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Ҳ֪״Ķʼ£һѡĳʦԢʱֿʼϯĽ̸󲿷뽫ҪĹ޹أǰһ¼Щ¼Ӱ쵽µķչ 
ҸһЩţ(˳һ䣬ţǳӲ)ڻصҵλʱ˵κıɱɪУǶһ¡ҽⷬҵ·̫ơ 
ֶ˹˵ 
һ췢ϼһѪʱǾ仰ָ㡣ṩ֤ݣὲţĵϸıǡ 
ʦԢŮӶݲµıְҵ͸塣ֻһش˵ 
ˣȻһֻƵӺݺݵ׵ҵǰ 
һͬ˵Уȷʵ𣿡 
ûشΪˡƹһŵϺֽһʪġ˲ƻ׵ҵı¡˵Ҫлл͵һ°ӷŵϣ뿪˷䡣 
ܱǸôһ˳Ծ˵ԴΡ 
ͬСиһʦ˵һٺʲˡҲ˶ѣһλĸ 
һΪʦӦȢΪڽʶʮСʱ֮󣬾Ҵ飬һȻԻ󲻽⡣Ϊһ׮£ֻ˫ڵమ˼Ǻܵ޽ԵҪǣҪͶϡ 
Сҽʮꡣˣʲô¶档ڸ涼ʤһҷղѡ 
ѽȡֵĳִЦŬҪı뷨һұΪţʦӦҳʾһ㣬ֻǸ֮һЦ 
װģ˵ֻҪ΢ġ 
ʱǾĵģ˵ǣܶ£ʵ䷴̸һûȥģֻҪ׼òͼʡһЩڸˡ 
ɷôװģ𱸵Ŀ˵һʥеħΪԼĿĶݵ䣬һ䣺Ƴּҵ 
ûбʨ˺ƬǶô˰ܿҵĻҲûڻ̼ϱʳĴҳƷֵôС֡ٽйɪУ°ɡô˵ڵĻͽִ̻ܽµĹǹ˵ġ 
߰ľͷ˹˵ѹǰȥ 
ҿʲôѡ񡣡˵ 
˵Ҳ˵ 
װģƵ˵ҽ°ɣô£λ˹ĵͷʱ𣿡 
˹ǵʦյڡָ߽̻ɵĹ۵㣬ʳɪУκɶʮַС 
βǵġȷʵ˹ⷬģ鷳˹˵һӢƱġ 
˹һϵĽͽڲμĶӼյʽʱһӢĳƱͶ״ڹʱʹط֣һʮĳƱᵽƱ 
ұԹ£ҷǳָһŪˡ 
ǰˣͼת⣬ǵһЩ鷳 
ֵǣҵĻ·ʹΪŭ˵ǳ֣ʹԾǣҲΪ߿ˣ룬ɪУ߿ȥˡɪУһлСˡȷʵСһźǣǡϸõռѧУΣᣬһ춼ð 
ˣǵѰ㿪ģӴһͼϵ̸ܽ˵ûΧװʦǸѿЬҲû˸ʥڵůࡣӺŮ巳͸ˡ룬ȥˣʹеЩġ 
òΪ¶󶯸λ𣬡Դɫ˵룬ûȫʶ˵Ļĺ塣ҪеĿ̰۵¡˵ġ̰ۣѵŲýõǮ𣿡 
û˻ỳʲôװģ˵ǳף˻ɣһѵõĻ֤һ㡣ҵԸȥŲøǮҺ޴ʿһǡ 
ҪʱһݰĴײˡԱ죬˵ձǳ԰ĴףԷǳ 
Ҹ˵˵ÿ춼ĴײĽǳʡ 
ݡҲ 
ɪϹһˣ˵ұ׼ýΪӢ̻нѻὲڲĲοʱũѩġʵһԣҵĽ׼ò̫áʲô 
ҵְ𣬡˵һλʦְ̫̫𡣺Ȳ衢ʱֵ 
˭ 
¶һ˾ӵɫζָһ 
˹̫̫ΤɪС㡢ڶС㣬λµնС㡣 
мϲնС㣬˵˽ⷢÿһϸ֦ĩڣҴƶϡ 
˵öࡣͣһ֪ʵġ 
ѽҺȲˣ˹˵ 
Сӣ 
ţɪһ˽ȷʵԼȥ򡣡 
Сӣһ䡣 
˹çײܿˣһ߽ҵ鷿֪ǺȲʱʲô˵һҵд̨ϡ룬˹ͨͿķСģҲ˹̫ҲҪιȥݷˡǵģӦ˹̫Ȳ衣һ䷿ס£Ӳ¶棬̫ˣ̽¡㿴дλݲ԰׶Ů˭ȥľģ֪ɱźҽ֪һ 
̽С˵̫ˣº͵˵һ䡣 
أ༥һҵҡ¥ϵѪʱдʡҽǷ񿴵ⱾʱҿЩʲô 
ҵˡ 
ʰⱾġżȻһ仰ңǡ 
ЩżȻһ仰ζؽȻһǳֵ鷢ˡվ䲢ɷ򡣡˵߹һ¡ 
һǳֵ𣿡ʵ 
Ȼǵģ˵ףѵûпұԼ޸һڸ󲿳оһλԣĹ˾ˣٺһ˷ȵ˵ӣҷѡ㣬ѵʹʮֳԾ𣿡 
ʱȷʵˣһشҳƣΪʲôҪ޸ң 
Ц 
ʹҸеԼ˵ֻΪòˣȻȢҲһ׮Ȼϲͬˣȴ޷ҵջҵʹ޷һλáκ˵صġֵԴֻñϵһ֧ëԣһֱʹǳ졢ʹɥʧ;ǣȴذҡǷذң𣿡 
ȻǷǳϲģװġ 
ޣףǰҡ㻹ǵ죬Ҵϣҵ绰Ůֳ˫̥˽ͨ绰ǽӲҵĵ绰㵱ʱ֣ոһš 
һЩ飬ǲԸȥġڵʱ£̫ˡ˵װģ㲻Ļҵü׼Ӣ̻нѻĲ塣 
߷ߵ̾һҵͷŪָƽ˵ 
㲻ҡȷʵҡҪλһ¡һģһ㲻١Ȼɡ 
Ѿˡº͵˵ 
Цһ¡Ӵ߿ˡ 
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һʮ˷յŮˡղ뿪ʱһеļѣΪӢ̻нѻ׼һƪĽݸ壬ȴе񲻶Ҳѡ 
յҾ˹ɪƮȻ 
˵ƮȻ˵ǡġһЩС˵ндɾ桪ʱ֣ഺȵȣҿ˷·𶼸ĳֶꡣ 
磬˹Եˣ޳ԵĮȻʽĲɵȡͷϴŵıñһִСֵ˵Ŷѽ 
һС·ӡݡ֣ھǻ԰ţԴ˶߽԰ţǰ鷿Ĵƹһ·ǰš˹ҲеԾǣ̬ȣȷʵһ 
ʦԢ͵׼һλʦ档 
߽һ̱ҵһֻϡظŪͷ컨塣 
˹ڸʲôط𣿡 
緹ûм֪ȥǶˡ 
ޣ˹˵ϣûȥǶҲʲô˵ġ 
˵ġ 
Լ壬ڶ 
˵ 
Ŷ⣡˹˵˵ǵһЩһ緹ˡ 
Ⲣʹ̫ġ 
ڸʲôط𣿡 
ڻ԰Ļġ˹жء 
й±÷з˹˵ǺͰְֱŤְ̫ˡ 
˵Щʲôô¶ʵ 
йһ¡ְַ¡ΪʲôҾͲܴԡ˻أܴԡȥ̲ΪʲôͲ˻أ 
˹ͣһ£˵ȥ 
̫ˡְֲ׼һ˽ݡȻ˹ֻǶԴ˴һͨҪĻŻ 
Уװģ˵㸸ײ׼ͲС 
ޣװģ˹˵̾һ˶ζҸеûһҲûһЩǮҾҪˣûǮҲܡְǮͺˣҾˡ 
㲻˵˹ 
ŶҪϣͲӦǮ 
ѹ뿪öһΪˣ֪ 
һʲô˽ģƯ𣿡 
㸸֮ǰˡ 
ôˡ밲ݺܿҲʲôֳµġݺңҺܵ壬ҡˣϲ֪ϣƢùŹ֡ 
ҵģ˹ҵ鷿һ硣 
ûпҵĳƬ𣿡ʵ 
ûС 
̫ˡҲ֪ǷʲôطˡҰѹҲŪˡҵֱҲ֪Ķˣûϵֱǲߵġҵ죬̫ˡ֪ΪʲôʮһӲ𴲡̫ˣ˵Ŷҵ죬ҵˡҪȥ˹ͨʿĹ 
Ƴһӣĵʮ֡ 
̫ˡ˵׼ǻһƲȥˡûǸϿȥܷǡ 
ƮȻȥˣŤͷ˵һ䣺 
ߵ˹ģ𣿡 
Ӧһǵġʶ֪ߵ˹ʲôʱѾˡ֪ܿûʲôϵ˹ͨʿҵĳ˼һλĿѧңڡҰùݣලһλɪУϵķĹУ֮Ѿ˺üִԼ˹ȥĹ⵹ǺȤġ 
ҿ˹ɪеһλɧŮӡƣ뿼ѧҵķСദķСһλʮĽ׳Ůӣֹ֣ųķɫĻһƺס͡ 
Ƕ᲻һΪˣΪһλصµŮˣŬճΪ˹̫ͨ˹Ȼͬ 
ҿõݡҲ̫졣 
ԼǰɪУֽˡ·ò쳣ڡһֱ²⣬ŮĹϵ̫á 
ˡҵĸʦ˹֪ɪ̸ϸڡҸУΪġԸ񡱶ûڣõĿȫǹһ¡ͬʱֱʵҵĲþܵĿؽҵĿ 
뿪ʱҶĶвûм٣ΪΪڡȷţһ˶˵ķԵĺöǳ 
̾һʶд̨ϵӵָѾָһ̣ѹʱˣȥ 
λѾŲ豭ۼڿڲԣһȻӣȴƽʱҪԵڲͬ 
ÿ˶һ֣ȻնСΤɪС֮¡ 
նСһλ̫󣬾ֹºˣΤɪСȴ̱УնСҪѶԸöࡣ 
̸й˹ͨͿķС¡һ˵ 
ҵԺͻȻðһ䵤˹Ͼ䡣 
ͻȻһֳ嶯˵Ͼ䣬ڳ˻ʲôӦһǿסˡΤɪС˵һ䣺 
ûĸĹȻͷ߷ߵر˱촽 
ʲôʵ 
һδ˵¡ΤɪСһֿµ˵ 
ޣװģնС˵ΪѻʵġǵÿĪذɣ 
ȻûסһѻѵġΤɪС˵ 
ЩסһģնС˵Ҽǵá 
Ҵ˲Ļ䡣 
Ȼඣ˵ڣһҲЩˡ 
סͬһù𣿡˹ʵ 
ΤɪСնС 
ͬһ¥ҡ 
ڶС׳ã˺Ҳֱʵ˵ 
Ūôһ֮ǰͻᱻץסһûӤһ޹һ㡣 
֣ǾıڳŮʿû˻뵽һƽطŽҡҶܿõӤ 
˵ŻڶСһֱ̬˵ٱʮꡣ 
Ů˵̸ʫкĳΡϴĸ׾ۻ˰ûڵ¼ͽõʽѡնСգգ۾ 
ѵΪ˵ķСֻҪһȤĹֻǰ˹ͨһͨĹ 
һƬĬȻλŮ˭Ҳͬ⡣նСĸֱۣڴ˳Ĭ 
װģ˵㻹ᡣ˲Żɵͷԡ 
˵ûɵͷԡ 
ȻնС˵û硣ÿ˶úܺá 
Ϊ޸Ǹζͺͷ𣿡 
֪ǳУնС˵Ƣǳꡣһ죬ɪУһ 
ÿ˶ش£ 
ɪУǰ׳ա 
ɪУһƢôƣ˹̫˵ 
ǺɪУһƢҿʲô֮նС˵ 
ǻǵϴǸŮ˵ĳ߾ţ֪븣޹ϵһűˣű˵ұ񡣡 
Ҳ˵նСű˵ˡ 
һЩйλжۣ𣿡ΤɪСʵ 
նСͷ 
ɪУϳӡ˹ԡ 
Ϊ֮еʲô˹̫̫˵СǶεûĸסĸȫһ¡ 
Ҹ˵ɪ̫̫ѾĵˡڶС˵ 
Ǻܹء˹̫̽˵ 
Ƿˣ𣿡ĳһЩΤɪС˵Ǹ˧Сӡ 
ȴŵڶС˵һǵġң裡ģضһ߰㣡 
ԡµӣ˹˵ͳ 
Ҳѽһ˵ 
ƤĹڶ˵ؽЦÿһȴԳеԾӡ 
˹鷳𣿡նСʵ 
ң 
ǵġҿ԰Ƶ鷿Ĵǰ 
նСڻ԰һĻָӹЧġ 
ǵģһ¡ҳϵ 
˹٣նС˵ϣҪֲ͡ 
ŶΤɪС㼤ؽкȫˡҵøһЩϢҿҽ˹̫Сݳ 
ར 
Ҳˡ˹̫Ʋ 
ǲˣҲ̫ͻȻˣڶ̫˵ΪӣһĻ԰Χ߶ûӡ 
뺣ҽһʶˣ˹̫˵һֱԴؿƿ 
֣ΤɪС˵Ȼֻδᡣ 
صص˵һ䣬ȴֹҶе£ 
ҲżȻ˵ģɫ˵ɷһλʿµĹ£Ұ˳Եˣ֪ȷȷʵʵԵˡӡҽʱһ֧̽նһ𣬾 
һʱǳ˼֮飬ʱնС΢΢һЦ𱸵Ŀ˵ƤĹ 
ֵĸֱۡ 
װģ̫Ĺ£ǲŵġʱ򻹿ʹ鸴ӡ 
Ⱥ˵гԵԶաλŮʿȥˡ 
˹ж˹ɪ֮ȷʵеϸ𣬡ΤɪС˵ô¡أնС㣿 
նСƺ˼ 
Լɲ˹ҿȫһˡ 
ǣɪУõ 
һӡǸˣնС˵뷨ŲšǵÿҰùݵǡͿͶйŮİֵ÷зʵǵӡ 
˵⻰ʱֱŸͻȻеһŭնС㣬˵ΪǶǿйزסʲôʴȲ˼а֪һ㡣߶޴ܸ˴޾˺ 
װʦնС˵̫ˡҶ౾Եĳڹ۲²ܶ౾Ա̫ߵҸ˵ೣǴġģȷʵģ𣿡 
ķһеġ 
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ϴŮһϺ󣬸˵ 
ȥĿ˵ķһȻЦףĻ˹жʲô𣿡 
װģȻ 
ΪնСڰʾһ㡣Ϊұ绤̫ˣ񡪡һֻŭϻ 
һ󲻰ӹҵͷһӢ̻ʦܴһֱΪŭϻ״̬ 
Ҹеʱİ𣬡˵ǸϣԴʽһЩ 
ָʳĹأʣָ˹ܸһְʾһʱҴŴëĺ硪ǽ̻ʴֲʲôаķװ屻ڵʵʵʵϣһж˹δ뵽ҲǺԭ򡣡 
ȻΪ֪ǸѻŮˡ 
װϹŶˣסǳһ˵޸һɷ˵Ůˣ͵һԭ򡪡ҲˡҲǺġ 
϶Ҫ𣿡 
Ŷ˵дһԥⳬҵ 
˹ɪమ 
նСƺΪ 
նСŪˡ 
ӲŪϵǶԵġͣһܿб۾Ƴһۣ˵ҵģ˵˹֮䲢ûʲô 
װĸҳԾ˵Ȼ 
߹ҡ 
ϣ㲻ŻԲźãס˵ʲô㶼š 
ҵϣǣװģȷʵ㣬ܺͷԴʽҪסЩŮ̫ȱĬУʲô鶼档 
Ҫģ˵еһС䡣һǾͲæڴ̽еĶˡ 
˵⻰뿪˷䡣ҿһֱæȥһЩЩʱӦеİݷá 
ϵĽʽһͽϡ٣ǣڷºӽóʱǿյģֻһŮվǶǵһ滧һЩǳϾĲɫñҲֵù͡ҵĽŲתҿ˹̫̫ 
ǶԥһȻ˵ 
ϣϲǵСá 
Щ˵ 
죬ʮֵͳȻǳһּһ䣺 
źûмӡ 
̸һáȻһλнŮˣԽõʷ˽⡣һ뿪˽ãС·ؼңΪʦԢһ·ķӡǵſڵʱ˵ 
𣿸ҷĲʲô 
ҽ롣ǰһλӢӡѪУѿͭҲеһɡӲõʮּӣȴһ־µƷζڵ˸ег 
ȻԽԽƣʲô˹̫̫һŮ˴ʥ׵ġʮԣһḻŮˣȴԼûһȤ̫ˡ 
ĿйҵԵһлϸϸش 
λ߸ŮˣɫͷԴɫüëͽëܺڣ˵׼ڴ绹ʹȻΪǴĽض÷ǳġ˼ʱ¶һص顣۾ɫ۾˫۾ǽɫġ 
źܽһλнŮ˵ȻľֹȻĳֲгġԻĶ 
еǸա˸ùǸʡġ˵ȻܻƣҵԺͻȻӿһͷŮ˻˼ɡ 
ǵ̸漰ͨĻ⡪滭鼮ϵĽáȻ֪Ϊʲôһǿҵӡ˹̸̫̫ģĳȫͬĶ 
һúĿⶢң򲻶⡣ע⵽ʹ̸漰˷飬ἰйɷݵ¡ 
ǣĿһֱİļ·˵Ҹܰ𣿡 
ȻʧˡҲղȫҵĻþҸеҪˣǡҳʱֻͷһۣԻǵĿ⿴ҡͻȻ˵һ䣺 
ʲôҿΪЧ͵ġ 
Ĵ䱸˵̫ˡ 
ĬȻ˵ 
ϣ֪ô졣̫ˡŶκ˶ﲻҡǵллĳ⡣ 
ƺĻˣֻˡǵʱȻƲѡʥ׵طǶص黹ûϰΪ 
ҴȴųҾܵڶСǳһұ׾ķʽˡ 
ҿˣһֱ׾Ĭкҷǳ룬ܰһиǡ 
ʲô 
λصŮʿһλѸɷʲôط 
ȷʵ޿ɷ档ûиҡ 
̫ˣһΪżᵽʲôءȻһԭֲֻᣬҪˣ𣿡 
ȷʵһ㡣 
𾴵նС˵̫ˣװʦңʶҽ𣿡 
ûᵽҲ֪ 
ô̸Щʲôأ 
滭ֺ鼮ҳʵ˵ 
ڶСĻ漰˵ģɡԥ׼һ仰ĵҵ֮ˡ 
Ұݷ˴ӱϵһˣȻӻ԰ĴŻصʦԢ;УնСĻ԰Σյص㡱ǣҿȥݷ˹̫ϢʲôܴĶ䣬Ҹеܰġ 
ƿ԰ʱƺҾͻ̤˻԰˹жҵݣۿФġ 
ڴ˸һżͼԱʾ¼ͼֻ˱ҪϸڡҸΪڻûעҵĽŲڲݵҲŪ 
ҴţȴſεͣˡΪˣһ§һŮǲѡ 
˹жɪ̫̫ 
һæ˳صҵ鷿ϣó̶ǰǰϸһ顣ղŷֵأ𶯲С˹̸Ҹȷţλ̳֮ĳͶϡңԼҲΪҿ϶λĸ֮飬޾졣 
еնСȻˡûбƭǣĻɴ൱׼ȷȫԸζһƳ 
Ҵδ뵽ɪ̫̫ǣɪ̫ʹ뵽ӡһ̾ӣû˻뵽뼤顣 
ҳ˼ʱ鷿һûҡ 
ȥɪ̫վ档Ҵش˽ҴҴ䣬һɳϡ 
ҸеǰδϤǸ浾Ůʧˣ֮һλɫҵٸҵһοݡɪ޶ˡ 
λַŮˣݲ԰ףһ˫ݵĻ۾ 
ɫ糺죬ظţ·һ񸴻ˡգ۾ǰֱ仯 
û˵ղŵˣ 
ҵͷ 
ǳƽ˵Ը 
ʹԵľŷ֮УҲ¶һ˿ǳǳЦ⡣ЦֻеһŮ˿ĳ׵ĶʱŻᷢ 
ȻһԲܿ˵ 
룬𣿡 
ָ˵κĻɪ̫󣿡 
һһ벻ᡣ 
Ҽ˵ʹҵºЩ 
һλѻŮˡ 
ң 
ޣ֪֪ΪûзһĲһŮˡҲǵġ鲢 
ׯص˵Ϊ˸ˡ 
ӵʣ 
ɷ𣿡 
˵ 
ƺһձĿΪʦʿһΪ˴¡ġ 
мؿһۡ 
̫ˣޣҲҼˡܲˡֱܡֲ֪ô졣ˣеЪ˹ǻ֪ҵôġһʼ¬˹һ͸ˡûĸŮ˺͡һ֡ҵԸȥ̫ˣȷʵҲһˣҲһˡͻȻԾ̧ͷŴ 
ô£ʲôˣҲ˹ 
򴰻ȥ봰ûйΡ߳ݣĻ԰ȥһˡȻҼҿ϶Ҳʲô춯ߣĿ϶ʹҲ϶İɡֻصǰ㣬ʹͷһģ 
˵ 
֪ô졣Ҳ֪ô졣 
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Ҳû˵ҵңȰκһ׹˼ͽģȷʵΪҵĻЩο 
뿪ʱлҡӦúÿҵĻ 
ˣԺһĸвҸеΪֹҿ˰ݡɪ޵ԸڣҵӡǸһеŮˣһ鲪յŮˡ 
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ҷǳɣ˹жǷ١׾ٵҵһڡ 
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ҺϵȰ˵뿪ʥ׵¡ѾңȥֻĲҡ 
ǻ۷׷ףᴫɪУĶ䣬ʱʮľء 
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Ϊʵ˹ԼҲΪ𣿡 
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찡˵һŰҶʲôëȻĴ̼ѽһıɱһεҲá 
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ͷҲһ֧ǹ˹˵ϲء 
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ޣնС˵̾һ̫ˡֱ̫ˡ 
ЩԾؿ 
룬ʾĵǪڣ˵ 
ڣնСԵ÷ǳԾŶǵȻˡװʦΪɣ 
ֵҳԾˡ 
ǣȻѾ̹ˡ 
ǵģֻǳ飬˵޹ء 
Եģ˵ҿЩٶۣҿ֤ʲôûиıɱҿʲôȥװˡ 
ޣȻɵģնС˵Ȼġɵģ˶ͷԷȣ¡ 
ת 
ѵ㲻ͬҵĿװģ 
ҡҲ֪˵ҵͷԺҡҸ˹ʲôҪһʮɵϡ 
㿴ҹɫĻҿʼ˵ 
ҡնС˵ҽһؼҵľעš 
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ǲ֪ʱ˵ǳܵĻһʱ嶯ǹ˹Ҳܺ֡ 
ȷʵΪǵʱʵ顣 
װĿ֪ڿ鷽ʽǺܶġǣһ˱ʵѵ 
ΪΪǵؽ͵ǵŮ˵úףжֻ˼ӣȻʱǲܵġ⣬֪Удһʱ˴ӺǹɱġҵŮӶҵ 
ȫȷ˵дһ˵ٵˡϵʱʮ֣ӵӱŪˣָʮʱͣ׺ԼеǳԻ󲻽һ㡣 
ǰӲһӵϰߡ 
ǳ֣նС˵ȷʵǳ֡Ϊ¸֡˵ 
ͣΧɨһۡ˹ɪվڴ档߽ǵͷ˵һ䣺Ϻá 
һ£ñƽʱо˵ 
˵Ǵ˹ 
ǵģ˵ʹǴһ 
ȷʵδ뵽κ˻ıɱף˹˵û¶һ˿Ż˵飬ȻΪ˶ԵáţʱԼҲء 
˹Եʲôȵʲôأʵ 
ˣллֻһ£ǷʰҵıñһŹֵСñһñ鷿ˡ 
ñȻǶģ˵Ӳʰʲô 
ôȥ˹˵һվܱǸ鷳Һñӷ϶ĶҲŪˡ 
ڲܽ鷿˵˹˾Ѿˡ 
淳ˣѵǲܴӴȥ𣿡 
²ܡǴϵġȻඣ˹һɫıñĿǰжô𣿡 
˵һҲŲΪءΪǷǳʱ뷨˹ҲᡪǵģἫˣ 
վţüͷ˼ 
룬һжΪҺҵԡ¡̫ˣ¡ 
Ҫ˵Щʲô֪Ϊʲôֱտڲ̸ˡ 
˹Ǹֳһ˿Źֵ΢Ц룬˵Ҫؼȥ߰˹¡ 
ִӴȥˡתնС㡣ΪʲôҵĽһأ 
λ̫̫΢΢һЦ 
װģҪ˵ЩʲôȻҪõöࡣ֪ǺӼװͿԶͿ 
һгڰء 
òţȻȻ 
ô£ʵšǰ߹㡣 
ǿæţ˵÷УѾˡҪˡ 
÷УǱľֳ 
룬ϲҽȣҰ˿˵Ҫʰ𣿡 
ڻ˵һġ 
תնС㣬뿪˷䡣 
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÷УСһϰߣԤϲʱͻȻһ±Ϣźͷһ˫۾ 
Ϻãʦ˵£𣿿ɪޡ˵ϲҲԣûϲҲ̯һ¶ϣûʹ̫󲻰 
˵û̫в 
ͺáһ˵ķ﷢⡣ 
ҵ˵Ҷж¸еԾȻɣκ˵ĸ顣 
һȻЦĸо÷УȻһıɱ߻±˸뷨ûʲôϡģҼƽ 
ҵ˵˵Ǽһ߽ʱĸо档÷У˵ 
¾ģ 
ԼʮӡǼһһ֧ǹ˵ˡҸɵġ 
ıɱʲôأ 
١ȻǸйֻǴЦ˵￴ȴɪǳǹԸ˵Ϊʲôܵġţء 
ֻ֪֪ʲôйصһЩҥԡйֹݺ¡ô£УŮأʲô£ǵ֪ԭǻᾡǣС鷳𣿡 
ǣ˵ҵĻĳȫͬ飬ĿǰҲܽ 
ͷվ 
ܸ֪һ㡣Ҫ̸»ܶࡣ䣬Ů̫ˡޣҵˣüҽʲô鱻гȥˣӦûˡҲΪжеźµһӡһλɵСӡҲǻҳΪ绤ɡսĴˡڵ𺳵Ĵ̼ʲôɡûҵʲôԵĶ¡ҵˡԸһȥ𣿡 
˵ҷǳԸ⣬һȥ 
ھӡ˵ҽջһֻڵǰżͻȡҺͰصͷʾӭ 
ܱǸˡȥĴ󲿷ʱ䶼û˯æ¡ѾΪȡӵ 
һֻС˳ƹ÷ϸز쿴š 
Ӣģ 
˵ͷ 
һᱣ漼ϸڣԹѯʣ˵Ҫ֪ľǣʵ˲䷢ġСɵϣΪʲô 
˳ûǹʵ˳Ծ 
ǵģ÷˵ҲҳԾ 
Ĵǳӵһ濪ŵģ˵鷿š;źͳȫǹŵģһ㻹ʲôңֻŮӶһˡ 
ߣ÷˵ʹ˲⡣ƣλ̫̫ʲôţնʲôûУ鷿Ĵǿŵġ 
Ҳʲô˵ 
û˵ղŵҵԢûᵽ£ʲôֵý£ͽˡ 
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ע⵽糿ԵûöࡣƺһҪκˡ 
Ҳ˵ܿôûʲôˡ 
÷ҡҡͷ 
˹ûҵĶҲжʼжƺ֪ƣֶȻκණ룬⻰ǿŵġ 
ǵģȷʵļһ 
Сɵϣ÷У˵Բ𣬿ءȷʵǵģϾǻϰ߽һıɱߡ 
κζ𣿡ʵȸһ㿧ȣƿӡ 
˵ǳܣһʱ嶯ǹ 
ϣ˵ǹʧɱ𣿡ҽҡҡͷⲻԲ˵УдʱӺ͵Ϯ䴩ĺԡҲ̫ˡ 
ô˵û㹻ʱ˵նСĻ͵͵ȥǹɱӵָ벦صʮ֣Ȼ뿪Щ»Ứѵеʱ䡣 
ôҲڴʱף˵ʱҪɪޡŶͻģⱾʹһɼǰշ¡ 
ҡ 
ʲô˼һշʲôΪжʲôʱǹɱģ 
ҵ﷿ǰļӡ 
ҽҡҡͷ 
ܡܣ֮ǰˡ 
ǣװĻƣ÷У׿˵СʱֻһŵĹơ 
Сʱʮӣʮӣʮӡпܣǣٵʱ䣬ܡţҵʱʬͻů͵ġ 
ʡ˵ɫʼ仯ͻȻûҰײϡֱ仯Ի 
ǣţˣУˣжߵһǹɱġ 
 
