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[һ]η-() 
֮ǰ¼֮¶Ѿǰôηˣż˻һȸ裬ǰ붼ģ֪ʵֻǱȽϲڱԼС˼ʹҲôˡ 

Ϊ֮ǰǸĻӦⱲȵĻˣû뵽ȴ˵ȵĻ 
 
¶ǩһڲǰһ 
ǣ硣ʹϵı䵫õϰ˻شš 
пյĻһɣ 
˻һ¶¶Ϊȵɫ 
硭Ҫһ𣿡ӴϿʲôӦòɣ 
ǲӦòְɣ 
Լ˵ô˵Ļİ˵š 
ǰֻǡΪ硭ϲһġ 
ô˵𣿡ղǵԼ¶˵ 
ûС 
Ǿɰɡ 
ûԼпաԶʡ˵İվվ׼뿪ҡ 
ã֪ˣ֮һġ 
仰İշԵͣ˽Ų 
ˣ 
ôǿҲαҰĻҰݰɡ 
˿ʲô 
ֻͨĸðѣӦþͻȬİɣ 
¶ûеĲͬԼ˵ԼĻ 
 
áһһˣ 
˭ 
񡭡ัӳ˵仰¶Ǳϵİ 
 
ԴԼ־ȥǸ֮󣬺Ѿĵ׵ӰһЩЩû䡣 
ǰȻǺ˽¶ǣľҲ˵ˣ񻹸ʵ¶Ժ㽣ʱԼûж룬Ȼ֪¶ǺѹҲûаοֻĬĬϣʱԳ嵭еıˣΪľҵŮ߱ģѾ֮ǰ뷨ˡ 
Ϊһ 
ȻҲ¶ʱԼǷа취һĴһο֪ԼҪúñ¶ǣΪԸ 
.һ嶯²Ǻƹء񡣡 
ʵҲݷǡڷһ 
¶˺һЦ֪ıˣǰĴǲ˵ű˵ȱģĴһˣ 

ǵģôôأһǸûúŵĹϵ 
ޱ¸ǺõӲ߶˼䡣 
ӡ㡭һֱᱻҡȾġȩȩ 
һеѹ˵ţԼҲ벻͸ƽȻһͲôأһֻǸðѣѾǵˡ 
֮ǰ̫ǿˣʬʱžѾΪ֪岻ʣʱֻ뵽ҪӽϽȳ¶ǡ 
ǳӦˣۻƣһα 
 
˵ʲôҵȻҪúչ˸簡ӲһĿ 
ߵߵ 
˵ĶԻ 
˵㲡ˣϡ氡û뵽Ҳð 
ã 
߽ͬľϺˡ 
ǡһ˵š 
ͦصģҪɣЩĵ˵߽Щ 
ȡȡ̫ᴫȾȩȩ 
Щʧֹ˲ 
ֻҪе񾭵ˣŶĳ϶һĸоҲֻһû񾭵ÿζ˵Щx羰Ļ 
ȳȥඣ̫รһ߷Ըһߴ׼߳ȥ 
ˣ 
һϢ𣿡 
ˣ 
ɾʯҲϿŷſڵˡ 
һӷ˲ˣоǱͬѧƵġ 
һ 

һᣬһеЩ֧Ѿǲ̫ôʲôʱ뿪ģ֮ˮɫҲ½½Щ˭Ѿ޷ֱˡ 
ŵǲɣΪһֱֵĺܡҲ;ûıҪˣ˴ҲϾԼҪæҪ¡Ȼϣѱ̫ãûҪǲ̫ãذҲܱ 
ֻʣ˵ʱһѾ˯ȥˣżЩϸ΢˵⣬ûκεɲûоκβʡ 
мͷ¶ȣ³ա 
зּεʱԼѾͣڰС 
ֻ¶𣿻봥 
ѡḧɫķ 
࡭ 
һֱ˰¶ˣȥһʱɲŷԼѾôõʱ䡭˵ˡȥû¡ 

[һ]η-() 
ʱ 
ҲԶиӰѾ˷ڵ˺ܾá 
ŷзÿȥȥ 
޷ȬɣûʱúϢ 
ҹɫ谵̽Ҳ뿪ˣһӾ 
 
֪˶ãһĴ߳һڷĳӣӵڴЩʹһ 
ͨĸð¶˵Щࡣ 
ЩγһӣӲԾĿˣҲԾָ΢ٵüͷ 
աϵͻȻںԼӣðһ£ 
˵λԼѾѹѹѹȸУио 
ղԾĸһ˵Ļ 
֮ǰмνĽӴôƽǵһΰ 
Щ亹ӣպȻ佫ȥ 
Լʱôչ˹һˣֻɣ 
 
һѾ˵ë˽һǰӶˮСķһϡ 
ָʱ֪Լ̫ͻ̫ȣһƺɪһ¡ 
Ƿˡ 
ȻһԭǺܽģһʱǺܴģãпܻ 
Ǻãȥļ 
 
ԽԽʹһ˸ 

Լ²ն굶һԣڴͷһ΢ŵĴԵȴʧĵһɬС죬ſӭţȻӦԼĵز˳ðʮ⡣ 

š˭ 
˳ӵģֱˡ 
һֱӸ΢ȵ·¶˴ļ 
ǸоЩ⣬ڴϵһ˸ʾ 
ȻͲˡ˵ţҲһǷ 
̫һϴ·Ҳȥˣֻǽ߲°ϥǣ⵹˿ˡ 
һ΢΢ſ۾뿴ǰԼֶŵˡ 
ա 
һҲһ˿Լľٶʲôԡ 
ǡ𣿡 
ΣվúЦĹһĻߡ 
㡭ЦҮԡһΡһЩɻı˵ţ˵ֱۡ 
仰ðյЦ 
ЦΣǲ֪ǺλǶΡ 
Ե͵ָǰеĲλʱʱ³һ塣 
šʶ¶˵ 
ҪǲһºۼȻǱ 
ֲһȵΪջԼİֻ֪ԼҲͬȶȡ 
Ѿ׼Ĳˣյƺķһ뿿Լϣһסϸһ´ȫеĲλ 
ܵ˴̼һ΢һ¡ 
ɵ㣬һýŵġԼҲûǰοһ 
Ҫ 
ȫ񾭱ܹĿţһ޷ԼķᴭȻϸ΢ڰյĶȴˡ 
˳Լĸоˣһһ߰һһ߸Ū 
һ϶ķ֪ 
ڰ귢й֮󣬰շԼȥˣΨֻƲס 
 
ȵһ΢ָƽ֮󣬰ոоеƺҲָˣҲ˲پһֳ˯ȥˣѾǰʹˡ 
Ӧ˰ɡһ岢·ٶȴúֱٲ˲ͷ¶ȡ 
Ŀ갲˯񣬰޷Լʲôʲôһ 
ȫûע⵽ʱţֱ߷һ׹ղԼݴá 

һƵתѺ󣬸оѾǰöˣӴȫˬģֻǺֵֹģһ˵ĸо 
һԵһЩǰЩİɡ 
ī绤ɵİɣ 
һװɫзϸ··ȴʦı־ʯ㡭 
šⲻʳʳǾԼİɡ 
һЩֵֹĶѾ׷ˡ 
 
ꣿﰡ⼸춼û֪ˡ 
˼ȴûӦ򿪱ڳȻֻƺЩ̫һڡ 
ôˣһЩֵţòȥʱ۸˰ɡ 
꿴һֱ񿴵һ 
һҸ˵ϰ˵һͻȻֶסˡ 
ôˣͻȻĬĻее֡СƽǺô˵СϱƵģҪġ 
 
ҪǸҽϵ¸κ˵ĻҾɱ㩤 
ͻȻǸڷŵĲҶ˵ʲô 
û...ûյĺе㵣ġ˵س 
ţ 
 
ûжһϽƷ˵һҪϽΣ׼ҪǽϹŵƷʱ۾һĶ 
 
簡ӣ衣һΥĲ 
Ѿ𣿱׼ͺȥġӿһֺе㵣ĵš 
氮ҮԶѾõĲһԵ˵š 
û£驤û˵ꡣ 
һְΥѾõӵ 
һͷҲصˣ 
 
һԵ֪µĿִˣΪ޸Ĺӡ輸ϴȵȣʱ򲻽룬ЩʡӦʵǺǮɡ 
 
ˣ֪ҷһɫĻ˭͵𣿡 
̫ʲôĻƺп 
߳͵һųӡ 
šûӳҮһ˺öѣҲûע⣬Ҽǵûû 
ûϵǵþˣҲǺҪ 
εǸˡ 
Ϊʲôأ 
εǲ̫ˣʺܹĸо 
ֻҪһ;ڷȡ 
ĺء 
òεҪɱԼɣֲ񡭡 
һҮַ˰ɣŷһ 
ûûʲôҲóˣټ 
˵첽߳ 
 
һһŴӵĿǻĻǡ۹ҸƿcоԼķЩء 
Ӹɴڵ 
ȴ˵Ȼ͸ԼҪԼ䰡 
 
Ժϡǵúϲ۹˭ 
ˣƺǺҪ 

[ڶ]΢ʱ-() 
ʱһϲҵĶ¥ȥżȽʶһò͡ 
һԵľϸű㵱ĲɫСһֱŰĸŮʯ䲻̫˵ҲһʼòˣǾԼԱò͡ 
ȫо֮ǰʬŵգһоûзһȻҶ¶Ҳûӡˣ֮ǰʲôֵɣû뵽ԼҲϾңôĵطϰԼָʹԼ˵̣û˷ùֵֹġ 
 
һ 
ͻȻһһŴԭص˫ۣ 
ţ˭ͳָЩԣĳǳ˵ɤ 
˭أһ˺񡭡ǸôԼ 
 
 
һԵĲͻȻڡ 
һһ˼ 
ﲻ𣿡һΡ 
һЩ΢ΣòǡԼֻܹûҲʲôҪòŻȬ 
 
ţûˣҲϿ𣿡һϽ 
ǸˣæЩʲô𣿡Ϊ˽ֵ˼ϳԺһת˸⡣ 
ֻбĸǿ׷ҲܳΪĺܽ㡣 
ûнĵ׵Ļ˵ 
ĬĬػĬĬϲһ˵ķΪеΨһֻܳΪı 
ҵȭΪػڵģ޷Ļûдڵ塣 
ԱŲͬ뷨һƽݡ 

ؼҵ·ϩ 
٩٩٩٩ 
ιã 
һóһֻĶʼԻһֻ죬ʵ¶Ǹרʬĸһ̽⵽ĶһֿԵ绰ãտʼŻЩϰߣʱΡ 
ͦõģΨһȱ޷ʾ˭ʱλһҲһ£ԼǷ񻹻ţɹ˺͸пջȥôǡ 
 
һĸðû 
¶ǰѾõĲˣֻרɣɲǵ¶ô 
??𣿡 
ûûĳԷԼأһɲ 
˵ĻԻҪҪһˣ 
ʲô𣿡ͻȻҪȥ 
ûʲô˵п 
 
˵˭ 
Ҵ簡ľմˡ˭𣿡 
ˡһء 
𣿰ҴûˡΪʲôһ춼ԽҪԽ 
 
ҸûôɡҲûкø𣿡Ī 
Ҵ統ôСˣŲǺޣǹ˽أȻ綼𽵹ˣһ??Ҫ???ǡ???Ůˡ 

һͷϿʼð亹Ĵмһʻعȥأ֪ĴˣĹյǧӣҲ㲻¶ǵɱ 
ʻȵȣ 
 
ˣ¶ǣ 
ţ 
ǲǡ˵ϲ۹ 
԰ϲ۹ˣɫĽ۹ôˣ 
ɫİɫӦò͵İɣ 
ûʲô 
รݷԻżټǵùรûжɡ 
ҶûдӦء 
ûҮ~~?˵?һ??𣿡Է 
 
¶ԴϴǼ֮԰ռֱǴǰηһ·ݣ˭˵Ļֱڡÿδ䣬Ӧòֻɣ´Ҫһ¡ 

û˵֪ˡҹȥҪסɣҸ˯ĵط 
˵ʲôȻסҼǼҵĿҮĻ˼һ˵ľҲԴ˵ģɱҴ𰡣 
Ǿصɡ 
Ҳ̫Щ˰ɣ˵סռҵģӦúܷɣӵĶסһҲԡ 
  
ݲݽ̸һ߻ؼҺͻȻ뵽ȥ˼סĻǲҪ㶫к 
һصͿ۵Ľ۹ǰɫĽ۹˭͵ģˣ 
 
꣬Ǽ㶼ڼҰɣſڵϿ־Ļš 
ţ԰㷿һֱ˽ģҸܳȥ 
֪֪˭ģ߻ƷָһԵĽ۹ 
˵һӦ֪ 
û뵽 
ҡҡʲô֪รңңŵ亹ֱ 
һɹϵԭûܱס 
ǸɽҲáҲáϲһҮ֡ 
ϸһСӣоеˡ˵ 
 
֪Ͳ֪ô£ 
ǲ̫ûȥ͸ģԻҪȥʬһˣȥȥɣ 
ȥʬ磿Ҫ梻𣿡۾ 
ȻǣֻҪȥͶѣ˵¥ 

¥Ѿ׼ĲˣԼҲߵǰ¡ 
ˣûзأӱ߰һ 
ʲô⡣ 
緿۹ɫร 
ɫʲôɫôû֣ 
ɨʱһСʱɵɫˡ 
รʲôʱ鰡ɫ 
粻õʱɣ֪ǲĹϵͷš 
Ǹʱ򡭺ڽҶ¥ϳ͡պ뵽Ǹ˵ʱ 
۹ԽԽˣˡֻҪʲôĶͺá 
 
ʱҲˣóˣҪ˰ɣ 
һ׼һºҿ˿Ѱһټ 
ι𣿻ꣿ 
֣Ǹ˵Ҫȥʬ磡뽻 
ˣķԭ̵ˡ 

ϡͰǰ˵š 
Ȼô˵ȴ֪һһֵֹܾġ 
û£ô֪أʲôأ 
ԭһǷ˵š 
㿴ܺõӣȻЦоȴвͬ 
Ϊǰһλ͵Ĺϵ 
ͣˡ޹أұҵȻҿȥʬţ鷳ˣ 
㱣ܵȻû⣬ʬҲû⣬ֻôͻȻҪȥأ 
ԭš 
ûʲô¶ǽȥġ鷳 
 
˼̵ĶԻԭիһѵͨʬţ˽ȥ 
Ѿ뿪һԭ۽ǵЦ⣬ʹҲ޷֪ԭǳԼϡ 
 
λ͸кܴĹϵร 
իһԵ˲ʵߺʵԼʬ𣿡 
ѽҿǺ۾أ 
Ц˵ţһ˵ûа 

[ڶ]΢ʱ-() 
֮ǰֺ׵ȥ 
ⲻһϡͰǰ˵ţоǳȤС 
þòҪ鷳ҿˣһЦ˵š 
Ȼûʲô⡣㲻ѾʽĴôҪͨأһʹһ˵š 
лˣп۾ۡʵ̫ˣһû˵Ļ 
۩ 
ΪͷĹϵûעǰˣӭײˣ 
ΪԷȽϸߴĹϵɣԼȥ 
СİʱסҪµһ 
ʲôôѷһЦƵ˵š 
Σ㡭ôⰡе㲻ԡ 
ⲻǷϻ𣿵ȻΪ㰡һǱӡ 
ңΪʲôô֪һǲ⡣ 
ƺֻǣһ 
 
ⲻǺ𣿺þòأɢӳأ 
˵ 
˵ 
һ˦Լֱ۵Σ 
ԡԲ𣡡̫ɱ˵ŵ㶵Ĳ֪˵Щʲô 
 
˵Ļ¶ҪԹˡһ±˦֣֪ΪξЩգ漴ת˵š 
ô𣿡ΪͻȻߵô죬ֻüӽŲϡ 

ʮʱڸ¶ǣ˵ʲôѾ֮ĻͰԼˡ 
 
þòϴߵĴҴٶûܺúд㣬Ҿ֮ɣЦſǰꡣ 
 
ô鷳ֻǡϰ߱Щϰߡ 
һȴɣҸպҪ죬°ȥҪԹӳĻม¶Ǳ˵߽Ŵϡ 
ʲôԹֲСӡЩյ˵š 
Ǻǩϲʳ𣿡 
Ĳ鷳ӳ 
Ҫ׼һϽ˵ 
ȻһھεģҪĿأϲ̵ĵ࣬˰׼СӲÿģǺòĺӰ 
ССӡ 
 
ͻȻ 
ӳˣȻ飬̫֪ôඩ 
ͻȻðһһŮͬ˵ţһһʱûӦ 
̫ɣʧˡĵĲеû 
ףǾͲˣľͿˡôұɻ 
 
֪ǲĵʱţо¶ҲûԼȺܾã˻صʱòʱ䡣 

¶ǣǶôնһЩ֡ 
ǣǶӳҽߵ뿪ġ 
ţΪҰɣ᲻᲻̫˼ӦúæɣԼҲ֪֮ǰ¼֮ӦûɲɧоҪʰɡ 
šҵǻͱĺæµˣ̫ܻš¶Щʧ˵š 
գΪʲôأ̫ףͬǶӳԵжˡ 
һǶӳҪźܶ飬һΪǼĴ֮ףܶĲöҪôһۣæĲɿأ 
Щ˰æ̯𣿡ɣ 
Ҳ֪ԴĸԸ֣Ҫ˵û˸ҵκˣ籾ѡҲǺ޵ġĻû뵽 
廹ء԰еĹˡ 
 
ò֮ǰȥϴɣ¶ǷеĲ豭˵š 
šûлϴ·ءͻȻ뵽 
Ѿ׼ˣѾ˽ǰ·óˣֱȥԡҾˡ˵һڡ 
 
ն·ŵͷ˵Ĵߵԡҡ 
ǹ尡ÿ˶Լô¶Ǽһ￴ʱҲͬأԼҪЩ۶Լ˵һǿҲҰɣ 
 
ԡһǡе㾪˰̫˵ɡ 
ҿһ£װεûǸŰΧʯڻһЩԼûͼ֪ǲǹı־ 
ţʲôԡ𣿡ƺиָġ 
̫ʲôģѡһˡ 
һƿ򿪸׼ͷʱ 
ۣ㡭⡭ֻһ¾Ȼƿ˽ȥ 
ӦáûйϵɡΧЩǿҵ㶵˵š 
ģӦòôСȥϵϴԡС 
ġء 
̤žЩŵһ֪ΪԡĹϵΪûпյĹϵֻΪΧĹϵ 
 
