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ٷ꣬̾˿˵ԹԼûչ˺㡣
ѾˣԼչ˺ԼƵ˵
㲻ѡ񣬻ֱ˼ƶ;
ԭѾ֪޽Ĵڣÿһγվڴڣ޽ĺɫŵһؼʱľ
ÿϻʱҶΪѾ˯ˣźڽݣšʵȴŵһǣվںڰ￴ңһֱҡ
ģòϡ
Ϊʲôֹҳȥ
Ȼڵõɣڵʱ
ȵˣھǡ
Ժ㲻ٳȥڼҺúøϰΡ˵ӲԹ涨֪޿ء
ҵĳɼµֹҳȥɡ
ԸҺľžŷͬһ࣬ϲ֣ϷҲǰࡣ
ҿʼԼʱôʱŪԼǱһȺ˱Ū
ҵǣֵһȥˣһԼεľ
ߣֵܷڶôˣʦǲǷִˣûбصݻԵá޹лѧְ֮Ķ
û̧ͷǳʱ䣬ҿɲ֡ϾȫͬѧǺܹעģȻû৵ңƶñӻ
ǰҹǷִ˰ɡɼôáϸǵŮӦšɣҲͬһֻ࣬ܰвι
԰ȷֻﵽ༶ˮ׼Ŷ˻Ӧҷɵؼ
ﳿСȥҵע߰˶ȵסˣ͵͵һ۾ֵͷȥ˽
Ҳǣתͷľžȥ࿿λãںڿαǰԼۻٿȷڿα۾Įⶼɣˡ
ʱ⵽ԱߣҵĶ䣺ߣǲ̸ˣԡɼŵô죿
ѾͷģȻ̽ң֪ǳǽƤ
ͬѧ㲻ôͬѧǺܲòΪ𣿡ͷһЦ˵úܿ
޵һڣӴˣĪǱ˵أ
߿ǳʱ䣬Ҫ飬˵Щ⡣Һ
ԲӰСѧϰˡôáĳɼȻҪŬѧϰȡáֻǡڱλ˼ҿڶĸ೤˵ֱ׳ֺҰһָ̧೤û˾뿪
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֪˭һҵѴ
׼ûػҵĻȥһصԼλϣеĲˤϣ춯ء
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û뵽ܵ೤ղֺ˵ڶ೤ءرЦǿţƻˡ
̧ۿǰתܴŤò
ľžźЦĳҲģĿϴ˸תӹȻ䵽
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ҿȴûпң
ʵҲ֪˭˫ɵģǣȴ˭ûп翵ĹȰĵһ󺮡
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Ǹܺ¶ȴ͵ڲٳһǧľͷĶ絽ˣûѩ£ֻд̹ǵÿ˵Ƥ촽ľžŴһѪӡĿģںɫ޷԰׵СһƬҶ
ߣ·أʡ
ҡҡͷ
Ϊʲô1779
ҵ˵ٲȥ
޽ܶΣ֡Աߵľǧ
Ҫ𣿡ʡ
ͷ
ץסһȻǰȥܿǧ͵µҸζһοľžŵЦôӯԾϴüĿԭЦôĺÿôĺ
ҼǿֻǸӣʮĺӡ
ǧúܸˣ˷ꤵϵĶֳʯ·ϡľžʱʱͣҿһ羰һֻɫĵϿգ
һ羰ôվڼį￴羰ˡ
ʵұį
ľžǧסҵ˵ߣ޽᲻ʺ㣬ǸŮ֪𣿴ࡣ
࣡
ޣĻǴ
һĵطῪͯһĻô
ʣʵǲᡣ

ߣ5

ϣִһˣÿ춼QQһСǧˡĺţûҵ֮Ҳδҵ
ʵһֻа߶ˣ棬дһɤҲûҵԶ·ꡣ
Һ޽ҲĲʺϣʵǸˣģпʵļҲʺϣľž˵ǻԶˡ
¥µĿڰڶƿҵķſһ۷ųȥˣҲںʵʲôʵļලҲȥűʰһֽĿȫ顣¥µĿϣһֱţ޽Ǽˡ
᲻ųֱ¥ˣԲôẰУɲ磬޽Ļٵģ״
Һ˼ʱͣˣҲ𶯵ûϣͷ鿴ĵƹ⣬⽥ҹɫO@Ҳȷϵ̧ۿ⣬޽ѵſڴ￴Եҵϲѣߵ
Ǹж˸Уӵؿ룬ܹ졣
ҿ˴޽˽˿ڡ
һ첻ңҾϻһ˿ڡߣҵҲô׵뿪
޽ϣϵıǰˣˣԣʡ
Ϊ߰ˡ
ûϣĶ˰ʲôûУȥ˯ˣ
ߣʲôѵܸҽΪʲôǲ֣
޽ǸԵˣɽĶ໰Ҷش⡣
޽ᣬǷְɣ֣ô˵Ի
޽Ъ˹Ҳߣǲ֣Զ֣
ҵһҹɫ޽ᣬϵ̨ƷĵĹ⣬޽ǸӣʮӣζֻӲŴװ˶һöĶʳָָϴװνָഺ³
ΪҽˣǸɾһζ
޽ᣬǱ֣һҵøһ
ԭľž˵ġ
Ҳ죬ľž˵ʲô
ߣǻô
ԭžŰѶ˵Ļ޽Ҳ˵һ顣
޽ᣬҪõĴѧ廪ҲУҪܶŬҪڸƴѧϰҲʧΪʧȥκˣʧȥңô
ߣΪʲôҵĸܣѵҾʧȥ㣿
޽ᱧңҸоĺˣؿЩʡ
޽ᰡǻһдֻڲУֻܷ룬ܸܵطϲá㣬ңǶһ񣬶һԼɼҪѧᰮˡ޽ᰡƾʲôҪʹѰˣ
޽ң濴˵߰Ϊʲôǻĺһˣ硣
Ҷ㿪ߣ˫ƿ߰ɣٿͲˡ
ƿ˲俴һʹһʹǸŮԺҲʹһֱѹĵףʯһᶨơ
޽˳Ŵȥ֮϶ˤڵˣûжãƼžҹɫҵĺХȥ
ҹص̨Ĭܾãȥˮȣ򿪷һŨǺҵ䣬ƺˮҲҸĵɶ䡣
ɳϳ̣Ǽį۾ҷһ϶͸ĵƹ⡣

ߣ6

ɪľѧУΪʲôôÿ¼ſָգʣ顣
˫۴ŨҵĺȦͷҶŵиõζǰܿ챻˵ס
ߣл㡣
ûִֵļǰС
׷ಽĸš
ߣľžʲôϵ
ҺЦʲôϵѵΪ¹ϵ
Ҷⲻмһˡ
ߣҸ㣬ǸŮˣԶһ㡣
Ůˣִ˵ľžţЩŭת
ûЩڵ£Ҫȥڮٱˡ
ߣʶôѧУ֪ľžʲôӵˣʦ֣Щһȡ
ٴôһʣǾ
ҲһΪҸѡ
Ҳɿҡ
ҴҸܹעͬѧңʲô嶼СҲľžţλǿյġ
ŭ߽ңбһۣݺݵײߵԼλȥˡ
֡
ľžûͬѧǹ
ֱϿΣľžûг֣һλתҡ
ͬѧľžͬѧΪʲôûϿΣ
վľžǷǳʲô¡
ʦҲشʱ﷢ߵһ
һڿϵ¿κҾܵٳȥįǧɼįӡǿʼڼ䣬һʧ乥ѹʹ
ľžŲڲٳǾ˵ûѧУ
ȥУſڣڼеɰˮ·ߣҿУſڴһСӺɫϤɫͷݸˣҿЦǵǺ·ǧϵֻɫ
ˣ
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ҵͻȻҪѿθҲҵؿڡ
ΪʲôҵԭҲ
Բ𡣡˵û˿⡣
ҡζ䣬˳գˮݣ۴ۡ
Ϊѣ㣬˵㡣žţ˵㣬ΪʲôĽ֣
˵꣬תˣӣĵס
ľžŽСη⣬ɫ޷ôء

ߣ7

ҺԼᣬװɫ
һ磬վҰĽſڣŷһĶۺɫ͡
ߣдġ˵ãÿһ飬дһ¡ݵҵǰһ顣
ҶĵѣͲԼᡣ
ҽӹתͽ˽ңɫ˸߲ҳԵĶԱȡ
ûпӽӶǵס
ľžԼҵϴȥǸٳǸǧĵط

Ҳȥ1779ûľž˵Ϊӽǿǰˡ
ߣڳͷ˭ľžʣҵ߽롣
ǧץסͻȻ벻ľžŵˣɵɵĿ
Բߡ
ˣĵ׷κθоһˮƽ
ľžţǻѣԲԣ
ľžȻ
žţǻһӵѣעԵݣǲǲ˼壿ҿİ㵱Ѱ
ߣ㲻Ҫӣһѹ
žŰȥ
Ǹɾ磬ϣɱԼҺľž˵Ųű߼ʵĻҶǷϿݻƵɫ̲סȥһصʬ壬һصľ࣬޹֨֨졣
Һľžűκʱ򶼺ãҴĳǸšƽĳ͸˾žţϸĲԼˡҲϵġꡯһԡ
黹һʮ⣬ֻʮһ£ȴһ졣
ҧҵĲݮܣǿԣѧ֮ĸ顣
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ֺõض˵ֻҪϲģҶŬȥ졣
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ȻȻȥ죬һá̽ӿڣھӼĹ͹
ұ˻Ҫζıܡݮݡɿƻװġ˫ġͲģûгԵѩⶼ˳
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ϣͬѧͬѧѧϰһβҪֻҪϿʱƽʱ渴ϰǿԿܺõĳɼġǿȻͬѧϴ׷ְзʧ󣬵һ㶼ûӰ쵽¿
ĳɼ൱ɫصĵһ߳ʮ֣ѧУʷƽ೬ص
Ļ˵꣬ϵĻҲ䡣
ǣҲò˵ǣ¿Уǰ꼶λãԭڣ꼶ļѧǰ࣬ǵһλٸǵİ༶ƽ֡
ľžţľžͬѧӿΣҵҲĳɼѾ⵽㡣Ҫ֪Ȼǰƽ࣬ϣÿһѧѧϰù飬Ҳҳʦǵ
ȻΪҪǣѧϰʦѧҲǼҳѧЩҪΪѧЩʲôΪԼѧģԺԼõõǰ;·ҪԼ߳ģҪ֪ʶʵġ
һΪǸ˵ļһû뵽һ֮¶ڡ
ǽ̵εĴͽһѵѧӡ
мضԱ˵ֽ𣬶ûǮ̸ʲô룿߳ɼãԺأ˭֪أ
ȷЩûʵۣʵѾû˸ôˣôƴѧϰΪԼܹ㹻ϵǮ
ҺܰΪľžͻȻվˣҲͷĵѵ
̨ϣţ鶯һͻʧʲô
ľžĮСɵ£ȫ棬βŷӦľžͬѧʲô𣿡
ᵽľžϵ˪ѪҺԶᡣ
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䵭ػشӺı߳ңʼնûκһۣǿյģġ
ֻ˶ˡ
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ѻȸ
һֱûŪ״̬ʧС
ȡȡװ򶨣ͬѧӽͰæľžͬѧϰɣϣ´ε¿ܹȡúõĳɼ
֪롣
ľžŸղ߳ңѾ֪ȥ
ľǿĮЩ춯صܣ˶
ǣΪһ仰Ӵҡ

ߣ8

ӢҶľžŵӢ￪ʼţСѧǵӢﵥʶǵöࡣӢϡ
ľžͬѧܲĵ㣿ô򵥵ĵΪʲôǲе㲻ͷˡôӢôӢΪʲôľžͳ޿Խһ߿أ
ĬĬ
䶼һֱѹֵĳĬ֡
Բ𡣡ľž˵
ô޹ĮǸҲûиı
Ϊֻˣⶰķﱾûʲôо쳣Īס˶Ⱦӵı䣿
ҲҪĶԲֻϣҵŬҪ׷ѡһΰӢˤϣϵŵľžű˵
ľž˵ʲôţվû˵ȥ
ֳɫһȻĵǸβǳûŬѧϰôվʲôأ
޽ˣľžžȻû˵ӢʵǺص⡣
ѧϰй𣿡 Ӣ鱻һԣҵɫһݣ˵Һûʲô˵ҲϣԺҪҺܡ
пôߣ˺޽ᣬôרĵϲ㡣
ľžԵú˼Ϊʲôᵽ޽ᣬԳеļأڵƽʱˡ
Ҵžžţʶҧס촽ɬ
ЦЦû֦Ҳ˵ȫɵһλžţҺԸ㲹ΣΪס䷿Ӵůɾжѵıܡ
ž֪ĶǳԲܵģеıСݶͷ棬տСݡ֪Ҷôϲܣֶ֪ô䣬ůյķűܸǶô˻ϲ顣
֪ľžˣΪĵվɫȴĿ
˺޽ᣬҲᡣҪ޽һ㲻ᷴԵġ
ľžţ֪ЦԭΪԼᣬľžţ˵ҪҺ޽һ𡯵ģ֪ˣԭͼıֻǾžҲףİ޽ĻΪʲô㻹ҪסķĪҲ̰ůյķԱ𣿡
һײذ
ľžŲϵӱݺݵسӵ׹ذשϣ죬쵽ҵǰ
㡣ߣͻȻˣǲܳΪѡ˵⻰ʱ˿ڿˮֵֹġ
ֽӹĳոջľžŵĲҡΣѩĲֻʣһӡ
ҵ˳ʣǰ͸һֻأˮվҪص˵ĵط
ͲϰԺһǻ㲹ϰģӢѧѧһſζټ ҶŶӡûа̰ů
ϵѾٵÿһѸɵҹΧȴů
ʱľžŴ򿪱䣬ѴбȫõԼԷڵذϣһһеسԣˮĬ£Ϣ
ص˿񳵵ɳģΪľžϲڶԱܡ
İúһ
ǣҺ֮䣬Ҳһӡ˰˰޷ɡ
˺ĺܶǾͨͬѧһദƽĹϵŵϰǵĲľžҹʵķ˼ȡ
ҪȥӾֻľžһɡ
ԣҡ
ֱľžǣţһֱĻҲ
ҲӾվӾԱ߲֪룬ľžѻӾװһˮˮû壬ûһС
ˮ̽ͷԶԶسЦ
ߣΪһ㣬ˮߣˮ˼
Ȼľžôһ仰Ȼһˮˮҵϣϣʹ
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֪ˮЩʲôſܣѽˮ̹ǵĺ⣬ȻӾأҲжζ
ݵýŵ׶ˣǾžţȴһֱûˮ¶
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Զˮģˮ׵ĴשҼǵþžǱȥġ
ҷɿѵ·ˮˮһ顣ҲӾҲӾȫĽڽӲҵȥľžš
Ӿ˲ࡣ
ĻӦûǻİɡ룬е㰲ο
ǣľžðأ
ҹʽˮˮڵ϶ϸߣԼ壬һز·һߡ
ľžţ
û˻ش
ľžţҳҡ
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ţؿѹһʯͷĲΥѰҵҳ鴤ţվҵһš
վӦˮ䲻ӦŴĵط
ľžţ㣬׼ҡ
ҵˮͳˮһ𣬷ֲ塣۶ˮһӾˮ۶ˮɵֽܷĽ档
ҵĽͲѰӾڵĹԱע⣬ģؿüӾء
ǣѾ۾ˡ
ľžţҪǡţֺһˮ
ѾԼˮʱ򣬾ҵﲻͣĹˮʱڵĽ񴥵ʲôӲЩһЩˮһĶƹҵĽ㣬⡭˵Դ
žš๾࡭ǼˮҵķΣοʼӯǣǻʹʹġ
ľžšڡĴˮ׳嵽ˮ棬ҵ
ľžŻţľžŻû
ҵһ»ص״̬
ˮĹԱҲߣһӾ͵˰ݱߡ
Ҽѣҷžžţ֣ôʧõʶ
ҿ޵ú
ԭһôʧȥ
ǸŮߵ꣬¾ձǴաȴŲꡣ
ſڴ̨ɡסüĸ߸Ь
Ϊһֻǳȥ߾ͻֻȥˣֻȥаܣûٻ
Ǹ߸Ьҵʣˮĵ׵ʹ
ҲˮʧȥľžţҲˮʧȥԼ
ҺľžŻ·Ļ
ſͣӿڴͳݵľžǰ
㲻ϳôƽᱣһƽģľžţһҪҲŻᰲġžţղˣ֪𣿾žţǲҪٳˣԶһ𡣡
ѵѵӹӺã
ľžŲûӹҵ۾
ҹɵ˵Ҫֻ̫ǾӦ㡣Ұϣ㱿ֱŵġ
ľžЦˣͷԼͷϵ˵ĺۻûȴƤϺþġ
Ƶ󣬳һϵϣϸСǰ죬ͬഺǰ
ľžҵ֣ۿź졣
һϲ¶˸
ȾưűҪУҪɰ
ߣǻһӵô
ҵͷ
ߣԺʲô㶼ҪңҪҡ
ģžţǻ˴ԭ¡ɵͷɻǾãľž仰˵̫ࡣ
Ժ飬˭Ԥϵ
ֻǱ˴˳ŵ
ǻԶѡ
һӵġ
޻ڵġ
˵ĳŵأԶ