Ҹⲻܣж˵ߵһǹɱɪޣôжѡ 
ҸǸҽѪҺʼˡ 
жѡ÷˵һ䣬ͣˣҡҡͷ 
ȥּ˵ 
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ȥֵ·ϣǶĬĬŲһ㣬С˵ 
֪Ҳϲӡϲĳǲ׵Ķ 
Ե÷ǳǲ 
˹˾ھ֡һǾ˹жһˡ 
ȥܲ԰ףȴ൱򾲡£Ϊܱ൱ɫˡ÷غһ±Ϣ֧һ£ȻҲܽš 
ţж˵˹˾˹˵Լߵһ̵ʦԢɪһܣǹɱȻ߿ˡҲ㸴£µľġ 
ǵġ 
ҵʼ⡣Ѿ߹㣬ɰԸشʦ 
˹Ļ 
Ҳʲôɱɪޡ 
ǣðɡ÷һ±Ϣôǹأ 
˹˵ǹҵ´ 
ǹȥʦԢ𣿡 
ǵġ 
Ϊʲôأ 
Ǵǹġ 
ڻش֮ǰֳһ£ҾȷţûнʵΪʲôҪӵʱز 
ӣƺԻ󲻽⡣ 
ԣָָʮ֡ 
һ˿־ɫ 
ŶǡˡҡҸıʱ䡣 
ͻȻ˵ˣĶɪУǹģ 
ʦԢ鷿 
˵ĸλǹģ 
ޣҡͷǵģͷ 
ѵ㲻ȷһ𣿡 
ȻѾ֪ˣʲôҪأ 
һı⡣洫һ춯һλûͷľһű 
Ǹʦġܽ 
չд 
صҴҲ֪롣һж̫ˡҵøĳˡɴԸκһ 
ݡɪޡ 
÷ؽһɫᡣǶһߡŤͷƳһ˹ж۾סеıҼδһųʹ;ס 
Ҽǵðݡɪҵɳ˵ǸŮˡ 
ĻʹҵĺܳءڣҴ˹жӢ۰Ϊˡ÷˹˽̸ 
жЩʱĻʲôһЩţǹɱɪ޵ʱ˵ҪЩⷽ𣿡 
תҡһԲؽݡɪ޵ıݸ󣬾ſ졣Ȼ̽ѯĿ⿴ңʾ𣿡 
ǵġʱȷ˵ǷҵְȫȷˡǣҽҹڻθУ뾯̸˼䣬ȻǳݡȥҽҲһȥһλǳׯͿţֹ̬¶ǡôı£Ϻã÷˵ɪ̫̫Ů͸ǵˣȻش𼸸⡣ 
ʹҴȥһ˵Ѿѻȥˡ 
ڣ˽һ÷У˵ڼҳԵ緹𣿡 
ǵģ 
ƽʱһ𣿡 
ҿһģǵģ 
֮أ 
緹ɪ̫̫ȥ˯У鷿˹С㿪˫ȥμһۻᡣĵʮʱɪУ̫ڿȲ衣ҪʮְǴȥǸһ뿪ʹ绰ҹһҸѾˡ 
Ŷжһεʲôʱ򣿡÷Уʵ 
ڶ磬 
˵֮Щͣ𣿡 
ҿģУԸ˵жݡ 
ȷʵ𣿡÷Уֱʵʵ 
ɪУɤźܴرڷŭߵʱһһһһЩ 
Щ㹻֪ԭ𣿡 
룬жڻһйء 
һ˹СĻ 
÷غһ 
㿴ж뿪𣿡 
ǵģŵġ 
Ե𣿡 
ҿЩء 
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𣿡 
ûУ 
ޣǰأ 
˹˹ͨҲһʱ䡣һλ̫̫ 
һλ̫󣿡÷ظеԾ˭ 
ͼǲһλǰûм̫̫ 
ǵģڳԷ˵ԸһȡǣͰǼССҡ 
ҪɪУɪ̫Уһ꣬Уҡ 
λ̫˶أΪԼǰСʱУŵġʱڼˡһλ˹ȵ̫̫ 
˾Ȳѡ 
֣÷˵ķǳ֡ 
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ڴϡɫ԰ף۾ȴһҸеԻ󡪡һᶨ顣 
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ͣ 
ܺܿ£𣿡˵չһ˿ŹֵġЩ΢ЦӦ¶ʵˣ÷ءƣɱҵɷ򡣡 
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Ŷġ˵ùˣҶʲô鶼ԳЪ˹ӡҺóһʱˣǹɱ 
ͷϣ۾ 
ҽˡǻңҴߡһᾡ𴲴µġһҸеܷ 
ɪ̫̫֪жѾ̹ɵ׮ıɱ 
۾صͷ 
֪ɵӡ֪Ұúܳߣȴɵ 
֪ɵ׮ıɱ𣿡 
ǵģ֪ģ 
ԥ 
𣿡 
Ȼԥڣƺ⡣ 
ǵġҸ 
鶯Ķ 
ڻѾˣ̸ˡ 
Ķõǹģɪ̫̫ 
ǹŶɷġҴ¹óġ 
ˡȻǹȥʦԢ 
ǵġ֪ġ 
ʱǼӣ 
һԺˡһӡ˶ʮӡԼǸʱ䡣 
ǹɱɷ𣿡 
ҡΪԼ׼ġ 
ˡȥʦԢ𣿡 
ǵġߵǰûɷʱʲôҿҿǹ 
أ 
ŶҾܿˡ 
ж£ 
ע⵽֧һ£Ȼ˵ǵġ 
ʲô˿뿪ʦԢ𣿡 
նС㡣̸һʱĻ԰ 
ͷϲƶ塣 
ЩѾ㡣ΪʲôҪķأ 
ҽߣ 
÷صͷ 
Һһ𣬡˵ȥҪ׼ 
ӦܸΣա 
÷صͷ 
뿪䣬¥ݡҿһ㲵˴ӸڷͻȻ¥ݡ 
ɪУ𣿡 
ǵģ˳һ 
֪ѹʵĶһ֦ǹ𣿡 
֪ûУ 
¹Ҳû𣿺ú룬ơ 
Ϳ϶ҡҡͷȫܿ϶ûУҲûмšҿ϶ 
ҸϿ¥ݣˡ 
ǹɪ̫̫˻ѡ 
Ϊʲôأ 
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ھ¿ź󣬾ֳʾȥݷնС㡣 
úһȥʦ˵ҲһλͽЪ˹ڳ𵽰ο򾲵á 
ЦնС˥ȴܹκһǾֳǰ򾲡 
ôˣʱУʵ 
ΪĿмֵص˵˵̸ۼʱġȻĽǶʱֹŶһ¶зḻܽÿ˵߼ 
ʵϣֵ͵Ļ̫ţ÷˵˵ЦŶӦ˽ˡѽںȲۻᰡ 
һλСɵŮΪǿţһСĿ 
Сһ÷У˵вٵĺŮʿķ䣬𣬿أ 
ͬСʱſˣնСˡ 
ܱǸնС㣬У˵ҽܹڳһӵľ˷ȡΪַȶŮʿһòй֪ 
ȻඣȻඣնС˵ȫ⡣ºҿһСӣҰԼġҵ洫ء 
ǳлնС㡣̫ˡҲΪá緹ǰʲôҲȣҵĹءڣ̸̸˱˵¡ȷʵǼʮ˱˵¡ʹҲȷšŶķӺͻ԰λãҲܹһЩҪ֪йϵ 
ʵϣȷʵҵС԰ȻඣŶһ˼ֱܲھ﷢¡ 
նС㣬ҵ֪ɪ̫̫Ͼ·𣿡 
ǵģġҺҵõء 
ܸǴԼʲôʱ𣿡 
ҵ˵һ̸չһӡǵģˣõӸձһ̵ʱ䡣 
ܺá֮أ 
ᣬɪ̫̫˵׼ȥʦԢɷԱһؼҡǴС·ģ֪ǴӺ߽ʦԢģ˻԰ 
С· 
ǵģָǿ 
նСǳǵĻ԰ȥ˳Ż԰С·ָǿ 
·ͨݡ̨׷෴͵ǾǽҪһؼҵ·ɪ̫̫Ӵ 
üˣüˣ÷У˵˵ȥʦԢ𣿡 
ǵġҼӷӵǽǹչȥҲ룬УûеΪ̾ͻƺȥ˻һһǴӡʦжҡ 
ˡǡûǹնС㣿 
ʱûǹ죬նС˵ǣʲôʱȷʵһǹɣ 
ǵģɭеʲôطһǹ졣ǣʮ֮󡪡ң˵ģɭΪġǲǡǿ϶ǡ 
ͣɫס 
һͻЩ÷У˵ɡɪ̫̫߽𣿡 
ǵģ߽ȥȺһжС·ӴˡʦԢſڣĴ 
ҿˣնС㡣 
ʵûпңնС˵ɫ΢΢졣 
ΪƣҸպ壬ذЩѹӢ֪̫ˡ߹ţ˻ҡ 
û߽𣿡 
ŶûУֱҡɪ̫̫ӭȻͽȥˡ 
ʱնСζͣ 
ҲƲ˵ 
ҲնС˵ 
ǳʲôʱ򣿡 
ԼʮӺ󡣡 
ֻǴŵʱ𣿡 
õӸ˰СʱʱǴ԰ţС·ɣ˹ͨʿͨݡ·Խ̨ףǡǶһȥС·ľͷ룬Ҳȫ϶ķСּǡ룬һǿķС㣬Ϊȹô̡ 
ܿԶĻնС㣬һ൱õ 
ҵʱڹ۲һֻ񣬡նС˵һֻɫĳӣһֻ񡣿ɰСһҴ۾ҾɿķС(Ļǵ)ǡ 
ðɣˣ÷У˵Ȼڹ۲죬նС㣬ע⵽ɪ̫жС·ʱɫôأ 
Ǳ˵ЦնС˵һе֣֪ܿҵ˼ 
ûԳһҲ𣿡 
ŶûУպ෴ 
̫ˣУ˵е̫ˡ 
ͻȻնСƽ˵һ仰ʹǳһ 
ڣɪ̫̫˵ɵ׮ıɱ𣿡 
ѽУ˵ôµһģնС㣿 
ޣܿնС˵Ϊװ˹ҲΪȷʵǸǳĹֲһ԰ݡɪ޲Ż˵ɱɷ򡣺벻ôһ¡ҼȷţⲻġݡɪŮ˲һ˲ȫжκ˵ƷУ٣Ŀǰֵ˵ʲôʱ俪ǹ 
ʮ֡պ̸֮󡣡 
նСҡҡͷ룬Ӻ޴Ȼһ˵٣Ǹе 
ʲôɱأ 
ǹ 
õģ 
ġ 
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ҿɾʹ˷ġûǹ 
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Ȼһῴġ 
ǹ 
û 
ޣǹҲܲڡϡ 
նСͶȥźһƳ 
װ÷У˽ڵŮġǳչʾǵģһҲе߳ܡĳ϶ˣֻһ־ 
÷Ȼִ 
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նСתҡ 
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ô£أ 
ҸԵúܲ졣 
Ϊʲôûи˹أ 
Ϊ˵Ҹߡ 
˵Ӧüֵġ 
Ҳ˵˹˾̬ҵĴһҸûмֵĻᡣ 
̫ˣ÷˵е˳Ƹ׮ıɱҾ͵ýԺˡ 
顪նС˵ 
ʲô 
жɪ̫̫£˵Ȼɪ̫ȥж׵ģô˶¶ʵ顣ʵȷʵǺаģҸ˵ǶԼҲǺ˽أĶ 
ܺãֻǲгɪ޶ˡ 
Ŷҿɲ÷УնС˵ 
٣ܲ뵽κ𣿡 
ŶȻܡָͷһġ塢ˣܻߡܲ²⵽߸ڳɪУˡ 
У䵭ؿ 
߸ˣʥ׵£ 
նСȷصͷ 
ע⣬û˵֣˵׵ǣǳаġֱľǲ֪Щģ÷У 
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뿪ʱ̸նСʱ˵ЩȴԶǷ֮ǡ 
ҿǸɱ̫Ϊ֪һӼûӡƣ˽Щʲô 
º͵˵նСȷʵʶϲȫʥ׵·һȴָơ 
÷ǿһ㡣Ǹмֵ֤ˣ漰ɪ̫̫档 
ҹƣ˵Ļɰɣ 
նС˵ûǹȷʵˣ˵˿ֿܣӲϬĿġ 
⻰ȥҡ 
νĻֻһ촰ĴֲڵݡûдžΩһĽͨ鿴˴˵غ÷رʾҪ;ȥʦԢ 
ڣҪȥ֡ 
߽ǰʱһֹġƿš 
ԵɳϣŸ˹ķС㣬٩٩̸˫ȹŷǳҫ۵ķۺɫ࣬һҷǳؿŷۺɫƵ˿Ůʽ̿㣬ãס˵ 
ϺãķС˵УϢȷʵ̫ˣ𣿿 
˵ɿķСǲ鿴ָϡ 
ǵãҪṩˡ 
ȷʵǵãˣжϸҲţķС㱾֮У֮뷨ʵڷʦԢ˼¼Եʡ 
ҸղԿ̫̫˵ķС˵Ϣʱֱͷתһıɱ롣ӼªóϣġȻ续еķЩľͱˣ˵ɪУ٣Ҽֱšƺֻıɱˡ 
ǣ˵ķС͹˽µȥҵģֱⷬԲĻλŮʿֻǰͷһЦÿһݶ¶š 
̫ˡ̫̫̫̱ҪһﰸĵϸѵǺȻţҼָϡ¡˼ҵһֱȱһȤһֱ˵ҵĹǺܺã˹ͨʿһλʮʿǣһڹʱ֮⣬Ҫһ̫̫һ˭أֻЩϴŮˡ 
˹ɪ˵ 
˹ķСҡҡͷ 
˸߰ԴֺΪ߲ʣŲעһΪıĹأȷʵ̸ǮıҵҪ˭٣һܣͻᱻ͡ȥģضŸʱװ߶룬ܸ¡ 
һΪһǳɫģضģ˵һġﵹû˿ϴŮĿ̱ʲôʱ̸Ǯı𣿡 
ķСƺһʱԵúΣ漴ָֻƽʱĻ 
Ǻ˵ʲô𣿡˵ȷʵ˵룬Ǽ²̫˳ġһλĸڼܡڼһҲˡ 
ǣֳ񡣡ׯص˵һɵؿ 
ķСϲɫ 
ҵԸ񡣿ɱ˴죬Ϊʹ 
һλ߲̫ǰҵġҿɲһ㱻۸ˡ˹ͨʿ˵úұϢʱ䡣ЩѧǰѹﵱĳֻһʱǼֱעⲻǻǵĴڡȻҶԿѧ˽òࡣ̹Ե 
㷢˹ͨʿദԿѧȤһȤĹ 
ȻΪھЩˡЩ˺ü˲Ŷе£λ˹ͨȴԴʮԣһʱҪҵѣҲǳԵġ 
糿ڷĹ𣿡 
ķСҡҡͷ 
е㲻˵ʲôζţС˹ɵһݼ١ 
Բ𡣡˵ 
ûʲôˡǣһҪң˵϶뾯ڡ 
ôģ 
Ŷ˵Ȼһ㡪ò׼ 
ķС㺰ôǱϾΪ˹жӢ𣿼ֱһλӰǡ 
˵Ϻáʱ΢Ц̫ҼֱԼĶ䡣ң˵ǺܴЩСϵľ졣 
ϣ㼸ָǣ˵жԼȥ׵ġ 
ʲô̻״มļһҸһ׮ıɱҲŲȥءҵΪ˹жöࡣףΪʲôɱɪޣ 
˵ֻΪһ𣿡 
вܾԿ϶ɱġ˵ 
Ȼඡ˵ɵġȷʵӦ˽ġ 
ȻӦ˽⣬ͬ⣬첢Ľ 
ǣûиɣΪʲô˵أ 
һϣÿķСôֻǺǵ˵ 
ţעĿıɱУյ̹Ƿš 
ķС仰ķӦ˵һ䣺 
һɵӣгȺ 
̾һҵˡվ 
жͶ׵£˹ͨʿȤġ 
Ȥ𣿡ʵ 
ķСüͷ 
Ǹˡ͸ƢȫڹȥʱҪлĻԸһѴгĹͭһٱ飬ҲԸһۿƽɱʱõĵ 
Ŷ˵ҵóͬ 
ķС۾¶΢顣Ȼ˵˼ټ뿪ˡ 
ﻹģź󣬸˵ȻһλƽĹȷһλִԾʹȵĹ㲻᲻ϲƣǳʲôĿĵģ 
ɡ 
ǵģף֪ȫҡҷǳ֪ 
췢ȫʵؽһ飬ﲻʱĸ̾ 
ô˵һֱǰݡɪı˹ǴҶôäĿһնС찵ʾѵΪ𣿡 
ټƽҽ(1862һ1910)ˣסӢʱбıɱ޶̡һһע 
˵۾תһߡ 
ˡ 
мˣһұô˵ġ𣿡 
˵Ȼ롣ȥҾֵ˹˾ 
ͷתҪ߿ 
ߺ󣬡˵صЩҪ㡣 
ֵͷ 
Ӻˡ 
Ѿ˵Ųߡûм¡ǲͣ׷ʡ 
룬ǻкܶ鷳ģ˵ܿ϶ûǹ𣿡 
ɱǹûУҵȻûҪͻȥʲô¡ 
õģǡһնС˵ɭСǹҸıʵķʽʲôǹ𣿱˵ɭеǹ 
ޣǸŮʼ룬ǵģˡ 
ġǹֻһҡһ֡ 
˵׼Щ˵ʲôʱ䣿 
ʱ䣿 
ǵģʱ䡣 
룬˵׼ʱԺܾˡֻ֪ 
㲻˵׼һ𣿡 
ҲܡлҪɣҲһֱӣҲûжôÿҪӡӲ׼ææǵģôаʱ䣬ҴǸ̫׼ 
ҲŪǿӲ׼ʱԭ򡣿ʱ̫ʱ̫磬ͷԡ 
ж֮ǰܾ𣿡 
áʮӣһӣ 
ҵͷе⡣ 
𣿡ʵΪ˵ǣѾŽ¯ˣܷܿг 
ðɡˡ 
뿪䣬ת 
˵̫̫ѵûϣ𣿡 
Ҹ߹ûмסˣǸȱĹ 
ҶԴȫ˵Ǵ׵˲һԶǴ׵ġҸеǿԶһ̡ 
รҲͬ⣬˵֪ǿɹ֧˵ǮǶô١һʹͻ뿪϶ġȥĹǮǣֻҪΣЩµľֹŶǾͰģû˻ 
ҿӵμҷʽȫΪġлһľϸġӶһΡӵϰߡ˭һκͻ˵ŮӶǷֵãдء 
ң˵ľֹƽʱ㡣ɪУѹؽָͬ顣 
عѣ 
ǵģΪ͵ԡ֪Ǹˣж˽ꡣ 
Ҳ֪¡ 
ףװģͲ֪κ顣 
֣˵ÿ˶˵ǹǴɭﴫġ 
һҲΪʲôֵģ˵ƣǳɭǹԣǹʱͻ뵱ȻΪǴɭﴫġǹҲƽʱЩȻһڸڷ䣬ͻ֪ǹǴӷﴫģǣɻĳպڷݵı棬Ͳˡ 
ֿˡ 
÷Уˣ˵Ǹһ˵ǣǻܸ˵ġ鷿 
------------------ 
 