ġġое㡭 

һûкֲŮˣôϴôð¶Щֵ˵š 
һѾˣ 
󡭴磡ͻȻһ¶һ 
ǰ塭δ˵꣬ͻȻ˴е 
ѽһү 
ͬʱһ¡ 
¶ǻûӦʱ˳ȥ 
ʲôˣ߽˾ۼĵط 
մˣһү赹ˡ˹˵š 
ԡҺһŨҵĽ۹ζ˱ǶŨնЩѣ 
 
СӸòᡭ 
ǰȥˮеһ۽ǲȵһѾ˵ƿӡ 
 
ȥɣͿˣ 
׵ıһһԵԻסһ² 
ɻȴҲұֳ˳ȥ 
СЩЩգ 
¶ǣá 
ǣȹȵ¶ǻع 
ԸȥŰɣõˡ˵˳ȥһȻ¶ǡ 
 
ոûɣϳֵı顭ǵǰɣ֪ûзԼʲôءҿ԰һʱʧ 
ˣһʲôʱôã 

һԼҺĽʶڱϣƵġ 
΢һ󣬰˸ó· 
ƺЩء 
ߴϸĿǰкôϸôصĽôı۰Լ縺ô𣿻СȻԼ 
ܻĿǰꡣ 
 
ڲ֪ʱŽ۹Ļζտһ£ŷǴһϴġԡҵġ 
սڵ¹ǡ⻬毺ϡˡˡ 
һΪÿζҪңһһΣΪҵʱҽӱֻ 
 
šΡ̧֣ȴЩѡ 
ˣ 
ڡС 
ǿ˫ȴ˵Ļ棡 
ססգԾһ¡ȴ֡ 
ҶЩΰɣ˵š 
ǡʲô 
ԡ赹ˡ˵ţһ· 
š𡭡ЩΡ 
һ˼ĵͷȴⷢԼʲô 
 
ԼȻڰջѾĸˣ 
⡭ҡ㡭ôҪʱͷȻˡ 
ԡϴϴһ赹ҽ㱧ѣڰ㴩¡׵ƴճһ֧֧˰˵ȫĻ 
һƽóƽõ΢΢ɿ 
⡭ǡ˼ϺȰ 
ȻչҡҵĻǲأһš 
 
㽫ƿ˽ȥΪҪֲСӡ 
ǸСĴ򷭵˼˷ˡЦһ¡ 
㾫дл񾭵ĳɷ֣΢ʹģĻǻʹѣԵģĿ˵š 
ҡֲǡġЩҲڷ 
һðվɷǿɰһȫˡ 
´ٴ򷭵Ļһ²ˮϴ 
ףǡ˷ѰôԡףӦԡذɣ 
??һ?СһﶮðϧԼ 
֪֪ĺӰԹϴ 
úӡջĵһЦ 
ֵ֡ǺӡҲŲȵȡЦˣ 
㡭ЦҮΰɡЩס 
 
ӱʵվеЦϴԼķҲô˵ 
ΪΣĵδһ 
Ϊʶġľաǡɽ˵ 
ʲôе档 
ǡǲЦġǱ˵ɣն¿ûأ 
˽𣿡Ҳ֪һû˵ʵ 
šҲûСҲԣһ㶼˽հ 
 
˵Ĺϵɫĵĸıˡ 
΢紵ˮķޡ 

[]ҵԧ-() 
УݵĽɫʲô˵߻Ǳƭˣֻ֪鲻Թߣ˭˵ѣ˭˵滰˭Ǹ֪ľˣ˭޹ܺأ˭û˵滰ǹṹ 
ĻԼǷ׳氮أ 

ȻҪ˯һ£һ˸硣 
ԭΪסڱ˼òؿɲС 
һ¶ǺͰһù֮󣬰Ѿ뿪ˣʣԼ¶ˡ 
 
һܿɶษ¶ȷѡ 
ȷԼҴ뿪˺¶ǲŴ󵨵˵š 
ңôˣ˵ס˻Ҫ 
Ů˻ϷءոǴ˼Сģȫûˡ 
ʵʲôʱҸôáԷ޷޲ƽ 
𣿡ԵգգۣͣڰС 
˵ûУεʱ翴ܽţһչһҹأ 
һһҹĻû 
šЩһ顣 
ĵȷȷ̫Ӧ˵һҲ˽ľˡ 

 
лˣѾöˡе㲻ϰչˡ 
𡭡׼һ˵š 
Ļȥţö˰ɡ 
มһ𰤶̫˼ץžɫķ 
ûϵ׼˾͹òͰɡ˵˳ȥ 
 
ʱȻֻԼգѾ˵λõˡ 
 
ҿ˩ǰԸռҳԹͬʳ￪ʼ 
һܾµʱŽʱ 
ϓԼ²Сİ³̫ʧˡ 
ôˣղԵš 
һϾ˼յʻҵұڵĲˮ 
һԼĲͺȥ 
ȵȣ衭̵ġ˵һѾˡ 
ֻһһһɷǲ 
һԼƽ³Ĳ֪ʳȥ 
ȡȿȡȡ̡Ѿ֪Լ˵ʲôˡ 
ߵıͼǿҿԴһĲʸ 
һĶȥԺʳ͸¶ǵһٵˮ 
һ߷Ըˡ 
ǣմˡ߽Ȼ˵ľٶ˿һӰȴҲҶ˵ʲô 
 
ȿȡƽ⡭е˳ 
˵ߺŸնˮ 
 
šո㲻Ӧȥġһľٶ 
һΪǺʪӲԾֿͣ 
šû 
³̫ѿˣڰǰٴγܣû뵽ȴŪɳ׾ 
 
Ҳˡ;ҲŪ߰㡭ʵǺܡ 

һһ¶ǽı 
ʲô 
ڴʲôûشҵأУǲзʲô飿 
ǰ󵨡 
һ̤Ϳֻĸݰɣ벻Ĵʡ 
¶Ȼ޷һԾʽ˵ 
ˡҸһȥ֮ûм 
˵һԵ²һڡ 
Ĳ֮ҪµĶȵҲǰսȥġ 
òҸ͵͵ɣ 
ɵĿһ˵˵Ļ 
۩ڵĲȫ˳ 
ʲôҮ˲ֱ· 
 
ǲôӦǡǡǡɣҸеҮŮв 
ʬֲʲô˵飬ѵ֮ͬĽĻͬҲԽΪءΪδС֡ 
ûЩûЩûЩķϡ 
ͬԵҲԽ飿ǶСˣ 
˵ʲôû˵ȫˣʬСĳǼ͵ģܲһһŮķҲһС˿ɴ󲿷ֶǴĻǣͥҲһ 

šมû 
ˣȥϱˣҲҪҵ𣿡 
ִŸӳǲðɣúϢ뵽䣡 
Ǻðɣżǵû԰ٰ֮㿪š˵˳ȥ 

ľңһĿڽţƵġ 
 
ǾùֱȽȤϾͤȽûʲôֵĸо 
СͦȤģЩƺеԼӣǵͿԿ 
ѵôһ˻ϡٰ 
 
֪Ѿ䵽Ϧµʱ˩ 
ôţټҮ 
ƹϵĵţû˵ĵطԴܵĹ⾰ 
һ˺񲻶࣬ҿƺرġ˵ƶ¶˵ֳַɶΰĺûٶȷֳ80 
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ͻȻһ 
סաôôֵطأﲻǹĵطɣûдŶӳͷҲûֵķأ 
ȵȡ˵ǡϤӡǡĵط 
Ӧİɣ°ͻȻǰĵطȴһӰ 
 
ˡԴ֮ûطΪˣٻǶ湲ɹӣǻ¶һ棬롣 
첻֪ʲôԭȴͻȻ 
桱ɣٴҵҸлл㣡 
 
ֻǡѣأôˡ֪˵ʲô 
ֻѰЩˡĵȴû뿪һ 
ѾûʲôǲѰ֮Ļ䡣 
ǲҪ˵ˡԼʲôʸ飬Ǳ˷޵Ү 
ȥɣൽŵʱˡֹһ˵š 
Ҷ𣿡ǲձԼƻ 
šѾˡǾ㰡һ 
 
˸ԴŲͬ˼صľš 
 
¶ǿһûж˵ʲôиˡ۲һòʱ˸һ̬ȡһжˡ 
һ¡Ǿǩ 

һʵ̫ٶˣ 
һʱ¶Сһ˵ţһֻǺɵĿһۡ 
 
һͻص鷿ȥˡ 
¶˼뻹ǾҪ 
 
磬ңԽ𣿡ű߹š 
ʲôҪ𣿡ƽΡ 
¶֪һϲ˽鷿ڰ칫ʱ˴š 
⡭ҡ˵Ҫ𣿿ԼҲֻǲ²⡣ 
ʲô£¶ƺеԿڡ 
йһ顣ǹһ˵ˡ 
һڵЩɻ 
ǵġ˵Ӧ֪ɣ 
ȥҰɡֱ߼ҵĹĻ˵š 
 
߽ҿ¶һл˵ֲ֪ò˵ӡ 
л˵ɣҲġֻҪǹһ顣 
šҾ˵ˡðʴһ飬Ҳ´ˣǸ 
΢΢˸ͷʾͬ⣬¶ַŵȥ˵ 
ʴ硭Ƿϲһأˮ۾ϣõ϶Ĵ𰸡 
ʲôûзҲûгϡ 
ǵĻϣ԰磬ϾĿǰ˵ҶһȽ˽⡣ 
㲻¡ 
梡һҲϣҵԼҸġ 
û˵ 
 
ǰûп梵Ƭ֮һδͻȻȥһӣͷ梽գ˵Ȩ棬˵뿪ˣļǵƬЦķǳᣬݷ԰΢Ц˰ġ 

ҵĶϣԻرҰɣҲôġ 
˿¶ֳŮӱľĹ壬棬¶ĴмԼĴ磬ֻҪлԻرĶһ 

֮ûʲôĶԻҲֻҪһΪѡ 
¶ǷеĴʯͷ󣬿ʼֵı졣 
ƸһԼһԷֵĹ񣬶ദĻᣬȻһֻʱ䣬ܱûкáյʱȻһ£Ҳûоֻܾ˵˾䡱һԸĻ 
һҼɶʰ㵱ľҵķʱҪúûرҰ 

һ𴲻Ʒʱһ۾ǰ۹ 
šҵĴ𣿻Եɫ̫һ 
Եƺֵ㵭ɫΪĹϵ 
 
穤СǳҰѾඩ¥´ӵĽл 
ษˡˣҶİɣ 
 
һҲˣʲô̫ĲԼҲϲƽһֱðȻ뷨ֻٶȽӵ¶СӴĵ绰Ϊֹ 
 
˵ʲôҾܾⲻҪȥľҰӶ𣿡Ů˼ֱĪ 
˵ô¶ǲ⣬һһϲУܾҲȻ 
ҿɲΣǱˣꡣѵȥɣ 
ҲǷ̯ĹѰ֪Ϊ㡭ϾҴôءһɡҿĴ硭Ӵ޹ءءء 

šûС˼֪ŮһϷȴ 
㡭𲻴ӦоЩϹˡ 
Ҳҿһ°ɡô 
ءءҿĴ硭ʤ׷ 
ˣܲˡ 
ңһȥ㣬ǵ׼มϾ͹̬ȡ 
һ¶⹦ǲǸԭѧİ 
 
ϵԭ򡭡վľҡӶǰ 
ôˣһͻȻͣβԵš 
ûʲôҵͺˣȥæİɣˡ 
˵ʲôҿӵĸӳҮȥҪȥģ 
ģɵ˲ɡ 
ҲมԼڴʲô 

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һȥ֮֡Լĸ¶˵Ҳû١ 
ʲôҳļöģ鼮Ҳڵ߰㣬ľ﹤ 
 
Ҫԭڹĵ̧ͷΪӦǱأ 
ոշ˵𣿡е㲻֪ݡ 
ǣҪΰæһЩݣŰʱͱĵʵ 
¶˵Ըæҵлһ 
ǱƵġ 
ҪϰǶݶôŪôҡ 
ûд𻰣ֻĿԼԵס 
Ӿǲʺֹе޷޵СԹ 
ҽڣעĴǡϰԵľ 
֪˩Ƚˣһһбȥ졣תæһ˵ţ󲽵˳ȥ 
 
ʣ𡭡ˡʵҲն 
šҡȰȹһºˡ 
ϯ˹ɡҪһĹֻദѣҪæԼҲá 
һĹԭ𣿡һҿһ³ɶѵĶš 
šÿ鼮ݼ϶б룬ȷִٹС࣬ơ 
Ȼ֪ԭͺðˣԼͿˣԭֲ˰æɣ鷳ˡ̧ͷ԰ˬʵЦЦ 
û˼ȴðտˡ 
Լͺãæİɣ߶ֱ˵ţ 
ҲԼλϿʼ 
 
һȽеݰᵽɳǰɶѳɶѵ 
գûбǱǩһ¡Ҳûѿڶ 
ʲôһ˵ʲô 
û˵ûвͬɫġֽʲôģȫǺڰ׵е㲻ױʶ 
ֽĻֻаɫģвͬɫġûɫֽ 
칫ҲǺɫǰɫ·ǡǡΰζǣһֱ 
ϸ칫ҺûɫĶҮһ˵š 
šΡ뵽ͷëȮ 
һʱûһһ£漴Ц 
벻㻹ͦȤģΪĺأʼδ 
 
ȻһΪʲôͻȻЦʹðõĺܶ࣬ǰ칫ʱ򣬶ŪĻǴƲ豭ڲͬˣ˼ĺ˵ 
ˣ֮ǰ¶˵ʬ˿ڶɣԭĳǼ͵ģ˵Ҳǻ᳤ඣе 
Ϊɽܶӳһʼ𣿡Ȼ˵š 
һ뵽ܶӳӣִЦĳ 
Ҳ̫봦ֻĿ̰ӡ󡣡һ˵ţ˼εĸо֪ʱѾˡ 
԰յӡѾԾ˺ü֣ΪոԼвɶͬһˣ͵ġ 
æҲ͵ѧϰᾭˡ 

кһûжԻæš 
һĲˣ˵΢Ϣһ£عͷʲôãһԼȻԾյĳ൱˵ĿǰΪֹÿˡ 
صǡھȻ˯ˡ 
 
һߵյǰһ£еԥҪôմۻˣ¶˵Ѿæĺþûݼˡ 
ߵ칫ǰսšںڵĳ˳ɢڼϣ΢ĽëҲ 
 
һæҪҪݡͻȻ̽ͷ˵š 
ܵŵһŲԵ̤һȴСĲȵʹǰȥƫС˸ſ۵İա 
 
ԡԡԲ𡭡Ҳǡ⡭һǰҵ͡ 
еĿһ˼ 
ǾŹȻûлعͶš 
ڵ˸Ųͬ顣 
 
һ֪ô죬֧֧˵ 
λعһ˳ȥ 

ܵкһξĴϺ 
˵ĺ΢ƽ˳˵һ㿪š 
ΣҪҵȥ⣬ôͻȻܳ 
һȻǿľӳμĴ 
ĲֻǸպ÷Բһٹߵ˶ˡ 
һʯֻǰû񾭵ˡ 
 
һһνûӦһ 
ҪҵөϽסεš 
 
㩤ͻȻһҪȻҲҲһ֪ν͡ 
ʲô賓һΪһȻӡ 
Ϊʲôš 
ûûô죿ٳٶҲоĳһŭ 
ô졭šֻȥ¶ඡϾȽ˽ա 
Ժðᱻʲô 
ٹᱻʲô 
 
һߵʮʱܿľҵ¶ǽʱ˵һΡ 
ֻ¶һȩ 
һ㡭ɴ۲š 
ûϷĺܾȣΪԤϵĸҲá 
ȻķӦȴǰ˲ 
¶ǣǲСĵģһ˵š 
š㣬ֻ֪ɣʵĸЩ 
²ֻһһԵе΢ŭ 
ֻðѸոյ˵һΡȻ롣 
ֻǰŮӲ۾ĺܴҲϲˣ 
㡭㡭ǡ̫ˣ 
Ȼÿζ²࣬ʵ̫ˡ 
ҡҲǹรæ⡣ 
ԲߣҪ°ˣǾŰɣؼ֮ǰһ취ġ 
𣿡һе㲻 
֪ΪʲôһһֱëëģЩ䡣 
 
ԽӽƻʱһԽΪ֪ȵȾҪȥľռ棬ֻ滹ҪһԷء 
¶Ǳֱ߽ߵĹһ߿˼һΡ 
ȻеԼ֮⣬Ƕ¿ඣ 
ΣȻȥɣѾ°ʱˡһȴΡ 
¶Ѿ뵽취𣿲Ȼɲ϶ᰡԵš 
һжһˣ׼ʱͿˣ 
㶼˵ˡһ°򲻰һ 
Ρҿɲסҡһε˵š 
Ҳסҵķ𣿡һȵԼȻе㲻᣿ץԼ֡ 
ȻԼҲܽţһӸоš 
Ѿû˼˵ʲô 
 
˻ؼҵ·һԾɲ 
¶˵뵽ķʲôҪ׺ 
㲻ô࣬ʱֻҪúҾͺˡ 
µʱ򡭡˵Щʲô 
һҲȸ㣬㷴ᴩΪܻϷ𣿡 
һʲô¶áʱҿɲ㡱 
 
šȷó 
ûǰŮĺܻװ⡣ 
ǾͶʱ׼ʱҾͺã̫ѣֻͣҪ˳ҵĻͺã𣿡ٴš 
һȻôҲûбķˡ 
 
ŵʱ˭Ҳûж˵ʲôΪ¶˵Թ̸֮ȽϺãһҲֻͬе㲻ռҲûرľٶ 

һҡ̵ġˡ衢飬浾Ҳš 
 
¶ȥ˰չʾҪһȲ裬ҲͬˣŻγ档 
磬һһ½顣ȿڵ¶ǡ 
˽飬յ˽ŵһһۺת¶ǡ 
ʵһûжģֻǲ֪α 
һһԵ˵ͷϵıʾţȴ¶˵Щ֣Ҫʲô 
һ磬ұһĳжԾߴ硣 
жжʲôһԽԽ⣬ȴҲҶ˵ 
ʵһĽܾˡ罻¶΢Ц˵š 
ᣬȴŵԱߵһʯӦ 
𣿡֪ˡտʯһ˵š 
һûܷӦԽҺģҲ˵Ļ֪ʲôʱ뿪Լ߳ȥ 

