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һѷ϶ѡ

ڰȫڲͱмƻ󵼺
ءееĳ˵Ĺִ򽻵ˣ˵ġ
ȫǡİȫ͡ϵİȫѡġӵͳ
Ʒ͸ߵѧ鼮ͬдû߿
һñֻһ仰ܽͽΣʵʣȴݱ
һֻʸμӵġܹۡɹӰ
ʵġѧ

ûϰڹߵʵʣûϰгһ
ٷֵ壻ûϰڼܵԶԼкʵڵã
ûϰʽǮûϰ⡰Ԫ
ȻûӦծ񡭡

нһЩͳ鼮ԶҲ
ڽרԶҲġءʵһ
ڡȶĽóסʯϵᡰٺͷչĻ
ࡣ

нִʵòǮιɵġ
ġαЧġٻһϵиλ𾴵Ķ
֪֪Ľս磺ֵﵽ 
55һҹ
ʧȥһСһȲֵûзչйҡйһ㶫ʡĲ
ֵߣҲûһٻ˾Ĳֵߡ 


 1


һŷ

һ2007˼йоѧңҲͨͶ
ߣġȻȻسǵͷСһ
Ȥ⡣

ƺ֪ˡйֵġŷС
ֵƺѾǶйȽһֲˡ
ֵⱾĳ㾹ȻΪйʧ

עĽ㶼һϡֵȻӰڣ
ôΪá˼·˳£ﲻ˼·
ֵýͲᡢҲΪй档

һ仰˵֮ҪǴҡСֵЭ
վڡὨߡϡϣСֵĿҲ
Ϊ˼ó˳ҡԪ̫ƽ󾭼
ڣΪó˳ʵ

ýͼյйСֵҪĿ 


1.йϰΪýӰ졣 
2.ֹҶѾȫɥʧгڡ״̬
ԪСԪŷԪûԪƽûԪʵƷ
ûȽеļѹԮж 
3.йʵ徭ԪľֲֵŷԪԪ
ҽбֵŷԪõĳʹŷԪ
Ԫڳںŷ޵óͽȶڰŷ£ɡʵ

ʵġͬʱ緶Χȷһ֡κιһҲܶԪֵ
óͽȶȻĽɡ


Ԫ

ԪʵʾծҵͼͥǮ࣬
ѹȣԴȴûзлҵȨν 
Ԫһ˽СС
ϵͳŦԼһעʱΪ 
1.43Ԫ˽ҵе˽Ʊݶѡծ
ѺȡͬԪȯ
ȯ[Federal Reserve Note]еծңѺƷΪծĿ
ǰͨԪԪָȯƽȯ[Gold Certificate]
еĻƽѺƷĻңĿǰʵ˳ͨȯ 
[Silver Certificate]е԰ѺƷĻңĿǰʵ
ͨȯ[United States Note]Ҳơֿ̱ҡ[Greenbacks]
ֿսʱڷеһַңܷΪ 346681016ԪĿǰʵ˳ͨԪıҲͳծ
ϵжԪ⣬Ҳʵʵծ񵽵
٣˭Ҳö֪һλӢרΪȫÿ 2860000
ԪҲѧΪԪ⽻ 6000000Ԫ/ꡣ
 2860000ڻ 6000000ڣԶԶĿǰʵ徭õĳ
ҲϵˮƽĻ֡

˰ܶҲ 30000ڡ40000Ԫ֮䡣Ҳ˵

ͼƬ˵1991 8 19ա8.19¼УҶհǷɹ
أʹǷ˳Ȩģ˹ý֮ΪҶձƹ

ԪƵսͼ

һʱķ 


1.ͳĸı
ͳ¼ԪӰܴͳʱͻ
Ȼ̣ƽ͵ؽˡ񲡻дԲȡŮԱϲĽۡ
۳ͷȴܽ׽ܺ͡⡱
ΪĻšǣͳڲﲻ
ִĲԡΪΡÿƽʱֻ 
4Сʱȴʷϡʷϵ漣ٲɫһ
𣻢ڴһͨʼΪֵ ġ
Υ۵Ŀǰķ١ 


2.
ͳĻ߲Ƕ磬һ˾
ġĺͱԵӡĽйǸľ䣬
ȻǶͳɹޱȵ𾴻
ηڹκͽУĿֻ̨һг
ķˣĽڡóͳһԪϵˡͳĲ
ȴܼ򵥣ٷȨڷ緶ΧڹȷԪ 


3.гʧ
гʧٶ 20 80˵Ѿǲ
ʵͳһгȻҪһͳһĻҡͳʱڣ
ʵŦԼϵͳʵϡӡ
ˢ㹻Ļң˵оû˳㡰
Զӡһ㡱ԱСֽƬȡʵ
ʵг

ͳдȼ˰˫־õߣȡ˱Ͼô
ͨʼΪֵġ෽桰ġǲܳ
ֵķپ档ҵͥǰġسӡˢԪ
ʢʱҲͺϧشٽ͸֧áʱ̸ԪҵĹȷдĳںǴ 
20 80ֶҸĳĺͺֵġֻҪʵ֪ã羭ٵΣ 


4.һΣ
Ѿȫȫծ񾭼û˵ǡӡˢҡ
ôĶѭУйңǹó׻ȡ
Ԫĳڵ;ãԳڻȡԪٽ 
GDP
ΪҪչֶεĻȻ롰ó׿ֲʱڡ

ǣǰڣȵóױҲҷ
ԪڣԪʱһͬ׹˥˵Ԩپó
ʱڵĵͣڣڣԸάһµԪŷԪ
Ӷһȫһµıԡʷظʱ

5.ڶΣ
緶ΧڵԪֻͨͣһͳݺ
ܽȻͬ羭ͳֻкټݼԺ
ԣٴûͼʮĳڲӰ조ľ÷չ
֮һͨ͵֡ʵ緶ΧڵͨѾ˿
µĵزȨǶȥҶԼɺ˵ʣû
ȥעἰıԭ򡪡Ԫʧء

ó׿ֲʱ 


1.ҵĶóס˳
ڡó׿ֲʱڡǰڣƺձйڶ
϶ԪӯĹҼʸ֮ģǡߡ 


2.ĸ
1йǳ
2óױϺһϱй


3ֻҲóиɿѡأ
4һʵϵġܡ˼ֻһ
й档
 
2ĿǰͨԪ


һԪͨ

һοԪ״

̸ͨͺͻҡġܵжٻͨҪ
ʵĶٲܺ⡪Ϊ⾭Ӧ
ʵ徭õĵӰȻ䲻ȫԵȣ
Ȥľ÷ӳҲΪʲôսѧҪ⾭ѧ
ۡ

½еһЩⶼҪǣһԵ⡪ԪĿǰ
״ʲô״̬˵ 
2007꣬Ԫ緶Χڵж٣

ȫֵܲ

й 
2007򡪡һֵܲ϶࣬Կ 300000ڡ500000Ԫ֮䣨߲ 500000Ԫ2007꣩ʵ徭ãһҵ͵ڶҵ磺ũҵҵֵ 
GDPҲ 100000ڡ200000ԪˮƽѾ߹ˣ໥沢ظġ

ծ״

ͬʱڵҵ˽˵ծܶﵽ 
440000Ԫ 1Ϣ㣬ڵľÿҪ֧ 
4400ԪϢʻϢս롰ծȨˡĿڴ
ҲֻǱɽһǣµĵطרҪ۾֣
˴ݲ漰 440000Ԫծչ˭ҪԸ
ʽ洢ԪϵСסһ㡣

ģԪӡ 


1.ڵԪծȫԪе֣ʵ
ϣԪĴ󲿷ڹͨҲԪʵԶԶծծ
ҪöࣻĹծҪԶöࣩô 
440000Ԫͨƾա족˶Ԫأ
⡣ҪԪ״ Ԫӡ 
2.ӡ
1440000Ԫǹ̶ģǽ׵ý飬
ڲϵĽסͨ洢֧ȡĹС޶ծ
˽ڱ׼𡱵ǰ£ͿԽдͶ
ʵȽڻĿɡֳġĻҡÿһʽת̶ᵼ
ʵʡӡˢһҡȫȨί
˽нڻ˽ȫɹ涨
׼𡱵Ĺ涨ֻ 10Ĵ𡱣ô 440000ԪծԪֻҪ˽ 44000ֽƱݣͿԽ˵ 
440000µԪ

2׼
ǵȻʣ 440000ԪȫΪ׼أ
ǲǾͿԴ 4400000Ԫ»أô᲻Υأ緶ΧԪƳֱĽṹѺۡôΥвͨСϷİ취ƾմҡ 
١׼ǡءҪ˽ҵа
֮ٵ׼ô˽еҵ޷ˡ 
Լ涨ʵʩġΨһ
ʵ⡱ǡ 440000ծԪΪ
׼ôûн˵Ԫҵˡ Сĺҵծ˽нڻҪԴ˽ǸӺϷı֤ʵеֽƱ
ܴ 10ǰ£ʣ 90ԪͶ˳ȥ
һ䣺 2008δΣйشδΣο׾ʲôǡ
Σ¶Ļ˽е׼ʵʼ 
10ɵ߶˵Ȼǳ˿ȷЩƲĽ
ڻѾ¶ġΥ⡱ȴָκһһ
е˽нڻΥطǴǮȥðգΪЩ
ԻܣͻȻƲʲĿ㣬ԶǸա
ʵ֤ЩֽڻͻĻ
ǸӲɲա 

Ĳ֡ʽתܿ죬ǵӻң˲Ͳ
ʽĳ˽ A 100000ԪܵĴ˽ A 10000ԪֽƱΪ֤𡱡һ磬ͻ״˽ A 90000ԪȥʳƷԼٻۣʱ˽ AжԿͻ׵ĽȨ 90000ԪԪǺʵģջأͳС⣩

ôͻʳƷ˽ AյĿͻ׼֧
Ĺ 90000ʳƷǮͻԼ˻˼
ηʹЩʽ

ʱ˽ AĹ̨˰ʳƷ̿ͻҵ 
90000ԪУʱ˽ AĴܶ 
90000Ԫ˽ Aܴǣ10000Ԫ׼90000ԪĴͻڹʳƷʽƱݣʳƷ̿ͻ

 90000Ԫͻ׵ʳƷеõʳƷ 
¡Ĵ190000Ԫ 


ƾյĴ 
a.ʱ 90000ԪͱƾաϷˡ 
b.ʵУһͻͬһУȴȻԪ
ϵĽڻн 
ݿµĳԪӡˢϷûнڶ磬ͻ
дһоƬԤҪ 80000Ԫʱ˽ 
A´ʳƷ̿ͻҴ 90000Ԫ 10Ϊ׼ʣµó 80000Ԫͻʽȥ
оƬ磬ϲɫоƬеҵ߿ͻ߽˽ 
A˴ӴоƬĿͻյ 80000Ԫ˽ AֺܴϷ 
80000Ԫ

ԪӡӰ

һ 


1.ֿµϷԪӡˢϷݣÿ
пԴ˵Ҷݼտгԭʼ 
10Ԫ̶ͨҵͼ
ͥ˵ϰΪصҲỳÿдԪ
ôԪйϵ
ǣ˽ծң˴ָԪƣ˽Уծң
˽УԼȫȨԼ׼ƶȣϷ
Ԫ׷˶٣֪ 


2.ծ
ֻҪ֪ 2006Ԫʼծ 
440000ԪˡӴծУϢǾ˵ĺͲ˼ġ˽˽ AȽϿƣ 10ԪֻҪ 440000ծԪ 1020εѭͻߴ 
4400000ڵԪ 4400000Ԫ 2Ƕأ 88000Ԫ/꣬۳Ӫ֧ĳɱ֧ĴϢӪҵãֵõˡ΢ġһٷֵĴ󣬾ͻ 44000Ԫ/Ĵ 

3.֪һ㣬ͻΪʲôֶڸֽͶ
ڻߺ͸ʹЩߵġӡ磺˽˶Գ
𣩵ĴΪʲôôˡ 


4.
˽Ϣʵڡɡ޴
ֱ˽еջʵ̫ͬʱҵ
ȴٸ޷ֻܽծծʵֻܹ
ϢĿǰѾչϢҪٽծ黹
زľ档

ȤǣЦľ˽ȴġҲ˵
˵黹˽ȻԸҰծ
Ŀ棬ЩծԪ߽ˡӡ˰ 
ӡȻ˺˵Ĺ黹ôߺʹ߶ 
黹Ҳմһ𾪵ծͬˡ
˽˵ƺЩ˼ծͬ˵Ŀֻһ
ǾǸĴϢ룬ԶΪ黹Ϣծ
ū

ԣ2000ծÿ곬 10ʵֱ
Ҫߣٶȼӣ΢һ㳣ʶ˶ֺ֪˼
ծԪԽһծԪ
ʱ⣬Ȼʹ𽥽˻ҷʧص״̬ 


5.ծӰ
Ԫڵϵͨõҡ˵ֻڵһ
֣һֻǱɽһǣ忼֤Ǹ֡ԶԶ
ֹ 44ԪЩծ񲻰ʯԪó׳ԪЩ
Ԫӡ緶ΧĹʵΪʲô M3ͳֱϢȡԭ򡪡ΪӵԪǵཡǡ
 3ҡйٵս
ͻս


һҺйٵս㹲

һйĿǰʷõĴչʱڣҺйʱ
гž޴ķչ붯ӿĹʽʱ
гڿԪõڣҲӦս

ձ鲻˽ս۵ĴڣΪһЩĲ
ΪĿгǰͲڣսѧһʺѧ
ơ

緶Χ˵ĿǰΨһʵڵܹý͵Ϯ
ӳǸڸԤʱرսڡƱڻ
ѡȨ

ģΪIMFļҩ սֶΣѾظΣ
е˵һֶûб䣬ձ 1972 
2¿ʼˡȽԪʵֱӺɲο[]Ԫ.ս. .й.2000

սۼ

һŵļƻ

潫ҪӽսѧĽǶ̸̸ø߳Ľֶδ
 GDPһȴﵽ 55κйھ۶һ޴Եɲ֡ӴĽڽǶȻعһ£һǮϷذʵ徭õľŪ֣
ʹ˹õһʵʷ

۴κνǶһжһΰġĽս
۵ĵ䷶ӦóΪս۵ΰ䷶Ͳսֻ
֪Щս۵ָߵǻۺŵͷԡһ
̩ɽĸоֻʱһ˲Ż֪Լǻ˵ǳ
΢

ִ 


1.һս۽׶Σս۵ս׼׶Σ1978 
8¡1985 511գȣͳ 20 
80Ԫͬʱʣʵ 20 80Ԫʾﵽÿ 20ˮƽˣս۵ֶ˳Ľս۵ĻʱѾˡֶ˳Ȼųֱ̂ȴʵ˳ͼԪծɱԮ˹񾭼ͣ͵Ѿ棬ΪĽս춨ļʵĻ
ͳԪͦʵƷ
гͥĲͨýϢֺ
ٵĿǰٵϢʱϵ˲ʱ͸֧
Ŀǰķ𺳣֡ǡɡֶ˳
ΣµľͣͺУɥʧĺͱ·
ʱһЦ˵⣺һϴ쵼ˣʲôʱ
ܹѽ쵼˺ĵ΢ЦŻش𣺡
ˣ

ĵɥʧǴʵгͽģ
ԴԶʱֶ˳µصԽΣѾ
á״飬ǵĺ;˼ģ;
ս۵Ĵ󱳾 


2.ڶս۽׶Σս۵ȫ濪սսγɣ1985
 5 11ա1990 10£áʵ쵼гڿšȡܲٵĻʯʱ쵼𲽷ɵ쵼ɢ˻ԼĽ塣˻ǽ𣬳
ͻȻһĶңۺͷչʮ
ʵ徭ú͹̺ԴصԼĲƸ
ȥأѵͻȻʧ

Խս۶ԣԵսԡĸƻ
丨սмƻĺдѹ¬¬ƻʵ徭
תΪӦмծȯַ[ѲͨʲתΪͨ
ʲԱս۵ĽУ⾭ѧ]Ӷһٽ롰
ʽгý׶Ρ

صǣƽϷǺʵػ
ؽЩмծȯĿÿ 
1000020000¬ȣÿ
λ˵һƸԼȻڹƾճ
ҵĹɶҵˣͦ 


3.ս۽׶Σս۵ľս׶Σ1990 10¡1992 
3£1991 12 25壬ս۽׶εУȻ
˵ĽڼܱǡȨ١йػҲȥе
£ս۵ָͨʺͺʣ˴
ƤСȻֻͨɫֶΣԸһϢ¬
ȡ¬Ȼ˵ծȯгծȯ

ЩծȯǡûʲôֺĹҵծȯ
ã֤ȯг׳ǮǸġ
ծȯͱص˶η䣬ҵҲ˵
˼ʮʵ徭ú͹̺ĿɽԴأѾȫ
ԼȫԸƽ˸߲ҵˡ 


4.ĸս۽׶Σս۵Ҫβսۿʼˡһ
1992 3¡1998 1 1գ˺Ϊ˹׶Σʷܵءڼһʯ͹ʲô˼أҲ˵ΪüǮȴ˰̰͸Ҫõöࡱ⵱ȻѣС߼ϻôһ㡰ҲСа·ġ䷶ˡٿ˹ʱΪѾ壬ʴ˺˹ĳ˽лծȯǣծȯȫۺ

ʱڼܲżսԥؼȡ¬Ԫ
ɻңԪףžǷڻʽ
ϸƲôʱ˹ٰѹҲƸԴ
صͳͳ˸ü۸Щծȯ˲˭һͷ
ĴԻġ˽лծȯ¬ծ񣬶˹Ҳ
˵ȫˡ

ǡǡ෴˹йطרҵĽ飺ǡ
ôطſ¬ԪɻԿзĵġ

顣ҶΪڵػ˵ڹһ 
1¬ 1.5Ԫʱȼ֮ 
36¬ 1ԪȡԪΪսԴȴûڻͨȷר˼·ͺʵӢĺԶġڣΪʲôȡ˵Щܹ
¬̨ĽڲأΪפķֹרҺ͡
ý֡ڼֶΡ⳰Ū˹ҲΪ
һ֡Ȩʽĸ١κЧĺĽڼܶǸʱĶ
˹۵㿴ʽǰٵİʯῪЩ˴
ǰߣ˼⡣

ʱڷſ¬ԪɶһҲûκǿļֶΣ¬սгֻءⳡ
սʵĲֺܿ쵽ˡ¬ 1¬һ 1.5ԪѸٱͻ 100¬ 1ԪʱȤս۽

1˹ծȯгõЩ¬ļֵֵ 1/100Ҳʣ¼Ԫļֵˡ
2˹Ľȫ̱г۸ϵ˵
ֵ 1/100ش˶˹Ĺ񾭼á

3ʱЩáϢ¬͡ϢӶ˹
н¬ծ黹⣬΢ˡҲΪЩ
ս۵ķ߾ҪЦףʤˣǿɾ̫СΰĽսָ
ߵšʶˡ
ΪʱծȯϢͱ𶼼޴ȻֵΪ
֮һǵʱʺܲиϢ͡ɫɱ⣬
ԭ 50000ڡ200000Ԫ¬ծȯȻҪǧ
ԪĴ˵Уһս迪ʼˡ 


5.ս۽׶Σս۵һսıֵ1998
 1 1ա1998 11 1գ˺Ϊ˹׶Σս۵ָö˹ڼܴڿհʱ䴰ڣս ʶһг͸սںͬʱͨýֻԵȾǷ׷׳ÿһ¬Ԫ¬гܿرˣʱרҽ飺Ҹĸ 
1000¬һ



¬Ȼѻʶ 
5¬ 
1ԪĻϡЧֹ
ڶĴʩִк¬ʵʱֵ 1/14000

˵ʱΪִֹС˽лƻĽǱս
۵һüԪĴ˹Ĺҵɽ
ԴЩǺսͳùͷԭʼ˹ʵ
õľˣֱӻѲ 10Ԫ 


6.ս۽׶Σս۵ĺ󴫣βλս׶Σ1998
 11 1գ˺Ϊ˹׶Σ
ƯŵĽڼսûнŽս
øСͷնԳһĳѾҪ
ȥˣС͵ķնԳ͹ˣԶ˹һϵ
еĽڴʱҶջǺý幥ڦվ
ʼĽڼܡԣܴʱĶ˹ԶԶԭ
ܶ࣬Щս۵ĳЧ

¬ѵʱﵽ 40¬ 1Ԫ 
2007 6 17գ¬ԪȼΪ 
26 1Ҳǿ۳Ϣأⳡս۵ķ 1/72800Ĵۣ˵ʱѾͱ۸ܹ 100000ھ¬˹ʱ۳ֻɫ֧ʵʻҲᳬ 100Ԫͳ˽˼ʮʵ徭õ
͹ĿɽԴĿȨҵһС

˵ʷΰһսۣǹģЧ
ֶεĸ߳ﵽʷǰˮƽЩս۵Ĳ߻
еߣǿеǿߣֱԶߺǿ߲
һΰĳɹҪǸΰĳɹʵһ
߷֮۹Ϳ˸ߵɽ塣

 4СֵԤ


һСֵ

һý塰ƼġֵĽδ֪ģ
·мƻвԪƷաչʵ徭õϵͳԣ
ǻһġӰҲĸƻ 

ձ㳡顱𺦳̶ 110֮ǻ
ҶԪʴ 61 
20ֵ 11 

1.ͨסûһڻָߵ
һʱ仯̫ʣͻһӮռ䡱ֻҪ
һֽͶʻ𣬴ӻ 3Ϣļ 
1000ԪȻɢ㡢ʱΡͶʡйð칫Һ͹
һЩװԱͻʶһģһ깲ƻ 500Ԫͽ
ѣۺϳɱΪԭʼͶʽ 
1йȽһʵĳִУ赱ֵΪ 
5ͿԺ׬ȡ 1ĻʲҲ 10Ԫ 


2.סһڻڻ¡
ڻܸ˴ﵽ 100ǰֳ 
David W. Mullins濪죬ֱӡ顱Ҫ˹ġĴԳ֮һʱ˾ӺרҵͶףܸ
ʣרҵ˵ǵϵߵ 568ˮƽοйעͣ
ôͨлȡġתӮ֡Ӧı

Ǯ

һǮ[Hot Money  
Refugee Capita]ֳʻ
ͶԶʱֻΪ׷߱ͷնڹʽгѸ
ĶͶʽͬĹģԪˮƽģڿ
һʡڻָ׵ڽ׵¡
Ͷʵϵﵽ 10010000Ԫڽ׾ͻ˲
һ 1000000ԪĲԭͶҵɢҲᱻ
ȼͶĺǵȻΪ˱ֵγȺЧӦµĶδ
2008 3 8 9ʱȫЭʮһһλ
þеڶȫ顣ȫЭίԱǰͳƾ־ֳˮڻϷԣ 
йоĿǰйġǮԼ 5000Ԫˮ.¡Ǯ벻ʱȥɡ
ǮֵĲͬ˵ 


1.ʽѡȡǹʽУȫЭίԱǰͳƾ
ֳˮʽеǮ֣ӦǿŵġҲŲͬ
ֺ˵

1ýձ˵Ǯ
2йԺרҵ˵
йѧԺ뾭оרһݱƣ
һľѧģͼ£йǮģѴﾪ˵ 17500Ԫ
һִԼ൱ڽ 2008 3µ׵й㴢 104

3ֽڻ˵
Ħ˹̹лϯѧ漴ƣй
Ǯʵûеô£2005ǮΪ 
3109Ԫ㳷йľӰҲ΢΢ĦŦԼ
еԭʼɶ֮һҲ˽ƱԪʽз
ȯȨӵ֮һ 


2.зڹЧӦĵطǼ裩
1һ˵һýձ˵Ǯд
ȶģﲻ˽ƱݡȯˮŦԼԭʼ
֮һĦŹӶѧߵ˵ӦǸ޶ȵĹơ
ˣ3109ԪǮ 
100ĵϵƷףйг 
310000Ԫĳ 20ĵϵ 60000ԪĳҪ 60000Ԫ
жݡ
2йȻӵԪ㴢ڳＯ 3109ԪǺѵģͻȻڶǿͻծ֣һЩ
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6 14յȱǰϯ˹
2007 6 12)ʾûɵйе
ծȯƣŦԼһزϻϷݽʱ
˹˱ʼǷֵʱ˵Ҳģ˹˽һ
˵Ͷ߶ծսսʱйҵֵ¼ҡ

˹.˹˳ɵйծȯ
ԪȱЧӦʱӦֶ
йǮ˳ʱ㴢ծôһʱ
ҵֵ¼ҡӦǮµġٵġԪȱ
ЧӦ 
1.һЩĳ߳ʱֹ̣ͣͣû֮
 
2.ʱ⳴ߵ˻ 
3.ս塰ġֵСұֵ
ÿ 0.01Ϊˣս塰ġұֵС
ֵÿ 0.01Ϊˣʩͬʱʵн
ɵĻߺͽʡС˰˰ȴ̼õߣ
ɴȫֲ⾭ò񶯣ʵ徭ÿܴڵĸ
Ӱ졣 
4.浼 
5.ԸͻġгĽͶ̽Ѹ
ġ
һʵĿ

һóױѹļ

ϽĳҲйó׵Ҫ֮һ
йӦֳڵȶϵҲΪó׹Ա΢Ц
ȥӡڹó̸УһѹҪģó̸
Էʩѹȡ 


1.ֵɡ
СֵĻʵڻйóĦͼ١
Ҫġ˵ġ̫ġס

1йķչйң 13˿ڣ 
2007꣬˾ 10002000Ԫ֮䡣ͬڣŷ޹¬ɭ˾룬۳˰պҲҪﵽ 4Ԫԣй˾㴢ʵʲ
Ҫ٣дӡ
2ýйСֵóĦ˵һʹ
˲ֹһεĽڡʵϣķٻǡó׳֡
֣ܵʵƷ

2.ҵֵʵ徭õӰ
1ﲻһ£Ŀǰֵˡİٻ̵
̾Ϳʼġ߹ӹģ

أԼһ˹þͻ֪ͶܼͲҵ棬
ɱֱӾƷ۸

һңҵ˵ƽʱȷչйƽʸߡ
˵ԪͻȻֵ˻ȡʵƷҲ
óķٺ͸ԣ̱ɻ䡣һ
ħ˲ԲͶܼƷг
Ŀհףͻᵼصгȱ⣬ϣҲһ
һϦԽġ

2ýйءԪʽеܹó
׳⡱˵һٵļֵԤڡ
3ûдġ߳ӹʵҵ
4ͶܼʵҵĲܲ㣬԰ĳ
лܡнԪӡߡҲ
ߺѽܡ
5ֵ£ֻѡ
ٴҽڰƷйڣ
Ҳûеõ֮⡱κκôԪĹʵʱˡ 
ó̼ԽϸߵĻʼ۸йƷʷľ
ڹ㳡Ԫֵó׵ʵʷӦУڶѡ
ó̻ռóʵȻˣǼ
עеͳб
ΪóУиʵʵóأԱϤ̶ȡƷʡ
г߶²Ʒ֪µķնȵȡĽ
ҶԪֵйó˳ӡ

ġԪƶֵԤڵĿ

һԪƵĿ 


1.ʽ벻ȶ״̬Ԫȶս 
2.ǶԪȷеĹעתΪһֱҡȡԪֵĵִάϵԪݵļ̶ȡ 


3.ʹͬгȡԪġʵƷṩ֮
ĻҾԪȶԿɿ١ʵ
Ŀ͹۴ڡʹڽֻȡʵƷϷ 
4.ҹ֧ܺš
óԪ
1ֽʱ˽ӵеġý塱Ӱۣ
ΪĺԪֵĸ
2ÿ͸֧ԪѾ޷㡢ȥ㡢Ӷȡ
 
M3ͳֵԪ˵10000ԪֻǺС
֡һڳũС³ʵ׬ȡԪһڻ
װпյĿ칫ýϷڼڡƾաϷ
ԪˣԪʵʼֵĹ۵ǽȻͬģ
һ㡣
3ȥձó̸УӴѡΪ΢
ĳ롱д롰ó̸С¼Ԫֵ
ձý˵ġʧȥʮꡱڹ㳡 
20Уձ
ֵأ꾭ƽ 1ʵһֱ뾭÷
չͣͣҰңңڡƺһһɡձó˳ɵġ
ó̸Сó̸жֻǡԿһʱڡ
һձý󣬵Щšó̸Сд
¼ġһһĳ֣ձʵ徭õķչ

ͣ͡

4Ԫս۴ӹ㳡ʽʼֱһսֿ
ձΪֹȡ˾޴ʤʤ
ս۵Ĺͬص㣺֪һȴʼԪֵġ㳡顱
塢ڴеҰߺҰζ

һΨһĴƷԪΪλ㣩Ԫ
Ԫ⾭õļֵ10000ڲǸСļ㵥λ

5ҴֵԪϵӰ


һҴֵԪϵǱӰ

һý岢ϣͻȻֵԭ

Ϊʲôûлý彨йһ԰ҶԪд
ֵȴձΪҴֵйкȤǣ
ĿҪʲȶȴˡġЩ
йǷкˣȴš



Ԫϵ˵СֵͻȻֵ
һ˵һȶǰᡪҵֵǰΪ˸
һѡһѡ

ı

ʵҪӵöࡣֵļƻ˼򵥣Ԫ
ʧˡͻȻֵѡǡǡԪϵӵߡŦԼ
ĹɶҪģǱ⣬Ҫ˲ȥ룻
˲ȥ룬Ҫȥ˱ܵķ񶨡

ԵĶ

һܰԪƵġͼʣ
ҲԸ롰ó׹óĦһѡС
ֵˣʱóסˡó׺ͽڵ
ȥٸʵչϴ䣬Ҳֻ޿
ΡؽҵġСֵ

Ϊֹһ˼άǺģѾһ
Ȧס

ĹɶԪƵߣ˵
ɶʵͳߡĹɶѡҵġС
ֵҲǳĿǡ

ԪƵ

һݡ1913꡷һ
տǻίԱᡱʵʩ
еĹʵʾһ˽ڡԼԼ
ŦԼϵͳŦԼĹɶҲӵ˷
ԪĳȨ

Ԫϵͨծ 10000Ԫ100000Ԫ 1000000Ԫ㡣ڴ£ÿ 10000ԪóԪ֮һȫ㡰Ʒս׶ȵһͷͲҪ˵Ԫ⾭õȽˡ

ŦԼĹɶڵû¾Ϳԡ
ԪҺҵʵƷԪͬĹ


ԪƵ˵֮ó˿
ӰԪͷС

еĴףһọ́еĴңһ
ọ֮́ 100Ԫתˣͺ˱˶֮ 100
Ԫó֧һڷԪĻ˵ЩתԪ޹ء
еڹȥһĳϰڶĳжĲ˿֮
ӮµĽһĳϰԴͷг루
Ԫͳ뽻׳ͷԪ

ġһʵ

һһǽ⣬ó⡣

ֻһĿģάԪƷ綨֧ۡ洢
ýгеλ

塢ҴֵԪƵĹϵ

һһҽдʵǰȻƶ׵ļƻý
ҲעÿһϸڣʹӦԡӦԵļʱԡ׼ȷԺ
ȶõܴߣǱڵͻȻҲ֮ʧˡ

ҴֵȻᵼйеԪԱֵ
Իһֵԡһ˵Ṻԭ͡ŷԪʵƷ
ڻԱԪ㴢ԪƵ
ȿܴﵽ 10000ԪˮƽǡǡάԪƱҪ
ⷢ顣

гƽгԭгŷԪԪ
ͻȻֵķӦԤϡ

ϲԵԽת䡪ҵĴֵԪĴ
ֵ

һծ

Ŀǰծ 400000Ԫ֮ޣصܹծ
 1000000ԪοйݣЩծҲԪ
ͣͨԪӡˢͲƶȵĻֽڻ
͸֧ͳ磺ڻָڻ׵ȣ
ΪĿĵ

ЩԪӡ⾭ 10000000ڡ100000000
Ԫ⾭ùģԪֿͶൽѾ޷ͳˣֻܷز²⣺Ԫ 2/3

Ϊýҵ緶ΧͶ
źӦʵ徭áʵƷʵֶԵȵԪԣȨ
ˡ GDPܶ 125000ԪͨԪöΪ 4168000ԪĻĵֵѺ
ծ 1ÿҪ֧ĵѺծϢͻﵽ 
41680Ԫ

ģ 11ġرծŦԼĹ
еѺȻ󡰽赽Ӧ˽ƱݡȯҲ
˵Ԫ̺ܲҲΥˡ


ߡǵĻңǵ⡱

һծ۵

ҵͥѾǸծۣĸԣ
ķȴչйĽѡڣùȷеԪ
ġ޶óֻʵƷ
£ġóٺ͸ԣĻʯó
ʧˣķٺ͸ԣҲ֮ȥˡ
ծܶ 


1.2007꣬ҵͥծѾ 400000ڣծֵ£ֽڻ
Ȼò׼ƶȣԪӡϴֵ
ԪҲͲɱشֵծЩծϢͱ
ȻҪ黹ģ޴󵽼޷㣬Ҽĳ̶ȣ
Թ黹Ҳ޷ʵ֡ 
2.ծãԪϵ緶Χȷ
ծľ羭ˡԻоԣǵĻң
ǵ⡣
ˡõ
һ⾭ѧĻԭծԭ 


1.⾭ѧУκһֻҵĹģ̫Ӧ
ʵ徭ãͻ 
2.⾭ѧ
1һʵ徭õĸծģܳʵ徭õĹģ
2һʵ徭ÿծϢ֧ܳṩ˰ޡ
3׼Ϊ 10꣬Ӧ֧ծϢģʵ徭ÿֹģľ 1ֻҵʵ徭Ҳ
ʧڴ⾭õңʵ徭
׶Ρ
4һ˵״̬ҲǳԾΣ
ĳʽġӲԵ޷⡣
 


1.˰ܶ 
40000Ԫȴͬʱ 10000Ԫó
 10000Ԫ֣ͬʱͨծ 100000ԪѺġرծ 1000000Ԫˮƽʱʵ徭ܴĸ˰޷άϵծծϢծ黹ծϢ 
2.ùģԼ 150000Ԫң 2ʣÿľ 3000ԪԶСծϢ֧ծľ֣ʵʽ׶Ρ
ʵ 
1.ծϢ֧õ֡GDP
ɥʧʵʵͼֵˡϷڣá
־áԷչʵ徭ãֻҪÿһ޴
ңͲҪؽͶˣչʵ徭õҲ
ʧˡ 
2.ٱ
1õ⾭֧ţʵ徭õ˾ӴҪλ
2Ԫƴ⾭ãǴͳҴʵ徭á
šԪ⾭õ״

һԪ⾭ùģ޶ȵĳԽʵ徭õĹģʵ
徭òܳԽгԭķ򡪡ԪȷбȻ
Ԫ½

Ԫ½άԪģ
ܵҲһصԪԡԪ
ͻȻ½ӰСԪ߶Ԫ
½ҲһζͷҲ๺ 
ֻϵ۲ӡˢ
Ļҡıֵ񳱡

ʮ㴢

һĿǰимԵ˵Ԫϵÿ 
1000ڡ3000ԪгκιҵԪӰ
á

ֻмǧڵĻƽ㴢2005 4£㴢Ϊ 
417Ԫе֤ȯΪ 269Ԫ
Ϊ 148ԪԼ8000ֻƽ[Լ 282191695˾ 1000
Ԫһ˾ļ۸Լۺ 2822Ԫ]Լ 
3239ԪкԪ緶Χʹڡн 
30г 10000Ԫȫи 1øĽͶ
ߡЩԪԪƽŷԪԭϣ
ֻزʹƱνؼг޷˶
ԪôĿԪĸгҲɲ¡