 








ʮһ



һ۾Ϳ÷У˹˾һ÷ɫǺ죬ʮգԵúź˵÷˵Ϊж˹˾ͬҵĿ 
ûиɣΪʲôҪ˵ɵأ˹˻ɵʵס˹ˣɪ̫Ҳͬľٶ 
ǲһǸŮˣŮ޴ٶҲ˵һʱ嶯ġ˵ָأǱһԡ̫ϤһװϷˡϤŮ˵ĴϷǣжһǺģɵģร˵ȷʵˡǹܷһ㡣ɪ̫̫£֪˶ڴ֮ǰˣร鶼ˡ 
ΪЩʱɱģ˵ʮ֣ 
 
Ļ𣿡 
ͷ 
ʮڴġҰùݸػ԰С·˵ڵ̫Ӧ˵ʵ԰еĻɪ̫ԼᡣʮָչǾһ뿪С·ȥ·˹ͨʿȫ֤ʵһ㣬ҼȫվʾԽ̸˼ӣȻɪ̫߽ڶСļңȥһ԰־ⷬҲʵģҲڶС㡣ɪ̫Ƕ죬һֱߵʱʱˣ˵ؼҡ 
ɫô 
ڶС˵ǳ졣ºܸߡڶСȫ϶ûʲô¡ 
õģ˵ɡ 
ж˹ͨʿˡҰùݣһơߵʮʱ뿪Ƕ߹ӵĽֵС·ʦԢ˼ 
һûػ԰ĺС·𣿡Уʵ 
ûУǰţҪʦ˵УǶͽȥǹ˵ɵģǰ࣬òŽһˡ 
÷ҡҡͷ 
ҽ֤ʡܷϡɪޱǹɱʱ䲻ʮ֡ 
ҽ˹˾¶ɫȻҪҽεеǽֻ£Ȼ˵ǳǸʵһֱβסҽ 
Ⲣһ⡣ҽһϾԿ϶㲻ܷҽѧ֤ݣ˹ˡ 
ҵмֵ֤ݣ˵ͻȻһ˵¡ʬ壬ѾˡҿԷġ 
˹ˣ÷˵ 
รȻˡǣǡһİӡȷ˵ж̫ڱ 
±ҲҸееΡ÷У˵ 
̸ʲôȤζ⣬˵ʿսеɵ룬ֵôͷʼתҡΪʲôҶӵʱжϣҲס˾Ŀģ 
˵ÿһҿڣԸ˵ 
ֻһ˵ʽĸң͸ҽˡƺȫǺϡڣṩʱȫˡҴδİӡӲһӾʲôô 
Ϊ׼ʱ˵ 
룬ǲؾһ㣬ն÷УԵ˵ҪģǴɪ̫жлʵ顣Ҹ˴绰ɪ̫һӺӦõˡ룬ȽжҲ 
֣ͨ˹ն˵绰 
ڣ»Ͳ˵ǵоһ䡣ζؿҡ 
Ҳ˵Ҫұܿ 
ΪҴš÷غ 
ʦжʱһλѣ㹻Ӱ˵¶ʵ顣 
ҿӺնСͷͷؽ̸ 
һֱжϸָĿԣ˵ϣܽ⿪հնС㣬ϴΤɪСʰϺʧʱȫΪʹйһúĳֲͬĶ 
ЦˣװģնС˵Ͼһ̽ĺ÷ȷʵǳΪֱԴСĶֱƴдһһͯΪǵľ١ʶʣΪǰʦҵ˼𣿡 
ǵģ˵ס˵һʹһ¡ôҲͬһ¡ 
һ㲻 
ôɪУıɱµʹʲôأ 
նС̾һ 
ʹΪѵĵطôƽежϳҵͷС˵˹Уһλִ£һλ𾴵ˡǣһֱһǰŮͱŻ˽飬뿴ӡӡӺŮס 
ҼɪУ͵ߵĽɫʵ󲻳 
ϴµǼ£նС˵ڶСĵʯ뱻ǳһαߵϣ͵ϴµꡣöŮҪ룬ҲһֻǽһŮ˵ļȻ߾Ů߱롣Թޣ֪Թޡһ˳ԾĶԹޡȻһġġ 
һΣҿʲôƽежϣЩжôԶ 
УİάŮôһŵĹͼСܵܡְ֮ǰгʫεǮʦ͵ߡӸծۡǵģʹô顪̫ˡͺжϳˡ 
ϣܸң˵˭ 
ˣ 
˵ޡΪɪУ˵ˡ 
˵ǵģҼǵ˵ 
𣿡 
Ȼġǧ˵֡ţԼҲ뵽ġ 
ȷʵ벻Ҳ룬˹.ɪһɣΪҲڸ׵õһǮǣǻƵģ⣬벻˭ˡ 
㿴أװģնСתʵ 
ʹĸгԾǣĳֺĶʼ۾Сֻ߬С֡ 
ŭغ̫ɶˣ̫ɶ2˵ЩЩĶ 
Һؿ˼ǸƽʱԸע⵽ҵĿ⣬ŬЦЦ 
ңĳ˽ȤĶǼƫ˻⡣Ҳ˹ݣ̸˹һĳܰǡ 
ȻбնС˵ǻǵãҽ˵ʹҸеرͬѰ 
ƺǳȷȷʱ䣬˵ǣǿĻɪ̫뿪鷿ûеﻭҵʱ䡣ΩһǣԼııˡ룬һŵĴ𰸡 
һһ뷨˵ףѾˡһ̫ɵ2뿪ʱӻû˵ҼǵðӺҵֱԹʱ䡣ң˵ģĿǰİûйϵ 
նС㣿ʵ 
װģҵóҸûдǸǶǡһʼͱҸеֵǷŵݡ 
Ҳһ㣬˵ɪУֻдҲܵȥˡ 
ʮ𣿡նС˵ǵŮӶѾҲҪŻƺҲԸȵʱǣʮȴ˵Ҳܵȥˡ 
λ̫ж˼άʹ쵽δܿĶ˲˼飬ǳ˲˼顣 
Ҫûעʱ䡪˵ 
նСͷ 
ԣ˵ûעʱͺˣ 
ҿʼ䣬űۻҵĲֺż㶥˵Ĺдµʮ֡ȻЩֵıŵಿֲһҴһ 
ûעʱ䣬˵ԼʮʱɪУòͷ˵ҲܵȥǶдʱĳ˴Ӵ 
Žﲹ 
̧ͷ 
ɪУеüסնС˵ 
ǵģִĶģУǹɱȻӣһʮдżĶˣӵʱıʮ֡һ⡣ΪڷֳĳֵĽڡ 
Ҫֵģ˵ʵʵڵʮֲڷֳڵĳˣҲĽڡŶûסǲȷʱ䡣 
ںխķΧȷʱ䣬˵˽ʮΪʱΧǸղҲԽʱ䷶ΧΪʮ֣Ϊɪ޲ʮǰòͷһƺ룬ǿ˵˽úˡ 
ҾǸǹǵģ൱ܵġҵʱû⣬û⡣淳ˣҾһ£Һһƽʱǹһǵģǲһ 
𣿡ѵ 
նС㲢ΪǸǹ졣ʵϣú˵ʲôһ˵ǲһ 
룬ֻ˵һʵûмǵúղŻǶⷢһмֵ¼⣬ҶȻʮأվ˵ıȥˣ˵װĸｫͷһ飬ǳȤǽĺŴʱָ˼֮С 
ű𣿡ʵ 
 
ͻȻսһ£ͷҡҡ 
ףһֱ룬һ԰ݡɪ޸֮ǣ 
 
ǵġѵûпָ˹ʵڵ֤ݣΪָ֤ݶ˵żȻġֻġûŶû˻Ὣ׮ɱϵݾͲһˡʮպӺżϵʱ֤һһһжΪΪҽӲű˸պðεǸʱһΪͼȻͼնС˵ûǹע⵽ֻһ߽ҡǵģսһ¡ףҸе˶԰ݡɪ޺֮ǡҡ 
------------------ 
 







 








ʮ



˹жʱұ鷿Ե㲣ҿԵء÷Ук 
㼸⡣˵ 
˹ֻһЦ 
ѵⲻһʽ뷨ع 
װĺӣ÷У˵ǻǽװ׮ıɱ֪Ҳ̹˵׮ıɱ𣿡 
ЩʹЧˣͰ͵˵ǡ˭ 
ɪ̫󡣡÷У˵ע 
ơûɡܸɡǲܵġ 
÷شĻֵǣǲĻԡҿ˵Ҳġҽ϶˵ıɱ˵ʱ䷢ġ 
ҽ˵𣿡 
ǵģԣ㿴ԸԸ⣬㶼ˡڣҪǣʵǷ¡ 
˹Ȼԥ 
йءйɪ̫̫ƭҰɣ 
Ĳ 
ҵ֤÷У˵ 
˹һ 
һֱǸɵϣ˵һʮɵϡҾȻһʱɵġ 
ôֳ 
ûʲô̫ýˡҡɪ̫󡪡ͣ 
Ǽȫ֪÷˵Ϊɪ̫̫֮˽Ǹ֪ܣʵϣѱ֪ۡκ£һжᱩ¶ġ 
ôܺáϣǶԵġλʦ(Ƴһ)ŵ뿪һ̣ɪ̫̫ڻҼ档ҸҵľҲͬΩһѡǡǻ 
뿪ңͬʱ˹ͨʿǡݾµӡȴ˹ͨȥҰùơȻҵûؼҡߵ·ĹսǴʱı⣬߹ȥʦҸеҪҸ¡ſڣŮӶʦȥˣһͻ˵ɪУ鷿รҿɲ߿Һ¼Ƶġ˵ҲҪȣ߽鷿 
ͣ 
ô÷Уʡ 
ɪԣʱ߽ģˡȻ¿ǹԵĵذϡҼǹ̾ϳҵǹ 
ʹҿϡҵǹȻһӾ͵óۡ 
һʲôʱҵǹΪ׼ģԱʹ಻ʱҲʹǹڴӷ֮һصร뵽ҼֱҪ衣ǣľЩͷҽǹ͵͵Ž´뿪ˡյʦԢĴſڣʦ˵˼ڿɪ޵ĿĻͻȻһֿЦĳ嶯ľֹͨƽȴ֡ҼǵúƵĻɫ䡣ţҵʱʧȥǡ뿪ֱ߰߰Ҳ߲ݸµ飬ڵϸΡǾȥˡ 
һƬĬȻУһֹ¹˵ 
ҵһ⡣ȣκηʽƶʬ𣿡 
ûУҸûдôҲܿѾˡ 
ע⵽ʬŵīֽϵı𣿡 
ûС 
κηʽ𣿡 
ҸûжӡҺǵһֻŪӰϣҸûж 
ǹ󿴼ǹʲôʱ򣿡 
˹һ£˵׼ 
ǹĶ 
ҵסҵһСһϡ 
ǹ洦ҷ𣿡 
ǵġûǹǶġ 
ô˵κεס˶ܿǹˣ 
ǵģǲʲôʱ󿴼ǹ𣿡 
˹˼üͷ 
Ҽܿ϶ǰǹҼǵðǹŲһߣȥȡһ̶ֻǰ죬ҲǸһ졣 
˭ס 
รܶˡ˽ǰһЩȲۻᡣ˹ɪޡ˹ǵѡʱһŮ 
ʱ𣿡 
ûУΪʲôҪأûʲôñ͵Ķûš 
˭ǶչĶ 
һλϵİж̫ÿ糿ҡ˵ġ 
Ϊǵǹʱ𣿡 
֪Ҳǵá룬Ĵɨóġ 
ÿ˶֦ǹ𣿡 
ǵġġ 
ſˣҽͰݡɪ˽ 
˹ܳԾ߽һ 
ԭңݣ˵뵽£˲졣 
ҡͰ͵˵ȻĿ⿴÷УҽҵĻ𣿡 
ָжĻɱǵġڣɪ̫Ļôһأô£ 
еɬЦһ£ǻΪ͸ˣ𣿡 
รΪеɵ𣿵ѾȥˡҪ֪ģɪ̫̫࣬Եࡣ 
ׯصصͷ 
Ҹǡ֪֪һС 
ǵġ 
ϣ׼ڻ˹Ҳж档һ̡ɷһ𿪳ȥҵ㶫Ƿʱɷ˵Ҫȥʦ֪ͨ˹ҲеǳңŶɷʦԢȴʦԢĻ԰棬εġ 
˵պˡʱɲܡ 
룬Ҳɷ򲻻̫Ϊ˿ػ԰С·߽԰ҵԸû˻ῴңնС㵱ȻһĻ԰סңǽ̸˼䡣ҽ˵ҪȥҵɷҸеҵ˵ʲô 
Ҳ֪ǷҡıԵ൱Ź֡ 
뿪󣬾;ֱ߹ʦԢչӵǽǣ鷿ǰСϴָ̨˵ҳԾǵģһˡֻɨһۣǿյģȻæƺҡ˹̾ʹӻҳӭҡ 
ɪ̫̫˵ǿյ𣿡 
ǵģɷû 
˼顣 
̫˵ûп𣿡ʵ 
ûУû 
˹˾򾯲ֳߵͷ 
ɪ̫󣬸ʾһģɣ 
һҲ 
վ˹˾Ϊƿ絽ƽ̨ϣչߡ 
˹˾ʾ߹ȥд̨¡ 
֪أҲ̫ϲʹҸеҵȻհ졣 
һĽŲŲͣһ£˻ȥˡ˹˾ʾ⣬ҿԻصһߡ 
ɪִ̫̫Ӵȫ𣿡÷Уʵ 
ȫˡ 
ôɪ̫̫ܸǣڿʱʦڵʲôط𣿡 
ʦңҲܡûп 
˹˾ͷ 
Ǿûпɷԭд̨ԣڷһǡ 
ŶͣͻȻ־Բ˫ۡ 
ǵģɪ̫̫ǵʱ򡣡 
 
ʡ 
ɪ̫̫֪жһ֦ǹ𣿡 
ǵġ߹ҡ 
õ֦ǹ𣿡 
ҡҡͷûС 
֪ǹĶ𣿡 
˵׼롪ˣҿǹסһϡѵ㲻ǰǹ˹ 
һεסʲôʱɪ̫̫ 
ޣԼǰɷһȲ衣 
֮ûе𣿡 
ûСûȥܻڴԷ 
ʣ÷У䵭˵ϰĶжأҿ𣿡 
ݡ˹Ȼǳɭ档 
÷Уͷ 
ѵ𣿡ͻȻ̫һһòһСûʲôġûУȷʵûС 
ֻѡǡǽס 
Ŀ⿴źҽĳ߽һ 
Ϊ÷أ˵ɪ̫Բˡ涼ܵ𾪡 
ֳͷ 
ûʲôҪˣɪ̫̫˵лл̹ʵػشҵ⡣ 
ôôҿ𣿡 
ڼ𣿡ʵΪɪ̫̫Ը 
ڼң˵ڼҡǿڿ 
ͺһ뿪䣬˹һˡ 
÷У˫ڰŪһѲֽ˹ڿʱᵽնСۡ˹˽ضűüһ˵̫ǶԵġƣûЩòͬīˮдġҸҴģøֱдġ 
Ҷ൱㵱Ȼ˱ָơֳ˵ 
ϸûָơأУ˹жǹϵЩָƣһЩ˵ģڴﴧǹĴε֮ǰµģȡָˡ 
һʼӿɪ̫У˼˵жҪöࡣλ̫ṩûǹ֤ʣЩ̫̫Ū 
ҳĬҲͬĿȫţȻնС˵ˣôݡɪ޾ûǹ 
նСɲֻŪ̫̫һǱȷ˲ľϡ 
ʹҴԽǣûǹʱǹһǹΪǴĶġ˹ˣŮӶ̸̸ 
˹˾ݵſȥ 
ñǷǹ˵Ϊʣϡ˵ɭǹˡΩһǹ 
֪Ը˹˾˵Ȼȥ 
նС˵ǹ÷У˼˵ǱŪǷȷ׼ȷʱ䡣ȻҲ뱾޹صһżȻǹ졣 
Ȼˡͬ⡣ 
УתһȦ 
֪أͻȻ˵һָоһκһҪѵöࡣһĳֶһϢĳǲ˽ĶǽǿʼءסҵĻǽǿʼеЩӡǹ˵ʲô⡣ 
ҡҡͷЩ϶˵⡣ 
ǣһŪˮʯġȥո˹ǸˡǸǳˡһֻѩñࡣѾ˺üƯİӣҲΪchefd'oeuvre١е˻ᵽոҲᡣҾƶѰŪˮʯ 
ϣˣš˵ 
Ҿʹҵ飬Ѿ˹˾УܵĳɹûʲôΪһɹ˹˱һܴ۵˹˸ 
ھӵķ˭ģУͻȻʵ 
˵·ͷķ˹̫ġ 
˹ŮӶĻȥҲʲô𣿡 
ҵ˵ǳǴ˵ʼ˵֮ǰҪ˵żȻ 
ҪľŮˡŶ˹ˡ 
ƺǸսһĽ 
ޣ˵͵һˣ 
ʵǸԸǿĹ˵ 
ϲ죬˵Ŭʹ·ɣûáҷ 
иԡ˵иϲ 
ٷһһע 
һǰƷˡǹֻһǹ졣ɪУܾáҲʹ˵׼ʱ䣬Ǹʱȷʱ䡣ˣкʱк˵Ͼֻ롣֮󲻾ãǹȻ˵ǲ׼ȷģһŵʱ䡣 
š÷Ӧһ 
Ϊɪ̫̫˰ǣ˹˵һֺڵζûʱ䣬ǵһŮ˴ӲϲĴεǵѪҺи顣 
Ϊûɡϧ̾Ϣ 
÷ؽ˵Ҫ˹.̫̫ȥ˹ͬһȥ 
ҿԺһȥ𣿡ʵҿʼȤˡ 
ͬˡһǸ߳ʦԢĴţ˴кһǺJҵֶ˹·Ӵǡ 
ţԾ˵ҸǸӡô 
԰ġ˹˾һй˵ 
Ȼõ˹й 
óչĻ 
ʦԢҵġ 
лл㡣˹˵Žڴ 
ڣ˵˹̯Ƶʱ̡ 
ǲ壬𣿡˹Цʵ 
ΪʲôҪأ˹ʵ 
ָ֤ݣ˹ıɱǰһ죬ϣɪУ壿 
šֹ 
˹˾ͶһɵӵĿ⣬Ҹеȡ˹ᡣӦ֪һĬС 
Ϲ˹˵ 
ɵĺӳԾ۾ҡ 
˵ֻǸЦ˵ֻ˵κһɱɪУ˾Ϊһ¡ 
˹˾˵⵹ǽŮӶ˵ĳЩ顣 
ҲʲôĬСݺ䵤˹¶ˡԼӽʹһӻҡ 
ء÷Уҡ 
ĶȥҲȥ𣿡˹ʵ 
㲻ܣ˵ 
վԳһίӡ˹̫̫ǰţһֻ˵һľֹš塣һĿŮӦ 
˹̫̫ڼ𣿡÷ʵ 
ûУŮͣһ˵ȥˡ 
һȫԤϵĽչʱ÷ץסҵֱۣ˵ 
Ҳȥ̹ףҾҪˡ 
------------------ 
 







 








ʮ



Ҽ󲻳˹̫ʲôɺϵ£ȷʵƣʲôʹȥ֡ʲôҪ֤ݻΪҪ֤Ҫṩ𣿲Ǻܿͻ֪ˡ 
ǿ˹̫̫ڵһеͷԵľʿʲôǳߣҿԴñӵĺĲпţ˹̫̫νġñ汴ķһСϣñӱһñطͷϣд˿ᣬе㳬صĸов˵Ҫһñ 
ǽʱ˹̫ʱͣϲĻ 
˹̫̫𣿡÷Уʵһһñӡ 
ҽһ÷У˹̫󣬡˵÷Уǿ־ֳ 
˹̫̫䵭ؿңȴУһŵ΢Ц 
ǸƵȥ˹̫󣬡У͵˵Ѿˡ 
˹̫̫̬ȫ 
˵ܵһעҺܸˡ޳ܣ˵ֱ޳ܡ 
ʣıɱ޳ܵģԼһıɱҲʹ÷سԾܿ 
Դṩʲô𣿡ʵ 
ǵ¡Ǿ¡ҵҪʣǸ˰Ϊʲô 
һŪ壬һᱻ˼϶ٴΡ 
ھŬ˹ֳ̫̫˵ 
λû˵£Ҫ 
 