ߣ9

ǰŴΪ鲻һекӣҵĿƾܡѲܹ
ߣҵգϻڼ￪һС͵Partyμ𣿡 ڴԵдϡ
ҷǰĿαֱӺĴڣҲΧͬѧ۷׷ס
֪׷ߵҥԣУͬѧǽֵĻ⡣
ãûһشһ飺ߣμӵģô
һ¡Įػش
ǣߣҵŮѣѵܳʱμҵpartyҺûӡ
ұ뻹׼ݺݵؾֱܾˣߵȴ˽ߣƾʲôپܾΪĻ𣿡
бһŭ赭д˵ԼĸԸûб
㡭
޻˵һѳΪʹˤҹĽȥﶪۡԺߣһ֪ôŮˡȢôİְָűߣҲһ˹졣岻ףǸӣﻹƤϲ
̵Ѳ顣
Ļδ䣬ѾԼ
վ˵ˣѰŵǧΣ˵ұܵģǹָͷġ
ʱôֻ߹һˣſڴ̨һˣȻһȥء
񡭡
ôҺĹϵýӲϾûе˵ĵزһΣҲزǰˡ
ǰڣǶôңԶľ롣
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˵һƿǷɱңſײ׼ϿεϣײˣؿҼУſڵķȥ
ʱϿ쳹У԰
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Ҷ֪ԼôܻģľѾˡ
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ߣӵг˱ض᳤꣬һҪ׵ĳŶ
꣬ҲҪ꣬Զչߡ
ɵӡҵ߹ԣһ費չˣҪѧչԼ
һ˫ƺɫĸ߸Ь͸ĸ߸Ь͸ЬݻһĶ̶ᡣ
ЬӺƯҲһЬӡ
߹ԣƯЬҪ߳˲ܴЦ˵ડͬǰ죬оűˣз磬겻ɢ
裬Ҫȥ
߹ԣȥһ¾ͻء˵
߸ЬʧСŮſڴڼ˫Լϲľƺɫ߸ЬˮˮһԶĸ߸ЬԶһ˫ʽƤЬ
ٵ̾ϢҵĶߣѵҲǿߵôʱΪʲôסôô
龿ʲô
ǲм͵ĭ缯,ܱȿĻģȴʹҲֻɽʼĩдݱ¡
ҶôϣʵԴ壬㲻ӵУҲһʵ壬Ի
ô˯˶ᣬѾְְֲãְûãôࡣһСóеôĿࡣ
ԭ̾Ϣʵе¡
ƺɫ߸Ьȴξ
ԭ֪ʲôʱѾ˯ˣֿˡ
ҴӴĨȥˮڴܱߵؽе֡
ҽа֣˰ΣȻ̾˿˵֪߰жûнҰ𣿰ˣİ갡
ˮֹ
ˮ˽ٵĻڴ˺ܾõůڷ̨Ƶİɫ˵Ӱصһ𣬼ǿ
֣ô㻹ȥǲǣ
ûֹѡ񣬰ְֲǿס᲻Ҹ
֣Ժٳ̰ɡ
ְҵͷġ
ɵɵЦ
˵Ҹɵɵģ̫ˣҸ
Һ٣սӦǺͺ˰ɡ
Ǹˣơ
Ҽˡ
ٿţڳæ˯ˣĽ⿪ˣΨһĸоǣӺö
ڿҰְʺãȫѧУǷ޴šŹ˳ЩصҪ¹Ĳһ
ߡؿңһֵͷȥСк
ŭɫغ𣺡ʲôñ𣿡ҰһЩָ˵ҵʱ⣬ҲϰǷ˼Ҷ
ٿͻŭЩԣʵô߰˵ʲôͬѧÿЩ
ҷԼù˼Щţǰѹݸ֣㸺Ҹдͬѧһصذѡдּ
Բ𡣡
ҵǸʱԼʿˮ
ܾȡ
׵־ȡ
㣬ո˵ʲô
˵һ飬һԲߣǸɾʮȡ
ҸЦԼĲӦ
ǺЦҲ˵Ǹ˵ȥûš
ߣΪʲôһҪôңϵǸңߣˣҰ㡣ǰֻϲ
䵽ϵ͵
湻ֵģҪҼ˵˵òãôˣûȥˡ ȥ˻̿֡
ôµۣ޽˵˵
ǣǶô¡Ĵڡ
ͥҲŰ顣
ͻȻףҲΪ˸һź޽ֵģΪ޽˵İ
ѿеİѣںҹ޴ϣģ޴ӵеġ

ߣ10

ΪҲһĿΣһˡҪдһݼ飬һǧ֣Ҫȫͬѧ
ҿЦݺͿİۡ
Ͽҵ˻ΪǣѾף΢΢͹񷢽͵ͷ
ҵĳɼܺãҵдúˮƽҾûд飬÷˼ץز֪±ʡ
ʮӲдһСΣԼûмûд֣ӾͱѸײڶٶߡ
ʲôŭ졣
 췢ڱϵĲ淶֮ΪҳֿԼ֣˶вԣѵҼһоֹΪƣᰤ˰ơ
ұӵľžüͷšһţҳûһѰѱ˻û˵ʲôʱҲѧˣ
ľžЦЦǼ϶ᱻñǿð̡
˵ôǼˣҺ˼ְ
ҿַ飬Ҽֵ֣Ѵ󶼹ᵽȥ˵ġ
㣬ʱôôˣû㱳ӢʱôõĿڲšôˣ
ľžŵĮˣһ䣺ԸȡְȻʩʩȻƮˡ
һʱðɣİѱϵļ˺˸顣
ң鵽׸ôд
ߣȥμҵɡ ˣͬѧһûɢҪʼʯˡ
ҷһǲ;ҴӦȥμջᣬҲڴ˼䷢֣ʵǸӣһִܹ
üḻʶҵļ飬ڲμɢʶһٴ졣
վĿĽ̨ϣһľžţİЦ۾ҿ÷
ҳϣƪľžŰдģóóӣǰ϶ûд
ȻҲҪ۵ģǾǰдռǡ
ⲻľžģԼ͵͵׮£˼ҵİ׷ܲЩʲôɣҲһֻ۱һֻæ
Ҫÿѧÿܽƪռǣ˵ʲôдˮƽҲ߹۲һ޵Ļǣϲȱȱٷ֡
ҵռʱõܻʶĻ˵ҵÿһƪռǶдúи飬ܹС淢ִܹԼд쾡¡
ľžŵռǼǵһͿˮҵһÿÿֻһƪ߽һɵͷ͡
ûٰռǱӵϣֹ˼ľžŵݣѧУϵУµѧû˭֪ľžŸһλȨƵһ˵˵ĹϵȫУʦȴû˭̨˵ͷĻһһġ
ʵľž֪ʱģľžŵıʼôˣдռǣҲ֮Ͱˡ˵ˣԸдҲСƦӡ
ֱҲŷ֣ҲûпԲμparty·
ɴƽʱĸɫµ
һ׵˫װûԳָ̬ε¥ǲӣ«˿áĪҲʲôǹŵң
վ﷢ʲô֪ʲôʱѾվҵ
ƺ˺ЩˣɳţСӵĵܣǹӵõǣȴûҺĺӡ
ĶݣҰְϵѡ˵
ü˵ΪʲôңҮ
ҵŮѰסҵȷϡ
˭ŮѣΧ˿ʼעҺ֣ǶѧӦ̸ġ
ߣҲѧϰģ֪Ҫ廪Ц˵
ҰһۣǸ
۾ֱֱĶЦŨŨ˵ʵȷʵòܷŮĿӵ
ҲҪӡ
ͻȻһէ㵸Ǹ˵ò֣ţߣ͵ң
ЩֵĿźһССͿ˿ô
ûֻͻȻת¥ȥܻ߽У쿴߸ˡ
øգɫĸë£Ϊůëֻһᱡķɫñӵףʵصİ޶ȹƯʡ
õŵòʮƯó裬ǸĸŮܺá
߰˵㡣˵ɼرãͬͬѧһҾ͹к
̺áҹɵӦ
ôڲ¥˶úкǱˮеģȥЩ߳ԣԷҪһ
裬֪ˣȥкѰɣҺߵҷȥȵסҵֱ۲ϣϤĶϵЦݿɰ޹
Ҳҵ˵ҾͲС
ʱ㶼м䣬ǰ˵û͸ҵ㿴û
̧һƣ·͸ôҲû˳
ûԹƵģ͸ɵɵЦ
ҿóֱϵҲʧˡ
һ䣬Ͱžһصú졣
վɫ
ϵëޱʹشȫҵĴڡ
ܡһ̲ͣϸߡ
ΪʲôҴ
ҵʻվ嵽ǰҡҵֱۣߣΪʲôҪ㲻һֱھܾΪʲôܾף
ԭ򣿡
ǣҸǣǼһֻ㣬ҿˣڶչˡ
СϾͺæûʱչǣСǨչҹң룬ǿһֱȥǸ磬ӦչһӲôǣ֮ͱˣȻɹչңָоȫˡ
òǰˡֻ㣬߶Ҳֻ㡣ߣ˾㺦ۿˣ
ЩŵĻ
ԭԭҺΪ
ԭĸôҪһһӣ
ʲôĸ鰡
ǵ֮
ˡ
û˵գؾ׼ǽ͸ʱЦݶû¶ֻһֱʣ߻˵߻𣿡
ߣĲ֪һˣҹŬǰܻ󣬹ܴûѣʲôںһֱά㣡
ߣľͲˣҺãˣΪʲôͶأ
ߣ˺ģһ˺ģ㲻ϲᰮģߣֻ֪ҲֻҲŻᰮȴִûˮһŮӵȫ̵ļʧʧᡣ
ҾҺ񿴵һݲ֮
ˣǸ䣬ǶӵȺдɱݡ
Źϵ˲䣬ϡһŮ׷ſڣĺ
Ұ˵ĻľžڽͻȻҵļҲǰ
ľžűң˵ߣǸܷݵĺӣʼûŹ顣
ǵģʼղŰ飬ǰҾʧȥ˽ӽͥĹš

ߣ11

Ǹ£Ҷľž˵
ĵʪªֻΪѰǸ֮Ϊĸ׵Ůˡ
ڰҹجоѣڸ߸ЬȥоѣÿһҹҶ˿ĸ׵Ļǣȴˡ
ҵο壬ɫ˸ɫůůҲǼįġ
ǧ˵ߣɣ˲ܶů֪Ҫů
ͻȻܸжܿģΪ˽ңΪ֪ҵĸҵһֱȱʧů
Ҵûкǳֻ֪ʹǻԼڽҲ޷ɢجΡ
ʣǧˣ
ǧ˻ش𣺡Ҿһҵõڡ
ʫһĻоʵ
ںܳһʱһֱţٵֻ̺;ƣݲˣƾûκλԶĳ
ӵذĴһǣûз죬ֻʮָĦһʽʽϣӭ˳ԨҴûе䣬ǷŽŵЦ˽Ӳš
ʱһι˼ֻأӿϮҵèһĳ߳Էɳµۣ˺Ƭذ塣ɶѵͷͿտյľƿƺܵؽ̸ʲôһǵĲϣضȵĵ
£ʼĳԣ۾ɺûˮһ峿ն̵ѱ¹һֱڻеอʴպļʡ
ʱѾˡ
˺ҵθʼݡʼ
ʹ궯Ĳ֮ҾȻУץôܲģôܲ˷ܣ
ǧ˷QQϢ˵ߣɣҴȥ
˷Һҵĸס
ȥ˳ʪªǧңڼҡ
ڿĲ輸Ҹ٣ҵˣһ
ʮ꣬ЦһΪҰһС
ԭ˵Ūϱ˭̡
ҿĽ֣飬Ϊ¶ū
ûҵ
ʧȥԼ
Ǹǧˣһ
ȡҵΣȡҵͯ꣬ȡҵϣ
ľžſҪˣҿ͸ˮۿת᲻ôǿԼᡣ
ߣҪٻˣ̫ˣ̫ʹ޷ߣһǸǧˣһɱģ
ɵžţɱ˳ɱҲġ𣿾žţһҵķʽһҵģ
ӵһǵһһƶһһϣǾǣһҵǧˣ
벻֪ΪҺľžŵ֪ΪҶľž峦ʸʲô˵ԣ֮֮˿ԾĻ
˫ٴλصѧУҾеزѰա
һ뵽ǰһΰܹ֮ڵʱ
ʱÿͬѧҵ̽
˵񣬱Ҫ䡣
ô죬ԼĶҪѩˡ
δҾͱľžߡ
ѵãȻб絽ѧУʱ
ٳ洦ɼɫԶǹǧ
ǲûߵǧȥתǴͣľžųۡ
ʲôʡ
ž
һ˦ҵϣоҶ죬վڷɻܵߣһܷɻĳ
žţʲô𣿡ұ޷
ҿŷˣĺһˣľžŭҡ
ǰŮѣҲ֪ġʵ˵
Ҳָ㣬ǲһˣľžŵŭɽһ֮Ծƴ
ָһûӦͻȻָ֪ʲôˣ˵Ǹôܣֲɵӣֲϲ
û𣿡ľžŵɣȥˣ𣿡
ǵģЩҶѽҺί
ôûʲô𣿡ľžŵŭ⻹üң˵ʱϵһӿһӿıӣҡ
ܷʲô𣿡侲
ߡоľžеĳ޷侲ѧУҥ˹ϵ㲻ǴŮˡ߲ǴŮˣǸɾĺˣ
ֻҵԴһ䣬ʲôشһ
˳ǽǶȥޱʣţΪʲôҪ˵ңΪʲô
ľžҲҵ۵˵ߣԲҲô㡣ֻһʱ
ҲΪʲôңֻ֪ΪʲôҪ˵ңһץסľžŵֱۣȱ䡣ЦһЦ˵ұͲǴŮˣʵûйϵģûйϵģ
ƴҪ˵Լҡͷɢӣɵӣһ겻ɾĶ
ߡľžԱߣ֪ôȰҡ
ϲҿڲ˰̣ӲأΪԼ޷һ˳ЩʹֻɽԼһ˿һ˿İ޲ܽԼͷβ˺žЦԼӰӣȴֱӰˣֻˣֻʲô˵ɣҵǴųª߳ܣҴࡣ
꣬ΪԼĴûκ˿԰ңûκ˿Ϊҵ

