ͷԷģһǡһֹ߲һ߿ֿŵСúãһҲ̵˴ãҿˡٶʧŵس 

¶ôˣһͷҲ̧߳Ա߲ʵ 

Բһӳ˵֪ġֵ÷зû֣˲ŵȾӳ鷳ನٱ¶СѾ͵﹬ʱٴǰһ˵ҪǲСĶĻûģ 

ˡһսսģһֻƵաлл㣬ҳˡ 

ظ˶ȥһֻ֣¶ôˣôŰɣѵˣ 

ӹòݮСͻȻڱֵһһ۰й 

죡˭ǹҹһ˵ĽèӴ׵˳ǸǸͷСӽġ 

δظҹһˡ 

Ҳȥô벻СӾȻô㣬ңȫ׽ߣ㲻ǰǵļƻȫ˰ɣ 

УΪԭڵطϣһֻ˵ĹƷèҪ̫ͺˡ 

ʵ̶֤ǴģˣҲҪڲпʵǰˤġ 

˶࣬ϢϢжԿѾˡè˻ιצϵԿס 

š챣ӰǧҪ̽ӰҪǱҹһʲôҿûϻȥˡ 

˵˼仰ͼһƤֱܣԺصҺҹһʱҡ 

֣ʱôô񲻼ãɱʯɵĽҹһشϴȥһһû°ɣȴûлӦ 

չȥᣬľһһѲɡ 

ãˣҹһæһֶشףϢ 




һоƺ˭ˣԼͷڶ˵ʲôϤ¶ȣա૵һġ 

ιСӣ 

˭룿ó 

˯ 

ۡʹһһãȻ 

ʲôˣ 

ǰĺèֺ˦βͣߺߣ㲻ѣˡ 

צӻź⣬Сϵèȷʵʡ 

ҡֻè 

һںèһ仰˲ʯԭľҵİүֹϵǺǣ̫ȤˣӦôأѹҪ׼ȥðˡȻ˰Ϣ㣬ǺǺǺǣ 

죡ܻ 




ʲôһԽˣ 

ǰ糿ӳ֪֮󣬺ÿ£ľսʱѹվˣΪһ 

ڻ㱨ǰյȥʱټźжӳ͸ӳ뵽һӼϣ 

Ȳ˵ˣȥᣬ²Ҫš 

ǡ 



ξ޹ȱϯˣʮӸӳҾղʵ 

ǰӵ˵ˣȴûг֡ 

Ӻ巬Ӹӳ֡ûҡȫˡ𷢸Ů㲦˲ڲסеǡ 

Ⱦӳ˭ɱģһлҵı󵽵ûйֱкܲõ鷢ƫƫһͷָоǺܰ 



͵ˣ﹬һ˷ָܵŸƵİ¶ǣˣ 

ȻǰһϤѹ˱ؾ֮·ϣ鷳ˡ 

аս𣿡ӳİɣ 

û⣡һϢĵָˣúء 

һȻˣҲȥġ췢ӸٿǰѾƵնǵβ裬һǰ 

ΪʲôҪңΣѵԸ⿴¶ 

Ҳûа취飬¶һɵ£һԸġڻȥü 

ߣΣǸСԼŵ˶ûȥȣǿˡһסն£Ҫ¶ǣԸԸ⣬˭Ҷ򵹣ȻҲ㣬Ρ 

ʣŰõԿΪƾһ˾ܶԿʬ磿棡 

ӯԾݶҹһζĹ۲Žս˫˶ģչϵܺõѣ˿ȴΪ˸Եļա˰ôأ鷴һֲˡ 



Σ֪ҪҪˣҪľģڣҾ㿴ҵľģһѹȻÿɲǱӵο˴ûֹɱ⡣ 

һôͻȻξɲ룬ɺޣΪҾͻ 

[ûѪûɱ־] 

ն´壬Σɣҵ־ 

߾ٵնǵȻʱǾ춯صƣδ㵵У񵲵βݿƬƬѡ 

Ѫ˲䣬ȴȻһ̾Ϣˣ˰ǿɶ񡭡 

Ų޷̤ǰһֱ޷ƶֺˣȫȫһ־һľģ 

ݾǰһĻĻǰɿӹҿһֱȱҡ 

¶ǣǵ£һѧԺ 

Щʱ⣬Ϊ飬ΪõĻ䣬ΪһֱΪǿһֱһֱȥ 

ǣľӳˣǰ̰ǰΪҲӦ÷㣬ΪľҵŮһӵõӵǴӵųӵеϺҸǡҷſ֡ 

ӰǸ˲䣬͵ġллУΪʲôбˮηɹ˭ģһɲǡˡ 

¶ǡ 

̫ˡΪҺס¶ǵĻûа취Ҹһҫʵ¶ǣҾȻûͼȥץסֻҰһʵضʺС 

ҴûӮľӳҪԽҪֻ¶ǰ 

μѵǰץס½󣬡һԲ˵öԣǸųˣһֱ¶ģǡȻ˵ܶءؾȳ¶ǣ 

ӦůµĴ΢ЦȻ 

̫ˡ㣬һ 

Ѫ޵ĳ˿˿Ʈ䣬һŵڵʧȥʶӣΣһΣץס˰ɡǧ򣬲Ҫٴˡ 

תǰеӰᶨû˿ΪģҪ̶ֳȾˣΣͲΪժȡǵˡ 



һ֪ǣ˱̧ȥαչؽ˼ΣҲֻ֪ʮһӳǼһӣɽӳϵλ͢ 

չȫսˣ 





֮ʮѪս 


һɵúãôǿĸӳ㲻˾ʹˡɵһͷҹһ˵صţֻҪӳûˣȳ¶֮󷢳źټһˣж󹦸ɡ 

ӳĶأһ¼٣Ҫ𣿡 

ȻǿûиӳӲʵ 

𣿲Ҳ롣ϵͷһ˵ڶʱҹһһצʲôҪˣ 

ҹһûУֻǰ¶Ǵ﹬ֹ׷ɱԵģʬ磡 

ĬȻų 

򣡡ŵͷ΢Ƿ¶ǵͷΪֹ 

ԸܵѹĳͻҲڸԷս͢ǰδеءǣǧ򶼱 

˭һͣ˽Ų󷽣ղžһֱ￴ǰɣġ 

ҹһһļͷҪţǻ飬գɡ 

³Ӵž̾ӷĽͷҹһС˭  

ֹɢӳиӳʵսǿļ֮һճɽﻨ̫ɽӿڡ 

̫ɣôҲûһ𣬱Ϊѵĺɲɰ 

̫¶ЦݣһҲ¶С㰡 ϧһͻ಻ô˳۵˸û 

ιСӱү˭ģ㵹˵ 

ΪʲôҪ㣿㲻֪ҪʱҪԼ𣿡 

ˣүǺųơֵӵųơ14ʺϳΪϴˡԼʹˡ־գ𣿡 

ߣȫǺųƣʵûʲôͷΰɣãǰĿǻ͢ʮӸٸϯĺһүϵʵӳǿˣԷŵıԭǲһģ˰ɣ 

˵ʲô˭Ǳԭ 

 

 
 