йż 54ԪʲƳҪ˵й
Ԫծԭǰϯ˹˵й˲
ԪծȯҲҡ

ʮһԪеĥ

һĿǰýĶֵǲȡģԪ
Ҳûκκô

йԪƱȶĻʹϵ洢ڱ
Ļƽ𡢰ԴȸʵƷһӸɵս
ơֻ農Ԫϵ ֵع顱źŵ١ǻҪ
ʱ䣬ҲάԪƵԴڣΪй÷
 1ھİװͽơԪ

һڶսԪ

һڶսһϯĽڡΣʼ
ԡ򵹷˹սجΣ 
1945Ǹŵ 
ձӵµʷƪؿʼˡ˿̣޵
˴ӷ᳼㼪ֳս15921598꣩ʼĴձ۹֮Σ
𡰵ܡ˵ڶսձӰԶöࡣ

µʱ

ӱڵڶսԱɱ
һҪеսվ 
731ܾĥѣ
ȻԭձƺҲձǷ񻹼ǵù㵺ͳ顣
֮һƺͻȻ 
1945Ǹӵĵʷ
һǶʱ

ƿ塱

Ѷԡձ塱ѹƲԽƿ塱Ҳǰѡ
ħƿ

ձĶԲ

һ 


1945 8 28գձڶʹ㳡ʵסլԱߣٿ 
ʩЭᡱ PAAᣬͶĵҲ 
1945 8 18գʡֳձ͵ط
ٷڽפʩȾҪ㡷ķҪ󣺢ڽפ


ʩЩʩɵؾ𳤸𣻢۵ط
ҪӪҵлָҪѸٳʵڲ豸ʩ
Աھѣ³ҰԴȪԳҵʱΣձ
ʡ˰־ֳˣͨȰҵС1Ԫ
ձࡣ
Ԫ
1.ڶսԪԪά3601ˮƽ22
ıսսԵҪӳԪԪϵµг
ʣгѾӦʡ2070ŷ
ԸԪƵͼ
2.1972꣬ŷ޹ͬҴЭ飬ڸ֮ʲ
ȱ2.25޹صľ飬ʵǵ׶ɭ
ϵͲõġһʯΣ
3.һϵе¼ԭڣԪȷеĺʼˡŷ
ҲܲԪĹȷˣʼڡڲԼڣ׼δ
Ļˡӱ˵׶ɭϵ͵һʯΣ
Ժÿһʯͼ۸ǵıʾԪͨ͡۴ͨһ
ϰյǴӹʯԪıʯǼ۾һ
ٿصɶԪġй
4.
Ԫ罻׵ý飬׼㹻ġӦʯóԪ
ԪΪҲǼʯͲҵ
GDPռı䣬ôʯǼɵʵʡ
Ͷǲģ仯Զͻҹ
ȴһ䳣
5.
ԪʯƷԪ仯ʯͲҵҲ
󣨻Сͳ˿ĸֻҪԪ
ϵԸ⣬ʯǼۣͿԪΨ
һıʯͼ۸񡰲ǡ
6.ʯΣ
ʯΣģʽͬһÿȫֻһͰʯ͵
ڶ´˺޾ڡԪĽڱ
ʩЩʩɵؾ𳤸𣻢۵ط
ҪӪҵлָҪѸٳʵڲ豸ʩ
Աھѣ³ҰԴȪԳҵʱΣձ
ʡ˰־ֳˣͨȰҵС1Ԫ
ձࡣ
Ԫ
1.ڶսԪԪά3601ˮƽ22
ıսսԵҪӳԪԪϵµг
ʣгѾӦʡ2070ŷ
ԸԪƵͼ
2.1972꣬ŷ޹ͬҴЭ飬ڸ֮ʲ
ȱ2.25޹صľ飬ʵǵ׶ɭ
ϵͲõġһʯΣ
3.һϵе¼ԭڣԪȷеĺʼˡŷ
ҲܲԪĹȷˣʼڡڲԼڣ׼δ
Ļˡӱ˵׶ɭϵ͵һʯΣ
Ժÿһʯͼ۸ǵıʾԪͨ͡۴ͨһ
ϰյǴӹʯԪıʯǼ۾һ
ٿصɶԪġй
4.
Ԫ罻׵ý飬׼㹻ġӦʯóԪ
ԪΪҲǼʯͲҵ
GDPռı䣬ôʯǼɵʵʡ
Ͷǲģ仯Զͻҹ
ȴһ䳣
5.
ԪʯƷԪ仯ʯͲҵҲ
󣨻Сͳ˿ĸֻҪԪ
ϵԸ⣬ʯǼۣͿԪΨ
һıʯͼ۸񡰲ǡ
6.ʯΣ
ʯΣģʽͬһÿȫֻһͰʯ͵
ýԪɳ[]Эȣôó׺
ҵɵԪʯÿͰ1Ԫʱֻ1Ԫ
ʯÿͰ141ԪôʯͽÿܹɵԪ
141ԪʯԪйܹɵȷе
Ԫ140౶ҲԪڡʯ洢
140౶Ԫ֣ͨҲǿӦ硰ȫȡʵ
Ʒ֡
7.
Ԫ˵ԭͼ۸ǻᵼԭ͹ߡ
ʯԪĺԪ½޷ġá
Ҳͬʱáֽʯ͡Ҳʯڻ⽻ףѹʯͼ۸
ìܵıԪƵĶԲѡ
8.ÿһͰԭ͵ֱӡʯͼ۸ˮǴߣ⻹
ҵóֻҪԼһ2007ʯ
Ȼóܶزҵֵܲͽ׶ͻ֪Ǹ
֡⼸漰繤ҵֵԪԪóе
滻ԡͷڿǵʯͼ۸йС
9.19702007Ԫͨ
ĹؼǣȥκϣСϹ
ʲôй19702007
ͨ͡ûСﵽ10ܼ򵥣óͬԪ
ͨΪ10ͳ֡ôͬľã˵羭õ
ڿתͬھ˳ͣͶǡԻ͵
չʱڡ
Ǵ⾭ѧ֮һʵ徭һĿ
ͳ
һһ»ƽʯ͡ԭϡص۸񣬾ͻ֣ᷢ
19702007Ԫͨ10ͳִûֳ
ˡ˵ϵĻУԡ޳ܵ
Ժͳ֡
⾭У۸ǡͨ͡͡ѹˣ
ýԪɳ[]Эȣôó׺
ҵɵԪʯÿͰ1Ԫʱֻ1Ԫ
ʯÿͰ141ԪôʯͽÿܹɵԪ
141ԪʯԪйܹɵȷе
Ԫ140౶ҲԪڡʯ洢
140౶Ԫ֣ͨҲǿӦ硰ȫȡʵ
Ʒ֡
7.
Ԫ˵ԭͼ۸ǻᵼԭ͹ߡ
ʯԪĺԪ½޷ġá
Ҳͬʱáֽʯ͡Ҳʯڻ⽻ףѹʯͼ۸
ìܵıԪƵĶԲѡ
8.ÿһͰԭ͵ֱӡʯͼ۸ˮǴߣ⻹
ҵóֻҪԼһ2007ʯ
Ȼóܶزҵֵܲͽ׶ͻ֪Ǹ
֡⼸漰繤ҵֵԪԪóе
滻ԡͷڿǵʯͼ۸йС
9.19702007Ԫͨ
ĹؼǣȥκϣСϹ
ʲôй19702007
ͨ͡ûСﵽ10ܼ򵥣óͬԪ
ͨΪ10ͳ֡ôͬľã˵羭õ
ڿתͬھ˳ͣͶǡԻ͵
չʱڡ
Ǵ⾭ѧ֮һʵ徭һĿ
ͳ
һһ»ƽʯ͡ԭϡص۸񣬾ͻ֣ᷢ
19702007Ԫͨ10ͳִûֳ
ˡ˵ϵĻУԡ޳ܵ
Ժͳ֡
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Ԫʱιݴʷǧɽɾ𣬹̣
ѩʫ䣬սƽѺϣǺ
䡣ϻҲƳٻѺˡʲôԭأ
ִƽƽȥ 
5Ŵĺ
ҲƳٻڸطԻౣͨ
ˣ㶫ġһֵķǱȽϤѹѸٵر
ϣ̴ֹ

̨ҪԡĻҪγƳʱڣҲû
̫仯磺̨۱еĲһʼһ
׷һǵ͵ĺϷףȽɫǵ͵Ļ

ߣ顤

ĳĿʵʵǻƵۣ׵ֻۣǡ
ġšͻƵмĻʵ۶Ϯƣǡơ
뱾޹أ㵽Ϊֹ𾴵Ķ֪ͿˣҲͿ˵̨
ڡ顤ģ顤顷еʷ¼̨
׻Ƴʱھйһ㣬뿼֤
Ϲʷˡ

Ȼֻм׹ˣľͷֽţʵغֽܲţ顢ë
ά죬ɱߡǲֽԭҪ⣬ʵʽ
壬ڹŰҲʵ岻ġֽʷϴ
ģֽŵļʵйĲףƤӵִ
ˣļ׹ĺͶĴռͼʵƷ
ἰ̨ʱһƫƧء

顤顤顷¼ĳʱ̨ĹԱ
ְɽϾҲ¼ܳʱڵ̨ķλ͵
ʱƣԺغʱڱ׾ͺܶˣѾ˰̨
ȫͼйͼʷġߵͼȫͼ
 
8000ƥɡ

ˣܽ

̨Ǵ׻м¼ĳʼй̨
׻翪Ĺ̨ͬҲйǨ
ӣγɵģһйĵ͵л
֣һ֤ɽɡ


й̨Ľʷ

һ 
Լ 


1.1895ꡰԼǩǰй̨ĽڻҪ
˽ǮׯģʱģѾܴˣйԱĹʺ;
ͨǮׯҵļ¼1895ꡰԼǩ󣬴Ǯׯ˳
й̨ӺʷչǺǵġ 
վʱǲ˼ʱձ족α
족й̨˿ڱ 
1300ˡ񡱺 
̽ôҪй̨Ŀǰ֮ȣ
й̨ڡվʱڡһ󡰼ձд
ġ̨־ձ߶̨ͬνأձ
й̨ν˷ˡ 
5000ΣҲǼһΣۡСƽɱУɱ̨ͬ 
30000ˡֲҰУɱ̨ͬ 3473ˡݰɱУɱ̨ͬ 30000ˡע⣺ⶼձߡ˷˼¼еĹѫ ձ
Ƿ˵һ޷Ѫծ

ձߵĽѹ 


1.ծȯ 
ձֳ񵱾һǿȿչ׽𱨹˶Сծȯ 
ծȯҰѹؽ𣬽 1944꣬й̨壨
ձѸߴ 1.5Ԫ˾ 35ڡձѡΰҸ .ձռй̨[]50꣺ʱ.20051024 


2. й̨壨ȯ 
1895Լǩͬ 
10 31ռææ䲼̨壨
гƱڻش취Сա顰ձߵ 
ڲߡȫʡڻϲΪ 
10ңֱǣ̨壨С̨壨С̨壨СûСС̨壨⡱̨壨ﱣչ˾̨壨ٱչ˾̨壨ϻᴢ˾͡ʾ𡱡Щս׼úձ߿ʼ 1899̨ͨ壨ССй̨壨ȯ


3.ֽ
ʱй̨ʹõǻƽ𡢰ͭҵȽңȻ
ֻңʵǰջƽ𡢰ͭҵͳɫ׵ģ
й̨Լǰǲ֪ʲôнΣģҲû
ĸ⡣ձǿй̨ͬнǰ˵
Ǯׯ糷ˣӹһ٣ʣµ̨ͬɾѡ
ձܱ;ĴУǿСȡ̨ͬе
ͭңй̨һŻӵ˵ 
Ҫˡ

ˣ
ġˡǵʱ̨ͬͨձ죬αĳƺ 


4.Ҷһȯ
ѹΣձ߸е⣬ҷֽһġ
ֶΡջĴ󣬲಻ס󲻾ãʹšй̨
򡱵壬νġλܻй̨
ԭʵʵڵĻƽ𡢰ͭҵĻƣҲǱ
ʵʵڵĽλձ˹еνλǼ
ֽһܺ֡Ҷһȯ

ձͨǿ̨ͬԼ䲻ĵͼ۸еĽ
 
ҶһȯȻáҶһȯ׹й̨壨
ҵ͵Ƥʵǹãš 


5.ѹ
ձ߳ǿ̨ͬġ̨ȯȻ
ҵʣܿ조̨ȯֽͬˣͨλġ
ҶһȯٴһְϷձռй̨
ļͷ֮ձ߿й̨еĽͭ
ձʱռ¢ϵλͨҵʱ 
90̨ͬϴһ
ա 


6.ձʱж
ձʱȺй̨¡̨ϣ
ȵȺձСձȰҵССķ֧
й̨ĽڡС⼸ڻ
һר̨ͬҵ񡪡ѻƬӪʽ𡱵



7.ձߵνծ
ձ߻й̨壨ǿСۡνծ͡
աֹ 
1945 9£ףձͶжѸߴ 11.11Ԫϡձҵеġҵծ͡ҵաֻҪࡣ 


8.ͷг
ձй̨һֽͷгġơ
֤ȯ׵ĳ̨壨ϰȥס
ʵй̨壨ϰСͶʱ֤֡ȯס
ϢȱûСͶʡ壬ҪͶǮʵϣ
ͷгձֳ񵱾ǸĶĳ롰Ͷʡ
͡Ĳûκ𡣸Ϊӵǣձڻֵͷ
гṩ׽ʵǸεġͶߡ
Ͷ֤ȯгʿɾ͸ˣǰģһ˵
ϢƵƲꡣָ̨壨γ
ͳֱ죬й̨н׻ר˽ṩֹи
˽Ǯׯй̨壨ĳӰɼһߣ
Ҫר̸й̨壨ڰȫӰ졣

 
2й̨壨ġз籩


һձͶ

ʳѷ

һ׹

ձ˹Ͷ󣬹ȡʳơҲĩ 
족ġӺ桱ˣȻôַֽ 
Ա;ءɹعʡʱձ֡ͻȻ
á߼ۡʺճʣʳȻ
ձ̨ͬһ͹ܵ͵ġֽҡ硰ڤҡ

һ㣬Ӷǡʳȴѹһա

ѩϼ˪


ĿǰںƽǲʳҪսʱʳ
ʱй̨ʳʼѷǲȥ
г׹ġֽᵽʳļѷ˿̣
սձ߶̨ͬĽսۻʤδ
ֻҪ̵ܹʳƷͶŵй̨壨
гʵϸƣ̾ȶġȶгⳡ
սıȻ 
1945 5 22̨壨Сʱҡ̨ҡ̨ҡą̇̄ҡȻԭ ձֳ񵱾֡ġͷгһ׹ʳֻʣ˵սǰߣ׼սʳʼ
ѷֱ̨ͬѩϼ˪

ʱҡ 


̨֮Բʹáҡ򡰽Բȯʵ
ˡʱҡֵߣһЩմԱ 
ֽһ
ʡġ˵ӡ̨ҡ̨һģһҪ
ġʱҡ˵ǻң˵ǲƸתƵĹߡ

ģµ׹

ڡǡڶսʤߡԺͲֻܵ
ձ߲ͬ׹ƽ𡢰ʳȡЯĲ 
մԱǡСԶ㡱ą́ҡغͲҵ

壩۱

ݻýͳƣʱ̨µ˵ʱͨ
ѾʧصġɣϺۡ

̨ҡ

һ 
̨壨Ƹĸ﷽ ڡ̨ҡڡɡˡʷʹ֮ 1949 6 
15շ̨壨Ƹĸ﷽ȡѾֽġ̨
ҡʼС̨ҡĿǰ̨ʹõġҡ
ʵһµĽӶᡣݡ̨壨Ƹĸ﷽涨̨
ҡ̨͡ҡһΪ 400001

 
1945 40000Ԫ̨ҡһʵʻѲ 
1Ԫ̨ҡ˿Цǣ̨ҡֵǮúܣ
λĻҡݡ̨壨Ƹĸ﷽涨 
1949 12 29յƼΪ 3顰̨ҡһ 1ֻҪһĿǰ
̨ҡҰıȼۣͻ̨֪ҡ⼸ʮʵʹֵ
ˡ

̨׹Ӱ 


1.ͷг¡;
̨ձ̨ͬнѹεġͷ
ܿ 
ͷ֡ͷгġشֵˡ
ģ򡱣úܿҪֵһĵġ̨ҡ֧սʣ֧
ս̨壨һȷչ֤ȯڻгͶ
ԡΨһĻʽΨһġСɣͶԡȫʧˡ 


2.Ǯׯ
ձһܶӵġ̼еֶΡڹ
ġ׽ֺ͵̨֯ġǮׯϣ 
Ͱ֯ǧ˿Ƶϵڡй
ʵ𵽡СõĲǡСǡɣ
ͨСǡϺͨСĹɶһȳ
ζ³ǼټҵĶ³³Ķ¡ԣ̨
аġǮׯа빫 
ٷʡʵ
Ӱ̨к͡ͶߡġǮׯʵԿһ
ʽʷµ˽˽ڷſ̨
еĽȴܣһֱڸ߷е״̬ 


3.ծģı仯
11987ǰ
̨壨 
1980ǰлȶԼӹΪص
ģʽȽʺ̨壨ԻȶҲûʲôծ̨
壨ӵһġƽ𡢰㴢Ҳһ˲Żۣ
ʱڵľǱȽϺõʱڡȻڵ˲㣬Ҳн
ǽڻǹжϸġȶû
̫Ĳ

21987Ժ

1987꽯ͻȻʣǻ

ľòԺܼ򵥣һԭйܡһ㡰
áʱڣܸӡ

3ʴ󱳾
̨壨ùģȽСͨνս̨ۣ壨
ծˡԻڡսȷҪ
ʱ򣬶緢һֽڹгծľͱծûծľͰ
ڹкͻϣڹչлȡ

̨壨жĿʼ

һ 
Сѡ̨ҡһֱƣ

ڡ֡й̨壨ġӰǮ߻
ؿǡڼܡ⡣

⡱

̨壨ʽҲ٣ҲĶһԽ 


1.̨壨ڶʱȫ濪šǰö
ʱǮ̨壨Ƹ߹ɼۣ˹еġ
ǰ١ʹ̨壨ͶʺͻʽС
̨д 
1983 1µ 442쭵 1988 9µ 8402㣬ʮӮǺܳģСͶߴ롰Ǯׯ н״ȴʵĲʱʲôƱֻҪõи߶رǽд׬ͷ 
׺ƱֻһҲͶʼֵСΪʲȴ˳ 
100Ƿ 


2.ýڽսмһֱľֶΣ 
3.ڹߡڹ߿ܸͨЧӦʮٱ
ŴǮġ 


4.Ӱ 
ԡ ƻû
ĳ֡Ӱ̬ķչȻͬοս
ԭ򡱣սʮҪصǰҪأսԭҲƽս
Ԫء 


ʱ̨йƱսŦԼͶܺ͡Ͷʽ

ĿɼһߣڹߵġܸЧӦһɼ۱̣

ǵͶߣγֵĿ

̨йػĸ˹ 
1989̨壨ɼ
ǵʱ̣աʱãֵ˰Ҳ˵Ͷߴӹ
׬ǮҪ˰Ϣùɼ۰۳ᣬָ 
8813 19쵽 4645㡣ÿǮׯĸ֧ŵðɢ
ĺ͡ǮׯӪˡԶȱ 


5. ̨ҡֵ
ӹսѧĽǶҲȶǸĿģ
ֵǱֵֶ⡣ͬҪҡһڵµɣ
صҡǰƣֵ
ңұֵ조ʲȶԪȶ
ĲԺֶΡ

̨壨Ĺɼ۱ǵʱ򣬡̨ҡҲ 451ֵ 
25̨ҡһ 1ԪˮƽΪǮڹɼ۸ߵ׳
󣬶һһӮĻᣬҲ̨壨
ûĲȶ 


6.˼ġɢʡ
 1990 3£̨壨Ͷﵽ 0.046ڣɢʸߴ 90̨壨˿ 0.21ڣδ˴Լռ 40 
0.12ҡҲ˵۳ͯͷг
Ⱥ̨壨˾ͥ 
34ˣ0.12/30.04ڣԵɢʵҲ˵̨壨ʱȻ 1ͥ 1ϼгƲҪֺ棬ǹһ̶̨壨ġӰ족Ϊµǣ˵Ĵģ
ͶǣģġǮׯĽЩͻ
ʽƸ˹ɼ̨ۣ壨бǰ 
1989һȣӯʸߴ 100 


7.սӰ̨壨ɼۡʱãֵ˰
 12̨ͣ壨˳ɡǮׯ
ˡܶǹƱ׹˾˶бЦԷǵԭ
һǿġСɼûгסֱ̡ 
1990 3¡ʯΣܱġմԡ֮ǰ 

 
3ڱǵĹɼۺ͡һݡ


һжֵı仯

һ 


˿̣šҵѪҺжһס
ԭķɳغͿزͬʽԮʯͿɻ硱ծ
Ĳб˵ķԿصľж
ǰפ˴ʹ̸ġĬ˵
ӿ֤һ

һݡ 


1990꿪ʼͻȻʢʯ͹֮һЩԡ
ȷġźšûк 
1990 8 
2˶Կ
ľжԭ͹ĸѾԳΪһݡ
Ƕ̨壨һЩǰٱġɡ֧˵
ǵ˱Ȼļޡ

ɼ۱̡

һ 
Сеġ̡

̨壨ġ׺˾ֻһûͶʼֵľɴɼԭ
ֻ 1.67Ԫ̨ҡһ·߸ͽ 200Ԫ̨ҡƾƱ׺ǣ׺ǣ׺Ʊׯңɶһƶ
񣬵иߵ 12682ʱ򣬳Ϊ۸ߴ100ڣ˴ָ
̨ҡԼ 2.5ԪĴ̡Ǿ˱ִ֮ 
100ڵ֡ԭΡ

չ

̨壨нСչĹƱҵ໹ǿ״̬
 149ֵͣ 8Ԫ

족

ʱǫ̈壨֤ȯԱס족ŵʮ
ϰٸµĹʣ֡ԣǡձԡģĶ
ؼˡͶȳֿϢǮ֧ŵġз
١͡ħһ桱ܳά֡

ģĭ

̨壨ȡʱһЩڹ
̺ſʼɮ³Ҳˡ 
Steven 

R. Championڡ̨дĭ[]ƽҵȫ롣
ų磬 
2009˾ʵдǸʱͶƺҵ
γԽٺͰƵķǵһʱͣڣ
ƽֿ߽֯ռ䣬Ľںҵﶼá

壩˵Ľ

 1990 3̨壨ɼۡ塱ʱ̣ս 
20 80ƽ 0.1Ԫǵ 76Ԫ 
760սͬڣŦԼ֤ȯͶ֤ȯս
ͣ˿̨壨й˾ 
200ңɼ롱ʽӰ

ʡ

˿̴Ĺнռ 
90ɢвģƱ
ʸߴ 6ɢڸ㡰ͶʡǡͶʡ
紵ݶȻ̡׳ԸڳС

Ҳɢʽ̯ͷϱȲͶʡСͶ
ļͥȴǡѺһС

ߣֻ֡

ͶߵĹͶٽʵ徭õķչҲ˵ǡһ
ս⾭óʵ徭ą́壨
ȡ 1989꣨ĩ1990꣨׺ġ
ɡɼۿ׵ 100ʱ̨壨ʵЧõҵ֮һ̨ܼšĹƱ۸ֻ 12 ҪңʵҡǶ˵ 19891990̨壨С񡱡ԡ͡򡱣ɽս۵ķ߾ȷ⾭õʽ򣬿ҳһ࣬ɹغʵӮҵȴ޷ڹгʽ

ˣʱ̡ 
̨壨ɼ۵ġж 1990ꡰա𣬽˱׶Ρ

̨壨ƱȨָ 
12495к 2485㣬Ҫ˵Щ
ˡǮׯɵĹͻǮׯ
ⳡ͵Ĺѡ

ţǮׯʧ 19891990ꡰ̨壨бֱ̡ӡܺߣ
޷ջءðմ׽𡱵̨壨ǮׯЩ
Ǯׯģ޷ͳʧ˶ʽ̨壨
ʱ͡Ǯׯ 
19891990̨壨
ս˫˫ܵشʽ𱻱ĹΣͶ
ױߵġ̨ҡʱؿ𣬲ɰ빫
ƷڹߡŴ˿

Щ 
20 80̨ܽ壨 1990ꡰǸ
õ˼ʱ̡þ޶˳ġǮ˵̨壨
ֱһΪˣǻҪ̫ƽϵ
սŮ

 4ڷеһ 2007꣨й̨ľ


һġ塱

һ Ť롰ڡĽ

ǡҷծֵ
ΣöࡪΪֲծϢ 


GDPͳкܶ಻ĵطǻӳһһߵ
ľáܳǱǿŤһֱ󣬵Ť
Ҳгõɲ֡ⱳǣŤĲȶ
Ťȡøʱܣ߻عʵ͹۴
չԼıܣͣؽȻȶ

 
GDPġظ㡱 


1.⾭УҰżƽ𡱲ˣ
ͨʺծ񶼲Ӱ羭õͳˣԪá
һѧɣ١չš

 
1 
Aһ֮ 1000Ԫ˵С 1000Ԫġ֡ˡͣͨ͡ͶԾ÷չġӰ족ծԾͳƵӰ졣

 
2ĿǰԪ⾭õġƷסÿֵ 20000
~30000Ԫ֮䣬һ 6000000ڡ10000000Ԫ GDP

һڵҵġ̡Ԫ
ЧӦкʵ徭ͬȵĹͶʱ
оӪ塢⾭ѧ˵ģ

 
3һȣһʵʻӰ쵽 GDPȵ
ҵ GDPȵҵƷҵ
ңϹӦ̣ұľĳ᳧ԭ
ϹӦ̣󿪷ҵɽֳڵһϵвҵ 
GDP֣ЩǶ걨ͳƣҲ͵ GDPظ㡣

ծ׼

̨壨2007״ʱһ
ĸծ

Ҳ˵۳ծϢӰ֮ʣµ GDP壬
ΪծǿԡӦ GDPģһ 1Ԫп
Ҫ 13Ԫ GDPܺ⡣

̨壨ծ

һ 
ծ񾭼á

ֹ 
1987꽯Ϊֹ̨壨ծֻ 
375ڡ̨ҡԺԲơǻԿʼ̨壨ú
ʵʩˡծ񾭼áӶ˹С١̨͡ҡǿ
ҲµĶں19891990ġ֡

ӳ˵ծ񾭼á˲Ӱ̨壨
ĳ

˵̨壨õսⲿЧӦ⣬
ڲЧӦǿǰΣֶٶ֮죬ʹƲ

̨ⷬ壨ý岢ûΪͨղ̫
̹㡱ֳˡծ񾭼áġ͡ͷԹ
⡣εĸծջˮ档 
2003̨壨йصλϣ̨壨2003ծ
Ϊ 32000ڡ̨ҡԼ 1987 100 15000ڡ̨ҡ
ҵ֧ƽ⼫ޡ

ˮ롱

̨壨ã2003һˮ롱Ϊծ
飬ֻ롰ծծ̶ˣӢ
ʷϱʱΪծ

ծΨһԴ

ģծԡ̹㡱ġô 


1.βĺôԲûֵĺøС 
2.ծ񾭼áһʱڣ조ʵķ١ 
3.黹ծʱġʹ
壩ծġѶȡ 
2003̨꣬壨ùģӽ 100000ڡ̨ҡ 
3.15Ҳ 3150ڡ̨ҡ 2003 32000ڡ̨ҡĸծϢǶأݣ̨壨
ͳ±19811990̨ʲܴ͵Ŀ
Դﵽ 7ˮƽߵĽӽ 40ˮƽر̨壨̹㡱ծֺʶɡܡֻܴŹ̨壨ƽծ 1020֮䣬 7Ĵǡר
ʡǲʵģƽˮƽٵ 15

 2003ꡰ̹㡱 32000ڣ̨ҡĸծ
 15˵ 2003꣬Ҫ֧ 4800Ԫ̨ҡͬϢϢɵծͱ 
2003 3150ڵ̨壨áľҪߡ仰˵ 
2003꿪ʼ̨壨ʷԵ˥ˡ

˹ģծ⣬ҪеġԴڡۡ
ȽϸߣĲ¡


Ծ˥ˡ

һ̨壨ծ

 1987̨ծ 375ڡ̨ҡ 2003깫
 32000ڡ̨ҡծ㣬ծ 32.6ͬʱ
 2006̨壨˰ʡ 12.6µͣʵ 10000
̨ҡһ㣬֧ 30000ڡ̨ҡΰ
ͳƵ֣ 2005̨ծ 43000ڡ̨ҡͺ̨壨йػг롣

ݸʦѧ̨֡ۼƵʵծ
ܶߴ 110000Ԫ̨ҡ

̨壨ծݱ 


1.ծʱڣ1987꣩ 
1987̨壨ûծծ񣨰طծ񡱡 
ծ񡢡ծ񡱡ծ  378ڡ̨ҡ )ɺԲơ 


2.롰ծϢ׶Σ2002꣩ 2002̨壨ծ񣨲طծ񡱡ծ񡱡
ծ񡱡ծ  22000ڡ̨ҡһοʼ˽ծ黹ʱծϢ 


3.2007̨ѧѾ 140000ڡ̨ҡծ֣
 7Ҳǲ̨壨ԡƽ⡱Ҳǽˡÿ
ÿ֧Ϣ
Դе˵Ҳɲο 
1987̨壨ծ
 32.61987̨壨375ڡ̨ҡĻ̨壨
йػһЩ֡

ʻͳ֡Ҫծ񡢲ծ񡱡
ǽծĵһ

 5õ֧й̨ 
Ԫ͡  

һй̨壨õĻ


ͼƬ˵̨ڡծܺԾȻᡣծÿʹ
ծ񣻿ūÿʹ黹ۼƵÿծϢծѹ
µ˵ūָծס黹ݴĽߡл
ӰߺͼƬȨӵߣϹ

һ 
ǳӾáӰ

Ӱ̨壨÷չس˸ծ⡢ߡ֮
⣬ǡǳӾá²ҵ׵⣬һжڸ
ǴͳľΣģʽǻ̷֣Ȼ
ʼֽ̬ԾΣȴǳ
ʧж

й̨壨õļѰζ 


1.̨壨˾벢
1
̨壨йڷغõ˾ 
GDP
ʡ˾ 
GDPȽбȽϴĲ࣬һ㷺
ڵغ½ľ÷չ

Ƚغľú˾˵̨壨ۺϷ
չˮƽеƫµˮƽ˾ˮƽ 
̨ҡ
ۺܸߣڸԵ˾ԵñȽϸߡ

2һС 

ٸӣ̨гԼ 200300̨ҡ1ǧˣǱˣһгһͦõУΪ˲дӣרõɳӳһ£2.1 
1ǧ˰ɣ 1Ԫң1ѡ̨סһͥÿ
ΪѴܵǵĲгֻܾͽ򣬲ۼ۸ߵÿȻҪ
ˣһ֧ĵ
ˮƽӦʽ

3̨壨ҵĸծ
Ŀǰ̨壨Сҵծʸߴ 51.6ЩծϢ
ֶ 20Ŀǰҵһ 510ǻҲ˵
̨ҵ˽еġߡ̨壨нײ
ߵ͡

4̨壨˾ծ
̨壨˾ծ 2003ͳ 15000Ԫÿ 32.61987
2003ƽÿծʣ˾Ϣ 1000Ԫϡ

5̨壨ġÿծ
ݣ̨ծܺԾȻᡱͳƣ2005 
1µ 9£ֽ̨𿨺ÿūͬծ 
8000Ԫ̨ҡ൱̨ꡮԤ㡯һ롭⵼ˡˡ
ĳ֡ 

2.̨壨 
2893.8Ԫġס 2008 4µף
 2006 10 5̨壨Դ֣ 2006
 9µף̨Ϊ 2615.51Ԫ
 19872003̨ծ 32.6㣬2003 2007䣬̨壨ծطծ񡱣ծ񡱡ծ񡱡ծ񡱣Ӧô 2003 110000ڣ̨ҡӵ 200000 250000ڣ̨ҡҡ 15㣬2007Ҫ֧ϢΪ 30000ڡ37500ڣ̨ҡԼۺ 
1000Ԫ

Ϣֽ 1/5̨壨 2893.8Ԫ
ף֧ 15ġϢǲǸϢ


3.̨壨ծʺܵ
һ⡣
̨壨ʱ͡Ǯׯ 
19891990ֺ̨ͻڹߵġġܵ˳صĴȥġ
н״ 20ղءⲻᵼµԶȱҲᵼ¡
̨壨ϵͳȡôԪŴʽע루ιɻ
ۣ⣬ȡ˹ģֲա

仰˵˿̨壨ծ񣬱ծȨЩ
ڻʵǡʽʱҲٰġծ 


4.й̨壨дó˳
й̨壨йػϣ̨ 
2006ꡰóܶΪ 4267.1Ԫ̨壨½۶Ϊ 
891.9Ԫռ̨壨ó۵ 40ʵΪ 
39.6 20.1ͬʱй̨ձ۶ 163Ԫռй̨ó
ܶ 7.3 0.5й̨壨ŷ۶ 
261.5Ԫռ̨壨óܶ 
11Ϊ1.6ֵ

 2006꣬й̨壨ձŷˡ
¡ǡӡᡢ̩ɱԽϣ 1053
Ԫ 1137.5Ԫó׹۶ 84.5Ԫ/ꡣ

й̨壨õĵλع

һ2006꣬½øŻ߸й̨壨
÷չȥ 625.2ԪıʽûЩǮ̨壨
𽥳ԪԲ㣬ӡծѹᵼ̨壨20ࣩƽծʸߴ 
47.6СҵԶȱ

ձ 
2006깺й̨Ʒ 163Ԫͬʱй
̨ 462.9ԪƷ׬ȡ 263.9ԪĲ 
10000ڣ̨ҡ

̨壨ľãһ͵ġǳӾáҪǼ
ʮСҵΪǸɣӦǿҲͶǿص

²㡣


1.Ͷ˥ҵʽʧ 
2.ҵģʱֽ𻯡 
3.豸¡ҵԱѵͶ벻㡣 
4.ҵǺ˳СҵԼ


޵ĽΣ

 1 1997޽Σ


һ޽Σ1997꣩ʵ

һ 
Σ1997꣩͡޽Σ1997꣩

 
1997޽ڷ籩ڣӰ޴ʵɻ
һ֡͡һ緶ΧĽսۡ޽ΣƱ
һ⣬Լ׳ɾͲˣƺѾ㹻ý
عˣҪظˡйء1997޽ڷ籩ǡƺ
Ϥˣһʷӽǣ̸̸ⳡΣ 
ġ쳣صĺ

1997޽Σ1997꣩ʵʡ

ӽڰȫǶ˵ʱ޸ĻȶģȻ
һչĵŴó˳
ЩծͶ̵ĳҲһӦġڷ籩кܵ
͵Ӿ㲻ԣʵҲԽԽϣȻҲܵ1997
޽ڷ籩ĳӰ첻

1997ԽϾ 


1997Խ GDPΪ 9ũҵ 4.8ʳܲ 0.306
ڶ֣ҵ 13.2ҵٶΪ 9.5ʵҵ
չٶ죻ܶԼ 90Ԫ 21ҪڲƷе
ȻˮࡢƷ̥˿ϵȣܶ 
112Ԫ 0.5ó 37.5Ҳ 
5.3ɲܵ˽ΣĹҡӦСľ֡ 