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ҵҵġ಻ĸоǻģΪ㡭Ҫĺá 

Ӱ칫еĬĬԼ顣 
ճԼλŹģһǶҳһŵ鼮ļ ˭Ҳûж˵һ仰 
ֻһпһԵİɢΩӳС 
ȻŹģϵıҪͣͣҪддģȻ浫˼Ͳ ֪ȥˣҪǸӳˣλΪǷǷݹʲôԾأ 

һȻɳӣһ󣬴˴üͷַ ˣȥǼҲĲɡ 
 
׷ʲô飿¶Ӧ֪ɣ 
ĬĬ˳⣬˭Ҳûзβˣȷ˵ʲôʱӦҲ û⡭ 
 
ͷŵҵļһ 
 
 
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ǶԾ˵ĻһΪĺ˿ڲ衣 
㾹Ȼ˵ҪҪ֡ŵ˵ȫ 
һȻôͣ˵Ҫͼַ𣿡¶ΪԼĳɹ УһȽԵ൱ 
ȻǰҲ˵ɡһ粵 
һʵǸܼįˣ֪ɣ¶˵ţеҲ 档 
⡭Ϊǹ𣿡ͻȻ˵ʲô 
ҲǡӦСͱɡڲסˡ 
 
⻰һԼļˣĸסˬʵıסǿ滹кܻ ˵ӡյļˡġ 
һҲǿҪϲҴ磬١١ѰɣһԷֵ µѡ㡭ġܼį¶Խ˵ԽС 
¶ǵ˵ʯʯ֢״Ӧòıذɡ 
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ûʲôйڽҡܷܲŲܰɣ 
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صǡջġ 
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ⲻصɡ 
¶ǵĻ޵Ǿﲻ̫ԡ 
ˣ 

۾ŹĿİ˼Ļ顣 
 
 
Լصһ¶Ǿˡ 
磬ܱǸû֪һôҽ͡¶ǹſڹ˵š 
˵ 
һǸܳٶ۵ˣڸ鷽档¶ǿƺҲû 
ҹ۲죬ʵһ߾Ѿкܶ˶˼ǶûбģȻ һһûãĸоĳ 
ร˰ɣ 
ҲһػߵĽɫĻһ硭ᱻߵġҲ  
šֻҪ˺һͺá¶˵ĻҲе 
ҪĶҪԼֵõȤ 
 
ͬһռ˼졣 
һعͻȻ͵һ°ʲôû뵽һͷͷְҲڿ Լ 
˾ţݷʱû㡭 
աʰɡ 
һ˵ɡ 
һº־ 
ҡȥݸȰɣһͻȻվ 
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š˵ȥݸ衭ϢһºˡҲรʬأ 
㲻˾ˡ 
ɣҶæģԼɣݸԴ侲㡣 
ߵ˵ĵطŲҶߡ 
ԼݲĴȻ࣬ҲڵĵزζӦû˵Ĺȥɣǰ΢ ѧ˼Ρ 
򵥵ĲɫԼҲŪһ㣬Ϊµڼû˿ʱԼ ǿԼѧһ㣬ΪʲôҪѧݲأ 
극ȻҪȵϡǵôشġ 
иõҲ¼ֵ顣 
 
ⲻһ𣿡ԭġ 
һͷվűߵˡǡ 
ԪҾգʮӸӳһգգۡ 
Ǹһʱ벻еǸΡ 
ѽһǸɰĺӣ 
һôʵ˵ţҾõĳǰסһϾԼĶӳһǳ̹ ʵĿС 
۩ϻݺõĲһҾͻľٶһ 
ԪС㣡СİŬסϵĲ衣 
ǸǸҾվͺˣһҵӣҾվúÿɰ 
ˣһ˵ӳڽ𣿡еԵʡ 
㡭˭˵ġһ˲佩סӡ 
˭˵Ҷ˵ŮЭᶼ֤ʵأ͸Ұɣ һСܡɲȥľ֤ 
ҾС㡭񡭿̫һΪˣҲǣҲǡ 
Ų۽ԼҾգһ֪ǺãԼôҲ갡Ըг ŮԿôҲ˼ 
ĺܿɰҮȻˡ 
һЩաˣͶˣ 
˵Ǽٰ˵Ҳ߱˵ֻ˶ѣ 
˳ֽһһֱŵĲõһȥĴĴˡ 
⡭ҡƵһ֪ô졭 
ѵǼٵģһķӦ񰡣Ϊβϣ˵ǲ˼Ҳǵӡ 
ٵġͺˡһεСС³仰 
һ 
һڲԤϢ 
ǡջڵò衭̰ࣿ 
ʲʲô˵һи˽Сա ֡ 
㣿˵Լĸ׻󡭡 
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ҷʺˣľӳ𣿡һƺԸ⽲ˡ 
ţᰡһȻҡҡСԴϡ 
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ҡǲϲϲһе𣿡е 
ʱӦûԱʾɣ˵˦ֻ ֮ģô𣿡 
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ɣһľӳǣ֡ 
šȻءûǣбŹ 
ע⵽һЩ΢졣 
һ¡Ǹ˻ɽܶӳ˵š 
Ҳ̫˰ɣҾС㡭ɫкת࣡ 
ɡֶӳΣˡ 
һ˸ 
Ҳòȥ 
 
ǺǣʵӦдˣúðջɣҸʱҪǲץסǻ รĿǰꡣ 
һǶ԰յӡʲôе档 
š˵Į˵Ǽį˵Ƨ˵ǹ¶ʵǸܿˣ ȻЩηǲรһ 
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һˡ 
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衭Ҿʱ֪ȵˡ 
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һæס 
ϲһһֱʱ뿪ԼϲԼڡ 
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ߡ˵ţ޷֪Լڵı顣 
˵ߡǡҮе֣ 
һûжЩã˵Щʲô 
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ҸʱҪץסҾյĻصڶ 
 
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ľӳǣ֡ 
 
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ƺЩһľٶһԼֺһ˼ӣֻСèʲô Ȼˡ 
ճƻһ˹һûӦջ 
ʲôԼ߻붫 
ʶԣһҵϰȴһһֻֿס 
աǸǲӦȷſңΪסж 
㲻¡ǧĻʡ 
ţ԰Ϊʲôû֮ɣ 
ΪҪ 
ǡΪʲôûоܾأôⶪԼ 
ΪҪܾȴðգľտûôɵ 
ԭԼģڼȻˣϽٴѼ̵Ľ ߣ 
֪ôġһðտԼԵġ⣿ 
ա㵽Ϊʲô 
ΪС 
ʲôһս 
䲻ǰ˼ĺĴԭסתĺԡ 
šסһ뿹ȴ޷ 
Ǵε˳һҪӿ 
ղΪ⣬Ԥ֮аһһ޷ʱԷſĴ ʱٴ֣һΡΡΡ彻˶ٸǣһѾԾ  
 
뿪һĴʱһĿϣˮǲί ˺ϧ 
ʲôδһ 
㡭ΪʲôͷȫȻûԼڰյϡ 
 
һĻպñԭҪ칫ҵ˿ 
̫ڱ˴жûзĺ췢ӡ 
 
ľӳһ 
ոȥ¶˵ĽʽˣȻûе㵣ĵĻ ڿֲԼôһ¡ 
ǶͬԶ޷ܣһǸףֶӳӳǹϵˡ ֻǵոһӳʱһֲЭĸоʹ 
¶ǽҪæһҲ룬ӳһһҲǶԡԲ æģ 

[]δ-() 
һ糿 
һյİ칫ұ 
簡աϰԵĴк 
Ѿ˿ˣ˽Ҳһʱˣȴûʲôı䡣 
һ֡ 
ţеԥ 
ͬĻȴһЩ֪仰˼Ҳ֪߹ȥĻ ʲô顣 
Ŀԥһ 
һԥһ˲˹ȥ 
֮а㣬ٶȽ˵һñطǡ 
ǹΣһķӦȤܻӭӴɬı飬 ðãһ⼸˼ 
һǷݺһǻš㵽Ϊνܸף 
Ц˵㲻ʵʱͶˡ 
 
⼸졭Ķ𣿡ҪԼĺƵĲͷš 
ãŴϽߡ˵š 
㡭Ҫ̰ɣ˵͵ 
һҲǻµ˰ 
ѲӽֵҲǹ֮һȻ˵š 
š𣿡ҲรʮͤԭǾһ 
֪Сèˡ 
ɣٴ֡ 
ҪǣҰɣļٵġ 
ղ 
ǾͱʾඣǺܶҮ 
˾ڹʱһҲûûرܵĶ˵ʵڣ ˣǰһҲ˼ǣԼ̫ļ 
š߰ɣջ֡ 
 
Ҫȥ䡭Ѳӡһš 
ȥĵط𣿡оƺС 
ְɣϴûʱúÿأſһЩ 
š߰ɡ 
 
ֵĽעĿһΪǹ壬Ϊһķɫ ۡ 
Ϊܶණûпһ·һС㶫ŶģҲ ȻΪ˵ 
һҲûеģΪ֮ǰ¶ҸһЩգ һܸˡСŮһڵҲ֪Ͱʲô ڵ׵Ķ֡ 

ȻһƬӣɫĻԼǰ¡ 
ǡӣ 
Ѿ˰̧ͷ·Եӣ 
еϡӣеȱչ˵ӣͥԺӣܱȣ Ǻġ 
š˳һŵķȥ 
ǲǺϲӣͥԺ˺öࣿȻ¶˵ϲɫ۹ ҲӣɣȻΪôࣿ 
ǰϲԾ˵˳ 
š𣿡ม¶Ǹĳء 
˳Ĭһө 
 
ӦҲϲɣ 
ΪΣ 
Ϊչ˵ĺܺò𣿡һԵİЦ˵š 
 
ûΪԭ˲ڶǣչ˵ĺܺáǿΪС 꿪ô롭СЩӣһܸл㡣ûע⵽վ 龶˵š 

ȻЦݷʹ 
šлл㣬һ 
ûΪԼ޶ɶʣǷοԼ֪һ һر 
ͻȻáʺӣأŰյЦͻȻá 
 
ϻصľʱղûиԼһΪҪϯĻ飬һ뷴Ҳﲻ æԼˡ 
¶ùźͥԷš 
 
һʵ˵׶Ҵʲôо׽չΣ 
ʲôоĪ 
ѾҮ~ճӦڰɣ 
һһߡ 
˼˵ǱݺҮȵйûԣ 
ġһҲû𣿡ɣ˸оܺð 
 
һĬ 
һӣŵ˵͡һɡ 
ʵԼĲնԼõĸо֪ΪЩҲЩˣ ֺ£ַŲ¡ 
รǡʶСһ㡱ϲʱʲôо 
뵽Ӱš 
ţϺи˵ǽһŮڴȴѵĹ°ɣأ ô~~кιϵ 
ˡ뵽ײϱɽĻĲҡ 
ˣһĸоġ 
 
ԺӣҲ쿪أʱһƯɣͥԺ˵š 
һ֪ЩӣʵǡЩԥ֪ò˵ 
ţʲôСǰϲģ֪ 
¶ΪҪ˵˵ġ 
㡭𣿡ͨ˶ɣ 
ʲôҪҲɣ 
㲻ΪҴôչЩӣΪ 
ΪСĹϵɣһܻӦðɣ 
¶Ǵһı鿴ʲô 
㲻ᡭѹɶ𣿡ѵԴȻûо 
ΪΣҪѹҲǰհҮҪɶҲӦûǰհ 
ΪμɶʵǴ磿 
ֲҵġȴһֱ˹᲻ɣҪ ĸˣһֻ֣ 
һѹ˼˵ɵǱȽϿ֡ 
ҲһЩɣһʮĺôᶮ 
 
Щӣ 
ʧȥֿʹҡܶʧȥ׵˵ʹҶԲǱ İοͿͻġοСȥʱ˰ο𣿡ֽסµĻ  

롭͵İաƺǴɫʵİգΪ Ҫġ棬վͲǰˡ 
ѹִᱻ 
 
󡭡ʲôʱڵģ 
ʾҪ 
¶ǵ˵ͷ󾲾ȥӣµһ 
 
һ˵Һʺӣҿʡ 
ȻǸӣȴݷӵаһеģơ 
˽ԼΪαһ 
 
¶ôûˣ 
طˡվӣµһ˵š 
ม㡭ʲôʱģո٣ 
֮ǰ˵߽һ 
ãǶã 
˵Сһ㡱ʱ򡣡պȫ 
ɶ¶Ҽţ֪鲻 
ߵһǰЩĵͷ 
ֻסһʱԸоһ£ЩӲȴҲûѡ 
ľһɣ 
 
һ֮𡭿ԭ 
㣬磡 

[]-() 
ദնһ˽ˡ 
һȵһһĳЩʵϸģͺñȴ˵ ԶܵһЩļЩļҪűһҲȷǵ ֡ 
ʹ¶ˡ 
 
֮ǰ 
ʴһദΣ˼İš 
е㡭⡭ĳЩ档 
ţָ⣿Щط 
Ĵĺܺá֮⡣ 
Ƕһеˡ¶ʧЦ 
յ˼ 
һУɼʵǰìģΪķɫѾΪ鷳 ΪɼŪõĻЩְԱȽ޷鷳һѧͻؼұϰΣ ǲ۲۵ĺúأ 

ԭĳɼܺãֲðǿ 
ڶȤǣһʱض˼ʱ࣬ ԿԽΪִǺ֣öԵͲòصǺΪ룬ñ ܿ࣬Ҽǿֿɰ 

ЩǣһƺҲ̫úΪɶʡռС 
Ȼǿ⣬ʱ̸ʱһԵһҲ⣬ҲûҪ Ҫᵽʱʵ顣 
ΪǸ𣿷ֲΪ飿 
Լǳٶۡ 
ǰɹƬš 
桭 
 
ҲϢˡһ߻˯±૵˵š 
΢һҪĶʱ⿴ߵĽ۹ 
šҹɫĹϵôоеɫˣЩǳǳɫ 
ֵ⻨Ѿ˽ˣôݰ 
 
ʱ 
նҮš 
šǰ֪ν͡ 
Ǻ~һҲ˰ɣء۩ 
û˵һ͸ϰһȭ 
˼ˣһĿڲһ˵š 
Ծĳڷˡ 
һءеĲ 
ҡǡӺúɾѲˡ 
 
ʱˣ˩˲һ˵ʣһĶӡ 
 
ǵġҪô߱Թҵš 
һλ֮󣬾ϡʯɾΧ˹һ鿴Լ 
簡ǡΪңΣʶ 
Щ֪˵ʲô鿴 
ɸʯҲлҪ˵ӡ 
֪ǲΪŵĹϵ˱˰أеǿҵѹȸС 
ǵôˣԼ 
òǼյʱԼ˲ɡ 
ǸʯҲֹ۾ 
û˵ʱС˹ 
ô°һôСš 
 
Ͽඩͬѧǣ 
ർʦ˽ұλϡ 
ûʲô˵ɣɽַһļ˵š 
ϵһһҲ޷ġȻûʲôķӦĻСӦ û̫ĹϵɣȻˡʲôأ 
΢һ¸ոˣԵĺܵǵӣʯһı飬Ȼ ʲô飬ܿȴԵء 
 
ĸڶ¥˭ûп 
Ưܵǹ 
˵ǵôˣʲô𣿡һЩܲ˵ȿڡ 
һԵڿˡ 
е㾪ȵķչءʯ˵š 
һֱΪϲ¶ͬѧ˵š 
ֻȷһ¡˵š 
һһҲû 
ǡ˵𣿡ôģ 
 
ͷԱȽϺõʯ￴һۺйʶȿڡ 
ʵǲԭһϢǾò̫˼飬ȷһ° ˡ 
มѵ˵ӦòɣԼҲûиԭ˵ 
ʯֶԿһ¼˵š 
ľڽ𣿡ɴһ˵ 
 
 
һ 
ǡ 
ҪɱǸ쵰岻ɩ 
 
İɡʯѾиˣĵĿϡ 
ôᡭΪʲôϼеĿһ˵һϵĻ 
ֻһЩյץץͷ֪˵Щʲô 
㡭ԸһǵĻԻػġ 
⡭һ֪˵ǻǲǣȷǡ 
ǿ𣿺ϵĵš 
侲һɣúԼ˵Ϊ˱ʱ䲻ͱ߳Ա˵ɣȻûо ҲЩ˼顣 
 
һһڹ֭֮󻺻˵֮ǰ顭 
֮ⲻ˵ġ 
ô㡭ϲඡǿһ仰 
š롭šɡһº󾲾˵𰸡 
ûڰǰϷԼĺǰˣԼȷϲɣ 
 
ԭﰡ 
һŮͻȻϼ˵ĶԻ 
󰡡 
ôģһݾȫܡ 
󩤡󻰻û˵꾮Ͼͳ˹ȥס 
ôˣ֯Ǽʲôŭǰеġ 
ϲ֪˵ʲô˱Զˡ 
ϣ 
ԼеĽ𾪣 
 
ݽ˩ 
ʯ˲ûж˵ʲôοԼ̫࣬Ȼ쵫̬Ҳûʲô̫ ת䡣 
ֻǾϾ͡ 
һĿϵλ۾еġ 
ʵ˵һû뵽ϻܽܡ 
ѵ˵ֵԼϸΪûоܾգʵһʼʵ˵ ջ½ģȻԵȴǲ֮ˡ 
Ȼ˵ԼȲС˰ղһĿʼǲǽ̫ܵ˵ ʶʱѾ֪ϲˣʬƺ޳ɵҲûж룬 û뵽űһ˷Ծܵ˴ĴҶ԰յĸ˵Ĳһ 
ϲҡ 
һʼ뷨Ѿģˡ˼ĽҲԲʵˡ 
ɿλϵһͷԵѻһˣƴ֮ȴϸ ˣǲһҪеˡ 
һֱѧ϶ûһ˵һ¿ʹһؼҡ 

Ȼ𣿡ѯʰһ 
ûʲôرôˣǿ˵š 
һߣЩʹĿǿԼһ 

[]-() 
ʶĺӵ̱ţһһڲݵϡ 
ȩɡҡ𣿡Ƶġ 
ԼѡĻ֧㡣벻Ķֶߡ 
޷йʵʯ˶֪ΪѹҲ˵ 
ллĵЦˡ 
ЦӦϼһʱ㲻˭ǣһ˵ЦݻϦ  
ǻصʶʱϵرţżһ˵ʬС£ԼǾ ţ֪ʱһҪﻰ˵Ǻõġ 
 
ѵĻ˵ 
ǺͲɵʱ˵һ仰 
 
һ͵һһȥѧУ 
ôġʲôһеû˯ѡ 
Թˣȥõ͵ݹȥԼҲ 
มл 
֪ΪʲôɣԶһ 
Ǿϰɡ 
ţ㣬ľ˭û 
ȩȩȩûԤһŵúݺǺһ¡ 
鰡Լ˵ӶŵʲôʱС 
͡һˡνͣʵҲ˰ɣ 
ʲô˵ˣȻ֪˵˶١ 
ˣ˽Ҳ̫ҵе  
 
šлɡ 
ֻ֯еѹѣ㲻̫ûµģ°ɡ 
ɵ˵ţһҲһеĽ顣ͬŮӦöร һҲ˽Ůʲô 
ΪʲôȰһ벻͸ 
ֻͷһͬú󡭡 
㡭һԾûСٶǺΣյģ֪֪мֻǰ 
⻰ǡ뱧Թ 
֮֯ǱѾοˣͷİɣŻгأˡ 
һ˵˧ȥ 
 