ܱ߳ȫһɽһѹʵʵѹһֻƺһûֹجΣΧһƬڣһֻͷĴһѾס޷ѵѹ 

Ǹ͢ʮʮӳΪսųƲҲᵹµǿսʿľˣ 

ƷѪþȴʵǡ絶ϵĻһ㣬ңԶȴ޷ӱܵɱ⣡ 

ҹһǵǰȥһվ 

ﲻӣǽ˰ɣ򲻹ġ 

Ӿӵùˣˣ֪ 

̫Ѿѹȵܲˣһˤڵأҹһҧգϻ̫ɣǿߣһǧ 

ĿͼԶȥģһվסǸݶϵˡ 

С֪ȤҲȥμӻＸȷʵֵáֺɤŴҰްĸߴӿзɢղű˰ɣȻˣ 

ˣҲҾ¶ǵ𣿡һǿѹɢ׹جεĸоʱʧ٣ϵζŨˣӰ˲ϢһǰԭΪСֻǹҵĳ˵Ӹλû뵽öˣ 

˭飿ֻ촽¶ڼʵ飬˺ܶޱųդȲɱģ 

񾭰ܵĻҸҺæġһһ˰׳յı顣 

ѽСһ͸һֱԵģϧ㰡۵𣬸ߴɽӼͷɫͷС㸱ӳǧֻҪӮ˰Ǿվһߣô 

ιʲôŰһ䣿˲ˡ 

ӮûйϵһͰСһʱ־ͶǧԼӵޱȡ 

ţҲǡ°ͣĿãһңҾͰ㣬ûж־úôһ 

˵㻰һȡ¼ͷն£һ׼˽ˡ 

ȻֿЦУѹײһΧ޴ʯƽܵ 


ڴ˿̣˰˷ӵĶӳִˮʯ;֯ʮӶӳϣԽԽߵսһ 

еտűѹµܲ˵Ļ̫ɣµػСֻϯ𣿸ղŴ˸ӳھȻôֲӲӲɣ 

ҹһͻȻͣס˽ŲҸоǰûʲôĽɫգ̫ɣȥͿˣҲһ 

ҲãǾ͵Ǿ˳ɣ 



ɶʲôȴ˷ܵ˹ǶҰްԼͶνʵ﷢ë˵ɱ˺ͱɱһϷˡ 

С֣ôǿΪʲô᲻ϲսʹҲãҲãΪսĿһ𣿰 

ſɲѪӰɿؽƵܵз潻һٴο˽ˣȻ˺һץסն£նǵ˵Ķһҧ˹׼˴ľһͬʱ˽˵ĵ⣬һŤγն£δٵغ˼ɣסǸѪ߰ȴʹ֮ɫļһ 

һֱӵֲڵĵزռϷ磬ΪʲôǱˣǲҪĴ򷨡һ㶼һϢŷֲԾڲѪϵ˿ҲͣѪ 

ɶҪӮӮûˣ 

ͻȻһɫˣΪԷٴնĵ棬ͻȻеɵѹʧˣ 

ˣһؿڴ罦Ѫ˲˵ 

ɡˣģģļ㿪˽նһ䡣 

侲侲ԼһƴƽϢŵ 

оˣ΢ǻţһȻӳն£˶Է˳һѪۣţһӮһһٵػȥģ 

Ŷָ״̬ˣĨһѶǵѪ˸߲ҡ 

սΪһеˣ֪ʲôǺµˡһǣ׷Ķӳģǿ֪նǵ֣ҲΨһĶӳ 

ǣһ㣬ΪնǵıֻԼ㣬ֻնǵɹߵ㣬䣡԰ɣն£ 

ؿڵѪԶֹסˣ󻯳ʵն´סһļ磬һֹѪֻάһСʱ䣬ÿʤ 

ȻվΪһսҰеʹãԡʤɣն£ 

ǿĺǿ̫ˣôߵľսɣһ 

˴Цժȡѹ֣һ˲ѹǵϲķֶĶѹҲڷǣ˼̫˼ˣɣܴܲң 

ҵȻܣΪǺҵնǵڲսֻȥս㣡 

ЦǿߣȻҲ˵Щɥ֮Ȯһ̨ʣնǵֻǹߣˣİ 

˭֪ˣ 

ų޶ȵײһʱǾԾ˵ģ̨ҲȲϵķ񣬷ƺƽٽ٣޴ʯƽСӶѳɳһ׷ױǽķ档 

һпʼʱ򣬳̵ĳ˽ŵˣһźؿŴ̴߲ĳԲ𰡣ң˰ɣɶ񡭡ڷɽѪе£˽˵ǰ 

ʲôԲ𰡣Ӯ˰ĺУҲʶʵһǰϯλû䲻㰡һ 

룬øǿٺúøһ 



ǧллб˽֮ҹһɵԾ˹һҰҴȥ˰ɡȻǸˣոѹȷʵǶӳİһֱҹһǸǻѵɫĻҹһң֮ϡ 

ϲ۹⣬ûдء 

ʲôʲôĸ͡Ҫһ֮ǿʹ壬ն£û£ߣ 

ҪСˣҹһȣսӳ˴򣬻ʲôԣʲôвԣ 

ҡ 

죡죡ССȴȸղŵĽ˸ǿƣһɺսӲعͷǣ벻Ҫ 

ӣֻˡҹһεצͷ 

ҹһôССģôҰ˺½ס˿ǿֹѪһͻȻ̧ͷ㡭˭ָָסǰһ˿ҵŮӣ͸ڣ˿ڱѽֹסѪʱȿֺðʹסһʱͷ󺹡 

Ҫ̫ŶƵġһߴ·һЦſⴿĺӿɰľ̬ڷŮȡһֱƵضûҵı̬ɣҹһǣȻè˵ġ 

ġҹһһΪԻ 

߽װʬ綼ֻһ׵أֻҪעܡĳҹһչҡֱϡ 

ˣҹһǲɣϲŰĿ⣬һʵ 

ˡһɽǰ䣬һҹһȥǣϢһᡣ 


˿̵﹬̫ɺѾ˳طŵȡԿף̫˷ܵؽԿײף̫ˣ¶С㣬¶С㣬ˡ 

﹬ĴŻºڷĽСŮ˹ 

ϸŮӰվںڰĴһʥĻ棬Ȼյ۵ףϵȴ޷ƵĿֲ˫ʧȥ˽ࡣ 

˭һĻô¶ǵĿ⽥ӦսĹ·ϵĻơıɢʽС 

㡭־ҵˡ˵ˡ 

ɱҸ񡭡µļ両֣һ㺮ֲɱ񣬶ݺϵĴЦ⡭ 

ô£˵ŵĻ̫ɿֿǸ֪롣 

˿̱ѹǰ﹬˺ȻԶԶĳžͷģɱģɫӰ 



⡭ѹǡˣɽǰһҹһʧɫգǡΣգ 

һһֶҹһеװȥǣ 

һվס㲻ȥʵڡҹһһһֵĲϣһƺһɶ񡭡һʧѪŲȵεڵء 

һľԾȥģҾȥʵʤ֮ǰҹһȥ꣬˺ܸ߰ɱΪֵɱ˵ģǵΣաİɡ 

Ծ֮ǰҪѧ⣬֮ڣ 

ǻиʱġ 




ҹһ֪ܵһѹײŸİɱ־ҵգʱֹ¶ǵĳٸʮɡ֮ûеȵһֵİǵǷŭò顣˵ձķӼκͲΪ飬¶±ػ﹬ʧɢľ֯˲¹ǧ 

ʱ¶ǵ̵ʱ仹졣 





֮ʮ 

˵ʲô¶˫Ű۸ȺվڼڴǷ·ʹߣϢɢŨ񣬴¶ûб飬ľȻ䡣 

ѵûôôظһ飬ھ 

ͬʱְִĶӳӳҲյ˵Ϣ 

λӳӳľ¶ǵĴٴǰ棬վڴڼʱ20СʱԺ󣬴Ϊվٱ䶯ϡ 

վڳ˯ŵĳɭǰʮӶӳշȶʨһݣΪȾӳ֮¶Ӷӳ䱻ĳɭԽԼæȥʱԵľȻǳɭĵ⣬ǸСһ𳤴Ůᣬüȳ޵Ŀ⿴ԼȾ顣 

Ϊʲôľ¶Ǳ̣ܵΪʲô̵һǰ 

ʵ̵ĿĲ̵ϡ 

ɱľ¶Ϊ˽˫꣬˫ǿޱȵʬ硭ıˣǡ 

㣡շȶʨɣ 

֮󲻵òʹýӽĳɭŵ͵͵ԼĸӼųε֣ȴǲ֮ôȾ˵ıԼȻǸˣôı˭ 

ɱȥֹⳡ̣ 



𣿡üͷŵ֮ԶͷѾõٴθ֡ 

һʼе㲻Ծ̫أо̵ҲһĶ̣һһǰƺ˭ȲҪ¶ǵһҪ˫ִС 

˵Щʲô 

ҵͼֽҵϣ 

ǰֳ˫ûԥ۾ļᶨ峺ָԼԥųΪʲôԺԥ˵Ҫ¶ǵĻȷʵﲻ𣿼ʹΪ˻гٵҽֹҲ޷ı⣿˯˵ġգһ㡱ʲô˼ 

޷ķң˿˿һһֱͷƺеһжʧˣһֻҪչµԼҲôݻʱ򰡡 

۽ƳŻ뿪ӰӣճƬ̣뿪ȱǹůŵĶӳңɫ½ɨӣش䡣 



֪ˣҪš 

¶ݶЦԴ¶С㱻ץԺһľ·ʲôƵģּᶨµĹâҪ˵￴ûһ֮ǰı飬֮һԽˡѵ 

䣡˸󶴣ͿĿɿڴ֮οβ˳·ŵһ£ƺ˿ԽԣˣΪ㱻ҿҲˣԲ 

ξҡһʹֻǰһڣ˵Ļ˵ڣѸٵرǡ 

ʵ˵ǣξȥɣǻ֧İ 



Ǹֱȥ﹬򵹾ȳ¶أҵһ˵ɱеѵ˼ţ漴޺޵ɶһСӣ˵Ҫ¶𣿸ﻹĥĥģɾҪˣ 

һ£һ£ֻҪһ¾Ϳ԰ȳˡ¶ǡ 

»ǸһֱҪԽһֱɾηˣͻȻ˲õԤУڿ¹µǰ·İɫӰԼһڣɣЩеûеģ¿Ԥгˡ 

ľӳʵʵͣغŵҪ££ʹѹ˵ǿɲ 

ûлͷҪһ㣬ҪȥΣ 

Ҫȥ¶ǣȳ̹ȻشʱȻη֣־µؼʧˡ 

ǵģҪ¶ǣΪһˣİȥȴʲôҲֱǳ裬ʹȥҲΪڵΪڡ 

ΪԼĶսһ̻ҵģ˵ 

Уɴķ񶨣ʲôҲ˶һ㡣 

Ҫȥ 

˵ǰһȴľ㻹ô˵ֿ𣿡Ȼת˶Ȼͷųǰδǿѹһ˲رɫϯеĸйٺȻ飬ȻķɻУ׵ļɱ⣡ 

ǿûдﵽǰѹʹˣޱСĸо嶼Ҫ˻ҳ 

ʤˡǿҵС 

ǣˣҾǸųˡ 

ӳɱңҲ޷ıҵľģΪҷĵģһҪȳ 

ģԻظţ۾ȶûĺڣ˭ 

˭ǣȥһЦ˳ǻһЦݣΪ̺ŵһǰļᶨϤҫ۹â 

ˣСˣһսѪ𣿼ʹ͹㣬㻹ҪҾȶݡ 

ֻǶҵġηسʵնǵʹҲԸ磬ֱӱųź갡 

֪ˡĵɡ 

һֱһϵɱʧˣβŵز˲۾ΪˣǸɽĶӳЦˡ 

ҿ˰ɣһˡþ 

ȥδȻηӢ˶ɵ°͵ɵͷĲڷƮ˼һ㣬Զ˫ڵĸ߷壬ҸоõԽԽǿˡ 

һ¶Ǵ̵ʱȻҴһ仰 

ӳĻ˰ɣô˵ЩĻʲô 

ͺŵˣҺս⣬Ҳɱ⡣סˣ 

ǡ㶵ؿŶӳôɴȥμֱԼΣôŹˣ֪һΪʲôԼȥأǾ䴫 

ˤˤͷһ˫գôʲôȥһɣȻ졭߸ֱʵİ¶ǣ㲻ģԲᣡңһǡ 



һ𣿡󻯵նŵŷڵϲͣһѪĶǲͣ䣬ģ̧ͷһسŵվԵΪľͣ˫ϥȻ 

Խ۷˵֮ԽҺܸ˰ն£סһѵһٴγǰ 

ҹһվڸߴϸһնµĶ̣ţԽԽǿˣһһԴﵽ̶ֳȣʱӦɡһ˳ʱΪʲôȴܾòƺʲôڽӽˡ 

䣡ڿɽγɵľ޴ѵϷһͻȻ죬ʲôŨŨĳģӰȴϤģ͵͵Ȥ 

Σôҵģ 

һԾ治иںͷأشЦǶӳģҪҴ㡣 

Ȼһ۾øˣգʲô 

ȣӳҸ㣬¶Ǵ̵ʱٴǰˣ硣 

 