1997޽Σ֮ǰԽ϶ԪıȼΪ 11000ܱ 1Ԫ1998״ԼΪ 
14000ܱ 1Ԫֵ 27˿̣ǵ
ԽϹҵ 2007 2008ʶλĸԽ
徭Ҳʧȥĸʱ䣬ȴٽ˶óףʵ
ʵĲ͹񾭼òûܵѸ͵ķչ
ϵͳʯʵϣԽϵʱùʻһ֯Ľ
רҵĽ飬޽Σʱ 1020ġʸ
һЩ

ģ޽Σ1997꣩ĵλع

ԽϺ̩ӡȹγĶԱȣ䳤Զ
ˡʱʶһѣ˺Ӷں
йܺáʱԪԪ 7001޽ڷ
ͻʱ̣Ԫܿ 10001Ѹ 20001ȥ
СIMFĽרҶΪ 100001ǺԪԪġ֧
㡱ʱʧҵˡÿ 900000ԪĹʣڹ˾
ͻȻΣȡѡʱһ룬 
450000Ԫ/£ͥÿ볬 2000ԪܸԣͻȻȫ
 3000Ԫҵˮƽʼȫ׻ƽ㣬
ҵתǿ˽ڼܣס˺Ԫʡ

޽Σ1997꣩ġԡ

һһ 
1997޽Σһ徭÷
չȫʱڷġȱΣҪء֧ŵĽ
Σ

ͳ˫־һԪ⾭õ
һ˾󣬹˸˵λҲǡ
źĸƯļ

ԪȡʵƷķ٣Ҳ޹һ
˴Ԫ޹Ҿûڵ;á
ǽĻ

޹ҡڷҲǴԪٻۣʷ
ȴ 
1997귢ԪȱΪġϯ޸ġΣ
ѵ˼

ڶǸٵܵ˼Ӱ죬
Ƚڽڼ

й 2007 7 11հݣ 2007 6ĩ
й㴢Ϊ 13326Ԫͬ 41.6ֻйһ
ǹҵֶѡʵ1997굱ʱ޸㴢Ƚϡ١
ֻ 7280Ԫ 2007йһҵ㴢ʵʲ
˵ԪҪ١Ȼ 2004㴢Ѿﵽ 24000Ԫ֮ޣ 1997 7280Ԫ㴢ҲˣȴȻ
ˡԪȱ

 
1997ծûгǮ㴢

Ȼýܲͣ˵1997޽ΣԪȱ
ģҲǡԪծΣ޸ 
1997 
7280Ԫ㴢
ӦԵ굽ڵԪ䣬ǸౣԪ˳ʢ
ĶóֻҪԪծڡͬһʱ̡Ҫ黹
βԪԪѷµĽΣʵԪ֧Σ
䲻޵ĽΣֱ̩Ǯ͸
϶Ĺҳ־ֲĽΣ޽ս۵ı㣩Ҳ
ֲ޵ĽΣʵǻȫ硣 


1997꣬޸Ӧ黹ԪծһҲᳬ 
1000ԪʱǸɶõԪǮߴ 
7280ԪҼĳ黹ծλᡰȾأһҵԪ
ծԽ࣬еԪ㴢Խ٣״Խǡǡ
ӳҵԪծԽ١еԪ㡰Խࡱ
״Ҳ͡ԽΪ 7280ԪǮǿ͹۴
ģһ黹ծпԭɱ 7280ԪǮ
ˡԪȱ

̩Ľڣ1997꣩ 


1997̩꣬νġծҪǡ͵͵ӿ롱̩Сز
е 1200ԪǮʵծܺͣҪ黹Ԫծ
ᳬ̩ 650Ԫ㴢ɵ 4¾ֻ 370Ԫˡ
˹ΪĻֽսרͶʵ彫Ǯ̩
СʺͷزгȻͻȻڡһԼеʱ䴰ڡ뿪̩
ˡԪծЧӦġŵ㡱ڣ1996̩ڲ
ͳϣԪ㴢ʱ룬ծҲ
ûл˵ծ

ġȺЧӦ͡ЧӦ 


һ ȺЧӦ 


1ǮһҺͶ߶ԹСŵزͻе׷ 
2Ǯʱռ䡣 
3.Ͷߡաʺ͹С
1997޽Σһ֯мƻ׼˺ü
սۣáЧӦ޸ڵġԪȱ
һϵк 


1.Ԫڿγɡ 
2.ԡóԪԼˡ 
3.ӡᡢ̩ձȹϵ
塢޽Σ1997꣩Իֵ

һ˹ҵҵĻҵλԪġ
λ

Ԫƶԡ޻Ԫ
ڲóеĵλ֯ԡ㴢ʽ޸Ԫý
鱻û޸ĻңһԪΣ

ıܺս˼õչ֡

 
2ڴƣͬ
ǩʤ֮ġ֮ˡ


һΣķչ

һ ̩ 1997 7 2գ̶̩ơ

̨ҡֵ 
1997 10Ѯ ء̨ҡʣ1ֵ 3.46
ڹʮ

ԪƵġʤ

һ Ԫޡ֮Ρ

šΣӣձμҿ˽Ԫޡ
ձű̫ڵоеһ 
7Ի飬
¶ġ뷨ձǮ޻һ𡱣û⡱
ձɴ 
1997 9ˡ޻һ𡱣Զʣһ
ԪΪġйһġԪձ
ͱʾ̳ 500ԪԪΪĽԪƣ
ֱǰԺǣŷԪԺһͷֵܳġԪ

Իֹûлνġ޽Σ
ӦԴʩȴ⵽Ƴ³ԣ۾е
к͹ʻһ֯ϰձˡ

ԪƵ

ܡΣ֮޹Ҳһ͡Ԫޡ
Ըȴܡ⡱ֹˣʻһ֯
ϰٵˡӡᡢ̩ȹңҵձ
Ϊʻһ֯áʵϣЩܽΣ֮Ĺ
ԪԪΣȻȫ
ȷЩݽ̶ĹȴǸ൱ԣ֤ݵġ
͡

ʷԪƿһСЦ

Ԫս 


1.Ƴ³ 
1995꣬³βԭѧѧ˹Ĭ˹
ΪСɻߵְܡ1996 6 20
¿ֶһݱ¼оͺŽг˾Ŀ
а˹򺫹ծȯӷع򺫹Ʊ
˾ӹںͳڴͬ˱˹򺫹


˾⣬˶ʽгʽҪ󡱡
Σյòԭ򣬾ȻǼ롰ú뷢չ֯ 


2.޾ӡ
˺ƣ׬ȡԪ19671997
꣬ 25ľٶڴ 
3Ԫ 3200
ԪԪͬʱøֲƷʵг 
30ꡣ˴Ԫծȯ֧־
á1964 11 30պĳڶ״ͻ 
1Ԫһ춨ΪաΪóա1971ڶͻ 
10Ԫأ1977곬 100Ԫ1980ﵽ 175Ԫ1995ͻ 
1000Ԫء31ڶ 1000

 1998ó˳ߴ 404Ԫ 1998֮ǰһʱϳıóʱڣҲǺ 
1997Ԫ㴢ԡԭһҪɾʮó
չԪĴ󱳾£ 19971998ġ޽ΣˡԪȱ⵱ȻԪծ 


2007 1£㴢ﵽ 2402.3Ԫˡ 
1997꣬ 1997Ҳӵ39Ԫ㴢
ʵ˾㴢Ѿܵˡ 


3. 1997꺫ȷԪծԪＯΣûж
ٵ֧ԪծѺĽڼרҿ˲
ǲġ 
1997Ԥ 300ԪǮǾ㹻ӦծġЩͻȻԪծӹҽڼ
ܺͳأ
1һҪأ 1995ﵽ˾ 10076Ԫ GDP 9.2ֹ۵ļ롰ú뷢չ֯ʵϰ⿴
һΪҡҪ־Ȿͳ⣺ӦԼ
֯Ϊҫκʵòȴˡʽг
Ͷʡʽ뺫Ҳ˽
2ڶҪأ 
1997꿪ʼڹ
ߣ磺1997꣨עʱ䣩 Kospi200ȨԼȻͿ
ʼʳ֤ȯڻڻгֲҪཻ 
ƷʲƷָƷƱƷƷƷƷ
ָƷƷ֣Kospi200ڻKospi200Ȩ 
Kostaq50ָڻKostaq50ָȨУɽ 
Kospi200ȨKospi200ȨԼ 2003ﵽ 28źԼ/ֵĽ25.352šȫɽڻȨԼңɽԶԶɽڶ CMEŷԪڻԼCMEŷԪڻԼ 
5 
Kospi200ȨĳɽҲռ֤ȯڻȥܳɽ 97.77Ʒֵĳɽܽռý 2.23ܰ.ָƷг̽ڻձ.2006727
ֿǰ⾭ùģˡǰķ١ҲڹС
еµʱǰĿծ񣩡Ѿǡʲôʲôˡ
ҲӰ쵽ʲƷָƷƱƷƷƷƷ
ʵ徭

3ҪأںԪս۴ʱ򣬺
˼ǯ˺ȷжϺҵ̨߳ 
̸һҸսŪôΣյľأ
ʹֶθԤɽгýս 
ںϵάϵ
Ԫս۵ĺ

ڹߵġǿ 


1.Ԫսۻ˵޽Σ漣ġ˺֮
֤ȯгϴ׼˵ĶĺʡСƷڻµ
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조ԪȱġҩֱӽԺҵ
У캫µġƱݡƷ򡱡
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2.ʱгĹ»ˡ
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Ͷϲ

72Сʱһ£һȷˣ㹻
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3.ԲȡӦԴʩ
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ϣԴ̼ãʵҡ£սһֻ
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Ϣ

Ԫ⾭õĿ͹ǿƾģһ㵽Ϊֹ֪Ѷ
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4.һ
11997꣬𽥡 
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ڼܡ
31997׵ʱ򣬺 
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4ʼڶİʼ
۳ƽ𡢰洫ĽƷʡ
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5.һͶԪڹպгĸ
ڻԼ˵ѾǮΪǮ͵ʱ򣬺ͬ
 
IMF 
500ԪԮЩǮǷתĵ˺
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5.õġָ
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1997 300Ԫ 8ȡ
ȱʱ򡱵 39Ԫ 61.5ҡ޽Σ1997
꣩Ľѵ˭˵ЩԪ㹻أ
3ϣ2008 
11ѮԪԪ 1Ԫ1500Ԫ 2007 10 31յ 
1Ԫ 899ԪĻˮƽһ» 60һΡԪȱΣʱȫծΪ 
1800Ԫʵʵ黹Ԫծ٣ӵ 
2397ԪǮȴֱ
һΡȱԪԪȱµġΣ 



4ġծ񻯡
ݺڼලίԱͳ֣ 
2002 11µףļͥծܶѴ 4310000ںԪƽÿͥĸծģ 
30000000Ԫ2007 10 31յ 1Ԫ 899ԪĻʣԼÿծ
Լ 33370Ԫ

ƽծʡÿ 5򺫹˾ʵ
ͣͣÿ 10򺫹˾ʵ븺׶Σ
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5ҵбýΪɺ
²ʺ
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ҵҪа˴ȫԵҵУС
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1997νġ޽Σ֮Ĺн
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2005 6µףҪҵеʱΪ 
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1997ꡰ޽Σ
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޽Σ1997꣩ġԡ 


1997ġ޽Σǽ 
1997𣿴Ƿ񶨵ġ
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һս۵Ŀʼ

һӡսۣ1997 10¡1997 12

һӡԱΣû˼׼ 


1997Ĵǰ̩ս۾Ϳʼˣ 
1997ȡ޽ս ĺŽǡ콫̩ 
600Ԫľ޶ԪĹʱ̩ʶԡ˺󣬷ɱձ
ȶ̶ܵͬȵĳУӡڽڼϸ񡢡ʲ̫
ӡгͶԽ١ԣⲢء

ֱ 1997 10£ڻý岻ĿֻȾڹ
˼һһ֡Ԫծ񡱵µġΣʱӡŸ
ʶġԡӡܲ 1997ꡰ޽ս 
ǣԭ

1.ӡһֱǱȽֵ֧ġ 
2.ӡڱһԵμ临ӵĶ˴ӡ
ȽϸӺԤϡ1997ضʷʱֶ̣Դִ 
32չȨ̬Ҳʡ 
3.һֱԡѡ֣ӡһ˴
ᵼӦߵ΢ת䡣

1997ӡᾭ 


1997ܵ޽ΣӰӡȶ˹ңۿ
³ձԪһ 
IMFĸ˸ԶڴüëǰΣ
˸һ΢ı仯 


1997꣬ӡľ÷չˮƽһ㣬1ĵΪ 70000̨ңԱ 2007йгÿ¶۳ 
2000000̨֣ӡгкܴĿǱӡϲʵǡȽΡ
ģ͵˵һӡᡤIMFЭ飬ҪݺͺIMFЭ顢̩
IMFЭһ£ص㣺ٿŽڣ
ܻؾýġһӡ顣
ӡᡤIMFЭ飨1997꣩ϰص¡ 


1.ȫ濪ӡг
ʵΪ 1998ڶӡΣĵ׼
˵һıѾõĽս۵ĿƪԣеĽרΪӡ
ĽΣʵǴ 1998꿪ʼģ˵һ 


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ԳʺԽսһҵԭϹ¹ӢͶ˹

3ʱ˾ 
ûý崫ԵƲ
˹ģĿ󣬡ʱ˾ȴûƲ
֯ 
16˽Сʡѳ 
3ġծĳ
ʱ˾ϡ顱ˣעµʱڡ 


5.ʱ˾ Ľ
1֡ĴԳ𡱳ʱ˾ Long-Term Capital Management 
LTCMӻQuantum FundϻTiger FundͰ٤Omega 
Fund 19971998Ƕ棬˽³ΪĴԳ


2ѡ 
2007 05 14 
11:39нת֤ȯʱһƪ£ 
Ѷ 1998꼸յԳ˾ʱ˾
LTCMֽϤ䴴֮һ Rosenfeld뵱ֱ
βܼԱ Robert Shustak 
Bruce Wilson¯³ΪѡĶԳ𡣸û
ƸоԱԱϽԺʱʽＯʽδ֪

3300Ļرʡ 
1994꣬λŵѧĳʱ˾ڳʱ
Ｏ 12.5Ԫ 1994 3³ 1997׻رʴ 
3001998־޶𣬾ʲ 
48Ԫ 5Ԫ

4ðա͡΢ðա 
2000꣬˹𡱣ӻ𡱵쵼ߣ˹
˵ǺðյѾһȥˡ 

·紵ݵͼţ 


޵Ľ

 1ڲпĽѹե 
Ӹ֬ͣ֡


һ޴Ԫ

һ޼

ޣһƬĵءԼ 
0.302ƽǧ
죩Լռ½ 
20.2̽
Դ࣬ʯ͡Ȼ̲طḻ̡ܡ
ͭǦпεȴܴ󣻻ƽ𡢽ʯøʢ˿
̱֣ĿĴλǰС
ֲ 
40000ϡɭռ 
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󡱵ĺ 


һרдʻ㡣˵ָ
򷢴ҽȴԽԽƶĶѭ
Ԫ⾭ծ񻯣ͥƽծʴﵽ 
115ծѽӽ 100000Ԫ⻹ǹ
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ˡ޹ÿ򷢴ũƷԭϣ

ΪʲôҲծۡأ

ڷ޽ں;״⡱

һһ⡱ޡǷҵġծ

Ԫ̫ƽ̰Сߡڣͷν
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ͣ֡

һͼͻ֣ᷢ޹ҵġߡһİ
ɽȻȷġ߾ǡһֱߡǡʷ
Ĳµġӡ֮һ޹ڸ
ĲƸԴǷ˭ġծ

ڶ⡱ũƷ㣬Գ¡ġ

˿ֻ 7.48ڣȴ 0.302ƽǧףй 
3.14Աûмй캣ȽϹ˾س 


1.ޡԼġıԭǣʱڡũƷ
һŲеķ޹ֲֻסеֲֻȶʳ
ڣʳгĹȫ֣Ҳ͹ 
0.2ڡ0.3˵Ŀ 


2.ԭԪ⾭Ϊȡ÷ũƷ
⾭ÿƵġũƷڻгΪѹʳ۸ũ
ڻ۸ʼյشڱʳ㡱ͣĲȶ״̬
˷ʵƷ˷޸Ԫ 
ۡԮԪ
ծͬʱռƸߵ㡣
һʯˡ¡ 


3⡱ȷҳڶԷ޸ʽԮ
Է޾ýдʽע룬ٽ˷޾õķչ
1ʵǡǡ෴
2޵ծ 
1960ծ 30Ԫ1980Ϊ 840Ԫ1995 
2233Ԫ޵ծƽ 5 
GDPʣļڵһЩ޹ծӽ򳬹ֵڻᵼÿ֧Ϣա2002ծܶѾﵽ 3340ԪѾ 
2006޴½ GDPֵܲ 33

3޵ġ
˵һ׿֤ʱС£2007Ϲվϳ˶Է
ƽ 5 GDP̾ͱȴ޷ҵһ 
2006޸þõľֻиֺÿͳƱͼֻ
˸ԴϣȻóһµĽۡ2006ծܶ
ӦѾǳӽ޾ùֵƽ 5ծϢ 5.1ô޾ 2006괦ڡ״̬ɰϹֹ۵ġͳ֡Թʻһ֯޵ GDPǡǰķʱڡ

4޸һֱڸȷҵľעʽ
ҪʽԴ֮һǷԮԮޣ˵棬Ѿܺˡ޾ԪծԮߡһֱӷ
޻ȡ޶ʽ𡣾ͳƣ 19701992䣬޹ҡ֧ҵϢǡծ񱾽𡱵 3

ԪޡΣ
һԪ⾭Ʒ 
۸񲨶Ŀǰ
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2006ַ꣬޹ҡϢ֧൱ڹֵ 20һЩ޹ҵծֵ 
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ʻһ֯

ԪƴǶҪǡԪӹǶҪ
ЩԮ޽Ƹߵͷʵ徭á

ġ޽ս۵սҪߺص

һս 
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͡ԭڻгȡ⽻г
2.롰ծԪƵȷѡ
޽ս۵ġҪߡ 
1.ڻгļ۸ָڻڹߡ 
2.׶ɭϵȷġʻһ֯͡С
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1.ֶεһսˮƽͣս޴ 
2.һߵ
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ʩЧġ

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1.޹ҵġڲ⡱͸֮ġ⡱۸ӣ
γɺ 
2.޾ʵԱȽϵ͡ 
3.2002ծܶʹﵽ 3340Ԫ 2006޴½ GDPֵܲ 
30ƽծﵽˮƽծѶ൱󣬳Ԫͨͳޡծ֡ʳƷ۸ǵҲһȫϷ棩 
4.ϲ²֪Ļ෽΢Ĳͬ
ȱս۵ĺ͡Ը 
5.޾ѭгƷ۸ܸߡ
޾õ 
1.ԪƶԷ޸ĲƸתף޸ڶԪ
Ƶġ 2007 7 4գˣˣھŽԻͨˡԡǿӿ޴½Ρһ廯Լ
Сش塱ָ˵ռĿǽ ޺ڹ
ȻԶ죬ҡӡ˵ĳۺͬ
ĹʶγɣϲѰʺϵĺģʽ
2.޵شﲩ˲żüãȻˮƽԲ㣬
һֺܴܹýȺ壩ʵ徭һĻ 
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ˡĳ̶ֳȵġʧ͡ʧ򡱡

1˹ҵƷȨͼ۸ȨԪ
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Ԫơ͡ծƻơ 
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1Ԫ⾭조ƷԴгļ۸Ժ
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ңšڹгȡ۵ĳƷԴҲͼӴ
ЩԪƵͿܡ

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ĹҵĻȡͻᵼ·޹ȡ㹻Ԫ
ծ壬ԪƵ
3 
1971޳һͰԭ 
0.60.9Ԫġ롱
ʱͼ۴Լ 23Ԫ޳ڿԵõ١ֳɡͲö֪ˣǴʯ͹˾еõ 30ֳ棩 2007޳һͰԭ͵õ 3540Ԫ2008 7 11գŦԼƷ 8·ݽԭڻ۸ÿͰ 147.27Ԫ¸ߣ̨վԭڼ 147Ԫ ԪƵġѡڣһ棨ڼʯͲ£ͽܳ 1971 40ģġԪԪƣһ棬޲͹ĲѸٳ֡ԪӯࡱԪƶԷ޲͹άϵĲƸתƻƽڡ
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һǵĸſ
һǵĸſ
Ƿ޵һ˿ڴ˿ 1.4ڣ2006꣩ 92ƽһ۴ 1400նӹᴩ¸ҵնԴ 1961 10 1ǣ͹ The Federal Republic of Nigeria
ǵľ
Ƿ޵һʮʯҲʯ֯ŷˣԱ֮һ̽ʯʹΪ 352Ͱղԭ 0.025Ͱһ˵ӡһʯΣʼԭͼ۸Ѿ 40౶2008 7 11ԭͼ۸ﵽ 147Ԫ/ͰǲӦó֡ԪծΣȴǡծ⡱ȽͻĹҡ
йǵ

һ ܣ׶ٿİ˹ŲƳҪԷΪ 18Լ 400ԪծͬʱƶĹҡǾͱų⡭[]̿ѧԱ.2005613

 йػƣڽ 15ǽ١ױܸùʮ͹Ƿծȴߴ 360Ԫ

פǴʹ¬ 
2005 3ڿɽýɷʱʾ۾;ùģԴ״ԣԺͨҪֹ֧ͣծȨծǲܵõͬԭµģ˵ 350Ԫծ˵ǿԳܵġ

ĪĽΣ͡ԤϵԪӯࡱ

һǻıֵ

ʮ͹ȴƵƵ롰ԪȱµĽΣ1999ǹֵΪ348ԪǻNairaʲϳֲǳ̨ˡƷֵֽΪ 500ֵ 5ԪǹʱòЯֽ

ϲԵġջ 
19802000ڼ䣬ǵĹֵ 200ڡ500Ԫ
֮䲨ǻ2007ȴӵ˸ߴ 490Ԫ㴢ֵߴ 1420Ԫ 

1.֡Ԫͨ͵ʯͼ۸ǡĲɿ 
2.ԪƵĴͳɻơԪծƣҲǵͼʵƷԪϢջشԪʧĲ 
3.ͳծƻ޷άϵԪ⾭öǵĲƸתƻƱǽս۱Ŀԡ 
4.Ǵʱáǰ١棬350Ԫĳծ
һֽʯ͡ԭڻг⽻׺Լԭͼ۸ǵָ
Լȣͬԭͼ۸ӸλգծͻἸ
ڡʯͼ۸ǰֵ˺ǵġ
ʡֻҪծʡֻᱻԪƵĹ
ġǵʯͳ

һ 
޴ĲƸ

ÿʯԼ 0.986ڶ֣Լ 7.25Ͱ
ǿյõ 30ʯͼ۸ÿͰ 70Ԫʱ򣬿ɵ
 507Ԫԭͼ۸ÿͰ 147Ԫʱ볬 1000ԪǰѡԪȱµġծԽΣ

նӣǣޣӰ 


1.Ѽӿ򰲸ǵľѵ
ǵľٲļˣնӣǣޣġ⡯ 
2.ҶȵĲȶʯͼ۸ԪƵĹϵ
͹ϣ޷ȫõӦʯͺͬʱ
չˡʯԪԭͼ۸ǣʯԪʢ
ʵ徭ΪĹȡԴԪҲ߳ˡ


 3ڸչծΣ


չ͹ƣչ[]ͬ


һչļ

һչ͹չ[]ͳơչ[]

չչ͹һ͹˾ GDP700ԪĹң
˾ծ 2400Ԫ֮ޡ 20 70ֶ˳֮ǰչڷеˮƽ

չչ

ķ޴½һӺᴩư硢 
4640ǧ׵ĸչӣֱӡҶ
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Ǹչ͹ԭʱʱ׶ɳ
ơչ𣩡Ǹչ͹ԭ׶
άơչԼ 300˿ڣ 34.2ƽǧס

չΣʵʺĿ

һơսڷ޵սԴڡ

ֹսġաȡøչսȨ
ʵϷΧҪöࣩ

צʢʯ͸չ

չս۵ļ׶

һһ׶Σս֡Ǯ 


1.ʱΪ 
1971 
8 
15ա1979ꡣ 
2.ʱǸչٷϴ˵ʱ̣ҲҪʽо
ýʱԪ 1971˲׶ɭϵУ35Ԫһ 
1˾ƽĹʳŵҲһԪʱĸ߳ 
3.ѧҷ˸չ쳣ḻʯͺͿԴ
Ԫơչ塣
4.ʱڣһеĻǡѺԮǽս۵ġԽ׶Ρ
ڶ׶Σս۵ġԽ׶Ρ 
1.19791980꣬ʯΣ 1975꿪ʼԭ͵ĸ
ӣչʯͷȨҪͻ۵ 
ʯԪҪάϵԪƵȶ 
2.1960һʱ䣬ԪƲ̫עչ˵
ʯ͹ҵдڡһס״̬ĸչǡ֮á
ôʯ͹ҵĽʯ롢˾ӵ 1300Ԫ
롰ɡ׶εĸչ  
3.ֶ˳ѸչѸԪծ壬Ч
˸չʯԪ 
4.ͬڣչþծġ١ҲǷծ
ڡʱڡйƲ߾ߡծ
񣬶ڡ١ھ 
5.չƺһսħȦԽࡢͼԽ
ߣʯΣչǷµԪծȴԽࡣ
׶ΣΣ
ʱΪ 1990 7¡2003 3¡ 


1˳ġΣ˸ӹ㷺ġΣ 
219917¸չַ˱仯100ʽǼǵĵ
ʼս 
3չȫ浹ˣծΣΣΣ 
Σͬʱ 
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ʯͣһķչгɼĹңչΣ֮
˾ծֵ 
3
ġչս۵Ӱ졢顱չ

һӰ 


1.չڳʯͣûеõʯԪȴ˾Ƿ³
˾ֵ 3Ԫծ񡣽 2006꣬չ˾ծ 
2400ԪծǸչ˾ֵ 
23ͬԴͬ 


2.չһЩޡծһÿԪ
ṩ˴ͶԭϡũƷԴȷ
õҪʽԴ1960ծ 30Ԫ1980Ϊ 840
Ԫ1995 2233Ԫ19701992䣬޹ҽծ
ծϢܺծܶ3
顱 


1.׷ڡ١ڸչ˵ڡ
ĸʮꡣ 


2.չйҵľ÷չҪڰƣĿģ
ֶΡΣγɵĹȴǡ١ҪԶ
ڽ 


3.ҪʺϹĵ·÷չٶҪϸ滮 
4.СķչйңҪԼҵĽڷǽ޶ȵ
ЧгսǶȡεĳ 
5.֧ҵĹҵлչʯ͹ҵ
һֱڡʯʱУûʯͿɼҲû
ӦġʯͷȨ
չ 


1.Ԫ⾭öԪĿ󣬵ԪӸ߲£ֱ
ӵˡʯͼ۸񡱵ǣ2008 7 11ԭͼ۸ﵽ 
147Ԫ /ͰȻʯͼ۸񡰱Ȼǲȶġȥʮ䣬ʯͼ۸
ҲмʮġǡֻҪչܹʯ͹ҵͨ
ʯͳڰѡԪծΣĿܡ 
2.ԪܵŷԪƵĲʳչҡзǽں
ɡĻпȶ2005ƽʣ 1Ԫ521.74
ɣ 


3.չ˿٣380򣩣Դ࣬кܴķչǱ
չ̽ʯʣɲɴԼ 2.1ڶ֡ȻԼ 
1000סοԼʮڶ֡ο 6000000֡Լ 10ڶ֡

 4ڱʯϵġҳ -ͲΤΣϣ


һͲΤļ

һͲΤſ

ͲΤ 1980˿0.131ڣл̶ҲȽϸߣ׶
׾нӽ 0.02˿ڡͲΤЩ޹Ҳͬû
ŵ£ʳԸ㣨ϲޡ֡
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һֱΪϵıʯ主Ŀɼһߡ

ͲΤڲƷḻʳԸ㣬39ƽǧף
ϵĻʯȽȹ̡1980꣬ͲΤ㹻ġǮ
֧ 1ԪͲΤңͬһ 1.6ԪĻʡ

ͲΤĽ

һ ʡ̫࣬ʱ䡱̫ 


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߽ϲС

ͲΤ 62.5ľÿʱС

ɡȽ

ͲΤ 
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ԸȽľüƻ

һ仰1980ĽͲΤһͷˡֶ˳ծ
̶

ͲΤս۵Ĺ
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1.19801990꣬¶ĽͲΤ˽׳־Ϊ 
Ѹٷչ񾭼á˸ϢĶԪծȫ濪
ڡСغͷزгõ 
62.5С 
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1981з
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2óסɻҪάϵԪƣͱȫ򻯡
ɻĽڽгԴ˹Ԫ⾭޸ʵ徭õ
Σ

3ٹҶԾøԤ˽ҵãͲΤĹ
񾭼ã˽ʱ 
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3.ͲΤΣѾʻˣͲΤʼ 
ͶʡǮʱͬʱ䡱ծȨ
ˡҲʼҪ黹ծ 
4.ͲΤ̳˻ҴֵµԪծ
ӣͺ 
1997ĪԪծرƣũֿ
Ʒ⣨Ҫǡֶ˳ɵ緶ΧԪԶȱ
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5.ͲΤĻڷֵ֮󣬿˽ͲΤ 
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6.˿̣ͲΤͻĽս£ҽԪ
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1ʱҪ 
19911998꣬һйصĽڲģϧʵ̫⣬ȻͲΤܴһط 
2.ڶ׶ΣͲΤĶԲ
1ùعʱ۹أظ
޵ũֻعǷƽأؼЩα
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1980ͲΤʼ̿ʼġ˿ 70ＯʱУǣ
ʷС֮֡ĽͲΤġ 


ڽԪ 1980 1Ԫ1.6Ԫ 1991 1Ԫ5.05Ԫʱֵ 
8.08Ҳ˵ʱصļ۸ֻ۸ 12
ΪʱĶڻʱ仯ԪѾá10ڡҵλʱ
Τʱġơﵽµˮƽ 
ԣعصߣǽʱĵĴʩ
ڲġ
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ߣǸӺؼǿʵĹͺԴ 
ٽͲΤ 1992ԭͲΤͶġZIMBABWE 
INVESTMENT CENTRE)ΪͶʹ 
1989꣩ɹ˴˹ҵҵͶʡȻ֡ԭءͨͣ
ͲΤ죬ΣûݱȫľΣ 
ڽ 19951996һȣǾڽͲΤǩͶЭ
ЭͶʶ 200ڽԪڡ޽Σոչȥ 
1998 10£˾ڽͲΤչ糧 50
ȨͶԪ糧
3ڶ׶Σսߵս 


١ʳҡǿĽʵýг͡
СԽͲΤԪƣԪͬʽ˳ܽ
ΤһЩܴʩԪʾȻ 1990 1Ԫһ 2.64
Ԫµ 1998 1Ԫһ 37.92Ԫֵ 14֮ࡣ 
ڹʻһ֯пʼҪͲΤ黹ȥĵ
ծͱȽͲΤ۳ũƷҵ黹
ڵġԪծ񡱡˿̽ͲΤ֧ϢѾ佨äĿǷ
µծ񱾽 
ۡʳҡġԪΣݱΪ˸㷺
̵ġΣ
׶Σʷǰıֵ 


1.׶εʱǣ1999 
2.ʳҡΡԪֵǿʱԽͲΤ
õ 
3.ͲΤߵĻع
119801994꣺ƺ͹̶ߡ
21994꣺ơ
31999꣺ԪԪʹ̶Ϊ 1Ԫ38Ԫ
42000 10£ԪԪʹ̶Ϊ 1Ԫ55Ԫ
˺н׳֡
52002 2£ҵʸΪ 1Ԫ800Ԫٷ
ά 1Ԫ55Ԫ
62002 11£ͲΤнףر
һת½ס
72004 1£ʼʵƣгϽԪұ
ֵԭ̶ٷ˴ֵбֵнϴࡣٷ
Ϊ 1Ԫ824Ԫ
82004 5£ 1Ԫ5200ԪΪ 1
Ԫ5600Ԫ
92005 5£ 1Ԫ6200ԪΪ 
1Ԫ9000Ԫ漴 ʿ
102005 7£г 1Ԫ10500Ԫ
Ϊ 1Ԫ17500ԪͬںлΪ 1Ԫ35000Ԫ
112005 10£ȡơʵСгĸơ
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 5ڱʯϵġҳ 
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ӢάֶѹϵȻǴͳġ½Ʋԡ
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ӢɡᶨġĿĵġ 


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1.Ӣս۵ǣ˹ԼƣԼ
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2.1992 
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1ǿʱѾڵġŷ޻ʻơ
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ˣӦ׶ͳһҵĹ 
ٵһ׶ΣǿʱѾڵġŷ޻ʻơʵʱ
ͨ 
ڵڶ׶Σŷ޻һЭŷĻ
ߡ 
۵׶Σͳһŷ޻ңŷԪѡŷ޻һ
ΪŷСΪŷ˸ƶͳһĻߡ

Ӣս۵ġơ 


1.ͨԼǩԼʹ˳ŷ޻ʻơáԼ
޷ʵֹ涨еġŷԪڶ׶ΡҲֹŷԪĽ 
2.ŷ޻ʻơһӲԹ涨ǻʲ涨Ĺң
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ԼĻһʣͿֱӴŷԪĻᡣ 
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ġҲ⡱͡ߵķ

ԪƵĲ뷨¶Բߡ
һԪŷԪƵһ⡱䱳ȴ
ԼǩġڲìܡƺǸԽġϰ
ķʾ֭һŷԪߡ
աԽϰƳŷԪ

塢Ӣս۵ĸս۽׶

һս۽׶ΣĻսԺս׼׶Ρ
һ19901992
սԲ˵Ӣ 
19901992Ƕʱ棬ʵʵĽ

ԶԶһЩӢý֮Աǵ˲мһˣ෴Ӣ
ڹ߶Ԫϵ̵ĶǾ˵ĺ侲ģҰһ
ػʡ1990Ӣ˼롰ŷ
޻ʻơǡӡжˣءжӢ
ʱսᣬҲתۡ

ŷ޻ʻơ 


1ŷ޻ʻơŷ޸Իʻȶ
ڡó׻ʷաĿж
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罻ý飬ҲսԪƣ
2ΪŷԪƽ·ΪֻŷԪĻʻ̶ܹ
Ժ򵥵عɵͳһŷԪͻ޷ļң 


2÷侲͹ 
1991̨Ӣص÷ѵʶ
1ԪƲͬŷԪƶԪƵġĳȻ
ŷԪԪǿͬһмеƣԪƵ
ŷԪƵȴǿ͹۶Эġ
2ΰԶҲŷԪȻǶֶѵˡ
3ŷԪʵмҶԪƵġ桱һ
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עⲻ˰ŷԪڵСҡСҵ棬
ӳԶҲѡԪơһб׶˷չһӡ¡ĵز
ŷ޸μźͿҵȻмҼǧ˿Ƶϵ
ûκ˻һ鼰ȫġΨһԻѡ棬Ϊ
ҡȻһծҡҲ˵ҷȨ
ŷиɵġŷᡱʵʿڹмҹɵġծȨˡ
УҲһ˽лҡ
4ŷ޸׷Լңǻ֧ŷ
ԪܡѾ밲ȫ޶ȵġԪʷգ
ᱻŷԪںϣɻһȶŷԪơ
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5ŷԪķչһ˳ΪŷԪƵص㲻һ
ڸ
ӺŷܷԼȺ󱻺ȫ񹫾һ
˵ŷ޸ıʶӢ׼ȷе㡰ʶ®
ɽĿֻԵڴɽСζ 