ʱֻмλͬѧϾЩ 
ŷ˹ 
ϣ̸˵Щֲ 
죬ܲ˼һȵı˵š 
ûûʲô㡭Ѿָ 
ûµĩûµĩѾȫָඣⶼ󡣡ŵľ˫֡ 
𣿡Ȼ֪˵׹ͨʲô̫ˡ 
ΪֲԺһᾡȫǵġһ˵š 
ֲ 
ǲ̫ 
࡭лĺⰡŮһ 
ǸսΨһôɣ 

ֵ֧ĸоһĸо̤ʵ࣬ʬҶ԰յ֧ ֣кǶԼĹһ𡭡Ҳûʲôɣ 
Լ֮ǰĵĸо˸ԼվͬһߵĸоԼ࣬ ȥǶʱ䣬նԼãЩ֮ȥУһǸͬԽҸ ѣһԼ⣬ڣƺһҶˣ 
ϲһˣƺҲ 
 
˼󣬾һЩ˵Ҫ¶ǵģϣȥʬؽʱ 
𣿡¶ǣ 
ǰ~һЩ־ǰ¶ͬѧһֵʱȤһЩ־˵ ʱأ 
˵ʱȻ̫˽Ϊ¶ڻҪЩ飬ȻŮǵĶ ҲͲܸȤˡ 
ҪѶȥôԭӦ֪ɣ 
ԴӦһ𣿡е㵣ĵ 
ʲôô棿 
ֻϽ˫ַļ˵ 
۸ĻһҪǰ 
 
ΪǱ۸Ǹ 

Ȼ첻Ǽһȴĸ׵ķǰ 
սѾ˩ 
ԭӣƮӵⰻȻļڣ˵˵̡̲ 
Щ⼴ʹŬҪԣԾͻԺǻȥ 
ǰϵķӦ˵ʵڡܴĴȻѾ¸ܾˡ 
˵һûа취֧־Լ˷յĻ޷󵱼˷Եʱ ξ 
뷨ǲǸ֮ǰһ 
ظ޵ԼáڸĸǰԼΥ涨һİɣ ѡػ¶ǣˡ 
أ 
衭˵ʲôأ֧ 
ڵ޷֪һʧȥյʱôֻ֪ض޷ʧȥˣ һһ 
աԲ𡭡 

Ȼĵһ󣬿Ҳ֪նĺܺãΪǸı ܶ࣬ĻЦҲᣬˡӦ˵˰ɣ 
ϸ۲죬ͷβֻһЦҲֻһչᣬڶߵˣ¶ ǻεˡһҲûЦ˵ʽҲûʲôı䣬һ¹Ŀ Σѵˮʺ¶ǣ治¶ô˵ձܶࣿﻹеС СԽС 

նСҲʵҲ֪Ϊƹءչϲӣ ǿ϶ģ¶һ㶼ʼС 
ʵʼɡһΪԱĸо 
Ǳ̫ðɡաҪĻҸġ 
 
ôˣһɢǺΣյģҪô죿 
ԭڿ˼һȻЦ⿴ͻȻֵˡ 
ษҲǣڲˣ?ԭ?ϲ?ð 
ϧڵԼ״̬ 
ѽЩڶ𣿡˵š 
ٸװ⣡ʲôһҧ˵š 
ţָʲôװ˵š 
~~ָҸ߲ɾľô˵Ĳʵ벻 ͷʵ˵̾˵š 
뽻ʲôԿ˵ˣ 
δľô׺أ 
ǿɰĺӰøľջЩϧͦȼ֮ģҪǲ ΪǿĻСè类ˡ 
һˣػڴ֤ͨ׼ʹʱ 
ũũŭصͶأʢΪ 
 
ҿû㶩ӣ 
ǰʹôܽʬĶ𣿡 
ţ¡ 
ƺ侲꣬ԭǰȥһСݸ 
ȥϵ֤ͨϾˣǸ˰ɣŭСèȻɰ Ҳľ߹԰ 
ô졭 
ЩԭˣΪЯ΢һµģ򡣡 
มлл͡Ϊè״ 
ģһǿҲġèȻҪϵèᰡ 
᲻̫ɰ˵㰡ԼֲŮ 
ʬ˿Ļ㲻ûЦ 
ţôأҵĵأúʹðһЩҪһˣ ֺ˼뻹ǸϽ뿪á 
 
ٲȥԭƺ뵽ʲôƵĻعͷվԭصһ˵š 
ϲһ˿ûжԴรDһ˵ġ 
 
һ۾Щȣ 
ȵʣһʱŅȅ˵š¡ 
ȴģոյĲƺЩɢˡ 

[]ȡһư-() 
ص㣺ŮЭ 
һЩĪ¶˵Ҫȥμһᣬȥ֮ŷ֡ ˡӦ˵¶Ҵ˰ɣ 
һɫŮ 
Ҫˡ 
һôҪأҾղš 
һǵġҲ䡣 
ԴһȥʮӺʶľƴڸߵϯ١ 
еҮһ֣š 
Ƕģӭ롣۾˵š 
˭˵ҪҴû˵ 
šǴŮۣʲô˵š 
ûһŮҵţ 
״ʲô 
 
ԴһϽĶ¶֮Ǽ鼸ŮЭÿ۵Ŀ ԭܵʲôطŮŮϲĶҲһ 
֮¶ǲ֪ԭϸоġ 
šˮƽģԶڰ鷽ϸˮ͵ģһǾз ظȴأڰǶռǿԭռҴ簡ɵĿһԵ  

Сһ˷еܲˡ 
ػǽ۹ҮɣǴػඡ˵š 
ҲûȤ֪أŮоĶ 
İԶȡšҡһ롭 
汧ǸʧҪˣ 
һߵĳôҾ۾ʱ͵ 
 
˵ԼʬҲһ쵽һΪվͬ¶ ˵ģǳæԺܶʱϾʱ䣬ԼҲÿݶæ ԻѧУлʱͲҲ½⣡ 
Լյʱ޷һҲû¶ǣʲô취 һһףܹ𣿲ͻȻֵԼһ Լʱ˵ʲô˵ЩֵĻˣ 
ǳ˵ʽ𣿰ȻżЩרȴҲʵĿռԼʵ һǲȻЩƺ̫Ҹ˵㣿 
 
ž͹䵽˾ͥĴϡ 
ⲻСһ𣿡 
۵𣬻ͷ͸ои˹ 
۩Ϯһĵء 
Сһôˣ֪Լİǧһ˵š 
Үʲô 
ʲô˼ֻʮҮ~ùร˼Сɽסҡ۵ ϳЩı飬ȴˡ 
СҸ˱ȣͲùΪɣʮĶ򵽵Ļͨ ҽ˺òá 
ˡơءʹ 
׼վһЩԾš񡭡 
ôСһһƺЩԾ 
źе㡭ءվС 
ŤǲСİ˵š 
ŵһϳֲľֺš 
ȥæĵ˵š 
รлеġ 
ֻǧתͷСС 
һŵˣι˭оȻнˣҪĻ 
СûȤ˵˴ġ֪һҪ˵ʲôˡ 
ʲô°ǧ˳ֺվΧǽš 
ѸٰȻ紫˵ģӰıŮ 
 
ⲻһôڵϣҴһɣ˷ܵ׼նǵ 
ڲˣСһĽŤˡҡ˵š 
鷳ɣ˱ȥ˵š 
Ҫ鰡Ҫʲô 
ȻǱȥķӰɣøรǧԼϽ˵ıϺ ճߵλʾҪһ 
Ǿ͡鷳Ҳǰ취ķӿԶأ 
һſڽ˵İ߱ϣȻĻľӡ 
ܵһԼӵһ̽˾úĪĸоҲû룬 ˾ķȥŷ㡣 
 
ףոܹȥǶӳôˡ 
һЩһԺŲĹס 
ϵĺǸӳһҮˣƺЩϤϵ𴽽ǡ 
Цʲôһǲʲôš 
һж˶֪ǵĹϵҲǲôһ 
ϲƷʤȾƣһϰߺȾƲ̫裬ǰǳӣһ ǺǧĹͷʿ͡ʡϲöûһƣȴܺȻһ 

һķӺ󣬽˸ǧ뿪ˡ 
ſں󣬰ǧͻȻ˵˾ýֵĻ 
СϲСһรЦſŽˡ 
˵ʲô˽Сʲô 
ȻôᱳһأϴιҲҪС㱳ʱͲҪ 
ұĲ𣿻У˭ҪǲвŮ˰һǱͺá 
˵˵ǻڱһʱ򣬾ᣬֱҲϸľǶ ûиӾôصĽ 
ôҲ뵽뷨ҲľյԺѵõ־һͬڡ һˣ 

һĸԷǳֻദһСʱ¶Ƕ˽ڹ۲İո ˡ 
һǸԼˣϾͿԽڵ鿴һ ҲϾЦˡʱ졢ʱ˼˵ֺ ޷ 
˵ʱҼǿʱɵ˲⡣ 
Ρ¶Ѿųһ亹ˡ 
?ҹ?ľҳȩ 
ͨ˵һҪصʱˣֻ 
ľҵĳ໥Żãһһ׵ˡ 

[]ȡһư-() 
˵һҪȥϣһվԼǰŭ 
Ҳ˵㲻ߣڡͳҸϵ 
ǹˣҪΪһ¡δ˵ͻȻӲȵǰһ¡ 
վǰİʱסһȵ˳ƽᱧ 
йܼȥķӵ˹¶ǡһԵŮ˵š 
ǣ¶ݷõһĿ첽ȥ 
ι׼ȥ¶ͽһڰջʹš 
һĽ֣Ĵϡ 
ٲҾùжš 
ʲʲôңȻ۸Сˣ 
ֻõĿû˵ƺҲС 
 
ݵʱ 
Ź 
һôǸæ 
ԼͥԺĳԵһ˵š 
˵ҪγȥҸ߿ڽűߵ˵š 
ЩȤ𣿿ôһܸ˵ӡ 
ЩձҪҿǲףĴ˼ңȻ˭ Ҽûѿɶͨأ 
ҲðѽҲȥɡССӵΪ 
ʲôϵܱˮϵЩ˵š 
һҲˣ֪ת＾ˡ 
ҲҪʮˣɱ̫ˡ 
߰ͷҲû˵š 
ˣ֤ڿ˼ˣȥ˹ȥ 
ףţ㶪İˮмæվס 
۩ԼĽŻڳС 
һĲȽ̤ʯͷϵ̦˵УһʱˮĽ  
ҵĴม뿪ˡ¶Щߡ 
 
ȻйʹǶҲó 
ȻϾͻϸɵ·ҲЩ 
տʱֻǴ򼸸绹⣬ͷЩʹҲ⣬ҲЩҲ ⡭ 
ʱ㱻շԼĲԾ 
ֲ֪һȾӻһȴΪǸСʹˣαС ģԼɻҪϿΣһҪȥ˾õĳ 

ķӵ˴մˣ 
⴫ܼҵ˽ŵĶš 
һʶĵϯϯ١ɽﻨ̫ɡ 
ģֻЩˣҩ֮úϢˣ⼾תʱСİ ˳ϵĽˣѾˣչ컹Ǿ˵š 
ʱ䲢ûгã߿ҩȥˣԭ˶ 
ɣû£һЩ˵š 
Ҳǵ˵û¡֡ǧĲء 
ϵķӱԼ֪ĵطˡ 
ǿҲˣҿԻȥ˰ɣһʾ 
ǲã뿪ֽƻشϡ 
һϧԼҲòԭ信˶η弸֣ Щﲢһڡ 
̾˿һԵҩ׼ιһ¡ 
ҩ°ɡ˻˵š 
ߣһӦޱǹͷҲա 
ҲˣСƢԲҩֻյǿơ 
ֹûѾ챻һĥˡ 
ֱһϵޱԼ 
ſҩľҰˡʲô 
տԼ֣һһҧȥ 
һҧİüͷû˵ʲôһƺԼʲô°㾲ķ ձҧסû˵ԭֵĳһȫ 
ҡɲǹġ 
ռһûٶԽҩһں£̧ԾԷŴһֱӽι  
šȩȩԸıιҩһЩ˳ 
ιһҩİԭһı˳˳û뵽һȴٶȶﲻ ˣΡ 
˯һ°ɡ˵ȥ 
 
뿪ûú¶ǿ߽ 
һˣ¶ϱԹ 
¶ǵһЩʵ¶ 
ҺôҲǲҮ䡱û°ɣ˵ 
ڲװˣǳŵĶˣɱҰ 
รô֪񻹻٩˵š 
һΪͿ޷ร㵽ʲôʱ򻹿ʲôЦ  
ֻȥѰΪʲô˵ԣҶС 
ѵʹʲôҩˡѾϰҩһ˵š 
˿ƲȴҪģķôܵĻӳҲҪòڴ˺ áҲᡭ 
 
һֻ֪Сǡ 
¶ЩɬĶ£л˵ֲ֪ò˵ 
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ҡһСð 
һ˽¶˵ʲô粵Ļȴֹס 
֮һ´ɡЩӦȡ 
һһ¶˵Ļһ߳Ϯ˯⣬۾뿪صš 
 
ĺҹ֮Уݷһжˡ 
һоһɱĴиԼͷ˭ 
סա 
δ˯ 
һþѾ˺ܶ࣬о˯˺ܾá 
ӡСζʿиˡѵһֱ 
 
ѾˣûʲôĻһȥӦûϵȥѧУ û˵һΪԹؼҵ顣 
 
һֻ㶵û˵Щˡ 
ﲻ𣿡ôֵֹġ 
Ҫôáҳܲ 
Ҫ˭ãʧЦ 
ԡļˡѡ˭԰ҡ 
֮˭롣Ļ 
𡭡Ҫʲô 
աʲôͻأķʡ 
ֻҪ㲻˺ԼҶ 
ʲô㲻Ҫңʡ 
˵ʲôôܲҪ㡣 
Ű˵Ļһ۾˼ʲôƵ˿ 
ȡˮˮ԰𣿡˵š 
һŻ˵ţ΢һºȥ 

[]ȡһư-() 
һЩʱ򣬷ٶȱ򿪣һˮ 
ŰյԵ·°ڶЩʪˣ֪ΪȥӾˮֻΪ ˵ҪȣͻȻؿЩĪܣʲôطڷۡ 
֪һ˵ĺþǼôѵ¡ 
СҲôҪĻҲȥ𡭡һСš 
治ҪǸ춮µŮˡ 
ءԵС𣿡ʲôԡ 
ûԶҵС½Ҷĸ顣ʶƣ 
ЩһȵĿŰգ 
֪һֱ֪ 
죿һգŴ۾Լģš 
һʵĬĬͷ 
ЩתΪתɳ˼֮Ű˫֡ 
ʲôһӱﱧ 
ͻˬĻشš 
һͻȻת仰⣬òҲûʡ 
⼾Ѿûӣˣ䣬Ҫˡͬ 
ͷҲð㰡աЩĵ΢Ц 
һһԵĶЩ㵡 
ֻһ¡һûͥԺĳϿű 
ոǱˮأѰŸհյˮ 
ˮ̫䣬ڻǱȣ˵Ļòȡ 
Һ㻹ҵвɣ 
ֻҪҪҶ㡣Ȼ˵ڡ 
ߣҪˮԲѵļһ 
ԣüͷ˵ 
ҪĻʬӳյĳĳˮǺӴҶ㡣˵  
ҡ˵˵ġŲҪء 
թﻹһ˿˿ĸо 
ҲûϵҺȰɣ 
һֵӣֻýǱˮݸ 
лл 
ӹˮһûϺȣֻͷӵԼˡ 
գⱭˮԸҵġáӽ󡭡˵󣬱㽫е ˮһʲô㡣 
šͷһķʾο 
֪ԽáԽ¡һľɫЩ ˵š 
ĸǸˣСʱ򲻹ܷʲô飬ֻҪһ뵽ȻͿԼ ĸףʲôʹѹǡҵȫ磬һֱǡǻĸ׵ĺð Цˡ 
ֱʮꡭһӣĸںӵ̱߳⡭Ӵ֮߳ҵ ʧӰ٣СҲʲôÿÿ춼ںӵ̱Ѱĸ׵Ӱ ˵һ졭һҵλһ㡭ߵġ 

˵ˡ§Щһ 
ҺµϰӺǰʧһҲ֪Ǹʱһ ԡҳܲһʧȥҪˡ 
ҶҶֺγǺʧȥأ 
֪Ϊʲôܾһ뿪ҡΪʲôң 
ҲᡭһΪ룬ֻܰο 
 
֪˶ãһ˵˰ٶȳ˯ȥ 
һҹϮûɪһ¸ԼϿȥ˿̵ԼȫȻС ĵĽ˯һشϣ˿̽Ϊĵգ˵ۣ ĴҲļǿ 

ϣѵʱҲҰһһֱΪܼǿܿʣ ʬӪ¶첻µزµƣݸ 
һˣȴǸĴΪԼ𡭣 
һ֪ƾˮǧֻȡһư 
ƺҲʱʼһʱҲŲˣյϻһ峿 뿪 
 
糿һҲָˣҹһݷûз㣬û֪˵Լ 
ԭܼʱţһԳԹ֮ٻȥȴһ  
Ҫûȥ͵Ļӻֵġ 
ţ׼𣿡óǧӣ׼ȥš 
һͻȻƼҪõԼĳݺۣԾǣյ֡ 
ǸЩھ̡ 
ɵϣûСδ˵꣬ȴܵһȵĸо 
ڰջûзӦʱһյָ 
һʱ޷Ӧǰ۵˵ 
ˣ͡ſյֺһ˵Ҫ˵ʲôʱ̧ͷվȵ ʱסˡԴֹͣת롭 
ǵģ򡭡Ϊĸǡôġ 
һԼֵľٶĲٺ죬ҿա 
˽ɰľٶ󣬰û˵ʲôǧӣš 
ˣˣǣԲ֪һ 
 
صһķʱڴϴ˯ 
ˣթͻȻ뵽ǵĻסҪ뿪İա 
ţ 
⼸ҿܹܶȥʬˣ25ΪֹѧУеҪæ 
šǿһۻ 
а25졭п𣿿һҲҲǷǡ ֧֧š 
ԣʲô𣿡ôЩµġ 
ҲûѧУ䣬ٰһЩ硭㡭 
һġһ⣬ǲ˼ԼԼɣ 
մӦôȻԼЩˣ˵æܾô졣 
ڴţǡ˵űԽԽһ 
ȵȡУ֪ҪʲôһϽֹ 
ôˣһľܾ 
ܻῴҡһûȥѧУҿա 
޷ȥѧУǸпܿν޷ȥѧУʲô˼ 
һᡭᡭ޷侲һСš 
պܿ[ʲôһĴ 
ȵȡʲô 
ԭֿһڰոеʱ˲䱻ݣͬһӵ ϸ֫ 
ûһĿ飬⽫ǳ֮ͣ任ŽǶȣ׷һ֪С ࣬ǰο㣬ǿӲһ޷мҲ޷ 
Ǿ޷侲ɡΪҡ 
һ޷Ӧʱձȥˡ 