Ƕʿ 
̫绰˵աйĻ£롣 
ŶˡУüͷɿˣ̸Ĳһ¡ǵظ棬𣿡 
÷Ǹˡ֪һŮʿֻһ¿뽲Ļ󣬲л㽲 
˹̫̫ʼϲؽˡ 
ô޳ܵӦֹ²ӦԼļӵ绰ܵ衪ǵģܵ衣ҿɲϰ·ҵϡԴӴսǵĵƷ½û˵ĻǴ· 
ȫˣ÷Уٵ˵׷ʲô£ 
˹̫̫һ˵ 
ҽӵ绰 
ʲôʱ䣿 
硪׼ȷ˵ϡԼ롣ȥӵ绰ûʲôġܵԵĹв 
˵Щʲô 
˹̫̫ɫ΢΢졣 
ԴҾܾ 
ԡʿų˼е˵ 
˺𣿡÷Уʵ 
ҪʲôΪԡ 
𣿡ʵ 
ҵȻ⡣ 
ôǲԡ˵ 
˹̫ɵشҡ 
һλнŮʿҽ˵ȻϤԵġ 
˹̫̫˵ʼұһܽܵġΪʲô顣ǡ˿ʼڳԡ 
ڳԣ 
ȫˡ൱Ծ 
ʹвԵ𣿡 
ǵġҲϰܵв 
вҪ˺𣿡 
ȫǡ 
˹̫󣬿˵øȷЩܵв 
˹̫ƺԸԴش 
Ҽǲȷˡ˷ǳǣպõʱʱķǳЦ 
˵Ů˵ 
һֶ˹̫̫һ˵ֻ˵һֶһ³çƣһȷʵһֺص 
ҲʵһЦУο 
һа¡Ҳಡġ 
ǽ飬У˵׷ε绰 
ڵ绰˵Ļܸҽøȷ˹̫̫ 
˹̫ͷڽŶĬͷ뱨ͷڼҲͷռϷ硣 
Ȼ²ܼȥʼ˵ 
Ȼܡ 
ʼʱ˵ҼԸظĻ 
˵ɣ˵ɡ÷ع 
Ǹרɢţ 
ң÷УȻרɢš 
һΣߵ̫ԶˡոΪ̰Ҫץ㡣ȻԾС÷˵ҧסĺ룬һ˿΢Ц 
죬ͻⱨӦָıӦҲ˵ʱвǡҴʵ˭ʵģǸش𣺡ߡҲк̫ɲȻ󡪡˹ЦЦʮǹͲȻ˵绰ָղŸҴ绰ʲô룬˵֪֪绰ô¡ǳ³һͬҲûС 
൱ȷ˵ 
Ҹеκģ˹̫˵ǳŲɭеһǹʱҷġҼֱŵϡǿ 
ɭеһǹ죿˹˾ʵ 
ʱҴһֽŲУҾڷһҽеƣɵɳϡòһ˹Ӿơ 
𾪣÷˵𾪡һжʹܡ˵ǹ𣿺ߣ 
Ǽֱҵʱĸо 
ȻȻһзڼӣ׷绰֪ 
Լ롣 
ܸǸ׼ȷʱ𣿡 
Ŷƣұ¯̨ϵСӸո㱨ʱһ˵ֻӿ϶ˡ(ȷʵ졣)ǣҰҴֱʱʱֻʮ֣Ұѱ䣬ֱѾͣˡ룺Ŷӿˣһͻ¥ϵȻ绰ˣҾͰȫˡͣ 
ޣ͹ˣ÷У˵ǻΪµģ˹̫󡣡 
Ͱµ޴Цɣǣ˹̫󣬡˵ 
䵭ؿҡȻȻΪӢƱԹҡ 
﷢˺Щǳֵ£÷ 
˵ȷʵǷǳֵ¡ɪУ׼Щ£ΣˡҲһһ 
˵仰뿪Ҵһֲҡͷ÷С˵˵ˡȻɫأ̽ѯĿ˹˾ 
λصͷ 
Ҫˣǹǵҳ˭ǹжǡǿԴӼɵ㿪ʼԭΪжұʲôȥ顣һжıˡҪ֮һ׷Ǵε绰 
˹̫𣿡 
¶ݶЦ 
ΪòһǼ£ֻ̫̫ǡָǴΰʦƭŵ绰 
ǵģ÷˵ǺҪ 
ΣߵĳЩʲô 
˵ÿһڡݡˣԼÿˡ 
ҷһ̾Ϣ 
жô˾ĸɾ˹˾ 
żĹбǴӼ¼ԼĻʼɡ 
ǳԸ⡣绰Լġ 
˵Ů˵ 
Ů˵ġŮ˵ġȻΪǰش󽲻 
ûǰ̫̫𣿡 
ûУûСҵʱûرע 
ȻϾȥˣȥѵûг𣿡 
ûС 
ˡˡжԶأ 
Ӣ· 
ݡƬ̵·̣𣿡 
ȷʵˡ·ǷǳߡȥߵҰС 
ǳʱʦԢŵ·𣿡 
ǵġ 
̫̫أ 
׶ءǳʮֵĻ𳵻ġ 
ˡҼŮӶʦԢĵ͵˰ɡ 
һҪȥݡƬӡȻҪ˹̸̸̫̫֣ɪУǰһϣȥӣϡŹֵ¶ࡣ 
ҲΪ 
Ƴһӣ쵽ʱˡ÷ǳһټҳ㷹׵˵ȥҰùݡùṩ߲˵ķǳɿڵ͡ѡǵġܵѯʺƢҲñƽʱ׽ 
------------------ 
 







 








ʮ



ؼҵ·ϣڶС㣬סʮӣĵɤ²׼Ŀǳ塣֢ǣ˲ӭڶС㵽Ǽȥҵͬȫһߡҵְҵޣֻļҷʽɼˡ 
ҾŬȰȻ֮󼪡 
ʦԢ·Ĺսǣ˿ųҡ 
Ҹհɪ̫ͻؼң 
ſڵҡ 
һɡ˵ͬˡ 
һ׮ͬѰ顣˵һ潫ñϣҵš 
һƾɵƤĿãȻԵʹǡ 
ҸѾɹȷǹʱ䡣Ϣš 
Ǿðݡɪ˵รร˭ҲǣҺܸˡϲ 
ĻǡȻ˵ϲΪʲôǰ˹ıɺ֮УҶԴЩԻ󲻽⡣ϣһظˣȴԵôͷɥҲ 
Ȼţ˵ʵϲݡɪ޺˹ж˵ġôôأŬվ 
ұйغ˹¡ЩʹҰˡ 
Ĳ𣿡 
ûʲôļȻ֪˯ףһ˯Ĳ𣿡 
Լһǰúܺáû˿øˡ 
һֵĲ˵ĵ»ֵӰ졣˵Ըܸı䡣 
Ĭһ˵ 
һ뵽ʦӱ־岻ѡ 
ţ뵽ﷸҲ 
ͬ𣿡 
ȫͣһ¡֪˵ԸҵְҵԸְҵ 
Ϊʲô 
ΪְҵҪ漰˵ĶҸ¡һֻһڷ⡣һڷ̫࣬һڷ̫١Ծ֡߷أʱ򽫻ᵽʱǻΪ뵽ļΪͷǶе¡ǻɼģЩļһΪһ˻зβɣ 
ԹûΣ 
ĳ˵СȾˡȷ˵һйʵ۵ˣ˵аİɡ޳ĹڹڵĹ۵㡣ڱܵĳأʹ䲻Σᡪº͵ؽų 
ǵģҿͬһʩгͷǺ޹ļͥ衣 
Һؿ 
ǰδ˵ 
ͨĴɢҵۡ죬иж 
λǵˣأһЩʦȴҸ˵ûνġ㹻ݵͷһֶĿԡ 
ᶯҡִĸ˵ 
ǵģһȺͷխΪǵˣȥжһ֪ĵţӦҽԸ飬Ǿʦ¡Ҳˡ 
𣿡 
ǻһ뷨оͳѧûСоо그ȣƣ١׵ڶǸţ򿤵֣ɱСŮű˻ɡǸСӣδǳʲô鷳˹һֶСŮɱ壬Ϊǹ˯ʱһѴӻصңºɱĽ㣬ΪһЩСȻ˭ҲûбǱͽ˷ԺҲˣҲûСҺܻŮ῵ϲΩһǿɱ֪ɱʲôʱձʮεСɱɱ˲ûкܳһǣⲻǵµȱݣȱݡ 
˵£ 
ֻǶ˵ʵġµһ˵Ĺʱʹܼѡ 
ǶüͷȻǸƣݡ 
ˣ˵ɡ֪ĳ֣Ը⽫֮ԷأҪǣ 
ҵķӦҵԤϡŷŭͻɵתҡ 
ʲôʹ˵ģأʲôͷơ 
ûʲôرģ˵ĸгԾֻǡޣղıɱ¡ɷࡪĸо˶ѡ 
ŭȥˡһãȻؿǰƺҪҵһʹĴ𰸣ֻͷС 
һɡ֪һᾡְء٣ϣǡְ𣿡 
ɲĿ⿴ҡ 
룬أÿеĳʱ򶼻ġÿ˶Լķʽ 
֪𣿡 
Ҳ֪Ҹеøı仰⡣ 
ҵǸֶеǳģ˵ʱѰҽӡ̻ҡ 
΢Ц󣿡 
ֻʮꡣ䣬㲻ѱ翴úܲҡԣȫЪˡĦ˹Ͱ¬ƽ̽¡ 
˼˵ 
ǸӢĺӡ׼ʲô 
Ҹѧķá⺢Լȥʧˡ 
ޡѰܸѡǵģܸѡ 
ҵˣҽӵʱ䡣ҵ緹˰Сʱˡ 
ҵʱ˸ҪҽϵĻȫҽˣͬʱҸе󲿷ݶɨˣǣ˹̫ĵ绰¼ȴе˹˸߲ҡһɫؽܵ𾪣Ҫ˹ӾЩ˹һһĴЦ 
ϴŮãеŮˡҸ뵽绰һźá˵壬һô 
һæǧ¡Ŭ㣬ʾǵͬ飬ûʲôǷǵˣ˹ɫͻȻıˡüͷڳһʶģ 
ϵĴ󲿷ʱ䣬˹һ𡣡˵֪ķǳǡֳġȷʵǳǡ 
˵ͷ 
ﲻ̫ϲ˹ɪޡ 
룬һֱ˹̫ƽ 
𣿡ʵ 
˶ûд 
һԲҲ˹˵ 
û˽ȷʵҽˡ飬ǳǣΪԴӦʲô 
˽⵽˵˹˾ͬҪȥݡҲŬʱ򣬻ʹǶÿ˹һӵˡ 
ΪʲôأףͻȻʵ 
˵װġҲ˵ʱѾʲô 
˵˹˾Ҫ׷Ǵε绰ǰƭؼȥһΣ 
ǵģõѵⲻһֵܼ£ 
ҵΪ绰ֻе绰¼ 
ޣ˼ 
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Ϊ˵ʲôҪʱ䡣˹˾ĬСĻΪ棬Ҳôҵ֤ݡ 
һ˿ЦʱѵҲ֪𣿡 
֪˵֪ƾɺ;ְĿǰְλһûֵʱ䡣 
ϲ壿 
˵Ҳϲҵһۼ 
ǣҺɣְҵǸɫĳɹߡ 
Ϊ鵽ɱɪ޵𣿡 
鲻˵ǲŬ 
ˣ˵ 
˹Ҫ㣬šһűҪػҲС˺дţ 

װĿ 
ңҽʤмҴڼ 
֮УϣĿ 

ϵ 

˹ض˹ 

ҴԼСʱȥҶ˵Ȼ߽ȥ˹ 
------------------ 
 







 








ʮ



˹ʹҷǳѹ˫ֲײͣʵسšҿӦԴϢ˵Ȼ 
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⻰Ȼ̫ԹʵҲ֪ôشҶԲ򼲲˻һ塣˹̫ˡ 
ǰҸеôźһ¾ȻʦԢ 
ǵģ˵ⲻ̫졣 
̫ˡ൱¡ǾȻûץж 
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൱ȷţ𣿡 
ȫȷš 
ҿΪʲôΪ˵ǻκ𣿡 
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Ҳ֪˹˾ǷȫΡ֪ûرκˡĿǰֽѯʡ 
ǵġǵġȻһõ˭һµأ 
ҡҡͷ 
ɪУһԵܺõˣ֪һ㡣벻ȻıɱΪһҪıɱʮǿҵĶѽ 
Ҳ롣˵ 
˭һֶأ˽⵽ʲô𣿡 
˵׼ 
гˣ֪Խһ㣬Խг˵ˡΪʮ̵ּ 
 
ѵǵãܵǸаж˵в 
ޣˣ߹ң˵ȻҼǵãʱǺܽ 
ǵģ͵˵ĻɪУǲɾҩɤźܴ֣ҼǵĻºӡĻǣֵʱֻܻ壬Ǵȱ 
˵𣿡ʵüͷҼǵҵĻ΢Щͬ 
˵úҶĻӡһֿɲĶ뿴˲þͷһԤС 
ҸûСҺܿ˵Һܲϲ˹һְԸ 
Ѱж˵߿ 
Ҷһ֪ 
˵ɪУ˵Ļظ𣿡 
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ԶԡһѾܵɺͷԼˣҲϲƵ̫ҲͬжǸϰѸĵ͵һһҵﶼܿǵ˵ӡڱ֮ڷŭ嶯˵һͨҲܿ϶֮ʱ᲻ô˵ 
̸˵Ϊ򾯲ٱΣͱ 
ٱЩ 
Ҳ˵ʵŶҸҲڰѽһ޹ߵĲϡ 
ɱɪУ 
Ŷûκ֤ݱɵġ 
в֤ݡ 
ϸ˵вɪУɪУв˵һץʱҪıֵʲô 
Ҳ̬ȣ 
𣿡ƣ˵Ǹˡҵġ㵽䣬ͻᷢϲǵõ֤ݲ±ٶΪȨ 
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ֹҳԾؿ 
˵˭ѵûκΡκԼĿ𣿡 
ллأûС 
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Σġϴӽֵϵ˶ˡ䵭˵ 
ǵġǵģȻڰжΪ 
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ұֱС˹̫ӭ͡Ů˴գʮ־ȡһµĺɫ·гǹƤ¶һֵɫֻһ˫۾񡣵죬һ־顣˾ͺһʯͷ 
ãʱ˵ұ̸̸ָı⡣Ҵˡ 
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Ŷ˹̫ҡҡͷ 
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รûУ𣿡ݵؿ㡣û˿Ϊڼңһ㡣 
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ţ˹̫̫֪ɪУȥǰһݡȥݷù 
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ܸ˵һǴ̸𣿡 
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ѵף̫ԼƵһ˻ɵľ𣿡 
˹̫̫ȻһԲ 
ܵѶҪ֤ 
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ǰʶɪУ𣿡 
ǵģʶ 
𣿡 
ͣһ£˵ 
Һüûˡ 
ǰʶɪ̫̫𣿡 
 
Բ𣬵ǸʱȥݷÿɲͬѰ 
Ҳ 
ʲô˼ 
뵥ɪУɪ̫ɪС㡣ΪǴﵽĿĵ÷ʽ 
Ϊʲôɪ̫ɪСأ 
Լ顣 
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һ㲻 
˹˾վ 
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뿪ˡ˹̫վ֡ 
ҵˣǵģƣ̫ˡѾѡҸðݵĽɫ 
һе˵ 
ѾѡҵĽɫ 
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ҡҡͷǸհ 
׽նСƲ߸ˡǻ˭أ 
뿪ݺҿʼʵʩԼĳƻ 
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˵ⲻҵһݺƽĹ񡣡 
ƽĹ񣿡 
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ȫ˵̫Ƕõʲôأ 
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һֱڶ˹ض٢ٵ顣˵˹ϡ 
˹ض٣GilbertKeithChesterton(18741936)Ӣңߣд񸸵̽С˵ע 
Ϊ뷨мֵ𣿡 
ŶΪҳϵ 
ǲٺնСȥڻ԰ʰޣ̨ʱǽк 
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ǳŵؽӴǡ˹ׯصǿʯĻϲ 
ܵжĺܵ 
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ǵģ˼Ҳͬ⣬ǲᵽԸᵽ¡֤û¡ûС 
ܿ϶նС㣿 
ȫ϶ 
磬˴·߽ɭ֣ɭг𣿡ʵ 
ޣǵģкЩˡ˹ͨʿͿķС߹·ǵǷĹصĽݾʱչ˹ͨʿ·֪жȻɪ̫ߵһ顣 
˳˵һ䣬˵ǹ죬һնС㡣жɪ̫Ҳһġ 
̽ѯĿ⿴˹ǵģ˵üͷȷʵʲôǹһأ 
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ͷֻкģӡ󣬡˹˵ϣܼסܼסͺˡȫͣȻܾȣҲԵؿһնСеظı˻⣬˹˾һֱ˵жɪ̫뿪֮ǰ֮ǹġҲòʵ˵˵һһӡ󡪡Խ£ӡԽ뿪֮󡣡 
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նС˵Ϊ¶ÿ˿ĻɣҲص¡˵ǣȷʵŪ壬𣿡 
նСһ˹Ƿͬǹ˵ 
˵׼ƽһǹ졣ΪڻʱǹǹˡһͲ̫ע⡣ 
ǹ⣬ԭɣҰ 
ұʰݣ˹˵ܼǵá˳˵һ䣬˹̫̫λʥ׵µŮɣȥݷùɪޡΰݷþΪʲôƺ֪Ӻ˹ɪ޶ֻδᡣ 
Ҳʦ֪նС˵ 
ǣŮ֪ݷù˹̫ģ֪治˼顣 
ҡҡͷ˵޿ɷ档 
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ɪ̫̫һ֪ 
ҲָݡɪޣնС˵ָЩŮӶȷʵǳ򾯲콲ʲô顣һӢˡԭңжһǣˡŶǻϸġ 
Ҿȥһ£˹˳˵ллѣնС㡣ʦмСµȻҾȥ 
ҾãüǼ¡նСֽľ֡ 
ȣ˳·ȥֱһµص㣬￴Ȼ˴ұ뿪·˹˵˳رĺۼ߹ۼʧˣ˵ǿһ¡Ūˡ 
Ȼ˵ʮʮ֮󣬱۶Ϻͼ̤֦Ҷĺۼʧղţ˹ǴۻصС·ҡ 
·ϣ˳·ǰһСΡһľƺ̤ĵطֻ¶΢ĺۼ벻дһεĺۼϣ˳һ·ߣһֱ쵽ʦԢܿ죬ǵһطïܵĹľֱǽˡǽܸߣǽǶ鲣ǽϷŹӣӦͨĺۼ 
˳ǽǰʱһ۶֦ǵĶ䣬ǰ߼һƬïܵľ·ǰУ˹˽ײ˸ 
ԭ˵жλڸʲôأ 
ей˽͡ 
ȫˣ˵ͨɵӣԼҲͬСһСʱˡ֪𣿡 
ǵġ˳ӵ˵ 
˭ıɱɪУ·ɵģǽһûһۼһҲûС˭ıɱɪУ׼Ǵǰġܴ· 
ܣҺ 
Ϊʲôܣǿŵġκֻ߽ȥˡӳǿǵġ֪Ѿõģ֪̫̫׶أ֪˹ϡ򵥼ˡǲؾȥʦԢŵһֵԶĹľκһط˹̫̫ǡһ̴ĴųͿɰȻˡ 
ȷǽҪȫöࡣ˹̫̫¥ϵĴȷʵԸǵǽĴ󲿷֡ûǴ·ġ 
һǶԵġ 
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ڶϣ˹նҡ룬ҵ̬ڻ͡ʱƣӵˡ 
Ŷк˵ѾӵǴε绰 
𣿡Ҽеʵ 
ǳ֡ε绰Ǵӡݡıŷġ 
ڣǸŷǿյģѾ쵽ˣµĿ˻ûסȥǸطյģֺܷ㡪һ滧ǿŵġڵ绰ûָơѾɾˡѰζ 
ʲô˼ 
ҵ˼ǣǴε绰Ҫ֧ˣǾıġֻһ޺ЦָƾͲϸĵӵˡ 
ġһ㡣 
ҲַǳϤݡĻɪ̫ĵ绰˵ÿһʱ¡˷˵ڼһֱ롣 
Ȼ󣬳ˣɪУ͵ȥУȥϱ٣̸й¡ɪ̫ӻ˵㶫ǶֱӴӺС·նСǶġеĵ˶˵û̫̫ǶԵġ 
ǶԵġº͵˵ 
ңɪСʮʱ汴ķǱߡ 
ȫˣ˵ҵֶҲ 
ͿųˡŮӶƺеЪ˹Ͳ㻹ָʲôأȻҲйܼҡͨͺ顣ҲΪ֪йصһ 
ѯʽǳ˲⣬ 
˲⣬⣬ҷһǳŹֵ¡˵һȫϵ¡ 
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ǵھ˹̫ϳ¡Ǽǹ绰¡ 
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Ŷ׷Ǵε绰ֻ֪֡θĵ绰ǴĶ𣿡 
绰֣Ҳ² 
Ǵε绰Ǵ˹жסġ 
ʲôҾغ 
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ʲôأ 
ŶǾǵòĶˡڶε绰ƺûرĶһʲôĿġеİжķڱ绰жǹһжʹжӴ˰ 
һε绰Ǵסģ͸ˡ 
ҷ 
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жס绰Ͳָ𣿡ʵ 
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ֻǻûץ֡˵ 
ߣ˵ӵ绰һŮ˵ 
п˹̫̫ҲһŮ˵Ըǹûڵ绰ʱ𡪡ޣҾͻ֪Ķˡ 
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ǵļ﷢ģƺȨ֪ 
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ҳĬˡҵóϣ۳ƺġҵͷֻһʹ۲ܽܡ˹̫˸ 
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ѵǺܷڰҹɭָʲô 
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ҲԸĸָƮҵĶ䣺 
ʦˡ൱԰ףҳԲ׼ǷҲˡϾʦԢɵġô˵أʱ߷úءŶȷʵ˵УˡϣˡƣڳǸӣǶɻ¡𳳣ʬˡ 
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һеֻ֤˷ζ˹жΪʬ֤ȷǹȷţڰǰ켴ڶǹǹסļϣסϰǲģɪ̫֤˵һοɷǴԼһڴ·ϷֵʱͬԺʦԢԼһ̣غС·ӻ԰ĴŵʦԢû鷿ʲôΪǿյģɷд̨ԣĻͿˡ֪Ľ;״ġû˵ĸĵĳˡ 
Ȼ֤ɪԼͱ绰еؼȥʬ壬ҽľж֪ɪУҪ 
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ҼǵþҵĻɵе㾪档ѯʱģȴǹ൱϶ 
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δ֪ĸ˻˽еıɱ 
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ҶеʧζġͷβûԳΪʹڡ 
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ҲҲ֪һɣ 
ұȻشҼһ֪ 
ʹһϲͨҲʹ٣˹ͨʿˡͺ˵ҵΩһİǾĹüɫ衢ϲؽˡĹԲĹʯʱͭʱʯʱʯʱʷǰʯĹͶĹһжĿȪˮӿֻеͷװеӡ˵Ҳֹˡ˹ͨʿͣǸСӵˣһԲԲͺͷһŻԲ۾ӺܺľƬ󾼾ض㡣ҴδһˣôСһȻʹ顣ϸÿһֻ֧򷴶Ĺ·͵۵ݣ˳˵һ䣬ҶۼֱãȻ֪ԡ 
ϸɪУ硣 
һִУ߷ߵ˵ԣԣ֪ˣһ˲Ӧý˵ĻܸıʵȷʵǸִСΪ飬ȨԷ⡪һоˡҰһͶ뵽ȥˡ 
˵ţĭɽ˹ķ̶̵һ仰ʵ 
ģҪˡ˵ 
รλСֹͣ˽´ͳһֻ 
ѽֻһ̣ܡ 
һʼܼǲסʱ䡣ûҵչˣĲ֪ 
ȫȷװģȫȷмļ򡣡Ǹ˲ĹӲʲôΪԼҵǷǳ˵ġ 
Ŷ˵ˣ˹ͨʿ˵̧̫ˣġ 
Ҳеʵϻֵ֧ڶֹ۵㡪ֹ۵ԤϷĻ˹ͨʿͿķСս֡룬ķС㰮£ʧΪһŮɡ 
öķС˵ 
ããҾߡ 
ڷ䣬ʱ̧һƤ䡣 
Ҫ뿪𣿡Щʵ 
ֻǵȥ죬˵ȥҵĸףһЩҪҵʦһ¡ڶͻ 
˳˵һ䣬ɪУӰǵİš 
ָĹص¡ɪ̫̫ᷴǼɣ 
ҵ 
˵⻰ʱڲ룬˭Ϊݡסܿɪ޻ѷ˹Ҹе֪ɪ޵Ȥġ 
һˣ˴ܶ鷳ķСԴ˵ֱ벻ʱжô˵ա 
Ŷˡ˹ͨʿƤ䡢һŴëձһѱصɡҹȥлˡ 
鷳鷳ܺܺõؽ¥¿϶˵ġ 
ǣ¥һЬʲô˵ӰӶûСΪǷȥˡʱܽվȥ˹ͨʿƤ䣬ëձɡ 
һҴţ˹ͨʿһ洭˵ 
̫ˡ롪鷳ϣǲ⡪𳵡˹ǸùȷʵǸ˲ĹԷǳº͡ڼﲻ̫졪ԡĵشࡪĵشࡣ֤ܡ⡪๲ͬ㡭 
վչȥʱ˹жסǶΧûбķӡҿòվڽϣ⻹мͨӡһǹæˡ 
Сжһﲻ˵һ䣬뿴ҵͬ˵Щʲô 
ʱ˵ʲôǴһʲôʣһʱû塣 
ҪظĻʱһʣΣա 
Σգ 
ǳΣա֪Ĺǡ̫˽⡪ּһȦסΧŮתá 
⻰УƲ⣬ΩһҲûӹƯĸ˹ע⡣ 
찡˹ͨ𳵣 
ʱѾӽվʼܡ׶ؿĻͣվϣ׶طĻڽվƱſڣײһŵˣϳǸյնСֶ룬ǸϲײˡΪ̩ȻȻķȶǴ׵һײ̩ȻķȡҡμæǸȻǽվ˹ͨϻ𳵣ҵݸպøϻ𳵳صǰһ壬ˡ 
ӻ֣Ȼת뿪ɵ£Τ˹ѾˣǵһλºŽСʹҩʦպҲҪȥҺС 
ģ˵ޣе 
ҸþĽŶԭô¡þ˹ͨҪȥĶ 
ҽҵĻظһ顣 
û𳵣ˡŪ·ҸҪ涪ˣҾô˵ġ 
ĻʮӡңڽͨϡٵġǵģġҼǵıɱ죬ΪҴ·˾дһǿӲͶšıɱʹ¡ǵģϸġȥμҩѧѧһλ顣˵ʮֵĻ٣СʱСʱԴô 
ʮӣҲںҪߵʮֲŵվรߵǰͱؼҡ˵ǣΪʲô𳵽ʮְ೵أ 
ȫˡ˵ʱҿ˹ж·һͷΪ˰ⷬ߶ҽ˵лҪж߿ˡ 
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ܸ˼˹˵뵽Ҽ 
߽Ĵţ߹С·´ͳԿף 
ˡ˵ 
ǵģЦ˵еΣеô¡֪ʦţ߽ȥ£ЩҲϲ̫е㡪ô˵ء 
漰˽ˡ֪ҵ֦ǹǾζţǸ֣˭һȷʵҲͬѹء 
һҷԵʥ׵ȫҲ֪ˢ׷ʲôطһۡ 
ǣΪʲôЩȤأ 
֪˵Ǿ㻻࣬ҲΪǵĻ⡣ 
һŶȱˡ 
δ˼¡ 
Ŷڷˣ̫ˡ 
ͬĿ 
˭Щµģ֮¡ 
Ҳǰж̫̫ɡ 
Ǹɱ̫𣿾֪ʵǸ 
ֻ˵αװҽ˵Ƕڴļ档Ҳע⵽̫ͷԵء 
˳һ䣬ƺǳ϶ǹԭʲôʹͻȻô϶أ 
һҲ֪ 
ΪǶԵ𣿡 
Ҳһ㲻֪Ҳÿ춼ҵĲƲĿ¼ߡ 
һһССĿÿֻӺÿ϶ŸָƷ˹еĻУֱֻʹҷ衣 
ʱЩܷ£˵һ濴ҵĿ⡣һ棬ÿֺܷ㡪ûбŲһߡ 
ȻûʲôŲһߣͬ˵ 
Ҳǹ类Ųһ߻Щ 
֪Һϣʬ˵ĻʬٶǴԭΪܵѣ򲻹Ƶʲô˳һ£ʵǹװӵ𣿡 
˹ҡҡͷ 
ҲġǹǿյģǹԱһӵ 
ȻֶװӵһӵѾ 
˹ͷ 
˭أҵ֣ʲôı䡣ֱһ죬ᱻ˻˰йء 
˵ҵĺӡ 
Ҿ͵˵ 
óĬˣüͷƳĬ˵ 
Ҹ½еɡ֪նС֪һµġ 
ţе㲻ϲǸԭ򡣡 
ظĹ¡ 
նСȰ棬ȥˡݡڰݵİ£ŮӶ̸һλֻǼ򵥵˵ 
жҪ㼸⣬˹ 
Ȼ뿪˷䡣 
˹ееš˹λʮĹ峺Ŀʹеǳȡ 
ǡйɪУ¡ 
ǵģ 
֪Ҽڻࡣ 
ǵģ 
ҸеҲ˿ܡءҲĳżȻ顪 
ʱ˹еԼû쿪ʤвɰնСĹӡ 
룬Ƿܰң 
ʲô 
˹ȻһʮŮӶ飬񣬼ЧַǳĮ 
˹˵ѵûŮӶ̸𣿡 
ֽķʹ˹ɫ΢΢졣޶Ե̬һı䡣 
ŮӶ𣿡 
ڿ˵ķ䣬ڲЬϢң̸ʲôطһʲôط 
˹Ц˹ееϣ 
ţ˹ǸǳõĹţһڵĸоҲ뱻ûıɱˣΪҸɵġѵܰһ𣿡 
ҿó˵仰ʱ˹һԵ÷ǳƯͷţ˫˵۾¶Ŀ⡣˹ĳˡ 
ŶšԸܰǸΪɵģȷʵ롣 
֪װĹⲢʹҲܾĻɡ 
죡˹ҡҡͷҿԸΪǸô˹ˣԼġ 
ǺѶԸġڣ˹˵ҪҡҲܲеǻ˵λˣɪУǰһȥ 
˹̫̫𣿡 
ǵģ˹̫ҲܲеǴΰݷе֡ 
ǵģȷʵǶ˵ 
𣿡 
ҪУȻ̸໰ 
û֪һĿġ˹̫ŮܼңΪһǸһǣ˵ĻŶҲ֪Ӧˡ 
˵Щʲô 
Ŷûʲôֻǡ̸ۣ֪ 
˹еֹ 
Һ֪ɪУ̸йʲô顣 
ǵģ 
룬֪ģ˹ 
Ŷ2ȷʵ֪ô֪أ 
ţ˹˵Ҫҡʲô飬ȷʵʲô顪ЩԵò̫Ҫκ顭һмġϾ˿ܡɡֻʲô顣 
ûУģûС 
ôܻġ˹˵ 
ޣ 
Ұɣ˹ 
ţҲ֪ϻ˵Щʲô 
Ҫҵġ˳һ£˭ 
ǳŮӶƣֻɳȥһѣþ鷿Ĵλ̫ǶȻ˵ܴȻее֡˵ 
̫Ȼˣ˹˵˵һ˼ֱ᲻͵ 
ǣȻ⣬ûиκˡ֡ʲôҲ˵֪Ϊ֪ȥ롪һһѼ棬ش󡪡ǳʦܲ˵ġţԸκµģ 
ôȥ̸̸𣿡 
ʹ˹һ 
รǸʵĹ 
󣬾ϸ֮ˡһڹľе˽»档 
հţ˹˽ֵĸϣΪ˵һˣ˵ֻӡʮӣĸϽ˵ôҲ벻Ӧ뵽Ϊ˹ᱳ˵޶⣬ȷʵûж⣬˵̫̫£ӻܲùġ 
˹һٱ֤ƭ˵ڣͬ˵Ըܱ֤⴫ 
Ȼᡣ 
УҲʹҾ뷨ͥס 
ᡣ 
ҲŮ𣿡 
κ¶ᡣ 
´̫Ķ 
ġңϡ 
ȷûʲô𣿡 
Ȼû⡣һ죬Ϊӽ̼¾ҵе˵ġ 
ᾪһ 
ŶȷʵԸŶĺ١ 
˵ȫżȻġ 
ȫ⡣ 
Ȼôꡯ˵㻹̫ʹޣλ̫̫˵Щʲôһ˵ȫܾ 
ȫҼǲסеĻڴ󳳴ֵЩʲôҪĳ£ܾˡ㾹涪˵ôһ䡣˵㲻ܼҲ׼ʹ˶䡣λ̫̫Ҫɪ̫̫һ£ܺ¡ǣ룬ร벻˻ڲͬҲļ޹ˡ벻˶һºҵ˵ͬĿۡȷʵϣԻɪУеܾ桪Ǹִ£շַʥ̡ʥѡΡˣ˵ġô˵ģöء 
ͣ˹ʹصԭĻ⡣ 
㻹𣿡 
ŶѼǵ׼඼ͬĻһ˵Ҳš໰ܺ˵ʲôҲš˵ˣ˵ġܺ˵ʲô𣿡 
ǵġ˵ȫһȦס 
û̫˵Щʲô𣿡 
ֻڻʱһ߽˴˵ĻʹëȻġҾˡʱҲˣ˵˵̫аˡһıɱ£ҾͶ˹˵ӦˣӦˣ 
˹ƲѡҪǳԲ׼ϵĹڶ̶Ͽš룬ҪĲʵģɣԴıɱԹͼӴףһرǣһ仰ʵԡ룬ıɱ£˵ġ 
л˸ϣʵظЩ𣬻֤ش֪Ϊ뿪ݡʱȻš 
һģ˹̫ɪУĻ϶һƽ͵Ļ棬ң϶Ը֪λ档 
뵽նС˵ǸлĽִ¡ 
һƵİ 
˲ʹƲѡʹ˹̫̫ʱ֤ܾľ 
жأ 
ǸֵŮˡһŮˡԼҲԸɱϵ 
ҵĳ˵2Ϊʲô 
ҵͷһƤСشΪǸ޾סŮˡɡ 
նС˵ģɲġ 
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ڶʮ