3÷ġڹ롱
1
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2
ԪƺŷԪƱȻ֡ĳ־ʹԪŷԪ
нĹҳ־޴ĻʷգҲó˫޷ȷ
һƷۡǩԼ󽻸ĹУŷԪԪʵ
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УһԵ⡱ 
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ʱӢͻΪҡ 
óҪٽý顱Ӣ

Ϳԡע롱ӢͬԪһ 


4÷ܼƻġڷա
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ԪչӢ輦ٴӢʱĻԻ͡ͱȻ
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ԪȡңıʲȻ⽻ڸǣ
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¹ŷԪԪͬʱӢСʹҹƻĻʯ
ŷԪû֮ǰʵ֡Ӣ¹ˡӢԪ
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ǱͦĳشۣΪˣ1992Ӣ÷Ӣ˻
 1 2.95ݡ˹Լ涨ŷԪ ȶʡ
¸ó 2.25 Զ˳ŷ޻ʻơӢ
ľúͽڰȫ˵Сһġڷա 


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1992ǩ˹ԼжûбΪǡ޴
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7ع
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Ӣս۵ıԶĻҪ򵥵ö࣬һ
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1. 1992 2¿ʼĴԳеġϻ𡱺͡
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ǡծȨˡʵͬʱԪƺŷԪƣԪƵ
漯źŷԪƵ漯֮֮ȴС͡ʡ

Ӣս۵ʷɰ 


1.һɰӢս۷ߴӺʱʼ׼
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˵˱ϵСĴʲе
ʲṩͱĿ˵Դ֣֣û
㴢ش˱ʾлhttp://www.chinavalue.net/article/39078.html

СĹ˵£a.Ļƽ𴢱ָ
˻Ļƽ𣬲Ļƽ𴢱b.رȨSDRs)
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Ӣ

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÷ 
1992 
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1.ӢսһԼ򵥡Ľս
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1934건ڹ̵ָᷢ 
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ͨ 


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2.ķ١
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ԾΣ˺ 80䣬ʵ٣۳Ԫͨͣ
 80ԼΪ 1Щͣͺ͵˵

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1971 815 
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1971Ժֵ˶٣ͬ GDPǷ񳬹ֵϵ 


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4.㴢
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6.ôС 
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һ١ 


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һսûĴҲǡԴ

ĴйǽȻͬġҪڣ
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Ĵǽս۾ͷڡƬ֮ϡ

һս۽׶ΣӢʱġӻ׶Σ19111966꣩

һĴеĳ

ݰĴ 1911Ĵг1959
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һҵԽڻ˰ĴеƣһͳһĹ
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ʵϣھ˵ӢʱرóЭϣ
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ΪҪǣĴ˿٣ 
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ʱæڡһĴ¡ָ1930 
ԼڶսϾ˼Ĵǡ˿Ӣ׶
ڳҪǡЭ֡˲ϡʵҲһ
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ʱսΪʲôսĳ̶ֳ˵Ĵ
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ʱ 1911 1966ֹҪĽڶڻ
ӢͻƽĴϡһ仰Ĵǽս֮Իûб
ҪʱİĴǵĽפȻӢ͹
λʵȫӢԪĴԪƣ
ͬڵ˲١ڷꡱսԲеսƽ

ڶ׶İԪĵһս1966214ա1983 
1212գ

һԪӢͰԪ

ԪѾȷ˹ڵķҵλʵʵҡʱ
ԪȴƽλӢмֵ1821ʽʵнλƣӢΪ
Ӣı׼ҵλ涨1ӢΪ7.32238ˣжα仯
ע⣬硱ָҺıȽϣ 
1971ǰԪʵһֱԼ̶ڡ35Ԫ1˾ƽ𡱵ˮƽ
׶ɭϵȷǰʱʵʻﲻ1971Ժ
λ35Ԫ1˾ƽ𡱣1.2347Ԫ1˻ƽ 
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׶ɭϵһ߿ĵ꣬ 1974ű
ǿսлƽ󲻵һ 19341£񰮴
˹ͳáƽ𴢱Щƽ𽻸
 300Ļƽ 20.67˾/ԪȻ 
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Ԫʵȷһֽ֡ơǡƽơ
ʵϡԺһֱԪڿƻƽ𣬶ǻƽڿԪ
ƽͽλӢһֱܵѹơڶսڵģ1944 
7£ȷĲ׶ɭϵȻ涨 35Ԫһ 1˾ƽĽ鱾λ
ʵ岻󣬲 1971 8 15ŵ

Ԫƴʱһڲֻľ棬Ӣ
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ΣĴǵġý塱йءڶͷӢƵ˼
ͻȻŨ

ĴԪĵ 


1.Ĵǰ 1966 
2 14գĴǷͨĻҰĴԪ
ȡǰͨľɱҰĴǰ涨 1Ԫ 1.12Ԫɶһ 
0.5İɱҰĴǰͬ 
2.ԪƵ
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ٰԪʱ롰ԱءӢϵת
ʼԪϵԪλʼȷеʷʱڣô
ԪƾһĪ֧֡ 
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27ҡ˿ڳ 4.8ڡֵߴ 120000ԪĵϾʵǿһ廯̶ߵĹ塣 
b.ڶŷԪ¼ 
2000 6£ŷзеԻ׼ϣŷԪλ黹˳㡱 2003ǰ齨һ֧ 5000˵Ͼ첿ӣ봦ŷ޵Σͳͻŷ޹Ҿӵĵһ
2Ŀ 
ٴ̼ʯԪ󣬶ŷԪʯͶۡý͸ 
һ 
ȶڲάϵʵ徭ñȡŷˡǿ󡢱Ƿ֡ɻʵ˽սḶ́2003 
3˽սȻռˣ˺˾ԣʼġʹռ졣ǣⲻһʤսᣬһսĿʼ
3 
սǻԪƵġӦΪϵͳߣԽһò͵Ĺ̡ 
ڷʯ͹˾ǩһϵкͬӵ 2ĿȨﴢƲ 260Ͱڵ 
2008 7 11 147.27Ԫ 1Ͱļ۸Լۺ 38290.2Ԫڶ
غս󣬡Ȩ·ʯҵ 
۴ʹʯԪʡաάϵˡԪơ 
ŷԪڡսǰ10 1ŷԪһ 
1.11Ԫһȱ 1ŷԪһ 1.05Ԫ˺ڴˡ䡱ǻûнһµ˵˺ܶ⣩ 
ݵڶκս˵ͶࡢĹ󡢡ʱ̫á 
󡱣ߵԺѡ 
޶ԡʯԪˮЧӦĹȡ׷ˡȫ
ԭϼ۸ǡ¡Ԫơծƻơڷ
չйʧȥá 
ߡԪ嶯̬֧ƽ⡱ˣʧ


ڰ
սǶ 


յĽթ

 1ڽͶƭ֮ƭ֣Ponzi Game


һƭ

һƭֳ֣ƽƭ֣һרҵʡƭ
ƭеߡ͵ƭƭʹ㷺ʷӰ
һҲرҪעͷһ

ƭֵıʤȴ䲻ڣƭֵ
Чȴܼ򵥣¸

ƭеƭߺƭ߶ǲˣǵǻ۱̰
ȥƭƭһֻʣһ·ء

ƭֵ

һ˹ȵġѧʱڡ

˹ˣ18821949꣩һûļ塣
ּͥҪô˲ţҪôåƭӡܲңһ˸
ڡ仧һ˼ǡƭӡå
̺͸ӵأ뱾޹ز̽֡

˹ȵĸ׷ǳ簮ƴƴذѶͽѧ
һźӵܹ硣ĺǿĲ˹Ⱥܿ
һȺѽһͬӰϸӡд
ơŮɵ΢ЦûĲ˹ȡ۽󿪡
ƴͼǸʵ˿ġȺȴΪܲ
һˡĲ˹ȴ˿ֽɫпܹݡ 


һֽɫһϲӵܵĸ࣬Եиʣ
˼νǡȻ˹⡱
һʵֻҪˣԵסģӸҹü
Ǯɴ͵һøࡱҲǲʧΪһѡ񡪡˲վ
µĸ߶ȥһˡȻԺͲ˹ȵĸ
ѧĳΥĳʵ˵˹
Ӵ˳һ࣬ʵʵнˮĸףҲǸ
úӡ 


ڶֽɫġ˼ҿ𣬻ٳβ
ǣǮװ٣ӵ׷ǵŮ
ؽҪǮšѧ壬Ҳϼ˫
ȴϣĿ⣬ȴһԼᡭܿϧ˹
Ϊǡ·˹ѧĿ
֬۵ŮʱһΪŮֿɰ
ֵ֪鲻Ͱ˿մߣӹסпԶ
³еġؽס뵽һȻỨȥĸһ
ڵѪǮǷ񻹻ȱ֪أ

ЩѧеġڴġүĽֻһѧ
˹Ҳ⡣ĸѾпտգծ̨Һͱ
ԱȴͬĸԭĶӲ˹ȣ
ҵ˲˹ȵһ 
200ԪǮò˹
ԶȥԼҵʱĸ׺ݺݵش
˹һ٣ȻһǮҲԼǮԼԷ˹
ȵһҲҪҸöࡣ


˹ȵ

˹һͻ˲ѧͳԺ֮һ
 
200Ԫ˷١ҡ˴ָǸʷʱڣ
һڰУûԼʱ˹ȵ뵱ȻҲ
ʵʵһСְԱ߹ˣҪ̡Ҫ㳵
Ů۱Ȼһ·

ġ׷󡱣Ȼһϵеġʧܺʹۡ˹
ûдȡѵǴΪԼ̫ʵˡʱ
ΪÿԷġʵ⡱ò 
ݡӻۻԱ
·ԱϴӵĿ๤Щñź˵Ĳ
˹ͬ˼ҪԼеá

ʵ֮󣬲˹һ¶޽ͷ

˹ȵһ

˹ȲһɥĲĻˣֻǸĺ
Ʒѡʱһλʿ¯ӱըܵˣҪ
ƤֲΪҽԺʱĲ˹Լ50ƽ
ӢƤ൱ƹĵһ
˵˹ġζһ棬һ˱Ȼ
һԵǳõˡ

ܲң׺츳ҲӴٳ˲˹ȸ
ҵγɣһ㣬ֻ˵үġ硱

ģ˹ȵġ֡

˹ȵġˡڵͷˣԼΪΪ
˹ȡżһܣȯ֮ʲ
˵˹ȵȷܴʵںձĲ
ͬҼʲͬĽͶΪڵʱ˹
ȵȷǡΪȡˡ

壩˹ȵġȯƻ 


1.ȯҲơʴȯ
һսĳֱӵ¸쳣ǹ
ϵݵԼʼԼ֮ǹ̶ġ
磺1Żʴȯֵ 0.3Ԫ1Ԫɶһ 6.66Ԫ 
1Ԫɹ 22Ŵȯ˻һŴȯ൱ 
0.06Ԫ۳ѣ1Ԫ 22Ŵȯٻصͱɼֵ 
1.10Ԫζȯڲʿٶһ 
10һЩһҵĴֵʹûҵļֵ
ʹõص㲻ͬྶͥȷΪʴȯͶṩ
ܡȻʵʵĲмǲܵģΪʴȯȱ
ҸԼܹеĴȯޣ߱ģ
ͶʵĿܡ 


2.
˹ȿϽͶĿԣִȴ޷
ôȯƱٰƱɵֵֽ𣬴ӶΪһ
ȻҲԸܣ˾;Բʵˣ
ȴѾƺһסܺõķ̳Ͷ뵽 
ҵȥˡ

Ȼһʼ˹ȾڹĶһֿȺͼ
ǵͶʣΪûʱҲûκοеļƻֻһľ
ƭ֡ƭ֡ƭ֪֡˹
ȵԶԶ汲ļҪԺաʮٱǧ
ƭԺֵı֮֮࣬࣬ƭֽ֮󶼴ﵽ
ĵز 


3. 
1920 7 24գʿʱǳһѰı
ĽǮһ 45ڸͶ 50Ϣ
ǧͶߣʴȯĽõͻʻ󡣡
ϢһһЩǮ뻨۵˶ͬ˴һŸ
˹ǮȥˣҲһûκʽͶС
ô⡱ 45 50ʵ̫ջˣ
ٵĿʼ

ƭֵġԻʱ 


һļƻ
˹ȺǸʱضǵƭһһͶ̣ҾȻʼûκμƻһʹ󷽵õڶ˵Ǯ֧ŵһͶߵġ߶󡱣ûƭǮˡں̶ܴŮ˶Ӱ죺һӣ1917飩˹һĸסʵϣ˹ȡһƻһǸɹġƻƭ˰ϷʽȻͶг

Ͷ

˹ȵġƻǸͶʢеʱҲһ㡰
ԡ˿̣ʿ٣ˣ˹յ
ԪԼμ˵֧ԶԶģ׶
ġͶߡԲάֺܾã˹Ѹ
 
0.08

˹ȵı 


1920 0.08ԪȽ 80ԪʵʹҪߡ1820£ط涨 1ӢĶ 1.25ԪشԼ 1ӢĶ 
500030000Ԫ仰˵˹ȿ׵عϰӢĶػʲôСׯĳֻȡͶĿܣ㹻ʽһЩʩҲܰƭֵˣһжڡ͡衱СȻ𲽽ŵĻرʣӳرʱ䣬ȻթƭΪڷͶʡ˹ȼֵʱԳϼʼͶʿ񳱣пľͳ˰̣ЩͶʸпܲܵʧ

ġƭֵġ

һ

֪ġۺߡĸܺʹѹʼ
˶Բ˹ȵĵ飬Ťתƭʵʱ̣
үͲ˹ȿһЦƺھеġߡ
Īֱ֣ر׽

ʿپȣʱ˹н 
61Ԫ
ġȯڷͥΪȽһݸԱߵ



ߣдһʹ˳Ϊơ
д 
9ͽ̣1949꣬ʵ
ڰԼ¬ҽԺӶ벻Զ΢Цų
ңȰչಡĸףֱָ˸

Ʒӣ˹Ӧ΢Ц뿪˼ˡ

塢ƭֵ

һƭǽթеһá
͸֧δ조ݷϵķٺ͸С
ƭΪݣʵ彻׶ԵĺԵġ
ģʩֶģֻƭߡ
壩ƭֿʼǰ٣ȻѸٱ

 
2ڷĭƭ֡˽е


ȺΪ˽СУ
ʳơĭ

һ1817꣩ĶСͨС˾
ʼСʼͨС

һ˾

ʵǡ˾ҲǷУʱ 

ġͨСͨСǷ˽Уеֽǡ
ұλʱԶһɽңڷŷޣõ
㷺ʹúͨ˾ġƱˣǻңСͨ
ʡ

˽еĻϰмҡԼ͡
ұλlivre) 
ͨС˽У1718ͨиĳơ

СǶΪǷҽĹлͨС
еlivre)ҿɵֵһΪң livreΪ 
3.88)Լӡˢ˽Ʊˡõ

ԪĲͬ

׶ɭϵȷʱ˽еԪȻų 
λ˱ֹлƽ𣬽Ǹ֮жһ
С鱾λЩƽȻ洢ܴص㣬
νġƽ𴢱͡Ĵ͡Ŀ
¼ʵЩƽж١ڲڡ֪
νġ׶ɭϵ涨ĽλԪơ 


署һңһһôأ
ҪгϽأҪֻҪмֽ֮
ŦԼµĽоͽӵһָѻƽ 2135ᵽ 4177䣬û֪ 2135ĸңҲû֪ 
4177ĸңһףǻƽᵽһطԴǶĸҳжٻƽʲôʱ˽ף˶٣һ߻ܣûκ֪Ϣ
ģԼ͵Ľұλ 


ͨС÷ҵ壬зֽĻ
ǲ֪ ͨСҲʼС򡰷ʼͨ
С˽нڻҲֽ֪˽ӡˢֽƬ
Ҳֽҷ㣬ڽҴ洢ڡͨСʵʾͱ
֣ͨҲֽңֽάֽұλҲͼ
ǿġŶȺͨԡ

Լ

һܶʷһμ

ƭֵȻһšԼͣJohn Law16711729
˼ΪƭӣԤԼҡ۲νߣΰ˵۹
ǳԽʷ˼ʱ˭仰ĺأ

Լ 
1671ոң14ͽԼ
ҵְҵرǽ֪ʶͺĻָƣҡ
츳Լмҵĸ߹ݺͳĲ
ܵõĽͬʱҲ㹻ĽǮڷ绨ѩϡ
ǮƺšĽңҲԵñȽ϶࣬
ҲȽϡաʱաùͷͺκһʱķ
³һǮٴү֮ױɲ
硣Ƚ˵ǣԼͺһѷΪŮӵġ
ɱ˶֣ԺдĸװԼܵ͡Ū
˳͵͵͵˺Լ͵ĵһμ

óίԱĽɡԼ

Լɱ˵רҵ֪ʶѵɱ˲ܳͷ
ݺͱǮעȻһðǿĽͶҡԼ
һӵԲͬǣᰮѧϰںܵʱ
ǿơ˼Ҳ°ȻؿʼǱо
ƣСĵá 
1700ˡóίԱĽɡ
ʱ 
29ꡣ

 


3󣬵мҶɱ˲ľűµĻ
ǣҲȤʱԼͻصոʼ
ĵһƭ֡Сƭֺܼ򵥣Ҳܳ

Լƭ˵õгؼ۸ġŻݼۡ
أֻҪͶ˰ǮġСⲻǵƭ֣һ 
ɲԡѺܶࡰ˹صĿӡһγɵġ
Źع̸дƣпܡĵõ
ݼۡءδǷк֡ܡԼƻ
һ͵ġװǡթƭʲΪ
ĳС¼Ŀܡκθı䣬ֻǽթƭˮƽߵ⡣

Լ͵ĵһνթƭûгɹͨҲ˽Ǻ
ҲЩʸءĴͶڰǮʱֻҪһ
飬Ϳ֪νġСһ͵ӷġƤ
СĿĺܼ򵥣թƭ

Լͺͷ¶

һ뷨
Լ͵мҸǮͨҵڷһ 
7Сʵۡ¶Լ͵ĵˣʹһ
ٴ˷ᡣ 


1715귨·ʮȥҡû䵽ķҺ
˿񼲿࣬ԵؼݼΣ
˰ᵼԹڣпܵȫ涯
ֲԸöȡ

ʱмԼͳˡúͷʵʵͳ
¶ġ˽ꡱ˵˷ 
7Сʵ۽һ
ֺ˽ʹùֶΡ˽ֽҡԼ
Ǹţҵһ·ܴӷеõƸάֻ
ݼĸǸеˣûԽһ
ǰٵʱ

͡ʼͨС1716꣩

ԼһǮҲûлʼϰ¶ֽң
ǡλ÷壬ǶΪǷ
еġͨȯΪֽԵֵһ

ƭɶǣмԼ͡¶
Һ͹塪ײ㡪աֽ
ĹҺ͡

Լ͵ 


1.ԼͿʽֻмٲҪһɽң
ֽͽֵһԽһǶԽ
ʵĳ󡪡ΣС桢䡢֧ҶǱȽ
¡ 
2.Լ˽лķУڷʵʩ˰
£ֽ֪ȡʵƷ㡰󡱣֧
ߺȡ߶ΪýǽңԽԴϲ 
3.ԼͺͷȻһҡǮҺ͹Ҳ
˰µ֧ᷴΣˣֽķȴ
˷õĿǰ٣ҵײǳ⣻ײڿ
ܵ뷨ء֮ġֽ
ȡʵƷĽлȡ棬Ҳоԣˡ


4.ôĽȻ˽лı¶
ܡϺˮˣԼӢмҸΪ
δˡ
ġĭƭ

һƭֿʼ˾

Լ˼˵һƭӣҲһԤԼҡӢ
м˼˵ġֻҪһҵĻҹҲ
ںĸղ۹λϡŵԼҲ
Ϊҡū͡ĵλӵһƬɵء
Ϊмеġ֮Ҳ½ֳزԶ
ŷ޸˭˱˭Ϳδ

ΪˣԼ 
1716꣬ͨСΪʼС
 1718ڷȺֳسˡ˾
ʵԼ͵֣Ƥ˾

Ⱥĭ 


1.ԼҪڷ˽лңͱȽһл
˾ 
2.˾֧ٿԶڡʼ
Сṩ޶ҵʵֽ 
3.˾ֽġ˵ȡ˷
ȺӡӺ򣨷ֳأרȨԺ
ֻ̲רȨӡȹ˾޺йó¢ȨԼ
ȴͲ룬ҲûнйġҵǴĻ
Ҫ˾ɱġ˽СҾ˾ġƱ 
4.ʷѧҶ˵Լ보˾ƱĲʵ
1Լ˾ɼۡǵ 18000Ԫʱ
ѹ ɼۡʹ˾ġɼۡά 9000ˮƽ
ע⣺˴ġƱǡ 
˴ġɼۡǻʡ
2˾ǱҵǼߵģƸ߹ɼ۵˾
Ǳѹ͡ɼۡǡǡԼ͡ΪԼҪһ
ȶʵ˽лҡ
5.˿ԼͲΪԼǽֻ̤Ϊǡһ
ľżơ֡ӵз˽СʼС
˽ֽҡֽ֡ӵб˽С˾
ġƱҡ߻ʰ󶨣Ҫֽ
ΪңҪǲơֽлĻʱ̾Ϳ
ˡκνǶ˵ⶼһŵļƻ 
6.Լ͵ļƻ˽ƭֺֽ
ʵһԼͶ
ϵ̶죬ǵĽңֽͨͷ
١һֳʷĲҲһ
ƭ֡ۡ˾ǡƤ˾ʵʾʵ
ҵͶʼֵǺܸߵļֵΪӵеĶ¢óȨͿ
ȨԼ͵ġƭ֮֡ǰ޹ˣߣһ 
7.˾ȴͻȻƲˡʷȻֹ
˾յԭ 
1.ԼǸԽʱţһʵ
ƭ֣ƭʵĶ޳ܡԺͱ 
2.˾Ʊҡֽһ˾뷨
Ҳһ𵹱աԭǺ͡޶һŵ
 


3.˾յԭ͹˾Ǳ޹أǴӡһ
ֽ͡ƱҡĽҶһΪ˵ģⷴӳԼ 
թƭƻıʡȥúô˾¢
¢óףȴ˽˷еСֽƬƱù 
4.Ͻ¶һûУ䲻
жпܶԼ͵ļƻСĳ
̬ȡ 
5.ʱһɾ޴ġֽĽ˾
ãľŷ޴½ӢмڴԼ͡
ƭȺߡ 
6.ƽҵĶۡ
1ƽ𲻿뾭ùģΧȱ󣬶ƽǼ۽ƽ𹩸⣬ʵʵͨͺͻڲĲȶ
2ƽ㹻Ҳ޷һֲ
㣬ֽҲ㣬ýλֽҲ롰һʧšΣ֣
ûƽʵݱֽơ 
7.ֽ̫ࡪʵ˾ġƱҡǱֽ
Ͽ壬෴
ģ˾յӰ 


1.ԭҵֵ˾ġƱҡķֽ
˵ȤԼ͵ġмƻȡмƻҪʵ
ࡱɻʧˡΪûʵʩұλͬʱ
 
2.ʼңͨãСͬʱգֽͷ
ֳһƬֻΣ˺˷˥
˺һϵα仯˵˾һо޴ʱҵ
Ǳֳ˾գ̸ӵĹʱ 
3.Լͣ 
1720͵͵ֽˡʷ
أ1729Լ͡ƶӡˮ˹ҲмҼ
ۡԣ˹ĭƭʷʥء
˹Ϸġ˹ˡеĹ¾ͷҼȲԼ
ڡƶҲ 1729ȥˡȻ޷֤
ѾһεˣܡڶΡ 


4.˹ĭƭ
ʷϣмƼ˹йһֽսǡ
ĳʲ磺ز۸ͣƭгͶͶ
ʽг۸ﵽԤƵ۵ʱͿʼʽ
Ȼг۸ﵽԤƵĳߵ󣬿ʼɢҥԣ
գ챻ʲӹ߹ۣһӱɼ۸̵µĹ
ۣȻǹ׬ȡۡƲͶ߳еʲ



3ĭ 
Ľս
һŴսִս

һˮ 


1637ĭǽսʷеش¼ǹŴս
ۺִս۵Ĵˮ룬ǵһξִ߱ս
͵ִսۣؽʷᡣ

йŴս۵ľ䰸

սйŴγ֣磺ɽľ
һսۣ临ӵսģʽܶ񻹲⡣ة
һͰѲκˡֶ֮֮᳹ףƸ˫
еǿĸӻڸյйĻеޣ
ս񲻱֪ںܶ˳ɽ
ǡжϡ

ة񺺹СĴ󱳾
£١ȴḻСɲӽɧλս¶
뱻ġӦ״̬Ȼòκͳ󽫾սʱȨ桱
Ĺģʹκ½ڸʧ
ж˫ղةġ
ʵڡݡջ󡱺͡ʹκͳνײ˰
ʵڵġ߾սκ¼ŵкŷ磬
ǳǿҪ˵κνġȽսϮļֵ
κֱӲ򡰱߾ɽطսļת˼
ѵɽزпɽƵĿأͻᷢһк
еĲκ޺еɽزս

߾ɽСķᣬԲκ̫ʵ壬
ֵʮ򣬼ʮγɡԵȾ¶š⻹
һκǿس󲿶ӶǿɽλСֶӵġ
սνġճǼơʵʩԭҲڴˡǽս
ѧеĸ߶

͸ĲκƷƣֳƣƷ˷˱Ƚ
̵ìܣһȽϺڰʷʱڣҲȻ̰ī

ɴ˼κͳεᾭáڵıѹة໹
áˡ񺺵ĳȥ򲢲Ҫʳ²κ
ǣʳֵͬʱκۡ˽
Ρ˽衱˽ҲκȨ˰աһϵеĽս
ֶΣѾκͳηΧγ˴ģũ
ȥ 
20꣬ǿĽսսе
ҲƷκָơ

1937ĭʷ

һ

ƭеǾͼƬÿĻ䣬ȴ
ʷһʷǰĽսۡԭϸһ
ԭ Tulipaͷ֮⡣

ĭ롰 


1637ĭУ㱾һߺ
ƭ߻Ǳƭ˶֪ 㱾Ҫ
ҪܻĽҡĭӱ濴ƺܼ򵥣
ǰ۸񳴵úܸߣȻ̵Ĺ̡ʵĽڽ
ʶԶȱϿӺ̡νսʱ
Ϊ򡱵ĺ۹ĺԶ޷ָģһ缶
ǿȨӴ˥䣬λڴӢ۹

1637ĭʼĩ

һս۵ 


1.֮ 
1670ʱӵе̴λӢ¡ϡŷ
Ҫӵжλܺ͡˿̺Ѿ˥䣬֪ǿʢ
ʱڵⱳǿȨ֮Ǻս۱ĵһ
ԭ 


2.ʱսת
ǱѾﵽ˼ޣŷ޴½ڽʱΣҲ𽥿
ʼʱһսתǰġж
ĲƸȫջشߣǺս۱ĵڶԭ 
3.սۿͼĹҲءԼ
֡ǿ󺣾ֱӶݵʧͿɴ 
4.սۿáӺ˹ĹĵǮ
ĽңǺΪŷǿʸ֮ԭ 
5.ս۴˺ȴ޷֪
пϳһưͿ£ͱ˺ľ±
ʷʵˡ
ս۵Ŀչ 


1.
1߼۵ 1593һλ˸ɣGuestersӿ˹̹յ䣩ڵһ֦㻨ֻ߹Ŀڴ֮һһֱΪŷ޹֮ͣΪݡԼ۸
ơκ˸ɶɹú
ֱ죬δҲ̫ˣֲ
Ҫ 712ֱܿò˼顣ۿ
ŽҿڴĹڴ⽹˳ӣ㻨񲻸
ӽ

2򾥷ֳ
ʱ˷򾥿ڵÿ 45¶ܹά 
10ҵĻڣ 9·򾥻ֳָȻ޷
ֳַñҲ㹻
򾥱ùΪǴֲڶʵʼ
ĹҲǻɾˡɾЩ򾥵
棬вǡˡǵĳֲû
ֹ۵ΪƵĻᵽˣΪĺ
СԼ漰óƭֺսԲҵ󵼡

3㽻гĵ
ںУˡ򣬡Ժʲô
ءǳڶԽս۵Ĳ⣬ûֹѾ
е׵ġס 
1634ףɺ
һƲҵл֯college֯
ڻгģרĽгͼŷ
Ĳȡ

4Ȩ׳Ϊ 
collegeǻУ׵ȨݣܡȽ
ִڻгĳΣȻû롰ڹߡĸ
ȴһרŵгڽȨԼͳĳ֡Ͷ塱
ļ۸ʱڴ伸ʮʱͨ
ǱڵӯܸѾӦļʮˣʵʵʱĽս
߿Թݼ۸ܸˣʹͨĳ潻סһֺ
ڹƵĸܸЧӦӶﵽһЧĽսЧ

5ǻʱ 
Ͳһ룺ԭڿ˹̹λڽյ侳
ڣ࣬۸ˣЩӢġ̡ʲô
Ҫ۵ġ㡱ʵʾǡ˿
гѾͻܺ޹ϵһΪĽĭġ
ͷȴΪҵһŵı֮·

6Լγ
Ҳ˺͡ˡûʶ
㽻׵¢ϽгʵԺĽս۱üУʡ
ˡֻҪڻ¾ˣͷһ
ֻ֣ҪԼȨˡ
ǵ͵ڻ⾭ãִڻгͶͬǣ
ڻгֻһƷ㡣

7۸ķ
1̬Ǽ 1637ĺ㽻гƺʲôǼ۵ɣִ˲ƣ׷׼보Сݵ¹׼أʱһֲﴫȾMosaic˵ֲ
ޱȣԱȾϡMosaicĲ͸ӰȻѾ
һ̬֡˵Ϊ˳Ūĳġѣ
ֺܿеġMosaic㼲Ƿۣ
ȴ㳴֮ŷңļ۸Ҳͷҡֱϣ
þˡ

2Ķǵġֵ 
1635꣬һСChilder㵥 1615֣
Щҿ 14ͷţ414000ҡһֽSemper 
Augustusĵ꣬ 1637 2 5պķ˹صڻг
 6290֣ܣЩ㡱ڣ 
Ԥƻδĳʱ򣬻ᰴʱ򾥡

ս۵ 


1.ƻ 1637 2´ﵽ߳ս۵ļƻĿ 
2.
Ӣʵϻз͵¹Ϊ˱Ķͳơ
Ͷ̡ΪͶ̣˼ķ˹ص
ڻгеĸֻ洢Ȼ鳴ʵʲ
ڵȨͽ׺ԼڸͲڶֻ
㳴ݱ䵽սһˮ롣

˺ķ˹صڻгѾ˺
ԭı⣬¢ϸ߼۳ĲһʵʵΣ
ҽڰȫĽս 


3.⾭õĹģ
Ͷ̡˲һʱ䣬 1636ڻƸߵһĿˮƽ 1636е㽻Ѿȫ
ʵｻף˴Ȩס漰Ľܿ쳬˺ʱ
ܺͣءʱһССĻ
ȨгѾ߱˻õĽƻˣѾ
оĴڣе㡰ϻԴ⬡޴֣ڣĸ
ûмʱزȡڼܲԶʱֱӽƸ

Ե۸ 


4.⽻
ʱǶ㱾⣬׵ĲǡԤеġδ
㡱ʵһԽ˺ֵܲĽʱͰ˼
ź޼ֵ 
㽻׺ԼֽƬϣǾڳֽƬ
ֶѣʱսպŽǵʱѾˡ⾭
á⽻ס㡣 


5.ġϸɡ
Ͷ̡Ϊ˴Ӹϴȡøһ
ͻơ¢ϵڻгġ취˽Ѵ
ȨֳɡϸɡҲǰһȨɺöСͶ
߹ͬϹʽͬ۸СͶߡáͶ̡
ȡúײʽ𣬶һ֡װǡʽú
ǮսۣҲǱΣ˺ײ㡣

ģս۵ġԻͽ֡ 


1.Ͷ̡úƸõĳɹԭ
1ײĶ⽻ޱȿɥʧ
ʵĹע⾭õ԰Ρ
2ڱʱһ˲롰ڣס
ͳ
3սУ⾭õĹģһγԽһʵ
õĹģ⾭õ̬áȲ⣬ҲӦ
սѧһҳǡݴǡ⾭ѧѧ
ոմ⾭á 370꣬⼸ʱ䶼û
⾭ѧĴڣο 1636ĺǸ֪ʲô
4Ͷ̡Ͷ֮⣩˽

ν㽻ڻгڹӰĹڻۡ

5Ƹߺķ˹صڼ۸أڳ
ҥԡ̰͡ںǶԼ۸̵Ŀ־塣
6ûκηɡгԼͶ̡ 
2.ʱ
11637 2 10յı
۸Ѿﵽ˲˼ĳ̶ȣĲƸԶԶ
Ȳ㽻׵ڻֵͶ̡ЦŸˡ
һ1637 2 10գͶ̿ʼͻȻ׳
ڻݣȻе򾥴гѾ
񵽼г׬ֵĽҡǵ˿
ķ˹صڻгڻֵԶԶ
ءֵܲһ˵ѾƲˡ

2Ͷ̴Ӻ׬˶Ǯ˭Ҳ֪Ȼ˺
Ѻ˵̫һ𣬲Сڣ̫ͣ
ֹС򡱵ϰȨͻԻͣԴ
ϣڷأԭʼӡۻ٣ʵ

ⳡĭб˸ɾ˵İ˵ֻ
һս͡ԼѡǸϰͱ 
1637ĭŪһռӡ

3۸Ļع 
1637 2 5գںķ˹صڻгϣһ 
Semper Augustus㵥Ʒּ۸ﵽ 6290£ܣǺĳڼ۸ֻά 0.1£ܣˮƽ൱һӵ 1258000Ԫ˲ֻʣ 2 10ԪӰƱǮˣִúӴһ겻񣬽ս˥ڣҲûлָյٹ⡣

ġ1637ս۵ĺ

һ1937ֱĲͬ˵ 


1.ġߵ׳˵ 
2.ˮ㡱Ĺ
˵ȤһҴӹʻĴͣںķ˹صһˮ´ʱ˳һΪԶİ¹˹򾥣ΪǲһУ棬ȴǴ 3000ġ㶪ʧʱλˮ֣һҲҵȴˮؾѬ㽫¶ȥ
ˮֶ򾥵ļֵһ֪ΪͬһӦ
Ϊһԡֵǧҵһİﾹͬ
У̵˶˵ûûˡˮָ浽˷Ժ
Ծϡܿ죬Ϣˣñһöըķ˹ص
ĿֻšͶ߿ʼ˼ֵǶ򾥵
ֵ˸ԵĻɡ˾鲻ʼ򾥣һЩ
еʼЧԽԽ˾ֻ˳

ǸҥԡΪʱֻʵϱȴֵǮͨˮ
ָܽӴһӴͰһȥԡ
ʱһ㵥һͨĴҪ󣬴ֻǲصȽ
ӸصĵطҵͲҪ˵ˡ˵
ܡڡһʹĭѵս
Ϻ͡ݡһĿġĸ˵ɬ΢
ʡ 


3.˹̹˵ 
1637 2ѮͻȻһִԡӿ˹̹
յִ˵Ǳĵġ

1˹̹㣬ȱרҵļѾԶԶ
ʱٹֲĶ࣬һҲ㲻ϡ
2ʱķ˹صгڻֵѾ˺
ֵʵ٣޷ֵġڻݡǰѡ˹̹
ȫеҳ˵ҲԶԶڻס
УʵｻʱؽֵĲ㲿֡
˵Ŀĺڣ 
1637 
2Ѯȴֱӵ˺
ķ˹صڻгĭĳ飬ѹϵһ
ݣ˶ѡ