ľҵܼƺ˼ʲôƵվϡ 
Ϊľҵܹܼʮˣǻ˯ǰʱһʱѲľ״һ ѲʱԺľһ̯ˮȻҹˮӾһֱӵ ĵذ϶ˮ͵ĺۼ⣬˯ǰѲӵʱûа Ϊˮӵҵ֮Ҳɾ 

ûǵԼˮɣ 
곤ܹҡͷЦЦķĵ뷨 

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ʱԭ̵ꩤ 
ԭһĲɣڳʱ輸ԱŵṣЩơ 
⻨ƺѾܾˣһʼʱͿĴˣôܵڶûпήǴ𣿺Ҳ 
ɾзĽ۹Ȥ𣿡ԭɵ۹˵š 
šз 
֮ǰĵƷรǵЦ 
Ʒ𣿡̵껹֡ 
ȤӴֻ֮Ҫһֵ͸ǵĶ󣬾Ϳʱ֪ԷԼĸչĸร 
ԭ׵Ľṣ˸ķչתɸ߹صɫһһת䣬Ҳ֮ǰľĶ 
һġѲɡͬһƷ֣ 
Ǻ~ɾԺôİע⵽ôСĶ 
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ʵûһĸоֻûȷıѡ 
Ҳ޷һǿɾǹṹඣɾ 
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ӦúҸɣ΢΢תϵĽṣ˵š 
̹̹˵ŵ췢 
 
зڸľյͬʱԼҲһ걸ݣһ֪˵ķչΣҪһʲôҲ֪ԷӦ˵ĽչԷڵ״Ҳ֪ 
һҪʲô£ԼѸѲڵD˽ 
 
Ѿ˺٣һʬʱ͸ˣղŻؼһˡ 
һŰӿʼһҵ 
׼Ҫʼʱյ߲֪ʱֻһ֪ʬϢĹߣҲΪ⣬ȴְڵʧԵɫ̫Ծȥ˼ʲôƵġ 

գþòˡ 
гӳ飬ܶӳҪҲһϯ˵ǰɵѶϢ 
ңΪΪʲôҿûʲô° 
û˵Ӧòʲô¡Ȼô˵ȴ˵ס 
һƵĽʬǴҶ֪飬ҪֹôˣȵڣԡӦǼ°ɣ 
飿ǺȥءܳưɣһЩյ˵š 
ʮ͢һſ֪ʲôأ 
ģڡοЩյСè 
 
ʮ͢жӳټܶӳҪ飬ȻλӳǴҲûж顣 
м飬Ҫһ´ҵһ 
มվڰԱһЩĪҲû˵ʲôֻǵͷʾ⡣ 
ƵĽʬ磬ضڵʬٵ˽ⲻٰɣɽӳͷһ˵š 
˽Ⱑ 
ӦҲ֪Դʧȥλӳ֮󣬻͢ʮ˲Сĳɣ 
ôæҲ֪ 
ԡҪ˿԰æܶӳɽһ˵š 
ţҡʲôϵ𣿡⡣ 
ҽĿģһϣʬ絣δӳ巬ŷѡһӡ 
˵ĿĺһӾЩֹͣ˼㣬һֱյִļҪΪֹ 
⡭ôأҡƺܵ˵㾪Űܾ 
Щ֪ĿһԵİգֻֻǿû˵ʲô 
˸һƺû̫졣 
Ȼأֶһѵóϯĸ˵š 
ǰԺֶˡҲЦˡ 
֪ڳĸλӳڴӳһְûʲôĶӳ 
󲿷ֵĶӳûбʾܾ˼Щ鶼ûУǶӳʮӶӳշbˣʱи˵ȴһ˿⡣ 
డǾòס 
ͬʱҲǴ񡣡ǧĻš 
һпҵҪˣܼߵġһǷԵ˵š 
㲻ÿĩʬæӶӳ𣿡һɵĻš 
ϵɽͷĸԼԶԶİ 
һһʱ䱻µЩز˻յ鸡ϣɷǿɰ 
 
񣬻ôˣյСèֿȤ˵š 
Ǻǡ仰òԾЦˡ 
ڷеһû˵ĵտǰѶԻնĿȻĿһˣҪջشĿ⡣ 
ǿĶռЦˡ 
 
ɽӳһ˼Щˣһʱ²˾ɣ 
һйǣҲһʱȥϸ˼ǣٸ𸴰ɣֱӺһոյľܾ 
 
Ȼոһھ͢ĴʱһͻȻͣЩõĿŰա 
ոΪʲôң֪ƾҵĿڲ˵˼ҡ 
ҪԼڹұ빫¹죬֪ġʵҲϣһԵζӳĻĻȽƫߣԸողû 
ͷϰɣһð䡱¹족ʱ̶ûɵĸеһŭ 
ãľգҪæʱȻ˵ 
һͻȻת෴ķ 
Ҫȥģץסһֱš 
ɢڵҪһ??ú˼С˵յִȥ 
صǿһ˼֣Ҳ֪ͷ϶û׷ȥһƢ˵꣬ĿȥҲ죬ǰûˡ 
 
ɶ񣡿ɶ񣡡ɽӳľգɶ 
һ鲻õڴϣﻹš 
Ǻһ𣿡 
ͻȻһİһͷһûʲôŮվڲԶ 
ǡǣ￴ 
ʮӸӳΣǶӳϣȥһˡ 
ƽûһЩ䡣 
ʮӡеӡ񡭡ˣʯʧȥȴʦĶӳһ뵽һûкøС 
Ҹʶɣʲô𣿡һ°ɣ 
ӳֻ˵ȥһˡҡҡͷ˵š 
ƽȴԳļ֣Ȼıһое£ֲΪһŮûȥĻǷܷˣȥһ°ɣնҲϡ 
ǡðɣѾûˣʲô 
 
ոˡǺɣϵĻ̫ͻȻƳ߹ȥˡ 
ôʮӸӳһأʮӶӳƷǴҶģһӦòʶɣΪʲôҪֻǺȲô򵥰ɡ 
ô죿ô죿ô죿 
ȥƾԼĻ϶ǲУȥľӳĸҰ 
͢ĴиһֱԭشתֻҪ˶֣û˸ 
̫ɣʲô 
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һ̤ʮӺЩֱ걾ƬԾЩ̫ĸоǰȻ 
ʽܻǵһΰɣãʮӶӳ 
ǰӴֵ߿ı飬һǾ⣬ͬΪ־ֳ˿ܱԭһٱɣ 
ʲô𣿡һ¶䡣 
ôнֻһЩԭϲ顣Ӧúһһͨİɣ걾̲غܶ಻Ϊ֪ܣһеһжǰȤоȤ 

Ҷԭ鲻ϤֻʮѣʴˣĲ̫һü˵š 
Ҳ޷ŶǿͣȺȱɣ˵š 
ò裡˵ŵʱ߽˱ 
ллоĺܲʧ񣬺˰ɣ 
ⲻ֪Լõļҽ̽޵Σ 
лдҸ뿪ˡҲˣӦÿż˰ɣ 
αôأһúúù۲ķӦߣ 
ʲô֡ƺʹ 
ֻʶһģһʧȥǰĹ⾰ 
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һڡξͿǰֵľôɵҲ֪ʲô 
ôˣһǰȥڵϻԲѵһ 
ôлһûзӦ 
ɢӳҲ̫˰ɣҴĵط 
ӳʲô˼ηĿλױԼߵˡ 
ע̬ȸ˵Ŀ·ɱҧ 
ΪӦȽһΪһ赹ľӳҶ»㲻ɣͬǴߵ 
޹أ¡ȻûҪ͡ 
һǰ˼ֱǲ̬һԸˣƾҲֻ죬ҲҪûǸ¡ 
ֱӺ˵ĻһѽԵһ 
ܱǸˡѴӳΪľӳ˵ģֻһ󽫻˱øǰʲôٶѷ 
˵ĻЩԥͣ¶ʱӳĺܺãԼʵû֪ͨľӳ 
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һʮӶᣬֱķӶȥ 
 
ôһôˣȥ 
ǰһϵķӸӳȻȲî֮ӳҽȴķî֮ģҽȻҲڻ£˵ǻ̫֪ȵġ 
㾲һǰһֻۣصϵһϡ 
βԸı죬޷ĵΧȥȴӳԡϡԭΪɸ˳ 
Ȼ˵ҳЩεţǷŲ¡ 
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ôȾ 
һֻڰոм˵̸ڰǰǻһºʧˡ 
ɢʲôҪ𣿡ԿյɫЩء 
뿪ˡ 
Űֻһ̶̵Ļʹ˴뿪ˣ벻ʲôʶͬ˵ǡһֳʲô°ɣ 
ʵ벻һû꾹ȻԸմĸı䣬˶ʼδģϾôԺ󣬰ռûжκ˴ķԼ¶Ȼ 

ʮӶֳһλԶ벻Ĺͩľգһ֮ӶӳӳȻˣԱ侪ȴҲиס 
ȻĿǰ˵š 
ҪҽʲôľӳϿκη塣 
һĽҩ 
ҩҲ˵ʲôȱѣͻȻͻ赹ˡװ⡣ 
˵Ĺϵ⴫ġ 
ǲ֪ 
ľӳκҶ¶֤ݣķںһмκζﷴӦʱҲٰھʦδ̫ˡ 
ȷҪΪķӵҵĳͲˡ 
֪λʮӶӳǿֵĶӳ⣬Ҳһλöĸ֣ߵɱΡҪ¶Ķҳκ֤ǲܵġ 
һиһҲŹġý˵š 
 
ķ? 
ӳˡ 
 
ӳȻκϣ 
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ɶ񩤡Ȼ֪ӳĴ𰸻Щߡ 
һһģٻ֪ʱ 
ǻ̫֪ͨ˵һǵĸӳһҾ׷ȥˣʮҵһʱѾˡһ 
ֻǾεûʾʲô 
ҴŻյӣϻûнɣֿ֪ǲ鲻κ״ɡһѲǵһˣӦӳʱ򱻶ϵģ֪Ͳһ뿪Լˡ 

ҵűˣ߳ӳ 
ľӳҲˡЩ졣 
һôˣûлش⡣ 
ûκ״ڵ״̬һ˯еûңңͷ˵źĽ 
ȻˡҪȥҲûá 
ԡոʱθӳϢװɣͻȻ˵ 
ոʱ򶼾ȵ̧ͷ 
˵ӳЩ£ԺµһֿܶҩиáǾпܻǳļ䣬Ҳûʶ顣⡣ 

ļ䣿ʲô˼һк𣿡βš 
ǰһﷸһĻһΡ 
ǾҪʲôˣǳڱ˵ļ䣬ǻ˾ģһֱڹȥõĻҲп޷عʵЩ˵ǻҽѧĹ۵ġ 

ҩЧάֶãš 
˵޷ȷҩԵķӶ˿˵ʶҲӵ˵ 
ʲô˵˲û˵ǽҩأҲ֪ǸŮֻ£ǲˬҪȵװɣ 
ûнҩֻܵҩˡ˵̽ 
վԼѾȥˣԽ߽ 
ؼҰɡ˯еһıڻ 
 
ľսһߣͻȻúʲôɬǰ̻ԼˣԾ۾һкðοԼ 
ҷ𡭡ʲôֻһѣѣܺõѣܡܡںˡ 
ҲΣЩ״š 
ǰЩܡЩѵһ˵š 
˳㿴ɣĵĽš 
(ŭ) 

¶쿴Ŵ罫һ˹ʵûʷʲô顭Ŵ֪ľ 
ôءôûš 
 
ڰ𴲺ûãһҲˣӦ˵ȴûѡһܿնݷ𿴲κζƵģҲûκηӦֻǱܵ۾ 
һͼǰˡ 
ĬȻ 
ιһȵˮϾһһֱûнʳȴǰæһ 
һ½ʪ˴룬һڵˮûȽȥҪԶǲܵˡ 
ˣȰ·ɣһô䣬ɲá 
ԹԵ˵Ųܼ·ƺһڸܷӦ 
ȥµѵݸһ뵽 
ٶֽ̾ڴϵһһҲվ 
ֽϵϵĶдɵԡѾ˴룬մЩԥ˼һ£һһϰʪʾϽµ· 
Ҫҵ𣿡߰һϵ˵š 
һİô죬һȥʵЩΣհܵķӦȱֻ˳ű˵Ķڲ 
ڼˡ 
 
칫İԵЩķǵøٵİɢġ 
ǸӳһôˣǷǳʡ 
ֻѵģû뷨ϵ˵Լ 
ʲôҲûС֪ڵһ 
รǾûඣôûҩûκηӦ 
һʲôӦûˣԡȡ˵ĸһۡ 
ʲôŵϵĶһء 
֮վû˵ʲôˣʱʱ⡣ 
ѩˣǽĳѩɣͻȻ˵š 
пһ´⣬ȷǿʼƮϸѩͻȻһ֮ǰ˵Ļ 
գ²¿ĳѩʲôʱ𣿡 
ĳѩѾʼˡɿˡһ 

[]Ѱ-(-) 
ݲݽ˽ĵĹֻϿؼҿһûʲô£ȻҲʲôǾҪŰġ 
һصҾֱӵԼ뿴ֻĵСèϡտҲ 
ôܣһ 
ǿԼ侲˼˳һѹѰȥһڿͥԺϡ 
һ㡭е߽ 
ӦһĳĬһҲûǰշһǰն䲻ظ񣬵ǿԿĳڵһЩ 
ڿʲô˳һ۹⿴ȥ 
ͥԺʲôҲûУһ㣬ֻƮϸѩ 
Ѳɡѩ벻ڶԭ 
 
ûʬѩ˳ѩһѩɣ 
 
šһѩ֮ǰ̸űһĶһ¡ 
ⳡѩͿʼˣòǸʱɣ 
һʲôʱʼģһԵˡ 
ذմˣʱ󲻾á 
нʳ𣿡 
һү춼δʳܼȻйһүأûзӦ 
ȥɣԸܼõڻ԰ɣ 
ѹֽŶ䡭ûԾ 
ǣ 
ǣһı䷺֣Լůָֿһš 
ǽȥɣǣһԱ˵š 
һ£һȻİţҲҴ¯ûзӦһ᲻Сı̵ 
ԭľǲ¯ֶģǰһӰշһƺնû˯úõӣԵĺûһ֮²֪̫ˡ 
ʱԼԹĶԻ 
 
û뵽ʬĶ쾹Ȼ˽䣬治֪ôܵˡ 
ô˵ 
ܼҪС¯𰡣˵ľûֶȻɽǲġ 
ɵϣֶˣαذô졣 
˺ľҾͶů¯ 
 
ԻľͶһƵһЦֱ˶ԸĶ 
ȵҨһιһߡ 
һǲںȶԾûʲôӦ 
ЩۣûʲôһĴǵһ 
һᡢܵκǡ 
û뵽ǰһգգЩɻĿԼ 
һ 
һȴûյĽлɫ۾Һһ£ݷûƵġ 
һֻ 
ͷԼİȴǰûмģݷ˳μ㡣 
˶ţãһЦˣЦˣԵЩ 
ô˵ﲻԾ߽һš 
һûлشֻǾĿ 
ˡӦǺнɣ벻Բȡ 
ǣ΢ָһһͬȥš 
磿һָ𣿡ͻȻֵ¶Щȵš 
δȫ̵ָ˵š 
һմԼһԵλʱЩİĿܣߵİպֿ涢Լ¶ǡ 
ˣԷɣսӷŽһҪò͡ 
ⳡ˳Եرã¶Ѿ뿪ˡ 
ԭΪһÿγһЩֻֻͣòͣ˾ʱһ 
֮һϴ裬ҲصÿһʱһһΣˮ﷢ãǵ˿˯ʱˡ 
ԡصԼʱһڿԿͥԺǽߣԶ֪ڿʲôһ¡ 
ڿʲô߽һĽӵ뻳 
һͷİգǱˣʲô˵ȴ޷ڰΣֹðղҲۡ 
һΪλ鿴ԼԹԼƵġ 
˯ˣ˵Щһ˵š 
һڰյĻ뿪ϵģһķ 
ͬ޵ĴָϾƽһû´ԼҹҹһЩȽرȷ˵ʱ 
֪δԸȣȵԼĸоʲô 
 
죬ȻûдһţڼԸе˲Ҫ 
磬ӵ˸Լǰ۵һ顣 
գ˵һˡ 
šӦ¶˵İɣ 
û°ɣ˵ڼѹ춼һ 
ʱû£ڲʺ 
šƽʱҲæҪɴʮǶ˶һ죬ܶ˿԰㿴ġĽš 
ʵԼҲ֪òôţ࿴ӴõĿ죬ֲ˼һûģ˭԰Ƶġ 
ǽʱһҪúôڼһǶһЦһܻκĵ΢Ц 
лĽ飬һῼǵġ 
ûãͼһ˻Żܽ 
մˣˣһү 
ϳԼ첽Ĺܼңյĳϵĺȫɡ 
 
ʮһ?ͥԺ 
ιһ𣿵ʱľղɱŹ֡һǵĵ˵š 
ǲʹҪҪ𣿡 
ѾӰǧ˵йһ飬˽ڽһлΣɴͰ˸ 
һû˵ðһƱһ˵ 
Ҳû˵ðҲ˵Ǿûз 
һվͥԺ￴ȥģȻǶһиеʣѵÿһģϾǸˡ 
һ˭Ҳϵã˭ȥûĻģΣշǳԼϻȽϺһ㣬Ҫֱʲô·˴߿ô죿Թ׻ǾԼľû 