һصǴһμͥΣС 
ңˮϽҪˡ 
˭Ҫˣ 
Ѿ֪ͨˡ 
Ϣȷʵûиеʲô˵ĵط 
Ŷ˵ǲòһŮӶˡ 
Һã˵ǺġһŮӶˣһ¶𱸵飬Ի󲻽ˡ 
סûĸΡ⡣ 
ǲ⡣ʵϣ뵽սĲͰĲˣҵ鼸ˡ 
ҲòһҪҵõҪѵ 
һֳ˵ 
ܹѵ𣿡ʵ 
Ȼܹġ 
룬˵ƺǡ̫̫̰͡Ϊһȱ˴ߡҪ˵ľǣǻʧġ 
ô£˵ûбҪ 
ҿôҪ顣Ϊ˹ɪ˵ûдɨɾҳ鷳ҡ 
ﳣˣ仰ʹҸеԾҲɵҪʸ˹ɪ޾Ȼ£ǵļͥǵŮӶ˵˵ܵ顣̫˹ĵˣ˵ 
Ҳף˵ǵĻҳ˹ʲôϵ 
޹ϵ˵ǾǴ˲ԭϣȥ̸̸ڳ 
Ҹ̸£ܴ󡢶ݣҷͰƹ̨صţƽ˳ 
ˮ 
áҽŵ˵ 
̧ͷһۣһûӦˡ 
ش̫ңҪ뿪ǡ˵ 
ش⡣ 
һЩ飬Ʋֵ˵ûһܹܡ 
ңʲôʹ㲻𣿡 
ʾܻش㣬ܡ(ҵ˵˵̫׼ȷˡ)һתǾ̽Ĵ̽Щ飿鷿þôɨһλҳһεƣֻҪ̫󲻱ԹͲر˵¡˵Ƿʹ⣬ǲҪġ 
ʹҳϣҿһÿ峿ɨһȾڷŵþķ䡣ͨǣȥͰĲĻҳ£Ϊ̫ˡǣ֪ʱƽ֦ǲ׵ġ 
òǴվʮ˵ǰ𾴵Ĺ֪ǻʲô⡣Ҹ㣬Ҵδһ﷢ıɱĵطҲٴˡ 
ϣ㲻ᣬ˵ո۵Ĺҵ˵ǳܡ 
ҲͬǸִ١ļһΪɱһֻҰãͱؽȴҰʲôġأûбذᣬǸŮ˵ҵĻɵòá 
˵ɪС𣿡 
ҴӡҰùݻʱ鷿 
Ŷ˵һɫСñһСññˡŶ˵ҸûʲôñӡʰʱŶ˵Ҹ˵㲻ῴġ㲻ʱʰ䣬𣿡˵ʱָű¯̨һ£ָΪһϣʱõеİ裬ַŻԭƵģͷϲŴ򿪷ѽ룬С㣬ʦ̫Ƿ⣬ǲҪģ˵Ц߳ʽһ˵Ŷȷţǻ𣿡ˡ˵ 
ͶˣһԼĸ飡ţһΪ̫̫ƴɻġҪ»Ĳȣǻᾡȥġ 
ţġҰο˵ 
һʲôǲ˵˵Ļġûʹ⣬ԸߡɪС˵ĻڡݡϲҿԸ㡣 
Ӳ˵롯лл㡯ĵġ˹һҪõ˹ɪС㣬ȴǣֹܹһʿΧȹת 
˵ͨʱһֱشѿۣЩѿ񱢿ڳĴҷɡʱһƬѿ۴ҵ۾ϣ̸ͣһ 
ѵ㲻Ϊһ־۾һ˵̫е֪Ů˻ǳϧġ 
ҲΪǼ̫̫ 
ôѵ㲻Ϊе̫ɵ𣿡 
һ 
ھһкеһԼĸ顣ҲԸ̫ʲô㡣 
ǾͶˡ˵ 
뿪ָ͵˹ڴҡ 
ôʵ 
ġ˵̾һ 
ף˵ĺܴ 
ҸеҲͬĿҲΪҸղźܴ϶ûĸŮӶˡ룬κθıֻøá 
ϲȡøҽԭίϸ˵һ顣 
˹һԸ񰡣˹˵ǶɫñĴʱء 
Ǻпܡ˵ 
ǲʲô˹˵˵⻰ʱһĽͰĽΪǼʵġÿҪü 
һַǳ˵ϰߡ˵ 
˹᲻κη̡ 
ȷʵˣ˵̾һ飬߹ҡ 
飬ǾͶǷǷ飬˵ûһ 
˹ͨʿǵġգ۾˵ 
һĹءҳϵ 
Ȼˣ˵ǳˣסͺͷĿѧҲܸоһ㡣 
ԸС˹һеġ 
ǣ˹жһҲΪ˹òǣһΪǵ˵ 
˹ԼҲԵϲô˵ءٽͽ͵Ůˡǳƺ󣬴ҽ˵Ůˡ밲ݲס˹ΩһŮˡ룬ǾụġһЩɵ˹֪룬뵽⡪ĳЩǫ顪 
Ҹеġ 
ٹ(Qtjakers)ǹ(Friends)ıƣΪ½ɱ֮һǿͽҪԾϵ۴ģᳫƽȡһע 
˹϶˵ҵġ 
⻰ʱһֳĳĬ֮СҴδ 
߽鷿ҸеȻһ˻ֲ̿ա֪ұ˷һ˷ҲҲ鷿ˡҳ˼ţߵд̨ǰ 
ɪţݽֱҲһ˲䣬ͱˡվŵطվһ֡ 
ǣɪ޲ˡ 
ָչǦʡ 
ڵذϣһĺɫߺ̺ۡȥϴˣѪѾ͸ذϡ 
Ҳˡ 
Ҳ䣬ҴҲܣʱҵʲôһɫ΢͵ذ֮䣬ҿһСС塣Ҽ 
Ұϣʱ߽ 
ǸˣסնСҪǽȥֶ顣еζ˵ǻȥ 
ܺãװġ 
ڿʲô 
ûʲô 
߬ȭͷ˵ 
װģʹɵ¡Τ˹үˣһǸѸˡ 
˵ЦˣסɫҲˡ 
ֳȥˣչơ 
ҵϣһСɫʯ 
ǿŷͬѰıʯҷǳ֪һĶ 
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ڶʮһ