1637꣩ġƺ 


1.Э
ķ˹صڻгĽĭ 
1637 2ѮͻȻѡѾ˷磬û֮ԣѾʧĺЭᣬ 1937 2 24տ 1936 12ǰǩͬ뽻ڴ֮ǩĺͬȨٸ 10Ļӡ˵ȷģʵ
Ӱ˵ĭʽˡԣʹ
ĽΣңΪʱļ۸ֹʮ 


2.ֺԼ
1ͷĺ׬һѣۿΣ
Σò 
1937 4 27㽻Ƕ
Ϊͬϡ㲻ֵһġ֪
ԣͨ¹涨֧ͬ۸ 3.5֮
ֹͬһ涨ճѸ˻ʧҪʼͶ 96.5û֧ֻ֧
ͬ 3.5ôҪܷǳصʧˣǵ
ЩôʧԺһЩҲᳬ 96.5ʵһ̵̡Ӧԣɺ˲보Ҳ
2ΪѵĴǡǡ˵˺Ѿ˽ѵĴҲԴһ˵Ϊʲô 1636ûйϳֹ
Ȩԭܼ򵥣Уﻢ¡
31637꣩Ľȷġ
4ֻ̰ƴǮȣԶڽǮȵ
ǰԶͣ׷ǣͬŨˮֹʣֻԽ
Խʡ
 
4ڹصķ񲲡Ϻĭ


һصĽսϺ˾ĭƭ

ⲻһ׵ġĭһΪ֪ġս
临ӡͱ֮ԶԶʷ¼ǽһ
нսսĵ䷶

ϺƭֵĹ챳

һӵĹ

 
1720Ӣ׶صϺƭٺʲˡϺ
ƭֵʵ临ӣԶԶǱ濴ô򵥣׼ȷ˵
һԡǮʽֳĴȨ֮Ӣ񲻹ǳʧ
꼰ضѡ

ƶծ 


1.мɭWilliam Paterson) 
1689Ϊ˺ͷ·ʮĴ̣ҵм
ɭս͡һʱͿǡ䡱Ļ̸õĺͬ

аˣӢмɭWilliam Paterson)
һһݡġ⡱һ˽СӢС
˽л滻Ӣ

һͷβĽƭ֣ҲΪӢȫ
ԼֽҡӢмҽŵֻҪ˽г
ṩ 
1200000Ӣֽ𡱸ӱÿλƺ
û⡢Ҳûʱȥ⡰˽ծʣƺû
Ӣһġƭ֡

ʵϣ˼벻Լֽҡ취Ӣ
Ҳмɭ 
ֽӢĽ󣬻ͬ 
мɭȥֽӢӢҽЩš
Ļ顣Լ͵ġʼСյĻ֮һǷ
ңΪԼʵǻ¸ųˡ˽С
 
7Сʵۿܲҿ´һʼͿˡ

ġսһȵ󡱣Ҳһ޷
ܾⲿѹ׳صһ
Կ˭ɵӣ˭ɵӡһ仰
Ӣǿʱ棬Ӣҡ

ҳǣ򱾣 



ڰսǶ 
յĽթ


2.ծҵƭ
мɭWilliam Paterson)мҳһտǻ
ӢУȲҪʱҲûκǰͶ룬ȴӴһ
ֽӢֵڽӢȨ

ӢʱҲӢңΪӢһ
ֽӢ˰Ѻ̼ûбҪ
ɭWilliam Paterson)ҲûбҪڷֽҵͬ
ʱƾոһϢΪǣһûծҲûӢ
ծ񣬶˻ңӢҲͳծ񡪡ծ
ۡ

ЩծԶܱΪĽӢʧ
չҪԽԽӢֽңҲͱȻԽԽծ񣨺
֧˽лҷߵծϢ͵ӢǷм
ɭWilliam Paterson)Ӣԭʼɶ̳ߵծֻԽ
ԽԶܻ壬Ҳ壨˾ûˣҡծ񡱱 
ծĻҡҪࣩЩνġծ񡱲ﵽ
֣ұȻҪӢ˰ʵȴû
κΡ 


3.1697 7 27 1694 7 27գ䷢˽ӢеĻʼִգRoyal Charter
һ 


1.˵ӢӢһ
ŮȻʹظ 
1701ġλ
̳зһ־۹ŵѡۺӢ̳λ
һ1714꣩һӢﶼ˵Ӣ޸ҲޡȤҪǵ־ŵ Ӣ ǣص㣬̿ 20ǰȷ˽ƺծƶȵ޴غΪʱӢѾĪǷˡ
ծȨˡ 0.3ӢõĲֽӢ֣Ҳծҵķй̣ʵʲûС衱ծֻоһебҪ⣬˽ġ 
2.һѡ
һӢе⡱кܶ෽ѡ
񣬱磺һӢԼлңȻ÷Ӣ
һԹ黹ǷӢеծȻջӢ
еӪҵִռɡм޻˵ӢԺҲԼ
зҡøծУ취ᶯҲԣøҲС
ֵͨʵʡӢйɶġծ

һȴѡһԻӢļƻϺ
ĭ̹ʵ˵սԾǡȸӢȻӢͬʱ
һĶ֡ӢС 


3.һϺ˾
һĿǴӸӢǵ˹Ϊ
Ӣ˽ײ̰Ӣ¶⡰ءŵĿȤ
ӢСʶ֮ʿԶƶȵͿ־壬ء
ɫһ 
1711ֳ˾Ϻ˾ʼ¡ 


4.ѡۺKurfrstΪ Kurfrstenǵ¹ʷϵһ
ʱָЩӵѡٵ־ʥ۹
ʵ۵Ȩ1806꣬ʥ۹ɢѡȨʧ
ȥ塣ѡۺںĵ־۹һλʽȥ
ԭȥԶ

ϺĭĶʼĩ

һϺ˾ 


1711꣬ӢΪ޽óţרųһϺ
˾Ů׼˽˹˾ҲǺӢйء1711
˾ӢעᣬӢ뵱ʱΪء
޺̫ƽרӪóȨǣù˾𣨲֣Ӣ
ծ

ӢĹծ 


1.ծ
ӢǷӢйɶΪġծȨˡծ⣬
ҳǣ򱾣 


ǰ̸ˣҪ˵һӢĹծ 


2.Ӣծ2005꣩ĸ 2005ӢծܶѾߴ 5259Ӣյ 4.75Ϣ㣬һϢ֧ 249.8025Ӣ2005ӢֵΪ 12260Ӣծ 42.8Ϣ֧ռӢֵ 2.03 2005ӢΪ 534Ӣ2006ﵽ 801ӢӢûнƶȣӢԷлҳЩծ

ƶȣûСʧһҪ򡰹ծȨ
ˡֽӢ黹ծծϢ2005Ӣɵծ
ծϢֵܺ;ʹ 783.8025Ӣռ 2005Ӣ 
GDP 6.392005Ӣʵ GDPΪ 1.9 232.94Ӣ۳ծϢ֧ĸʵΪ-16.8625
ӢѾˣ۳ծϢ֣ʵ-550.8625ӢҲ 2005Ӣʵ徭ʵ˥ 4.4 
3.Ӣծ1720꣩ĸ
 1694 7 27ӢƶȷӢծ 1720
ﵽ 0.3ӢӽӢʱյ 30Ȼû
أ̶ 26꣬ծƶȾƾһʾ޶ծ 
4.Ϻ˾ġ
Ϻ˾֮ 
8䣬ûӮҲûȡءó׵ɣ˵Ϻ˾ʼӢӢеһıƤ˾еǷӢеծ

˵Ϻ˾һƭֺıһսеĵߣ
ȷһСˡ
һġϺƻ 


1һƱծծȨתơ
ܵĲ߻1719 ꣬Ϻ˾Ķǹ棬 
СҵӢ˴ʵָʱӢңС̸СŵϺ˾ĹƱӢծոɴȫӢĹծϺ
˾ĹƱӴûӢΡ
Ӣ۹ծһտǹ˾ĹƱ
ӢǷӢйɶծ֣
˾ĹƱҲ֣ͳһնԿաľ档

ѵ̸СӢǿӦ 


2.ڶƸ߹ɼֽۣɽ
Ϻ˾ĹƱֵǮӢеĹɶͲܡԣ
ϺĭƭֵĹؼǣ߹ɼۣҲǡһĸߡǡ
ߡӢиоϺ˾ĹƱ 
0.3ӢӢծȨֵǮŻҧ

ģп 


1.ҥԳ¯
ΪϺ˾ֵԶԶ 0.3Ӣ조ҥԡ
ޡءó󡣵 1719꣬һԾŶ
޿ƵУóҪġ
޹Ҷ˵һ̶ϷӳʱӰ
ʵһȳΪ纣ϰġ򡱡
ȥһֶѡ

ҥߺרҵҥԣͬϺ˾ 
ó
ȨͬϺ˾³һӪ˻أ»ƽ𿪲ɡ
̲ݷȣȻֻǸҥԣȷˡҪ
ҪɢӢµı룬һֲƵĳ嶯һ
ʱ䣬Ϻ˾̳˹еǣɼۿʼǡ 


2.Ϻ˾Ĳ񱨱
Ϻ˾Ҳطһһݡ񱨸桱桰ɴ
ĻƽͰӢͬλðġ񱨸桱ȻҲ
֡ܵӢԼ˹͹󳼿Ĺ
Ͽɡһ£Ҳ˵Ӣ֤Ϻ˾ȷƽ
޼֮

ⱳȻһǸϺĭƻܵݡĬ
ƵԼ˹͹󳼿ϣ˵
ǡְܻǼ䲻ƽġ⵹˵ǵĲθУ
֪޴󹫷ߣʺܿҪ¶ƭ֣Ǹ
ٶǮҲû˸ҽֻ¸ΪǮû
ǳԵĵӢĴǲ᲻ 


3.
Ϻ˾ġ񱨱õ˹ٷϿɣ˽Ϻ˾
ƱֵҲ͡ɡˣϺ˾ĹƱһʱС
һӢͯҥļ¼˵ʱ龰ǳҹգʼ
¡ʿĦ࣬ŮʿͿ֬Ĩۣʼ˺ͬеðա

˿̵Ӣµеϰգϵ壬Ŀ
ѧţҲϺ˾ĹƱǿͶ֧£ 
1720 9 Ϻ˾ĹƱѾÿ 1000Ӣ˿һƤ˾ļ
Ѿﵽ 0.1ӢϺ˾ĹƱֵȫŷޣӢ
ͨ 5˵һһţǸȦ
Ǯĸ֡ 

4.ӢеĶԲ
1ƾͼ
ӦйǾϻˣ죬ǿǿ֡
ӢдӺʱŵ޴֪Ǻܿ
ġĳЩ˽⵽ˣûиϺ˾
Ӣٷ˵зҲͿ˽⡰һСˣ

ӢпܡϺ˾ĹƱȡӢծȨ
㡣ΪӢծȨı˽ֽӢķȨԶԶ
Ϻ˾ҪöࡱһӡǮһ׬ǮȻӡ
ǮӺ㡣ҲѴǲúһ

ܹ˵һ̯ơղС˵һûй
˺ֻǾһȦ׵ӢеĶ꣬
Ƕ˻أʱӢӵպǿĻ
ҲмǵжСɴཫƾͼƣ 


˳ˮƸϺ˾ɼۡ 
ڼϺ˾ƱûӢծȨġ顱 
۷˽кͽڻʼǽ
⣺Ϻ˾ĹƱ۸Ƹ߳ŷֽͨ 
5
߹ɼ۵ڵġͶʿȡתƵӢġ
ߵĿɴߡϡӢҲϺ˾Ĺɼǵ

2թƭͶ
Ϻ˾ĭƭ̫ɹˣȫŷ޵ֽȴȻ
ͳһֽ𡱵⡣һЩˡˡŵ
ҲѧϺ˾ģڹĹС鱨ҵ㡰ȦǮ
ʱһ湤עһҡǱ⹫˾ 
Ŀտǹ˾
ȻڹϳۡԼ֪ҹ˾Ǹʲôģ͸֪
˻£Ȼ 6Сʱ 2000Ӣ
Ȼ˼֮ززҪ֪ʱһǿ׳ܸɵӢһҲ
˼ӢЩСƭӡɷ˼ƸߡƭӡϺ˾
ƱʽϺ˾ʹУƭ̫ɺˡȻԼġ
ⱳֱҵӢᣬܿƳСƭӡ
ġթƭͶ

ʵӲ˵֧Ϻ˾ĭƭֵľԲ
ܵĹԱӢҺᣬǴȻ
ЦġթƭͶ̨֮죬֮˳һ
Ϻ˾˽˹˾Ľʣ
ϺĭһҲӢҺνġʼӢ
СĻ̯ƵĿʼ

3Ӣб̵ľ 
Ӣд 1720 
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1720ꡰࡱ൱λȨޣӢһ
࣬ӢƵĿɽ棩޲ءֶRobert Walpole
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˾ƱӢгȫӢծ᰸һӢ
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2007ʱ򣬵߽ʼӢСĲݣ
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ԿеĶ䡣ЩˣϺ˾
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ΪҲϺĭҪƶ֮һ

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ϵġϺĭܶεظšͽ
ɫȴ֪ 


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1һĵڶ׷
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ȻӢеĶ֣ƻ͡Ҫˡ
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ӢңȨȹ̣ŵһʧ
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ð裬˳ʷ̨

ʱ̰Ҳ׶׹෿޲ءֶRobert 
Walpole)Ū˳ػָȶϺ˾Ĺɼֻ
һĸ߶ȡȻֽƣʵڻԸ˺ͻ
еȨһεץС

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ܣʵ෴һ̰׶ֱһ
Ūġ޲ءֶ࣬һȺӢɡҪ׵ö࣬
һӢƵԭʷһս
ңȨıԶս죬ӢĹУҲڶλ

 5һ񡪡1910ĭƭ
һһ峯Ľսۡ 1910ĭƭ 


1910귢йϺеһĭƭ֣һ͵Ľս
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սĿء 


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ӦԴʩҪޡȡͬλ

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ԣ˹棬ٰǣƣºѷнܷ
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ٵһʷƬϣ1950괺ëϯӵ쵼˹ַ
һܵ籨Ĵǣa.Ϊ׵Ҷȹʵ
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3й𽺹ҵչ
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ʱȫйȻֻ 199֡й޵СִҵĿǰйȻ𽺵һѹȻ˵ǵģߵڶֲ 600000꣬ 570000֡

4һսǰŷ޶ݸ״
ŷ޲𽺣ҪԷޡͶǵ԰Ȼ
Ҳʹ꣨ʱҲȽ󣬴ȻƷе
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ɥʧԭԡԣսȻǸĽȻ𽺲
ҲֻһͷһС棬ȴ޷޸
ʼһʱ䣬Ҳͱ֤սǿԴһʱģͬʱ
޷ڴ棬ֻԭأҪֻܡֻ
ˣսʱ͡ôսʡˡ

5ӢˡͨеսḶ̌ȻҪһʱЧҪܸߵĶսʱġԤͺĲ֡ʵϣ19091910ĽĭƭУй̨ϵǰ̨ǾӢˡ 
1903꣨ͳԪ꣩йϺһΪ־רӪ𽺡޻͵սʣ޻ըҩĹ˾ɼ֮Զһʱʵʲҵġտǹ˾ϸҲ
֪ԳӢʧ٣Ϻ̲ŷ
Ȳ֪ԺҲ֪ȥġտǹ˾ŵ 
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Ȩ͵ڳ޲ҵ֮ġտ
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ɥʧ

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һĭƭֵ

Դ 1903꿪ʼйʲõһݵķչʱ䣬
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峯ĩ꣬ڲҵĿǰ١

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СϺԴǮׯΪ׵ҵʵʾʹ峯еְܡ

ٳ 
1910ĭƭֵļԭ 


1ŷС¹˾ׯϳŵ
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йڸով 
1883Ϻڷ糱֮Ͷ߶Ʊ£Ѿ˹ƱǳƱ򲻺ûġһԾŶŷоȻϳŵ¹˾е𽺹ƱаƱϺѺֿȨҲƤ˾ĹƱͳƱһн޶¹˾𽺹ƱͳгƱΨһǣƱ۸ʱԵڳƱɼǣ߻׬Ǯ׬ 


2ʳҡ 1909꿪ʼͻȻԽȻ𽺣¹
۸ǣƱҲȻ˳ġ˹ϳȻڶսʱʼˡɫֱ죬ϳ𽺵ۺҲȻ𽺡 1900ͻȻҵʼȤˣ磺ֵԼŸ˹أJohn Jacob Astor)PκǣP Widener)һ𿪰ˡͨ˾̥˾Rubber Tire Wheel Company)̥˾ Consolidated 
Rubber Tire Company)Щ־ͷȻֱʴúܡ 
1903긣˾ĵһͳ19081927
꣩ۼ۳ 800Ԫ1914һ Tͳļ۸ȴѾ͵ 345Ԫ˿ۼƲ 10000001924һ Tͳļ۸һ͵ 260ԪԺһĵ͵ѩҲ 400Ԫ


ҵչ 20 20ſʼģĸع
˾ 1903꿪ҵÿֻʱڶ
 20Ŵﵽÿ 40000 20ͳƭֲ߱Ĺҵ̣ͻȻƸ𽺼۸ǡʳҡʷϼأԶ 1908꣬ͽ0.57Ԫ𽺣1909ڶ 
0.7ԪӢ 1908𽺽ڶΪ 84Ӣ1909ͻȻǵ 141Ӣ׼أڡĽͽͨߵķչرҵѸٷչǵ 1900 1909ʱʵʵôЩӢڵġܴȻ𽺵Գ 
19081909Ĺҵʹ֡Խ޴ʧͶҲһͶ߿Գܵĳ̶ȣҪ֪ʱ 
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3.йǮׯĴģ룬Թ𽺡Ͷʡгע˾޶ʽ 
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 1910ĭ֮ʱѾʼ硱ļ
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 5 31ջ 368696.77Ԫཻڰտĳģʽ
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ʣ 6ҡԶ 1910ʱ򣬽ֻкٵĸտҵʽ
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5.Ǯׯľ޶򵥺𽺡Ʊ
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2⣺19091910
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2.ΣǮׯֺźʹƲ
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ؿǿʼұûܵӰ˽ǮׯƱźУ
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3.ȫΣ峯еҵƲ
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ЦԷǵĺ 


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2.峯
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ˡ

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ȡʤ 

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һĽϵͳ

һֵϵͳѾ˽ڻ巶 


1.ֽĶˡϵͳ
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ܾúͲƾԱһЩýԪƺ
ǰϯ˹ǡϡʵϣϯǻ
һ˽˽ڻŦԼ֮
ˣҲ 
ѯίԱᡱУܹѯ
 


2.ֽĺġŴš
ĦţMorgan Financial GroupţFirst National City Bank 
Financial GroupŰţDu pont Financial GroupʿٲţBoston 
Financial Group÷¡ţMellon Financial Group
Cleveland Financial Group֥ӸţChicago Financial Group
ǲţCalifornia Financial Groupÿ˹ţTexas 
Financial Group 


3ڵġ˼š
ֵ߸󲿷ֻҵԴ 
J.PĦ
ķ˹ϣΡˣŦԼһеܲãν
ĦţˣԼ˷գ˷գķ˹˹
ҳܲãŸл򣨿ײ˾ڱ׼

ʯͳмšɵʱĺŦ


ԼµϣµͶϵĴʼˣ 


4.ִϵĽӰ
1ܷ͡ޡѷͳ 1913 
12 23մٳˡͨԺʱ 
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㿪ˡǲͬծƶȡͬΥܷ
ĻҷȨ˽˻ֲ빫ԡ
ԣǡ㿪ˡοκ.ս.ų.2007

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2Ҫͽרҵʿϵͳ 
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һ˵ĳ׺ȫ棬ǲҹȥǴȨ 
׼ģ 
28ͳޡѷ 


ڡɱСܵ 8ͳ³ܿѷ 
 ҲںʲôĿͳղӢ۹ϣһ
ӢĻҹӢ۹Ӣ
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Ӣм÷Ү˹ж 
ܡҼлǵɵвȵ˵ľӸ
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 3ͳ˹ܸѷ 
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2.˰ʼ աٷ֧֮
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1.λҰʡAaron Russo2006ɷԱ 
Dr. Ron Paul룺ٶ޲ʿԱ 
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ѧ 
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1.Ըǿ
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Ԫķй 


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壩 2004֮ǰ 5ռ
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һĽΣʵʡ⾭

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׶ɭϵΪϵԺŻָ֡
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147Ԫ 58.8ƽ 35Ԫ1˾ 850Ԫ1˾ 24

 1913 12 23֮ǰϰ 1.252.5ԪһӢĶأ1820£ط涨 1ӢĶؼ۸Ϊ 1.25Ԫ1877ĵط涨 1ӢĶؼ۸Ϊ 1.25Ԫ׸ÿӢĶ 0.25Ԫ֤ڶһֻĵؽйȣйزżϸٲÿӢĶ 1Ԫĵؼۣ1867 3 30հ˹ӵֻĵصĹ۸ÿӢĶԼۺ 
0.019182ԪڵʱȻЦΪSewardıСSewardСȻ˹ӽԶô򵥣ҲԴӲ濴ʱԪļֵ 2007ũѾǵ 1ӢĶ 450030000ԪҲǡ֮ͨ94꣬ء۸ǡ 
10000ҡѻҷȨ1913 
12 23գ֮ǰ 93У۸ 1820ġ£ط涨ÿӢĶ 1.25Ԫ 1785ġط涨ؼ۸ 1Ԫ/ӢĶСǸ߷壬 1796ġط涨ؼ۸Ϊ 2Ԫ/ӢĶ 
1819Ͷ߳1877ĵط涨 1ӢĶ 1.25Ԫ

⾭ʵ徭õķ

һ⾭⾭ѧ

봴⾭ѧΪʲô⾭һֱڣʵ徭õ
̬ӳҪרȥо⾭á׶ɭϵȷԺ
һʵ徭áģԶԶԽʵ徭áʵ徭õ
⾭ãҪһѧоص

ʲôԪġ⾭á

⣬ҪҲ΢ũ桢ҵǵһҵҵǵڶҵôڽסƱأ˵ˣһ֣ڽסڻƱڵҵڶ֣ڽסƱִǽҵԽڽסƱڵڶҵ

۽ڲҵڵڶҵǵҵٿԿ϶ڽ
סƱףܵϿɵĳҵΪ΢
֮ڣڽסƱ޿ɺǣڽסƱ 
ҲһĻǾˡΪڽסƱ
ʵʲκβƷȲʵƷ磺ӻ
ȣҲƷ磺ӰӾ硢롣 
ڽסƱһġһ

֡ڽסƱġģʽҲ޿ɺǣΪг
ҲҪڽ׺͹Ʊڻ⾭ñʵ徭õĻҷ
ӳǣĳЩضʷɺ󣬴ͳСм֤ȯĽ
ʾͻᷢʱ䣬γһԶԶʵ徭ùģɰǧġ
õ⾭á 


1.һһ綨ۡסң
һ̡¢ϡһùϵƻ羭û
ϵһֱڵʤ̭ƣʵ徭ñεŤΪܣ
⾭öгã򣩵ġ߸Ϊܡ 
2.⽻ 
24Сʱϡ˲ɡ 
3.ڹߵĳ֣ܸЧӦĲὫ⾭öʵ
徭õʮϰٱ䱾ǣԭʼڻ
õʵƷг滻Ϊʱá
⾭öʵ徭õӰ 
Ƹתۡ

⾭üȷչĽᵼһľ󣺾⾭
߱Ѵʵ徭øˡӪ⾭öʵ
õĲƸתƹ̲ܹʵ֡Ҳ͸ķչйҴ
ѵõģǲ˼ĻҲһ⾭ùеì
ܣ⾭޷һûʵ徭õĹҽвƸתƣһ
ǿʵ徭ֺѽֲƸתơ


ġ⾭õĹģ

һƷĽ׹ģ 


2007ʵ徭ܶҲ 400000Ԫ£ɽ
Ʒ꽻׶͸ߴ 6000000ڡ10000000Ԫÿġ
ࡱģʹﵽ 20000ڡ30000Ԫ֮ޡ㽻ֻ
Ԫ⾭õһɲ֣ĻƷ۸ָڻԭϼ
ָڻм۸ָڻ漰СáǧƵ
ڽײƷֻҪԸ⣬Ƴ۸ָڻ 
۸ڻָ۸ڻָõġ
½ڲƷֱܹӰ졢ʵ徭ãͨ
ֵ

⾭ùģʵ徭ùģı롪Դ

õʵʵڵӰʵ徭õĲƷ۸
ҵ⽻׵ĹģѾԶԶʵ徭ã͡㽻
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20ǵƱԭ
ϡƷڹߵ꽻׶ص͸ˮ
Ԫ⾭ùģѾʵ徭 
100 1000

⾭ùģʵ徭ùģı룬Ҳ⾭öгõ
ŤǡǡԴ⾭òг÷룬
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ʱ߸ġ򡱣Ծʱ˵Ҳʹӵ
ȡг򣬶ʱ˵г򡱺͸ı
ֹʱȡ

ʱڡг򡱵Ŀɲ޴
ʱСг򡱵ĹС

˵⾭ãָΪ⾭ѧоִ
ãŴ⾭ôʵ徭ã⾭ѧо

Щ޶ԪЧӦũƷƷ
ҵƷصʵһûκιϵĲ𡣼⾭õ
ʽ 
1ͻʵ徭öٱ󡣿⾭
ʵȴûвֻԪϷ

塢ЧӦܸЧӦ

һײڵƷ

⾭õʽǰκʵƷֻκΡʱռĲ
Ʒܺ͡ƷڻΪ׶󡱣ҲԽΪ׶
󣨱磺ָڻǵԼʵڶĲԽס۸䶯
ƷҪЩƷڣеģҲǡġ
ġ⽻ףһ̵뼶ʱڽף׶
޴Բô΢С⾭õҲ޴󡪡
޴İٷ֮һҲ޴Ǳ˵ġһС
Сٷֵ仯塱

ЧӦ

⾭ѾĿ͹ʵ徭õһӳһ
ڵģԶԶʵ徭ϵͨ
Ԫʵ徭ýܵͬϵϵʵ
⾭õ⾭ѧеЧӦ

ܸ˱
⾭õĸܸ˱ָ 


1.ڹߵĵϵҲǱ磺5ı֤𣬿ӵ 100ڻԼ 20ĵϵ 
2.⾭ý׵ƷŸܸԣ磺ָڻ䱾ǶĲָǵָǵ 0.01Ʒ
ȫ԰ 0.01 100ı仯жĲݡг󡱺 
ͶߵĽܶȡܸԵƷ
ģԪ⾭егö 
1988ͨһó׾棬涨ˡгùҡ 
6һҵĿɶһԣڶ̸֮ͨоʣʵҵģٶϵ壬ҪٶԴ䡢ҵƷ۸ĸԤΪοϢ.200712 13עҪġ 6Ԫϵеġгáǡǡ񲿵Ϳġ涨ٰġгá


⾭öʵ徭ͲƸתƻƵʵ

һһʵ徭ý⾭õĽý顣
⾭õӵ޶Ľý顣


 4⾭õĻӰ㾭ãϣ


һ㾭

һ㡱

㡱һָڷɢעġʵС
Уεȣкģе˵ģصˡ
磺ħʦŮһ㶼úƯʱúܱ¶ԸУ
ħʦҪʱ򣬱ֳáĿľ˲ɢйڵ
עŮڵļɶԹעҪﰲȫԱҲ
׺һЩŮԣƵá

㾭

Ԫ⾭ڡͨͨĺǣ
ңԪͨġͣҲԪӣָҹģ
ʵ徭ùģ󣩡Ҳ͡òڿɿƵĲȶˣ
ǡӲһ֣ҲСһ֡㾭á

ʵʩԪ㾭Ͷʽ֮Ԫ漰Χ֮㡢ֶ
֮ӶﵽħʦԶԶ޷ﵽĸ߶ȣ֮һ
ħʦڱݽĿڣҲȡս棻
㾭ǮǿģĿάϵԪƣҲȡս
档ǰǼƲߣϵͳ̡

㾭ʷ̾һĻᴩ 
1913
ʷǲ׶ɭϵȷԺγһĻ
ϵΪһάϵԪϵɻȱֶΣάд
ʵ徭ãӰۣ͹Ԫϵ᲻Ƶĸ

㾭áƺ⾭ֱʵ徭óǧ򱶵
ƺڽСʵ㾭άϵ⾭õĹ
ߣҲ⾭õ졣

Ļ㾭һսԾߣʵ徭áʽֵ
ãһʵ徭õĭҲһ̬Ļ⾭õ
ʵ徭ʧɵìܺͳַϵͳԡ

㾭õľ䰸

һ 
ֶĭ 


1.ֺõġά޹
ͳֶٿԪ糬ʹڵٽ״̬һ
ͼӸŤתծ˫־ãɹ 

ֱȻʧܡˣһͼһط緶Χڵ
Ԫҵʵ徭ãȻͨ˰Ϣмƻ
Ԫֵ족öĻףһʵ徭
ôʱʣĵʶԶͿͳƣ
Ҳơ

Ԫ㾭ʷϣֶͳһʡֶ
ĭĳάԪƣûԪƵġԡ 
ʡͼ⾭ôһʵ徭ô
𲽹黹ծ͵߸ԪƣΪԪծ
ƶȣԪ⾭õıʾ͸֧ʵ徭õծƣ
ԪȵȺ׷Ԫͨ͵ĹģҲ
ծģ 


2.Ϣҵĭ
1ֶǿýˡϢҵĭ
ʵ幤ҵһɲֵϢҵΪһԡϢ
ӦӦԪɻƣԪʯĿ
ԪͶʽС
2ñ׼¢ʹòϢʵƷĲ
ȡ׼¢ϱƶ׼Ϊ첻ݺͨģר
עᡱгʵʩռʹ⾭ʵ徭ת䡣

3޶ȵģ緶ΧģԪӿкͣ
ֹȷԪֹԪị̆Ԫơ

3.ĭ
Ʋԭ˾ĲƷһԼ
Դ뿪ŵ䱾ʾһиЭĲ
棩κһһרҵУ磬
ݹԴĶֱ̱ӱˣ 


1994 4 4ճעʱԪ˾޶ٿƼȴ 1999괴˽ӽ 1000ԪĹɼۣȻ 41Ԫչ 2003 7 15աʧǰ 7꣩һ߿Ƽ˾һپΪ˽ 1000Ԫ൱ 1971ʯÿͰ 2.53Ԫʱ͹ң 40͹ÿͰɵ 11.25Ԫ 1000Ͱԭ͵ãҲĸ乺 1985 30ڶϢծ30˰ýӽ 7000ԪãϢ볬һЩҵֵһʾ޶Ԫʣƾʧڿֶĭﲻˡ

ʲĭ 


1.
ʲĭ㾭ռݵʷλһ̳ߺ
չߡܵӰ죬Ҫǿ
ڸһʵѾص߿Ƽ
ˡС֡Ĵ½ս̹ڹܡĴҪӵ¹
ڣⲻǡóײ͡ͳɱûص
ܺĴʵ徭áоƬϲϵνġ߿Ƽ
ƷҪڣѾ뿪Ͳĵز 


2.ҵһЩܣпƻú鹹İʾ
1ȫӥսĿǰѧ£
Խȫսصļܴڣңңء˹ܡ
ȼϵйأǸĿǰڷ޷˷⣬
ԺĿɻֿܣ߼Ժ˾۱似
΢ͻˡػˣɡȫӥܳԽĿǰơ

2װֱװֱԲǹ̶ǿ̹˼
ȺĶ֣Ҳױü翸Զǹھѻ
ǹ䣬ݹţδйһý幫ġװֱ

Ϣһ鲻һЩרҳЦԶǹ
ǹֱܹġҥԲרҵɼЩר
ôרҵԶǹԴ͸׺ľøְ壬԰ټƵ
ٽֱתҲᵼ»еϡȷ
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14.7׵ػǹ޷
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4ηɻF22Ϊֻ̽ 
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ҡӺ̽ȽǶȣF22Ŀ̽״ﷴͻӣ
Ϊڡ硱ֻܽĳǶȵ״ﷴ
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ҲǴ淢״źţҲ΢źţ
״źԷ䣬мֻҪ徭ͻͨŶͿ
̽мλײ̽ûκá 


3.
1ýͳáʡͳáʡ
־͡ʧˣ㡰ƽ֡֡Ҳȡʡ
Ҫࡣ
2ڶսе˱ΪһˡԽսڼ
ҽƾȻĽڶսʱظտʼģӦã
ЧܺõҲϡȱʿȾȥս˱Ϊ 
һʮˡڶκսװסš


ءСװװ׶͵Ϯ˶࣬
ʻһ͡һӢͳƣָӢפ˲ӣ 
һʮˡ 
2007ڶκսе 
3000ˣյڶսҽˮƽ 21000ˣ300018000ˣԽսҽˮƽ 39000ˣ300036000ˣ
Ӣҽˮƽ 108000ˣ3000105000ˣ

3ͳƺЩֻͬҪǾ
ԱǰߣʧٺͳơͬʧԱ
ʱִսġˮ˾ȹӶ˾Ⱥڡս
Աͳơͬʱһھж˵սԱ
ֻҪϷټκͳơ
ڲƷĭ 
1.ɻ
Ĳɻɹ 50Ϊóײģ
 50ľǺĵĵ豸ͷĺϽĩ
ϡоƬĶóףװڹ⣬仰
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ɻԽġԪơ 
2.ַ͵ġеũҵģʽ
1ձ鱻һũҵʵģʽǴʹ
ʺũҩذᡢɳصġַŻҵũҵģʽ
ԼĿǰʵѵĸũƷǴ
ʳϵĻڷյҲ޷
ũĻʵũҵ״һ
ģеƻ˻ԻľϸũҵֶΡȿ 
ַũҵģʽ

2Ӱսʿǹ˺¡¡ո棬
ǰɳأǵھϸġĴַʽڻеũ
ҵģʽһֶԻ˿ǰƻũҵģʽȷũƷ
ڴڵʳƷȡɿɡƷࡢϣ
СʳƷ߲ˡǹ㡢ζʳƷ͸ռԶڵС󡢴󶹡׵ĸռ

3ũҵһֱάԭʼĴַũҵģʽڡũ
Ľʽ 1796ġط涨۹صġ 1785ط涨 640ӢĶ 1ӢĶۼ 1Ԫߵ 2Ԫؼ 50ֿ 50Ϊ 1ô1877ͨĵط涨ƽԭÿ 1ӢĶȸ 0.25ԪķʽͿռ 640ӢĶ뱣֤ 3ڶһֻĵؽйȣйزżϸٲ 
1ӢĶ 1ԪĵؼۿͿʽȡȨЩûʲôķʵùũ񲻵ò١640ӢĶԼۺ 
3840Ķ25600ĶȻ³էԼͥΪλͨũһ֧˶ĻƽֽңҲʼӪ 
ٹؾͱծ 
ʽծ 
һͥһӽ 
3840Ķأָһʾ޴ ׸ҲҪծ 
 640ӢĶ 3840Ķй˵ġ1Ķء 25600
ĶĿǰأˣҪԶһͥ
еģӶƶ軧߶̹ũߵ
Ǯʵũҵ޶ȵʽ𣩱ծ 
ݴʱһũ˿ƷġũʵһֱڸծӪ
ʲծ״̬ԡծȨˡҪ
ծȻ޿ɱƲȫһС˽ͷ 
ʷϣŷ޽ʱͼ¢ϣܿ
ʶֱӳΪصߣӪմͶࡣ
ѸٷתʼծȨծũҵϵץ
סũҵسͶҪص㣬ƵƵ
ũάϵƲġԵʵʳΪծµĵ軧͹
ͷծԶҲġ 
߻ֲҪũ黹ծ񣬶ҪԴծũҵơ 
ũܰծϵʵɥʧɡΪʲô
ΪΥծȨ־ĽƲƲζɥʧһеĲƲ
Ϻλһᱳϡûû
ҵıĹԣܶ 1929ꡰʱƲũѡɱ˳̨