˵ʲôҹһǹ߼˷˵ģҲЩŻˣ졭ô᣿˵޷ﵽ⡭ѾҹһѾ֧ţ硭ܹһʱʵ̫ˣܵİ 

ôأҹһ㣬ⳡѵôôͲҪȷѽһеĳһͷҲأӰȴɢʱƣ״̬еǿơ 

һҪǵ컹Ļ 

ҲûɵĺһҹһĻǰˣôֻҪ֮ǰƽϵѹ÷飬ûˣ 

νƸۣΰɣ 

Ȼأӳ˵ʲô 

оǣͺŵˣҺս⣬Ҳɱ⡯Ҳ̫ӳʲô˼ 

һɲο˵ĹӣԼΪݹҫ۵˲ұӡ 

Ҳ𣬡𣿺ֵڴһ죬ʬĻҽﵽ߷ɡ 

תն´壬ɣն£Ǽ 



õˡҹһҲ¶ЦݣһɣΣиıһеأ㲻ҲΪһ𣿡 

ǰҲɿţҲѾеնǵľˣ˭ȴﵽĿɣǿĻԽԽò𣿡 

Ȼˡ 



ôӦûῴ磬ΣһǸɵϿ϶ǿˣϣ֮ͻųҶΪҶʲô˺ˡ 

ǰ꣬ҵٴγˣϢȻһҲģġˡ 

࡭ˡԼĽкͿƺڶ߻죬ڻ˴Ǹ΢Цлл㣬ҵģٿ 

壬ģ͸ĵѪҺŨغҹԶûֹ꣬صк£ǣԶȴµجΡ 

ʲôллأһܣΪ뱻ռ˵ս֮ԻΪߵԼ֮ԻὫ㣬ΪٿʹģȵġʵֻԼ 

ªªҸûбȵļֵһ㶼ûСһҰɣȻȴ 

У¶Ǿر۾ȴһ 




֮ʮġ 

ǣתŲͬУճҹɢһˡ 

Ǹأû꣬ţƽӭɣгһɲǣ¶Ǽߴ̵۾ҪȴûҺӿ 

ҰķХߵǺִܲ٣еһУûзӦһб͵͵תʲôҲġûźˣֺһ𳤴󣬱ˣһѧһִһͨŮһһۺʱվһߵˣΨһԸҵˣллǣΪǣҵɢǰһ̣ƽ˰Ȼ 

·޴ķȺƽ˫ţֳһȦȦɢŵĹ̿ʼˡ 

ûעɽܶӳ˵ʲô۾ģֻǼϣӰΡڣһ϶ڣ硭 

׵ͫеһӳҵӰȴ̺˼ǡο 

һǸ°Ӱת˹ȥϤģģߴıӰ 

ǳл㣬硣һֱ 

ľȻȫӳĿ¶Ǳ̨߿գССյĳ·⽿С 

䣡ìӿ˻棬𣬸ı̬޴Ļ˾㵵 

˫֮ì̬ѻ൱һնǵᴩ֮ⳡ̡ 

ХУѻչ˾޴Ļ˫ᣬһƬƬëɵ˫ĳķ˾ջٽӴһģлӭһ֣֪ʱѾ١ 

ټˣеһУ 

չ黹ˣ΢ЦϣȴϾͱȵĿɣӭѻס˫ۣǡյĹ 

ʹˣ 



쳹յХѻųˣо·̺ž޴ķŭвʡ 

ô£ 

׷ƮĻ֮Уе꣬ӣܵĽ棬ȴǱȲ۾Ĺâǲǣ˺ҹ֮⣡ 

һվˣϣ㲻Ҫ֪һ 

¶ǡƽƽк·Ĳ˫̨û˵һƽһϵʱҲһģô΢Цţ˴˵֡ 

ޣЦҪһءɫԼûֵһ΢ãϣ֮⣬ȴڳʱͨͨŭʲôҲҪң 

ȥ˻ߵźصȴǰ 

ĸԸ𣿲Թ𣿡ƽصϧһǿ֧ŵıߣ͸ʵź 

Ը 

ôԸҲһֱϱһ 

ļڻҵ֣ 

Ϊηſһֱս֣ 

ηĴñӰģ΢Ӱӣ 

ĽĺģСųң 

ǱԼľԼ 

ԣΨһûзҵ㣬һҲȥ㣬߿Ҫҵǰˡ 

⡭һնǵסѻնǵһСӣǺһӵϯ̾ų䲻ŵؿվ̨ϵӰ 

˷Ӷӳִˮһ΢ЦϵģǶԷ˰ 

ľӳôһ£Ĳ°ɣͬͷİնɽܶӳŭǻδţע۹⣬˿ֻ̨ϵӰ֮ϡ 

ڶˣսϵն£һӭսļơ 

ס֣Ҫٳˣ㲻ε˫갡һᡭǵģ 

һ 

ٴμ˹Ļ񷢳ĳע¶ҲעùӣһεĹһΪСӵ˻Ѿ棬ڶȫԸһһܰСӺ̵ѾͷճɻҽĻֲӾȻ׷ɶϵסˣٲǰ벽 

ǡʲô 

ĸµĸ񣬴ݲȵضԸ٬кľֶӳӳ֮ķѻڲʵһë䣬εػָԭìΡ 

ˣ 


һһԾ̨Уն£¶ǡʲôľУȻҪƻ̨ 

ܵģһą̃ 

ˣͷһ𣬡۾úÿţ 



ͬ籩ģĺ¶ǲûиܵĳʹ̨ĸоԼһȷʵһ̨̬ƻˡ 

Ҫ˵ʲôҪȹȥ֮ĹǾԲı⣡ 

ȫأΪȵֻҪĽоͿˡ 

˾£ 

ԡ¶ǣңˡ 

ģˡٴӿᣬȴϲģҿɲлŶ 

ûϵΪԼҪ㰡Уֻ֪㲢ûбҲˣ 

ˣ㣬ˣҪȫǵˣһŻ򵹵ġ 

һøǿˣһ㣬Ͳϱľж𺳣㣬᳹Լ־㣬Ŀ㣬һʹ˼ǿ̥ǵĸܵΪһҪȵҡƺҲԼ˶˼ֵȥļᶨ־ 

лл㣬һлл㣬Σлл 

¶ǰĿͶһ·ɱĺ췢ӣĿԵһɲǣ޾ϲúӿȻϣΣ 

¶ǣ 

һ˲ضڶֽеǰϣĵϲá 

ʱĺ߻һ˲еĸҶһ㣬ΪСС¶ֻб˴ҲֻҪ˴ˣһͿֹ֧ƶ£˿̻ļҰݰ賤Ĳɫȡ˺ˮ֣де 

һǶζʧʱ⣬ҲΪǵĹذҵߡ 

ϧϾĳЩ˲飬ԸˣλոսΪʬͷطĺһϯ˿ѾֻǸԼҪһսĹ峤٣ͷ㿴ҿ㣬ҽ׶԰ˮ׼̸˵ɴһ¶ǣӺˣ¶ǵļкεŭһѰ¶ȥڵһض׼˺췢Ӹ٣Ҳ½ĺطŷֱǰˡʮӶӳ 

 
ʡ 

öĶдʧɫβòλýס¶ǣȻһʮ߻أͷת򣬸ո־һͬĳ̨Ǹļһŭ𣺡һ󱿵Ҫǵȥô찡ͷ 

ߣҲְ 

һ㶣¶Ǿ塣ǵģڽӵڻУô˭ҷſ¶ǣ 

ŸʲôСǣ׷иӳȥܻش󺰡 

һķγѵǰǰȴһ̼ϵٷǰԽնǵӳһĨޱȵЦ⣬޴նǵһ壬Ȼôӭȥ 

ôܡͬʱɵ˼ֱţǶѾûעˣϵնǵһӭǧӣǧӣˡ 

ڵȵһսˣգ 

ԸҲܱľս 




֮ʮ塤˫֮ 

һͰ˫ཻĴ˿̣ԭӾȻɳִ治ɽܶӳ˸;֣ʬǿϵĻϵնǵڳ˳õ֮ٴνˡ 

䱻ҹһϣõ¼ڰ֮ŸӶԹط꣬ò˵תתԵĻǵԡǰ̾ųķԺҹһʬĴ֮һķԺҵĹһϵЭԭϲӵģŮӣҲ֮ǵˣҲڵһʱ̡ 

طûмʱϵĽΪվûһ߶սߡӵĶӳµĸӡϯϯ׷ҵ˶֣һԤԵģʬ紦ͻӭʷΪҵһ졣 



ʮңʬʮλߺλйɣΪʬ˾أһö´ʮĶӳҲ顣ȻչŶշȶӳǰģĳߴ˿ֻʮ״ҵʬ壬ĽѪѾɺԶգ˿ɲĺɫָһ֮£׷ˡ 

ɫ֮ 

ʮңȫ𣡣 

ʱ˭սʱ´֮ȫոˣô֮ǰһδνľ¶ǰҪǣٵİ 

ڴʱӸӳףǸʵ£շȵҰԥ׷ȥ 



һ˫ཻһ̣鸴ӵؿһΪ֮ǰ˶˱װֱֻ˰ߣҰԵ峺˫ΪսȻԣʹ˲ɵûʱ 

գĶ֣Ҫʹ汾°ɣҿɲม 

ĺЦצ㣬ʲôʱֵˣ 

ǸܴСΪ񲻵꣬ѵ֪ЩǲƾѪֲ𣿡 

Ҿǲ֪أԣĺԿشһɣԸѾˡ 

ðɣǾԸˣʲô׵ġ 

Ҳ䣡գ 

ǧӣˮĽӳĵһĳɢɣǧӣ 

ɳĿҰ˲仯ɻξξȴʵ÷·ᵽӣǵ㣬繵ĻһƮɫǵɱ⡣ 

ǧӣϸ޷۲׽һǧƬУڿзʱΪܵ˹䣬û仨 

ϧգһУΪе̫ϸСɱǡǡûء 

һ߸ߵؾ˵£ն¶޴󻯵ĸܶһֱʵ⣬ǿ˺ѴغյǿʢشɢƵķɻ 

վѿ˾޴ӵĴϣһεεصѪոǵʲô𣿡 

ûǿһĻҪǿ 