Ҳ˵κʱɵ¡Τ˹к塣֪ǸвŻС˵ңΪʫҲʫûддĸ룬ִɵһص㡣д˹ſ﷦ζֵǡ 
ԡ̡пݵĸ飬ָΪдߡ 
һֺȤ̸۾ʱĹâҸ˵ע⵽ġ 
ͻ̸̾ˡִ̽Ϸ磬Ƕ̸ִװΡװЦɵ¡Τ˹أ룬̸ܵĸȾ 
նСķζ̸УҲʱظһ䡰û 
ڣ仰ʹˡͻȻ˵ 
룬Ϊȫ¸ˣ 
ɵ¡Τ˹ػζе̡ 
Ϊʥ׵£ڳһȨ˵ˮһ̶ 
ǣΪǻΪĻûԳӡ룬ʹе㾽ȡ 
ȷʵǸܺõıװɵ£նС̵˵ţ΢£ûʲôһ̶ˮеһˮ 
ĳС˵ҳϵ 
ȫһģ𣿡նСʵ 
̣Լһ̶ˮеĶ𣿡 
װģҼǵãµһУ˵ĳͬĻ 
ûĸϲԼ鱻ԼɵҲ⡣ 
ȫͬ˵ 
ΣǴͬģնС˵֪˽ӴȻǽӡ 
ɵ˵û֤е 
̸˵֪һ׮ıɱ𣿡 
ɵ¡Τ˹ػζе̣ıɱĻ⡣ 
ıɱ̫пˣ˵ҶԴûȤ 
һ仰һҲûʹţԵ˶йͬİãıɱǧȷû˻ıɱȤͷԼ򵥵ܹʵɵ£Τ˹κһ˶òװԴ˸еζٿͷ 
ǣնСһ仰ֶ˳ 
ڳԷʱɵºһֱû̸۱Ļ⡣ 
ҶеĵŶŨȤɵ¸Ͻ˵նСͰݵ΢Цš 
Τ˹ʲô߼𣿡ʵ 
߼жϣɵ¡Τ˹˵һλζֻ̡һпɱɪޡ 
𣿡ʵ 
ǶȤصȴġ 
ʦɵ˵һָָҡ 
Ҳɵõһ 
Ȼֻ͵˵֪ûиɡӦóΪµϷԡǺϡִʦ鷿ʦıɱ̫ˣ 
أʵ 
ŶһȤվϨ𡣡룬ԱС̫ѹ¡Ը⽫׮ıɱдɹ¡ӵ˳Ծһܸһܣһ긴һ꣬ڽϡڳʫкĳСڽַѸŵ̳ϡһֱˣֲòһֱⲻϻӦ̳ǣԹڰбԽԽһ졪 
һơ 
תң 
ףйԹ𣿡 
ûСҳʵ˵ 
ǣҲǰ˵ϣ 
նС˵ 
˹ɥǣҾȻ˵ĻҲǹ 
ģ˵˵Ļɵȷʵй鷳 
ϧɵ¡Τ˹˵ΪǱʶУɵ;˵Ļˡ 
̾һ 
ҵʧˡҲһǳͨıɱһ͵˸ɵġ 
ķңնС˵ڴǷԸ⿴ҵĻ԰ 
ϲ԰𣿡ʵ 
벻ǣնС˵գһ۾ԳΪ̸ĺܺõĽڣ𣿡 
˽ЩʲôʵҲΪ 
ṩȷʵնС˵Լ֪йˡȫˣӡȡ̫ˡ˳˵һ䣬Ѿȥݡĩȥˡ 
ʲô 
ǵģɪ̫ȥġɪ̫̫ҪȥġҲ֪ô¡ȥعôżҪ¿Ǻ˵ġ˹ͨʿ뿪ˣ¿ĹǼ˼¡ 
˹ͨɵ˵Ǹŵļһ𣿡 
ǵģھһĹɪ޵ϡ 
Ǹˣɵ˵ĹȤŨҲǰһ̸úͶҵȥݷ 
ϧ˵ȥ׶ضĩιʵڳվء 
Һ档һְֵˣ۾ 
ǵġ˹ͨʿ 
ǣװĻƣǲ˹ͨ 
˹ͨ 
λѧҡҶǳ˽⡣˲˹ͨһҲ񡣡 
ζؿնС㡣 
ͬѰ˵ 
ֻ䡣նС˵ 
Ϊʲôأʵ 
ʹҼǼ£Ǹ˼װúԱĴҴܣնС˵͵˲ٶ 
һƭӣɵ¡Τ˹˵ڣȤˡ 
ǣıɱй𣿡ʵ 
һ˵ǡҿնС㡣 
ǼͬѰ¡һͬѰ¡ 
ǵģ˵վҸеӦ̰¸߾ 
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˹˾ͨ绰̶ 
׼©κϢرǣܾķС㡣ͬʱʼĹΧѰ䡣 
һصµĽչ֡ڵ˹ڳǲ̸̫࣬ΪѾ˹˾֣ر֤κ˶ֲֻᡣ 
κ£˹Ǽ鷳¡߽ҵ鷿ʼŪ˫ŲͣػȥԵúܾн 
ô£˹˵ 
壬Ҳ뵱ˡ 
ҺܳԾ⺢ڴ֮ǰԸǰ;̬Ǻܼᶨġ 
ϲѽ 
ǵģѾıˡ 
ʲôأ 
뵽ڽȥ 
ҸӳԾˣ˵Ľڽʲô˼ 
˼ǡ 
ǣװĺӣȷ㲻ϲġ 
ʹΪı˸ְλ 
˹˵ǲ˼Сʲô˼ȻԤϵʵ 
˵ġڽȥʵָܿ¸˵ֹ̬ţֻҪһˡǡͿ϶¸Ҿº͵شͷ 
ʲôʹ뷨ģʵԭȥ뷨ʹˡ 
֪壬һֱڿǡһҪġ˵ҪȢһǮųɡ 
ʵʱ෴˵ 
֪һĹָһϰĹ 
⻰ָ֪ܺ 
֪º͵˵еĹﶼ˹ɪһ 
̷ 
̫ƽϲҲ˵롣 
Ů˵ĽǶȿ൱ȷġ˹ȷʵ롣Ȼȫܹʶһкݴ 
ԸһЩͺˡΪʲôʱƤҲĴԹΪ뿪ǵۻ΢һ㡣еζΪʲôҪأ룬뿪̫ǡġ 
˵á˵˹ûлɵһκζ⡣г˹ 
ȷʵһҲ˽¿Աһ㣺ȻҲ뿪ҵġ˵Ƥһ˵̫ɨˡԣΪˣҶһӡ 
˶˽ĿǺ֡ 
ڣȴɺƤĴɢ˵˹ֹɢ 
㣬˵ҾͲõġ 
⵱Ȼûʲôǡ 
ͻȻһ仰 
һᡪһΪ˹κ¡ 
ǺΪκʲô£˵ǶôǶΪġ 
ҵԸˡ˹˵ 
ļһŮ֮İļһЩֱʵġҲĻȻػҵߣһסû˵ҷֻ˵˯ȥˡ 
ִ糿ʱĵ档ʱԣһŴ򿪵ıǰݡɪġ 
װĸ 
ʦ緹ҽʤмĳǳֵ£ҵ 
ʱΪҶԱֻδᡣ 
ذǵİݡɪޡǵȻȥ˵ 
ұʾͬ⡣ 
Ҳ²׼ʲô¡ 
Ҳ²׼ 
֪ҶԸ˵ҸеԶδŪӵࡣ 
˵ֱʲôˣŪ𣿡 
˵Ҳ˼˵֧Ͱǻһ֪ǵóе飬Ūࡣ 
ָЩϵ󣬵ȴ˽ⰸ𣿡 
ǵģرҵ˼ 
룬ȫ̫̫С֣˹˵Լһɪˣͦõ¡ûϲŶ 
֪첻òģǵĹԼϣԶ鲻ῴ˹˻ֺĴҫĴ 
ҽ뷨ҵĺܽӽ˹˵򾯷һıɱߡ˵ġ 
룬Ǻ˵Ĺ۵ΣڡЩ۵ܻԲ˵ҵΪ˵ںͷԲĳӰ죬룬˱˾Ը⿴ 
Ŵ˵԰мߡ 
룬ڸ鷿Ĵˡ˵̾һ 
һʹﲻ١Ĵǵĺ棬ÿ˶ȻǴļߣǴΧۼߡǲò汴ķһ죬ڴִڡ 
ޣ˵糿С֮󣬵ȻⷬͻƽϢȥ 
ǵݡʱע⵽мΧε 
Ҵǣʸ⣬Ҷһɻش(ҷѻش)޿ɷ档 
ʹ߽ΩһǿķС㣬Ȼʮֿ֡ 
е棬𣿡˵һ֡Ҵδ뵽£ɪ̫ã𣿵ȻһڡҰùĵطΧȫǼߣǻΪáȻҺ񻹲ΪģʱȷʵҪһ飬ΪɪС㲻ʲô𣿡 
˹һȻڣȻѱɰݵĵͬע⵽һʹҾúЦͬʱһ˵Ƿ׼ȷУǰԼģһǷȷʵˡֻпʼ˵ĲϲҰһ㣬ܿı⡣δ¶ۡ룬ķС㲻һȫ滰 
ʱݣɪ߽˷䡣 
µĺɫ·һıֽ 
ñ˵Ŀ⿴һֽۣݸҡ 
Ҵδ¡̫ˣʱһߡֻ˵ҷǳ˵޿ɷ棬ȻңǷҵɱɷ֣˵ǵġȻʣǷлɵĶ˵ûСǷΪﷸ˽⵱˵Ȼˡڣ2ڱҳһƬȻʮǰյġ˭֪ǴĶڳġȻִı⣺ 
ϱƣıɷ֣ݡ 
ɪ̫̫(ߵ)ԣڵ׷֡ΪһЩɣܿ϶Լʹѵ׷ֵľġ 
Ⲣ˵Ļ𣿡ʵ 
Ҹ˵ܸ㡣˵ݻرֽ 
޳ܣ𣿡ķС˵ҵ뿴ЩһʳЩʲô 
ֻգ۾ţΪ仰ֻ˵˵ѣḶж 
Էʱ䵽ˣ߽˹ֱһʱߵλϣЦЦҵͷҳĳԭעؿǣȫһãȻǳҵùƽسһ㡣ȻûдТŵɫ·ӳгɫϸ 
ǺȹȺ󣬰ƽ˵ 
ʦ̸̸ҵҵȥ 
ڣҾҪ֪ȥԭˡ¥ݡڷſͣ½ŲҪ˵һֹֻסҡעһŲ 
õġǵĻ԰ȥˡȥǿһֱߡ 
ʹҷǳǣ·һֱߵ᷿ľͷһխƵ¥ͨһ¥ȥҲȥһҳľݴţ߽һȻĻ谵ĸ¥ 
Щ䡢õľɼҾߺͶѷŵĻ滭Լ֮ŵĸָƷ 
¶Եľ֮ɫȻһЦ 
ȣҵýһ¡ҵ˯ߺܲҹ 
׼ȷ˵ǽ賿ӣڷ߶һ𴲳ʶǴ¥ƽ̨ϴģǴ棬Ǵ档ЩӸǰ룬һ춯Һ𣿡 
ûлش𡣺ûʲôǣΪҵ񾭹ֻȥ˯ˡ 
ǣ峿ֻǳں档ҷһǽǵĻת 
ҳԾôȻһͻФҿһͨѾϲˡǣۻµġ 
ôͬѰ°˵ 
𣿸ң뵽ʲô𣿡 
ҡҡͷ 
еҰ˵Ҳϲһ֮иɵġ 
ǵģҲ롣 
ʲô 
һҲ֪ǰδҺ¬˹סʱЩڸ¥ˡҴδЩҲȥ 
ͬѰѽ˵ 
ҶʼϸĻЩԤϻῴһЩǳͨķ羰һЩʯӡͻͼ߿ܲĸƷ 
ûʲôṩˡһֻܴʽ䣬ӡ֣ӡддĸEP 
ҽҿǣǿյġ¥Ҳûʲôṩκ 
Ǽǳ˳Ծ£˵ 
ǵģ˵ʹе㺦¡ 
ûʲôֵÿˡĿ˿š 
ΪӦΪʲô𣿸߾죿 
ԥˡͱ濴˵Ƿ񡪡 
ıɱʲôϵݽӹҵĻͷ˵סڡͱ濴ûκϵ 
ԣ˵һص¡ 
ĬĬţԻüͷ 
أһʵ 
̧ͷ 
ٻҪ£սĿ˵ 
ҲԸһ뵽Ҿ񡣵Ωһѡ񡣷ǻ˵ˣзʶ 
Ȼᡣ 
Ŷģǻġرǵͣһ£Ȼ˵Ժ󡪡׼˹顣ҵߡٵȥ 
룬˵Ľ֡ 
ͻȻɥؽ˫С 
֪Ҷôм֪Ѿ˱ˡ¬˹ҸеҸеǳ¡ҪǴһ˽ʱʱˡ 
ڵͻǳ⡣ǣʹǿ½ǶôΣաǾҶмɡ 
Ҳлǡׯص˵ 
ֱ֪ǲ֣ǻΪ˹Ŷǵģǻġرǵҽʱ򡣡 
װģҽ֤ݺر 
ǻʲô֤ݣ֪Ͼҽѧ֤ݶԾ˵˵ʲôҴһԭ򡣿Ҫࡣ 
˵Щʱ۾â˸˵һ䣺 
ҽλﵽԭ򡣡 
ķС𣿡 
ǵġ 
ôȷʵʹˡ˵𣿡 
ȫˡŶ2ʵϣе㱧ԹʱҿǶġ 
ɵȻඣҺΪǸĴŮ˻˰ʲôϵɣ 
װһ̫࣬ˣ׵֮һ 
ôΪ 
ǡ˵ʵǡ뵽ǣǸ֪Щʲô߿֪Щʲôڽӽ°оһ¡ 
ǸҹǷҴһͨ˼˵ 
Ϊɵ𣿿Ϊʲôأƺǻ͸޿ܵġ 
ҿɷȻҵ鷿ﱻıɱҲǾ޿ܡ͸ģҼ̵˵Ǳıɱˡ 
ַ֪ҵֱ˵˵̫ˡȷʵ֪һ㣬ֻҶԴû˵̫ࡣ 
Ҵӿڴóǿտɫʯݵǰ 
룬İɣ 
ŶǵģЦţӡĶҵģ 
ǣҲûнŽС 
Ƿ⣬˵ٱһʱأ 
ޣȻġ˵Ե󲻽⣬һ̽ѯı顣ȻҲûĺġ 
ҷľ״ 
Ǹò⣬˵Ҳĺܹһ㡣 
ҸΪǸò⡣͸õѡҲϲǸնС㡣֪¬˹ܸԣѶƽطָҺ˹ݡңǣ˹ѡ㹻һСݵļҾߣһǮһСݣԱʹ乫ƽ 
ļƻʲô֪𣿡 
һĹ 
ûиҡ룬ᾡ뿪ϲҡӲϲҸ˵ҵĴܵЩǣκιﶼĸġ 
ϲ𣿡ֱʵʵ 
û̻شʹţݡɪǸǳʵŮˡ 
ҿʼϲģ˵һôĹﰡڲϲˡҲ֪ΪʲôҲΪϲҡ֪ϲϲ 
Ƕ˵ݡɪҲЦˡ 
ֻһµǾǵ˹ɪ̸̸׵ģΪƳڿһ˵ĿӰ͸˹ķĻ԰ 
߽ȥš 
˹˵мµ̸̸ 
̧ͷ 
𣿡 
Ѿ˵Щʲôóʯƽ˵ 
Ϊʲôҵ鷿 
ҿһ¡⼸ԷġѸٻָƽԼҲܿ϶仯Ȼĵ˵ 
Ҵδ鷿ʲôǲҵġǰݵġ 
֪һ㡣˵ 
ޣôΪʲôأһǰݵġ 
Դıɱɪֻ̫̫ҵ鷿һΣʱźɫ·ԲܴɫĶ 
ô˹˵һǰġ˵һ䣺ǳ߼ 
Ƿǳ߼˵룬㲻ɼǵļĸһδʲôʱ˰ɣ 
ŶóɻεĿ˵Ҫ𣿡 
ܺҪ˵ 
ҵŬ룬ǶüͷšһšҴδ˹ɪˡŶˣͻȻ˵ڡĴˡ 
ģ˵ıɱһ졣죬ɪ̫̫һ԰鷿ǰܼǵã֤У˵ֻǵ˴ǰδݡ 
Ķģ 
档 
ôû˵ʵ𣿡˹˵ 
Ϊȷʵݣվǰ𣿡 
ร𣿡 
Ŀ򾲵Ҷš 
֪Ļƽ˵ҴδΪʵ 
ǣҲΪûڽʵ˹ 
ʲô˼ 
ľ 
ҵ˼ǣ˵һοֻҺ÷Уʱһֻĸױ̨ϡȷʵֻһ𡣡 
ŶͻȻбӵķϣĶ̷ɢذ塣һֵơ޾ 
ҳĬţһȻҷǳº͵˵ 
˹ΪʲôҪ 
ʲô 
ͷ͵һסԵúܿҰǾ֡ 
ʲô˼ 
ʲôʹģǼʣᰲݣ 
ŶŶǵģͷϲԺƺͻȻػָǵģܰʡԴӰʢˣҾͲϲˡҰĶµġϣش鷳һµˣȥױ̨ϵĶ¾ͻЧô˵Ĵæ죬ʦְ𡣡 
һĻԹ޵ġҰû⡣ 
ȷʵʱĺӡ 
ͼݣ֮ټ㲻ʲôΪ˵˵һỹԷֶҲؿƿܸж 
á˵ 
ͣһȻ󣬰תһߣõ˵ 
֪һᡪһܿ͵˹뿪Щ 
˹е㾪üëͬʱָееȤ 
Щ˵Ȼһε̬Ϊ˹еźҺź 
ǵ̸͵˽ 
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ڶʮ



ڻؼҵ·ϣｨ飬ƵĹعջؼҡҼ˽⾯Ƿڵ飬ǷʲôǣҪ죬Ҿһǰ 
ҿ˸жĺ˹ؾʿ 
ûʲô˵ǣӦصΩһط 
õġءһʹе㲻⣬Ϊɡץһ˼ 
ҵ˼ǣ·߽ɭ֣Ů˻Ķ·ͨݡ 
룬˵ֱŮʿг˹˾Ʋּ򵥵ġ 
ֻǵĵػܵţ˹˵д˹ͨκζдκζṩһ֪Ƕͻ졣 
ôö֪ǣҸ˻ɸ˹ķС˵졣˿Ӷ⣬Ҳ 
һ˳Ϊƭӣ֪ΪʲôΪƭӣ˹ؾʿŪ˵ 
Ȼ˵ 
𰸾ͻĹҵϹæأ 
Ѱraisond'etre٣˵һλʿסˡ跨ֻش 
ٷڵɡע 
ҵˮƽĿ 
㻹ûз䡣˵ 
ǻֵᷢģûɡ 
ҿɲôȷţ˵һֱ˼նС˵ֻһǹͿֻˡˣʱֻȥ 
̫˵ĻǿʲôֵĶڽصȴʱޣʱ˵ǹúܿġϾûĸŮ˶ʱ֪ú 
ҳƣΪʲôڹɡɺȷģҳȫġԼʱоͺܲ(ԳҪ)ҵ˵նСзǳ׼ȷʱСӲһӣκγ϶Ǽ׼ʱġ 
ǣһ˹ؾʿ硣簲ףˣ뿪ˡ 
ҿҪʱһͷԼʡûʲôͷĳֻ֣ΪһܵĴҵԼʡ 
һǵãıɱһ죬ҵһѰС·ĳطľԱ˼̤Ϊ˹̤ľԣҲһѰʲô 
ǣҼǵãһһۼ΢·Ǿ߹µġҿ˼ؼǵãһ·(˹)ȵڶ·ԣƺֹһ˾·ƶϣҲһ˹ע⡣һ·˹ͨʿķСµأ 
ҼǵãΪҼǵã۶ϵ֦мƬήҶĻ·ĺۼͲѰǸµġ 
ڽӽǸص㡣׾ٵط·ٴηӹľﴩȥһΣҷ۶ϵ֦ȷʵҺ˹֮󾭹· 
Һܿ˹ĵطǣ΢·øԶˡҼ·ȥͻȻС·һƬأʾ½ھĺۼ˵أΪԭï֦ܵϡˣ֦ͷ֯طĳֻмӢߡ 
һ棬ֱ֦ï൱û˴߹Ȼһط񱻷 
߹ȥ˫ֽľһɫıҵǰ˫ۣþһֻɫ 
ҷһɹĺУڳɹˡܵ˹ؾʿ䵭͵һ֤ˣҵȷġ 
ʣǿķСӡһ´ۣϵġ 
վʱע⵽һɫС 
ּڴ 
ȻŰ֣С·ȥ 
ҷ̨ߵС·ʱһڽԵļ 
Ŷҵˣѽвɸеڿ˶ֲ˿棬նСνڴ˵޿ƥСҽ֮ľդϷȡ 
һֻնС˵ĶҲϵó 
룬еǧֻ۵䣬ȫһģһҹԶľ룬ûܹרϳĳһֻӡǣµĳɹնСȡõģˣȨһԭµĿڡ 
ϵģ𣿡 
ǵġ׼õȥ 
绰ȥǸ𣿡 
Ȼ绰ȥ϶áӣӣܻ̫ۡҲԸ 
ǣȡնСĻ԰ŵĲӷʽݣϿţһص״̬£绰 
˹˾˵ 
ʱƢ 
ô˵ҵˣ𣿡˵֪Ӧ¡ţ֪Ʒйصֱ档 
ⴿżȻ˵Ҹող뵽ͷ 
е¡һӢĹľ֣ȴֱߵ׼ȷĵص㣬־͵õˡ 
ԭ˹˾׼ȷص裬ǣҶһķСһԲ 
˹˾˵Įӡ 
룬ǵÿʲô 
һԿ׺ߡܲӺӾʹˡ 
Ҳָ֪ЩʲôĳʮּĶɡǣӳĵһķΧΧ˳ȻǼɫɫ£ƾɵòٴȻһиӻñӡ 
һѼٻ˵ 
ٺһ˫Ьܵ͡ѴƵĳͳѥӵףһñֽŵĶ 
룬ɡһߴһ߼̵˵ 
һס˺ 
ΪڰһЩСһֻƵԲδǳ̡ 
նСϳЩһ 
ڰƿɪУĳڰƿвʱڵǳڱ˵Щ𣿡 
ǵͨ졣 
Ϸԭ˵ԡŪס 
û˱˵Щʧˡ 
Ҳûзֶʧ˵룬ЩĶճСɪУҲЩڱչˡ 
ұ£˵ھȥݡ˹ͨʿߵԭΪıɱһһ£ǻᵽĻܿƷܵѲ顣λﻻװ󣬰ѶڹľĴǣűӣ׼һҹƵȡ߶ޣһôɽųıɱ֮⡣޹ءһϷ 
°ЩлնСȱѩƵʢ뿪ˡรһɵ㣬˵̾һ˹˵ǶԵģıɱйأûиݡ 
һжõĽ͡ 
ȷʵնС˵һ˾ȫ϶𣿡 
ȫȱָѾõҪĶ׼뿪ء 
ǵġ 
Ȼȫ⣬еؿҵѯʵĿ⣬æǸлش˵ 
ҺɣȫŪˡҶЩĿ޴ǣֻơ˵Щ󣬲𣿡 
ţһֻǳڱǰЩһǧӢ 
ָģӵļֵ 
ԣνͼֵ 
˼ĶûЩʱţʹźˣҲڱܵ½С˵εԣȻޣЩˡ 
Ҳȫ˼˵ 
֪ұ̫ˡøӻңӳǸ⡣ҸееֻЩˣô˵ΩһյøƷ档ҲһһʱھͲΪ֪ 
Ǹļ⡣˵ 
Ωһ£Ȼ˵һƷãûκıɱɪУ 
ԭȵĻ෴ 
ȷʵˣ˵ҲΪġ 
ǵģֻơȻҲʵ֮ǰɪУ̸ܶйصĻȻʱͲȥȷʵ˵ˡ 
𣿡 
˵Ҫ˰еĶйۡǴ׶˵Ϊ飬ֻһˣô˵˸Ӧô£ԼµҪԡȻҲ֪Ƿʲôʵʵİţˡ 
ˡ˵ 
ȻһλмҼʶƣôɪУͻǵãø˹ͨʿ 
һɣǷʱͱˣϷǲ˵̫ˡôһһʽ˵¶ڶ 
˼·ˣ˵룬ӦŪȷʵ 
ٴߵ绰ǰһҾͽͨˡݡͰݡɪ޽ˡ 
ʲôҪ¡Ŷޣ;Сɪ̫̫ܸңݡڵƷ˵Щʲô 
ĻشѸ١лͲصնСԡ 
һȷɪУ˰ţһһҲ죬׶һȫĹۡУƳˡ 
ôжˣնС˵ǵģˡΪֹˣǹĵ˹ͨʿһ𣬻ڷԽ̨Ա㶯֡ 
ǵģնС˼˵԰ųˡ 
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ڶʮ



һصʦԢֺ˹鷿ҡŵŲӡҽʱȻһ񱻴һǹ 
ԭң˵һ߲Ŷͷ񲻶 
װĻƣ˵һ뿪ıһ»ǻῴȫģ 
ҲҵĸλҾ¡ 
ʲôˡţ˻ͬҵġ 
ˡˡʲôҽأһ֪忪ҵҽ 
Ϊƽҵڡһ򱻿λܸɵˡ 
ŶҲǵģҸ˵ҲϲҲ˵ЩġǷԸҲҡȷʵеġ 
ޣȻԡҲԴʽ 
ϣʽܺáֻ뵽վϲ̳ô۾עҡ 
۾鴤¼ 
ظе˹ȷʵʲôҵ뷨Ϊ۾ܿ˵ 
ûʲô˵ĲֻЩͷʹЩĥ˵ͷʹҺһˮ𣿡 
õġ˵ 
ԵˮȡˮǼңŮӶǼͽ¡ 
ҸȡˮлҡӿڴóһСֽУȡһŴֽңˮȥ 
ͷʹۡ˵ 
ͻȻеƣ˹ǷöҩҲԽŹΪ 
ϣܴࡣ˵ 
ᣬŶᡣҽѹҡҩ飬ϾͼЧ 
ȷʵѾԵøƽѡ 
վ 
ôˣ̫ˣ 
ҲʽؼȥϢɡҲκν͡ٱ˵ʲôˡ 
һұʾлȻĿ⻬һԵĴ˵ 
ȥݡ𣿡 
ǵġ 
Բ𡪡ǣǽȥ𣿡 
ҳԾؿ 
ҺܱǸҡʲôµĽչǾɪ̫̫ȥԭ򡣡һҲ˹ĺġ 
İźһС¡˵ 
ޣˡ 
û˵ͣض˫ţ˵ 
жҡҡ벻Ϊʲô 
𣿡 
ֻ˵ݷҡ˵еįǰδݷùҡ 
Ŷ졣΢Ц˵ 
ΪʲôңҲ֪˵̸ҪһζʲôΪԴʲôͷأ 
ΪʲôΪǱأʵ 
Ҳϲ˹ִֹ˵һ䣬ҴδκηʽԹҴδʾ׵ʱһ˵ʮ⡣˵һɹʲôǾǰжжǸȫͬļһһϵۡŽ̵һ 
ѵΪ⻰е𣿡ʵϾǶԴ˽ⲻ 
һߣüΣʲô¶ɡ 
ΪɱɪУ𣿡Һʵ 
˹иϲشǡ򡰲ǡϰߡϰע⵽üΡ 
ѵΪΩһܵĴ𣿡 
֪˵ûжκ֤ݡ 
в˹Ͻ˵в 
̸۰жвҸеĺ롣֪ûֱӵ֤ݱʵʩʲôв 
ıɪУ˾ƣȻɱ 
ֻƲ⡣ 
ǣȫܵ𣿡 
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ôЩܰɣ 
ǵģЩܡ 
˹бҡ 
ΪʲôΪȫܵģ 
Ϊ˵ж˲ǹɱһˡ 
˹ΪҵĻشеԾȻֱϡ 
Ϊֱ˵ùȥ𣿡ɵʵ 
ҿҪжϰжȫǿʯ˵ 
ҿ϶ıǰ˹˵ʲôٴлң뿪ˡ 
ҽ͵ǰšڲϣҿű 
ЩһЩͬ弸һ۾ܿŮԵģҶд֣תܿΩһ𣬾һԵرࡣ 
ЩƣҪĺġ˫ĺģıĺġ 
ӳЩ 
緹ģ˵һų⡣пŵġ 
ҵͷ߽鷿 
һűд 

װĿ 

˽⵽һЩҸеӦ֪ 
ɪУйءܾʹ߼Ƿ򾯷棬ҽʤмԴҿɷһֱԸκι¶档Ҳܹһ 

ϵ 

ɯ˹ 

Ҵ򿪵ڶű 

װĿ 
ʮַҲ֪롣ĳΪҪ£ҵĶҷǳ뾯һҷǳͿաװʦӣһĳɫķʽҵǺͷգҪְɣ 

ϵ 

աΤɪ 

ҸеҼȾͱгűݡ 

װĿ 
һЩǳҪ¡ҸеӦ֪ˡĳʱ䵽Ҽңҽڼҵ 

ſɴıǣڶ 
Ҵ򿪵űһֱˣܵŵɧš룬һɲпűҲ⡣űװһĻˮƽߵдģмɵʹʶαװ 

װʦ 
룬Ӧ֪ڷ¡˺üοķ˴жס͵͵֪ҵ˼ůϵӦ֪ 

һ 

кһֽ򿪵¯դʱ߽˷䡣 
ôضʲôʵ 
˵ 
Ҵӿڴͳһ񣬲塣ǣҶ졣ץֽһֹѾչ 
кһ׻ظңתһߡҵȼ˱յ 
߹ȥվڴԣĻ԰ 
ס˵Ȼ档 
ţװġ 
ҵøһ¡ǵģҡҪš 
˹ʱʹΪǰֻйһ֮ǲġҡʵϣʶǰమˡŮ˶˹మġңޣһʱеɵҲ˵ддЭ֮Ĵ¡ǣϲ 
Ϊʲôûиңʵ 
ŶΪҲʮǡޣĳЩеɵֻΪҴö࣬ΪŶпܰϱˡ룬ҲҺ˹Ϊѡ 
鷽˵𲻵һǰҵĻԼ̸ʱǸаģ 
ǵģܹ顣еϲ 
һֺͯĿ 
˵൱ʵġҲ˽ⰲݣŪףΪʲô˹˲ͬûСޣĶҲȤ 
һĬ 
ףģ𣿡ｹʵ 
ǵģ˵⡣ 
ǣ 
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ڶʮ