ߣ12

ǵڶѧУˣϵζ˺ܶ࣬ҲһЩŽ̡
ҴΪԼ˲ĵĺӣѾǱ̵νеѧУˡ
̸۵ĻⲢ¶ǣûѧУͬѧô¶ǡ
̵ֻ˵Ҳ⡣
ϴһŽ̵εϲݵ䣬һ粵µơңֻĵŤͷ
쳣ָľˡ
֪ľžڽңһܺʧء
ǣҺƽġ
̵˵ߵѧϰɼǺпܿصѧģĺҲѧУصĶܹ鷽ӶĻţĳɼ廪ҲǲġѧУÿ¿ɼ꼶һУ׼°ľͶ༶
̵˵װ׵ɫѸ˵ʵҲûʲôµѧϰǰ̣ԡ ͣң١
æӿ˵лʦˣҶúø˵ġ
ţǾɡͬѧѧУҥԲҪϣʦ㡣㲻ҪģҪѧϰУѾ¸ѧڰصࡣ
һǧл뿪̵ҡ
ʱҿľžŵӰһɣղһֱվڷ̵ζҵѵ
ѾŵѩӡϱۡмŵƤƤϡᡣ
֣ǲǶʧˣٵʵ
ͣ½Ųûлͷǰվţսϡ޽Ǻͼ۽ơ
ҵŮҲҵŮʧ෴һֱΪ㽾ô¶ôְֵĶûоȥչ㣬
֣㲻Ҫ˵Ѿˡ֣ҪңҴӦ£һ
ߣֻҪ־ͺãҪҵҪ󡣡
Цˡֽٵֱϣٺ䡣
ѩӹϸѩ䵽ϾͲټ
ﶬڣҵջ࣬٣ʶľžţⶼޱ˵飬Ҹ顣
ֻΪʲôﻹôһᣬʼղͻ
ٴμ޽Ԫ죬ûвμѧУԪᣬǺľžŶ㵽1779ưˡ
ҽһŵưɵպŨң⼫ãԲֻ̨һˣΧȺҡеӫ
ĮؿߵÿˣһڽޱؿűǽڣȡпŵΨһһ.
ЦȺͻȻ΢Цҵıû˷
ưһŹԪر֣ҲرࡣֵһǣҼ˴˵еǸľžŵˡ
ȥľžŵסܶˣȴɺûм
Ǹʵˣ飬٣ܼ򵥵װҿľžȼ㺣ֻڶʱŻеҲţ֮а
ˣľžûңڹǡԸǴ򽻵ͶԱߡ
޽žƱҵĶ棬δҵ
ҷ·ûпΨһĶǽ迨ŵ
ߣˣǲѧϰܽţ
Ψŵ˺ܶ࣬ûǰļ֣ΪҪǣҲڶҵĿ⡣
ڻܣ֮ľԽԽңԶˡ
þò޽ᡣڻǴƼž
޽Цһ£ʵãÿѧ󶼻Уſڵѧҿü㣬㲻Ը⿴ҡ
޽ļУĵѧ룬ѧУѧУǰСʱôҪһСʱĶѾ˺ܺѩ뵽޽ѩվһСʱˣҵıͷһᡣ
ᣬοأ
ɿЦҲ֪ôˣߣҺа㣬ôܡ
ͻȻغݺݵ˸ճʵĵм⣬ʹ˵κλͻȻȾƣȺܶࡣݺݵغȣݺݵʹ
ҰѾˮϵҾƶ˸顣
޽ᶼֹ
ֹ˾ˮľžŴģ߸ľžţΪ޽Υҵ˼
ֹҺȾƣÿһӣҶҪץÿһӣֱӴߵͺȣһһ붼顣
ˮԴԴϵԴԴϵغȡ
ľžҵʱѾʶԼ
ղסְѾȫϡ
޽ᱧסң˱ӡ
ΪʲôҪĥԼĥҡţԼĿҲͱһѸĥļ⵶С
ֻɵЦʵҲֲǿ޻ЦľžںǳߣöôƸҡҵĴֺ˼Ұˡ
ߣ㣬ÿ춼㡣
Ϊʲôһѣ޽ĻĻȴʼ̰¶ȡҸ
ԲǰǱĿŵƯһˮ
֪Һ޽ûпܡ
ҵθţѪŻһˮ;ƾһ𣬰һ
ҷԼҾˣҸǰĶ

ߣ13

ԪѧУˡһҪԭԪϵĳɫݣʵһˡ
ԵԳһǹŵһѣá
Դ֮ö˺ܶFANS׷תŮԽԽ࣬ٴˡҲ˶Ϊ˰ɡ
ҺɣȻҵЩҥۡ
ľžҥģҲʹҪҪ˳ͷһӣҾܾˡ
ΪʲôľžŲԣᵽͺ޵һߡ
Ҳˡ˵
ߣ̫ˣЩ˲ֵԭµġľžεҵͷС챻˺˶֪
װɵЦƭȥ
ʵЩǲ֪ԭ
ǰ˵ģ󻯰ܻңΪôΪʲôһȴҪҺĹϵˣ
ˡ
ΪʲôЩѶ
Ŀϣѧڽصȥϣҵĩܹãٸ༶һι⡣
˵ˣôѧڹô죬һӾֵĩˡ
ľžŵĳɼûܸȥִʵҲˣûҸϰ
Ҫ༶ˣʵԼ鶼һʦΧûϵһ༶̵ҲҪһ༶ôȥɣϧԺܺľžžһˡ
ֵҵǣҲԶˡ
ϣҺҲһ༶Ϊʲôܳⲻˡ
ߣþûˣΪʲôԪûп㡣Цӭ
Ұһۣ¡𰸸ɴࡣ
ô£ʮֺ档
ܵ𣿡ЩˣԼ飬ôʲôΪһϣǻܼѰ
˹ˡ
ʱպÿľžŽңվҵĿǰ˹
ľžŶԱ˪̬ȣСŮеһƴˡ
վǰϵ¿һ飬ְµϿһ飬Ȼ˵˵òҪߡ
ȫڣҡ˭ΪʲôҪġ
ûȤ߲ϲ㣬ңҴԭ·̰ߵˣҲЩҥԵԴұȻŹš
ľžŵĻһ˵ģһ˵ġ
ߣЩҥҲ֪ô£֪Ǹʲôûġļˡ
ҹȥٽӽߣҾŹ㡣ľžغҺм䡣
ѽޣվ̲סˣľžʲôһʲôʸźݻҸ㣬һǼǱɣ˯̤ļ㣬ǻأ
㵵ؽе
ҷŭؽе
ľž˵öԣ治ֵԭ¡
ľžźѾʢŭˣҿȭͷҵִѾ޵ˡ
סľžţҪˣΪˣֵá
㱻ˡľž˵
ҲҲòסľžţȭġۿϵ˸ɫĴӰһשͷһ顣
ž˵ʶʱ˶ʺޣ˴˹
֮˸
ĹԲ
֪Ȥһһˣ֪
Һס죬֪ճ
ҿԸоľžŭʱһȥ
ֻץסľžŵĸ첲
ڽһľžźߣһһ߰ͬѧ
û˸˵û˸Ҷͻһʱܱ
˵ĹһҪ
Ͽһ𣬳˵ľǡ
ŻܻȥϿˣɿ֣ľž˭ֱԼλҵڷˡ
ǸˣҶԣӲ
ľžѸٻͷϢؾһȭٶ֮죬էࡣ
Ǽǰ治һ׵ĵطסͣһ£ջȥʦ֮ǰصλϡ
ŵˤȥ죬亹乡һ춼ûҿǣûҸ˵
ҺľžŵĹϵʻŮѣԺҥֻԽԽ࣬ԽԽӡ
Ѿںҥˡ
֪ľžҲҥԣעһ࣬ϴ塣
ԣҲںҥˡ
ҺʼˮݣлữˣΪҺľžŶ֪⡣
ϲԼ硣
ʲô

ߣ14

ĩԺǺ٣ٴڼලٽ̡
ľžмãҼҡ
ǲڱ˵Ļ
صȥҲãԶǸԷøá
ʲôôѵǶаҷ𣿡
ѽаľžŲиƲƲ졣
ŰܴܲӦһ£ͻȻ뵽һ顣
ʲô£ʣܺ档
ϴѧ˵档
Ҳɡľž˵ί
ļ˰ô򵥵ĵ
ľžŵЩҧгݡĽᣬҵĸףҵĽһ
ûиңһҡ
Ҳʣ´ʹ
ũʮĹС꣬ľžҲˣҴһһᰮŵֱֻɫһģһ
ԭԼֻһǡ
ֱ̫˲գľžźֵܼң˵ߣϣԺܳϵ
ҵͷӹ˽Ը񣬴Ҫ²װ֡
緹һ綼ڽôֻôϢôţôô裬һӾˡ
ҪֻٵĹʲߣǵλ˽ʮеְβˣֻһֱδ䣬ǰ껹㱻ǾƸֵġ
Ǽôôֻܴպϡ
һСʲôʲô
ľžҲһСʲôʲô
Ϊĸ˽֪ľžŹñҺá
˵ߣֻҪ͸ģ˵ѵ˸ѡ
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Ȼˡľž˵
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繤ڹ㳡ȥ֡
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ϳľžŻǴź·ɫ޷סĺȹӣһ˫ɫĸͳѥë׵ġ
Ҹ˸кȻЦЦ
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ӿʱľžŴңָָǺλҾȵòгö̻ͲͲضһ
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Ϊʲôһֱûмأ
궼̻ܶϺ㳡ţҴڼңңؿʱúΣüį꣬һˡľž˵
ԭˣʱԵδˣź·һһ۾Ϳϳ
ΪʲôҪڼأ
ߺһڼңҹȥľžŷɿ˵
ߺ˭ʡ
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ҿĬ۾ˡ
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ߺ˭
һգžŻҴ𰸡
һ꣬Ҫÿ֣ҺٵĹϵưɡ
Ȼľžŵĳ֣û

ߣ15

صĴ۾ǣʧȥɡ
ԭΪչٶѡ߶ȴصϵ޿ζϣԲòסޡ
ٰҰõѧ¥ǰԱҵУ˵¥403
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Ҳ˵ڵűֽѶŵֽϣȻԼޱһӡ
ط⣬Ҫһˡ
̨ˮŮ˵̽ͷȥһۡ
ʶģڰѧʶ˺ޡ
˭Ķ鷳Լһº𣿡Һ˾䡣
һŮϴĨǸ߷ֱģߣǸһƽ3ߣ
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Ůֱڿ졣
ұǸһЦ˵Ұְȥٻ
ȥ˿űߵĶȰѶʰĴһҰɡ
湻İ֪˵ҵǷһЩõ顣
ˣԼȻлл㡣˵
ûϵҾ˯̵̣æҲӦõġҵĴ̶ôѧԼסģǸһֱš
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λϰӣҲȻ٧˭ˣǾ߹Ե֮һҪ˧ҪܻӭΪҪǳɼһĺá˵ûڣͿһأˡҸͷ˰ɣܵǰ档
̲סһۣ٧ֺżҲúż񣬶һѧǲǱȹè
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ʵľžŸĻ͵ģҿ϶աҰϺӿúأʱ˵ģҪ־
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Ϊʲôʡ
˵һ׿Լ٧˵һ֮⣬Ժ¿ĩǶһ߲ɲ㰡οͺʦ׾ֶϵ˵ԼʦҪһġҪСĿڽǺöˣٲᡣ
ЦЦÿɷ
СʲôҲɡ
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ԭϲģͻȻǴϵͷת뵽˰ɣǸʵŮڣⱲӿֻܵˡ
ִӻѹɫ̫ԣæ˵Բԭ֪ҺҥԵġ
ǰ׳ˣѧУ˭֪ߵҥˣ
ֻǲ֪ǲԭô

ߣ16

ѧУĲٳԵȻһƬ̣ЩήĲһѡ
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𣿡
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ܰѽѾĻߺǸӣߺĸףľžŰߺ졣
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ΪԼŵĶᣬһ㶼ûǣһ۾ͳҽˣסʣ߰Ҹô·ļÿ
Ҵһۣʼ˵ϵľͦõġ
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˵·ѿִһȭҵ
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ˣҵķϴ·Ҳ޹ʧ٣Ͱ޹඼˲Ĩëϡ
ҿʲôˡ
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ҵĳɼʦϲԾͻ˼ҡ
ҵ󲻺ã߰㲻ţľž߰㲻Ŀ˳ΪѣǾͻҡ
ټһĳЩ˵һƣɿһСǱɭ쳣Ȼ
һֱǸܵˣȺڵǿģҵȲܿġ
˼ﹶӲд˼ίȫūͣ˵ҲһһŷҮ̨ҪСĹҴӼһصľͷӣѧУĹ涨еĶ˽ȥ
Ҿͷ֣ҵıӺʹõǻơһʼһԼһ£ϰ֮붼ˡ
ûľž飬ԼҲǸܵУûҪٸ˵
֪һֱվһ𣬹ң֧ңһŬһֱ

ߣ17

ҵ٧ڶҵĵӦˡ
ȷ˵ҵĵǶˣ˷Ӧ
꼶ǰ༶ȥμٰİƥѧҺͼ٧޿ɺǣһҪȥġȻѡһѧǳļһһ۾
뾺ڣѧʦ֪һ飬ʲôʲôͬѵԸʱõġƳ̡ĶùĿ廨ţͷĿѣ
ÿ޾ǿѵʱľžŻϢʱ䶼ûˡ
ԺľžԼң¿εʱļ䣬ʱ͵óԵġֻҪŪ˺öһһ
㿴㲣ߡľžŸҵ˵㱾岻ãﻹôۣ
Ϊ𣿡ûҪ˵нҲŲӦʲôأ˶۳˷ӡδĸϰ˵ûôš
֪ġľž˵Ĭصݸһ·УɣװһЩóԵġǵúúóԶú˯йһ㡣ľž˵ˡ
Ҿ֪ʲô˼ľžţǸĺӣҲǺ֪֪׵ĺӡ
һصңϴûˣֱ̯ࡣ
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ڴϣʱ٧Ա˵ߣһΣһӮ㡣
Ҳ֪ɷҲںӮںӮ֮档
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ƫƫôһˣҪæϼæ
ȻľžţҲ٣޽ᡣ
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Ƕˣ˸˺ʦ
ʦͽ̵һ￴ˡ
һֵ̾ͱɷɷ׵ģƺҲһ󲡡ʦæȥѧᣬҵּϵʽ֪ͨҳˡ
ֱؼҵ죬ҸպȥμӱԼѧУһвμӱ
ʱǶü䲻Ƶҿ
ǸƽĶţһֻڹŵ䰮ΩС˵ĳŮҲһּŭҡ
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û˻شҺֱ˿һ
֡
Թ죬ڴֻˡ
ľžŷϢҿô˵ܺáһٶʮֵľӣ⣬ĸСʱĿԣѾˡĿŹ֣ҿǰһ׸ΪŹֵĿһοӦʧֲࡣ
ҵϢûֻ꣬ͻȻĵϣžһ̱ɺضˤ˳
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ҿûκ
ǲ˵ԭˡҶȥֻѾˤˣйκۡ
߰Ǵû뵽ôôĺãαҪ˵
ʲô˼
Ҿ㵣Һ֣ʲôʱˣǸ˵

ߣ18

ҹԱæˣһƻӢ޵еЦݡ
Աһλ΢Ůˣ䲻ʮ꣬еȳϵȸ߶ϵ۴˵װ֥Ĺӡ
ɤ¥´У403޵ߣң
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۵죬ȴУߣ֣ôˣ㷢ʲô谡
ҷ裿ҿǣƦӣСƦӣѧѧѧɵˣȴʶҲ
ͷüëšһˣôˣ
ΪʲôҪַ֣
˭ˣûа
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ҲͰˣΪʲôȴָ㲻ϲϲĻߣҼŭţôˣϱʲôˣôҡ
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ЬȻ
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ⶼǸղŸҵģ˵ԭ򣬾һֱɵš˲ˤ˵ֻ
ԭˣ
ߣϲôˣϲ㣬ϲ㣬־ֺ֪ϢҪ˽㣬Ҫ֪һСҪˡ
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ˣ׷ǰץҵ˫Իʣߣҽղ˵ʲô˼
Ц˦һ仰ߣʲô˼㻹ʲô˼Ҳ¶
ߣ˵һγҴرϲץסҵĸ첲вңѧĵһ˺ϰߣֻҪһżһҵĸ첲׼ꡣο϶һƬ
˼ϲ㣬㣬Ů֮ǰİ
ҲˣܹˣȫȥˣҪ֪Ķ˵Ҳҵȥ
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ڶ죬ѧУﵽҥԣ֮õĲ֮Ĳһѣ̳ïʢ
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յľžŵĶţΪʲôᷢ飬ֱңߣ㻹𣿡
ежûظ
ҺͿˣʲôʲô˶
һĿΣҶᣬʦǽʲôȫһ֪ڻѧϣʦһ򵥵ĻѧʽҶûд
ֲı֣ѧʦΪҷѧȥ칫ҽϿ⡣
ⲻȥѧʦ칫ҵ·ϣͷ£ȫ֪ǰסҵȥ·
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ʲô˼ûС
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ûѹġ
ϾҲǣֻǶѡ
Լ٧һ仰ײˡ
ŵļһҶҡҡλ̬ӰͻȻ˻űײ۵ļֱš
19