ģҽƲҵĭ

ҽϵ֧ռùģ 162005꣩2005꣬
ڡҽչˡ͡ҽƾȼáϵĻѾ͸ߴ 4859
Ԫҽ֧ 20000Ԫȫ˰֧
ȴ˽ҽƲźͱչ˾Ҫġ15000
ԪȻǻԼֱӸûȫߡҽƣ
ҽƻ㾭õֱӺǴһҽι۹ҵ
֧ԪΡҽƣĿǰģѾԪ
ѸÿλֻҪҽƼ۸̫ҽƼ۸Ĳ죬
֪жܵҿˣ1993˾ҽƷ
 3500ԪҽܷռֵGDP) 19
5⾭õĻӰ㾭ã£


һ㾭֮˵һ䡪ĭָ
ҵĭָ룩

ҵ׬ǮôӦʵ徭ãȻĲƷ
ǾƷĵӰҵȽ⣬ڻ㾭ã
õ׷ʵ󣬵һҪ׬ǮȴҪá

һ߼ʳѡ㳡

֯ 


1913 1223յġծʽ
ײ㣬нסҽÿֱһꡢ
꣨һιƽ 
31.5꣩˵ծ󶨺͡㴢һνġƶȡҲ˽ΪòãͿϵÿϢĿǰ˾ծ 100000ԪеÿϢƽﵽ 
20еʱԴﵽ 3040
˭ֻأˡ㴢̶

һУǳҪ

ɹģʽ˵

һʫ̫ڻʵ泤ߣ׬Ӣ۾ͷ˵ʷϿ
˿ƾƶȵ̫ڣʵ쾵ۣʷ쾵۲塷
еԶȴ䡢
ϣȻһ̡Ķսʧȴι
ָ˼ƫĹɵģٸ꣬
С壿ٵܼӣ˵Ĳ͵ʶҲܳڣ
ʷûиһʵĿ͹̫ٵǳƣ
ˣͬӹһĥ¹ľȨȣÿƾƶȰѴ˵
ĥˣഺˣǵ˼롣Ȼ˵Ƭ棬
ûʶ˹ĺͿƾٵһ棬ȴҲ̵ؽ¶˿ƾƶȵ 
ֵ

ծΣʧλУˡѡ
ΰ˼ҡѡ˰űޣѡϰ壬ѡż
񣬺ѡӣѡ֮ǡǼֵۡе
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ԼֵġΪҵһɹĽݾ
ΪԼĳĽߵˡǰ̨ΪһƬ
͹ҵȷġ򡱡

ᡰǡĵĿڣдԵ
Ϊ»صᡰůĻΪõˡĿ϶
Ϊ˼ɵġ֮·ⲻ֪һ˵Ӱ
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Ͳˣ1ԪƱܶˣɿ۳ӰԺɱɣʵʷ
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÷ţʲôҪе񡰴Ʒʲ
ôҪһ㡱˵㡱档

㾭ʵʲڷչʵ徭ãҲԻΪһĿġ

û㾭

ͨʵó׺׬ȡԪҲһ׳ʵ徭õḶ́
Ȼ󲻲⾭̣Ҫ̰ԪԻɴڱ
ڵʵʡ⾭õķУԪŻ
ԡǡۡһӦá

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ǹͨѧ뼼ɵǰѧıʵûĹŵ

ǻ֮ڴɵ貹屦ͬʱɳ֮ľ֦֮

ʥʵΪʲôȥժѾˣǲժҲ

ȥժվڵ±Եۿǻճõķ羰ߣ
ޱߵĺڰ

ʮ÷ϲѩйĻҳ

 1ڽսѧ


һսѧ

һĿ

дⱾĿϣһµѧƺо
ս۵ĴţͨԲ׶ɭϵƷĽսۺһϵ
ʷϾ𺳡ʸӡ໥Ľս۵ȫѽս
İǰϣ֤һҪ֤ʵս
Ĵڣͬʱ⾭ѧظ

 


1.սѧйƸߵۺͷ۵ܺ͡ 
2.׼뷨Ա״ʻԴʻ㣬ã
1սѧ 
Science of Finance Operations 
2ҳǣGreat Wall of Currency 
3⾭ѧDummy economics 
3.սѧۻʯ⾭ѧۣ
ΪŻۡ
ս 


1.ִս۲ͬϵĹսսսҲ
ͬվսսһһ
󻯵ġߺϣʱǴսߵȫս̬ 
2.ִսᷢչһ׶ΣһЩضʿ͹
Ժһռս̬ǽҪս̬֮
һһֶġԽκս̬ġս̬
3.սıʣ׷棬ͽսѧоĸ
Ľս۲޶¡ڷˮ롣
1Ŵڹȥս̬УڲսĿģ
仰˵ͨսֱ׷棬ʱսȫ
ڽʱȻʺͽǮڹŴսкҪʱ޷
;սҲ޷յ䣬ս
ǮӰս֣ʵ徭úʵƷȻսأ
ǲѽʱսյ㡣
2ִսԺִս۲ŵ
ʷ̨๤ҵ̵µʣʱĻۣһֱչԾ
սĵزҲ;䣬һʱʱ
սսۣо̬սѧƾͱ
սѧڽսۡʱʷʱ̣
ʱµ⾭ʵ徭õʷʱ̣⾭ѧ
ͳ˽սѧҪɲ֡
3ִսۺ͹Ŵսв𣬲׶ɭϵƷ
оִսѧĵڶˮ룬׶ɭϵ֮ǰģ
Կִս۳ν׶Σĭִս
͹ŵս۵Ĵˮ롣ΪսѧоҪϵ
ĽսִۣԪϵ⾭ôﵽ۷һͣ
ִսر֡رʺϡر𡰷֡
һִսѧĻƽʱڡ
ģս۵ص 


1ԣԶһĽһʼ˳ڽͶ
Ტ棬սԽս۳ͻʽչ֡ 
2ڡҡᡢó׵ͬʱ֡ 
3ͱ֪ԵȡϢԵȵ״̬ 
4ֶζֶҾִרҵص㡣 
5սֶ伫ȱЧĽעۼල 
6ԡɲԡͨͶص㡣 
7Чѱȵص㡣 
8սҶȷΧ㣬ɲǿʺϴȫսƽκ
9׷ֹͣʹñȻƵԶս̬ 
10սѧоǮ硱뷴ѧơ
ս۲ͬʷս̬ص

ִս⾭õĲҲɴ಻ͬս
̬ص㡣

һս۽Уֵģںء 


1.ͬսսλսսս۵ķ߳Ҳ
սܺߡ 
2.սбһһ壬սһȴ
ǡʳҡΪĿʱԵȵսǺѽеģ
ԾͱȻһңһң
ΪսеĻֶΡ 
3.ʱĵȻǰķٺ͸㣬ӳԶҲ
ܳصġ 
4.սеġҽޡǲģпǡͶʻ
ݡһͶʻпǡʽݣֲһ
ǹҵ䱾ʱԹ̬Ŷ 
5.ڽսУҵһȷĵˣⲻ˵˲ڣ
սڴͳս̬ı仯ܴ󣬡ˡ͡Կ
˱ʵı仯
ս۹ġƽԡ 


1.սĴ󱳾Ƴһִս̬
ڽƺѷͷ֡ƽԡ״ˡɱ
һ˰ǧĴͳս۵ķýս۷ߵõ
󻯣һߺͱȾһߴңǰ
ǲġ 


2.սѧ˵Ϊ˷չսۺģʽմﵽһ
˫Ĺƽ̬ıս۹еĹ̬ƣ
սѧĴĿĺѧƷչ
ս۵ĵͿɲı

һͳսʤܣ۵ֿսݣ˫
֪սˡսȴıĶ塪ı
Ŀǲ֪һսսܹҡˣ
ˣ֪

ģս۵ƭ
ֶ˳
壩սԼصսȡг
ս۵ı⾭öʵ徭õԴȪ

öʵ徭õŤʱгùŤ⾭ñ
ʵ徭ñԽߣʵ徭õԽǿ⾭ΣҲԽ
أ;⾭úͽս۵ķгõԡ

ս۵ĶԺ
ߣս۵ĸƻԺ͸߿ɿԹ
ˣսеսѧͬڴͳսѧ

⾭ԪصĲ뵼˸ѱȣж֣ս
ͬʱܻ

սʮҪأǰҪҲƽսԭ

ǴһǰսʷܽĽսѧʮҪأǰ
ҪҲƽսԭҲ˵뿪ԭ򣬽ս
۵ķߣ޷ȡýսʤսۣ
սʮҪǽսս۹Ԫء

һڲһϣûս
߱

봦˽ҵϵ

ȫ濪ţҿɶһȷڻ
ڹߡʱĿµ˫ǶʱͶĿ


ģȨ
壩ѧƸߵ㣬ھáڡɵ
ս۵һڽ

ߣս۳״ߺսĴͳģʽ
ˣս۵ĲȷӦԽս۵ĸ
ԺѶȡ

ţս۵һнƣͲѡս
ս̬ñһսƵľ治׸ı䡣
ʮƻȨȨ

ġս۵

һ⾭ʵ徭õĲƸתƺơ
Ƹתƻơ
⾭õĲƸתƲǱֻҹ£ռȡ

û󣬶ڲϵ
һ 
ѹĲߡ͡ȵĲ
ӡʵʲϴռ˸ĻұҲ
ʵ徭ռлݶռԻҷݶĹ½Ϊ
ֶΣ⾭òƸתƵЧʺˮƽ⾭ѧеı

Ƹתۡ

ڹ
⾭òһҪڹߵ֧֣ڹȴ

ٱġЧʡ
ģ⾭õĽ봫ͳƲͬ
ͳ׷ϢرҲͿ͹׷ߵĲƸҲ

ǽߵӣ⾭еĽ׷ծάϵп͹
׷߻ծơҲ׷ծĲɹ黹ԡ 


1.15ÿܳƫ͵ģ 
1ﵽ 2510 10Ϣ 
2. 2007һЩԮʸߴ 800/ꡣ 1ԪġԮ10Ҫ黹 10.73741824ԪԼ 10.73Ԫ
壩ծƶȡֹծۡ˽ƶȡ
ЧӦծ񻯡̬ʴ㴢
Ӷ仯


 2⾭뷢չʵ徭õĹϵ


һҪ⡪͹

һ仰⾭ϵУܺչʵ徭á

⾭öԪƵӰ

һ⾭׷ҲͿ͹׷ͨ͡
⾭ùģȻ˿ɹ۵Ͷʵ徭õҲ
ԶԪƵʵ徭ԣһΪ
Σ

Ԫϵ⾭ñʾȻ᳤Թȷд
Ķ⡣

⽻׵Ϸ󣬵ʵ徭ò
֮⾭Ѿ˶ʵ徭õ壩
γһ⾭ϵ⾭ʵ徭õģǷչʵ
徭á

ģ⾭ñʵ徭õı=ԪҪֵı

壩ֹʽԪҪֵĻ=[⾭꽻
 GDP]/[ʵ徭꽻ʵ GDP]

ԪҪֵĻ=ԪУԪʵ
ùģı

ߣֹʽԪҪֵĺ[⾭꽻
 GDP/ʵ徭꽻ʵ GDP][ԪҡҵˣԪ/ʵ徭 GDP⾭ʵ徭ֵܲ]

⾭öʵ徭õӰ

һʵ徭õʷǡʰ⾭ 
ʵ徭áʵƷгͻչʵ徭õĴʱ

ս桪ʵ徭ôѶԶ
Ӧ̣ʵ徭úױ⾭

⾭ùģԶԶʵ徭ùģ磺
Ȩһڽʮķ
Σ⵱Ȼʵҵļ۸Ʒ۸Ϊ
ȻͬͨԪĹͨ⽻׵ȻԹ
ͷԣʵ徭÷չȻǻսĳڹ棬
ǱĽսҲ֡ʵҵĲӮ
⾭ɵģ뱣ʵ徭õȨƷĶȨһ
ս۵ķ⣬ӡ͡гڻ۸񡱵˼·ȥ
;Ӫ־ӪʧĿԡ

ʵ徭õķչһ⾭õĿ͹Ҫ⾭
ìһͼ

ģʵ徭ʱ򣬡ΣӰᡰһֱͷϡ

壩ʵ徭ҪץסʱŬչһõǰ

йʵ徭ͳ 31.27йð
ÿ 8һ32ֵĿǰ 16

ġӰʵ徭ú⾭õҪ

һľ÷չ롰ԵȫԽڶ
ʵ徭õģʽ

1 
1ձۣΪʡͲÿͻĺøкͽ
ɱáСʡܱ͡ˣ

ձȻʡּͣɱ˻ӽͨ
ʵġá˽⵽ձ¹ȫԣŷձ
շøڵ¹ձá߼ҵԡҲʹ
ձƷۺϲɹɱɿ½ֲԽƬӪ
굶ԡԭ⣺ۣ͹κܣȴ߼۵Ƭ
Ӫԣ

2 
2ձƷէһܺܺãʹڱȵ¹
Ʒ̡άҹⲻձձҵ첻
ĲƷձҵսѡķӳгռʺʹ첻
ֵĹȴ͹ձʵ徭õĹơձģʽ
ģǷгģӱ˵һ

ձʵ徭áȥԽʵ徭õһֱԴʩ
һֱֱַ͡Ϊʲôͨ¹ʱʻԱܼ
ĸʡҪǮҪվ쳤ϵȻʾţ
ձۻʾš

3ʵ徭õͱʣʵ徭òҪΪ
ɫżѼֵϸߵķ񣬶ҪĬĬṩ
ߵĳԶġ˲ġǱڵ񣬲Ǿ
ʱ俼ʵ徭á
ŷԪء

1ŷԪƺԪƵϲ㽨Эʯ
ġᵼ»벻ɲԳڹ档
2Ԫ⾭õʶڼǿУͶеġл
Ҳ𽥱Ͷ⣬Ԫ⾭õĲȶŷԪ
ġұλҲ⾭ãʵ徭ûά
Ԫ⾭ãŷԪ⾭á
塢⾭뷢չʵ徭õĹϵ

һԪ⾭ڣԴԪϵΪۣԷչʵ
ΪĿģάϵͬԪΪֶΣʵʵչʵ徭õ
ʣŬۺϹ

Ԫ⾭ڣܺҪԪϵ
Ŀܣֻͷչʵ徭á

Ԫ⾭ڣҪԪЧӦȡõ
Ԫȡ 5Ԫ5ŷԪ10һӸҡ40ֻͭ 
40սʵﴢƱڱֿ⡣

 3ڹйĻҳǣϣ


һҳǵĶ

һҳǣԽսսԷһġһֻĽ
ϵͳ۵ܳƣȲǾ̬Ҳʵ
Сһյһʵ徭ü⾭ʵ
ֶΡսֶΡ͸ֱӵĽսֶεġսֶΣ
ؽһбҪġԽսߵ߽֯嶯̬Ľ
ս۷ԡ

ҳ  
ҳ йǰϦġͨȯɡС
УҵҾйǰʹõľ֮һҲҵ
Σ1944꣩ʷơǻ ΪнСͼ
ʹﳤǺëϯͷ񣩣ҳǡƣҲά
ȶͱҰȫһ

ҳڵϵͳģǼ򵥵ľֲֶεļϡ

ģҳʵ徭о

壩ҳǲǡǷۡ

ҳǷΪʵԵսԤ루ۺͷ
ۣսܽᣨսʷ

ߣҳԽսۣǹԹııʵ
Ĳԣǽսѧɲ֡

Ԫ

һᡰ㴢󡱵ձ黯

ݡ.羭ʧ͸ձ. 2006,7,2820 80ռ GDPıΪ 672005ﵽ 72Ӧ
ʼ½1995˴Ϊ 5ң2004½Ϊ 0.22005ΪǱΪ㴢ʧ״ײ 2005ԺȻϵѣ㣬
ǡҲûдǷծ
оƬ 


1.оƬͥ 
ݵĽܸŸ˹һңһͨ
ͥ2002 
5 
9աɼһƼʹͨ
ͥһҹעĿ5 
10գܸŸ˹һڽһǰδеֲһнϢоƬֱͨۿͬһоƬֲڷݵһ



ҽԽܷŸ˹򸾺ǵĶӵˣоֲ󣬽һ
СоƬֱֲǵı۲ֲڵһȷоƬ
СоƬ 
12ף֤ʹǰҩ
ƵϢЩϢɨǶͨԻֳװý
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5ˣӵʹǳ
ΪϵһЯȷоƬˡŸ˹һҲǳΪо

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2.ȫоƬ 
2004ī˾ 160칫ְԱֲоƬԸ
ܲİȫǵ Baja BeachֲͲֹҵҹܻ˿
ṩоƬȻͿͨӻּ֧ϵķãҲý
ֲϢ VIPȨPaul Joseph.2008
ȶ²ֲҪرл 3.ȶ²ֲ
12008ꡰȶ²ֲͱԱǡȫ
ƹֲоƬĹʶоƬ֧ܡŦԼ

гĪڻͨһµȫҵ
ܣ⽫𲽵ʹȫ뵥һҸһֽ
У׽ͨоƬݵؽС

2ȶ²ֲ 2008 
رлԱ¡жоĿΡԼս˹ѧޡɸ߼оԺ
ɽ󡤻˼Ұȫ־ֳֳƹұܾ֣
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Ѷ˹̹Ҿоϯ CEOС޵¡֤ȯܲ
ĪŦԼг CEOޡءձ۰ɵ¡ķʢʱ˾ܲü CEO¡³ҵм˽ļȨͶʹ˾ Perseus, LLC³˹Ÿ˹ȡսЭ˾ܲáղķ˹Լѷ˹ LLCܲã°ľѡ顢 1991 1998ܲüϯִй٣СũǵȶսЭ˾߼º׵¡ʹ˾³˹ƷƵҵ˾ܲüϯӪٺά˹ KKRŴʼϻ

ά˹ 
HudsonоԺоԱ˹ڻʺƽϯֹ˾ܼرʣǰ¼ŦԼܲã׸ɵ΢ȫоսִйٺɭˡҵм˽ļȨͶʹ˾³ CEO¡ҵооԱ˹˷մͨǰϯ˹˹̵ͨ˹˹ʢٽоʺյĽܳоԱء³ʺġŦԼѧκ͸߼оԱˡɣϿݳ
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Ρ˹̹ѧооԱ 
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2006ιѧУеϯѧң
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Kodmani BassmaĸίԱ
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ɶ,:š˹ABB˹, 
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κȾ⾭ÿɶʵ徭ãȾ˰
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յңٽȥҲһһ 
3.ҡư⾭öʵ徭õĲƸתƻƵ˼
ޣȴͼռݡġƸߵ㡱
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2.СԣڼʵСǰ£
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1.µرȨңֽƽͨ˵ 
Special Drawing Rights رȨ 
1969Ƴֻ緶Χڴ̼³çĽ
źͨ͡رȨͨͷӵʤῪ˵
 ·ϵһʯͷԶϡȱ ¹ѧ 


2.ѧҷһڸҵƲ״̬ʵ
ÿҵб䵽һĹʴҡΪ˲
ͨͣرȨ뱻ϸرȨķ
£Ȼ޷ԪծһС֡ 
ѧſˡ³


3.Ϊͬƽȴܶһɻƽ𣬼ֱרˡ
κֽһõλֻпڹ̶ºƵؿɶһƽ𣬲
Ϊͬڡƽ 
ɵ¡ƤDonald Hoppe

ƽͶȳʷ 


1.Ԫϵ 
֧ܡ⾭áֽƽԪʯͽ׻
ұλ 
2.ȡ 
2000Ժ󣬳ˡȡƽ۸ǵжǺ
ʵģ˹ƽʵﳤڱֵȷģ𡱾ڡ
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3.ͽ
ͽ壺ָڱȷĿ꣬ͨŤ
̣ʵֽڴ 


ѡֻǿƭߵϷӰڿ͵۹ 
2̨ 


4.ƽȶƷͶ
ȶƷ⾭УͶɢ۰ǮͶС
ڴͶ׷ͶȻɢһ
ʶĵĶڣֻҪһжͶ׷Ƿ
졢ĴСͶ׷ѹǵƺڴ˻ǵ
ƵĲȶԽԽãΪҲˡ

ɢ׷߶ΪԼǰߣĲ
ƷȨм֤ȯǡȶԡƷ
ƷȨм֤ȯķֺͲЧȴǵ
ļԷ֮ȴ˿Ҳ⡣һȤ󡪡
һʽС֪ȨǸɢȺ徹Ȼ׷󡰲
ȶʵ׷ձѡȶҲǷտƷ
Դ˻

ɢҲѧšȥ׷ĻϢ߸桰Ļסನ䱾
ɢ׷󡰲Ұѡһ֡Ʒ
ͶʾͱͶͶͱȶ
ͨеġ޲Ʒһôת䡣

һȶ⽻ϵͲ⽻ĻͲ֪֮


γɲұǽˡ£ҵʱ
ƷĹСڻгɢȺ롰Ͷʡ޿ɺǣ
ȴܱ֤СͶߵġˡ

ɢͶ߻㱼ҵˡͶߵĸоҲʱ
ͷ۾ǣһϳʱƭӡС¼
ûһɢӴšͶʡŵͶ׬һǮ
ڴͳʱУǿʱĻϢףýһֱǾ
أЩɢ޷Ŀ͹۸أִʱг
һ쵽áǿ󵽾Ե⾭ˡ

ڹƻͶгԭеġͶʹ
򡱣Ӵ˸ܸ˱ʣøӵѧͶģɿصĶԳģʽʹ
ɢһзӦһѡһв涼ԶĹɡѺʧ󡱣Ҳ
ʵʰɢͶеľ׬ȡĻᣬġ
ԡñʹھƵɢڿ̶̰
ԽԽ˵еıﵽÿһɢͶĿĳ̶ȣҲ
ͺԥؼȨ⾭ãŴֵġƷ
ȨǸָȨͱڹߣͨ͵ĺ
׷ƺһ־ͿץĽɫ˻ȴǾͲôһ㣬
ҵѪ޹顣

ɢͶǳȺ߱ߵĶľţȺĴС
ԴΪȴǰͺ̣Ϊһ԰ѤĽɽΡ
⾭ö顢еӰ죬⾭öСͶ
ߵĲƸתơ 


5.ƽλһ͵ġͽս塱
ͽս壺ڽԲԣҲڷԲԣ
Ҿڽսѧһϵĸ߼ƭּɵ֡
νĲͽ壬Ŀıпܾһĺ
ʵĻԡ߾ԾȷͲɵĻԣ
սߵΥս߲ȥ̵
ĿĵأͨεԪӵкͲݵ
⾭ϵ֮ڣȻͨ⾭õһϵв󵼣
ԭĲĿĶһ⾭壬ճΪάϵ⾭õ

ֽսֶεĹڡ̵󵼡Ŀı
β⣬Ҳ͸ƭԺԻԡֻҪ䱾Ȼάϵ
ãʵ徭þ㹻ˣֻҪȷһ㣬ս߾
νĿģΪͶ⾭վеĿѾﵽˣֻҪ
족Ͷ⾭á桱ȥˣ 


6.ƽͶߵĲ
ΪƽͶߵĲ߹ƽʱֻҪϰ㣬Ϳȷݣ
1ĿڳڱֵǶ߽׻
2ʵƷǷ洢Լǰ˫ֿĵط
3Ļƽʵƽ 
7.ҪһսѧҪԭ򣺽ս۵ַ
ǲƳ³µթƭԶǡʵ⾭á 
8.ƽλĲɲ
1ĻƽλʷԵս⣬һ
ʷλʷѧص˼
2ʵ徭ñλ
ҵıʴʵ徭ãԻҵںʵʰʵƷ
ƽͭԴʳˮԴ

3ƽλ롰ܿƻƽʵƷ֮ìܡ 
ٹʻƽ𴢱ܡ⽻塢ͨýý鶼Ԫ
ϵԪϵƷƷƷסƷý飬Ҳ
˼۸ͽλҲνġ
λѲǷһ 
10ڶֻƽĸ󣬲ʵʿɳ 
2.5ڶֻƽʵʽȻͶ뵽Ԫƽ⽻С 
ڲжԪҲԶܺԪƥС 
2007ʼеĽλ۵ĳŵ㡣 
۶ڰѸʽ뿴ǻƽʵȴֽƽͻƽ
ڻ⽻С 
ڴʽ롰ƽ𡱡Դڻڹߵ
⾭Уʵʲҵʽѡ 
ݳڰ羭ϵл۵Ԫ˺

׼۸ս۸ԽߣԪԽǿ 


ްԪмƻزϱֵҲԪƣΪ
𻯵貹̡ 
ֻҪάϵԪĶȨͽýλԪƲƽ
۸ߵ͡ 
ിĻƽλױ߸Ĵڡ
λֽҵʵʺʵʹļױã
ӲԺͻƽҹƽҪʹ޷Ǿͺάϵ
λˣͨƸ߻ƽ۸ֻ
ҵĲȶ 


Ԫϵڣȡûƽʵǿ 
Ԫڣλ١򲻵̫ã
ɱߣһϵв⡪ƽĴͶ
ȴԽڻƽгͶʽȡûƽȴѸӦ

صݼξ棬һ͵Ͷʹ̣Ҳһ
ɵۡľ䰸

4ƽͶʵʱѡ 
Ŀǰ綨ԪƽĹԪʵ֣
»ƽĹˡƽҲһֱ⾭ÿƵʵ徭
Ԫƽ壬ƽʵʹԪ 
ڴ߻ƽ۸ıʾԪͨ͡ 
۶ͶߣĿǰǹƽʵƷĺʱͲ
롰ƽ⽻׵ĺʱ 
ĿǰƽڶͶǳͶʣ;
ǱĻγɡʷϣûһƷļ۸
Ͷʽߣġ߼λֻҪƷ
ʷĳнкͻ֣ᷢСǡƽ۸Ȼ 
28

ǰ۸Ҫͣ⻹ǲͶʻ 
28ϢԪֵ

أǡߡ 
3000Ԫ/˾ʵͶҲԶԶ 
28ǰͬʽ 
28ĳ桪ԭԪƶԻ

Ĵѹ߻ƽͶֻܽʵԶͶȴںܴ
ϰ⾭öԻƽ۸Ӱ졣

ݳǸгģʵսԴԴ
ΪƽͶߵʵｻ׻ͶֻӿԪ֧ŵĻ
⽻ϵУĻƽȡʵʵĿ 
ͶʻƽͲѵ㣬ڻƽԪ
ǿ
塢ʵƷۡս۵һƭ

һ 
ʵƷۡᳫײʵƷ
ֹͣÿƼչƷߡڻ
磬ʮǰˡʱԪƲҶ϶ſԪ󣬵
ķʽܲܽܡԾˡʵ
ƷۡէܺԪơԤơȷԪ 
ܡʵ徭÷չͣ͵ĺƳġۡҲȻ
ż

ʵƷۡ͡;ͬ顣

СèСġ塱

ȽϲƸʱֻòƸȽϲƸռвƸȽռв
ÿƼչˮƽȽϲƸͳѧеġСèС
пɱԡһŸ߿Ƽ豸ؤȹŴУ
ǲƸʵƷۡŪһ
ƸתơĲԣһ͵һ߿Ƽ
ģʽ

ģԪƶԷչйʵƷۡĿġ 


1.ԪƱʵ徭÷չĹע 
2.չʵ徭õǿ⾭õļֵϵͳս󵼣
ʶսԾߵʧ
壩֪壺ĿʶңصͲڶԴ
㹻͡ȡΪһ׷۵
ҪΪǶǣǶȹ۲Ϳж֡ȷ
ͻж֡ϸ塱Ϊ״̬Ŀڲ
ҡӶֵľʧ󡢸Ŷߡ


ֹʽó֧=ó׳ڶʳ
ڶⱾҵ۶ó׽ڶڱ۶

ߣսҲơԡָ⾭Ե 
߱ԪȥӰʵ徭ãʵʱеӪ
Ȩܹ׬ȡƸתƵĹʱʺʱͶ
ܸͨΣΣҲͲˣ;÷չ
߳ͶŻҾ׵ٵĹ̡ڴ˿̰
ԪӺʵ徭ԭ߳еԪӣ
ƸתƵĹ̷ǳΡ

չսָ롰ϡ

һ﷢չҪսһзչе
ܵսҪηͷӦ

ϵʹáָɡȡ֡ϡӰ
ΪģʽͼֵȡһָյĹ̡

ߡ

һڶսӢеġл

Ӣ 
19451951 
19741975꣬ȳ֡л߳
ʵǡǡӳһ˽л鵤ҩ⡣˵˳
˽ҵھӪƣȻӹܣγ׬Ǯ޷ݣ
Ǯ֡ӢûʲԡлȨȻ顰Ӣ
ж»ᡱӢȨȻɡծȨˡ
໥صֲȫͳһӼӢ1987зûй
ؾ;ϸǿӲĹ涨ԭԵĹ涨Ӣ
иȨӢӢԭʼɶɵĶ
»ȨʣӢȨ

Ӣ֮Ľ 


1.׶ɭϵԴ 
1944 
7£ 
44ҵĴº
ʲݡ׶ɭ֡ٿϹ˹ҽڻ飬λͨ
ˡϹҽЭ顷ʻһ֯Э͡
ʸ˿Эʸ˿мУܳơ׶ɭЭٿ׶ɭءʢٷ 

2.ؼƻ͡˹ƻ
11946 lӢĺΪ 3.58134˴1ԪĺΪ 
0.888671˴ 1Ӣ=3.581340.8886714.03Ԫ
21941Ӣʾѧҿ˹ڷ 
19419 8սߡ͡ڹʻͬ˵Ľ顷ݱ¼
ӢԵĻ1943꣬ԱغӢ
ʿ˹ֱӱΪˡսʻҽϵ
ʽͬļƻؼƻ͡˹ƻ
3ؼƻġϹƽ׼ƻ
Ҫݡ 
ԻΪΪ 50ԪɻԱ涨ķݶɡݶĶٸݻԱĻƽ㴢֧ؾ 
ڻԪͻƽҹ涨ʹõĻҵλΪUnitaÿһ 10Ԫ򺬴 1371=0.0648˴𣩡 
۱ȨȡڻԱɵķݶԱڻ֯ķȨ
ͶƱȨͬɵĻݶ 
ȶһʡԱҶҪ롰̶ֹȼۣ 
𡱻Աķ֮ͶƱȨͨԱҲñֵ 
ȡơ˫߽͸ʵԴʩ 
޵ڹ֧ԻԱṩŴԽ֧ 
ߡ𡱵İ»ӵݶĹҡ

4˹ƻӢʿ˹ⶩġͬ˼ƻ 
ٽͬˡ൱С 
ڻԱڡͬˡ˻ٷծȨծ
ͨ˻ת˰취㡣
ͼƬ˵ѧҿ˹ңڸôλ 


˳ӯ˻ɰ涨ķݶͬˡ͸
֧档 
ܡͬˡ˻ļ˵λΪơBancorԻƽֵ
ԱûƽȡơáơȡƽʱӢ
Ԫ鱾λʱԣ 
ݸԡơۣǾͬˡ»׼ñ 
޻Աڡͬˡķݶսǰ 
3óƽ 75㡣 
 
ͬˡܲ׶غŦԼ»ӢС
ǡơBancorǡUnitaû֪
ڲ׶ɭϵȷֻסһҡԪ
һԪϵΣ

һԪΣ
ԪϵڵġΣֻҪԪֲΣӹ˵ôԪֲʵʧծ͹ԪʵҲͽһԪֵ֧⾭úʵ徭õı뱶̣ҲһֹΣԪΣȴż¼

ΣŷԪ㴢ṹĵ

ԪΣܲԪ߶Ԫų⣬ڶ۽ṹ
׽ṹṹĸı䡣ŷԪڸ㴢ռ 
50ıͻᵼ³ 100000ԪӿгԪĳǾ޴ʵġ

ĻΣ֡ϢͨʿŷԪԪ
ʵĲԺͱԳ

֡ϢͨĽڳңԪŷԪʼı仯
һԪʲУҲϤڹߣŷ
ԪбʵеĳЩˣпܳĲͱ
յԭ򣬾ֲŷԪԪĻָڻݡԪ
һƷרҵʿУγɼԪѹ
Ӧܻ֮γһԪƵľ޴ս

ģܸԤΣĶڻгĸԤ

Ԫһֱг⾭ýвϵĵغ
Ԥڹ߰ȡָ˼ٱȻ
ԪƼԣҲһЩʱ򣬵µԪϵ
ͻġġǿֵŤڻ۸쳣
볡г֮Ŀֻ̣Ԫϵ 

ŵ춯ձȻΣԪƱ

ԪƺҲ׳֣̫Ƶĳ־ͻ
Ԫưº«ư˴ʧ˵ʧȥԪѧģϵ
ȶԪ

壩ϢΣֲʧԪʵӰ

Ԫʲ߶ʧȽý
ǻֽڼ˽ӵУͳһýרҵһ
ܵ񻰡ʤܱҳ£ԪʲҲ

Ӱˣѱľʤܣò˼飬ս
ʧܲĳֲжСʧ統 
һ¡㷺ͻһڼ
˥䡱Ĵһʱ䴰ڡԡĿꡱ
磺вĳֹг֣

ľпӦͻȻʱ䴰
ڵġСࡰսܼ󡱣ûʲôʵ壬
ȴԪʲǱʶжɣ׳
ԪҲǲѼһԪʵ

Ӧ

ԪƵάϵԺֶ

һսۣҪսͽս棩
Ԫƣ͹棩
ʺ͸гעʽ𲢾٣ʺ١
ģЧӦ⾭ֱȡʵ徭õȨ
壩㾭á
ƣٻ࣬ۡס洢

ϵеľߺ͡ЧӦ
ߣǿ⾭öʵ徭ͲƸתơ

ҵʯԺҵӮ

ҵʯԻᵼ

һ2007껪֡ӦԮʡķнմpay day 
loansƽʸߴ 391߿ɴ 800߹½ڻ
ĸʣ 1Ԫ10黹 10.73741824Ԫ10Ԫ

ҵĲԽ

ÿҵġ¢˰ȻġϢ
ͬΪ 
40һڸҵʽ𻷽ա¢˰ᵼ
˽˽ڻġ¢˰ʡ˰ʡ

áʯСĲףˮ¢ϡ


ʳص¢ϡҺͽڵ¢ϣгϷͱ״
ˣĲҵ򡢲Ƹ͡ʧˡᾭúȶ
ӰԶ

ġһЩʷסҪԺɷ桢ٷժҪ

һѡ뻪֡

ǣмңʵ͵⣨
ģθ죬䣬˽й˾ͷͷһֶ
߲㰲˳ǸܵĴĺѡˡ 


1927 ŦԼгԼأJohn Hylan
һйصһսԴļժ¼

һϸŷ޹ծ뱨ʾծȯϢ֧ͱ
𳥸ÿߴ 
53.43Ԫŷ޸ĽУҪ
ʣսиֿµĿܣǱ˰Ͳȶĺƽ˵
սһֵָÿǵѡŷ޵ľ׼ղս
ǾͱȻԸƲա

һ 
1929֤Ҫժ¼Ժȶ֤ᣨHouse Stabilization Hearing 1928˷Louis McFaddenԱԴ֮𣬾һֱ֮УбȽľԱ Louis T. McFadden 1933 5 23նʽߣıթǷһȡΪкͻίԱϯ 10 McFaddenԱԽǳϤָ˵ЩΪڹţʵһ˽е¢Ϲ˾ΪԼǵĹͻں͹Ͷߺ
ƭӡԣ̰ĸߵĺôӶЩڰĽ
ǿǣЩѵڱ˲϶˼ҿڴǮˣ
ЩýǮѡƱˣҲЩŹ
ƭǶǹȥòʼµе 
κ.ǿİ.й 
McFaddenԱ飬ο[]˹˹..ŦԼ˹Ƥζٳ湫˾.1952˷Ա򵥳һʲôӰ»ָ 1927ĵĽϢߣ