˵һǶϵʱֻһҮͻȻ뵽 
ǴԵʱƽӳһҪɱȥĸҶ֪һǺö֮ˣżҲֻǸԲˡ 
 
ԭⰡһ벻˺洫 
ӳ첻ݼôˡŷŵһġ 
ûʲôľ͹ˡǧȥμʲôŮЭᣬԼҲеĻš 
һǸЦ˼¡ 
ôţСôʱһĨɫķע⡣ 
һǧ˵ 
һվͥԺһѵӣ»ĳ֦ĩ˫֣һһֻ˳ֱϣĲϣһĿĵЦˡ 
ľ㣬ͥԺˣ 
ֻǿһһû˵Ҳû׷ȥס˰㡣 
һаЦݣǧͬЦ˵С 
ˣ˶ԼֵĴʻеЩЦҲ˵ԼʱֻԼˣȴ 
ӳľӳôˣһе㲻⡣ 
ǺǩȻ׾Լֱһûϴοһʱ͸оˡ 
ЦʲôסÿԼһЦ;ô²ã 
˵Ʊֺһڡ 
ӳһôһǵĳٶֱŽˡ 
Ծѿڶ 
۩һǸպµľƾ˳ 
һǾԼһˣӳ֪ݴʵ˼ 
ӳҲ 
ʱ 
Ǻǡˣ찡豭ͻȻ˵仰 
˵˭һֵš 
ûȹ׻شһҲ֪˭ˣΪܵǹıѹӽ 
ľհôͻȻˣֱ߽˽˲ŷ֡ 
֪ҲִҰĵط 
ûش𽣰˵ĻֻǾߵһߡ 
ΪʲôҪܣֻ仹Щ 
һϵСѾˣֻһŰ¶޹顣 
ҲǽԹԴڼ𣿡ӵŭðղԾüصϵ 
һܵһʹɵüСֳί⣬ǲΪҪƢ㡣 
 
Ϊ˵ĶԻ̫СԵʣһԵ˵Ļ 
ܸоŭѹ 
ȻܲѹǿĳȴĪĲˬ죬ǰʱһæסҡҡͷ 
ľӳǴһģòһæ˵š 
ǰǿڽлʵ̫ΣˣҪĻ˿ɾˣԲŰģûļ֪ͨˡײš 
ľ԰ûκκôģ 
Ҳеŭ˴Ҳϵ׼Ҫһ뿪ʮһӡ 
һǸ׶ʱǵĶӳȴǵĺ⣡ 
ιľգʮһӣһûҪͬɣҪ˭Ҳ뿪˲²˵š 
λӳĿ⽻໥ţȻͿ㡣 
һԲԵתͷˣֿˣȻ󡭡һͻȻǣյٳֻмԶ˻ӻ֣ʾԼ뿪ˡ 
տһģԵãǣһ߳ʮһӣԭصˡ 
ֻһǴ˰ãײЦ˵š 
Ѿһһˣһ˺üﰡ 
 
ڽϣѾ֪˭ǣ˭ˣΪһ·ʱʱİҲֻĲһǱ߱߹ţġ 
ͻȻһͣһƷǰһ۾ͻȻĳţŲס 
ôˣߵһԡ 
һ۾һµĽҿţһɫĽңŮӵСһЩ˼Ƭӣַ꣬ţԼúÿ 
ϲ𣿡һ 
һȻûлش𣬵ǿıҲ֪ϲ 
û˵ʲôǮ֮㽫ŵһϣһõȻǿĵЦˣһӡ 
ôˣϲʲô𣿡ҪʱһԲߵվš 
һֻǿŰղһֻֽ̯ϣ󣬱㽫ոոİɫҷڶԷϡ 
ԵЩ죡֪ĸһǷһ 
Ҫңβסɻˡ 
һû˵Ҳûеͷıдšǵġ 
ջһĶһ£лл 

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صʱյ쳣ĺãڰ칫ҵġ 
úÿҪȥһ¡˵š 
һȻûȫָ񣬵ǲʧˣô˵ҲǸǿ˿ȻʧߣһȥĻ㷭ǽУǴ߱գھͽΰɣβ 

ǣ޷ 
ͻȻֵҲһȻ¶˵Ѿнչˣû뵽Ϳһˡ 
һԼƽʱ칫λϣԭһλعʱһűʲ֪дʲôҲЩ߽һ˲ȫŰˡ 
סְ϶һԭĵëʡ 
ãһŷһëڹͿѻ 
찡һ뺦ҰҪǱӳ֪ 
һλŵģͻȻЦ˳˵Ļ㡣 
ҿ˳װɵɡЩε˵š 
ô졭ֻµĹˣɽͷҪˡοľӳ 
ֻýһѾͿѻļŹ׼ȥµĹġ 
㡭ǸҰɣҪǰһŪɾˡ 
ʵϯҲԵģԼҲһȥġ 
 
˹ߵһӾͻ˺ܶʱ䣬ԭһߵ̫ûʱͷܲСľ͸ϵ˭ˣЩûɴǣˣոպҲǱӳǣŽġ 

ǣһ¡ӦûйϵɣҿûзǷ֮룡ֻ߶ 
һҲֻǣŵڸӡ 
 
꼸õ¹ˣǣһص칫 
ˣһ˵Щʲôʱ뵽ֻǣš 
ͻȻܾ֮ǰһصʬʱԼҲǣ֡ʱԼܺķſ֣ȴˡ 
ûз֣һǲǾͲͬˣһ˵š 
һԵΣ峺÷̣һûԼġ 
 
űƿˣǴ깫ˡ 
λûзӦʱһεա 
ûܡ鲻İûз״ֻһͷ˵š 
͵ɣԻȥˡն˵һ˳ȥ 
ԭصжʱζӳ£ƺʲôڷֿͣɬ 
Ҫٺ˼ġȥޱȾưɣ 
 
ҹս󣬼һڿԿͥԺǽš 
ҡҷ£ƻɺһµӰյį¼ţǸͬ 
շһϲ϶ԿҹңźԶԶĵط 
ҲķЩʱһʱݷ֪ڽ˭Ƶģ޶ԡԼദҲƽͬǲ˼ 
ⶼ԰ΪҩĹϵϾһԼáϤݷڿһ˰㣬ʱȴ¶Թ飬Լ㣡һеһжǸհ㣬ΧԼͷ 

롭ڵһ 
˵ҩǻһ飬䣬ѵһļ䣿ļ 
˯ˡ֪;еһϢˡ 
Ұ㡣ӵŻеˣԾ˵ 
Լƺûжһ˵ԼĶǾʱδ 
ԭ˯ȥһ仰۾ٿ󣬴Űա 
áһЦˣЦԴŵİ 
лл㡭ټһͻȻˡ 
λɰոеˣôһһο˵Щʲôʱһ۳˯ȥ 
ллټ 
һлǲ׼Ҳ뿪ҵģԶᡣ 
 
ſ˫ۡ 
һǰľЩϤЩİǡ 
תͷʱһſ׾ŴԼǰ 
۩ô£ôջ 
һһйȻð˹տһǰһֱ顢ַӦѲǡ 
һˣ˵ǽߵһ 
šѣ˵ʲôѲΰյĻ 
һһһ£ȷûд 
ȷΡ˺ܾá 
˵ʲôУô㷿һҪʡ 
Լҹġü˵š 
տģͻȻ붺 
㣡ƭˣҲŲأһҵķȴԾó졣 
˳ȥ 
һȤķӦЦˣ⼸һദһɣ 
 
ѽûһСϺײˡ 
ԡԲû¶ǣ㰡һ˻˵š 
ոշЩӦ 
һ㡭ָˣ¶ǾȵĿ 
ô°ôոô˵ 
¶Ǿͻ˵ʱ⼸췢飬¶Ҳֻ˵˸ţǱ¶Լ־ûк֮ģϸҲһŲ֪ 
иľҵǻָˡ 
 
գ⼸ûʲôֵ鰡 
Ӱ칫ɳϣһţΪĹϵһǾЩܺ˯һ붬ߵӡ 
Ҳûʲô⣿Լɳֻè˵š 
ʵҲǼյһô¡ 
มˣҿæӣ׼ʲô𣿡ææġ 
Ҳʲô£ֻ׼һںҵĵˡʵԼҲϲţЩǳǵ˼ľҵ˹ 
հţԣһͻȻš 
Ҫ˵Ļ͡ 
ԣԼʲôԣղ⡣ 
һʮһն԰ɣӦûǴһȷš 
ûڶˡ 
찡ҵ˶찡ɩǹһ롣 
һôˣ±߽һߡ 
ҡҵҵ˷ôʱˣĺҵһֶû 
ҵѧУĿ𣿡ûһǸѧ 
ӻǿɰĽ 
šεҵеأѼϲУ˷ôʱ䡭 
ей˵š 
ʲôأǺ˽˽ѧѧЩʲô 
ݡ 
ˣգǶʷ˽٣ͻȻš 
ӹʷбʬϸļҵйأ 
û̫ˣͼ֮İɣеš 
ҴȥɣӦйʷѧĿɡ 
 
һͼݺһϿʼѼϣһ˵ģһͽһСɽ飬ðЩ 
ȷ̫ࣿ 
šҲȷοɣʣµԼͿˣлл㣬ա֮ǰտԻȥԼˡ 
š°㡣һѾͷ鱾Ҳֻ뿪 
һֻǳӻֵû˵ʲô 
ͻȻáԼüֵҲֻɣЩССĲתȥ 
žƶȡ񡭡һʼԼ˼ά 
ʱĵǰƽ˲٣ͼҲ١ 
̫ѾŲ˲پ룬Ҳԡ 
һϢඣǺҲۻˡ 
ţǹװô⣿ǰͻȻֵ˲š 
һˣֻûзְˡʮһӵҵܣϾʵڲܺʰ 
סأ绹ͦġ 
Ļ˰ͼѾҪˣ̨СҪġ 
ҿȷûˡ 
ҰиѾܾඣգ˸۰ʾš 
ҡѹǡ 
Щˣллңף𼸱ҪϽߡ 
ûԶ˹׿ǸȴԼˡ 
ǸȺܾôأ֪˶á 
ĵľٶеСж 
á׼һӹǵص顣 
ԼþͿһҲðձԼ״٣ֲǽˡ 
߰ɣȥ̫Ҫɽˡ 
Ϧµ˾һ˰㣬ֹȻۣ˭ǵĹϵ 
 
պľ浱ף俪ʼˣȲ˵ӳĶж٣ľһϵĹ嶼˲ٵĺһ룬žνɣԼҹտǴͬ 

ڷȽڵһеۣ˲ðյԼԼȻطϢˣֱĻеıҲ뿪˺һŵյķȥ 
ܵ˰ɽҲύʡ 
Ȼյ̬ȶ˲̫ᣬǸеһҲû١ 
ۣһҪ 
еɣȻǲҡ 
ʵԼμʽٵԭģûпЩľҵŮǡǷƥģҪϯĻոν룬Щ˵μӡ 

գڲ˵Щˣףտ֡е㲻˼˵š 
ллֽԼ 
Ǹ⼸ϱ棬ûļ׼ﰡ 
ûϵ֮ǰѾ͹ˡ˵˳һ΢С 
ţò˵ǸɫҰɣ˵Ļ 
ǰǡǵãȵȡӦǲ֪ 
Լ˵ڣû뵽һķӦ֮⡣ 
Ҳ´𣿡ѵÿ顣 
Ǽˣȷš 
Ǽ죿һҲǵð֮ǰʹ𣿡ҡҡͷ˵š 
û¡Ҳգ 
ǵκȴǵ͹ңҿ԰ںҵĹϵ 
ֻҪ˵տֵģҲûȥˡ̫ˡ 
һվ׼Ҫʱһ˫Ϥֱ۴ӱӵסԼ 
ѯʵ˵š 
աȻҲǵһڰյҹҹЩ˼Ͼᱻ˿ 
һԼ 
š벻һ˯ʲôò˼ġ 
һ˵ԼŬҪϵ¶Ƚ¡ 
û뵽һĴӦƵĿϲ 
Ծ˰ľӣӵס˫ҲƵĸţϧһ㡣 
һͻľٶɵˣһʱ֮ԴһƬհף 
ȵȣաòǡǸ˼ɣ 
ҵץסѾƵԼֹ 
šȫӲһ 
ֻΪһǺ߻ǽŵİûᣬ˳һ 
৩䣬ԭͿɵԡ¾¶毺õ 
סۣ֩ 
һоҲ֪ͻȻһתƿˡ 
ûӦİվƿ˼ 
һ㣬Ϊʹ󷴶ԼӰ죬ŲһǺȥ˲輸輸±ײһԵ磬硭ƫе߱Ψȴʽֽţ 

һʱ֮䣬Ʒҹ 
˶ѵܳ 
ֻһĵѾµֽϣڵĵƺҲһȵӣǷʲô飿 
մˣʲôˣܹܸϽ˹ 
ܹܵ˷㶵һ 
ԣԲ𣡣һǱץǰ½ҵߡ 
մˣǡе㲻֪ǰ龰ôܹܺһοҳ⸱С 
ҽ˯ͷֻ仰뿪ˡ 
 
ͷİûϾޣֻŸոյһС 
ԴӼľҵļ̳˺Լһεͷ˯ɣ 
վ.......һ𣿡Цš 
һĶԲǶԷ仹Ƕ˵أ 
롭˭Ҳ޷˯˰ɣ 

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磬һƵתѣɫ۾Ĵ컨ãȻǺܺãľҵ˻˺ܾòŵʱ򻹱¶һ¡ 
ұ۶û˯ʲô¶ǲ˵š 
һЦ֪Ҫ˵ʲôԼû˯ãҹ˼ġ 
أҲ˯˰ɣ 
ܼ˵ر磬Ѿųȥˡ 
มһĲ֪ô԰ա 
ĺ磿ѵ˯ĺܺ𣿻˵ûǼ鵱һ£ֻԼɵɵһֱ룬ҪԼô졭ɶ񰡣ѵֱֻŤ 
һ㷢ʲôٲԾˡûӡ 
มҿˡ 
ˣ˵ҳһţ緢ʲô𣿡Լ̫˯ˣҲ֪ 
ȡȿȡպһζһǺһ¡ 
šܿรķӦ˵һܳѵ˵ 
ûûʲôڲԾҪٵˡҪô˵顭 
¶ǿһķӦô죬ЩҲŲµˣֻҲʵڲðæȻ˼ǷȢһŵ˼ 
һһԵЩ顣 
 
ɬߵӰ칫ǰһԥúƿ˽ȥ 
һģڰ칫ǰŹģûʲôԡ 
˰Сһ 
ܿò͵ʱ䣬Ϊ֪ҪǸԼͬŵĻһ϶ǳԲµģСèʳԭͲҪٰܾͻˮˡ 
ôˣվſڡɣ 
һ㲻ɡ 
һŰ̹̬Щ̫ˣЩ߽Ŀ 
ߵ칫ǰվڰյߣľٶô᲻ˡ 
 
ˣҪ㡣յ˵š 
ʲôһȻǰλߣȫȻǸո顣 
ȻСӣĶȴҲ죡һոսŵ̬ȲɵԼǳ붺 
ǡ̯һƺһ 
һõһ£ûϷӦûһ 
ľʩ?ǹģ޵Ǻ죬֪ΪǺߡ 
һǰŭţϾ˶ 
ôˣѵ˵ⲻģյЦ˵š 
ûһɰոĶǱģҹճµ 
㣡㣡㣡ǡһЩ֪˵ʲô 
һȤķӦɾһСèԼĻ 
һյĻʱһ֪ηӦ 
ȱ˵Ȼ֪һʲô 
ȵȡҵվ 
ôңһЩε˵š 
˭˭㰡Ե㡣 
ǲԸ⣬ʲôҲԡҪҡ 
˵һҲ΢侲Ҷ 
ȷ˰ˣûԼʲô̫Ϊƽʱɫ鿯ûпԼȷǱɵ˲Żôࡣ 
һĬһûлش𣬵ǽӲԷ˲٣֪ˡ 
㡭ôûҡ֪˵ʲôһͻȻת˻⡣ 
ڵĻԵ𣿡üŻС 
ҡԭˣԼ˼ġ 
û˯ðɡЩ۵ḧЩ׵ۡ 
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Ļڰնﲻһ 
ɳ˯һ°ɣڶͷһºɳϡ 
ǡأɺȷе˯ 
ҵȻҪҪ칫ЩЦĻشš 
Ҳԡ˯ûϵϰʱأ̫ÿ 
޷ĶҲֻζѡ 
šһ֮Ҳ࣬ƺѾԼʬҪյ£ݵľ˯ 
ʱһһĹȥ칫ֻȵĺЩ΢ֽĦ͡ 
 
 
ϸ΢ĻĿռ䣬΢ֱͣߵıʿɳϵ΢΢ܣǻЩԺģɷǿɰ 
ˣ¾ŵ㡣 
šʲôʱ˰ȅȵš 
չ粻áɫĽΪðշĲ١ 
ม˯ôףſ˵˾仰󣬴ͱһϤϢΧ 
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ջһ뵽飬ôҲ޷ǰɣȫ񾭶ǰɫߡ 
һᣬ˵˵ʱע⵽һƺҪ˵Щʲôĵĵڡ 
˶һºһͷյƵĿڵ 
աǸѾ˰ϵĽͣԼķӦȴԵıʾŰգоƺЩⲻȥ 
ôˣһΪͻȻǸ 
ҡҲǲรֻǡһʱˡôأ 
ղ˵˵һˣﲻͣЦţǹİ⽫ƽӵתΪָİһ֪ϰߡ 
һ̫ˡ 
ûϵģ⡣ָıⰲο˵š 
ĳָĸо 
յִԼıʱһЩ絽ĸоģѵֻԼ̫ˣ 
ôˣ֪Ϊȴš 
ûûֻеˡое΢ȵУһҸɺϽ뿪յĻ 
ȥԵ㶫ɣЦš 
ô᲻һ˼أǰҲûдƵš 
һƽһϸ΢ĻԷǰļ⣬ϧѱողŵѫЩˣʲôҲ 
 
˵ĳһջҲ֪㱻٣㰮Ϊ˭ 
 
ڴʱʮ͢ӵĲûܼòͣȥͲʶ˺Ҳֻʣ°ոԼ˰ɣΪ˶ԲŲԸصľ͵ģû뵽һû뵽վȻҲԸòͣ 

԰ɣ黹ֺ࣬˼Щʲô 
ƽˣò͵ʱϣһԺúóԶоƽʱڻݵ˺ܵġ 
ò͵ȻǳſȴͨһҪһʱ֮꣬ĵĵһҲꡣ 
ķԱصضҪˣ˵ҪǳԵģЩŮԱ۾һֱһƣڵģҲֻһܲɡ 
ðรҲ԰ɿҮʬٳԵ 
ֻЦҡҡͷԼһҲݸ 
ȻӵĻҲҪһһһտʼ˵Ҫ¡ 
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Ӧ֪ģܶӳ֮ǰ顣ӳ 
Ҷˡ֮ǰ飬һɶˡ 
һ³ģַ֪ˡ 
ʵҲ㵣ְˡ 
ʲô˼һ⡣ 
ΪվޣʮԺ󣬲ֻ㣬ЩһǿѣӦҲΪġίš 
š˵Ҳû 
ȻǺšҾԲģ˿Զ 
Ҫǵ϶ӳҲˣ㲻ϣ𣿡תùķʽ˵ţһ̫ڲõ뷨 
թ̧ͷεЦ˵š 
֪Ѿ˵һ 
 