ߣ19

ûȥޣ˲˯
ʵһֻӱܡӱЩķҥԣӱЩѯԭίٵˡ
ԭһҥԣֹҥԵĵܺҥԵҲĵļ尾
ֿʼһЩֵֹΣѧУĴ˯ǲİ㤹ع½Ƭ񱻼µģƴһҷӣۼ߰ߣң֧顣
ұˣһͷ亹
ģҹʲô
ֻһѾʮһˣδöţľžŵġ
һԾѯʣߣû°ɣһϢҵȻûлظ
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ƺ㲻Ҫھˣÿһ¶ֻء
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ռģ˵˭ˣǵˣΪʲôҪ˵ңҺеرΧ·˵עĿɲصڼ٧ǰһ
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ҡҡ
ȷ޷沵õȷ˵Ҳĵİֻһʱ
ⶼûʲôˣ鷢˾Ƿˡ
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ǿܻؼҵģѷŹصžž죬ҵĶս·˵
ſžͻ˯ȥʱ˫׵Ƶġһ±ѾˣҸʰѧУˣϻ޿Ρ

ߣ20

ĳģƣ
įһë̺岻ϵر¡ʴڲİá
ľžŲҡ
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УһԮľУһЩ߰鶼Ѱ϶룬ҵһ㡣
ʱӦøлһļ٧ʱʱѾԼǴһĸ塣
ϣĵģָͣСıͼѪϴϵ˿ӿҶﲻ֪ЩʲôģȻ֪ʹʵѪҺһεε׹ڵذϡ
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Ұ˿ڣܸӡ
磬УһӭŴĩˬķ˫ϡ˫ľž͸ҵķС
ҶǲԼ˶ٸˣƺִ˲ƣذӵôôĵˣϲԼĿֽڱ˵ʹ֮ϣڲòľž͸ҵһЯҲ˵Ķ֡
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첢ûиҵǸĻᣬ˸˵ǳˡ
˴ҵĳһֱᴩУȴͻȻҵʧˣⱲӶл
ﵱǿġ
鲢ʱľžŸҵģ˵ǸŮڲˣ֪ôˡ
ȥҹʱʱˡǰ༶ͬѧἰû˭ڣΪҲ֪ȥ
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1779ϣûľžţû޽ᶼӰӡϴ󿴼ң񿴼һİˣкġûľžߣϴ֪ĸС
ÿ춼ڸľžŷϢһζأ֪æЩʲôԭɡ
һֱοԼԸԼˡ
ת۾͵ˣûʱţ˷һ˿ӡ
ΪＸʵ·ֵʱ飬ԭԼᣬѡʲô·ŮΪյ顣
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ѵԼ
ôԼִʲô
һڷﰦ̾ٸպýȥӰˡ
ҪôҲ˵˲ȥôȻȥЩʲôãˡ

ߣ21

Ժ˭˵ûжҶóϣΪһȥԼ
ڼսһ죬̨ոտġߡժˣȻһʮռСŮһŻꡣȥȥȥȥ
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ԲҳٵˡһСΣϾǰŸ󳳴˵Ҳģǽ첻ˣ˼ҿҰСʱ
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šҵͷͷԼĽš
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ͻȻ֪磬ҿľžź޽һʱʼҪһȥ
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ҷɿؿһۣ
ߣԸ㳯ҴУҲĬеʧ䡣
ҵıͻȻֿʼᣬӦüǿһɣղŲΪžź޽ףӣ˼٧һȭǸͷ˭ͻȻץסҵ֣ñ
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ȥٻҼҡ˵
ҿ֣ǸЦЦּǵòҪմˮᷢ׵ġ
Ϊҵ𣿡ֿ죬¶ƦһЦݣһ󷢺ԼСİԼһ
Σҧڳݵ˵ȴЦ·˽ӡ
ϣҲǽӣҪΪĳ˵ıȴ֪Ǹ˭
صҵʱڿɳ˯ˣɿţطŹ档Ļϣͷ̫Ϊ˴һӪƷŤŤƨɣ٣ȴƣ·ûѾ˯ɳϡ
ҷӣҵңصӻֵ˴̺ӸϣȻŵؽԼԷ
һķûеƣֻ⡣
ⶼǼįġ
ֻʣһˣڿԿҲҳҲܳ
ںڰᣬݰ촽ҧˣѪζǻģɬ
ֻһžͶڴͷϣһֱ˸ţţ޽ľžŵ硣Ҷֻһ
ÿһ˶ңңûʲôԶûʲô֡
ֻмį͹¶ԶģұѧȥӦϡ䡣
Ц޹ֹһжˣҪģֻĮĮԼĮαװԼװԼܼǿ
϶˯ò̤ʵʱʱţϮӣݡ

ߣ22

óʦܸˣʱʱҡ
ϿˣȴûпʼΣɲǷضϰߡ
ȻУ̵Σѧʦˡ
ʦѽ̨øУУ˷ܵʱûͲ˻Ͳ졣
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״¿ΰλᷢǡУ˶˵ڱβμӾͬѧУҪһͬѧǾͬѧ⼸ȫԵɼ˱ξεһҵ
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һûӦѾ
Уͷƣһ˫۾͸˺ƿһ۾ңЦϵһһġ
Ҳ˿٧ޱعƣһƺˣҪѿжѿ
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ǰɣղŲ˵¿úʦôҪԷˣ
УûʲôףһЦҡ
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УһѰѶҵĲϻơͿʼʹһˣľžţ֮䣬񻮿εĺ蹵ҿҲҡÿÿѧУҲǣһͰһеĻܾˡ
ǻҪʲôһ߿ԼֲǻԼ٧˫Ժ
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ߣȥòã´ȥ󿴵Ӱ˵
󣬵ӰҺͼ٧ĵһԼɣԼĻôһ𴥶ҼĶֻ˵Ҳҵ⣬ˣΪʲôᵽʲôҾ뵽٧ѵˣ
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ҲȥϿΣʵԼһᡣ
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˾֪ˡ˵硣

ߣ23

İһĩ
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ûôܻصǰ
ˣԶˡ
ԭңҲԭԼ
޽оĶԻ˵ߣŬ˵ԼҪ㣬ֻû뵽ԽԽһ԰Ρ
˵ֶ԰Σһݣһǰ顣
ļֻбɺӡ
ľžŸңߺϣܹŬѧϰϴѧϣܹչ˺ԼںԺ󣬶ܡϣܹļңһֱϲ
ô
ľžЦĴô򵥣ԸԣߺԸǣŬȥѧҲһŬչ˺ԼǣܰļҡĽᣬֻԼܽ⿪
㰮
˵ͷܼᶨӡ
ʵһʣô޽أѵ޽
еҪõһ𸴣վǵˡ
Ȼ֪Ӧòϲ޽ģֺ𰸣˵޽İ޹غ飬ֻΪį
ûеõ𰸣ȷе֪֮䣬ʲôϵ

ߣ24

˼ʹػš
ľžԼƴѧϰ֮Ҫ޽Ҳȥѧ˵ÿ˶ӦöԼ𡣵޽᲻Ը⿼ӼУѧѧԶҪѵöࡣ
֪޽᲻õУҵ֤ǸһûжԼδκ뷨
ľž˵ܱܲҵĻְɣҿóԸЩ죬ֻãˣ֪Լδߣ޽㣬κ˵Ļ
˼ϣȥȰȰ޽ᣬֻû˵
Ҷ޽ĸ飬Ǻܸӡ޽ľžһһ־ʵ
߲Ψһңкܶΰ顣ңǡǡܸģǰĸ
Ҿìܺ;ԭǡ
ϾҲԸʧȥľžѡӵһҾͿ˾֮ӵһҾͿöıҵô
Ȼ˭˭ϵԭһ̰Сӡ
ľžŵĻȥ£ȥ޽ᡣ
Ϻ㳡ʯϣԵ϶ͥˮʵҹĽٴεڵյϺˮһƬλεġ
޽һֱôۣһϤ
һŤͷ޽ᵽͣܺóͳﱼ˹
Լʮǰ飬ѧУϺ㳡ҲҪʮӰɣѵһ·쭳ģ֪Σ
ߣ㣬ðɣ޽ܵǰЩڵҡ
ţá˵ʵҲҡ
޽ͷ°
šҼҵı
ǣʲô£޽ʡ
ֻһϷ
һƤܣҵĻǹ࣬޽Ǹˣһ䣬Ҵһ䣬ȴ֪ôش
ʵҾкܶ໰Ҫ˵ֻǲ֪￪ʼʱ׷ңһ뵽ӦԵȫûľžҪȰ˵ݡ
޽ᣬͻȻֺܾúܾûˡ
ƺˣһЩҿ˵ĶǸ嶯¥Ữֱüʹֵʹк˼ᶨͬľžһ̡
ߺҲӰ쵽˰ɣ
ߺ죬ľžţ
Ҷ˵ϣܹϱƣҪ飬ǲǣ㲢֪Ĺһǲǣ޽ᣬǸ뷨ˣҪʵԼ뷨һҪʵԼ֪ʶϣ㿼ơ
޽ҵƺȥĿڣǾžҪģ
ûֻ˵ҵˣ׼ȥˡƷĻɣ˵ʵϣܿϴѧͿ԰չ˺þžšѾǱߵѧУ
޽ңƺҪ
Ҳˣ𣿡ң֡
ٺ١ʸȥ޽᲻ǰ޽ᣬڵ޽ľžŵ޽ᡣ
ľžŻ⣬仰˵ʵᡣ
ʵ㣿޽ͻȻ
ᡣ˵װ䵭
ϣ
޽ͷЦӡ
ߣǸ޽ôᰮıߣҸ㣬Ҫ㣬ҺľžŸûһûһ𡣡ں࣬仰˵ȴľž˵𺳡
޽ˣӱסͷֺݺݵץͷ
ҸϲľžţҰ㣬㣬ߡǣҲȥˡߣҲٰˡ
޵ҵıͷһڹ㳡ޣεվǵӾŮ˦ǵ龰
ô˵ʲô˼
ʵģΪѾĥҿˣҲ㣬˵ˣһԶʧȥ㡣˵˾
Щˣʣ޽ᣬ㵽˵ʲô
޽ĬȻ˺ܾãŻش˵ߣҺľžŷֹϵǲûһ죬ֻǺˣҰ㣬Ծ͡
Ҫ˵ˣҴĻ
ô飿಻Ϊ
ʵģ
ҵ֪࣬޽֪ġ
֪˹޽ľžеĹ£1779һУҲ֮ǰĹϵ֮Ĺϵ
֪޽ȹľžţ˼Ҫľžš
Ȼھһ𣬿֮ûκεĹϵ޽ϲߡ
ôĻԣѵǰһڵӰɢ֮һжǼٵжԲţѵԼ۾ƭԼȻľž͸Ҵ𰸣ڲˣҪ޽׿ڸһ𸴣ְ˷
ˣֻһߡ޽˵
ΪʲôҪִļϣʡ
Ϊ޽û˵û˵˵֮а顣
а飡
飡
Ҳ֪ͼ˵˭֪ҵЩʲô
ֻǶڵϣסͷ޽µļһ㲻ϴѧ㣡
޽Ȼ˱ƣõ֪ͨǸĴ졣
1779أҲȥˣûиԼԭ޽Ļᡣ߿ٽҲٷġһǵãҺͼ٧Լ
޽᲻ʺңľžŵģҲֻм٧ҵġ
ѧϵһҪϡ

ߣ25

ٺȻǸ߿߿֮ǼڣڹͿѧˡ
ԸԳ٧ûӺãɽȥɽѧģˣ׼³̱󡣶ľžţȻӵò˴ѧ
Ǹʧ˻ϲļڣñڼǻġ
ΪҪѵľžſѧ磬Ҽǵãڰ³ϳȥɳˣ֮󣬾ҲûеõκεѶϢ
ô᣿ң
Щ뷨ӣһ£ͻѿ÷ɿ졣ҾľžˣôˣΪʲôң
ҵ۵ġ
һѧڣÿһ춼ڵľžŵĵ绰
ֻãֱģֻȴܰʺߡ
Ϊʲô绰Щ˵һӵѣһһ벻˼ŵԻء
ľžžȻˣֻŶһһ绰ûӵ
ֻӲͷƤ޽ᣬ޽ڵ绰֧˰죬˵֪Ҳ̫ϵ̫æ˰ɣ
æͿƱһе
æͿ԰ǴҶһ
æͿ֮Դ˶Ͼ
̳嵽ľžԱߣʹһ٣̫˽
żʲôʱٵĵ绰
ȥһڻؾڵ½ҵQQŭضľžǸɫһ촰ڡɶŮߣȴεˣǿͷʾžСȦȦ
ΪʲôҪԴңΪʲô벻ף޽һôǰҲûҰ
ľžŴǸҵˡ
ȻôĮ֪ǾԲģһ㶼
ֻǾֻǾˡ
ѵžҲ룬ٵĵ绰ͨղһʱСİ˼ѵ绰ҶˣʵӦöô
ְ֣Ҳȥˣô죿١
ңɣһڼҲûʲôνóʧ䡣Ժֺһ㣬绰һ㶼Һܷġ
ɡ˵
ȥסĶȻʮָˣȴסصǡ
ϲģԻᰲš˵ѧŬְ˸߶ѧټֱƽʱʡѣٵʱ۷Ӧùˡ
߿ȻһżѧżҳżҲǼͥϵżҸ˵Ϳģǰô塣
ٵȻһҪ顣
žϢ𣿡١
þûϵˣֻ˵ͷżˡ˵
ֻ𣿡١
ûСôûϵ𣿡ϣٹȻܾȣ˭˵þȵģѾ㺮ٲǲǼ𣿡Ϊ˵ġ
ȻǣƽʱĵģȻǻ绰Ҷ˵ûʣһڲûµģȥлᡣ
죬һȥɳѶҲûʲôϵˣҲѶ
ȻңΪʲôҪôԶ·ȥ
οһ򺮼ٹ׬ѧڵء
һ㶼ġ
ѧУȻѧУרҵȻרҵһ㶼ģΪҼľžˣҺѶ㲻ˡ
ÿÿ뵽㣬Ҿŭ޽ӡ
ŭȻŭľžš
ޣǳޣǻںޡ
ںҵΪʲôɳѧУȥˣͰ͵ΪٵΣΪԼ룬ܵţ༰ĵط
Ǿ룬ǲôԶɣ
Ϊ룬֮˾룬ǣʲôѣ
ľžţߣİ˰ˡ
һת۾͵ˣ˼Ҷӱظϣվˮйͨƫƫϡϳڶʮ㵽ụ̂ʮ˸Сʱ·̣ӲӲ
ɽ˺һ۾Ϳ
ҿ͵ıһͳˡ
ⲻķ񰡣ٳţûһôİ˶
֣ɡǰס٣ӹİ
ˡٰѰ߬ýģҡ
ʲôøҰҵ٩
ٺЦ
еˣۻҡһ·ңҲԱߣֻǰߡ
Сʱǣҵ֡
ǣ֡
һˣҵĸס
ٰѰڳݵľ崲ϣ򿪣öණ·ƷдȻƬ
ûд̣Ѿɹˡ
ӴóһС˶İһӾͱȥ
ٰСݸң˵߰Ķ
ҴǰڼС⣬˯ʱͷߵСޣд̨þɫӣҴˡ
ĲǸס
ˣ벻ҴЩ
أ
ҲֻŸ߸ЬңҵȻһΣߵ
ûľžŵꡣ
е꣬ÿһʮǶһȥϺ㳡̻
ľžǴܶܶͲ̻ĳɫߵ׼ʱҼſڡϰ˵㣬쵽տõĻ
ʱľžŻỶϲأЦģµĺӡ
Ҳһĺϴһ̻̻Һ;žŲǵȼ
һ̣š
һһǣܡ
濪İĵһξһ㶼ʵ
ʵĻǽ꣬Һ˼һСС۳ⷿһ׾ƣСˣһռһزˡ
ٹٻؼȥˣҼѧУ빤
һֻţΪٵȴ
ҰԼеĹǰˡ
٣ʧԼˡ
Ҹ߹ҪȥѧУѵæŴ׬ѧҪĸַúͻѣԣԾûлȥ
ԽԽԶˣѾʼɣǲǻȥ
ǸŵԣľžһÿʮϺ㳡̻
Ȼżǻľžš
ĩ³ʱΪͻȻϿεĿܳȥ޵ϡﻩ
ΪͻȻʧԭҶˡ
ֻǵãҿʱ򣬲ϵĳҡһͿ
ҷ·
ꡱǸŮ˶ҵףƽҶľžŵףĺϣףϡ
˼ϡ
ΪľžŻûʧ
ôһǰѣһӵԡ
Ѿ̽̽ҲãҲϢһʯ󺣣Ѷ
Ըе꣬һ߳Ρ
δһֻҵĻ롣
ѡ