գһ޷ش⡣
˷ҿԳһ£ȥıϢľĽ
ǴӺζģ

գŷǵĴҡ
ӢеĶ£ŵŶꡤɳزʿ¹еܲã
ͷе˹ؽڣRistЩǺŦԼе
һ𿪻ᡣԼһԺǳڻʢٴ˴졣
һڶĶǽӴǣͻŦ
Լˡ

˷Ķʱڳ
գޣǵġ»ⰲŴҾһġ
˷һ罻ʵĻأۣ
գҾҪһ罻Ҹ֮ǰ

ҺŶꡤɳزʿ̸˺ܾãҲ˹ؽ˰죬

ŵŦԼ˹ʣŦԼж³Ҳ̸һ
˷һʽģ»
գǡ
˷ֻŦԼ̸ķʽ
գҾֻһ罻ֻǷ̸

ǣŷеĶǣҲ
˷Ҫʲôأ
գǶԸܳϿҡŵ̸һ£Ƿ

ˣҲЩǶǳĽλʽ
ǿŦԼĻҿߺ͵ʣ⽫ֹƽŷ
 


Beedy ЩмҺŦԼеĶ»

գǵġ 


Beedy Щ½Ȼûʽ¼

գûСгίԱᣨOpen Market Policy Committee
һᣬһЩʩˡҼǵðƻ 
8·ݾдԼ 8000ԪƱݱŦԼУлң
˷һ߸ıֱӵǰδеġΪ
صĽϵͳ״̬19271929ƱгͶ糱ҿ
һشľӦڻʢиʽļ¼

գͬĿ

˹Աʵǿܻ飬Ǵ
ȣǸ̸ۣʣȻˣ
ǵģƽ

˹ظȶŷ޵Ļҵ߸ǵԪ


գǵģ߾Ϊ˴ﵽĿġ

Ӣԭʼ[]˹˹..ŦԼ˹Ƥζٳ
˾.1952131135ҳκս 
4£

ģйصڶսԴ 


1. []Sidney Warburg. ᡤֲ.1933 
2. []Antony C. Sutton.ϣյͻ֣GSG&AssociatesPub. 
1976 
壩ŷ¼ɡժҪ 


1.ֻҪһҵģʵʣҹҲںĸ
ղ۹λϡ仰Ϊ棬ο
Դ[]˹˹..ŦԼ˹Ƥζٳ湫

˾.1952Ӣм÷Ү˹¡ 


2.ҪĵˣǰϷӣҺģ˽
ˣڻ֮У߲вҿδһ
ҲΣǿҶǵĹҵİΣսѡ
Ǯͳβ˺ֱƸջ۵
ǵĹ͹ᱻݻ١ڶҰΣĽʤκʱ
ս֮Ҳˡ˽˹ҵ
ҷУôЩнͨͨͣȻͨ
ĲƲֱһ糿ǵĺһѹʱѾʧ
ȥǵļ԰ǸعĴ½ 
3ͳ˹ܸѷԴ[]ʡ.ת䣨Ӱϣ.ʢ٣ʡƬ.2006

3.ִԭǲģмӵ
ŵ򡣰ǵһУ´촢ȨֻҪʣ
ܴ㹻ĴǶʧһСǣǴ
촢ȨһвƸĺ˶ʧҲԼġǣ
ȨӦʧΪ⽫һҸ͸õ硣
ԸΪмǵūΪǵıū֧ã
Ǽ촢ˡӢгԼǡ˹̹վʿ

4.ԱڼͶ 
11000 
5.ͳԲҽ״̬ 6ڲöжۡ  11921 
6.ΥԸעδ֤硣  11921 
7.ûȨ֪Щתʳ ʳƷҩƷ֡ 


8.Ҫھӣװʱܾ߽ᱻд
 2ڡ  1528ŷ 


9.ȨսһнڹߣҡȣֻҪ
Ϊڽ 
10.̽Ա;ѲסլͰ칫ңܼ绰
ܵСÿͲ¼ܵͼݽļ¼ܼҽơкҵ¼֪ͨߣʽʲܼϵˣֹ˷ɻС ߷ 


11.оƬֲ룬ҪʳƷҩƷ׼ ʳƷҩƷ֡

塢<Foreign Investment and National Security Act> FINSA
ʰȫ

һֳƣFIN-SAͶʺ͹Ұȫ

2008 
4 21վϹ
Ұȫ᰸Foreign Investment and National Security ActFINSAʰȫ)

2007 11 26գȨ𰢲Ͷʹ֣ADIA)Ͷ 75Ԫ뻨켯 4.9ĹȨ2007 12 19գͶ
Ħ˹̹Ͷ 50Ԫ·涨ֹɣڵȺ
ҵó 9.9ڼӴ鷽棬ǵһȡж
Ĺҡ2008 2 19աʱƣĴ 
6ԭԶʲȡϸʩ.Ͽ 
10ͶҪ籨.2008423

ʲôǡδΣ

һýĶ

õȼȺٵȺ黹ݴ
ĽΣ

δΣࣨο׾ʲôǡδΣ

ֵùߡŦԼ 2000Ժز
עǰԪԣʹֻڻǣײͽ
׷׹ַվģزⷿ
ƷסŷڻУ໥ա2007꣬
ŦԼʼսĭ CDOCollateralized Debt ObligationծȨƾ֤ 
CDSΥԼڣһЩⷿƷ˽ 
1000000Ԫ𣬾Ͷߺͽڻ׷׵Ʋ⾭öʼŷʵ徭áͨһϵжϵͳȨͨע
ԪԡЩաĽڻȨתƺµ
Ԫָͨͣˡгġ»ָ⾭ùģȡ
һϵеġȨŦԼгΰ°²Ƴ

ߡծѿɳܣڼּҹ

һֻҪμǡծѿɳܣڼּҹ١ô
ʧЧһ⵰ҲԶһǮ

2008 
10Լٷصдһ⡶$1 Quadrillion of Unregulated Debt At Core of Coming Derivatives Crisis
⣺10ԪģծΣ[]John Tiffany. һǧ޼ܵ
ծгΣ 

2008 
10עĿġ7000Ԫз2008ȶġۡһӵġʷ̡÷ 
2 2涨ԽֹκԼκηԼ÷ 8涨ľеĽ׽޷κηԼκ˾ϵͳκϵͳȨۡ

ģŦԼгĪɱΪ½
ձ.20081121

ˡõıȽƺͲ

һԸԣԭ򣺢ٹҵ磻Ԫơ
÷չծ񸺵ѡ 


1.ծѾӽֵڽΪ
ծƽʸƽʣѾ
һԾΣ 
2.
1ֶͳִֶ 
6ʱĲִ 1992 2900Ԫ 1997 226Ԫ 1998ȿʼʵӯ 692ԪԼռֵ 0.8Ȼ黹ծʹϵͳʱڿֶЦŹӯ֮ 
100죨1998꣩
2 
1963 6 4գǩһΪ֪ 11110ͳ
Executive OrderͨԲӵеκʽİ
Һͱ׼ԪңSilver Dollar)Ϊ֧ţ
СȯSilver Certificate̽ͨͨԪȯͨеġ
ԪȯFederal Reserve NoteջػֵĻҷȨ
100 1963 11 22գ
ʳʯͣ˹ң
ʳࡣ 


񣨡Ұȫо¼ 200š
ģʻ 


1.ѡָϵΪô۸ӣԡԾ
ص¶һЩԳܵǰ£
ַϵͳغַϵͳı־ԷţԴۡ
ּᶨķϵͳ͸ɵķϵͳԱ
ʱ;ʱ˽ⲢӵСΣʱ̡зϵͳ
صѡ 
ѡǴϵͳͳԣϵͳԣ
ϵͳбȻڵĲȷµתΪΪ
ϵһ֣÷ϵͳطڴϵͳȶͷ
ʹ淴õͷţӲײͶԿҲͱκп
ΣϵͳȶĶ 


ѡֽͨȻͬѡôϵͳϵ
ͳɳܡɼƻġ͡ƻǱڸۼƵ
µͻ¼ͷϵͳ¼ÿģ滻
Ӹǿ˴ϵͳȶԡ 


ѡṩǡȫѡ񡱣˾İԡ

š⾭÷չʵ徭

һ⾭ѧļֵ

⾭òָԹžʹʵ徭õĻҺͽ
׵ĸӦһֹģԶԶʵ徭õĶںʵ
õĲƸתƻơ

 


1.ᣬѾˡձ㴢׶Σ÷չľ
óɹ󲿷ֱ⾭ء˲ռˣһ 

ͨͣȴȻе⡱

2.Ȳԭ
1Ƽ
һͨڿԹȥûеֻԣһ
ֶԱȴλ͹ʵûйȴʵʵӰߵ
ȡҸȡ

2ͬʱڡǿȻԵȡ 
Ⱥ䱾ÿһ˶ǿҵѡĹ
ھ 
1ڶսԺģʽģʽ
һϵ̺͸ӵʵƱǵˮ׼
Դ޶ȵŻȴձоѡ١
ȴСͬѡ񡱣磺顢Ĵˡ賡ȣΪ
˵궼ˡЩȷѡѡȴ
ˡҸС 
۾ 
2һԡѡȥֳʳ顢ʶ
ŮԡѡûûڵڰսʱȡϷ
磺ħ硢ڶĿǰӡУ
Ϸɳ顱Ѱҡĳɾ͸СЩ
ڡʵ룬Ҳһ˵Ľɳ
ڡȵߣɴ˿Կ˸ȶʵʼ
ֵľƣս۵ķߣҲ⾭õߺó
һ㣩

˸ڶѡѡ񣬶ֻм 
ѡ񡱱ļֵ塰ѡ񡱺͡ѡ֮ġ΢𡱡
£оԼѡ񣬡ȡˡ

⾭õظԭʵ徭õ

ͳ¼ʵ徭ȱͨͺ͡ظ
סȥظͳơظ⾭õһֱ
̬ʵ徭еӦûᵼ¶ʵ徭õӰ죩Ǿ
ҪƸңתƲκٶȣ첻ϵشݣ
ҲͿ͹˲ʵ徭ùģ

 1ԪǮ 1Ͳм 10ݣ⽻ЧӦ󡱶ġࡱ
1⾭ΪĲֵŻ̵Ĳֵ
2̵ŻԽߣʧ
󣬶ȴᡰḻȡȡɸС
⡰ϲʹࣩ
3̵ĵЧظҵȣ˸˷ѣЩ
ȴʵʵڶӦʵ徭
ģչйҵѡ 


1.չйұ͹ҵչͺ󣬻ԱԴ
㡢˲ѷŻ̶Ѻøڵϡ
ȫ˷Ѻʧ󣬵ͱȻ١ʧ󡱡˷ѡ
Ӧʵ徭ùģ 
2.չйұ봴һ˼ѡ
Ĵϵͳһϵͳᵼ̵ķ˼ʡ
Էչйķ̵˼ײҲ
ĲȶԡʱĹ½ͷǳĻȴ
ײı롢ĲðյȲȶصģʵָߵ
ϵͳȶԣıֽ
ʹò 
20002000ʺ 2000ֲһ޷
︴Ӻ̵ĺ壬ȴܡѸһ򵥵ı
 


3չйԲ㣬͸ȶŽᡢͳһ
ͻ岻ܶվʷĸ߶ȣ
õĳԶΣȨףᡰĿ뷢չй
ҵ⾭ýһ蹵ײʧ
ĸ壬ײһЩƸԸ֮飬
ȴϵͳչйҼŽᡢͳһͻĻ档
壩ƹӪŻ 


1⾭ѧĽǶչˮƽĽ׶Σ
ҪÿһľһӳԽĺ˽Ƶķ
飬ԽռС֧䡢ԭʼһ
ĵȸֱܣʹ֮ھ÷չ䲻
⡣

2⾭õ
1ϵŻࡰòƷ 
νŻԲƷƷֵļٺǶƷ޶ı
֮ìܣ˵Сӵоܶߣ
кӡŪߵĿľΪȡߺġ
һƵߣԱּʮ겻𻵣Ծ
̣Ƶúܾںӵķչɺȴ˿
飬ǸоûҸ
滻̽ıǱʶĿĺܸӣ͹
һһȵġ˷ѡڡΣʱ
̣ʽʱ̡ĳֲġЧӦ 


ںȻԭʼıܣԲһʱ䣬
ĴӶԼҲӸ߼ȫͨмƻ
ĸӦƻõɣЩϽļƻȴ
СǱʶġȫС޷ϰϵġΪҲ͵
һ֡ȷѡȷ·²㡱֣
ͺչһֲӦҪϲ㽨Ȳ
úӹ˳ӦֲܸѹƺͺӣҪϵͳ
ۺʵн赼ʹܵĺˮΪ츣 


ݾѡ񣬶󡱽иѹƺԷϣ
ڷչйձ顰һֺõ¡ά
ĳˣǶ˽ƵĿ͹۴ڡͺЧӦ
ͺЧӦʶ㣬۲ɵģ䱾ʻ
Ĳɵģ 
2˽ƵĴڵǱʶжԿռ䡢ҡʵƷ
ռʱΪͻҲ
ʼɡʧСȽϸ¡ȴ׷⾭õǱ
 


3չйߣҲҪӦߵľʣ
ʲƾղչ֮ʷʱ
γɵģһʷԵͺڣҲ
ϵչˮƽʷ֤ͨһα

ǶԲƸռеͺ󡱣֮ӦĻ巢
չͺдĸֱܵͺЩҪʷ
̣ҸӸӺ̣ìܽᴩᷢչĹ̡ 


4ͷϵĽͲŻ 
5㡢͡ͺµĸìܺ
أԼ𺦡赼ΪΪԽĻ
ϵĵԹ 
6һ̶⾭õظһʵ徭
ֵӦȡȡ
پ 
1Ȼ־
չԼл۵һֱܣĿиʹ
ǽƵͬһƣǡԽ
δ硱ǡ̡ɱ¾äĿƻ
ͳǸѹֺͷ񶨣򵥷һԭͻᵼ
ǿҵĸ̬֣ҲͲγµʵ徭ԣ
ͶơϡŬȡĴͳ»Ϸ
ӰӡϷѧƷܼؼٸãҲػصİ
ˡԽδ硱ĻϵĽȡĻС

ھ 
2һˮƽȽϸ޷ͷŵ˲μӻۿ
ҵԶԶȷһߺȾƣһڹ·Ϸ̤쭳
ǣҲܹѹͱ淶ϷԻʹ֮ݱ
ΪѺá淶˶ʣ˵ĸӰ졣
ʮӱң

һ ӱҡӢĲ󳼸1533 
1603ģʳ֮Ϊ򡱡ý֧
𽥱ֵԪһ𡰲ֵȷеĻҡΪ
ͳλҵġۡ

ʿԭ⣺ָкߺͭȹ
ӲͨУõĻҡʵʺģ͡ӵĻ
ҡʵʺ٣ͬȷɵλͬĹͻ
͵͵ѡõӲҡʵʺģۻ٣˽ӵӲҡʵ
٣༫ֱڻõĽңӸ
ӵӲңʵʺ٣Ļͻᵼӱҡ

1948ꡰҡ͡Բȯͨ͵ʱǾʹ
СסԪԪΪ׻ңʵˡӱҡΪʲô
ӱң򣩲ȷӱң
ָǺйӲңִֽҡ

ʮһԪ

Ԫ⾭öʵ徭õӰ⾭õĹģҲͨ
͵Ĺģͨ롰ʵƷıγҲγ
ԵľΣ˿̣Ԫծͨ͹ģ
ͻʹֹֻͣӰʵ徭õ
⾭ĭ⾭úʵ徭õĳױͬʱ˺
⾭úʵ徭ãԪ 
⡱

ʮ 
ϱս롰ծȨˡ

һйϱսһ㱻Ϊǡūս
˽һʷͻᷢȫϱսǽū
սһսۡ

1862 
8 14գֿϵһνӼɺίԱʱ˵Ϊ
ǵǵ壬뿪ȥҵΪи
ڡú󣬲ҽͨ㣬ҲʺϺ˵׶.ֿϵ
ѺǨ粩.20073

ֿ֮ūڱԱȱս² 
1862꣬սеȻơΪŤתսֿ֣ 
1862 12 1յͳгͷū뽫źǨƳ
ϵļƻΪϷЭֿгͷūΪᱱ
Ĺǣͱŵĺ˵ֳļƻ˵Ǩ
Ӷ԰Ͷ󣬰ͶߵĹҲߡν
ġֳ񡱣ǰѺū͵ū
ˡ

ģԡǸľ²ԣūƣ
ϷūϷȨԴȡѵɡʩ
ǡǡͼάūƶȵԡڡҵϷʡݡ
ϡȷ𲽰ūƶȺ͡ԡһ
ʱ¡


ǲֿϣAbraham Lincoln18091865, 
16 ͳ1809 2 12գֿϳڿݹһƶũͥ

壩Ϊʵϣԡĳֻ̨
һִʩϱսĸƷϱսڣʧ
ڲλΪŤתսֿ֣žԸʽս
 
1863Ԫͳʽˡԡڷ
ĸݼڣбΪūɣ
ɡԡڽźū沢ףȡ
ԡûвμҵı߽ūݣЩݵū
԰ 1862 4¹飬ȡԸ𲽡гķʽʵУΡ
ԡΪ´ʩ䲼ģûܷʽ̶ֱ 
1865 1868ֱܷ꣬ͨ 1314ūƲ
ʽϳ

ʵϣϷӵĽ޲ףRober LeeвûūеĸؽGrantūֿϱҲū

ߣս̬ƶԡʿ 1863Ԫ
ͳʽˡԡźūԡ
Ǻū˺ʿⳡʱϱսУϱ˫

ս 300ˣռ˿ڵ 10 60սԱ
ˣǵ.мƶϱսֿϲɱС
ʿ塣

ˣϱսһʱĽս
սûκαҪƻˡ
ӵĸؽΪһūһǳcreate havoc 
and destruction of all resources that would be beneficial to the enemy
ǳ򵥣ƻԭ havocǺƽٵ˼пܶ
ԴʵϣǱĸԼƶսԡ
սûбҪսѶȣҲս
ǰΣǡôӴծ̶һֱǷ
ծȨˡծֱ졣

ţ1863 
7лݻ˹Vicksburgһ
Ŀ꣬ó 
1ļͻԵڻһοǰս

ʮ1864Ϊ˾ٵлٽ
 10 254ŻڣϾ˹ٽJoe Johnston
John B. Hoodǣ 1864 9 1սռû
κεֿϷСȻʼ˸ģǺ͸Ӳ
˼ȫƻͷٻ٣µĳݻ𣬷ٵѾ
ﵽǡߡǡı׼һƬϷ
ĳκƽٺȻ޴棬ȫΪ棬ֻʣ
һҴΪһʷ
֣The street under groundֵĵȷȷڵ£Ҫ½
ܵ仰˵ԭķ֮Ͻ
ġɵȫشݻ٣˵¡

ʮһлԣ١ҾҪǶǺ
ҾҪǱ˼ҾҪеˣ
Ů٣˺͸ˣ̹ܵĵʹࡣҵľŽԻ
Ƕ족ڡһҪʹݻһϰֻҪΪ
бҪɱÿһˣÿһأÿһһ仰
شݻǼһж 


ʮл 
1866걻Ϊ½н3ֱϽ
ΪصĵϵһֱҡθسΪ
˾ֽ˸½˾λã1884ۡ1891꣬
 
71ȥ

ʮʱܿ˴ָֿϣھѡԱ
ıȷʾ

ںڰ֮κƽȡ
֡ϾͲͬӦԶֹڼƽȵĻ
ϱսֿһνܲɷʱʾҵ
ĿҪסǷϳūƣֿţʱ.200576

ʮģ 
ûǮ޷սмҽǮǰѽ
Լסֿڤ˼ʱ֥Ӹѵ
ˡ̩ոֿϳһ⡪ԼлҡϢ
󣬴Ӣмҵġ׶ʱԴ
µĲߣֿ̱)ûôͿûг
طԼĻҡܹеծҲǷծ
бҪĻչҵǰδеķٹң
ϵ˲źеĲƸӿұ뱻ݻ٣
ݻÿһƹҡֿ֮ƶϱսĻ֣
ɶ̱.2007913

ʮ壩ϱսǡծȨˡһֵݣĿǾ˼
ģͬʱϱ˫ṩϢս1859
мš˹£ղķ˹˹֮)ߵݴӰ
мƻЭˡϱߣ㷺Ӵ
硢ڽҪˣϵذռ鱨Ӣ׶ص
˹¡뵱ʿĻ̸Уʾڽ
ڷ֧ϷʾȫϷȡŷ޴ĳ
ϡмڱĴˣǺųŦԼ֮мҰ¹
˹ءءǷ˸˹¼еĴˣҲǸü
ס 
1837걻ŦԼڴֱʳԽծȯܿ
ΪŦԼڽ伶ͳΪڹʡ¹˹شӢ
ͷ˸˹б̬Ըӽֱֿ֧ϡ

ʮϱ˫˭ʤܰѵծֱ
ҷȨΪֹֿϳҲΣҲΡծȨˡѡУ
ս̶еġʤߡⱾǸ¡ֿʷ
ľԣȴʵ徭õĴˣЯϱս֮
̷еȨ

ʮߣ1865 4 14գͳǲֿڻʢٸ
Ժۿϲ硶ǵݡʱ̿Լ˹ǹͷ
賿 56ꡣ

ʮϵʵ

һϵJamaica Systemʻһ֯ʱίԱ 
1976 1׶˹ٿĹڹʻƶȵĻϣ͵
ʱйشʽЭЭıǲ׶
ɭϵļ̳ߣűרʵϣνϵ
ʵʣǳװ˻ƽԼ35Ԫһ 1˾ġӳ׵ġ׶ɭϵȡ˻ƽڸծ֧ʸ

׶ɭϵûп̨ǡ35Ԫһ 1˾
ƽ𡱵ĳŵ׶ɭϵԪ

ʮġ⣨ۣʵ

һۡҲΪ⣬Ү³ѧ
 1960ġƽԪΣһ۵㣬µ
ģԪƽҹҵĻԪҹ
ԪȻ˶ȡ˹ʺĻҵĵλǸΪ˷չóף
ԪΪ봢ңͻᵼĻںⲻ
ϳ˵ͻᷢóԪΪʻҺĵ
ǰǱ뱣ԪֵȶͦҪһó
˳Ҫìܣһۡ

ۡյһۡԪ
ɱģ羭õķչ

ʵϣԪ⾭üȲ羭ãҲá

ʮ塢СIMF

һСIMFʻһ֯жǽ
ʱĹߣIMFֱǲ׶ɭϵĲԪ
ϵ֧

ȶ״ָ̬ڴϵͳڣСдϵͳʹ
ֶΡսԡյһȶĿĹ̻
ƣصڱ㹻İȫȺͰȫҳǰиԤ
ʩѹһȶķбѹ䱾ڲ
ʵʵҲյһ̶ȵġ΢ġȶ
ȺԤڡ

 
5 ڽйҳǵʮҪ


һΪ˱ֵܵܳġԪ⾭õĲȶص
Ӱ죬йҪϽǿΪ
ƾΪʵ徭ϵ.

ԪŷԪ⾭Ϊʯĵծƣ
Ҫһгġֻҹɵʵ徭ñλĻϵ
ۡ׺ʹʵ徭ãɸйʵ徭ùģ
ҵӦλ

ȫչйɫгᣬ׳
ʵ徭ãһ巢չƣ̽һ
йɫʵ徭֮·.

ģΣĽսʣĶ
Ӱ죬Ԫ⾭µĸֹ磺ĸӰ
;Σıʡ

壩ֻҪԪƽܡ˫ӮܣйʵԪƵõ
ԪԪƵõйʵ徭öԪϵ֧֣Ч
ӦͿʵ֡

չʵ徭õͬʱҪ⾭õĲչ
ʶͺĲҲʱ߶ıȻʱڲ
ܳЩŸݱĸ


ߣйΪһԵġġɸ۾
áԭءԷΪĻҳǣһɢԵġ
ʵ徭ö̬ϵڱʵսԴ͵⽻.

ˣʵ徭÷;ı
γйΪó̼ΪҪѭչ
.

ţнϵҽϵ͹ͨסլ
ϵ̽·磺ɲáֻ
ӦֵԪ⾭ܵ
𺦡

ʮнڻйϵеľλ
ƽڻг䣬ٳйɫ
ϵγɣΪйʵ徭õĽչݻ.

¼һ
ͨڸ˵Ľڻҳ 
Ϸթķ


һı䡪СĲթֻҪס⡣
һһ¹졣
ڶ̰ռ

Ϸթ

һսѧ̸ġӮڸҲ̸ֻΣ
ʽġϷթ
˽ķչУթȡ͵˲ļ
չһĸ߶ȡ
ڶսԺ󣬹֮沩ҪΪս
ۺͻҳǵĽ֮ĲȡҪΪϷթ

ģϷթɱһģԽ
ԽҪһֲռʽе֣ӦǡǷռʽ
ʵ

Ϸթ

һϷթģʽص
ִУϷթթܺһ
˲ռģʽص㡣 


1.թֶεĸϹص
ϷթǴͳĵһթֶΣһֵ֧թϵͳ
Ѿγһɫش˵Ϸթ֯ġΥĲ
ռ 


2.թϷ귨ɿӣܺ߶Բã
һȡʤ봫ͳռԲͬǺϷթ
ƲռҪ־ 
3.ֻԲռһ㲻˺С 
Ա޷ȡ֤вҲСڣ 
4.޴
1һƭĸ˵ϷթԴﵽһƭ
ĳܼ޻ޣҵծ۵İ

¼һͨڸ˵ĽڻҳǡϷթķ 


2ϷթڡϷص㣬ģһ
ӴƭȺٵ˾ƭĲģʽΪܣ 


˵һϴȻƭ߸岻һ濴 


5.
1ϷƲթһϵġ֯Ĳթ
Ҷר˸𡰴˾Բôʡô
桱ʽôۺ񣬶Ȼ֯￿£ʴ
֯
2ϷթһЩ永޴ƭҵ
͡Ӱ족

ܺ⣬ϷթҪͨƭ߸˵Ĵ
ͶĿ߼ۡʵֺϷթԺͽͷСģթĽ
ͬϷթϵ޷ܵĲƲʧҲɱ
ֹ۵ȥǱѽʵƭӣ
ûּ¼ԡߡûзΣĺƭ߲
ΣںϷթǡϷ÷ɿӡԣƭߺ
ײбΪ 


6.ϷթܺǸˣʩкϷթǹ
Ϸ˾Ϸթ֯һжɵĳԱ롰ƺϷթƻ
Ϸթģʽ𽥳Ϊթģʽԭ 


1.ִԽԽ벻ϵͳļලͼ¼
ʶ·ӺоƬĽ룬ʹԶ潻
¼ʶߵʵݳΪܡ 
2.ͳĽͷթեȡƭߴеʲҪռ
ʲŻ޴󣬵һͱһ޷رܡ
ġ׷⡱ԣϷթáϷƭֶ֡ξͳ
ִ˲թģʽġԡþס 
ͬסĿ֣ڸթͳС
ڸûСϷթϷթǽսѧһ
и 
3.һ漰޴ܳͷռģʽȻ𲽳Ϊ
Ĳռġģʽ

Ϸթ

Ϸթթѧģ͡ͳƿھȷǿԺ

թʶͲڡϷթͳթƭ
ͳ֡ѷڡͬססþס
Ĳթ

ģϷթı

Ϸթ÷©յʵʩĲռ䱾
ǴġġרԸ˵թƭǾԤȾ
ĺԼͬȦףΪԺƭ귨ɿ׼ϷթǸ
̷ŻﷸҲȻŻﷸ

壩ĺϷթ 


1.Ͷ
ҵթ磺꿪ģʽթģʽתģ
ʽһášģʽ̡ᡢ͡Ͷ
١Ч졢ա޾һţȡ 


2.Ʒģʽҵթģʽ 
3.Ʒ߱թģʽթģʽ
1ģʽȽ⣬ÿթĸʧкϷթ
ٵģթ永ȴпһࡣ
2Ҫֱģʽֳģʽģʽʽ֡һ
㲻ñʽıв磺˵ͣ
ȴ̰С˵ƭߣŮԣƭһܷաġ̵ꡱ
ʱЦݺͺܺĲֽڲߣ
߼Ʒʵһ֣Ѿ
ĳ֡ƱˣڹһЩҵԱһЩ
쵽ԶеġطɢĻΡȻ绰Ƶĸ
˺죬κ˳ͬʱַ͡ʳ˵ 


4.ְݵȵнթģʽ 
5.ֵͶթģʽ 
6.ɫթģʽ
ġֺϷթֶμ

һҵһթģʽ

ע⣺۵Ǽٽ衰һ񡱽вթģʽ 


1.թթģʽҪһʹҵԸĳ
Ⱥ 
2.թֶΣҪ򵥡ᡱͶ١
Ч족ǩͬȡ

¼һͨڸ˵ĽڻҳǡϷթķ 


3.̼ͶƭֻáͶߡоǮ
ǮġҵڣһáͶߡоͶ٣
ۣ࣬ѡࣨթ߻ṩѡ񣬵Ͷߡһ
ѡõġǸĲġáͶߡ˶ѡ
ļ󣩡ۡͬۡͶ١Ч졢޶ۡġ
ṩߡȴȻܾԼʹ 


4.թҪ
áͬ涨ҪҪƭߣЩҪһȫ
һָꡰͶߡ϶ﲻ 


5.Ϸթࣺڵ͵ġҵթƭģʽ
ֱթģʽ
ע⣺һֳСƭ֡ٽ衰ֱ
թ 


1.թֺϷթҪǳڼң궯į
²ͥŮСӺ͹¶ˡ 
2.թֶΣҪһЩյԣƭߴ绰
ͻš 


3.̼թĽдСνƷ˵
ϰٱǷð䡰һЩ˵Ҳ绰
ȷƭߵĵַԱȻŽ¡Ʒ
ϸȤǺܶ˶Ҫǡ˻ǺϷթ
˻ǿԵġҪ֧ΥԼͷ𡱺͡ٵݷѡ˵Ǵ
ؿģ 


4.թƭҪ㣺ֺϷթȽ⣬Ҫ˴ȺĻ͡
绰ߡĺᡰɶۣ˻
ͻĲϷթֶΡ漰ʽձ鲻
թƭܴ 
5.ϷթֺࣺϷթӦùڡթģʽ
꿪թģʽ
ע⣺Ǽٽ衰꿪족кϷթģʽ 


1.թΪȽҵͷԵġһᾭ飬û
̫ҵ顢һʽĴҵȺ 
2.թֶΣթֶĳ֡Ӫĺôʱ
ѵġѵࡱ󵼺ϴʽ䣬Ե̰СȺ
˵ﻰͶˣ֡ͶʽҲ
áˡ 


3.ֺ̼Ϸթһж֡ѡ񡱣ʵԤ
һ˵ҵ߳һ¡˭ðأڻƼ
ʵͿĲѵֱ˵ѡΪڴҵΥ

Լ޷еͬʹƭ߱ѡġҵƻ

Ͷʧ˳ÿһ趼кͬģʵϴҵ
Ȼ˳ٽ衰꿪족թģʽһСʳƷС
СƷеСֹգͶȴܴ󣨲Ǳ濴
ôСթóۺ޼ֵġӪƻ 
ԭϡͳһ־̱ʹȨĲȡ޸
ڴҵߵľ˵¡޷ԵĲ 


4.թҪ㣺թģʽҪôҵ봴ҵηҲ
ϤҵṩεǰھӪȻǡӯ
Ըթ߻˵ʧǰڣȰҵϸǣͬ
ϸԼ󣬴ҵһ㶼Զ˳
ҲˡΥԼթģʽǺѽ綨ǡͬ
סΪ֤ǩͬӯԸ͡ȷɵ
ҵΥԼʵ˳ʵʩϷթġŻõ
УȻթⲺԱģʽһ㲻ڵصġػƭ
ˣһתΪͳթƭǺϷթˣĿ
պȻֵġ桱Уƭ֧þӴд˾
ķãز죬ʹԷ֪ѶˡҲ˺Ϸթ
̡ 
5.Ϸթࣺ꿪ռڡҵթģʽ
ģѧթģʽ
ע⣺һٽ衰ѧн顱ϰѧĲթģʽ 


1.թгԸȺ 
2.թֶΣѧթģʽ¼ĺϷթֶΣﲻ
۴ͳթƭ
1ҵġơУС˵Χǡ鹹ġ
Ǵѧϰ˵ġҰѧע⣬ǾԺϷʽע
ġѧ
2ѧ߲ѧУע涨͸Уûä
ܵѧУȹҺϷעģǰաѧԺģʽ
ģҲйĲϰѧУ̽Ĳʿƾɡӡ

¼һͨڸ˵ĽڻҳǡϷթķ 


ˢϷģҹʱмṩҲ˵
֤Լ˽֡ѧѧλ֤顱ǻᱻ
Ϊα칫ģеֻǡһЦ֮Ƚϳ

3λƵġƭ֡ͷͬƭ֣ܳ
Ӣһƴѧ֪һҺϷ
עһͬƵѧԺȻƭѧȺҲͬһ
עһﲻͬġ롱һߡвͬ
4ģʽĴѧģǺõģʵʰ
ѧ͵һԤưࡱʵһУȥѧϰѧҪô
޷ǩҪôԿԡԶﲻҪ󡱣޷ѧ
ѧѧ涨ѧԼʼϵУҪͷϸѧ
ҳһ㶼Уѧֻͼܶ߱
ѧҵ
壩Ʊڻ𡱵թģʽ

ע⣺ƱڻͶʣ۵Ǽи֡Ͷʡ
塱еĲթ 


1.թͶʵȺ 
2.թֶΣƱڻĺϷթֶαȽϷḻﲻ
ΥģֻٺϷթӡ
1 
1ר˵ضƱߡм֤
ȯҪթˡܰʾˡ񼲲Իߡ
ѵȾ񼲲ķʸߴ 1 100Σ 
1ϵЩ˾ͿܳɹһΣȺ 25˱Ƚ׽ʾ 1ƭ־ͺܴˣ 