壡ҵնǵûɣüëǰĵƮĳУҪСǰĶ֣ľգʹҴ򣡡 



徻֣ʮҵľ 

ѽ͢úְǸСһͻȻƻ˫꣬ļƻʧมһòȥľû뵽ľҲûܹصס 

Ҫ˫ȻãڶѾ׼ˡľ¶ֻаɢΣĵһӣǶܾҲʡʡ 

ǺǣˣʮӵСӳĵС٣ҪôأȾӳ 

Ǳ߽ǰˡ 

º΢Цչ¶һֱεȱʵòǾӸһе۹ɢǿҵĹâ޻ʵû鰮ûֻŪһеģרϷߵİͶޱʵ 

ȻǱʬ֤ʵȷ˵巬ӶӳȾҽ飡 

ĹâҰĲаջģ֮ĶеȾʢǰаףִʹĵѣΣǲɵþ΢ЦȻȷһֱĵ밡Ⱦ 



ֱ𣿺ÿ֡Ҳʺأ첻µزµļһðɣúÿţҵ⣡ 

߸ߵľնǵջطſ֣һȵ۾֡ſˣ 

µնǵڻһû棬Ȼſͷľ޴дӵʱ˲ˣޱ޼ʣĺڰȴĳء 

⣡촽³˲Ǽ޴ĵˣĿֹڵĻ֮Ʈɢ仨ĺʲŵʼԱ⣬һն·ˮˣŲȴ޼᲻ˮƫƫһɲֻ׷ٶ֮죬ǵķλ֮㣬ûǵ 

⡭ǰյ𣿲ˣڰѾ㿪ˣ 

ִնµǰһӰûֱµĳС 

նǵȷʵǿǣ⿿ǳٻǲǧӣġ 

ҲǣƾʼҾӮ⣬Ҳδ̫Ʋˡеһ֧壬ͷѪһһε£Ⱦɫķա 

üͷƺѾﵽƵģһҲҪи޶ȣҳǿˣǿ˾ȣǡ 

ô𣿰գˣŶԡϢһնһָ֣Űɣҵ⣡ 

ѹϣض̾Ϣܰɣٳڣû˵ڳΪ񲻵ʱڿģֻʬ綥˵Ķӳӵеģնǵհ塣ǣѹǡ 

ն£̳ɢȥ޳ϸնǵͨجһĴڣ޷һ˿ĹխڵװһԾڿ͵۹һĿᣬ⼸ֵ⣬գǵһม 

ȻʲôСᡱȻŭ⣿ 

ǰ𣿡һĪô 

ֱ¶ӣһԺ㲻׼⣡ǰֻһӣڻбţԺûбǡϸСòײͲնǵշȥƽˡ 

Ϻףһ˵רƵļһӣҪҲûģ׼Ҳ̫˰ɣռʣĴħҲҪܣΪһԹʣ 

ԺͲ׼⣡ɱ磡ѹǿһ˸޷ 

ԣӮɾͱˣһҲˡ 

ٴϣһǹڣֱּӰεٶȣǧӣȻ׷ϣʹƲݵٶҲ׽ȫˡ 

߾ǧӣϣսȻƺǵĳԣ۾ֻʣ˽սĶ֣רעѪڵĸоױȵĴ̼ 

˫֮ϣ޴ײ𵴲ʱҴеǵĿӹɵɱŨҵýϢû˻ġһоֹ֮ǿҵ޷ԵѹȻôʧˡ 

˭ʤ˭ܣ˭޷ֻ֪а˫꣬ɢȥ̳չ¶ƽ֮ò 



ʱŵѾ˾ֵ͢ΧǰģǾŷӶӳҪʧľŷӳ֣ɢľ¶ǽ 

ɶӳս˱ס¶ǵ󣬡ܣ 

ֻöˣȻϲķʽ 

Ρ¶ǵĵ飬ǿǶӳ㡭 

ģ¶ǣΪ˾㣬Ҳ΢ǿôһ㣬ͿŰɣŵذγβ裬⣡սپɣ 




ܰɣշȲŵؽԭأһУֻһУԼȻնǵûнŵģǸթȾɵؽˣ 

޴ıըǰʾԼʧܺͳ衣ˣΪʲôôǿɺޣƭˣסҵߣ˭ûлȥ㣬ɱʮңαʬŪڹ֮ϵģĻıߣ 

ɭһĵĸоʹһֱĽˣһֱºͿ΢Цڸòˡ 

ȻȾӳǶӳʬĴˣȾҽ飡 

î֮ӳǱ㷢˰ʬվǷһ㲻ȻءƺػͷȾ͵΢Ц徻ִſڵķӵĶӳî֮ҡ 

ƺ鷳أԸˣî֮ӳ 



鷳һӳȻʰ£֮β裬˵ռ·磬ҲΪ֣ɽҺþڴʱʱɣҪطˡ 

ǡʲô״˹ǰһģȵ۾ʱ۾ôǡ˫֮Ȼһԣβ΢΢Եÿ׿ΪҲӭɢ 

ӲػͷѾȾǰ˵־䶼ȴкĻ 

ľ¶Ƿ£Ȼ°ɡ 

ǡô£ȾӳûΪʲôֻǰ棬ӳ 

˵ɢľ¶Ƿ£Ȼ£𣿡ºͣȴݿܵӸµ 

ţҾܾȾӳ˵ôһ£ǣ˭Ҳܽҷſ 

⺢û취ϷֵĻֻã˰ 



ָ֮֮֮࣬ͫ⣬֮࣬ۼɢȥ֮ʮˣĴָ׷ȸ 

31648397׽ˣʮһǧʮǡ˫ꡭ 

Ⱦѵ֪ͨжӳ͸ӳУһЩûǡҪʼշȶӳͳɭӳļȴʩˡî֮ӳγǰʬϵնǵ 

ǣ 

ڰ֮ʮ֮ʮ֮ڴ㼣Զס塤صءҹƺУ֮ʮߣͦޣ 

͢ʮӳӳӳĸλкһλûķӸӳķӶӳĽţ£λʵ 



ôܣȾ𾪵˫֮ 

ǲӦôȥˣ˵ɽͷȻսԵǱֵ΢ЦȴȻݲȡ 

ʮҡȻȫˣһǺ䳡ͣս 

ӳȻˣɱĽŮӿֽŲ 

˵òԳɭô𣿡Ҿջܵļ̯ǽϣ˻ҡ 

ӳˣ·ޱţƭ˵İɣ 

ɵĺѣ߷ӳ˫ķ򷢳ŭ𣬡ɣ 




รζ΢ЦţȾα¶ǵ֣ͣصѪǹִˣңǿˣҺܸأɢ 

Ρ¶Ǿֵؿɼǵ˿ڣΪʲôûнնǵܽ˳ȾΪʲôôҪҵ 

μٵشϢţݺݵضǸЦһ˷Ե÷µˣ촽³־һһ䶼սĸԴҪֱ̫ȽϺãҪ֪Ϊ̤϶ݻǺġΪǰγ٣Ҳ 

ΡҰɣҪٴˡ 

죬¶ǣ֪¶˵ʲôζݺݵصͺ𡣡ʲôΪʲôɱ˳ɭ 

ղŵѹ񶯹Ȼͥް԰ɣû취ɭûȥϴġ㲻ɱǺܿ𣿡 

ãֻףǰŪڹ֮ϵˣʶǸȾӳˣ 

źţɢֻĴѣʶȾһʼǲڵġ 

β裡βٶԣչ˹ 

Ⱑϧ֮ǰ⡭Ѫ֣·ȫеˣεնǵԶָԭ״ΥԸģһöûء 


˰ɣ֪ȤľͿ֣Ļˡ 

Ҿܾ͵̧ͷӺѪЦݺ˭ְʣ 

źȾޱؾ˵ 

ӲˣһɲҲ˲ηԽһƬհ׵ʱ򣬰СˡʱϤеĶģãȻۣϣΣǱ 

ɫĵиסȾնǵӳ̫ůЦݣǸ־ϲԶ˿ڴһ 




֮ʮνĬ 


˼أǸӳֵ̫ˣûסЦϿɿ㲻˼ 

ûϵһҳҳ۶ġ 

ǻСˣȾ⸱ӿ˺ܽ˲ˬһն¿ڼϣſбȾαӵƤ𣿡 

ҵĴأû˫ǻΪѡû뵽ľȻҲزס㡣 

л佱ڴ֪ŪôҪ¶ǵΪʲôԭ˵Ǹ񡯵Ķ𣿡һǶ̶̵İҹദУԭֵö̵ΪǴĻھκֹĸ飬ǸСĻ˵ǹⲻС¶ĴѵһֻԴͷ 

ŶȤؼЦݣ֪֪ôģʲô𣿡 

ҡͷҿȾӳ½͵ӣ˵һ˵ɣһһԶǵı飬ʱȽϺðɣ 

˵ֲܴͬڵıϣʹ֮ͻļ޵ʣǳΣաԭϲȴ޷֮ٻͰѱһУǸˣľ¶ˡ 

Ϊͨ˫ľ¶ǵȫԵõһõĿٵʱĨɱʮңɳľղϢ㡣֮Ȼϣľץ¶ǲ㣬ܵϰʧˣԭϲһжûĴʹһӳıҲ̫ͻأش֣˵ʱҲ˰ɣ 

㿴ˡЦü˿һסˣΣҳȥʱ߰ɡ 

ӳİΧȦټϺ֮ǣɲءοǸȾǽշȶӳһ 

ùңӣԱõġ 

Ǻã¶ǾˣĻҿɻῴม 

ġ 

ҪˣһӰ˲ʧ˵ǰǽľ޴ѹޱϸСõĸƶȾζټʽ׽Բصǲ 

𣿡黯ʵȾϿյһն£׽ĻûӵأȾ 

һתΪ˾ȣһƮƮָȷʵǰһָסն£ãȾߵЦ·ڳŪΪǣһʧɫнɿغˣԶԶŷǰƿĴӣսӿϣ쵰 

ѽ㿪ˣû취ΪϯûоˮµĴʽ˰һնġź̾ȾͥŲسһ˹ 

ȫȷʵ£ǼĿ죬ֻ¾ͿƶˡǣΪҾô㱾ˡ 

壡ɫ״תһһϯ˹Ⱦ΢΢ݣûȥӲζ㿪ؼһٷȻ󣬺ɫجΰնºХն£ 