ߣ26

ٻصѾǴѧڵ顣
У죬УԸҷ뺯ź˵ϣڲμͬʱڶѧѧһЩ
Ҳܾܾʹ绰ȥԼʱ䡣
ܿݹ˾ҵķɻƱ
ӱͳɳ֮Ʊ˻ѧУɳӡ
ʱֻʱ
Ϊѵõĸ߷ְ֣˽ѧУҼãһ̸ֱĽ̵ΣҲǿͿġ
ҺòŤһңУ԰ҹ䡣
ѧУʵûж仯ȴҲܿΪУ컨˲ٹ򡣺ܶණˣǵҺľžϲǧɫڲ˹žɵۡ
ǧľžںơ
һ
Ử䣬Һ֪žţΪʲôң
ͻȻһŵҲǧˤ
޽ͣҵǰ
ĦгϿңǸɫͷ
ߡȼһ֧̣һ˻֡
ôѧ𣿡ǧʵ̫ôǶѣ˵á
ɳ֮˵ҪҾˡ޽˵ҵɫڲزأƺʲôܡ
֪ѵľžŻ᲻֪
ܻΪʲôľžŲ
ͻȻúþ޽᣺žأôһ
޽һ£̣ڵϲ˼£ż𶪵Ͱ޽˵ߣȱҸ㿴
һɫСϵźᡣ
ѵ
޽ᣬҶʲô޽ᣬɡ
޽ǸСӣû˵
Ѿˡٴǿ
ߣ𼤶ⲻҸġ޽˵
Ѻӵݸң˵ߣ򿪿һ£ǲǡû˵꣬ҵĳ۹һֱ֪Щʲô
˭ģľžţһԾ֡
޽û˵Ѻӵݵǰ
Ҵ򿪣Ķµҡ
ҸľžŵĳΪʲôң
Ҫˣǲˣ
ҵһֵľͷ
ץס޽죬Ǵģ͵ĶԲԣһʱľžҵģ
ԸҶԲԣѣܲԲԣ
ǾžŰ֪ѾԭˣͲ޽һˣǣΪʲôԭԼأΪʲôԭԼأ
һί˼ȫ㼯һ˲䡣Ҷڵϣһһڳϡ
ߣޡ޽Ҳͼסҵļ
ңҽźˡǾžŵˣΪʲôҪң
ߣžŲǲǲԸǺǡ
ʲô޽ǰʡ
ǣߣ侲һ㣬žˡ޽ȭͷ¶˺ܴľĲ˵ڡ
Ϊʲôˣ߲𣿡ҿʼ˼롣
Ϲ£޽һץסҵĸ첲ס
ҶˣһֱһֱԼһͣҵȣǾ̲ס
ΪʲôҪҲ֪
ҲǼϢ̫𺳣˽ܲˡ
ߣҪ侲һ㣬ô˵޽ҡ
ðɣҪ侲侲սľžŵĳغͼԼƽҵȣ
˵ɣ޽ᣬʲôʱ޽ᡣ
㿪Ц޽ᳯҺҸľžûϵ֪ûһС֪ûлУ֪𣿡޽Ჱϵ
Ҵûпôµ޽ᣬһͷޣһͷ˺ĸεޣ
Ҵ
ã޽ְҵļϣ˵ߣľžˡ
Цһͼˣ˵ұЦԼôֿЦ޽ᣡ㿪ʲôЦһһǿԸĻ
ģߡ޽ץסңظߣҪܣľžţѾˡ
ҵһӾˣˤϣȫڶ
޽ҪҾܾˡ
ôô䣬ٹһ£ҲǴЩ·ǽ꣬ϵ·Ѿ˺ˡ
˦޽ᣬλε߻ǧԣˤǧϵġ
ʲôʱ飿ǧϣԼĮƽ
괺죬ĩ³
ͻȻʧʱԭʱѾˣԭˣҲŻͻȻôôӿϳ
ôģ֪𣿡ʣССĳ޽ᣬ
ģҲ֪ʲô⡣֪㲱ҲżͬһԴ㣬Ҳ㿴֮ס˶˵˵һȫˮݾסûĺۼ
ΪʲôΪʲôͻЪ˹žŵӾôãôܱˮôܱˮݲңȻҲ̫ˡ
ҵģƺڳԭŮӣҾŮӣ˵ȻôҪ
֪˵Ŀͣ۾˯ҽɱ޽˵
ΪʲôҪɱôʻһѵ֪޽۵۵һ۵
֪ԭ𣿡޽ᣬ֪Ҳʡ
ûжۣҲηɱ
ηɱҸˣžȻĮһ㣬Ҳĵˣô᷸ηɱ
Ҳš
ɲҲš
ԺһӰǺӰÿȥҲǷɿ죬ץס֪ľžŵ
ǵģηɱ޽˵Ѿ޳ˣڳɳһԢͬʱȥĻһˣҩ֪ɱɱ
һˣٴʡ
޽ͷһˣӢûҶ֪ǳɳһưפ֣׷žźܳһʱ䣬괺˲һ𡭡
޽ỹϲؽǸˣЩϢѾҪ
˵Ҫֻһ
Ψһһ
ûҶ
뵽һȥǸˣѹ¡
ȴЦһֱЦ
˺ҶӲ̽ȥ
Ѫ⣬ҵӴ˾ݵجΣӴ˰Ѳ˵ʧȥͯӰԶҲ߲ȡ
Ҷľž˵¡
ǣǧˡ
ҲžѾҵҲұ˳
ǰǣԼ
ҲǸ߹һԼǧ˵ΪʲôҪôļأ
ĳҵ壬ÿһ񾭣ÿһϸʹ
ֻ֪̫صȥˣֻ̫㡣Բһе뿪ҵĸһһۡ
˵ߣһ㣬ںߡ
䣬ȴֻվڰϡҿֻãĺӣһųĺӣ˶ѡҵȼ̣壬޽ǾžһֱģҲںǰѾһ̣ҲԺ޽̣
һγ̣ǺޡͻȻݲеľԭҪֻ̣Ϊ޷

ľžţ1

һֻ޹Ρ
һʱĹϣ۾ĸĿ⡣һĿ֪ĸ֪
һĸȥʱʹŮˣŮ˱۾վԣʹĿ⡣һĿ֪ĸȴٻ֪
࿿λãġǸ֦չŮվڽ̨ϣ鲢ïʱʱɨڡҲ֪Ϊʲôô˵ɢĴĳȻ񽲹һɫ
ΪŮһϲþǽҴ˵˽˾֪
õϲʹһҲ޿ɺǡǵİƺûʶʱͨ¶һŮ˺һŮӡ
дģʵߵռǡְĵһ죬Ϊ˸ϳصΪÿܽƪռǡ
޿ɷϣһۿȥ֪֪׵ʵˣʵҲЩСëϲ˵ռǣŮģĵģڵڶʶ
ռǹ֮ڣܲٳΪܡ
ҶΪ֮Աǡ
ҲдռǣҲ֪ôŪֻ֣ÿܵܽжݺݵذռǱˤϣ̤̤ҵϡ
ָľžţƦӣܵռǶд
ңͬѧҡڵŵ۾ģʹӵ
ҰѿͷšվߵǰռǱҿһֻۡһۣҾ֪ʲôʲôû˵ҰռǱתλ
ϴŮˡУ֪һû˭ҰҲΪʲôȫУĳɼ༶ӴңΪجΡ
ǸˣʦҲݼ̤޿̵ذŭйҵռǱϡ
ҲƽϣҺһϲǣȴֻŮˡ
ŮˣǰҲֻǿܡһĿܣʧҡ
ߺҸͬû޽ᣬֻΪͬİ·ˡ
߳ɼ죬ǰ೤ְʱ꼶һĳɼܽص࣬ûС˷ݺľӣ䵽ͬࡣ
ԭ1779ǹͬܡ
úأ˲֪ΪҲ֪ʵұ˭ﶼֻǲԸ¶Щǲֽ˶Ρ
ߵãÿֶۡһдƪռǣƪдԼƪҽҵ
ҲʵǺ׵ģֻǱװͿŬģµּһ֪дġҴϾԸ⽻ҵѾѵá
ռǣҺߵһǸѾͷȻд顣ץӣʵɰߵǰıӣǿЦҼ֣һӾͿ뵽̵ģʲô飬ַ顣
ԭ߸֮ìڱߴһ⣬ȻһĿΣһŵ˵Ǻڳ̬飬ȫͬѧ֡
д˼飬ԶдĶԺʦҪļʲôӵġ˺߰дռǡ
Ǹ̤ռǱѾ˺˶ڴ⣬һɰɵġûٽҵŸؾСڰ༶˵ͬѧǣǶҪľžͬѧѧϰ֪͸ġ
ƪռӵķ濪һһȴģȥǳڱϣôôҰܣôôʹ
רдռǡ
ռǣ߶ңҰʹ
û۾ſαÿҵʱҶŬؿαֳҵ䵭ĮġϲĿ⣬ȵģ͵ģʹģεģǵĽʽ
Ǵû񽻻㣬Ҳûн̸
ǶңУ԰ȺһЩִֻ·㡣
ԣֻ·㣬ϲõıԼȺ壬һ޷Ŀռ
ǣʱֲ㣬Ϊǻûôʱ˾
ǶĴڰ壬һȺˡǣ˵ѧòѧ
ֺܴŮӣǱӰݣ˿ɬɬģһӵڻﱣ
صθһ۾ܿθ˶ôݣػְؿڡɫǲҰײҰ׵ģܲȻ촽ˮ֡
԰׶ǿŮӡ
һֱĸоҵѧУſڳԭɣҲ֮1779ڲͬʱ䣬ͬĵطһһεҰԭ
ôɾôγл1779޷ı䣬Զ⣬ȴһۿȥĿھͶݺݵۡ
ʹ׶Ĵ̹ǣƺѪ

ľžţ2

ߺ죬ߺ졣
ҵĸףҸ߶һꡣһܺõֲ֣ߺ졣
ߺ;һһͬĸָǵҰ˳Ȧĳ
ŮˣһӶߺ졣κһǶҪǷϣݣԼʱ׸˾ưɣԼ͸ЩεˡһѪ
ΪֹҶδܵõǸ˵κϢ֪ûͲҡ
ûߺ˭ҺСʱͿʼ¡һЩʣʼղԸἰްĽһԣңľžţֻߺ෹СµϣһƷ
ˣҴߺĸףûУҵĳ
һֱ޷Һߺ֮ĸ顣
ҲԹ壬ֻ߲ſ
ߵ֣ЩҺߺ֣֮Σ꣬ԸİԸӵĺޡ
Уߺһμ棬ǹһײģϢ
ǹСһ䷿ŵǽϹߺ񡣻Ů΢ЦţôˣôµĺۼﵴȻ޴档
еߺһ㶼񣬳µľưǰľ˾ǵƶƢŰգһ˵Ļʱʧ޷
ײ׷ҵм䣬ɢɢĻȦΧš
ߺ˺٣鼸һЩĮŮˡǽˣˣʹҴȥˡҴкƺǿ
ʵЩһʶߺѸʶԣ֮ǰڴߣŲϻԵŮˣ֪֪ͨ˭
һֱֻģ±ȥ
лعⷵգһдĵ绰һһɾߵ̫۾һϾû
̼ǵһؼңڵذϣ鴤Ϣǵҿһ̲ŻµĻͻȻһֿ־壬ҾãһĿ⽻
ȷһΣȥҽԺ·ϣߺȻԡ
ҽԺûи챨棬ߺ챻תԺΣԡԭ顱סԺԡԭδתһҽԺͣؼ飬ֱơ
ҲĿȥͣͬҲҽг鴤Ż¡֪ߺƢһñ˿⸱Ƿϵģ
ÿһγŶͿܺķ۵ףŨӰڸ۽ӵƣµ˵ӡԶģֻǰŻԳĲƣ
Ϊδ˲ǩ֣Ϊߺƣ˺ܶ취Ž⡣
Ǹվڲſڣҵʣžţ飬ôңЦתЩ⡣
һȺɵˣһߺޱʹޡҲ޵˴һ𣬵ңҲְֺ޵ġߺĻ˵ԩծϣһӵĸۡ
ûң꣬ߺҲԼ޸һеˣһֽݡ׳߼޸һʵˣƽ׿ˮƽҸǣߺ첻϶ңߣȻδһһĹģйԾңӲ֡
Ϊҡ
ΪޣĥңҲĥԼ
ߺһŮˣڴϼٵشϢҿѸȥٹȴ
ͻȻۣ˺ѷεۡ·һ˲䣬ʧȥС
ҿߺ뿪
ڿгҰһЦγЦݣҴûмˡ̫ǣ뿪һޡ밮Ҫߺ쿴ңɾ͸
ߺֻȺجġ
û˻ظҲȷǷμ
ңžţ㸸׻ᵽ𣿡
ҡͷߺ첻ᱣĺ롣Ůˣ뿪ˣͲκεϣ
ûϣͲԣԼϣǣҲֻ
ʮǰߺңҴӲֻ֣һԹ֪һ죬һ뿪
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ȫˡ
ߺϴ裬Ĩҩһһұϡʪʪģůůġ
ֻҪҵ˺һ㣬ֿԴˡǸ꣬ûģڴϣݺݵ룬Űɣһߵģһߵģ
ߺһþƾ
ŮˣƾȺ˰ΧšÿţŹҹؼңױʾƣ۲
ưɣҹ꣬
šֶӣڲʱѾ˺һᣬߺĵþ춯ء
ţڰ¥Ů˵һ˫ɺ۾žһϣȥˣôòš
ԭѾ飬һƴԴ˵һ졣ҺίޣҵΪʲôΪʲôܺôƣ
ߺ촩Ÿ߸ЬһŶҽϣô࣡
ȷϣЩ˶ʲôģҳɫϵĽ档
䣬Ůޱ˵ϡ
ߺһһףЪ˹رһ˦ţ߸Ьһұϡ
֪ң֪ңҼС
˾Ƶߺ첻˵ЬͷԵش
֪ΪʲôֻᷴͷΣԡͷߺСͣͣ
ߺһˤڵءұһƣԴ˵ײǣһƬϡ
ߺڵϣָſڣ߰ɣžţȥݲ㡣ô֡
Ҵ˯ܳȥ
ҵһҳߣʮ¡գʹ޵ӡ
ҲϲһգԪڵǰһܣҹ·Ź»ҰĿߡ
һڣ¾գҵաһӣʢ˥һֱΪһкӣһ߳ƣΪˡŮӡԣôŬҶֻԼ·䡣
ҳߵϣ