С롰С˴ǻģʱҪˮƽ
СˮƽԶԣԻҪ죩
̸Ǯʱٿ죻۸ƺ۲조޷ȷ
оҪȥȷȴԼв˵̸ۡ
벻һף굥Ͷرס긾Ůǻ
Уҽ߿

2 
2ޱ߼ʵķֻţĳֻǵҲ
ĹƱţÿһԤǵÿ춼ͬʱǵ
ͬԤȺͷΪ 50ڶͷΪ 25Դƣ
ЩȺУһصķ֣ѶţԸֻƱ
ڻǵԤǾ׼ȷģһɣڶɣѵ


3 
3Ͷֻᣨѵࡢרҡ־
ܻȣĿ࣬Ҷѣμձ̰С˵
֯ƻĿľǽһΡѡΡ
ضȺڡЧ͹ĶЧձϸߡһƽĽ
Ǽ˶һȺ̰С˵ضȺĲթ
ղƷϷթģʽ

ע⣺ղΪ۵ļСղƷ壨磺
ŶеĺϷթ 


1.թϾıȽϸԣƫִġй̶ĳ
ˣһ൱רҵˮƽԤȺһȽ⡣ 
2.թֶΣΪղƷթģʽԵȺרҵ̶ȶ
ܸߵģթֶҲߵþˣһȸּ򵥵ģʽ
ƭúͰǡôһƭ
˵רҵƭķΧ͵ٹŶͬۡƷʲ
ô߼ۡؼǳɽ۸񣬲ǡƷе㡰
ƭֻ֡Ĵζһѻȥĺ͸ߵ׳ľ
թ߱ˣ޷ʱΪʱթԼ
ġ

1Ʒթĳ֡Ʒʵĳɱֵͣ
ҲߡܹһмֵĸȻɡԱ
ۡƷ۸뵽ǧ򱶣ǡԸ
2СƷթƷ߱ͶʱֵĻֵ
ǸȤ⡣һͨԳһԪʮԪˮƽ
СƷթϿƷ֣кܴ
أǲձͶ壩ࡰСƷͶʡͨƱ
СȷбֵɴͶʱֵޣ
Ǳڵʴۿۡ
پ 
1 1913һ 20ԪġСƷ˸Ʒ֣
ĿǰѴﵽ 20000Ԫؼ۸ 1913굽 2007곤 
10000ʵԪֵؼ۸ǣ
ھ 
21924һ׼ĸس 200Ԫ൱
ĳû 30000ԪǲģԶԶǸ˺áԼ赱ʱƱ浽 2007ֵ꣬1000ǾǡӯࡱǵѶȡ𻵵Ŀܣ磺10 1û𣩣ʵʿܡˡ 


1980ֵ 0.08ԪĺƱкͼĺƱйƱ
ƷǷ֮һ2007 1300Ԫƺ 16250ʵͶߡĳԽλںƱڱǺĵڶ׶ΣڶͶ䣩 80ԪҵļλʼУҲ 1/4һֵ 16.25ƽֵ 10ƱֵԶԶﲻˮƽͶߡҲƱ 


3.̼ȻƸߡ׻볡 
4.ϷթࣺղƷթ෱࣬ģʽӣ
࣬ԿԹ롰ĭģʽ
ߣթģʽ

ע⣺ָСҵвթģʽ 


1.թ󣺿ճˡ 
2.թֶΣٵڽͷ԰׹ϵ죬ʶ󣬿
ʼƷĶ廨ţʵǡ顱Ʒ
չͷת˴ַӣԺƭԡ磺
˺öƬ˵Լܹ˶ŮܶȻƷ 


3.̼Ƚ顪СƷ顪
ֵƷ 
4.թƭҪ㣺թģʽʹеƣӡթ
Ϊ 


5.Ϸթࣺ͵ġթģʽ
塢ܽ

һҳ̸Ĳǵ⣬Ȼһ㣬
Ҫ̸Ǽ⣬Ͷͨɢ˾Ͳʺ
ȫ졢רְͶʹСڻͻ𡱣ҲԴΪְҵһ
ԭ

ᾭԲ㣬Ȼһĳ
ߴڣ岻˵۹ϵʢ׽и
ðգȻܻȡ󣬵Ҳܴȱȵķպʧ
һûкʽԴġȫְͶߡ˵һ𣬾
֮֡

ͶΪӮҪͶʧܺҵԡ 


1.һж깤۵ġҵͶߡûвμӹ˳ܡͶʧǿ 


2.һйġҵͶߡͶʧ볡¿ʼ
µͶʡҵ͹ȫֹ

һȫְͶߡ˵Ͷʧ뿪Ͷпܵ¸
ʲĴʧԴĿݽߡ˼ȦһƬհסĴۣ
һȫְͶߡûᾭᡰְҵͶߡ
˵Ǻ߳


¼ʽ 


¼
ʽ

һ壺

һָʱᾭʤ̭ʱᣬյ԰ɾ
ɽʱʵ徭õһ̬Ϊԭʼ壨 
1913꿪ʼծ壨 1971 8 15գ͸߼壨˵3׶Ρ

᲻ͬڹȥʱ⾭ʵ徭ö
ڣʵ徭áԭʼ׶εǽʱʼʵ徭ã
ծ⾭ý׶εծծ񾭼ãĿǰԪ⾭ô
Σ߼׶Ϊһ˵ȫ

ֳơ׶ۡ׶ۡΪлƴڽ
Ρеڽ׶Ρڽ׶Σ׶ۡΪ׶Σڣ
׶Ρ׶Σս׶ۡΪ׶Ρȱ׶Ρ
˱ս׶Σ˼άս׶Σ

ģһϵһ̬֯һʱ̬Ҳһʱ
ᵼµضʷ׶Ρ

ͨϵ

һȫơ⾭ͨϵƣͨϵǽսѧк
ͨˮƽֶκ͹ߣ۽ʵ⾭ʵ
õʱʵ徭öڣ۾еȶ⾭е
ȶ⾭ÿ޻ģľ󲿷ֵ˵Ҫ
ԪṩߵУһ΢ʱ⾭õġͶ㡱
ĽѾʧʱͶƺĿģˣ1.Ͷʹ̶Ĳ
Ͷ⻯ʱ2.ͶʻʧͿɿػ3.
ͨͣծ񣩣ծ񷴹ֻʱʵ徭ø⾭
õơǿƺͱͬʱڣҵȱ죻4.⽻ͶԶ
ռλͶԶӽ㣻5.⾭ùģʵ徭ùģ̳
ͨ͡Ǿǡ⾭ܷ򡱣һΪ⽻ܷ򡱣

ֹʽ⾭ͨϵƣͨϵ⾭ù
ģ/ʵ徭ùģ

ͨϵ 
1.12֮ʱΪֵСڻ򵥵 
1ʱᴦ
ͨ 
2ʱῪʼֲƵͨͣʵ徭ÿʼ
ܵ⾭Ҳͼܵ⽻׵ҲǴ⽻ý
ṩߣ 
10ʱ⽻ף
׶Σʵ徭ùģȻʵή߷չͣٵ״̬

⾭ѧĸʽ 


1.ֹʽGDPʵ徭ãָ=[ֵ/ֵ] 
100
ʽ
1ָ 10˵ʵ徭ûԲ㣻
2ָ 1050֮䣬˵ʵ徭ҪǷڱã
3ָ 50200֮䣬˵ʵ徭⾭µĴã
ָ 50ʼóײͬòʵͬó׽ṹҲͬܽһ㣩ָﵽ 200˵ۺó׹ɣѹƴڣ£ָܳ 300˵ʵ徭ȫ⾭

4ָ 300˵ʵ徭ôԾΣС
ָ⾭ѧҪĻʯָָԺ⾭
Уʵ徭⾭õĴȣԷǳҪչʾһṩʵƷ
ЧӦвƸתƵĹ̡ˣָһ׼ȷȺܸߵָ
һοֵ˵Ƹתġʧģǡǡ
⾭ϵоʵ徭ǿһֻʵ徭õķչ
⾭õĻᣬֱìܵ䱾ǣⷨ
֮Ľعʵֽ׶Ρֲָܷ
ֹͣչʵ徭ãҪ÷ָϸ񾭼õķչҵһ
Ԫ⾭ûڷչʵ徭õĵ·ܲɥʧչʵ徭õĿ
ƽ⡣ 


2.ֹʽָA=[Ԥ֡10+ó׳֡10] /GDP
֣

򣺣ֹʽָB=[ӯ/2+óӯ/2]/GDP
* 


GDP֡ڷչõĹУֻҪ⾭֮ڣǾͲع
ֻֿͨͣҪӰʵ徭÷չˡΪ⾭Ʊһ
ͨ͵ƣ⾭ѧͨ͵Ĳڴ˴Ҫͨ
ֻͣҪʾΪھռλĻɡҪעǣ
ʱ޷Խ⾭ơһ⾭ȫ
Լʵ徭õķչô۲úֶΣýʵʴڵ˵С 
ǿԽſ͹۴ں⣬ָ
˵һʶȴϵָĿҪǿǵ⾭ʱս
۴˷ʵ徭ҪһǱۼ޵׷
ָǺһֵĸָʽ÷Χ⾭
Ԫ⾭õҡ

ʽ

1ָС 
1˵ʵ徭ôڻ򼴽ͨʹ
УҪָ֣ҿĹ񾭼ãͨ
ʩָʶȳ 
12Ϊˣָò 
2
2ָ 
15֮䣬˵ʵ徭úܻԾҾû
ָڴڣԽ󾭼ԽԾͨѹҲҪʵ徭
ó׳ɷȷŽͽͳָ涨ıȽϴ
˵ָﵽ 
5ˮƽ񾭼ûתֻ˵ĳһ
ôֿܣҲڼ״̬У˿̾ȶԺܲ״

¼ʽ 


߻ֲ߳ѵӲ½ԽĳЩ;Σķյ㣩

3ָ 
5ʵ徭ÿʼ⣬510һصľѶ
䣬̿ʼùսԣ 
10Ժÿ 
1˴ÿһλ⾭ѧнӡʾñΪ 1ֱ 100ⲻ˵ֻеӴﵽ 100Żͼһʵ徭ܱıȻԲĹ̡ôĹұӴﵽ 
1пѾ뾭ܱҲ⣬Ԫ⾭УܳܵıֵҪԶԶңʹӽﵽ 
100ֵʱҲһʵ徭õΣ
ΪԪ⾭õΣ⾭õάϵƺƻáԪ⾭е㡣Ҳ˵ֻҪ⾭ñڣӦȻڣôԪ⾭õĺΣҲᾭһ̺ѸٵµıֵȼۻµĻѸվȽŸһӰԪ⾭ƵĴڡ 
3.ֹʽָ[ʱعӰĸùһҵʱ
ҵ+ڶҵʱ+ʲ]/[ùһҵʱ+ڶҵʱ+ʲ]100
ָҲǺ⾭Уһʵ徭⾭ͳ
Ʊ־ĵһҵָũȣڶҵָʵ幤ҵǺҵȣ磺ϷҵҪСϷҵձռ 
25
ṫ˾ӯƽȫϷҵŵάϵ

ʽ

1ָ 
10ڣΧһڹ
ʵ徭ã򡰵ϵᵼ⾭÷Ӷʵ徭ģʮ
ٱӰĸ̬ĻҲͳֱɥʧʵ
壬ǴָĲ㣬ҲڹͳƲʵ徭Ť
ǿ֣
2ָ 
1050ڣʱʵ徭ûѶ䡣
3ָ 
51100ڣʵ徭ýȫ⾭õĽ
Ρ 


4.ֹʽָ[˾ GDPGDPʣ]/[˾ʵ
룩˾] ˾ֵɸ

ָͳƵʱ羭ռλĻҵλ
ñ򱾵Ϊ⾭ùģԶԶ 
GDP
ʱ򣬱ֵʩڶʱ챾۸۸룬
ڿļ۸ȻռͳελĽ׻۸ͳһ
ԣ⾭Ϊؼһ⾭þ޷вƸתƣ
⾭Ҳʵˡ£⾭õȻȫάϵƣ
ϧһд۱ֻ֤ҷſԾʵϵĹҾԺΨ
һԣ䱾ʾάϵԪЧӦ⾭õĴڣҲ⾭õάֵ


ָĺƶ죬ͼͳ⾭öʵ徭Ƹת



ЧʶӰ죬ǿĻ״ͷչ
ƣǵǿһвƸռеĲС󡣲ָĻ
ԱŤġֽ޷Ϊָ⾭
ͳֹһֵ⾭Ť۸ϵͳƣ
ָһ̶Ϸӳʵ徭õʵ״̬Ȼͳƣʽ
ǿǸĸоһʵ״̬

ʽ

1ָ 
11.5֮䣬СԽӽ 
1Խ˵
ԸԣпܳС 
1ǻᡰоͻȻ主˵
˵ȡͬʵƷӣԽС˵Ǹԣ
ٶȾԽ죬ҲԽȶ͸㣬˵񾭼еʵ徭ڷ

չŲָСߡ

2ָ 
1.52СһԿȡ
ͬʵƷûӣҲûм٣Ҳʵʡûб主Ҳûбʵʴͣ״̬Ȼпܴ˥˴ĲӰʵ徭õʵ
3ָ 2˵һеͨ˵
ȡͬʵƷݼҲڡʱ
˵ʱߵʵӵʱеݼָ 
2֮Ľ׶Σ
Խ󣬲һΪǵĲ̶ԽߣΪʻͣ
۵ЧӦͨͣҲʵ徭߽еĲЭ
Ȼ主ȡʵƷ˫ӣ
Ҫȶ͡ݶ٣󡱣⿴ͦ
⣬ͨݶٵı󣬱Ȼǻκͳľ
Ȼпܵȴѳͬʱڵʵ徭õֲ 
ǼٵĲ֡ǳһƶ󣬶Ƹȴʵʵݼʱ
ڣָ֮ϵΪָָ 
1.53֮䣬洦ȶ״̬оԡ主ԣˡˣҸˡ
ĸ

4ָﵽ 36䣬ÿʼǿĶһ
Ϊ⾭õŤЧӦ𽥷չȫĳ̶ȣʵ徭пܳ־
ʧ򣩣һǵȻ𽥽ͣΰ⾭
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һάֲϵʵƷĹӦάһвƸתƵʵĿꡣ

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ԮĻӣʵ徭ֲòʹĽάϵ
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ʵ徭á⽻׵ĿɿΪ㣬Ҳһּ
ȫڴʱĿΪݽǵϷ䲻ƽԳԽͶɫӵĶĲʱϵ͵ԺԴﵽޣͨߺ޹ɿԣκͼо⽻׹ɣɴĲɹˣֻƭӡˡС¼ġ˶͡Ͷߡ

⽻׹ģʵƷҲ׵ʵƷ

Щʵ彻Ʒ磺ָڻڻȣ
ܲ뽻ףǴ⽻ףġǶĵȫɥʧͶԣ
һִġƽĶĲıϵһͶ
ͶĭļԵһֳ߶ȣԽ˵뼱Խߣһ

Ĳ

ģһ˵ϵﵽ 
3ʱҪ볡ﵽ 
10ͱ
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100ʱ򣬡ýһµ
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һġͬͨָֽ׶ĳĳ
סһȺ˵ܳƣа塢ֺĻ

ָͨоһѡ;ĻԼʷ
ķӦͼ䣬ƶһضȺضսԡѧ
һһȺԹȥʷ¼еĴ̼Ӧĸʺ
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1.սеĹоѧضȺսԾߵĿ
ܣȺ쵼õҪηȺĻʷ
ֵߵĲԺͶԽڴַӦоһߵڲ
塢Ⱥ塢ײ㣬ȷԵĲԣӰȷڵ㡢ʵʩƻ 
2.սеķҪƶҳս߼ٽս
ΣʱҪԷᡢĻ͸Ⱥ֮Ӱ졢
ҪԱĸ˵ʧ໥ãֻ߽⣬ҪԽڶָ𡱣
ҪͼǵĹУʹ֮γСĴЧӦֵɡ 
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ߵĸȨԺȺбȻڵ͵λ쵼µĸìܣȻ
ڵƫִԡԺ͡רҵԡƾͼơͻ
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ĸԸ󶨣غͿ͹ֲȸ

ĳضֵصӰ졣ʵвǲһϳʱڽΪȶͱ仯ڽ
ܷΧļֵϵҲڼֵϵұ䶯仯ʵʩԵһ
ؽܷΧ˿̾Ϳʵʩ󡱲ԣǼ򵥵Ӳ

ڱ仯£͡Ӳ󡱲಻󣬵
ּ۸ؾұ䶯£۸Ҫƶһ۸êҲһ
ϸоȷС䡣Сڣ󶨵ļ۸ϵеĲػ
ضҶҲȻһȶ״̬ض¹ر
гѡȨҪ֪һ㣬ǳҪһоȷʱ
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ζ󣬷ȨҲԽ󣬵һҪСͻ
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ǡǽս۷ԸʧȥģЧ˷սһж
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ʺ㴢㡢ʵ徭ùģϴۺʵɿ
Ȩһʵеķս۵Ļȶԣʺ̫Сʵ徭ã
䵥ģԱͻҪġСľʵʩӲ
ǿϵĽڷԡ

ʮɵۣڽսѧУɵָһͶãͶ
˾ӴҪõľûУһɵġʽ١Ʒ
Ͷȴ˳Ͷ糱ʧҲȻٵģԽ۾Խʽ
ۺԽͶ־ǿԽǳﻮϸ¿ɿͶ߱ȻͶ糱ʧ
ġݵģֳΪۡڴͶУͶ
ڳԼȡĳЩɵԲԼɵһɵĲƸ
תĿȺ塱һͶƭֵİڣһСʸͶӮȺ
ʾʾ޳˶Ͷղĳʶ
֪ͶͶԱĴʵʵǣͶʺͶ˻߷Ͷ
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ʮһĲͶʣͶʻУͶ㣬׷Ͷ崴ֵ
׷Ͷġ۸񲨶ͶԣǡͶԡٷ֮ٵ
ͶԾ͹˶ĲͶʣȻ²ͶȺձԿǡ
ǡͶΪߣڡͶߡȻС¼˵Բ
ڣͲһ˵Ķľû𣩵Ĺԡ

ʮ͡ӲĳͼӰϵͳȶû
ֿԣᱻԡӸϾ޷γɶݵľ棻
ʵγɶݵʵͻ
ʮӲָսƻвȡɱεֶΡ

ʮġָýӰµѹƵεֶΡ

ʮ塢ɸۣһϵͳµġȫ濪ŵġģ
һпԵʵ徭ء⾭ʵĿǰ١ǰ
ͳһǰŵĵͨ͡߾ҵĸ

ʮͶۣ

һͶЧӦܶҵͶʵϸʵ
Ըһ㶥ѵ޷ĳɱͷȴͶߺӣ
ʹͶ߱Ͷʵ忪ʼ׷Ͷ߶ʧʷ
Ͷߵ·̲ǵġͷԲѡԴԴ;øԴĸѡĺ̾ǡͶЧӦ׽壬һҡǮӵ˵ĻԴͿʼԺΪģʽƫִǡǮЧӦ

һͶ䡱ҲơͶ䡱׬ǮģͶ̬
߰ѡͶ塱ֵߵһͶʱٽ۸ǰ
ġͶ䡱ʱͶߵ롱Ŀһٵļλʽӿ֮ٵļλʽʵ֧ݱΪʵʵļ۸ٵӮǰƭͶ߶ѣͶƭֵ˶ԣʵģʵжԴ˺ֺ޷綨Ծ͸ƭԺԻԣƭͶߵʵ˿ûиı䡣

ͶԤֵڶͶͨͶߴģʽ뵽˳
ġͶ䡱ʱġͶԤֵԤڵǱǵһͶ䣨
Ͷߴӵͼʼ۸ƷܹմͶ߽룬Ͷгʽȷ
䣩ۼƱһͶļ۸ 
10ͶڵڶͶʱԤر۸ 
100Ȼһ˵ƭƭͬʱһʵǹ̡ҲûܹͶƷԭʼ۸Ʒ۸ľ޴쵼µͶǽսѧΪʲôҪͶ۷֧ԭʵƭǽսѧһ֮Чۻʯ˽һƾͿˣصһʵĽںϷԸĻϽвƸתơʵϣʵƭеͶʵԶֻȡõڶͶǷ󣬲ҪеǱڵɵڶͶ۸ͻȻһͶ۸Ŀܡ

ģʵƭֲԣǽսѧеĵڶͶЧӦһʵ
ǵΡʵƭ֡һ˸еõǻۣչıȻǽսѧֵŨīزʵһʡеͶߣǲ֪֮䱻ʵƭµֻԼѶκΡԮˣźһʧܺƭ̣Ϊÿһ趼˵ʵͿ֤֡ʵƭ֡ǽսѧĴУһ˰ֵġɢŹĻ䣻һʵٽ޵ġ㡱һ˼߼ĸ߳Ͻƭ̣һҫǹâ
ϵͳ̣ÿһƭ˵ʵ˵ľ֤ȴ
ֱһͲݵġսԼֵġԼĹʵ

壩ͶۣҲơǮۡǽսѧһ۷
֧øӵѧѧüֵƭʵƭ
һԸƣϵͳͶʱգлӰȸֹ̣
ע͡طɡһսѧпԾȷͶϵͳ
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Ͷ䣺ָͶеĲ̣ͬ޶Ḷ́
һγͶĵһ䡣

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ڵһͶ䣬ͷԿͶͶϵͳ
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ͳʧ֮ȡᡣǽսѧͶ۵ġ׳Եĸ
ϡǿնۣǿɿʵĽսۡ

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вֻȫͶͼ볡мḶ́пܷΪӹ̻
߲µѭ̣ԽάּСʱ졢ڣҲпά
ꡢʮꡢʮ꣬һĹ̡ƸתƵḶ́ҲһͶ߲֪
ݱΪͶߵḶ́һͶսսĿĵḶ́һ
ܵӰĲɲĹ̡

ţʵƭۣڽսѧУøӵļֵ͵Ͷ
ûΪͶԣѲĲͬĿĵͶʸͶΪݱΪͳһ
ͶΪսƵƭһϵСսʵ 
ΪնĻ׸
սĹҡȺʵľֲʱ׶Եʷ͹ڸǳ
ԡԡԵƭʡ̺ڱֱĴ·ϳǰٵ
ܵḶ́ϵĽȡпѧᷴӳһʵֱߣ͸һ
Ͷϵͳ̵ĺͻᷢ巢չһԲεĹĵһ
壬һԲϲĿѧߵḶ́ͱյΪһȫ
ǰĹ̷չġķչ̣˿̣תתǰ
תһȦֻҪֲѧȡ֤֪ķַΧͿ
չʵٵĽڲֲ֪֮ǽս
ѧĻʯս֮һΪսеĹʳڲԭ޹Ⱥ乥սصҪͼƭ͸ͬӵͷԡǮȨСѧԱֶ֤κģרҵġ
ǻ۵Ķֻ֡нʵƭ۲Чյսԡսߡ

ʮȷۣͶյУ𽥴ʵͶʿʼȻ
ذյͶʣҲǰͶƷвľƷݱΪ޲



Ͷ׷ҲݱΪԡȷԼ۸䶯ƷͶʣ
̾ǽսѧвȷ۵̣һϵͳĽս̡

ʮһһۣһͶУһͶΨһͼģ
˶һͶߣһͶϵͳУֻͶ߱ˣҲ
ǵһͶռĿΨһĵһͶߣĵһͶ߶
ͶУڵڶͶıƭͶߣľٵĵ
һͶλʹĵһͶЧӦನҲڵڶͶ볡
ĿԵĴСȴǡǡͶ̬γɵҪ

ʮ⡢⣺ڽսѧУָ߲׸ߵһһ֤Ļƭ⣬Ŀڡս۵һ벻ͣһȻеģʱǿҵġġ󵼶ʧĶ˼ԽսķͷҲ˵ִܹͨ±Ȼķ޷Ҫ򱣳һӰǿһ⾭þרҵһɹ֮ΪصͶԵĸԡЧԺӦ֮ƵԶԶǵ󣩣Ȼڽս۵ọֻ̈̄յԾ˿̲⣬ͬΪʵƭΪĽսԵɲ֡

ʮͶٽ磺ָһͶ߱˳ڶͶתʱ̣
һ˽ʱ̣һͶߴ㹻Ͷʱ̣
һͶڴʽ볡󣬿̻þ޶볡ʱ̣
һͶγɵʱ̣һƷɡͶݱ䡰ȺͶ
ٽ㣬һͶת򱻶ͶߵķĲͶٽ
㣬˺Ͷ߱ڲ֮صͶϵͳ̵ߵĽɫתٽ㡣

ʮģͶߣͶϵͳ̣Ͷһˡȣ
ս۵ķߡ

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ܺһ룬˵ڶͶĳʼ۸Ҳ
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ʮͶߣнڶͶͶߺͶ߶ǱͶ
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Ͷ߶Ͷ̺ĿĵĿɾȷԺ͹ģ޴󡢱
ӡǣͶթƭŻﻯܻרҵܶͶƭҲ
һͶϵͳ̵ԣһҪͶ߾±仯

ʮˣٽ磺һͨͶʧسֵһֻ۵ļ۸
ǣµڹߺֵһµҲܳͶ
޶ȻʷҲƵĸ߱Ƶȫٿص
ģ͸ܸ˱ʡһͶάֶٸıͷԻԱ־
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ʮţͶƣͨͶһȷͺѸıƣǻµͶϵͳУҲڽսУָսߵս
Ŀģʱ 180ȵĴת䣬ֻǽսԵĳչֱֺ
֤ǽս۵ת䡣

ʮȣڽսѧУΪҳڵĽڲȶʹ
ԪƿĲȶ͡ҡĽܶȳڱάϵԪ
ƣڽսۺڹⷴһ۸ϵɲҡں𵴡
ȵĺԽ󣬶ԽСȴӴ
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սԲԣЧֹȵƻ

ʮһһͶ۸񣺾ǵڶͶȷʱļ۸ʵУһ
ļ۸ȣһ̶ļ۸ΨһԿ϶ǣ۸ԶԶԽ
Ʒԭʼ۸񣬼ȿԺ㹻̰ͶԣҲͶ׬ȡ
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֤˺ڡڶͶ䡱ļ۸ΪڶͶ۸ӹ̵ġ۸
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ʵЧӦҲЧӦ5.ƽ̨6.ε㣨Blinking7.㣻8.ԳƼ㣻9.εͨεȣ10.εսεжBlinking11.Сռ䶨ɣ12.̰յսӦսȣҲơ׳ս13.ε
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εսһмƻĿĵĲƸתƲԡ

СεսֲսεսӦãͨͶȵ㣬
ע룬ȺЧӦӶ´ͶʽһխСͶͶ
ƷʲôҪؼѡͶһҪ޷ʽӿ롣֮Ҫ
ѡСͶ򣬲ȵ㣬Ҫ
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2ֻСķΧڣŻֻҪٵĳʼʽýͶעȺЧӦͶʡͣԵķͶ룬Ҳơս
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ʮˡսƲۡ㡷

һ㣺ҲսԽ㣬ڽսѧУһϵиӵġɲġ
ԵսԡսУսƵµĶսʩֻӻ
ġȴ޷ֹʱ㣻սʧ󣬵µսֶΣ
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ͳߺսͳ෴˶ʵʰǿƷսǿ
սƷսƷսȶڲĺ
˵ߴǵ¼սԺսͳ˶ֱԭ򣬵
˵ֳȻǸۺϽĽҲ˶ֺͼڲĸ
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ԣҲȨ˭Уﲻ۳ǿձȻ
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ŤתʷķչսƵ仰˵ս̬Ƶתܵ
һʷսƵǳͻȻײǿ룬ǿ
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ڵ㣺ᴩһϵսеľֲ㡣ڵ
ȻһսᣬȻҪսʤҪйؾģʽԣ
ɴԷΪս͡͡ս͡ࡣ

ս͹ߣйĻΪͣǿս԰գԸ巴
ǿҪҲߣϵͳսĿȶԼߣ

ģս͹ߣ׷սʤʵǿԸҪ󲻸ߣ
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սеġڿս׷þֲʮ򲿶ӵʧ
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׷սľ޴ġһսʤȴսԽУʧ
ܣһսʧܻȡսʤ͵ӡΪ
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壩սʱ䣺սԾ߿ʼʱΪսʱ䡣

ƣָýӴɱָյȲѺõս
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ֹսԵһֹ֣ĿĲһǶƣؼյΪá

ߣָյսͨǿýĳ޶ˣʵ
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ʵΪӰսԾߡսѡսһϵ
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ˣڱǿսǶһȷڶ֣һȷеġʧ
⹫ָֻҡΣ־ĺ͹ҶȣֵǿӲ
ȣʹ֮ЦӶɥʧ߲ɥʧ쵼ڹͻȻ 
⡱ߡߵԷɿˣڶڱǿ׵ʱͻȻѡ
ԣҲơڣǿսһʵ岻¼ǿýսƳ
֡֡սԾȷȽͣɢսעĸ
սֿŻЦԷǵսǽսѧһҪ
оڵսԲƶӰ֮ʵʩ֮ƵӰ֮
Զ˵˼ΪսԲУԵһֵо
ҪǿǣսͳΪıս

ţͼйʾͼ˵㲻ƽ㣨Ҳ

ϣɶƣཻһ㣬սì

౳ܶԾȣǿǹ̵ŻսѡҪһ
ʾͼжλЭͼͼԸֽǶȸͼȴûз
ӳʵʡѡ 
rudumpѵʾͼڴ˱ʾϵĸлʾ
ͼԭȻͬȴ𾴵ĶһʶyΪɶȡ

ȡɹȡ֪ȡԻͶȡ̶ʾᣬᣬҲɶ
ᡢսᣬս 
b ʵֵ 
100xΪʱᣬ߾
ᣬʷᣬս᣻ԭΪʵ㣻ΪսԷ[ʷֵ] 


ʮдУȺ˼Ρʾͼʮ⣬˵
ʾͼָͼǼɾ˵ġʾǡʾͼ
򻯵ʾͼйؾɶȺһ򻯵Ķ˫ĵĹ
׷̶ûзӦͼϣֻҪ˽һ˫ĵʾͼɣʵĺ壬ЩѾ㹻ˣ۽ϵͳߣǾһϵͳӦõӶѣʵˣͲ˼򵥣һιʽ⡢͸壨Сϵͳ͹ңϵͳ벩ĵͬ⡣սΪaսΪb˿սԷʷͳһԷ˵սԾߴҲᵼʷչҲ֮սߴöࣩڴ˿սսᵥλ̶ڲ¼£ʩӶȣӲʵĻá˵ʵ͸ƻɱȰʵͻͬµλ̶ȵǰߴͻᵹˣսԾиԣʷԵӲԼľջսͬʵǰ£ȴΪ仨ٳġɵġ׷ȡɹȡ֪ȡԻͶȡ̶ʾĽ׷󣬶ʧУֻоԻͶȺǰ棬ûע⵽䷢չѾƫսᡣ仰˵ֻսս߶ȷļսġǰȻСͶͬʵսᵼµջսѡγɼʱκľģʽչһ֮ЧսϵҲսϵսϵĲ̸ͬսսԾߵӰ졣Ҫģʵõء 


1.ϰߵۼԺӲʵʵʵϾȻս
սԵĲͬʵս棬ӲʵȽԣʵ
ս棬ͻظ׷ľ߻У
һ־Ļ;ԣ߸˻᲻У
ܱ֯ȻսԻսԣҲǱȻҪ߱ս
Ծߡִе֯ȻģȻҪӦԣ
־ߴӡִʧӵյ߻ƺ
֯ϵܱͻսߣڱս
ߣֻ 100ʵͶȡðٷ֮ѵսƽֱߣⲻ֣ܳսԾϵ˵Ҳˣս߱׷滯ĳԡսĻձȻʧڶ԰ʵͶУҲᵼ¶ԡԵӰ죬ճһַھߵĻơ֯ϰ߷ֱ߱Ĺ̳Ϊƫ룬ճĵƫ㣬֮ľ״̬ΪṹԾƫ롣 
2..սعĴۣսȻǱǺ˵ģԡƫ롱
սᣬȡһϵпƻԻ͡ҫ۵սʤսߵıȻ
׷󻯶ȣȻпܼȡսȡ㹻Ļ
ͶȣϾͱΪսߵսͶӰѣս
Ӧλȣսڴ˼ʵߵĳȣս
ʵʵλеĳȼȥͶӰھսϵĵλȲֵ֮Ϊս
ԻͶȡսϵֵΪս桱Ǹֵսع顱ִۣȻƫսԽԶֵĿԾԽߣֱջﵽɱ 100ԣսʵʾ޵ģҲ䲻׷ɶȡԵ޸ߣΪʵԶ޵ģԻͱʵʵսʧͶȵ½սԾҲʵ֡ĳ֣ʵսߵɶȴһŵĻع㣬ɴ˾Ϳһ⣺սϵλԻͣģʽսʷԺУԶսԾϵ֪սԾ߲ܴڣߵһλ׷⡢ڶλ׷档սԾϵųս򣬶ڿǳǻһģӳȴϵĲͬʵĲͬȻ䶼ͼ׷󻯡 

3..ֵԭ򣺾ʧıȻԡǰҪ𲽵
⣬Ϊʲô㣿ıʴսԻս
ϵУĴʵг˴ʧܡ˵ĸֽ̣磺
ʷ̣УΪʷ;ԴԣȻӳڿж
ǴѡԶԶھΨһԵȷѡʱ޷֪ʲô
ȷѡӦΪʷ졢Ӧս޵ģӦս
Ҳ޵ģʷǸĶʱ̣ʱ
֣վһʧܵµĵϣĻԻϣ»عϣһиϵ޴ĳͻǸ⣬˿漰£ڵµᣬ뿪˵¾ͻᵼ¾սԣʵʵҲһϵȤĽṹԷӦȲۡͼУ򵥱һֵܳ򵥵㣬ʵҪһЩսִ߳󣬾ͻᵼ¾ֵս𽥴ľԻͲսսԣʵսҲս棬һ㲻̫⣬ͼ⣩վͻڼļΪͨ׶ѾΪ򵥵ľ˫Ϊ˶෽ʵʴڣ澺гֶսߣԼսߣս߱Ȼлع顢Ȼ滯ۼԽṹȸأȻͨϵƴγһƳá׷սԡȻڶ㡢ͻԣҲᵼţͶ½ڼ˫ʵ̫£ⲢҪ磺һ͵սϵһСսԾߡսΪ㣬Ľƶ֯սռ㣨սǱľص㣩Ҳǳսĵ㣬ҲһսɶߡսɹԻ͵ʱ̣ǳױ˾ߵĳԣһߵĿĶս󻯣Ǿ߱ǷмֵԾ߱мֵķӦؼǴ 10꿴Ǵ 100꿴ʱԽЧӦԽԣʵϣսϵͳսʧ٣սȴ޷ϡһսִ߳󣬾ͻ˲䱳սĺпܳʷ˲䵼µսԵšսôյıսߵۼҲȻʵܣʱҪֵóõö࣬Ҳص㽻棬㣬ҪڸսϣҲʵȡ˸档 
4.СУսԾ׳ָսսʧ󣬵ɵȴö࣬
˵ǸһԳܵĴۣսʧСöࣨΪ
ѶСɲȷ֪ȴ߱κεġɵԡս桱͡սԲ桱 
5.һּ˵ûἰһսԾִ߳
սڴӿֵסҲ쵼
ĳ֣ȤڣΪսԾϵһȻұ
ƣսԾϵ߱Ƚȷȷս֮ϣ֯Ļ
̫ܲӦͻȻһٰʮȵսԴߵִУսϵУ丽
ִϵرӦɶȵľߣѲߴƺϵ
׳ʵǡǡ෴սϵӲ֮һսԾϵڲ
Ӧұ仯ľ߲ҲԸоҵľ߲Ȼһ
̹ԣҲԣԲᵼսܵʧҲ
ӰʷͷսߵĶԣγһƽ
ο׾壨Ͷʣۡ2005 2 17ձûСսĹΪûнΣԲ۵ġ
սҪ㣨˹¼巢ʷϵͳĽҳǡսͨʷһ֣1944겼׶ɭ
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һƲ⡪ıۡ
һ֤ۡ
ڶ˵չоһȻͬ
ﳤսʷϵۣл¸Һǻ۵Ľᾧ
սǹǻۣս׳ʫƪ
ÿѧķӦԡΣ
йڰȫġʵǽ
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