Ի۹̳ȾϲǵؿŽ½ϵĺޣþûܹˡζʹ˷ܣһֱݲȵѹһ֮ǰ޵ѹͶɲɶ˼κ¶Ǹӵĵؽ˳ 

ŭҵĴۿǺܳصģһ治ɱġ 

Ѱɣˮ£ 

ܿԲܿһ۾ȴϷʵЦĺӣΪ۾ӹˮµĴ𣿺úõؿŰɣѾˡ 

ɶһҧնȥȴһƬôĸܵҪѪٵƶΣȾȴ總֮һڶ߳ŪþʵһƬɱ飬ɱʵһƬתץס㣬ȾʵڡȾնǵ̫ˡ 



ô²˳٣ǿĿŪֱȽϺðɡЦеعս˰죬˵˲µԾƵΡ 

ҿɲȾôأǹɱ 

֧ζԽԽǱŶԷèϷһǷζҪըˣ˵˿ӿѪҺʪ͸Լ¶ǵ½ʧѪѣǰһУǣܶأһԱġ 



ˣôҲýˡ 

ô˵ȾӳԻǲáһͻȻЦˣ˿ûηģгЦݣȾʱƺǰӣƮɫĻȴ͵һǸ˼ɵĹѵһֱԣԼȴǱһס˱ʱ䡣 

þ飬ȾͰյĵĦɫӰɿؽʧȴϷȾʼһԲרעԵУѪɽˮ¶ǧӣϣӽĸ߼˳λս൱սҲǷḻޱȣһʱսѷѽ⡣ 




ֻþһһӣһξУһʱӾˮһ¶˳ȥĴ۾Լλǹڱ󻮳һѪۣļסŲЦҪǹҿɾΪˡ 

һ񳤵Ϳ㲻˳ˣôЦƤûͣٵϣսһš 

һСôҰ˼һĵġװίӣ˿һһһĹ 

絽Ԯǲ壬ԭһֱԼĺѶɾȻʬ磬ŭɶĲҲˡ 




ֶӳĶԿȻͬʱԣ궼ѵһġ̾ξϲػͷҹһС㣡 

ҹһ䣬һߵĸ񣬾֣ɽγ˿һҪˣ¶ǵǱסˡ 



ǿϧû㵽һΪģȻҲỳʮҵղ˫һһսǴǿģȻ˶ϢȾ͸еĹϡ 

¶΢Цı飬̫ļˡһٵǰڣôȻ 

ϰӦòΪ㻳ɾͶĲһվһߣıǺһ𣿡ԣע⵽ġ 

û֮ǰԥڶҡһ˫̼һ̼ƻ¶ǵһ̣еҲȻˡ 

ֿ޼ɵһ˫꣬ȴƫƫҪȵ¶̵һ̲ų֣ɳִ治飬һ̣֪Ǹعң;޷ٱסˣһ̣ҵŷɵӥ˳ɡ 

һ˵ҵ˼ˡôǰͿҵʹԥѰѽ¶ǺҵصԼļϣˣлл㣡һ 




ͻȻܲʲôѹƵز˳صϢҹһӦ죬һ 

׷ʲô飬һҹһַԵķӦʹ˵еġ˲񡱶̾ٶ뿪ľһʶʱǡĤͬõĶ 

ձ޴ָצ˺ȺĴ顭ӷ϶̽ͷһԣ鼸ǿαϵʣڣһӳôֱ࣬һ𺳣 

ѣպͲҲʱ뿪˷ĤķΧ֪ȻԻ࿴̸ཻѾͬռ䣬޷ٴȾˡ 

˼ʱ䵽ˡһ̾ʬӮ˰ɣûеǺܿϧǵõˣͬӵбʬʤֻ¾˷˰ɣȤأĳڴˡ 

վĵϣȾ·۹ȴһϣΪ⣬һҺ㣬ʬ粻㣬ʱӭΪҵĲ¡ 

ģʬ粻ңҲԼ֮ҪһһЦͷ˰һۡ 

ͣĵطҵļ磬ҵļĵطգ 

ȻҲ仰΢΢ͷһ΢Цˡ 

˲㻥ͨ飬ȾȻռ䣬߸ϵļţ֮Ĭ𣿲׽ĸ飬ԵĴУ벻氡 

ȫʱµذը÷ˣȾΪʲôҪѱ䣬һĶΪʲôҪ׷棬ȫĿͶպһһʱеͨ죬æתƻ⣬ȾôΪʲô 

Ϊ׷ߵľ硣 

ȾŭضӵϤòİˡ 

̫ˣ񣬲ûһʼվϵģң񡣡ȡ۾֮ܵĿմھҪˣӽԺ󡭡 

ȡ۾ȥαװֳǸʵȾޱȵİϵڶˡ 

ʧڿ֮еȾûע⵽ͷʱһ˿΢ɲļȡ 

ټˣλټˣһǸ൱ȤĺӣǺڡ 



תƻĹһȻô̫ˡ 

ǾǣСӣУʲôʱ򹴴ʬһɽ˧ģ 

Ⱦ¼˳̫Ϊתƿַҵһƽʱĺ󹷵׷Ȥ 

Щ쵰ұϵ˿ڻѪģһǣҪˣޱʹϣҾմ㲻ҪҲһһѣΣ۽ɨ֪ͬİգͬζλӳĿɿڴκ¶ǣиһϵʯ֯ɵˣȻȫ֪ˣһ˼ؿԼǰڣҡҡ׹ģ˰ɣ 

ΧĿʱˮɱ̤һѽסԻ˯ӱʵһ۹⽫ǼҶһļһＱɱΪշȶӳͳɭϸî֮ӳ 

һӣî֮ЦϯֻʧѪ̫񼤵֮²ŻεģѾ˴ûˡ 

лл㣬î֮ӳ 

ӵסеˣ¶˵΢Цʬ˶Ϊ֮ȲףЦݣ³ԡ 

ʱ漣ذ 

Цһ㣬ԴΪ磬ⳡıҡѪҵսھʹ˸һˡ 




֮ʮߡ 

Σƺܺõ¶һ黨ĺͷ˽羲Сķ緶лһɫ˯۵ĻˮӯӯΣȴҲȲϵĹʡһʱ΢΢شˣƺһʶ¶һ㣬Ϥİо¶Ǻ˼Żع 

öˡŵػش¶һװƯ֪¶ǱԵλĬĬԼҪƭˡ 

¶ǽ嵽ͷĻƿУȻصȥ־ҵˡ 

ûСô¶ǰλǲԾ¶ĸһĵǣ¶һЦ˳ 

ûаô⣬Ц⵭꣬ԭҪ飬ǳϳϿҿҵ˵һԲ𡯣ѡѾԭˡѹͷʮظڰ˵Ļ䣬ԭڻн⿪һ찡 

貵ЦݣޱɵĽѺȻҾˣһʬ硣 

δϲЦֲ˼֪ץץͷǸ¶ǣԲһֱ̫ţǸ 

κ޲ôԼһͣǸøǲ⣬״Σ˵ԲǸʱҲ÷ſ֣ԲѵʱûкԥվһߣԲҪһͶӳҲͱ㡭𣿰ɢΣǸûõˣ 

Ҷ֪㲻˵ˡ¶ǺЦؿһ̬Ρ˵˺۴ı˺Թ޻ٷŲĻһ뵽ȾĵʼҲûзſҾҲƽʲôˡ 

һĶȥˣ߳˿ڵԹһξʬĸԶ 

ȴԽ˵Ŀ˶΢΢غգһ΢¶ͻȻʲôˣʬһʧȥӳҽ糿ӳʱ˵һ㶼ﵽˣܻܿᱻܶӳΪµĶӳء 

ӳͷƤΪӳҪнӵְ𣬲ͷȻͻȻϲʤؽΪӳ˵ҵĵλľӳһˣ̫ˣͿȥȢ㡭ңɣŮױıڱ¶ˡ 

ûļһݺݵһȭ¶κյɬʲôʱӦ޸˵˵׶ûоֱǸ׶Σֱûӣ 

ԴĺëȮȮ¶ίѵĿ⣬ѵ㲻Ը𣿡 

಻صļһ 

ǾԸˣȻ˵ˣĳ˱Ե쳣ִƤ׷ʲݡ 

¶ǳסͷһôĵģ 

ĲԸӿȻϵɬôأ˵ɣһֱ˵ܳڵĻ 

ӯӯڹӰб任ɫʺ״ʥȴӵջɫӳҲֲǻϲˣֻ֪һ黳ڴߣҪûΪһ΢Цİ 

ΣܶҶ룬ʮǰҸľҪҵǸʱңһиڻʲôͬ 

Żߣʹڣ뵽ʱΣԾɲҪЩѹһֱһֱ룬Ҿ֪ˣʵҸϣ˵Ҫߣϣ˵ߣʱһӦġС㰡λʲôģʵһҲں 

Բ¶ǣǰ̫Ϊˡǣ˵Ҫߣߣ㻹ԸٸһᣬԸ𣿡 

̧𣬿÷УǷ·ԽˮǧɽҵѰĿһļᶨִţһůҡ 

Ӧڴ߽δ£ֵʱ̣ش̽һɫԴððʧʧش󺰵Σ 

κ¶ǼεȻǺ޲һְС˵С쵰ôôʱأδһϾҪ˰ 

㺦˰ 

Ǹˣ¶ҲڰҲһŵ˽ûͷӬƵصҶصĵطȻ˾洫һҰްĿºһӴһҪͷڹѽ 

Ǹľˣ 

˿굽ӺһŵһɺЦһùģȻǸս˸ˣ˭ûѧʱͰ˼Ҵأڸľ˵ҸöֱּǱܰ 

Һһѹı¿Ƹ˶ӵķӣҲһҵóһοڲѹǷȱĽأ 

һӣڰǧ˵Сһ߰ɣСҵĲŻ׷ġıԹн˵ѹԶȥһһط 

̽ͷ׼ڵлһͻȻַһɸӽ֮ѹڽӽУŵ˻ȥѹ˵ 

ζĪ⴫ơԽ𣿡 

ӳ/磿ʶΣȻ 

Žɨۣһ𣿡 

κ¶ǽ˸ɫɿش˹ʶ˵һܲǵƭӳ/˾ԻĺܲҰǶһµָӡ 

մ̤ȥһʱӺĳһ۵С۵״̬һĿɿڴʵ˷ȻڰյĵӲظЦˣգð 

ˣץţ¶ǣΣҼסˣûļһ 

ΪʲҪӲî֮ӳҪġʵʼˡ 