ʮ͢ӵжӳٶȱټ 
Ŀ֮ľأһɽӳš 
Ըⵣδӳһְһ󡣡һһ˵š 
ร˵ 
ǾǡһһԵİջ˵ţزס⡣ 
ƽû˵ִֻ飬˵ġ 
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⡭ͬ⡣갡 
ֳѾ䵽ߵ㣬ɰͷųѹ¡ 
֮ǰ㵽һϯȥҸϯҪĶӶӳĻȵɣҿԽɢˡ 
ܶӳһ˵꣬ȫʶˣڶʱʣˡ 
㵹ǺܶôŭɤشС 

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աεĺһԵˡ 
֪ķŭˣжûˣʵҲȾԤϵġ 
 
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Ӧö֪ڵɣ˵ţоǲ⡣ 
šܶӳͻȻ˵ʲôȴҲǵͷʾ 
Ƕʬ绹˽綼һܴвԼҲ֪ܿʲôʱһ졭ҽǵĵˣ 
üκ˶Ͼһֹ 
һĵˣðһɱң 
३ƺʲôѵ 
˼ɣ˲ 

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˵ʲôһͻȻһѹԵѸٵİǽߡ 
ΪʲôһҪңôң 
ǰദŨѾȻ޴ˡ 
ӱܡķ񰡡աʹ࡭Ҳܣ 
һ˵յıʹˡ 
ӱܣʱ㵹Եĳ졢Ȼһ 
ճͷԵǰĺ촽κλ˵ٶ඼Ȼġ 
ҵĴཻ֮䣬һѡεıۣҪ԰նԼֲпı֣ġʹ 
գϰ飬ҲĲ鰡ҡ 
ˮĴӻ䣬Ի˰յǡ 
һҸô죿һһԼǰᣬվᡣ 
գѵҲԸʩ𣿡ֹˮ» 
ľǰʾǰᣡĸ׹Լڿ޹ΪԼǰʹԼӲǱˣǰգ 
 
ҪԼ˽꣬ǲְʡ 
ޡĵķΣȥһ۽ǵˮ 
˭˭ΪԼǰԵˣ 
աҵˡҵġҵֻһ˵ģ㶼Ҫһܸ˭ 
˼ǣҪһĻ͵ýģ 
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ػһŵ 
ʱ˿̣˵϶˱ϵĳŵӳصԼΪԼ 
ôͻȻô˵תӵڻš 
һղűըԵЩ㵣ǰԼҲ˼⣬ֻûһʱԼô죬û뵽ͱ³ŵ 
ʵǸոճ͵ʱ뵽ġҰָ侲ˡ 
ոգԷҲ˼ģѹá 
¶˵һѧУʱ򼸺Ըʲôģʱݶ˯ûгԡ 
˵ˣҵԱܶˣҲп˺ܶˣһģҲûݿ־гѹҴԼһֱܺ¡ 
һûʵôηԼ 
ԡҽν㣬ա浽Ǹʱ򡭡Ͱˡ 
ԶĻҪ鰡κ˶ǣһ 
ҰɣǰԹ㡢㣡 
 
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ӵİ칫Ҵǵһӿô࡭֮ͣͣ 
ǡһЩȣȺô 
˼ľӳһһСܡҾ˵š 
ֻüû˵ 
Ǹ硭ʵҪһӳ¶֪ղˣϽ͵ 
ǰСһϿǧֱӹȥһߡ 
ӡӳѾһ亹 
ԭڰ칫ҴҲǰһȺӿ칫ҵŮŵЩʱվͻˣҲ֪ν͡ 
ľӳػģЩȽ˽˵ϱȽϺʣڻȰǰɣ䵭˵˵Ļ 
ʲôȽ˽˵飿Ⱦһա 
ȫҡȺˣ 
۰գȵȣ˵ҲǣȰ칫ɣǰͻȥտ췢쭵һϽ˵ţѾܹյŭˣ 
ҲûȰջشһϽȺ֮һʧ 
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һȺ˵ġ˵ֵİɣ 
һھһҵĹսѾȥ巬ӵĴӳˣҶиԵɡ 
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ǰǧͯͯ 
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ʵɭҿ˵ǸͲʶҲûдżȻǰ칫ҼΣԼҲֻǵͷû˵ 
ǿɰôֵĸо 
 
Ҳͻص˰յļ 
ˡտŵҵһ˵š 
šôоյֵֹģ˵֡ 
һоƽһţһʲôԣֻԼˡ 
ֱҹ 
һһǷݺ󣬰ջŻˡ 
šе۵ϢС 
㶼˯ɺãִһš 
Եܻκһ˵ġ 
⡭ҡ˵Ĺϵ⼸һӷչ̫죬쵽ЩͿˡ 
𣿡һ˵š 
һֻѾ޷мˣȻ£µǲ޷ֿģ 
áһǹġ 
ﰵЦദôãﲻ֪ʲô˵һõģӲӲǿķʽá 
һǲǻʲôҪûҡѱƷСè 
Ϊ˵ 
ڵ顣ССİʾ 
𣿶Ȼأ 
¶˵ǰһӼûлҡٰʾ 
⡭ں֮ǰǼ鰡 
Եһ𣬿Ѿˣһʵ巴ӦԱȼĲѻá 
̹״ӿһٸһλᡣ 
Ҳǡʲô˵°仰˵ǡܴϡඣ 
ʵֻǲȷܲʬ֪ˣǿġ 
ϾƺҲڷƷΧ֮ģǰһӸѧߵսˣôܳǡϾҲѾˡ 
 
รˣܼյҪĺ꿨ʱ˽ˡ˵߽һ 
มôô׾ͷŹأ 
ô߷һź꿨һݡ 
 
  
£װСݮ 
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ϣһõ㡣أ 
  ƽӺ  
 
ҵϣǡûյǼдĺ꿨 
亹ԾĻ䡭Ǳյġ𾪣ҲòȥõＫЩû鰡ȻдŸѣҲ֪һǹ⣡Ҽţôżĵʬİ 

ѣĵһȥµ亹š 
Ȼȥյı顣 
֪ΪʲôصʱеˣԭǴˡ 

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ʲôĽǰҴĺܲҰɣѵʱǸ顣 
ǿµĺŮˣ˵Լ黯ʱƺҲǺĺܿࣿǱ˴˱˴˭ҲǷɡ 
 
գҡ롭컹Ǿϲϰ 
ʲôѵСèĸš 
ҽ컹ǻȥ˯ˣٹĵĽš 
ŸմӦҲھ뷴ڣ˵ȥɣӣ 
˯áѹָôᡭƭӣ 
ջһ޷мܵľǡ˹ʷ 
ĲȴԽ˱±ߡ 
 
ͻȻһת˹ѸƵ 
۩ԭΪͷײذϵһԵıۡ 
ûܵʹоһɵſְۣȽֳԼĺԡ 
ǲǸúú˵һйЩѡ顣ѯʵĿвŲݾܾ 
ǡҲֻ 
һǰһӵгӰѾ쳬ԽԼʶ鵽ƽȫг 
ţ︴ӵ˵ǵǻɻ 
ûǵĻڵҿҲ˰ɣЩεĽš 
ʵﻹǺܸлȺһġ 
ĬռżžĿռ䣬û˿ڡ 
 
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ͻȻһһ¡ 
֪֪Ҫõĵطʲôĸһš 
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ǰԷաҡҡͷ˵š 
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Ȼ˵ҪңǽͲֻԼˣ׼ٶѹ֪𣿡˵š 
Լ˽潻ʱ˶˵ĺء 
һȻǱ˵صģǰģǿװǿģ 
㡭𣿡˵ºЩתƻ⡣ 
Ҳ˵ֻҪ㲻˺ԼҶ 
᲻ָ֪Щֵĺؿһ쵽Ϊ棬ͱͨ໹ˣһĸԣϲ٣ 
ǡ㲻ѽ鱨ȥɡЩĿŰա 
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ҡʶѡ׵ղõһϽҡͷ˵š 
ԼѶﲻ 
ôƵĸλԭҵλȡЩʲô 
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һӵϱƽŵѾ˺õıϡ 
ѹƵһӿһɲõĸоһ뵽Ͳܸմͬһ칫ˣָеЩįԼʲôʱôһˣ 
ȵһҲ֮Ļˣ 
 
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ɰԼĵһӡܡЭ 
ô˵أ֪ǲĴоɭЩǿ𣿻˵ΪߵĹϵ 
һɭֻиԼ˱ҪĻҲǹϵĶԻ֮⣬ûиԼԼ̬ȿǡ⡱ƺԼľ롭Լô 

ɭϢһ°ɣеءЩ۵˵š 
˵Ǵ󲡳ȷǺԲŲԼ 
лӳĹģû¡ƽ˵š 
˸ӡ 
 
Դκһʱ򣬰ջǻȥһؼҳ磬Եķһ⼸ڷʲô顣 
һʲô𣿡Կõһ˼һš 
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顭ڽҮòأӦҪ뿪ģǽȴԾĶסˣóɭ̬ĺܹ֣оһ֡ԵĿɣ 
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š 
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ŴĻ谵ɭӰЩĻܡ 
һﻹѲһɧͷ˵š 
һԵĳɭȻҲͬ뷨Ŭ뿴˵Ķ 
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Űɩ÷ɭնƵ׼ſĵˡ 
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ȱ𼤶öӳҾսɭ˵š 
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Ϣĺܿ죬һ͵ķƵͬʱҲõϢϵˡ 
һɽһСɽһŮһŮվķ⣬ĺܲЭ߹˶˺üۡ 
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ҿ磬˿˽βŻô˳˽ı飬î֮νЦĲá 
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Ȼ뾡ְĻòϢԭͿԻȥˡ˿ȴˡ 
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ջδ߽һԣһɫӰѾ˹ȥ 
ӳôˣʹ𣿡ɭš 
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ʲô¡һԱֱӵĶʨɲõĽͷתһΡ 
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ա¹˱̫û᲻˸Ͻлһ 
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Ȼϲ뵽ӾΰɣĽš 
աʵ 
Ժһӳúϵģԣ㲻ҪߣɭЩһ˵š 
û˵ҪߣġһЦŰοųɭ 
һԵѾ㲻˭ο˭ˡ 
գɭĸ٣Żת˵š 
ҵģ𣿡ĵһ 
Ƚһˡ 
УϢռƣ裿ҿܻ 
һԵҾաʨɸɭԣľյģ 
Ϣôơû˵괽ͱסˡ 
ȵĴиϣҲҪڵ 
ʨɸɭ˲䲻֪ÿתͷ 
ǸˡҾմ梸ϽλС뿪 
 
 
򿪰칫ҵĴţһѾȵĳɭ 
簡ɭ͵С 
簡ӳСҰɣЦŶԸսŵһ˵š 
һЩסˣΪǳɭһζЦ 
ม簡Сҡ 
Ȼ¹ΣԼҲɣ 

[ھ]-() 
ֻܽ˰ڵһλǷΪ˾Ϳԣ 
βܳΪеĵһλ 
 
ĳ 
롭ǸӰɣ뵽Ǹ˱㲻ԾЦˡ 
ʺ𣿡ǲֻǾȻԼˡ 
ٺʲˡ϶ 
ףһºͿԿʼƻ˭ȥǸ鷳 
Ҫӭӡǹ͡ 
ļٵģ 

ʱĹúܿ죬ٹһӾԼʮˣԼҲѾӸбҵˡתۣսദѽˣʬҲԼڶˡ 
 
ÿϢʱ䣬ϲһϢһϲˮĵطϣϲܰ 
һջǰͷ羰ꡣ 
Ϧ£ӳӰϽӰ޳ 
ţһعŰա 
ԸԸ⡭ľҵӡг顣 
һƺûа취Ӧ㶵ĿŰա 
˵ӭȢҵӡٴ˵š 
㡭˵ʲôһһʱ֪λش 
ʬ粢رעһһŮĽ֮ͬҲԼȢ֪ˣҪҪ޸աһ¡ 
㲻Ը𣿡ǰӵס 
ôҡһ롭𡭡еɵ˵š 
á㿼ǵ¸°ף죬ҵĴ𰸡 
˵ͷһǻ˵ЩʲôĴԼһ㡣 

⼸źһǶһϢ֮ǰŰգ˵ϢʵӱܣӱŰˮĿ⡣ 
⼸ҪҪصԼ֮ǰĿͷϢһʼЩ̫飬Լԡ˼¡Ϊɵʱǿͷ 
յʬ紫ķзˣסľҵǽ֪͢ˣԭΪǸ˲ġ塱ȻҪûҪòûòԼʵ˵ԼҲǺΪʲô 

ҥ޹磬ҥľյ˵ģܿϧҶ´ˣһֱرûԼǣ˶Ѿˡ 
 
һԽȥ𣿡 
šɡƫƫʱ 
⼸ôˣֵֹ֮ġ߽¶е㵣ĵš 
ûôûС 
ǵĸоܹ֣ˡȻһ˵ǡ 
һʲôã̫˵ѸΡ 
ҡ֪ô˵֮ǳ 
һҡ¶ǺɵĲ[۴һ 
ʹˣһǲѰյ˵ 
㲻ϹٹһȻ㣬¡ 
ʲô£ɵ۹⣬Ծɲ̫ġ 
㡭ûƬԽҿš 
梣ʲôе㾪ȣ 
ֻ뿴ôһ˶ԣ𣿡е棬Ȼ˵¶ǳʮƣǰʵиһȥķǰݣĹϲûаڷκƬ˵ľãǰûԼȥ 

šôȥʴأ㿴𣿡̫˽һĶ 
ҲЩԵį 
šһǰܼ͵͵ҵģǿҵıأ 
ǽҿɣоͺðˡ 
˵ͽ谡 
ȻءѲҪҸǮ 
ҪۡթһЦ 
ۡе㺦µķʡ 
ҲʲôֻҪ䷢Ҿͺãɣ 
Ȼûа׳Ե͡ 
ʵǰϣҿԡޡ롭ľҡ̫뽲֡ 
ϡ¶ǾȵԼ 
ǡǡǡôش𣿡ھȵе˵Ļ 
˵Ҫһʱ俼ǡ 
ǣʲô 
⡭ܶȷ˵ǵ֡нܰոҼ˵ȡϲӹɣǽôס 
⼸ַ˯ԭ򰡣˽ˡ 
ʲôַ˯ĺѾǷƵģ 
 
ûú¶ٶȽһƬ 
㡣ݸһȻ֪Ϊ뿴 
ֻһſһû˵ 
Ǻɣ¶Ǹ˵˵š 
 
ʲô 
һ㡭Ҳ񡭡˵š 
˵ʲôɶ񩤻ңһƬЩȥ 
ԭصһ 
ƬеЦţǿůһе΢ЦЦԱҲЦ顣 
 
ӳӳСŬĻЩһ 
ʲôʲô 
ӳ⼸ô˰Ĳɵӡɸж˵š 
ҲûʲôԾ̾˿ 
ʮΡͻȻðһ仰 
ʲôʮΣ 
ӳʮ̾һ¡ 
Ǿ 
ڷʲô˵ǱȽĵ˵š 
Сҡڡľ˵֪٣ 
ָľ𣿡 
šͷ 
Ҳ࡭ΪϾֻһˣֹΪľˣǼĻ֮٣Ҳû˵ΣϡҲֻǵЦݰɣ 
ôҡǻϵӲɣš 
븡ӳî֮Ƚ֪ɣϾľӳһ㡣 
𡭡 
ôͻȻ˵飿ľӳʲô𣿡 
ûаôôã 
ԼֻҪһ´Ҷô룬Ѳдľר 
 
ſʮӣֶӳҲҸ 
һɡžƱ˵š 
ɣһҲԼš 
ǿһ¶Ǻ߹Լˡ 
มлл߽¡ 
СһȻԱ߰ġִȤ˵š 
в𣿡治ร 
ˣˣһصɣֹ˵B 
һƽϲԵݵǰ 
ǡʡС顭֪٣Щ˼Ŀš 
桭ƺôЩ죬Ǵһ 
֪ͻȻһеεĵͷ 
ᡭֻǱôһʡЩѵĻλΰľˡ 
Ҳе㡭ƺҲ֪˵Щʲô 
˶һ²֪ô˵Ų˵һ 
ĻͲˡǿҲǲõġ 
ҲһֻΪ㲻ʰأЩ֡ 
һʵ󣬳ĬһºЦˣġ 
ʰʲôáĿУɡƵ붼Ŷղأ 
ҡʵֻ֪ڴĿǸôŮˣǿƺҶӡ󶼲˵Ѿˡ 
ҲѾʮǰˡ 
׻˵ĳ֮⡭ʲôҲû£Ҷֻ֪ľˣľҵŮˡ 
һաô𣿡Щĵš 
ûе¡Ҳ˵û 
û¾ͺáһҲûĵ˵š 
һƽʱ鲻áʱͲԵģֻθڲõè 

[ھ]-() 
һº 
ͬĵص㡢ͬˡһ顣 
һ˵ʲôЩԸԼġ 
˵Ҳܼ޸㡣ƽ˵Ŵ𰸡 
Ϊʲô֪ԸġǲܶǲԸ 
աϲ㣬ӹɵġعͷЩɬ˵š 
ΪβԸҵӣ 
ԸӣǡҲľ˰Щʹ˵š 
ʲô˼ľҵŵȻľҵŮˡ 
һЩһû˵ 
ѵ棿ȷš 
ҶС¡붼ǲ̫ˡʵ˵š 
治ǸעĿˣ㲻ͬ 
Ҷӡ󣬺ֻĸ֩ľˡ 
һ㵽˵ʲô 
˵ǡѾСˡģôܡĵλҲܰ 
һЩŪͿˡ 
Ҽ޽ľȡΪľˡôСأʧһۼڰ 
治ʧģһʱ벻˵Ų˺һ 
ŮˡҰ˵ɣ 
һ㡭Թ𣿡Թں 
ǺǡôᡭһȻЦ˳ЦĲá 
˵㳯˼ۿҪ̤ˮˣǰһѴӺ汧ס 
 
һǰˡæס 
С㡭ֻимû桭ûڵ㡭û棬ûа취ôܶ𱨣 
һȫΪ氡㰡 
թǿӲĴϰյĻ 
 
ӦôҼǵˡҲӦػ˰ԡԶġľˡҲľԶľˡ 
һԶġľˡ 
㻹ںҵһ졭ﻹռһϯ֮صһ졭ʹӦҡ 
ͻȻòˡ 
Ҹôǻǲǣʲô˵Щ޷⡣ 
տһͻȻʲô˵ڡ 
 
Ļش𣿡һֱΪ˽㣬žƺˣ 
աǰ˶ٻЩΡ 
롣̫ļʱ䲻 
̵˵תȥ 
˼ŷûиعͷŷһԭء 
ҡһϲˮֹסĻ䣬һһΡ 
һ㡭ôˣʲô 
ջˣϽӵ뻳ﰲοţ֪һΪοޡ 
ԡ𡭶Բ𣡡תȥ˲䣬ͻȻʲôһӱˣյıӰúѹ˺˰ա 
ɵϡûһΪôѹ 
ͻȻЩп顭Ū 
 