ҸеѰŸµӡ 
ǣռűƳһֱ߳š 
Ҹеʮƣͬʱλ̫󡰶䡱ĿʲôأΪͬһϢҺ֪ܿҵжǴġ 
ҲܼװΪöֵӡҵĽŲͣҼ֪˹˾Ƿӡݡˡ 
ҵ֪ˣһ˽⵽ķСҲһˡλƯĸ˹ھӦž档Դ˹ľһ£ʸڷϡ 
ֻΪһϴŮҹŴ֮⣬¿Ǿ϶ҡס˵ıɱ翴·ľͷŪˣڰ춼Ūôҹϳأ 
̫аˣЩ̫ΪǼֱſڴƻơҵʱ˯ڴϣ޹ӦΪԼеЩˡ 
确ҰùݵϰϳģķС㣬أ 
˵κĻʹˡû֡ÿ˶һ䡣ڿ˹ͨʿȻָǸͨǰͷء 
ôķС㣬ܾκνˣ 
ھܾ⡣ŪˣλµնҲ˵һ仰ˣûҵʦڳҲ˵ʲôڵˣҪҡ 
Ϊش𣬾Ϊšҡҡͷ˳ȥ 
Ǿ˹˻صλʱ˵ȫϡ 
Ȼ̫ҲŪˡû˻ţҹľ룬ܱϳʲôˡԣȻ˵ģ̫ܷ˸󡣡 
Ū˵ûŪնСͨǶԵġʹϲԭ򡣡 
ЦЦ¶ݡ 
˹Ҳ˵ġ찡Щǣô 
ġȻ˵һֻƷ汴ķиܺõˣǼȨ 
Ѿ˵绰һȥǺܿͻ֪һѾǸȳʵֻԤı֮е¡Ĳʲô𡪡˵ǶԡıɱȽСһ׮˶ıɱ޹ءǿͨйҲҲɫԭ򡣡 
һǲ衣˵ 
жһ˻л 
벻ᡣ˵΢΢һЦ 
Ů˻ǳ鷳˵Ƶ˵ 
̾һ˵һеԾĻȻаж 
Ŷ˵뵽ˣ 
٣Ȼඣ뵽ġòʲôţҶ 
ţҼ̵˵Ҳյһ𣿡 
ⲻʲôһٻյһŶǵģǴӰжǶõġñԼƵ2жһʼܵǵĻɡǣвֳĽڡһ㲢˵ʲôҪرһܲס 
˵Ⲣ˵ʲôʲô˼ʵ 
Ŷ綼һЩһ˵һ㲢˵̫⡣ж˿Զκ鷢ġ˵κλ˽һġǣڲ˽⣬Ǵӹڵѡģһ֪ʮа˾Ż֤ϯ˵һУ˵һе˭ȻжԼŭط˵ûиɡ 
жаɡЦ˵ 
ġ˵仰Ϊ˵ʵ 
룬ǺȻ¡ҳ˼˵ 
֪ЩĳԾġ˵ 
Ϊǰжɵ𣿡ʵ 
һֱʹҸеֵǣıɱ˹˾ӲԼļ⡣׺Ωһ¡ 
ҪȷһЩ֤ݣϵڣֻҪָƻӡУ򱻿ԼıɱʱֳҲСû֤ݾʹҪðյġ˿һжΧ˵ȥĸ˵λˡܵ˵ͬλŮʿĻֻҪõйթȷ֤ݾͺˣǣϣòκȷе֤ݣƲ⡢Ʋ⡢Ʋ⡣ûһϴŮסס·ϣźҸҴģҪʲô£ͻῴġ 
ĻʹҵĳãҾ뿪ˡҿ̬ȺͰΩһһΡ 
ҵһݷõˣǹڶС㡣һڴעңΪһû壬ѾǰţؽҵץУ߹ſڡ 
̫ˡЩ 
߽һСķ䣬Լֻ󡣹ڶСţһʮصɫʾһλ(ֻλ)ҿԵá 
ҾǸĨǵˣ˵ĺһ仰΢ѹԱ뷿ڵһ¡ 
֪һĴӣġ 
治ң˵֪ 
ͬĿû˱ҸԷˡзԷ룬ıɱȥݷ˹̫󣬿ȥˣ߾ҵ 
ҲָҪ˼Ҹлңֻˡ 
Уǻ˼¡죬Ǹ޳ܵı̫󡭡 
ǵģǵģ˵ʹ̫ࡣ̫ġ̫ġ˵ 
²˲֪˭ѣڶС˵Ұݷʱ˵ЩʵĻȴδ˵õл 
߹ȥݷ˹̫̫¡Ҵߴٵ 
˳˵һ䣬ûилҡֻ˵Ҫʱʵġԭģ˼ڣھһֲͬˡ 
пܣ˵ղ׼˵ʲô 
Ҿһβ߽κθľϾʦ˾ӣһЩǵġ˵һ䡣 
룬ֹҲҡ 
ԸΪЧ͡˵ 
⣬ڶС˵ͻȻ첻ˡҲ˵Щ顣û˻Щˡ 
չ񡣡 
ҵš 
ԭΪڶС˵ɫ糺졣˹̫ƣһֱڼңûлشΪŶ 
⡣⸱װģȥݷãֻǳȴܵ˶Դ 
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Ҳ̫ڶС̸֪Ľʱáʱʼ 
ȥݷŶ˵ڼңֱǺ˵ڡ֪ 
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ڶСøˡи̱ˣһ˵ľֹ֡ 
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Ҹ˵ע⵽˵⻰ʱֱҵĿ⡣ͬһʦеķӣҲװģվǰĵ壬ɱ档һ㣬ڶСҶӻά֡ 
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ǣ룬ҵƵӺȥĴ˵˷һܣеĴˣûˡ 
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ʲôʱ򣬹ڶС㣿 
Ҽǵõʱ䣬ڶС˵һǿˡȻҾֱؼңԼʮֵҡɪ̫̫Լˣ˹ͨʿж⣬̸۵ݵ¡ʱУȴѪСǸĵѽ 
ʱ˺ܲ졣˵ 
վ 
ҪҵľЩ𣿡 
ֻΪҪġ 
ǣͬ 
ҲԸȥҪ뿪ˣʹڶСǳʧ 
һݷõΤɪС㣬е㼤ؽӴҡ 
װʦ̫ˡȹûкȣҪһôˣ̫ˡԸΪЧ 
˰ת⡣ʹʱҲתĨǡ 
ףҴɿԴϢ 
ʥ׵£ɿԴĳ˵ˡ 
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˵һֻСҵģòãЩ𣿡 
Һ˵޴֮Ը˵仰 
ҵҪΤɪСӦΡ 
ŶֻСңĳλ̫󣬻ǲ˵Ϊá 
һֻС𣿡ʵ 
ʹҴһǣΤɪСͻȻһЦҵҵֱۣ˵ 
รʦɲƤ 
˵ 
ĳλ̫˵λ̫̫ȥĶսʦԢ·սȥ֮ǰǳֵش·ǿûע 
ֻС񡭡ʵ 
㷷Ƕȥ̵Ǹ䡣 
ʱҪȥǶ֪ġ֪һطܱĻǲȥġǾ¶쳡 
ʱأΤɪС˵صǰӡ 
պǰ 
һ죿 
ΤɪСؽһ 
Ȼıɱһ죬û˵𣿡 
ƶϵóһشλ̫أ 
LͷģΤɪС˵ͷ˺üΡ 
ΤɪСΪѾ˽⵽е˻⡣վ 
þҰɣֽץҵʱͰ͵˵ҺܲԸڹ¶档Ҫ˵վڷͥˣ 
£˵֤µġ 
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Ҫȥ˹̫̫λŮ˵żɽ 
ҲԸκηͥ¶һ𣬡䵭չֺ˵һ㣬⣬һҪ͵ӦȨʿע⡣ 
˹̫й𣿡ʵ 
Ϊʲôأ˹̫̫ʵ 
ʹҸʰ·硣 
ܼ򵥣˵ҵŮӶվǰſڣȥǶһӡ˵Ҫʿ 
ҵ˵пܡпҪǸккأçײ޳ܵͯΪʮ꣬еĹﶼƤЦġร˵ģվǰſڣʱһ硣 
ǵġ˵ġ 
ˡҸһ硣˵ҲᣬŪǿġֻʮꡣ 
ǣ˵Ϊʲôأ 
˳ٶۣ˹̫̫ԵĿ⿴ҡ 
ıɱ죬һ˵ʱʣڹľŻ֡Ҫ׷ģһðˡ 
ǿݲȻߣ˵ʵϣ˹̫ܺ׽ҿǵŮӶڻظðʵϣͷۡŮӶһ硣 
Ǹ˵磬˹̫̫϶˵ңǵĴŴŮӶڳġ 
ǵĴŴκ鷿ģ˵ҷǳһ㡣 
˵˿ڹľ˹̫̫˵ʣȿһţʹǰŽȥˡ 
ŶȻпܡ˵ 
Ҿҵ޶ԣһûһ㣬Ϊ˹̫̫ͻȻҡ 
ϰ߱˲ҵĻҲᵽĵضڲݵϣûװļǻŪĵġڣǺܹġ 
òԵòײ࣬ȫŪͿˡ 
Ҳͬ⡣˹̫̫˵ 
ҵȻͬ⡣ 
ҺܸˡޣҪ˵ľЩ˸ϵˡ 
壬۾һеˡл 
ݴҶ˿˵Ļ 
ȫģ硣ͨ磬һҲǡ 
йطκ飬ͨġǹͨǹ粻ͨ硣һĳֵ硣ʲôʱ򣬵ܺͿΪһ֮䡣̫ӵ绰֮ܵǰ 
Ƿʲôǹ˵ǹܿ¡֮ҶĻͺˡ 
׼սԼĴʱ־ȥݷһѡ 
ҿһֱҿڲμ֮ǰպʱΰݷá˳·򺣶ҽļȥߵ̨ӭҡ 
һע⵽ԵôǺ㲡ºʹˡ 
ܸˣ˵ʲôϢ𣿡 
ҽй˹ͨϢ 
һ˵Ŷǿ˵һоѧʣҲʱҸǰɪһһηĴǵ֮ΪǹôҲǣ𣿡 
ѶԴжϣ˵Ϊûʲô⡣ 
ֱһͷŰ׳ա˵ 
Ŷ2Ҳǳ˵˹ķС㡣һǳˡøһе˷ġ 
ҸΪ˹ģҼϣ뿪ȥϢһ£Ļһ» 
˵⻰ʱ¶һֶɫĻشҲЩԲԡ 
ǵģ˵룬õİ취ļһļһ 
ԭΪϲ 
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Ҳ֪ʱʶ 
Ŷǵģס˹ĦʱڲԶʵϰǺܾǰˡʮˡ 
̾ϢһʮǰꡣʱĶ 
أҪ˵Щ𣿡 
ҳԾؿһۡĿעҡ 
бʲô°ɣ𣿡˵ 
ҵͷ 
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ȫˣأ˵һֱھ˹̫ʹκ鷳ʵϣҵһλѣǲΩһԭǷҽ֤ΪǼ֤ 
ͣһȻׯص˵ 
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ĶȥԼԼ𣿡 
Ҳ֪أҵ֤Ҳ֪ 
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Ҳⲻܴʲô˵һͬѰĵطҵġ 
Ըʲôط𣿡 
ҾһԸ 
ܡôҲҵܡ 
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ڶʮ



ϣҵϽ̳ʱһֵľС 
쳣ӵҲţǺ˹ڲϢôˡ˹Ĳζ̰塣Ϣ˵ҪҲǡΪҵĲַζֳѧ룬ⲻܹڶڽ̵ 
жϣÿĿģҪʲôҲпܵĻڽõ˽һ 
ҲڽãǲͬѰģ˹жʹҾǣ˹ԣҿ˺˹Ĳ԰׽ŵסݡɪҲǶͨǲμյġҸû뵽һ˹ǾȲѡĽõǿԵ(ɪУԴ˼Ų)ǰδ˹μ档 
˹ķҲǶһȺݿµϴŮĳ£ԵഺˡԺһĤ¤Ӱӽһ˹̫̫ 
˵˹̫󡢹ڶС㡢ΤɪС㡢նС㣬Ҳȫ嵽еĴ񶼵ˣûȱϯҲ֪ʲôʱôĽ 
ȺǹŹֵĶĳ־дգһеյ˾Լ 
Ϊ׼˲ҶԲÿһǳϸû˱ҸǷȱ 
ҵýмϯҸһӵףͻȻһַͷҵԼʡҲϵ۵ˣԱҵǰһȺڣҪȾɿȺڣңҸеҿԸȾɿǵȨҶ£еעĽ̻ḴɾҲһȫߡϣҰһʹ˿ϲġ¿ԵĸɴʿĽɫ 
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Ϊ˺ֱ׵ˣΪ˻ 
ظ顣Լƽʱɵ¡ص 
ҿǰſϵĸԾ̧ͷ˹Ҳ 
ϢһȻԼҼܵؽˡ 
ĽǴһбƵ״̬ȥȾɿˣҹȰ˻ԼһָĿ֮УһһεһֻǴ֣ظ仰 
ڶ˵ 
ÿһΣӽõĲͬ䣬̾ϢʹϣڸֶɲĶ 
ʱҲһЩĴҲʥĴ 
꽫뿪塣 
һ˲䣬ǱһֵĿ־סһصʦԢʱָֻԭûɡӡҷָɫ԰סҵֱۡ 
ף˵൱¡ҡҲϲ 
ǰδ 
룬ٲˡ˵ƣɳҺƣ롣 
ʲôʹģ 
һͻȻķĸ顣 
Ŷĳرԭɣ 
ʲô˼ĳرԭ򣿡 
˵ϡ̫ˣסҴδе˽ 
űͣΪˡ 
һţ˵˹ȥһ£𣿡 
һֱĬĬĵ˹ˡ 
ҽӹţһȡϽдţ 
һնСġû뿪 
ҵж൱ȷ 

װĿ 
ͻȻ뵽һ£ҷǳЩ¡ҸеǶþǳصĲҰܣҽھŵȥ鷿šҲװĸԹҵֶ飬ʹġȻ˹ϲҲԡûнӵţһǣ˵ʱȥ 

ʮϵ 

ն 

ҽŵݸ 
Ŷǻȥ˵˵һζƣҪĶ룬ţ̶ɥ̫ƽóʲô 
˹ƺⲢôԡ 
ǵͦõģԹǿ̸Щй鼮ĸŵĻ⡣̸ʮɵϡ 
кôƽ˵Դ󡣲ңɵ¡Τ˹װ 
Ǻ˵ 
նС㾿Ҫ̸ЩʲôʮơҵнУΪľԶʤˡⲻΪԿ£Ϊܴע⵽ʵеƶϣ侫ȷ̶˾ȡ 
ʲôʱҪƭĻҺµľնС㡣 
ŵչһ˵ġֶ־ۻᡱʼˡһߵնС㣬һ߽ɱйصʵдһŴµʱԴʱ䡣ҾЩʵʱ˳СҲǸ׼ʱˣǸˣϲ龮ؼ¼ 
պþŵʱ򣬴ϴһûӭնС㡣 
һźܾµͷͼ硣Եе˥ǲɾļĻ 
áװĸáɵºǽĸȢ١ҲҪŵʡ 
áյ˹.JesnDaptisteGreuze(1725һ1805)׻Ф񻭼ңŮФΪע 
ҽһϣתһԿ˵ϡǻ࿴ţͻȻ¶һ˿Цݡ 
ҸеһΪʲôΪʲôһһ˸ȤܿΪһŮ˲Ӧţҵþһ£ 
ͣһ£ͨ졣 
ףڿʼĻƧһǣһ˵еáȻҿɴָϡ͡־㻭ҵǡһֱǡоԡ˱仯ˣԡȻһСûʲôɢעһгֵĻþоҾġһ˿ʼ˷ֵ࣬úȷͺƵģУΪһ֣һࡣȻʱһҲʱƣĴԽԽ١Ȼһ˿ʼԼжϡһ˿ʼоһС⣬˵õϺø￪ĲѣʵǸصܣȴ⣬⿪л˵ĿҩΣ̵ӵɡ¡һ¿壬裬ӻҩʦΪΪˣȻʵ֤ˡ 
֪һжϣԼǶԵģǳԡ 
ͨǶԵġ΢Ц˵ 
ҿ£λеԸնС̹Եƣһһ׮ǷҲܹ⿪ָܹȷؽ⿪߼ϽӦȫһ¡Ͼһ΢С׹ģͣȫһġ 
˼ǣȫǸ۵⣬˵Ӧ߼ϽҳϡҲ֪Ƿˡ 
ȻӦһģնС˵ָضͬġǮԵġŶȻй񱡪ô˶е֣ʵϣ˽ǣ˶ʱ˳Ծ£˿ȥȴǳͨʵϣΩһķǽ˽Ƚϡ֪еУвԵͣԾġ 
ʹҺ£˵Ҹеұ΢ˡ 
ȻҲ뵽Щ÷Уһʮˣ𣿡п˹ˡŶЬŮˣһҪƤЬΪպҪͺţҪɫţƤЬһʵ 
ȷʵǶ˹˵ľ档 
ǣţԱ˽˹˾룬Ǻ 
룬˵룬ÿĶԼЪˡĦ˹ 
ȻҰԼ¸ҲݷõĻ¡һѿķھֵ̬ȸҽ˺ҽҼ𵽵ľļ 
ȻԼֵģ˵ҵϣҪġǣҲ밸޹ϵ 
Ҵͼݽ̽С˵նС˵ϣܷư 
йڿζĽ𣿡 
ûСȷʵǵöһƪ£нһڿζжë֬ϡ 
ûжƺ޹ء˵ 
Ȼҵʱݸ 
Ҿؽӵʵ˵ 

ҵʱ 

21() 

1230ɪУԼ 
Ϊʮ֡ܿܣһ 
 

1245󿴼ǹԭĵط 
(һ˻ɣΪж 
̫˵ǲˡ) 

Լ530ӡݡıŷ˸Ҵ 
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615(һ֮ǰ)ɪУ 
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620ɪ̫С· 
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629е绰˹жס 
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630635ǹ(绰 
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ݡɪ޺˹ͨʿ֤ 
ƺ˵ʱҪЩ 
˹̫̫ҲǶԵġ 

645˹жʦԢʬ塣 
648˹ж 
649ҷʬ塣 
655ʬ 
עֻˣû630635ֳ֤ݡǿķС˹̫̫ķС˵Ĺأ޷֤ʵǣųڱ֮⣬ǺģΪûʲôܽ˰˹̫ĳʱ뿪ҽļңȥԼĶԼ᣿˭Լ᣿ɪУΪ׼һ档ȷʵɱʱ˹ֳ̫ǣʲôıɱ˻ɡ֦ʹ棬ңνթۣҲά˹ȲŮˡߣҲõ˹жǹ 
ǳնС˵һͬصͷȷʵǳó˳ɫı¼ 
ͬдĶ𣿡ʵ 
Ŷǵġ¼÷ǳɫ 
Ȼһֱʵ⡣ 
նС㣬˵˭أ˵߸ˡ 
ȫˣģնСĲɵ˵룬ÿһ˶ỳǱĳˡʵϣ߸ɵġ 
ûңһ˭ 
ؼǣ˵öһ͡ÿ¶ý⡣һÿʵǺϵۣŶôһȷġǣ⼫ΪѡΪű 
Ҿʵ 
ǵģǵãҸ߹űһֱĥҡ 
е㲻Ծ 
Ȼ˵ڿԽˡʮдģһֵֻ֡֡ʮдҳʹжϡ룬һǳ 
ʹˣնС˵һжԾ 
Ϊʲôأ 
ţնС㼱еؽǰһ㡣Ҹ߹ɪ̫󾭹ҵĻ԰ߵǰûпɪУ 
Ϊд̨ǰ˵ 
ʹһвԾĵطʱʮ֡Ҫ֮Ż˵ԸٵȥһͬģôʱΪʲôд̨ǰأ 
Ҵδ뵽һ㡣˵ 
װĿǰٴͷһ顣ɪ̫̫ǰΪǿյġһΪģΪȻĻᵽж档ȫΪǿյĻôһǾ԰ġֿܣ𣿡 
˵ 
ޣһֿǣɪУѾˣҲΪֿȣǶֻдԼӣһǹڶд̨Եģܿ 
ڶֿܣȻд̨ǰдǣ£һһȫͬıϾ˵ܵˡڵֿܡ 
أʵ 
รֿܣȻǣɪ̫̫ǶԵģǿյġ 
˵ֳȻͻˣ𣿡 
ǵġ 
ǣΪʲôأ 
նС̯˫֣һʾԻ󲻽ơ 
ǾζţôһȫͬĽǶӡ˵ǳòʲô¶𣿡 
ûлشϸ˼նСղŽֿܡ 
̫̫̾Ϣһվ 
ҵûȥˡҺܸһû̸𣿡 
˵ʵΪȡʱ˵Ҿã¾һͷĿѣ 
ŶҲ룬忴һۼÿһǺϡҲ˵һɺϵĻ룬ɺǿܵġȻһɺϾͲˡ 
˵ۣҿʵ 
ҳϣҵһȱݡһһܿ˷ȱݡรҪűĳֲͬĶͺһ̾ϢһҡҡͷߵǰĲɵ֣Ħŷ̨ϵԵÿήֲ 
֪װĿӦþˮĶ̫ҪˮˡŮӶӦÿ콽ˮ룬չܵİɣ 
չĵġ˵ 
ĿǰЩ֡նС˵ 
ǵģ˵ǣִԸ뷨ǣֻһȫŮӶŻԸǼҡǣһ֪ͨ˵Ҫߡ 
ȷʵһΪϲء 
ûע⵽һ㣬˵ǣʵϣ˹ɪģ˹ŶǶˡ 
ŶնСһҪʱͻȻͣ½Ųϸֳһı顣 
Ŷѽص˵ȷʵ̫ɵˡԭô¡ܿһֱġ 
˵һ𣿡 
תһٵҡ 
ûʲôֻͻȻһͷҵûؼңúͷ֪һֱǳɵɵš 
ҷšֺõ˵ 
߹ٴƺ 
ͻȻ뵽ʲôͷܸ𣿡ʵ 
ʱףȻпŪβˡǵ԰ſˣǳл 
Ȼһʯ𣿡ʵʱ߹԰ţš 
ҡ 
ޣȻıҴδ롣 
ɳ 
ͨڵС·첽ȥ 
ãȻʧ 
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͵˹ûлؼҡʶȻ£ҺնСһȥǻؼҡѾĶͶ뵽⿪صɱУϳ⣬˴ڡ 
վڿò׼ǷӦھȥǣʱˡ 
ߵſڣһš룬ԭǽȡ˳ 
ǣʱˣһæ´ǰš 
÷У 
ãء˳ϻؼҡһ£ǷܸҺȵʲô 
Чͣ˵鷿ɡ 
´ŵƤףҽ鷿ȡʿɺմ򣬻ֻӡ÷վڱ¯ԣ˫Ȳ濪Ũܵĺ롣 
еϢҪء˵Ϣٸɡôб̫̫Դ˰Ȳ𣿡 
Ǹɵû̫˵֮һΪѾüĿˡ 
ǵնС㣿 
ǵġ 
ŮΪ֪÷У˵ 
ζһմʿɡ 
ҲʵûбҪĸ棬˵룬˼к˵ִǰ뿪кͿܿ 
˹ʵùˣ÷˵к˵ûпκˡֲܿպע⡣ǰŴڱһȿ·ǷˡкȥʦԢ˼ҡ˹̫ҡҪܿס 
ǵģ˵ 
һ棬÷ؼ˵ǰжǶɵģС׵¡ܿѷڸҺܻɣжı֡ 
Ļɰж𣿡 
֪ɪݺݵشжһǻԹʴȲɪ޵ĳ 
ԣ˵Ǹˡ 
˵ǣ÷˵˴ˡȻɾǷɣôûʲôһ㣬ɪ޾ 
ԴΪء˵ 
ͣһʣ 
˵ġ˵Ϣʲô 
ޣȷʵˡ֪ɪޱʱûдǷ𣿡 
ǵá 
һλרңʮ֡⼸ǷǱ˼ȥġȻǻȥɪޱʼƷǷŸɪдġ 
˵αģ 
αġΪʮ֡⼸֣һдģǶԴ˲ܿ϶ŵ̧ͷòͬīˮдģűǼαƷɪ޸ûдš 
ǿ϶𣿡 
Ŷרһǿ϶ġ֪רһͷร൱϶ 
̫ˣ˵ͻȻһ¡ 
˵ʱˣɪ̫̫˵Ǹɷıʼû⡣ 
ģ 
ΪŮǳ˵ĴʲôǧȷĻɪдű 
ǻ࿴š 
֣˵նС˵űͲԾ 
ŮˣİӣҲ֪øˡ 
ʱ绰ˡ绰ֹŹֵƢڹִţ·һλϴŮġ 
ҹȥͲ 
ʦԢ˵˭ 
һ֡ϸЪ˹ӻͲд 
Ҫ̹ף˵ѽҪ̹ס 
ι˵ιţҶϡҵ绰룬𣿡 
һ˵֪˵ܱǸˡ 
ҷ»Ͳ÷˵ 
˵˵Լӣᷢġ 
ô 
ס绰ְѵ绰Ҷˡ 
÷سȥץͲ 
Ҫǽ 
ɣ˵ҲЩЧԿɡҵóȥһ¡иоϤ 
------------------ 
 