̫ˡֱ׳ 

Ծȥʮһ˴ܣȻ󱻸ľ׷͢ܣ㻹Ļָúܺá 

ǵ΢Ца񰡣ʲôָúܺáо 

Ǹʵҵ˿ڻеʹûȥϢˣˡι 

ȻԳԺ˾͸һȥһһ˳־ʩ˸߼תͳſȥŲŻͷʲôƵġ¶ǣϻл˵ΣúˡȻﳤȥ 

/ӳıҲͬظ̾ο˵˵᲻˹صأҪǣԻı飡 

֪Ҫ˵ʲôأ¶ǾȵطԴ¼֮Լûôηˡ 

عĳ˿Ͱ͵ӣ·һòǳԵС¶Цתͷĵأأɬ΢ַ˴ߵĴϡ 

ȵۣҲתȥλһ˶ȴס۵С֣սʵʵڵ¶ȡ 

Ϧ̺գ˿ҵ飬û֪룬񡭡һǴִֺġɽ髡 

һе衣 




֮ʮˡ 


ιſҪȥﰡڼϵӺѷһ·Ϊٶ̫û˿Ҳܶһպ޵طһԼĿǳţҧɴ಻ٽк֮Ŭȥ⿪ 

۾ԲˣֻɫǾȻ쵽·棡㡭ŵʱҳһţ⿪Ŭʽʧܡ 

˵ѾһӽľңɨصӶֻһ紵һ˺þòɨ£ҶӰ 

Ϥİ裬Ϥķ䣬Ϥġӵϵһţл˵Ҫ 

ſĻܾӡϷӵûбػش 

ġ°ڸյ˵ӡ 

ᡭǰ㲻ǴΪǱĽ鲻Ⱦǵıһᷢչ㲻󲻵𣿡 

㲻ı¶ǷĻһ㻹ǻʲôܲ˵ȥ˳ӦԼյ飬֪ 

īɫеĿʹһؿڣա 

һҾԼʧܣؿ¶ȥ̣ؿȥΣյ飬ΪʲôһΪʲôһôأ 

Բ𣬰գ㵣ˡһ̧ͷǰյıĽͷ­˰յǰǰգҲ¶ģ𣿡 

ҲһڣҲһڣʧȥҪˣǻֵ 

ǰƻ˫ʱˣνҪĹ߶ߵĳŵŵ˸Ҫ¶ǣ㣬ҶԸʧȥܼ򵥵ĵ֮µҾȻˣĵ׵ʵ 

һ´ҪʲôΣյ飬Ҳ㣬ҪҸһ𣬺𣿡 

ӵڻʵҵĲʧȥԾɺúõһУ֮˶ֶ겻ĸܣģǸġ 

ţҲұ֤Ҳ㵣ĵ飬֮ǰһ㣬ҵĳŵա 

̹΢Цв˼İվôʱĽ궼һвˡȻߣһвŷ·ָ˳죬þòӵеƽͰȻ 

޵貵ӣϧأϸµأϸµϣϸëڴϣһ˿һ˿һǣﹾһأҰѸ⿪ 

̧룬ϸضµһ޷ԼǰΪ֮ǰҵ½ϸľ״ǣǰĺҲźֵţɫĲϷĵüɫʵصİ壬͸Ƶ˫ַڱǡôǿϸ͵ 

ΣյĿһѪҺػ㼯յѪ᲻״˿̵ĳĬеζȫԼĸоĲǾ£ǻڴĽ꣬΢ģԵģȴһһ̳ǿʢһ˿˿ؽϵ£鴤ʹ 

ܾû˵ӵԹȥĲҲĿУѵǻԵĿ־Ż˵ļᶨ 

Ϊ뿪㣬ָ޷ԽĽޡ 

Ľ۾⶯ĽëסеĻңաĺ󣬻ջ 

⿪𣿡дһ˿ɳƣͣͣΪ޿԰ε 

ûϵŵĻûӵĴ꣬΢΢촽ӭ˴ߣ˱ȶȣûбķſԼ 

ȶӿϣΪ⼤ĵһս̱Ӧ˹ٶҡϢϤĽ۹㣬ɿ顣 

˵ǣǱͨķʽĻ˵ôȥҪֹͣô㻯ΪҵһֵĿԼʹ˲ϢӿϣȻԸⱻſĻУּϢĿ־ȴսۣΪ׹ĵطһĻ 

ںļ϶ģšһƺ϶ԷĴھƽеĲֱͨӽ񶯴һǻӦҲա 

ſ꣬໥˰죬Ȼ΢Цˣ̶̺ûһպ۾һͷ­ȵĴ̰Ķϣϸϸס˱ǡΪеĲλ֮һһʱһšƵ˼ڶ飬һһĵɢ 

»ƽ⿪½йļѾȾֵȶȣƵĦ²תסһϸ壬Ϻõ˿лҪᡣƺȻĦ󣬡˿ڡء 

ѾˡǴǿĵ壬Ѳ֮ѱ˳ĲӭܵĿɰ˶Ū˼巭ת˹ԭ˺۵ıϸϸӣȻ˺Ѿˣļɫ΢ǳһ㣬עķֱ治۵ķۺ죬ƽ˲ݮָͣﰡȻѾָˡ 

һɡܵջصͷɣϸ壬µĵ⣬ģζأ̲סҧһڣ쵰ʹһţϵӣͳӡұػˣΌɳӡ˿˿Ѫ˿˿ڻŴʹһա˵ӣèץƵץͷ֡ 

͵͵Цڱ񶯣ϲ𣿡䱾ؼҧһ¸רӡǣʹֻĴ̼պ޵ط˭ϲ 

𣿡æµĴϷŪƺ̽ǰڶ̴ٵľһס΢΢̧ͷķ治ʵϲġ 

߳岻Ծҡ㿪ȴܵĻ壬˵ȶԵĳٲҶȴƵĦ϶˵Ŷ 

ţѧػָƣ̺ɬֳĿɰҲ޷أһ߲ɵŪŽͦȵĴһ»֣ܿһ˵ı;ӨϸݵڲйתȻؿڵĺΣʢŵĻһ㣬ķһʹ֪һѾ쵽ޡ 

µҲŮԣһʱڲŻеģң崿޷ͣʮģ㣬ȫȫҵģ 

ͷȣſ˼֮Դľֲˮȵ˵Ҫôż 

쵰ʱҲҪżҡҺ󻬳صصָеظĦϸɬڱڣɣ 

ӦÿܻеĶݲʣ㡭鶯ָ״תŽ뽫ճĤطֿָݵĴѹѰее㣬µһָⰴѹĲλԴԴϵӿϣǼʵغסָ׼뿪ᾧӨķҲٴһͦһָʱ˿ûпܣǾµĥŤջˣ 

˵ҪңһӿָĥȻı崿¸鴤磬̲סˣȴѣмӳݿǰĿ⡣ 

һڴʲôⰡҡҪ㣬գ㡭šٳָһһѨڼճĤͲԾȥ߱ٱҲܵȴպݺһѹ޳˫Ȳ˵֫ϵý޼䡣 

ϵڱѹ͵ķֿҪ̾ϢܶٴΣ棬ôôȡ 

졭ΪĻ˵óڣһԽԽûй˼ˣһһÿȴȻҪӦңаǺЦͣķǡ 

ûзֻʱ嶼أղôݺһսʵû취˰˫Ƴһձߣղٳɵذڶ֫˶˳ײ룬ϸ͵ĦȵУڸǵĿԽԽ졣 

һ㡭ڻĵûʹÿһޱȵͳʵĦĵط˻𣬻õأݿܵԾϴܣÿһϸͷĿƵøʹв֪νİĻȴĵӭȡһαһοҰռȷıϴ񱻳ˢһطӯ 

ѣٴȷԼĹ 

б̹˵̧ǰű޹Ⱦųʧص˵ԸУĴ΢΢ͣЪĵϢɳƵͷصķɲΣյķ籩ҪռУҪ˺飬ҪݺݵŰһ࣬ȴ£ڴרע۹⣬ѻɫĳ˿˿Ƶشͷһſ˱ĺˮ 

ҰˡҲʧˡҲֻԸҿĴˡҰ㣬ա߽Ŀڣɫ̹İ紼ƣ죬˵أԼ˱ʧصˡ 

Ͻͣͺһݺס͵ĺ촽һؿҧҰ⣬ĹᴩҲԽϢ϶ҰŽǶȾ׼ײеһ㣬ҲڱԵķŪ 

ҵĹ籩꣬һʱٲ˼ʲôˣһеر壬оûһ˸߹һ˵ûȻѵĸйֻ׳ǿŵԶĿռ䣬źûڰ˵촽εعʵսҵĵָ⣬ָ״̽ȴ˿ʹ 

ǽôȥĸ߳籡 

Ȼ˿壬εƾӲ˺һĹռ޵İţһ˵ĴˮسظڴˮĲеİձޱȴ̺Ų˼ǿӲѹȱƵ޷Լֿ˫ȵܳܵĽǶȣײ֫Ȼ趯ӭϣתسܣҪһĴϢͺ޷ݣֱռһͦˮӿţ˶ãȻ۾Ľࡣ 

ݵʧ֮ϲŵأǸ߳Ըе޷ݵףϵĴƷŨĸζһ鲻Ըֹͣ˱ԵþΣǣ뵽ʺ 

ɿʱֻܴϢֱҪˣ屻ȥʱһȴԵ˼ûУ֪ЧɣһеЦԭԼڰǰôģ 

١⿪òãգȻ̫ˡϧæ̧εƵļһ￴̱ڴϣɢҵɫٷ˰պؿڣ˼ǣҪ⿪ûţ 

һػͷһۣŭʪȴҲûУȿջջԽ޼ɵ˶ŵ˫ʹֵ֮øƻѹ֫Ҫŵøһ㣬տǰɫų谮̾һ˫ֿסϸûгɵٴͦ룬׷ȫĶԼͶд 

ƣԽԼԽ˷ܣ޷ΡһɣӵôǿӲܶӵعĥ 

ʹײ϶Ĳظܵϵ뿪һָֻĵĦƣǰӲͦĺݮذסô̼ĵ̽壬ٴֱһ㡭ƺĵ׵ĿָΪסšתۡɳƵ෴İͬʱ˵սҲʵܣЦŹ͵ĺһ·¿ס٣Ѿ߳һˣﻹǳʵٴ΢΢̧ͷȶģžӨΡ 

£ֿ⻺ٶȽ˷񣬸ＱصײȫϣάһߴɽͺبǰȴȫԽ 

աҪˡˡġܰʱú͵ǻ͸й٣ʱòߣʱֱǿӲѹŲòƴ͡ʲôʱܽ 