ľžţ3

ҼҺƫƧֻǰƫƧϣǳֵĵطΪﲻԶν֡
ν֣ȡԹ󣬺֣ܺۻĽֵԺĺܶ꣬ҵഺͻķ
ϳźܶڸеĻްϲ˵Ǻǣһֱν֡
縡ƣλá
Ի޿ˣͲΡ
ϣһΣجζԣǣûС
ҲԶϸƾɣʯ·ɢ͹Ϣһ·ܹҹĹ޷
ľͷν֣νֵľͷ1779Ǹưɡ
ʹģ1779ſͣ¡һ֡Ǹ֡9һ
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ſңҼУŤͷҧȥ
˹ֽ
ͷŭˣסҵͷһȹ϶ʱһʺӡӡߺİӡӻûʣֱһĪĪشһơ
ͷĿѣ
֪ǰưɵĺһЩСС᷿޵ޡһɣĬʧӴûľžˡ
ұϵ1779̨ϡѾԸ۾νϵľưɣһƹѣĿͺڽڣѪӰЩɢܵϢ
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磬һСѾͷֱ֣⡭֣ƺò̫׵
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ϴǰȻҲҵĳЦŲһ٣ûͷˣȥñû졣
Ҹ󣬹ԹԵؽ1779
ˣҼˡɫĺͺɫĲӣ̶ķܸͣ
ֱ̰̣һı߽ǵĵط޷ڵĵˡЩӡǣ˿͸¶
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ʲô֣ҡ
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ģߺʲôϵʡ
ߺ죿ʶߺ죿촽Ըش
СѾͷЦŰһյľƱƵǰ˵̫Уֻһ֮ʶĵŮˣЩְˡ˵ǸŮˣǸɫ˥ǡҵңҵľưפ
ȷߺǸŮˡŮ˵ĿŮԣұֵͬ顣
ϧҲмͬ顣
𣿡ʵҪʣߺ챻ˣ϶һžá
ûС˵ߵľưɶഺѾ䡣
û˵ʲô˵ˣ͵ڳҺŮйϵߺȷѾˣȫ¶ƾƤƤһսɿݡ
ҵ׼ҵϵ֣ľƱһǺڷҩһڵľơ
һҡ
ұƾʴθۡҿԼʹǿغӡ
ͻȻЦˡң̨ϡר־DJһ˵࣬
ͣˣתĵƹͣˣ1779ǰδеİΪˣϰͿˣߡ
Ļϻζ趯ӰһѾ
˵ľžţҰ1779͸
ɧͻ죬1779ˡ
Ծκģƾƺãһʱ
ֻǵãһöָҵָϣ˵žţҰ1779͸㣬û˭Ҷ㡣ֻҪԸ⣬ʱأ㶼
ָһԿףôײҲײš
һֱûףͻȻҺõԭ
ֻΪ棿һʱ𣿻ߣûԼʲô
ϴʲô
ˣҿ϶ǺˣԲ˻ӻ

ľžţ4

ͻؼңҺơ
Һˣʱ˯Լķ
ҿ⣬͸ϤīɫĴҵĴϡΪԼһΣ֪ΣجΡҿģΪҲˡҺܾΪԾ޿ɾꡣ
𴲡ԾˣЬ׳µġţԸĽ
Ѿ磬˰ĿΡ
Ҳϰˣÿΰ򶼻ӿΡֻʱ򣬻װţȴȥѧУĴСдܶ·Ե̻ŲҴҡһβһǹӿΣԼķһֱ˯һֱ˯
ˡˡˡ
ߺšȻţǰֱýߡ
𣿸ϿԷȥϿΣԾɶ˵ȻѾѡ
ӵ߳šӿҵĲԣӿαߺ췢ָǴϼӴ
úܷʢߺܾûôĵˡҲûнͣʱôĹң뵽Խͻ˰ˣѵϵģ
͵͵ߺ졣ߺޱԣÿ룺ĥʲôĥ䣿Է
û˵κλҲûи쳣ı顣
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ϴʲôߺۼ⣬һ۳ʳָϵĶ
ʲô΢룬Ϳöָ͸ҵİ׽ָϸµĲһĻƣмǶһˮġ
ԭΡ
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ҵĿȴתǧٰɣôߺ˵أҲܸһ˵ܡ
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ߺȻûжʡҿ˺ܾãȻ˵žţҲСˣӦ֪Щõġ
ҵͷܹɵذѽָȡսڴ
ߺҼ˿Źǣʲôû˵
극ߺұҩԾɳĬؿҵ˿ϡ̵/ȵۡ
ҵѧУϿΡϻؼңߺƽµദЩ춼ûм·һжδ֪ʵģҵΪıˡ
ҰǸҶʮˡ
һ֡δϡκͱ׳һ֡γһաĿ־塣öָ溦ˡ
ҸˮָĻ̻̣ҡ
ഺڵŮӶΣ1779һΡ
Ҵȥ1779
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󣬳ŵİİ
1779Žա϶һЩҹ첻ڿӰӡʲôأԵģèصĶ
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ԾΪߺ졣
ǸƵŮˣڰ˼ֳ֮ȥȾơѵȼͷҵֱϣҡؼ
֣㣬ôߺЦö񶾡
ңΪʲôҪңΪʲôȥҷ༥
ߺؿңôò㣬ô㣿ôԹңֽŷ䣬㣡Ұ㶪˶㶼ƽµرͻٶ㣿߶߶˵ƺҪˡ
ЩҴδ֪ĳ£Ըûǡ
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1779Сžɵľš
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֣ûشָͱҴʳָϣôƯĽָôò
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Ц𣬶ҹָߵĿλŶ
ƲƲ죬˺ôһڷͺȡ
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Ծɲ˵ҧ촽
ûͷûβ
ôˣǵСˣĪ
һǲ˵
žţôˣߺִˣЦı飬ɫҡ
ͷԭѾ֪ߺҵ衣
ȻˣҲߺΪʲô֪Һ£ߺ첻ϲǷǳǳģôߺ첻ϲĶǷǳϲġ㲻ϲҲװϲ
ȻҲˡ
֣ʲô
ʵֻԼףԴΪҿеˡͻȻ§סҶ˵ҽ첻ؼˣҪȥҡ

ľžţ5

ȻŵˡҲԼһ̬ȼʱĦгϡ
ʵԼĳǺܶŬһӶĳ
еʱ᷸ʱϲĦгñȷ绹졣
ǰĺڰˬӵﴵŵĿڴһ£˾ͱ졣
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ô꣬һ˵ļԿȻҴʮ꣬Ȼںڵ߳ƣȻ֮һôİôɿ
˦˷ǣﳵһؼҡ˳һеĺڵõѶϢνϵ˼ҸΨΨŵŵģҵһ
˭֪ʲôһҾһС㣬һС㣬еҺë
ľžţŮˣ˵Ҳ
ڵ׵ЩɵӣȻϲҶţҲʮҮһëͷСȻϲǣҪϲң˵ҲҪٹɡ
ϲļңûʣȥһΣȥڶΣҪһֱסȥûŮˣΪؼġ
˵кܶŮ׷
ڵϵŮΪ̥Ϊ𲢣ǧԱŮΪԽݡܿᣬһҪԾɹŵʯһ
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˶ͽʣ֪һ֣ͻڳ˻ֵ
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ЦˮҪˣ㵱ȻΪҵΪܴңĥңŻܣ
㡭ߺһΪʲôҵģҸľžţϹѧУȥһһֵ˵
ģЦŬ˦һֲ˵תߡ
ԾÿϿӿΣѧУһвȥһˣ뿪Ǹңסȥ
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ЬױԽ޵̬ν֣νֵľС㣬νֵС
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סһǻʵʵȥϿΡ
ʱҸϳСѧǹԹԵġʱŮΪԼ¾ֲѵʱѾܹܳȵԼķ
һֱ룬ҪŬҳˣͿԼ޸סԱߵԷ
ҳѧУˡ
У԰˷Ϊ֣һֳɼõû˵һֳɼû˵һޱȣһޱȡȻЩ˶ǹˡ
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һѷؾ£ϲЩӰһ
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˵ʵеİûɰֶֻǵƤЦⲻЦظϿΣϱǷƵġ
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졣ʵȫͬѧ͵Цǿסû˸Цñȷ⽨ûרƣΨһ¸ҷū
̫еΣŭ޴йŸ߸Ьߵǰýָ̱ңľžͬѧЦʲôڰԱվȥ仰ȻеЪ˹ʧΪʦķ緶
̫Ųں߻غڰԡͷķ͸ϴ˸һڿβý̱޳ġ
Щϵ˵ġСѧʦ꼶ʱѾù
ǵҵСѧʦиܳͷͬѧż⣬泯ڰվţֱָ۱ֱ߾ٹͷָ⻭ߣ߾ʹ⴦û֣ʵݡһڿηվ˽ǡԵʱǸѧȫУʵġ
˵ˣǰŮ˴˱˽Ľ߻Ҫˮƽһ˶ñдֵʱƫ۵졣ڣҲǺѧΣȻʼǡ

ľžţ6

ѧʱԾҡɫͣУſڣһڿֺ
˵ɫǾƷģ֪ô򵽵ģͬѧӴп۷׷ס
ҲǡſȥԶԶһ
߳Уš
ҡ
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ûǣ˦ȥȾŮҷȥǵطУ԰Ľʹ¥ܰ޷ҵסǣǣлУ԰ͰǽͷӳΧҵУ԰
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ŮİܵһˣߵĲٳӲݴұڲٳһˡ
ǿԤϵĽ֣һʮСôܹʮСӡһ飬ڽѧ¥ת˼תֶŮһûٳ͸ñץסˡ
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ľžţ7

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ŭһһƷ1779ӡ
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ߺ첻˽ҵ뷨۾Ǹҵкϡ
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ľžţ8

ҵ˺ˣҺߺĹϵһĶӡ
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ľžţ9

û뵽ѧУſھǸСŮ߾ȻͬͬѧУʱܳɼڶҵĵһֱˡ
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ľžţ10

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ľžţ11

ȥǧˣԭġ˵
ԴǸŮ뿪ңٰ귷̡ǸŮ겻ɢƵУЦ
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ʼȥɡãã˺Ѱһ׼ӵˡ
ǧˡ˵Ҵȥ
ʱֻʮ꣬¶棬Ļ٣һеȥǧˡ
ڰͬȵҪ䣬Ҫ
סħ
ǧվںͬڣ档
߱ȥ·ˣͷҵɢϵĳŵ죬ĩյࡣ
Ѫߵ䦳ССһ̲״
ǧ˴Ц뿪һɤͬħ䡣
žţʱҵյǣͻȻףǸŮˣٻǧϣƮƮص
ͻȻ־壬ɳȥ
ɣһȥء
νͯô߾ĸԴҲҲǷôҪһһӱھס
ɶˡҰȭͷÿ롣
ȥҹǧ𣿡ߡ
а߰ͷڵǧϣһֱQQңʵѰңǣһ񡣡Ůտյģʲô
ڰֿģôʡ
Цˣ˵žţʱһֱԼʹ˺ҶֻѪܵĶӲ飬ȥ
߶䣬ǧԵı־
ҺҵĸƭңҾ˵ͬʱֻµ˿ڡߵ˵óĵ׺䡣ŮĥĿ԰ףһС׻
ͻȻһֳ嶯Ҫһҵǧˡ
ôŮӣ꣬Ǹɾġ
žţ˵öԣ䲻޽ᣬǸˡ
ͻȻǧӣŵأˣˣ񵯹һɳȥֽ߬סǧߵ˫ۣһ
Ҽˣ߿ߣ㲻ǣɾģ壬꣬γ͸
лл㣬ľžšЦôЦݣ⻹á
ؼҵ·ϣյ޽Ϣ˵Բ𡣡
֮ԱǡԲԶֻ֮ĽڣΪ֣Żһ٣ٶط
һظ޽˵TMDȥ׷ߣһᵱʲôûз
ʵôʲôûзߣǧˣҲ޽ᣬȻȫͬ
һǵȥ1779ߵĹƵģҪȥϴ
ʲôǧˣСʲôϴļ鶯һ¡
ûԭ򣬾Ҫҵ˵
ϴ룬˵ܶ˶ùǰҲù֪СҪҵһʲô
ҾͰǧ˵䣬ͷɤ
С㣬㣬ƺûˡ֪ѧĻëһ˵һŸǩﵷģݷĻ£Ūҵĵ̡
Ǳڵĳأû˵Ҳġ
ҲûСϴͷػһ䣬ǩұȱȻС㣬Ҳһңģĵط֪ףҪǱߵ֪Ҹι
⻰٣ĸûкڵ׵ʡضᰴ򻮷֣ռ죬п磬ǳ棬ˡ
ǣĻѵֻΧѰǧ
ûа취ϴµǸȱʧ˰ˡĵӳ顣
˵ţͻȻ޽1779ƺĵط
Ҳǣֱߵ̨ԣһͿʼȾơ
һ


 
޽Ѿſϲʡ£˺۵ֻţ÷ٸϡ
ҿżˣ仰⣬ȥ޽ᡣ
Ҫˡȥ޽ıӡ
޽ţûûߣΪʲôҪңһȭ
ԱСܿŲԣһץס֣磬ǾС㡣
ʲôС㲻СģֻҪߣֻҪߣ޽һ˦ƻ
Сܿң֪롣
ҿ޽᲻ﳵȥͽʾǰ޽ϵ᷿ȥȻļС˵ϢɣǼЩȥɡ
СһɢϴλƵشչƤЦС㣬ʲôҪæ𣿡
ҿһۣ˵ûСתѸ뿪
һϼ޻ı滹˲֪ǧϰٸۡҪΪֱߵĴ󽫣Ҳ鷳ϳ1779ˣݵй䣬Һûڡ
ǧϣǲģһߣæߣСǶľֻҪٰ߶ˣֱӾͻѶԷˣ˶Բԡϴȥ٣л߰ȱ˶һ飬׼˶ٿôá
Ҵ⣬ǧ飬ҪԼȥߺصһ֡
̫ණֻܻҵİ飬͵͵ڽ

ľžţ12

վ᷿ſڲ֪롣Ҹԭ򣬾顱һƺʲôϣžһء
С㣬һȥͿʼ𡣡߸ҡ
ҿһۣš
С㣬Ǳȥĺãһ˵硭һסҡ
ҲµġҲͷ˦֣Žȥ޽ôҲǾȹҵˣˣƷ裬ǲһ˵Լô죿
ʲô޽ɳϣͷضǽϻζӰ
1779ĶƣΪ˿Ѱhighÿǽ϶װתĻֱDJֺͶƹһһ£˿͵顣
޽ûбŭˡ
ǽڿ˰죬ֱ̻ҸĻǰĲ
޽ᣬ𣿡ҹȥ̻Ҹס
ߣ㣬֪㡣޽˵ڵϡ
һصĲұȫѪۡᣬҸô޽һһεϴˡ
߱ҸߣƯҴࡣվΧˬļķ磬ֻ֮к䡣
Ķ죬Ƥһ㣬䡣
ߣΪʲôҪ֣޽ѹϣҵ
ҵͷҵ̳£Ƕҵ壬Ҳۣұ޽ĻˡǷˣǾȻˣ
ȻһֱΪǲǺʵ£ǣ֣ʼϲ
޽ıҿԿ˫۾ûôɺ죬ôʹҺߴ˼кӣҵϣ
ᣬȵģϡ
뵽ߺ졣
ÿ˵ᶼͬߺΪң޽Ϊߡ
ţҶ˵û¡
ҵȷû飬ֻǱһкѹ£ֵľѡڲϣ̧˫ָ޽ա
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˵޽ᣬߣ¡
޽Ὺʼ궯ƾԽԡʼҵ·ץס֣޽ᣬҪʲô
޽᲻˵˳ְҵȹ˺һ飬¶ҵļ
ҵļ򣬶ݺݵ˵ߣ֪ΪʲôһֱΪҰ㡣Ҫ뿪ˡ
ߣҪҵŮˣͲ᲻Ҫң޽˵ҵȹӡ
ҵԴʼɣֺ֪Լںδ
޽ˣȻҪԴߡ֪ߺһǾǿˣӲ޽Դһߣûκε
еʱ򣬾ǿ˻ħ顣
Ҳߡ
ΪʲôҲߣ
Ʋ޽֣ܲ޽ϵǡ޽ᣬ촽һ𣬻ҵƤ
ഺĻ˽ޣδŵʱͿʼܡ
µĲѹÿ֨֨졣
ڵذϴұȫ˿ڣ޽Ҳǡ
ˣƤ˸̡
һϷĿ̨ϱݽĿСҴûһҹңľžţߣ޽Ůˡ
ˡ
1779Ծɵƹ⻪
ֵط·ԶƵġ
ҿ߳˯޽ᣬôӡǸӡеıңǶĺӡ
С㡣š
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ľžţ޽ˣңʮ־ȡ
ЦЦ·סԼ塣
𣿡޽Цʮǿ
СҴӲ輸ó̺ʹݸ
ܾûг̵޽ֿʼ̣ԼˤɳңȴҪĺȻûо飬ȡաǣݺݵس˼֧̣侲
ϰɡ޽·׸ҡ
ллҰ·ϣܳڵȡ
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⻬ĵذϰ߲ȫѪҵѪ޽ѪĵһΡǶһʺı˰ɢܰ㡣
ɡ޽̣ߵҸǰ
áҾǿſڵϣһĨѪѲƬһ
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ҲͻȻرޡҵĵһҴŮŮ˵ɱôͻȻûκεס
ˣһһεĥбüǿҲ֪ԼǷԸǿ
ҵۿתҽĨŽʣһ
޽᲻ĨһѰ§ҿԸоĲҲ£ҲڵģҲھǶδ£Ƕһġ
˵޽ᣬûµģûµġ
޽ῴңСʣľžţǵһ𣿡
ƲƲ죬ЦЦ
ʱѾһڿζҸϿתƻ⣺޽ᣬȥѧУϿΣ𣿡
޽ͷųȥ
һᣬҵĺɫ޷һֶֻ͡ôŬЦ·˲һԡ
û뵽߻ҡͣſʱպܹ
վˮϣ۾һգգؿߡ
Ҹôתǧٸ⣬վʹ޽᱾Ͳʺߣýᣬġ
Ҽװݲȵشɫͷ޽ᡣ
Ҽװܾ￴ߣһߡ
Ϊʲôң
Һ˺ģ˵Բ𡣡ϲκεı顣
߿ʼᣬžž䣬ϵۣķ紵ͨ졣
˵Ϊѣ㣬˵㡣žţ˵㣬ΪʲôĽ֣
תˡ
վӰͻȻʲô˵
޽ԶԶվУ⣬ǡ
һͷһۣʲôû˵ޱҵķ
ҵ塣
ߵġ
޽İ顣
˭˭˭˭ǶܺߣһĶ