 








ڶʮ



ҴҴڴӽֵϡѾҹʮһˡϵʮһ㣬ʥ׵´һƬšǣ;пһ¥ĵһй֪˹û˯ͣ塣 
˺ܳʱ䣬˹Ů̫ѾɿţһתԿףɵؿҡ 
ޣʦ 
Ϻã˵Ҫ˹ҿеƹ⣬û˯ 
ҲҸҲûпȹһҹûҲû 
ҵͷ߹ֺܿ¥ݡڶ¥˹һҺͿ 
߽˹һų˯߽ȥδԣһֻյֽкͰ뱭ˮ 
ڵذϣԣһֽЩ֣Ҽչ 
дװĿء 
Ҷһ飬ɵ÷һСȻ˹ϸ 
ȻԵĵ绰ҪʦԢĺ롣÷һŲղŵĵ绰Ϊ绰ָңռߡǻؽҺ󣬷»Ͳ 
Ұڴóղż𵽵ıȻóͲ﷢ֵǷţǷŻûд򿪡 
ŵǳ졣ŵּһġ 
˺š 
Ҷһ顢飬Ūŵݡ 
ڶʱ绰ˡͲ 
ι 
ι 
÷أ𣿡 
ǵģĶѾǸ绰ǡ֪롣 
ŶõģǶ˵𣿡 
ǵġ 
̹׵ 
û⡣ 
˵鵽𣿡 
ʱҾһǿҵջҿŵʲݵıʻҿſֽУСʹҼһżȻ̸ 
Ҽ 
ҡ֪˵ù 
Ұѵַ 
ȻԺ˹ϣ˼ 
ӵʱ 
Ӻ÷ؾͻᵽˡ 
óţζ 
ȻұĿ˼ 
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ڶʮ



Ҳ֪Ƕ˶೤ʱ䣬룬ʵֻмӡȻ˺ܳһʱ䡣ʱſˣתͷ÷ؽ˷䡣 
˯ĺ˹Ȼתҡ 
ô£أһζʲô 
Ҵеѡһ⣬ݸ 

װĿأ 
Ҫ˵һǳ˲¡뻹дЩЩʱ¡Ųùйءź˵ҶԼΪ棬ǷǳġȻҪָؽõһλʦʹģҲǳʹ֪ԼҲԶ׼ġһӰ٣ҡ 

÷һȻź˹ 
ô˵ǽˣǸǴδ뵽ˡ 
ǻںʹ̹׵ģǳŹ֡˵ 
ͻȻ÷طһУ˯ŵ˿ȥץסļҡʼʱҡúᣬȻԽԽþ 
˯ˣˣô£ 
ĿɨǸյֽСֽм 
ѵ 
˵һЩøҿ 
ң֪³ļһҲõ³ 
ǣҪǣ÷ǸÿľֳⷬɣȴӰ졣Ѿץ֣Ҫֱ 
һӾߵ绰ԣͷҡ绰ֱõشΪֹ˺˵ĺ룬һͣ١վţŻͲ۾̱塣 
ιιιǺ˼ҽ̵𣿺˹ܽʲôޣʲô롭ޣԲ𡣡 
Ҷϵ绰еһŭ 
ţţǴţϵһ˵ι 
ҽӵĺˣԣ˷ʱ䣬3995 
һͷĵȴһҪЩ 
ιˣ÷ء̵19𣿺˹ʲôҩˡƣ죡 
Ҷϵ绰ڷⲽ 
ΪʲôûϽҽأŪһڲɡ 
˵ǣ÷شδΪκ˶ܶһֵΪͬ뷨һԲ˵ 
Ķŵģ 
ڵذϣˡеǶġ 
̫ˣǸϴŮΪǷֵıԾǶԵġŪôͻȻһġǣһûһţǴ¿벻ᱣ뵽֤ݣ 
ǳì֮ 
һǷץ2ǳܻһЩ¡ܲأ˵Ǽº;£ 
˵ģһʱ˹ΪŹ֣Ҵδ뵽 
˭õأ٣гˣߵ滧ԣ𴰿̽ӡǵģǺˡ 
һҽ˷䡣 
÷ؼҪؽ 
Ǹ鲻¶ˡֻüëͷߵ˸ǰģģϸز쿴۾ 
Ȼת÷ء 
Ȼܽ𣿡ʵ֪ߵ̫ԶˡǾһˡһɣǷܾȻ 
һпܰɡ 
õġ 
æµҩҶ׼ں˹ֱϽƤע䡣Ȼվ 
ǰ͵汴ķ͵ǶҽԺȥ 
һ£Ūĳȥ 
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ҲᣬҲᡣҲ˼ҵ˼ǣʹŶҲΪΪһ֤ݣ֤ 
ʲô˼¥ʱ÷ʵ 
ҽ˵˹ǻ˯Ʒ 
˯ڣ˰ΪһЩõͬ͡𣿡 
ѧʹѧණ 
ĿѧԲ𣬿أЩƸʹҷաǸ߼ˡޣò쿴һ 
ǣʱˣͻſˣնС߽䡣 
ɫ糺죬ɫе㼤ҲʶǵĻ̻ 
ǳǸķǳǸǵõҹ÷У˵ģҷǳǸ˵˹ˣҸеҵùʲô 
ֹͣ˵÷гֶԴ̬Ⱥе 
ãնС㣬̬䵭˵÷ġ˳һô֪ģ 
Ҳҿõ𰸵⣺ 
绰նС˵̫ģҽΪǺҽҵĺ35 
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նС֪һԲ˵ġĽ͡ 
ǣ˵Ҿ͹ܷʲôæ 
̫ˣ÷˵һ̬ȸ䵭ǣûʲôҪˡѾ͵ҽԺȥˡ 
ǵҽԺȥˣŶǾ̫˿ˣҷǳˡǶܰȫġղ˵ûʲôҪˡָ˰ɣ 
˵˵ 
նСĿתֽС 
룬ҩˣ𣿡˵ 
룬÷޳ɱֳĬġ£Ҳ޳ǣҸնС۹ӣղŵ龰ĿԣҲҹͬҵóϣܿ͵Գһкӣʹе㷴С 
ÿ˵ɪδдŵݸ 
ӹȥɫƽضš 
ƶϳĳͬĽ𣿡ʵ 
ǡģȷʵҿʣʲôʹһʹԻ÷Уһ̫ҵˡ 
ҽ˵绰£˵ó˹նС˼صͷ 
Ȥ˵ܴɡǵģʹǡõ 
ǡʲôأҼ̵ʵ 
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ѵΪ˵˹ѲǸ𣿶˵ãԴ˵Ҳá֪࣬ҡ 
ͣΪնСصʹͷʹ˵Ļ 
Ȼ˵ȻҪΪ2Ϊ˽࣬ΪԴáŶǵģһжǺϣšҩĺ˹ľ״̬̹סһжǺϣⲻԾ 
Ҷ 
Ϊ˹ȫ˵ԭҽԺûܰͻࡣ 
ࣿ 
ǵġǣδɪУһë 
ɵ绰ôģʵţҩ 
һж 
ҪġŶǳţȻţȷʵǴ֮ 
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ΪʱȷʵΪ⡣ָƺǳ 
÷УȽܿĳͿݡ 
ܻƣնС㣬˵жѾȫ𡣡 
ȻնС㡣֤ 
෴÷У䵭˵ŬָԼ 
ǵģնС˵ķʽƭǡ 
ԼҲÿһƭװĿǵãжйʱҳԾСҵͷˣʹΪ޹ģ֮ǰһֱΪġ 
ôɵ˹ж𣿡 
֪Уܵ˷ǣҴδʵʵУԵľʵġһϲɪ̫һǲܲóۣжŪڹƣƴӣȻһ޷ĵŮ˽ˡбҪɪУǾͳһصˡȴ޵¸еˡ 
÷УͷһˡڣͻȻһͨ 
˵ȫǺ˵ʮΪֹжĻǿ˵ģ˿϶ɪ޲ʱɱ 
룬ΪҽҪ˵Ǻ˹֪ôһ£ 
Ϊҽ֤ǾԿŵġǸǳֱˡȻɪ̫ɱɪУж 
һնСĻΧһɵڼͷϵëΧʼȻķʽһλ̫º͵𾪵¼ 
Ϊ˵ǡһ˵ĻɡʹʮǿңϤġҲ֤ݲһ¡һеʵǺϵĽ(ҽ϶Կ˵)ܴ˵ 
ԼĽͲ൱ƣȱݣһɲʣ뿪ķʱע⵽Իеظˣˮʯˣ 
ˣǷˡ÷˵ 
ǣնС㰲ض΢Цţº͵̫̫˵ 
ԴҷǳǸǳǸΪϲ֪һ¡ʼʱȺǳ޴̹ʱ˵ĿοҴˡ 
ǣҿʼˣгɪУĶ 
߸ɣҵ˵ 
΢Ц 
ǵģȷʵажǸˣܣ˾(ô嶯)˵׼ɳЩʲôȻǵ밢ж̸˵ѾܾãƢŹ֡ͻȫңֻһڼңж̫̫׵شжļŪǹеһˡȻ˹ҪɺǮԱ֪సӣŵĹＸ޵ܣǴӲǻ 
գգ۾ 
ġնС˵ 
ģ 
ǵģ˹̫ҵĿʦԢĲݵϵһֻ˹ۻʱ˵ҪЩʮкǳ嶯ȣܳʲôΪ˹ԵʻΪԵʣпܡȻпĺ˹Ȼһɵģʦ˵ֱɵġ 
ңҾֵغ 
ŶǵġȷʵǸĲΪǣжʧǮ⡣Ǻ˹ӣ˹̫̫ʾˣҪΪô𾢵طԾʹ½κε顣ȻԼΪǺ˹Ͻᵽλҵķʦǣˣһ˲Ϊǡ 
Ծ˵ 
ȫˡȻװĸ 
ǿ̫̫˺޹ϵ÷ز廰ʮֵĻ𳵻ġ 
ֻ˵ģնС㷴һ˾ֻݱ˵ĻжϡϣʮֵĻ˰Сʱǣߵһ̡ۿŵݡȥԣƶϣһһЩĻ𳵻ģȷʵҲ֪һ㣿 
ѯʵĿ⿴ҡ 
ĿеĳʹóһţҸղŴ򿪵Ƿ⡣ϸؽˣǹؼһʮ֣ﱻ˿Ӻ뿪˹жСݡ 
ʱһԲвơһجΣ˹֮һξ飬ɪ֪˴£֪࣬ﹷǽ͵ǹɱڡ˵ģֻһجΣļڣȴһµʵ¡ 
Ҳ֪նСǷ԰ʾһСܿǵġʲôӹע⡣ 
΢΢һͷŻҡ 
Ӷˣ˵ȴʵеţǣʱж̫˵뿪Сʱǹڡ 
ͣһּ˵ 
ǣ￪ʼҾͷǳˡ˵ǡ 
ΪҵΡҶհĽ͸ǡǲţŶҲŬˡˣ˵֮ǰǷʮŲпĺ˹ 
ͣ¿ʼ˵ʱһֲͬǸ⣬Ǹӿ϶ 
̸̸Ľ͡ΪֹѾܵز߻ˣÿһϸڡ˹жݷʦ֪ʦġǹȻڴԼӵĻʦʱ˹˵õĿǸʦ뿪ˡʮ֣˹жӱŸʦ绰װһŮ˵ 
ǵãһôɫҵԱ 
ɪ̫ɷճŵȥһǳֵ(û)ɪ̫ûдһŮ˵ȷʵһͬѰ¡պʮֵʱҵĻ԰̸ͣԱһע⵽ûдǹע⵽ƣ֪Ǹ۲ˡƹӵǽ鷿ĴУд̨ԣдšǶ֪ġǹڻȥȡȡǹ䴩ԴȻǹܳ԰ҡÿ˶ᷢ˵ʱ䣺ǹôһأУʵûǹ𣿡 
ţһֽķķǴ̽˽⵽ġƣλѿʵǹпܡûйϵжڻſӭɪ̫̫һȥģŶԾֱ֪ٳҲŻ뿪԰ 
ҴδϲնС㣬ԼĿĬ 
ǳʱǵ̬ȻʵϷһΪ˵˱ǵ̬ͻһƣǵ㡣Ǽֱ¶κξŲںʮĵΪԼṩֳ֤ݡжʦԢ뿪ҲԶС·ܾȷعʱ䣬ʰǹǷϵʱòͬīˮȻҲǲͬıʼдġڼűʶʱ⿴ͻڰݡɪ޵ı׾ͼ 
ǣŷʱɪУѾдõţǳԤϵġǸǳˣſܶãǾʹˣӵָ벦ͬʱ䣬ʵ֪ӿһӵġͬ⡪ͼɪ̫Ȼ뿪ˣڴװһʧǵӡ 
˵ģȷʵǳһֻἫأȻװµӡжûȡǹ߽Ĳף˾ٷǳЦȴƭÿһˡ 
նС԰Уĳ˵ţ˶еıɱķʽеģķʽС 
ľǹôһأʵǾղ˵ɺ𣿡 
ŶװģնС㼱ٵҡҡͷǹһɺϣǡǡ෴ӦǹǾԱҪģ򣬶ɪ̫̫Ļɾͻȥжŵģһ̫֪ڿζ棬ͻᱬըװʦһǵڹľһطжһʯͷǿ龧塣ǾıģʯͷھϣȻװϵߣ˵ 
ҪԼʮӺȼԣԼʮʱŻᷢըʱɪ̫Ѿ߳˻ңĿ֮¡һǳȫΪʲôһʯͷѣʹǿʯͷҲ뷨ҪŪʱ 
ǶԵģҺ˹ʼʱľšʱȻڡ 
նСƺҵ˼Ϊıصͷ 
ǵģ˵պʱһʹ𾪲С 
ܺõιȥװ˵Ǵ͵ҵĻ԰ģֻǡնСͻȻ϶ҵĻ԰ҪĲʯͷʹһصȷ˼· 
ʱ÷гУһ˰š 
ڣ¶ѵļһϢԻߩߩ飬Ȼ˵ 
üһ٣üһ 
⣬û˵ʲô룬һնС۵ŷ߼۷ˡǣʱԸһ㡣 
෴ּǷţʵ 
ܺáͺ˹һأรȷʵ绰Ҫ̹ס 
ǵģɾɣʦĲ֪װĿȷʵһηǳʶ˵Ĳ˹һˡҲܲȥˣеŲýû̹׳ 
ʲô 
ǵģллأž(Ϊϣþˡҽ˴)ҿж(Σգһǽŷĳְȫĵط)ȴʱֱ˭ϡܿ;ˣں˹ϡҵ֪ҹ˹ص˺ܳʱ䡣һɣʱԼһű⽺˹ĵˣ͵͵Ž˹˯µĿڴ˽ȫȻ֪ı⽺ңڼ˹½޶֤ǻᷢţÿ˶׵صóۣɱɪУǪڶɱҲ룬˹ĽҺһǷšľʧУһһңʦĲӰ컹ǿңһʹȫ¶ࡣ 
üһ÷˵üһ̫ˣҡҡš 
δ˵ĲŷĻˡԼҲһˣΪʵ 
ܽһε绰𣿾ǴжСݴ˹̫һΡ 
նС˵Ǿ˵ɺˡװĸִǴε绰ǵ˹ģеһˡ˹̫ɢйʦҥԣ뵽ַס(ҲЩ) 
ɺ֮ڣ绰ڹľﴫļǹͬʱġʹţһϵġ 
ͻȻ̸ǹ˶˵ƽǹͬǶԵġǣҪ;ʲôɵġͬǶôװ2÷У 
ĽǷǳŷģնС㣬˵ǣָû˿֤ݡ 
֪նС˵ǣģ𣿡 
һĬȻУǿ˵ 
ǵģšǰӿܷΩһʽ 
ǣû֤ݣѹûС 
նСһ 
ԣ룬Ҳ¡ 
ô 
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÷غһ 
һȦףʲôȦף 
նСеԥѾг 
绰ж 
÷У΢Цˡ 
һа¶ˣӰɣһףնС㡣ǳЧģ룬ж̫һֻ֮ץ 
òȡرֶΡ֪һ㣬նС˵ҽ飬ǽ飬ӦĳЩвͬѰ顣ҽۻʹκһΪܴӲͬѰĽǶıɱ֮顣ʾĳˣ˵̫̫һӣۿңŶȻඣжǸ޹ˣǾ仰Ͷ壬ǡ 
ޣͿܻмơ 
ǵСǿܵġļƣնС㡣Ǻ˻˵ģĿնСɵشĻ 
รֻʵͬ𣿵ˣǿ 
룬˿նСһеԾ 
Եƣ㲡 
̫ˣ˵̫ˡͦġȲ˵ҽְҾǣûгɹҲ˵ġ 
ǲò÷˵뷨ͻ᲻һˡ 
˵ؽնС԰ķ󣬽ĽҲ 
Ȼ˵ؿնС˵ʵ֮Ĳ 
˵Ŀƺȫıˡ룬ϣ˹жͷΪʹ˷ߺ޵ģɪУɱ£ǶԲҵĺ˹ݺ 
Ķ˵ĶǸ˹ĸ׺áһɱ˷ĸ׺õĶʹһ̧ͷǵľʹࣺǱųĹƣ 
һķŭַŭͻʹһһȫ˵ߵĺøС 
ģ˵ǿҡһˡ۸˹ʵˣ 
κһֿõ˵ͬ顣 
е÷سﻮϸڣʱնСվҼҪؼҡ 
̫ˣؿտĽֵȥʱնС˵찡ʮˡϣɵѾ˯ˣûڵҡ 
Ӧġ˵ 
û֪ҪšնС˵ 
ʱҼɵ¡Τ˹ض΢ͻȻЦˡ 
֤ǶԵģһ˿ɣ˵ĵ÷־ͻֶߵöࡣ 
նСҲЦˣһЦ 
Ҽǵҵĸݸҵһҵʱʮ꣬Ϊɵ 
𣿡ʵ 
˵Ϊɵӣɵӣ 
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ûʲôҪ˵ˡնСļƻɹˡ˹жһ޹ˣʾ˿ңȷʵмơˡ鰡 
Ȼˡ룬ĵһӦһӡÿͬıܲ뿪ֲҵȵ糿ǣݡ÷Уɵľٸݡɪ޴Сʯͷһ󼱴ٵСԻɣΪҪڰȫЩᾪ˹һȫ̸ݡ¾ȷˡնС񰡡 
Ѷ˹жͰݡɪǼ¡Ҳ¡ָֻ󹦼˹˾ϡ˵ıʹﷸ֮Է 
ȻնСƴ˰еĹֻδᡣһ㣬ԼҲ롣 
Ѷʼǰ˹ҡҵĴƮȻһ㡣Ȼңһֱɼĸ˴˰ѰҶʧĻɫñֻѲ鷿Ľڡϣҵĳ־˵Ķͽһ 
ƣλð˵ǲ 
ʹˡ 
ѲĽеʧǹ⽫ݵĶд̨ԡ 
Ȼȷʵ֪ɵģʲôϵֻҪץСɱ 
̾һĳЩ˹ϿĶĳ˵ڵɫä 
ʲô˹ʵ 
ڡһжʱҪȥԥһ£ּ˵Ҫҵһȥ 
ҳԾ 
ͷ 
ѵû뵽˹̫衣֪ˡңǻҽһλʶģܿһ㣡ĳ˵ġţΪ񡣼ʹڣҽŬΪ˱ǵ˶ĵࡣȥְ֣ˣǳһְֲۡˣ 
˵ѾɥʧеȨ˵ѾΪˣȫͨѻƵģְäĿ 
ǣ費òˡֻΪҰ̸̸ְǵģҰؾܾӸһűҰź뿪ۻᣬһС·ͷ档ֻǴҴҼ棬Լ´μʱ䡣ǰǾ͸ˡ˵ıɱְֵİӣе¡ϾԹҵŸ¥Ļ񣬲ҴһԭҺ£ĴѰҵϳŻ񡣺ҽҲˡţʱΪɵģһһеˡ˺ 
ͣ 
֡ӡҺͰְȴ衪Ŷ˵ˣҪҪһֱ󡭡 
վ֡ 
Ըϵ۱˵ϣһ죬ܶҸήٵϣ˹ 
ģ˵¶ЦӡĿǰΪֹҸ̫࣬ŶˣûϵټǶҷǳģ͸ﶼġ 
 
ҲòϣǷʹҶôʼЦȻ˵ 
ǣ˵ҽ󽫻Ѷϣͽһ 
ҿĶͽ 
˵ 
ƣףһӰ콥ҵҲڽ˵һַϻͯӰ죬룺ԼĺʱͲܽΪˡףҾһġĸо˵ģһһͥ飬һǹڼģһǹĸģ⻹ʹұҲ֪ʲôܸı2ЩֱЦƶƤģ֪رǹڸӵǱ 
ûһɷ飬𣿡ʵһͻȻӿĬУҽҵĻС 
Ҳ򣬡˵ǸӡҺܰҪʲôأ 
ûʲôˡ˵ 
ܲ˵һҲãذң 
˵ͨһΪ񣡡 
̾һ 
ȻͻȻƿҡ 
淳ˣնСˡɣҲҪ˸ָָ㡣ȥ߶ˡģҽɫˣȥá 
նСǰǸͣʸȥĶ 
˵߶ȥˡ 
նС۾¶е顣 
ޣȻඣ˵ھȥܲǡ 
ȻһʽġϴŮķʽˡ 
ΪһʱΣǺܿ콫תɪ޵İϣ̸˹ͨʿʵǸĹкüͬĻ˳˵һ䣬ķС㱻һɡľǳġ˹ͨʿѧҵľǻ᲻ϧȡҹֶΣñ۵ƷȻȫʮֿŵĹ¡ݴǽһŵϵҪһ飬һѰƷ 
ǽ̸ʱʮնС֪ܵġǣһնСظһ 
ϣװĸûù𣬡˵ͣһ¡汴ķ 
ĸǱĸ龹Ȼǰˣ 
֣նС㣬ͻȻ˵һıɱǷᱻأ 
ôµ뷨նСԾ˵ϣҾȥа顣 
ˡҵ˵ 
նС¶һ̫̫ЦеݣϿʾ 
ƤվȻඣܺá 
վڴǰ 
תҵİκСǲй¶ġ 
ȷʵնСǿɰ֮ 


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