ܲˣģ֮ǰһŹϸͻԵıĵر֤һȴǻһǰٻһʱɣҪ̫˰μֱԹмֲɷϵսڴһȵ۾˽׵ͷȴڲס㲻ͣĬ˼Ӷᡣ 

ھ˲ĸ¼֮ٴȷ˱˴Ҫλ˶㿪һиţͬڰӪ֮У˿ֻ̣Ҫ˴ˡ 



ɽܶӳ̾ǰı棬һң˵ķԺҹһȾȥˣľӳӽһ֮͸ҲӰˣ塢շȶӳסԺƺַˡʵʵְλϵĶӳûмȾʱ֣һɹġ 

ɽӳԼôִ䲻ĬС 





֮ʮšҹ 

¶ǻʱ͵ʱ̣żֻ㱵Цһž˱飬ؾصŵĲҡһֻ˽ͣ¶ǲɵɣһǱأƺõò˵Ҳ 

¶ǡ²豭մ˹Ҽžʱ⣬ߡ 

ǣŻŵվ¶Ǽûӡ˵Ѿ֪粻һˣº̬Ȼǽܳ 

ôš԰ֱʲô 

СŮڸߣԺˮڳɫԣʱлĽһԾˮûˮУһɴȹĳβˮ滮ĩС΢ĵӾס 

ڴߣȴûѹȸУһԵˬ;ףһˣܺʱأ漣ģһɣǽԺ˵ҪĿڽдɩ˰ɣǺǡ 

¶ǣĬõڿڣ¶ɺڿϿһ˿ɫԲ𡣡 

ʲôڶҵǸ 

һֱѹˣ㣬⼸ʮȴ֣һֱֳ֪Ͽļҽ̣һЩ˵ĲۡǰսսҶԣѹԼԡ 

硭 

ǸνĹغ͹ĵˣĶȣҪһƴҪ㣬˵ľͻ㱻 

ǽҲȻȫӹͼĵλҪ˺͹ԥң㻹Ըһ𣿡 

ͣ½Ųӹ۹ģڵͫӳԼĵӰһΣˣһΣеԼ 

ۺʱԹģ΢ЦţȴˣǲҸģʱ̡ 

Ȼ硣ҵĴ磬һֱǡ 

»ŮǺܽʹ뿴ȥ¶ǾȵΪȥˮлл㣬¶ǡ 

ͺˣҵãԭ׽ǰ󣬲ȥ֪áԺҪֵģѹ鶼 

¶ϧ硭һֱںҵģôһвΪԭ򣬶ûбҪ̽ѯˣҺøˣ 

ԭҪʬΪȡϢ֣תٴΰѱӰ¶ǣһΣ¶Ҳûֱӵĸоˣϰ߱תǰһĨǿĺء 

磡ΪͣµĽŲ¶ЦһлɡԵлǻڣ˵׼ʲôʱܼһԻίдɡ 

ûлش뿪ˣĲ˼˰ɣ硭Ȥ 

ضӣˮͬݵЦе˵Ҳ޳ҵĿŶ 

ҹݵɢ¶ǽеİɫϸ黨ӽˮˮ棬ɵ੣ӰӾһȦȦˣһص⡣ 



ƿţĹаտһδ߽ڼǸԷһıӰüһΪʲôԶ 

ߣԶĻӦ֪ʲŵĺԺİǷˣ˿ҵĹ˶ȻӵŷḻӦԾ飬ֻ˴أĿһѰѴ°ɫԡµһˣҲţһᵣĵġ 

ߣûŻһƱ˵ὫСĵذԼһϲĲɫιСʮӵһڵسһڣԼɡɳƵģˡ 

УҪιĲϱȤĹ˶Ҫӹӵ֣Եӽ̾˽û˻׽ǰһֱɽģӴҲֻԼõɡССٵһ⻳ѵԼǱճԵԭ 

֪Ƶȥһ֪͵ߵķ˳˴룬ǲרĵ̬˲һЩʲôأһռͷķ˲ֱ͹ȥԼſڳˣȻһĺһȥ 

һɴۣԷʱﰡҪο˿ȴﻹоʲô˽ǸζԷ 

һһ㱻ȽʳôߵͷҲŽ޼ɵطðżѵ׽ŰѶȥµһغֿʼˡš 

һͷһʷԵõˣʱһѾϺҲƣ̱ڰջ˶ûˡ 

ؼԼιˣս۾촽׵һȥϴ֮һϣҹ¹⡣һ˻УһûһĽ̸䣬ĴֲɫζĦţ۾˯ 

ʶشӽë¿Űգ¹ӡô˵Ϳ˧ùֵ¹¡ӣĳ翡÷ǡ峺㡭׶ž飿Ȼһ˼ţĻ۶ð̲ס͵˼㣬૵Цʱ⣬ǳʬľ·һӸúԶˡ 

һ֮ǰ¶ǵǸˡһµĸŪķ˿ 

ţһϾԭ˰ɣ 

¶ˡ 

¶Ǿ˰ա 

ҪҴл 

ŶΪʲôҪմΪл˵¶֪ҡôѷˣһܲŤҡ 

ȻصЦæתƻ⡣ 

һҵõϢɽܶӳζӳô 

ӳʬһʧȥλӳҽԺŵĶӳ͸ӳҲ٣ǳ˶ˡһЦ 

ôʹﵽ⣬ΪϯʵӴ󲿷ָٵ㾭ֵģҶɽӳôҲǺеġ 

ãԵ٩ζʻөˣɰһһڲҶļ϶ϵǣҹľ顣 

ֻҪԸܣҲġ 

ô˵һ̣𣿿˵ǰΪ˲¶⵽ΣգⲻΪϯ٣Ҿô 

ɿһһڣΪһʼ;ǿֻûʧȥһۿͱҰ𺳣һزסķ磬Ȼʱһѹֵıˣȴڸǲıš 

һῼǵġϾû˻ڹʱëëţҲиɽ̱ѹͷˣšԽԽģǸ飡 

һѾеΣˡϧĳֻͷϲˬԼԵ淴ͨèȫԸᣬͬƵķԣһȥŷӺˣޱ˺ڿ죬ŷӵİ칫ʮҲܽӳչҡ 

һðޱ񡭡һȻҴģڱ˵֣ڰʾҸղò 

ôףһƺ˿̲ŷֱɽǿҲ޹״Ϊ˰նЦѣ˵˲ҵġŶȻյÿϧ 

ȥ巬ӣһõİ嶨ۣ 

ҪҪȥŷӣèרƣҪȨɽҰɣߡ 

վ𣬡ǵûطˡ 

ʲô˼صŰգһ𼹱˫ԲëֱɷǿɰմսǰĶشϺúۡ 

ۣıɱһİһĵźűְ˽ŵţ쵰ûιҪ 

°׷壬ҹعϡľլȴŲҾ徵һĻһƬĵ˹סƺĿȥ 

˴˴̳ӵĹΪĳʬ統ŵĶӳѡֻǼ²˴ˡĬ 




֮ʮ 


һ䶯ʬĿϾӡ 

ԭϲķԺҹһԼľ¶ǵ׷¼кһɢΡִˮʮɵ˵һΪ 

ﵽĺһϯͰɢθӳֱξŷӡӶӳһְعʬԭϲݴ巬Ӷӳһְ벻Ҫ׷ΪʲôջͬһξŷӶӳ巬Ӷӳ֮գ 

ʮȫµʮһδȨյʱ̣͢ʮʮӶӳǩһϵսʱ 

Ҫһʹñʵʵﶥıϡ 

жӳ̼ǵõʱԭ˵ľࣺȫ෴ĴڵĽ޵ΣƷν黯񻯣ʹ֮󣬻ܻǿöĿֲʱ򵽵Ϊ飬ֻ˭Ҳ޷˵ˣʹǻǾʹ𣿡 

ñӵǰμ־ֳ˫۾˲ 

ʱĻһļžþõġ 

ȻһЦžǺһ 

ûʲôԥģ飬ʵ˵ֻҪǵʬһԱ͹ˡľñӣҿʼô 

âЦɢеԥͶԲ֪η壬ꡭȻʬ̫˵ 

ͬ⡣ȷֵ֧ŰӶӳϣһ 

˳ûʲôԥģȾҲ񣬲ʵʱھˡ 

ûⰡʱ϶ܾʰɣмܴͺã 

ԿҲһѵʬ绹еġ΢Цİ˷Ӷӳ 

Ϸ׷ܶӳ˼ 

 
 

ǰֵܳľȻô˳˳ͨˣ˲˼ȴܵȻ֮Ȼ⾭黯ĸӳס֮Ŀֲ棬ǴҶͻļޣʬѾڳõʷκһʱڡ 

սԲɱ⣬Ѿη塣 



 

⾲ڿĺڣһһƤ¶ıѲǰ͸һļ߰ߵӡźϵӡǣ֮鶼˼ˣƤ趯ȥͼ˯е˶ѡ 

ط˸Ž۾˫֮£ܹϧֲû취ѾˬڴأһˣǶӳӡ 

˯ 

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䡭ٴ 

Ƶɧɲӵع᳹˯󡱵ĿɹʵֵұЧ£ 

ߣã˴֣ǷһĨΣյ΢Ц˯÷۹׼΢΢ĺ촽ȥǳڻ¶ĵһץ˦һȥˣšһƤָôĺð 

ޱߵǰĳӳæòֺɰΪʲôΪӳԼһʬһĴæˣǸļҪǲȥĻ 

ܺˣѵۣһһͷһֻŵѹԼǲֱ֣֮޷ݣûϾæˣš 

ˣãδطſ꣬΢Цš簲һ 

ͷÿ춼˯ãһһԹصŰգһ߰ʹɫȡ١Ȼ󡭡֮Ȼܻʵֵ͵ʢ 

ˣǶӳӣԲܳٵģȻֻ¶֪΢ЦĳЩĻ˵ЩץĹ붼ˬ 

γѵץץͷһͷ·ǰһۣתȥҪ·ˡ 

ôܣߣֲûԶĴˣôô崿ɰ 

һᣬһηٶȽ·ϣ۹Ƶ˷ź̾Ϣϻй£Ȼ 

 