ľžţ13

߿ʼһϡ
ÿ͵ſڵȴһһⱻݵÿζǿҲͶ롣
֪ϲҪ˵ϲ˭ֻ޽ᡣǣԴȲ޽˵Ҳ˵ø
˺
ҲòͷԼ֪Һ޽ῴﶼܡҲĿġ
һҵߣߣ㵽ڳͷ˭
ǧϣЦú֣˽֢ĺӡ
Բ𡣡Ǹ
ֹסǧңΣͻȻңľžţǻѶԲԣ
ȻҵȻΪѣһҪѰǧˣѰʧͯ꣬һ޿ɸĵ
˵žţҿİ㵱Ѱįı鿴һ̴̵ۡ
ңžŰֽȥ
ֵ⣬һ㶼ֻ֣޴Ӵ
߰ĳ͸ңһöһöǡꡱߵĲϣƽҵĲϡ
ҲΪʲôҪôҪĶ͸ңҺܿģǵ»ָұǰο
¿ĳɼ꼶ñ¿
վڽ̨ϲһΥ¼
˵ô࣬󻹲һ䣺ҪúѧϰҪϰ༶ĺȡǱ̨ǣͱٶҵˣôཱ
˵ˣңľžͬѧʲô𣿡
ûСػش£Ϊ˷ֹҵĶ䱻ĥ룬Ŀʰš
߳ңǸϼһյ߸ҲΡǰɣ˸ҲҲͰˣȻѡߣ
Һ߿ǳ˾ưɲٳǧ֮⣬ʲô̸ġʵĬر̸ܿģֻѧϰ
߹ȻңҪҲϰӢ
֪ʹ޵ѧƾӢߴһֶ
Talking in English is the best way that how to learn English better.ѧӢ÷Ӣｻ̸һžȸһ˵ģӢ˵
˵ʲôε̯֡
̾˿žţ˵ģӢ⡣
ǲû֡ʼ磬ϵĳҡҡ
Σֻܴ򵥵ӢỰͻȻʼɣӢǲǶѧˣֱңԵſʼЧá
ϧĲɡ
Ӣ̫ӣ̫ӣҿһŤĸͻȻԼһ㣬м䡣ǲǻʶøһЩ
žţʲôԲӡ
ȥӾҶ˵
𣿴ģȥΣ
ĻҲûͻش
ʵҺϲӾֻǰߺ첻ȥӾﴫ˵جģߺĿ־壬ҲΪֹҵɡ
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޽˵ľžţֻѼӣ챻˶ͥ˶ȥĻӾӾͲˮ
һѧͻᣬεʮ˳޽ᶼɣϱǲ㡣
Ը㣬ˡЦ
޽
޽Ů֮ûȥӾһҲԸÿڼ￴󿧷ȡ
ֽҳ޽ʵŮѣڻûȫʵôˮ
ѾܾûˮˣҵƤɺԡһڰ˺ܾõ㡣
ĻӾݲ򼾽ںرաӾأԶ¡
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žţҲӾߴҵһӾվˮرߣΪѵؿҡ
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ҵִӾصײķשĦһһǰꡣ
ĻӾأصһб¡߸ղˤˮĵطǳˮˮ߲أĵطڳӶ棬ܶ˶ҹȥ
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į
ҷ·ҪҵƤںεˮ棬ˮס
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Ҿҵ
ľžžһˣˮͱһ㡣
ʧȥʱռĸԼ˭ˮ˯һͳβƬʧȥκƤõղ˫ۣˮߡ
һҡ
žšǸ˷ܵطཹð𼸸ݡ
һߣؿҵ˾ȻߣôֽץģȻǸղ˵ˮȥ
ҰˮѸϵˮرߡ
֣ЩԱҲˮˣߵ׸Щʲô
һץסӾҲԸֿ֣ãЦ˵ģѪɫžţۡߺ׻һѱסҡ
ôˣ㲻ӾˮʲôͷȻˮܡ
ΪˡץסҵӾ£޵滨꣬ȥôãҲҾȥ㣡
㱿㣡ңͻȻһҪĳ嶯ɼôãȻһ㳣ʶ֪ˮ尶ϵġ
ղżû뵽߱죬˿ʹճ¯İӡ
һЦˣģÿɰһ㶼ѧǻûµĹԱ
ԸһӤͲôҪյ顣ǣ֪ҵڲϣߣҲڲϣǶǵ׼ͥĺӣļͥע죬ұκ˶бϡ

ľžţ14

һĵڶѧڣȥص࣬ҵù¶
ȻҲܹ¶֪
˵飬˶ðڣļһ˹һвų䶨
ʱ뿪
Ҳ뿪ԼҪǸ᲻ģûа취
Ӵ쿪ʼߺƵ衣ʧķŮˣÿһμ۾
ȣƽϣ˵ȵ״̬һˣ1779פ
ߺ첻飬ܾĺⲻ˵ΪĻΡ
ߺһֱңҡȴ֪ԼҪߡ
ҸߣҸҵİߡ
ߺֵǴΣߵǴΡ
ҽԺ￴򶨼ŮˣҲ֪Լô졣
ֻһֱػģ֪һֱңĻظ
ߺûɼãҲΪҵ鷳ġԼѾ̫Ҫ
ԣߺԺ޽æΪȹңߺ컹ܹ
ȥ߰ɣžšߺżҲͨ
һױ޽һš
һֱܲģ޽һֱִҼϰο
Ϻ㳡ߣȻˡ˵һֱܰ䡣ȻˡҲһкӣ꼶гɼߵļ٧
࿴޽ɫء
ǺǣǶɵСӣزܳһ𡣿˱кӣͻȻ޽һ𣬺룬ĪĪ
ڿȻϲ޽ᣬԼ٧ǸкӣҲЩ˼ûҵЩӣһֱǸкչƺܿġ
Һ޽ᶼ߷ϢҪʵҾãҪ
˼٧һλã϶ԭǡ
һȻĩĳһļҵ˼ߺϣҴһؼңҴҳš
һ죬ҵѧУҵߣҶ˵ߣһؼҰɡ
һ£֪и裬ȴûмȻҲ֪ҳ֮⣬һҡҲͣˣ֪ˡ
Ҹ˸绰ָߺ˸绰ǳ˳⳵ȥν֡
סν֣ʡ
ҡͷֻȥһߵ
߼߳ĬСҾǴ뿪ˣûٻͷ
һƾɵƽʪ䣬ʱļҶ˵мǼ䷿Ҽңߺס
ߺܴûʣڲشκ⡣ֻǼ򵥵أҵļͥҵһܣߡ
ߺڳĴڿǣææšϵӭǵ߹Ŀˡ
ϰźüˣߺֵģŹǣˮ㣬˵жůƺ棬ϡãϸĵƤΪڵ࣬塣
óߺܿģȴӻؼҵĸף͵ȥϣǼʵĳθ
һ裬áߺתȥ߲Ľض˵û뵽ǣ軹λǡ
ֻЦЦദгӿ
߲ιҷļ϶ҹϳţѺŷݸߺ졣ߺ쿴Ҳ˵Ǹ˸ĶҪҵ֡ôҧгݣв˵ĵָ
һæϰҩֹѪôסȻ˵ʣµĲаɣǸҰϺˡ
ߺû˵Ĭ˵һߡ
˵Ǯģ1779軻ġ
ȥˣߺҡ
˵ǡʵƭǮҸղŴпȡġֻߺ¡ϾѾʧȥеĹʧȥ˾ԴҲҵĸ״ؤһܱ±
ΪʲôҪȥǼһģߺңɤ
û˱ңԼҪģ׬װ׵㣬вܵĽڡߺ죬Ѿ㡣
ߺĬһᣬŷս䡣
кˣɡ쳤ӽ
ߺӦһĴӡͻȻˣʼа׷ʼƣҲʼ䡣
ǰߺˣһֶŲӣһַŵϣͽ⡣ڣҪӱڻһСľˤˡ
Էʱߺκʱ飬ϵвˡûиĲ˶ƫ̣ζ˻
ҿһߣı飬Ҳͬĸо
ߵθãܳġߺһֱˮ㡣ߺֲˣһҵѣҲζ
ҿ΢üͷ֪θֿʼʹҧһԣĲ˶Ըɾ
ߺüЦʣž˵ɼܺá
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߿ңû˵صͷߺһҪĴ𸴡
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˵ԴһͲٻصȻÿһλߺԽϣﶼʹҲ֪
ңңأɫĳѾʶ˶Դĺ
̫խֻܲн
Һߵģ˵˽ȥͼݣϣܸߣúѧϰ
ܿͼǸˣ޳ָ˿۳Ĵǿȥţûֹ
ȻˣҾ֪¡
ߺʰӣȴһվſڡߺ̾ͷˣһ˹ȥ˻ƵʲôʲôҪţеĶħص⣬ϧҼҵǴģվԱߡ
ߺһѡվм䣬֪롣
ߣҳߺ
ߺҵ۾תңСˣǲҪˣҪңˣ񶾵΢΢
۾ңžţ׷ʲô飬ô
޷شߺʼնסһħնֻҪһ֣ħͻᱻѣߺͱЪ˹ԣǰÿҪһóĴҾ͸ߺԼ߳ȥ
ߺѾܾûмǸħѾʺܾá
ߺݺݵصˣƺҪǶ븹С
Ҫ
ȵؿ˵ǡȼһָ֧̣ðŵ
һ𣿡ߺЦôŮߺЬһֻЬҪҹȥ
𡣡æȥץסߺ졣
˵ŮޱȣһӰ˦ŶׯĽɫ߸Ьϧӳȥ˲ӣܿ
ߺˣʲôҡҺŹĶ
ߣҷȥҶӺɵЬӣŷ㶵ߣż鲻ҪԱߣǿ侲شá
ߺҵĿ⿴ߡϵˣʱĸŮӶΪңľžţˣΪʲôҪߣţһЬӷɹЬϵĽߵĶͷʱһѪӣһ೤
ߣû°ɣܵߣվ﷢㶡
ҲˡĮˣ̣Ϳʼж
žţ򶨼𣿡ҡ
ȻУߺǰЪ˹ʱ򣬼ʹ򶨼ߺ첻֪򶨼ǷҵĳҿɲŮں֮Լ롣
ҿߵ˲أͰϽҷ䣬ŴҴһ򶨼
Ѿߺ찴ڵϡ
ߺһͷޣ໵ؽк֡
ذߺľŮ˰ƣͲϣһ޿ڵظ档
ŮˣԸԼ˥ϡ
۾

ľžţ15

һγԵߺĶ֮ĺܶһֱߺĳա
ĸļҳˣԶɽ亣ζóԡ仰̵ᵽϧѾûлᡣ
߶죬һߺſڣСӰվ˺ܾãѰҵӰӡҶڶ¥¥ݹսǣ͸ôʧʧ⣬ʹԸӡ
һμߺ죬ѾһصĻʧ˫ۣǰϡ֪ǵԵ֣ߵ˾ͷ
ߺ
ҽ޷Ĳ֪˵кЩ֣御
ߺ켣ȦʱѾ¡ߺʷȻȴǱĻ
״ԲǲѾ޹ؽҪ
վǹСķԡߺЬӣһϸ˰̣ʱ䶼û䡣
ߺмĲײ˫۱պϣͿ˺һۣڸıʡ
ߣǰңǺң
Ȼǰ
ΪʲôǴңЪ˹
ÿ˶ҪйҲҪ
Ů
ҲΨһߣԷйˡ
ߺĹǻҺУҿˣͻȻףԼǺǰ֮ôĮĸŮϵȴԾɴǸߣѪϲ˵ġ
žţҴûп޹ôǿ߰§
ԶԶؿźǺ档
ҲᣬͻȻת˵ȥ1779ɣҪƾԼ˫֣ߺ졣
û˵Ĭ³ţȥ
һ·Ŀġ
˵žţȥ1779裬Ұҷݼҽ̣ʺ㡣
Ȼҵĳɼôѧһƾʲôѧƾʲô˼ҵḷ́ˣ
ͣ³ӣ򿪴ȼһ̡֧
ְ߰ҵϡ
˵žţȥҽ̰ɣߺһȥ衣
ҳĬһֱһ⣬Щ벻סߣߣҵҽ̣𣿡
һġ˵ôᶨҵһμ
ûᡣ
һֻ޹ΣһҵĳһߺұߺĹǻҺУĿڣΨһİΨһůΨһġ
ѪԵ˴మѪԵֱ˴˺
ǰ򣬽
վǳˣ裬ʵĵ׽˺ܶˣߺ죬ҵ衣
裬𣿾žңŬа
ˣ꣬ڷૣ
Ҳ˼
һԻ
ҲԾܹ¶簮
Ҳһȴ
ҲԶ
Ҳǵлһֱ
ֱص

ľžţ16

Դߺ뿪ͻȻ󳹴
ұκʱ򶼹ԣκѧʺϴѧУ
ΪѧУסޣÿ͵У԰ҵһӢﵥʣźһ껯ѧӻؼңıΧ˴۾һֱɹΪʲôа
žţϾͱҵˡ޽ᵽУſڽң˷ܣҵҴȥ棬ﶼɡ
§޽ĬܾãͻȻðһ䣺޽ᣬǲǿõһŴר֤飿
޽ᡰšһ÷ɿ졣
磬ԵشϣҶ޽˵޽ᣬ㿼ưɡ
˵ʲô޽ûԾɰѳɷ硣
Ҵ򿪷ߣվ޽Ķ䣬һһ˵޽ᣬȥưɣר飬Ϳõѧʿѧλ
ˣһɲ̻ͣߣΪʲôңһˡ
޷شʵҲ֪ԼԴĸУ޽ר
޽ŭذҵͷҿ˵ľžţôߡ
ʲôеôߣ
Ҳеð𣬿ϧûüף޽ѾϳԺһ磬ųϵкӣһ̾Ͳˡ
ɳϣۡ
ʹģϣ޽ҷϢ˵׼ơ
޽Ȼ㹻Ŭһ֮Ҹ߿һ£˳ɳҺϢһܵ1779Ϊ޽ء
Ƶ޽ץסߵ֣˵ߣһǰ㡣
߽ҲϴЦ˵ϵܣͱˣ裬ôˡ˵˿ƿơƵݵ޽ٺһϵаҪȥˡ
޽ᶢߣһƿƹཹһȸɡ
ϵܣþϴȴֵݸ޽һƿơơ
޽ɨһۣˮתֽӹƿ
ϲЦ޽ϲĲңϲҲǵȴƾϵһ
ҧžѬѬ޽ᣬûֹ˼
һʱ֪ô죬ǰԼԹ۵İ·ˡ˺һ˺һˤɳϣ˫ֱΧȺˡ
ǲС͵һȴС̨¿Ϸˡ
һϷһΰĸ׺ֹ֪˺ûд
ҳĬһᣬȼһ֧520õζģ쾡ͷۺɫģԾģҪ
ҵĲˣҪ
520ʻڰǷֲĵҩ
ת1779Сľͷȥҹɫ䣬ڵ÷գûǣûƶ䶼ûС
С㣬ôˣϴЦشҴڨ
ҵ۾עգװû
С㣬ϴҴˣЩüĿϴûӦؿҡ
ǧˣϴ֪ʲôңĵĶ
Ұˣҵ𣿡
ûϴͷҡ˹ġ
Ҫ˵ʲôһй
Ҫ˵ǣȱ˰߶һ483ֻ98ǰʧȥģ98У46ϣЩ˵ϸûе
һţۿʼŹ⣬Чʣ˵ѾǺܿˣֻҪǧôʣµ46ˣҳϣ
ǣأ
ҰͷǽϣҼǵϴ˵ҲΪҵȭͷʼʥ֮⣬ܻһЩҽţҹ
ڣС㣬֪ҪҵǸˣ׻һЩʲôϸڣʲô飿ϴʡ
ҳһ£òøߵأ漰˽˵ңǧ˵ΪųĳԱ֮һϴɳȥ£ݾߣɾͲðˡ
ԥͻȻ1779ܳžţžšסҾͿޣơƣ֪ôϣҵ·ҲŪʪġ޵úıȴûа취ƽ
ϴѾܴ°ѳӿ
ϴĳӣ׼ıͿһīɫᣬ̵ù졣
ҵһμ⳵ʱͱɫŵҹνֵľͷʻϢĹȡ
ϴЦ˵ڲͬŪɫ
ȷڲͬ
˿ͣ1779ſڣҿžòģͳϴʹɫҪǼƳ̳ĳӡ
ҪȰͻؼңȻٻԼҡ
ϴڣϧûˣֻùԹԵؽ˹˳⳵ְ⳵Ѷˡ
Ұѿ޵ȫʧϳڳ⳵ϣŬñˮøɺԵ˫ۿң˵žţ޽档
Ȼȥġ
žţҪߡߺܼ֡
û취ϴ˰޽ϳʵ޽һںһڸʻ
Ҵӵ￴޽ߴϣ˯ݰ߸ôᣬôᣬǱҵĶʹˡ
ǰ˰ɣ
治Ӧѣ治öǽЩ˭ͬأ˭˭ʺһأ
ǸվԼͨһǣǶŬڵļޡ
ԨģȴּңԶ
ҲӦóΪǵԨӦΪԨϵĶľţǣɾǵİ顣
ͻȻϦҹϲȵҲ֪Ҹô

ľžţ17

ûаյǧ˵ϢߣϣȷĿʱһ˵Աϲ󱯣׼߿壬վڷﶼҪߣ浣ܲ˴
ңֻʣ°ʱ䣬ҪѧϰҪһѧУܸߺһ
ǸڷĹŮˣҪһ
ԣϴҪ46˵ϸϵʽһݵĵҵܵĵط
˺ܶ෽ܣıչԣļܣ֮ҸԼڸ߿֮ǰʯ󺣡
֮ȻǸ߿˵һʵǹʵĿ顣ڵصļ죬Դȫհסһʢļ䣬ԸԼ׸ΪԽΪγ֪ļƷ
˿Ѿҡ
ҪҪԱܣһǹ˸żҡ
Ҫ֪ҴԱܵģңӣ߸ǮʼɫľŰֹֽϵıҵǶ죬ǳҡ
ҵѧûꡣ
ô᣿ʱɰıܺӲˡ
ôȰ˯ˡʵ
ߵ۾ɵø󣺡߿㶼˯ţҲ̫ǿ˰ɣ
Ұ̯û취һ־˯ʵҲǼԾˣΪǰһҹʧߡ
ҳŽŴҵķܵķ䡣ڿӡڼ䣬ȸ׻ףҵʳ׼ԣԸ鷳ʱĳͲҵĸ߿ĸ߿ҳֵͬʱȰǰһȦ
ôѹ̫˯ţڴϣŪŵң٩ҡ
У䵽
𲻳ϣƿţ̡һֱţһţ˯ߣȴ֪ԽţԽ˯ţԽȿԽ
Ҫţ̡ҴɤﷺţζԽʼѾ˽ӽʮµţ̣ŵζ¡
˺˯ͷҲ̧
ҵӿʼΣԹطȥһ仰æˣھ˯˳ֹš
ҪúϢ컹Ҫԡš
ҡšһͷװ˯ڵЩ˿ϴͥһ裬֪ҪЦ˵ء
ҹ˵ƣֻԼȥӣҿ죬˯Ⱦ
ʵҲû˯ڴϣտյġһŬǳǰܾŨˡ
ͻȻ֪֮ҸȥЩʲôԭδ飬ʱʧȥȤԾҪ˯죬ǣ˯֮أ
벻⣬ʹ򿪵ԣĵǧ˵ܡ
ļڰǰҰ궼ûڿԼڻ̲ס򿪡
һexcelı46ַֻ֣ͥ绰QQE-mailӦоСϴȻǸʵµˣȻô̵ʱڵ483ˣɸѡҿҪһЩ
һֱЩŵ֣Ȼſ˯ˡ
Լ˯ڴϣұġ
Ҹ߻еǧԣһһĵأҡҡҲһġɼԵֻ᲻ߵͷ
ߣ쿪ʼ׼Щʲô
˯뷨һ
˯أ
Զ
Աأ
˯
˯أ
˯˰ԼĪȥһЩɣǰûʱ俴ģҿ顢С˵飬ҳ
㻹񵱳ô𣿡
Ҳ֪
ͻȻת仰⣬ߣߣã˯ȤȻ
ߵʧȥ˹
߿һݵӣɽɽΡ룬ܼʱϵɽճɽˣճˣҲˡ˫ֿˣҲˣûҲʧӵ˲֪롣
һָоҺ߶񱻵һ㣬֪롣
ȳɼǽŶģ־ԸǾȡģȴ¼ȡġһжüĿһϲҳ
ϣȫУһĳɼȥ˱ѧϵһ˱ѧƣִ˲ƣϲַﳩΣȤڣͲüѡ
ѧѧС㲣ǰ̫šҰٰߡ
ʵģΪҵ¼ȡ֪ͨ黹ûҲȷܲܿϣѧûʮ˷֣ҶֵĿܡҲʮ˷֣ҵϰ¡
Ųᡣ߹ЦԸѧУڿЦúܿģЦһ仨
ͣȥμӡûȥ
ľžңҲߵİǻ˽ӽʱһͣѧϰֱμӸ߿Һ߶Ŭ̶ܴΪ˸һߺһһҲҲҪóɼԼһ
ڳ״ԪʱҰԼһ1779᷿
½ӰרҵDJȺư֣ѾΪһ֡οҵĵһҲ䷿
ҪһڷһۿҾͺĺڷ
ҩһľƵʺҸʳָϵˮָ֪ȥδӡ
Ծڵҵ¼ȡ֪ͨ飬ܸУ¼ȡѾβ

ľžţ18

뿪֮ǰһȥߺ졣
ͨ޵ͨĹأһʯĹմɵʯ°ƴССôª
˻ϣ۶ô⣬Ҳռô
ôΪʲôôΪǮƴƴʹ
ߺҽ׬õġǰŮ˵ĹǻҺҷ˺ܾáÿûÿ챧뻳ҪǰǷһ塣
ϧְԶġ
ߺǸˣֱҶ¡ô꣬Ŀֻܷ࣬ͣйھƾҲף֪ϧ
Һ֮ǡңٹ̡
ֱһж֪ûаôеĺޣ
ҵָߺĹͬ壬˵裬Ҫˡ
ߺû˵Ѿٿ֪һЦġ࣬ڿ
Ҹߺ쿴ҵ¼ȡ֪ͨǺʦڳɳԶ
Ҳߵ̫ԶߺҡҪǣһһûȥҾͱнӵǼ飬ԲԲ
ΪҪѵͱߵһ㡣޽һߣԿȥ͡
ԭƻҪܶණ÷£һһȥȵʱֻһ䡣
߱Ұᶫһʧ
ôʲôüͷ
ôණʲôֲһӶҪ
Σһְųҡö졣
㻹ǵǵֻ𣿡ҡ
ȻǵáҰҵֻóߵĿһɫͬһҸһ͸
ã»ء߶ҵֻЦЦ֮óĬܶеͬѧѧͬİ·ˣžţǵõͺϵŶ
֪ģһӵѡҲѲϵĳҡö졣
ԭԵĳһôǷ׷ӵĸ
ѳ޽ѾڳϡҺ߶ϳм䣬޽߷ֱ𿿴׼˳·ͻؼңȻߡ
˴ڳﶼ˵
޽۾һֱ͸ңߡߵ۾ܿ޽ᣬϡҾȫëҪôôñŤҺ޽߸ϵİʯ
˵߿ɼ룬Ѿûɿ̸ֹȴ˭Ըҡ
ھܾĽ׷֮1779һξܾ˺Ƶ޽ᡣ
Ѿǵһξܾ
1779ʼĹ£ؽ1779˵ᱣֿĸ飬ѧȥѡʵˡ
ֵط˧һܶ࣬û׼ҿԵУݡ߸Ұ뿪Ц뵱档
㣿ҳЦһѧϵĴУݶҪͷܡ
˵Уݾѧϵأ߶ҵĻмһˡ
ȷǸƯŮӣڣ̳ˣ˺ܶࡣãɫҲһʷƣٲҳʱôŮûѣ۽ߣ߸̸ʵҲɡ
Ϊ޽ᣬ߷Լİ顣һʱܻ᲻Լͬرܿˣĳ֣ǵΡ
³ˡҿɿɨ޽ᣬ۾Щӵı飬˿
˵žţҪչ˺ԼǵõѧУֻžϵҡ
áͷ
룬ֶ޽˵޽ᣬҪúչ˾žţ˸ëҾͰǵһƤ⻰˵öݺݵģһҲŮ
߿ɲô࣬ſ¥ȥˡߵô죬һת۾ʧ¥ᶼûҿ
һǿˣʱᣬҶˡ
ӷ޽һֱڲϣŴķ羰һ
ѾˣҪҪ³ȥ׷޽ᡣ
޽ῴһۣĬû˵ģ߼ҵĴͨҵ··ôϤôΣɫһ硣
Ħг޽ııһ硣
һ磬һ¾͹ȥˣǵഺһ£ͱʱ䴵Զ
һͱḶ́߶ûᵽǧˣ·ˡ֪ĺޣһûҵ׶Ĵ̹ǣһֱǣҵ顣
һСʱĳ̣úһ͡
ɫܳУǵĻҲǨڲűֽ·ͻȻ֮䣬Һ޽ᣬʧˡ
ľžͬѧĻ䣬ĳںʦѧŮ
ԴӵóƵĳ˽סһȰ˵ְҽư࣬߿ʱһٳΪ֮󣬺Ҳ˳£˻ѧϵһȺƿƿ޹ôȥѧ
ʵľžŲˣҷ·̳ߺĹ¶УѸʱ;Լңɼ
žţbloodyȥȥҡеŮڻױ·Ҫȥμһʢ䡣
ֻ֪һУΪĮͬۡ
ҵľϣҰѵԴŵϣ̧ͷؿھǰߣ˵ðɣ¥µǡֳ˼·ͷһȳš
Bloody1779һҲһҾưɣɳѧĳ
ȻҴûȥѾŴΪӽѧʼҾһֱ֡
ЩסɳصŮǣʱ޿̲˵bloodyפ壬˳ó˧ŮһΪķ˿
Ŀе˿ɱȡ

ľžţ19

ʢbloodyȻͬ죬ҪȥһҪԤλȷ֮󣬻㵱롣
bloodyŶһķĹصϾŸԲ¡˵Ķףֻϵּȴû֣ҲûκǺš
bloody˾Ĺؼһ˵ֵطҿ϶ûȤ˷ʱ䡣
ŮǶ룬ſѽѽش򿪣й
ҿ̨վŵĸ֣Ӱ˧磬һֹŴʿķ緶Ȼ˧ûп棬ѾԸ½ۡķȫͬǳ˧
ɣһŮײײң޵⡣
žţҪʲôϣһŮҡ
ɫҲͻش
Ⱦƣһ˵򶼾۽ϣһ
ǵưֻȳ֭һʱơƣû˵ľˮϣһ˹
ưȾʲôҷʡ
һû˵
ǣô֪ҵĹȥ1779Щ谵ɥӣȫڸǵʳָϵˮָҲװ֮˭֪ǴһưɵӵȨһ˶ҵĳ谮
ҵֻѾˣûߡҲҼһݣڸǣھ򣬲ʵ
ʱֻǸ»͵СǷһһ飬ͨκʹõķҡ
ңշת֪ںܺãУݵѶٰ㰮ǰʲôҾذԼ˸ΪѶ
ƺǧ˳Ϊһ˵顣
ҺԸһ˵顣
ɾ࣬ӦǣӦҸԼδ
BloodyٶȺܿ죬ʦѲŵļƿŮɢ
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ɫ㲻ĵˮɢȻϢһ£ڸû1779ãɬԿࡣ
ԺֵطҪRIOơһװԤƣĥɰƿζײࡣ
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Ҫ˷ݺ⣬һλƷਡ
ѵãԾ˧糪衣DJĸǡûҸ
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ЩõĻ
 ֹסѹ
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ˣ֪ôȺhigh㡣ԣھưеķʽҲΪbloodyÿҹر㡣
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Ҫֵ͵ȻҺﶼᱻǵĿ⾾
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ڷңҲеᣬŻû˾ܾľͷ֪䡣ץסҲɡ
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ãȻǺãbloodyĸϲ壬һĿеżʻ

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ұͬѧϢ˵ҲȻȥˣһֻһ˵ĺ붼û棬ա
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ʣ7ˣûǧˣҸô죿

ľžţ20

40ˣϣǰǨɳѾӣһó˾Сϰ壬һЩӡ
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ƺӽңһ˫ɫԵ۾Ҵͷţٴӽſͷÿζ𿧷ȱҿһ㡣ȵһȺ꣬ѾԣҼԺĿ
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ľžţ21

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ľžţ22

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ľžţ23

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ľžţ24

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ľžţ25

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߳bloody
һ⣬Ȼͬ硣
ֽȥˣһнֲͬĸд
ϧʲô֪һԸȥ
ȥҶȥ

ľžţ26

žţ˼ղֻڳ磬ػˡ޽˵ʲô𣿡
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ץס֡
ôˣžţҡ
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ͺðˣѾôˣ֪ķʽͰ࣬һһȥܻһˮʯĽ

ľžţ27

ʦѧЧʻ㲻ڶϣʹϢ˵ѧУˡľžͬѧĴͷļѧع¡˵ҪҰѧУΪ߶
⴦湻صġ
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Ψһģֻߡ
Ϊʲôң
Ұֻˤڵϣ³ˤ
Һˣ߸Ҳҡ
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ȷؿҡ
ͷ
ҴȥԡҾߡ
!Ĵ˭ҪȥˣҪҳԣ
Ǹôס
㲻֪˹ûбܻҷǳؿ
Ҳ̫ȥԵġЦôԣ
ֱܻﻹеܽɿһӵˮɿ࣬Ұҵ뷨˵һ顣
û˵ͳš
û뵽һẦô뵽һẦ
ԴӶ϶˽ҾףΪʲôʶ֮Ҳȥϴҵʣµˡ
ڤڤ֮У⡣
һֱŬѰҵˣԭһֱߡ
ϲ
װɵô죬ΪֻһĿģΪֻһıܻ

ľžţ28

ܿͻ
˹´ʩñ覡
ҵɿҲˣһЩСԲڵģˮ顣
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Եúܱ۹ȵǺ̰˯
һ
嵱Ȼˣǹɿ࣬ÿһСԲҶ˰ҩССģɫİҩôġ
Ϊʲô˯ž
Ϊÿ춼ȴţ̡Һȿûãţȴ
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͸ҵĳҡ
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ˮݲסҵȡҵ֡ҵ塢ҵͷңҵƤҷ·Ƕ˵žţˣصƬ
ŶһССףޱ޼ʵĴ󺣣
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ҵļįֻ֪
ҵˣֻ㶮
ǵ壬һ
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װģұһβ
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