磡һ磡ղеһ¶ǴһȵĴкܸ˵Ӧһ磡¶ǡһϸеصͷ 

¶ڼѾûǰսսˣദд飬һȻοȰ˵֮£ʵÿúصİպôĬ¶Ǻε飬һŹ˶ǵĺ¾ͽ˰ɡ 

¶һΪһϼԵķۺӡǣ⡭һߣڱʾļǺֱܻŤô硭ҽ컹ǡŶѹˣ¶ǶʱЦüֹ죬һĵطָָһԼ˸Ĵָһ˿Ц⣬¶ǵԴ 

ʱҲּҪ̿ľĬʱճĽ̸ʹòҵƽܰ¶ҸسŰһһٲ÷Ŀɿͣһ߿ԵʮֶׯüĿԳĬһ͵ЦһʱִĶԺеı顣 

ţúãӳԷǳԷٲθʹˡ̾С 

ʰţ¶ǸССȴǰ棬ղõüһʵؽҿ˴ССС˼ģ¶ǣβȵ㲻ߵġ 

£ֲǼҪǸһߵôģ³ٵ 

ŶӳֲǸټᣬôżʲôżӦǲŶ԰ɣ 

ݺݵһһۣһдȡЦѾһˣȵ粻ߵʱ򣬿ҲΣ˵Ů˲ø֣ЦСܲ˹ȥ 

췢ͬŰɫĶӳȴڸ¶С̸˼֮԰չʺãӳϺá 

û취ʹԼҲǶӳˣľӳ־ηĸоһ 

յӦһŲûͣγһߵһͷӳҽӽ¶ǰ 

û£վ㿴ҲûԲ𣿷ġһһӣóӳڿɲӵĸˡԱ׷Űȥˡ 

ҲǡץץͷµӰе˵ıӰ¶ޱȵĺг¶ǡһס¶ǵ֣Ҳ󷽵㡣 

ѣ¶ֻˣ΢Цüң㲻´翳ô 

Ҳ֣ԡ¶ǺЦ֮Ȼۣ˶һȾĵһĻ빲ʱ̣ʱֻޱȲζÿÿȴѳĻ䡣 

߰ɣȻٵͲˡ¶ǻסεơ 

ƽһ죬Ƶ͸γûһ˿ʡʬһؿʼɳ˯˹ɢæĻ 

ľգҸû꣡һ쳹 

ȻһϵӡǱȡЦԺץ񽫶ӳǰСʱڵޱȣ˴֡ÿһεǰ治ء 

ȻɽӳɽƲҵʱ˲밲 

еǲ֪ȷʱ飬ô 

һ̣ȻеĲƽһĸо 

ʮӵı棬ڿĶ֡桱ķӦΪߣѹŨȼΪѾǡȫˡ 

ڡˡ 

ȴʵķ׽ܡ 

ӳǻ˷ܻΪıУɽܶӳϵ 

פշȶӳѾȥˣĲҪݽӴ֮Ľǣλʬսɴ˽ҿĻ 




ôһܵˣϤ 

ͷһЦǴǰ˵ʱϲĵطССɽͷԿs͢ǹŵĽϦԵ϶ֲ 

ʱҳʱϦһãȻ֪úȥδӡ 

Ҳ¶˾뿪ѧԺҳΪȻ㡣 

ҵˣͣĵطɡ 

ӴԺʬΪҵڶ硣 

սҪʼˣһᱣüģһǰһָs͢ķ򣬼ᶨޱȵš 

һһվɲƣ˵İ۱紵ǰ纣ѪϦûк˴ңճһƬ𺣣۾ͷɫ˻𺣵һ֡ 

Ǿ䣬 

ģǳŵǡֱ߽ԤС 

š 

յ֣˵棬벻ԡ 

Яֵһ̳˼һĻ֮ѪսҲҪһҫʤľġ 

Ϧ꣬ʬԶ񻰡 

⣬µĻˡ 

ǽΪûнһʼ۹⽻һɲǣǵһУͰĺӿǰ 

һʼ 




ȫᣬллң 




֮ 

ڴӴһЩ˿в鵽ȾռĿɱôİ뾶һؾиزңȻһǰļ硪 

Ǹɳѧϰáʧȥʮĵط 

Ǹмˡͣĵط 

غʮĻǣǾ׵ıϣ 

һҪֹΪ񣬻ǿΪػĵطҪˡ 

ǿ½֣ʮиǵĦлʬ翪ʼ½פǸΪսĵط 

Ҳ˵һ뿪ʱ֮ڿԻؼˣ 



庡𣿸о֣ȫûʲôȻģһģһһ´Լͣģȥһ̶ֻȵĺĵèڴתתԼβһ 

ˣһˡװĵվһǰһʱȵۣۡ벻մ·Ҳô˧ȫͬķζʽź͸߹󣬼ֱҹѪһ 

ˣ΢Ц 

죬˭ῴ㿴ֻǺܾȡ߰߰ɡ 


겻˰ɣǼҵĵ껹ڣǵʱϲĲݮи⡣ǸͤҲû䡣Ǽ겻ˣ˼ҿȹݡ 

ϤİĵطȺֲ 

üͷΪǸs͢ԵøͻҵĿתͷһ鸴ӵݣļ򣬡š 

ȷʵеأνĽӾӵˡϰǿֻһسǰʱأ 

ҪջһԵʲô 



ţڴĽŲŮžȵ˭ѽ 

Ȼ 

ţһֱ֪ðڳʲô顣 

һΣŵˣ 

磬Ǵ磡氡ҿĻˣӴ𺳵𾪵˷֮õʱܼ0.05룬ղ̾һȻôϲĴҲֻպ˼õˣ 

ȻǺǵĴô˷ܵ𾪵ŭ0.06¼Ҳǿɹۣ쵰Ȼҵļ滻ΪҾͲǵôҪһȭȻڷŮһǰȭͷȴӶʮɰŮʢȻľϲͱˡ 

Բ档̾ϢǸ滻װʵںðӳĹȻֵΡ 

ø̾ӵĻǸˣϧ˸еղųһСͱ³çشˡ 

ФӰˣһһ㿪˵ķȣ˳˼һ㣬ʧȥƽ˲ȵڵأͷһȭ쵰ͷԴ겻ò׻Ķӵ𣿡 

55555555ŰФӻһ㷴ʡҲûУССΪ˸˽ȻŪʬƭǣһ߾꣬ǼŲҰϴÿŵĸգʼе߿࣬ݡһͷð 

ʲô˽ȥһٺK 

׵ʵȻǸǵģʬ״ǰ˿·磬žžȭŽְֵĴ𣬡˵ҿǿģĵˣǸ˧˰ɣң 

˵һɴʹзŵȷḻͷһֱŵĻҸǶʮ˰ɣǶʮ𣿡 

漣ذϸŶӵµؿݡһȻҲӱŤŤһ߼̵ؽʬ硢庡ȵȡ 



ǱͰĬȻ˰죬վȻǺƽ¶ڡ 

ܺá̻ش 

֪ľ˾˵ѣŶһ硭 

¡ɴϡ 

ţţ棡һߺƵĴת 

ʱˣ 

š 

Ϊʲô 

񡣡 

棡ӡ 

ۣ¶ǵĴǸȤˣ 

һãһ㶼ηԶ͸ǲײºԼһ˿ھΡ 

ΣʧȥԺҲˣҲˣֻһֱĴ¶ǣڷˡ 

氡ع绹ϰֶң⵽ô°ʶλһ𣿡 

渧˸ͷ˵ˡ 



ԭ˽һĺ˿ڲ裬һʧӣһ㲻Ҫˣʲô鰡ϣǡ˽ӣ 

ô˵һͰմסСӿʼЦеؼƻϸʲôˣıܣ 

дˡȫȻǰա 

סԣСҾ㲻׼ҶеһİְվָŰմ 

ܣһҵˣ˿òڵһҪγѪ 

ŭգô˵ҵıѾɣҵĶӣһҪ㸶ۣ 

쵰ͷվͶ̥ץһӣǼæס粻Ҫ 

ֻаɱ͵侲Ҳһĸˣ 

СӾҿңɣ 



ھӸ̾һôְ 

طϲûҪϺһӣ˵ϲõķʽе㡭ر𡭡 


PSΪʲôһİְǸִ϶ԼҶӸ˧֮С顱òƷǳֻܹ鹦ڸ֮ѪԵĵӦɡŹɡһ˭ǰ׳ͷĵӦڹ˵Ҳ׳𣿣 




֮һֿ 

ƪ޹أ֮ 


ǰĽȫսһ 
ʰöȥ 

ӹòݮСͻȻڱֵһһ۰й 

죡˭ǹҹһ˵ĽèӴ׵˳ǸǸͷСӽġ 

δظҹһˡ 

Ҳȥô벻СӾȻô㣬ңȫ׽ߣ㲻ǰǵļƻȫ˰ɣ 

УΪԭڵطϣһֻ˵ĹƷèҪ̫ͺˡ 

ʵ̶֤ǴģˣҲҪڲпʵǰˤġ 

˶࣬ϢϢжԿѾˡè˻ιצϵԿס 

š챣ӰǧҪ̽ӰҪǱҹһʲôҿûϻȥˡ 

ãˣҹһæһֶشףϢ 

ѽһġ 

һп࣬ſڵģɲǰĿǽԩôԼףͷ˾ľմˡ 

һտűſڴϵһ˵㾫ܲã춼˯ 

˯һܸطһһûػشһ߲Ծľգ˵Ҫôòãڵİ 

һ֣ôƵģΪھ͢һƬҶʮķİڿʱͲɵƽߣͷ˿Բ𣬶ͼɡ 

žһһ֮£ֲػӳ˰յ֣ҾͿȥҲ뿴㣡 

ôòģ뵽ҹһڣ±ҹһʲôһԾͷ̬Ҳ͸áֳϱߡ 

ʱƢǰµĽЦݷԵһһȥ 

һۣ˫ȥƣǽҺͽ߶ָ˵вƾֻ˵ķ˵ǿӲ²ݽɷʽǣ赲סͬʱֵƣУܳǿ˫漤ҵȶȣһ֪ѾԶ룬ĦǶȵϸ䵽ﶼһĹ߳ܡ 

ˣҹһһˣûˣ 

ĺְرأһſһĴշһϳһĳĬƫƫ屳־طӦˣվӶ糺죬ջ쵽ɢ棬µں֣ˮ۲תԹŭصɹ 

ȥѲϵ۹ΣյýľսģҪǡ 

͵͵Ц𣬡һڿҵͽŶָµװƷĽߵӣڴͷʲôҪͬɡ 

쵰ҲʱƫƫҲͲסƿڴ쵰ɽõֻʣĳľͷҹȥ 

ѽֲûֹһΰô췴ӦôҰüԼеĶӶ˵ܼŭҵĹȻֻأһ˵Ҿ͹̫ûˣһܲŶ˳ʱһӵ۹ԼӰ죬ӵǸʱģô 

ס֡ĲҪաΪʲôôùһؿ˿ڵı󻵵ѹ±һֽϵϷһԲܱշֵġ͵ߡֱִᡣ 

ʵûжʱˣšҲܳһֻҪľľ˵һһеϼǿҵķӦһһǿҵĿгӿϣſ촽³ǱȻ滹Ҫȵ̾Ϣһϸľ۵üҪѣȵķʱҪڴͷ˫ִײʮָͣſǶֲסļлǳǵ谭һΪĺ죬ʵڰնֻСèʰϸϸ޴ССצץһģˡ 

ͣˣ 



˿̶ڴµҹһһһδֳʲôȻ󱻷˵ĻǴƾǰ˵Ҷֻ»·һǡ 

죡ʲôʵҲ̫Ƽ˰ɣ˵һ˼̻꣬ͷһԭϲһҪ㣡ҹһŵγ˱Ѫèӣͷתſڴһǣذ 

϶ش˱ѹŵϸʹϢаС˿ȴ쳣ĵο֯һ쳣ɫܿ棬ҹһץطԼȻԶÿһ˿ޱȵͼ 

̴ٵľ֮һȻйɵĻζһǺƽʱɾߴ˿̴żɳƣͻ޵Ŷʹǿ֣ε˷ţԸеױȣСҴϢŲʱų˷ܵص͡һðҪôٷŵһ㡱֮ĻŽĽˮҡѪӿ 

ֱıɱһʧѪģҹһޱķԺҹһʲôûмѵҪСӸˣ 

ˣҿ졭֮һѾȫè͵ˣҵӭţʶֻǷپһе棬ǿĹᴩÿһ¶ǵص˳Īķ˹ϢûĿ⣬һδεطزţ֧Ųסزס˿ΨһˣˮסĸľһϽ˿ֺ͵ˮͣ۽ǣ˫ӽݵùǵˮ롣 

ѪڵѣŽӽϤĽУšһ𡭡ԷٶȽۺʱò˼˳꾪̵û鳱˵ս壬Ŵ߱ƵȵҪڻҡ 

֯ľһжֹһãȻسڸ߳ҺʪĴУۡĴ˿ҵĻֱܣӱϵǺᣬĴе㵣ĵظźʪķ˿һۣ 

ţûɱʯѹƵú۾عţıԹżίֻû취ȥΣյ鰡 

ú˯ɡһ֮ĳ̽ĶӳȥˣȨı˽ԵúܲҵĿ˯˹ȥ 



ƽҳһҹһѵףȶӶʧˣһСӣ˵ҲǱΡ 

צӣҹһݺݵؾ׼ĳֻݮ۵СкǿľȴеƲ۾ˮһˮӨļһ¾ͿˮɣǺε촽ҧһڰֱǰǵĶҩ½¶ϸǺ;һһɰۡ 

֮Ļ˯ŵʶɢǿޱȵȻɫ㡭ˣҹһɿסӡȥĻ 

Сŭ𣬶򵨱ҹһʧȥǵǨŭˣһצӾôкȥ 

ۡʹһһãȻ 

ʲôˣ 

ǰĺèֺ˦βͣߺߣСϵèܾŶצӻź⡣ 

ʹˣΪʲôץңδӦԼΪʲô˽ѵһֻè 

ȴںèһ仰˲ʯԭľҵİүֹϵȻͷϱҲرһô˵ùȥģҵѪ 

䡭޵ݵػʲŷʲô£һͷð˹죡ܻ 

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