Զľʲôǰ 
롭Ӧĵľ롭ġ 
 
ԶһӰ˩ 
ǶӳһôоպЩ֡һڿޣΪʲô 
Դһ巬Ӷӳ󣬸ĴĶˣԭϣŲȥ飬û뵽ټȴˣ 

һصľҺҲûãֱǣһص 
ŲŹϰձ̲סĴҪһ˼֮Ƶģþò뿪 
ͻȻҪõѣʧȥףǵĹϵÿǰ̤һǾٲά粽УͻȻǳԼôԣ 
 
޷һ˵Ļֻ֪ԼҪ꣬޷ʧȥ 
һҪһܽܵɲԸľҵĻһģһ԰ĳΪľ˵ɡԡҪԼˣ 
šƴ֮£һпűһ˸ϸġ 
 
աҵȵȾҪˡҵաе㲻ᡣ 
ÿһضؼҸһһģֻһǡ˷ַ˯һˣڵ˼ʲôǿҡ 
治ߡһӵĸ 
Ҳǡһ 
ϼǵһһ˵š 
һġ 
 
֪˶ʱһص 
 
Ϊϲ︽ĺӵ̱ϦĹϵͶԼ߻ȥֱ͵Լ䡣 
յ紵һϸŲǰ˵ĻоҸؿڵЦݡ 
ûȥˣӦѾ׼ˡ 
űת׼ȥʱ 
þòˣЦʺš 
һǰͻȻǰϵЦ˲佩סоȫѪҺƺܵ˵ 
ðεʱżɬ³ߵ֡ 
Ⱦ 
㻹ǵҰصӭģһȾԸܵһȫԵĿ־壬ڶԼĿ־塣 
˵ʲһͻȻǰһƬ谵 
˼ûʱˣΪˡԵһ˵š 
һ룬ѾҲκڵӰˡ 
 
ӹ 
һŹӸһֻèͬʱ֡ 
һ𣿡ñס˫˲ 
ΪʲôҪһҹһš 
һѾѧϰ˿ķˣڴʲô壿ҪõȻˡΪʲô 
ҪϽʬУȥ֪ͨһģʬͰˡһȻ󲨰ɣ 
ţȥһˡ 
 
ҹһϢʬʱʮͤӲСɧ 
ʮӵӳۣЩϢ 
ľթ 
һǰûԼˡôܣҪôţ 
һԵĸٱҲòȥϾҲ֪ȾĿֲ 
ɶ񰡣һʲôҪģβ⡣ 
ϴ¶һ˭Ҳ˰ 
⻹Ǵ°񡣡ҲЦˡ 
šЩǵĿԼĺ󱲣ľա 
Ⱦӳ㡭ҪԺӳʲôҪ˺㣡 
СѾᶼˡ 
СңʨɵҲܲ 
һСҵһûлúôл㣬Ҫʲôҿɲԭģ 
ޱԼĶӳЩˡ 
СһôǧЩš 
˭ֻ֪뽫Щһļһж˿飡 
ڳÿ˵ı鶼࣬ûһɵ 
 
ˣϼע⣬κκӳϢͨ 
ܶӳĽ˵š 
 
Ⱦֽ֩ͷдţ 
 
ȾֵϢһӾʹʬ磬˲СĿֻţ 
Ǵ˵еꩤһ۷׷ס 
ʬһư㣬ŨĻ 

[ʮ]εı˶-() 
ʬŵԵϢһݵΪȾ¼һݵΪʧȥһҪˡ 

ө 
ӵִＸ˱ַ 
һôˣ 
һȦѾˣûаϢôˣ 
Ⱦʱһߵû͸˳˴ŭκηӦԲߡ 
϶ŵĻ巬ӵĹģһ֮巬ӵĹʮӶӳƽ̯ţԭΪ˵İ칫Чõġ 
 
ŷө 
ޱû뵽ҵôæھŷӵִ˵š 
Σһֱ𣿡ľӳˣ 
Ѿŷ͵ˡԼǾúܸҪľӳôã 
ӳԼڹ棬ûţڲû֣˿ʵ⼸ʲôĿԴ 
أޱš 
ҡǷԲ㰡 
ԼĺֵҲϲһ顣 
 
ʮө 
ӳ㻹زپҵҾиж˵š 
Ǻܶٵ˼ 
֮ǰҲڰæ巬ӵĹ𣿡ֻصʱˡ 
˵ʨɲɵĨɫӰСϴģ 
һúõĻŰɣҾտŴľɫ˵š 
һᡭѵõĿˡ 
ӳҾնٻЩ졣 
ɱһûκκôҪɱαصشߣȾôˡ侲ķţҲ֪ǲΪ˰ο١ 
ǰšҾպ˽ԼĶӳǸˡ 
Ⱦһﵽô¿ɺˣ¾巬ӳʧ١ 
 
ʮһө 
һѾüҮԺӵʯ˵š 
ʲôҪˡûеõκϢ 
ǰµȻǺ㣬ǾƽҲҥԡһԤе˵š 
ӳźɣ˾ʧˡ 
ɡվԼġһǺ顣 
һʵű˸˼ 
 
ʮө 
˵巬ӵķˮǲǲ̫ãһԵİˡ 
ҪǷˮ׶ˡ˸ĸĲͺˡ 
ʬ죬ô䵽УҪСı÷纮ഩһס 
Ϊ̫˰ɡ˴ֲ 
Сèżﶵתλݸ 
ϰԵ׼ЩһϲԵʳĻͿԳԡ 
ֻһ顭ѵ˵š 
ʲô 
ֻСèΪС 
˻һøɵŴ۾ 
ڵʬֱǰյĺҹһ㣬Ȳ١ 
İ 

Ȧ 
Σλš 
Ⱦ˺ùһС~վһԵ˵š 
ҪĹأҪߡ 
ҲѾһʱأڻûгųķӦȻǲʵ塣 
ȾͻȻ뵽ʲôƵ뿪λ 
Ҫȥ𣿡͡ 
 
һľķ䣬ͷԿһȻ˯ŵ꣬ɫķ˿Ųͬһһȫֻ˼ɫ˿ʳ˵Ϊ˱й۲ʵʵ̫˷ˡ 

ʲô֪˵Ƚɰɣĸķ˵š 
ԴȦ֮һֱһھˮµ״̬ΪǼʹ벻ΪĴȱɣ 
ܿͽˣٵһͿȥˡֻ˵ǸǸˡ 
ƺܵڸԷ˸ס˵½Ǽ˯š 
ǿɰĺӡ桢аڵȴĳȾƵĴףһ˻޷԰Σ 
Щͻȵõã̫ĶԼ¾ͻʣ 
һֱ۵һƺܵиˣſ˫תΪãȻ飬ԼԵȾ 
ˣţŵ㡣 
һҿһ£Ŀڴһˡ 
ȥ𣿻ȥӤûж෴Ӧһš 
˼˻ᣬȾֽһĳһһۺá 
ȥ߰ɡ 
աһûеֿȻĻȾĲϻ 
ЩأҲȥЦ˵š 
Ϊһ顭ǲͬһռģѡʯٵķʽҲ˳Ұɣ 
ոеǡľաɣȤˣ 
Ҫúû𹼸Ҷ 

㡭 
㡭 
һϯµĺڷ߽ľӲδ޼֦Ҷһ̫۵СӸ˵˳·ȥ 
ܵߵϢڳߵ̾˿ϲΰġ 
عͷӵһͷɫĳӴŲԵ 
ϱһֻСèֻè֪ôģÿζһ׺ݵԼھҪӽһ 
ԡСèë 
ӦѾ˵ˡɫ̧ͷЩε˵š 
ټ棬ǰɣĻ˵š 
֪治Ǻ˼ҳүͦӵġ 
ѵͲڵ𣿡һʱһλãԼϡ 
ҡ˵ûС˵µ겻ʵķ 
˵ҪǧٸȴûһģҪŷÿζҪߣôԸң 
ɡҲ˵˵Ҳŵġ 
ǾͲҪ˵һĻᡣӲĵ˵š 
ڵġġҲڡ 
֪ǲԵġȴݵôԲ𡭡 
 
ӳľӳμĺš 
۾ӳԼĺ췢١ 
ǲ̫ټӳ˯һ˯ô졣 
û¡Ρôһֺʵĸо 
ôǿˮĨӰաƺ˭ 
ѾǵһˣԴһȥ֮ļεһαһθӵôǿ˵ò 
ม⹫ǱȽϽģոճɭġӳѾΪһŪЩƣˣ⼸ƺֵֹġ 
Űɡü˵š 
ȥʱ˰һ£˵Щʲôȴֲ֪˵ʲô 
Ѿһˡ㵽ôˡһ 
 
ֹ֪һݣһʧٵӰ¹ȥˣ޷ϰֿնĸоĳطԾʹ 
߽Լִ׼칫Ÿ¾ϿһţûκΪǲô˹Ĵֲ𿪺 
ʱҪĶ黹ϣ򣡡 
ֻм̵һ֣Щ˭дģ 
￴벻ôʱ黹 
ôʱο˽ 
ӳ穤ô׼ʱ 
ⶫ𣿡ŷԼĸ١ 
ţš⼸첢ûյҪӳŰûӡ 
𣿡˼ǲǡ 
ˣȻ֪ˡ 
ûİŷһĹĿʼš 
 
ʱ?ľ?ũ 
վȵĿǰֵλӦλ͡ 
þòˣľӳͬ 
ȾдġҪĶָﱧ˰ɣ 

[ʮ]εı˶-() 
ǰ黹ҪĶ۰˯ڻһ˵š 
ûнĵ߽һɭİߡ 
Ϊ˵˵߱ߣԴ 
ľӳòҪκร˵һСܵġһԵ˵š 
üͷȾнӹ˯һ 
ʲôֻǵĽһ߶ʲôû 
ҪúõɰĺӰȾûش 
㻹ûشҵ⡣ 
𼱣֪ġһӡ˵תȥ 
ȥıӰղ֪˵ʲô׷Ҳǲ׷Ҳǣ˿һղٶ߽ﰲ 
 
һ֮󻷹һܺЩƵš 
𣿡εȾ 
һʱҲ˹ 
һһѽӵڻ 
ʲʲôЩΪΰô 
ˡôûﲻһûһ˿ĸı䣬ǰܾЩ̫ġ 
ѡ˯˺ܾ𣿡ô˵ôֵĻ 
һҵһ 
˵űȥǳ˼ĺĴɳĮеް㣬ȪԴʥ䣡 
סĪġ 
ձһֳɵİɫԡһӾɢ˿ 
ȵļӴĿɪһ£֪ܵŻǺĹϵ 
ȵȡǡʲôһŵƾš 
ûһľһµļҧССĶ˵ǣһҲֻͣռˡ 
šաģ 
һɵһĻŲ֪Ǻá 
סְһͻȻš 
 
һпɺãֻջظǣҲ׷׸˹ 
¶ϴʱͻȻһвɵһ 
һ 
ʱܼ˵һͻˣ̫Ҳȥ緿￴ոһô£ֳʲô˰ɣϮ 
δľ˱һξѾŪþ춯ˣʧһλˣ¶ǴŻδɩϽ첽յ৵һŴ򿪣 
һô 
ʲôΣѹҵһϡȻ󡭡 
ȥŭ˵š 
ǣŵĸϽš 
ԭô°ٺˣһôԸӣȻҲôƵģԼ 
ϣҪֵĲźá 
 
ڵƺҲ侲 
һЩŻСˡ 
һֻǰתһεĲ֪˵ʲôԼʲô 
ôԸ𣿲ΪҵˣЩѹ˵š 
ǡһĪаƵĲһ 
Ϊҵ˰ɣһתӱܵ˵š 
Ҳ̫ͻȻ˰ɡһ˵š 
ͻȻҴһʼһҪˣ껹ͻȻ 
ƭˡʱŸʶǲɻɰ 
ûƭ㣡һֱҪ㡣˵š 
ô˵ֻڿǴ졭Ĳں졣 
һ֪תƻ⡣ 
֪ĺ棬һЩ֪ǺãܾĻǲǻ˵գʵԼҲǾʲôģֻһֱֲĸоƳԽߵĻʲôῪʼһֱŲУǶҲ㲻˰ɣ 

һܾң𣿡պš 
һƫͷûлػտԸܵһѾûղǰ㿹ˣ󵨵ĽٶСϸϣԼѾõӣȾԼζӡԼļǺš 

ǿҵİЩη塣 
һϵִЩԵĸоǰճ֤һĸоûãһعŷԼһ˿ˣͻȻһƾϵˡ 

ôˣЩ͵Ǻ쳱һ 
Сһò뷴ڰɣ 
м¡Ҫ˵һ仰ЩΪĿڡ 
ʲô¶Ȼ˵һоܾԼĻᡣ 
˵һ䣡ƲͷǣһŲЭ 
á˵վԼѾûˡ 
Ҫ˵һͻȻðտԼߺóȡˣǰĿⶼ̫һ 
ҡתȥô˵һĴš 
һˡ˵ֵѾЩȵӡ 
һסֺܹĸо 
ǰǾµĺʱһʲôܹһ㣬ġ 
ҡ˵ûо顭ġ϶˵š 
ʲôûо飿Сһǲİ 
ЩЦǾֵĻ 
ҡ˵ûκξҪĻɱʱ˵ҲʲôģǡҾ͸һ˵ĻԼ˵ȥ 
вĿǣڰնȴ㡣 
ɵϡеûġοƵڶһ¡ 
ĿͣڸնŪһĺ㣬ʱʱصĿҧ˱ţŪµӵĲ֪ηӦֻܶ϶¶ϸ΢ 
յĴָȫеһ㣬ϸϸţһһ󾪽УԼ龹ȻһԼʱߵĲ֪ηӦǺáҪֹȴʹ 

޾ɬôܵİܿı޷ƵĽ˵ˡ 
סաһ۳ֳγĿС 
һ̬˵ģҲԼˣֹ˼һĵһΣʲôõĻ䣬Ҳ 
 
ֿЩɵһ˫ȺפУȾаɫҺȻ쵽󷽵ĽأḧҪ̽롣 
סգҪʲô 
̽ԼĸоܣһŤҪѣȴһѿסϸ˲ãֻ߸ͷ̽ȥ 
ʹաѵһ£ 
΢һᡭԼҲ̵ĺࡣ 
ָͷһڽڵ̽룬Ʋϴ³Ķһ̵סķΧȻ÷ǳĺҹ죬Ը˲˺Լ 
šӦ˺һ΢üͷҲ˿ 
оָѾ˳ĽµĽˡ 
Ѿ˰ɡһµꡣ 
šһ⣬ֻãͷ 
Ѹٽ⿪ҵ΢΢̧Сϸ֫ʼ괦Ӱӡ 
Ϯľʹ˳ڿеꡣ 
˲ָǰĽ뿹ܣˮҲ˲ӯһۿ޷ܵʹյȻҲĸܵˡ 
աͣͣʹһЩֵĿʼܡ 
¡һûµġסҵֿһˡ 
ءʹʲôֻô죬ҲˮҲĲͣ£˵ַ 
ܵһĲձ߰ű߽쵽еķϸŪţϣʹ벻 
סաʹнţһ֪ĺ˵ӡ 
ɡµġ¡Щһ 
ûõʱ䣬һѲ翪ʼǰ㽩ӲʹҲǰǿңԭץŰյ˫Ҳĳɻ̬˽һѾЩӦˣʼĽ˵ÿƶһǵµһ΢ʹǿʲô㡣 

ʹһѯµꡣ 
ȻѯȴѾӿĽԼǿҵŰ˵ǵһֻŰյɶȨĻӦ 
Ҫһ϶ķԼҲ޷ŵ 
һһεռлȵĴ԰˵У˵ѵȻ޴棬ֻʣӵԷͷһĿյգĪĺڰС 
 
ءء 
֪ϸ΢ϸϸѰȥԼٺϱ߿һɫ˶˵ĻﲻͣĿš 
ްһḺġοš 
ˡһжˡֻɫ˲ͣŵҡͷ˵š 
ģ˵ġٴŵοš 
ءءԲ𡭶Բ𡭡Ҳúġ 
ͣĵ˵Ǹ 
һж̫ͻȻˣԼҲ֪øȥȴΪ˸밮ԣҲ˴ 
ΪʲôǸأõǸҲԼľ뺦ںδ 
˽ĴͲ֪࣬ΪܶԳ̵ɽ֪Ϊ˵ԼĻˣȴ 

ءءҡ㡭ԭҡ겻ظ˲Ļ 

[ʮ]εı˶-() 
ʲôѵĸоǽ˷ӡһˣ 
ԽߵվҪ۵ģ 
ص޵ıֹѭš 
 
һһ 
˭ڽҡϤԼ 
۾ǰһĿԼ 
һ㻹ðɣôͻȻͻ˹ȥ 
ˮûɵĲͣһۿһεεĻʪͷ 
ôˣʹ𣿡Լô嶯һû׼ 
աڿޡ޵ĺġ 
ɵϣ𣿡ϧȥ˹ӵˮ 
޵ĺġѹġԼҲ֪Ϊѹ 
Ǻܶһ˵Ļӵڻ˳Ļοš 
ޡʲô¶ûСһıϣܰġ 
һᣬһѶˣ۾ҿһ²ŷѾˣԼձڻ 
㱧ʲôա˯˯ġ 
ұʲôѲոһӡҲû𡭡 
ûʲôϢɡһŻشϲǺñӡ 
˵ʲôҵȻҪȥϰһֵŷЩԾȫʹĲĳЩطҲʹ 
ԺͻȻҲĿҳ桭漴ޱͷϣ 
㻹Ҫȥ𣿡պЦĿ֪ķӦš 
֪ʵĻʣ 
úϢһ죬°ᾡϻģұȥܶӳ֪飬ˡҪĹ񰡡 
һʲôš 
Ķûӡ𣿰ǰ㱻ȾߣűͻȻ֪Ⱦ 
һҲûС˭һ˭ܴȾаͻ 
ԼġߵĿĲҪСġЩǵĸһ˵š 
ԭˡ԰ŻôɡȻˡ 
С˵ı鲻ϵı仯ţҲû˵ʲôš 
աҸո˸ΡŰյӰȅȵ˵š 
ʲôΣ϶ӳš 
һһֱڿޡһֱš޵Լܡ 
롭ֻǸζѡҶ밮Ϊλеʧ 
šҲǡ־ˡ 
˸ͽԡϸĵš 
˯˵ֱ۾ 
Ȼһ˯Ҳû취Ϣɣ 
 
һͻϢִܿʬ磬ڰոܶӳļСʱھ˶֪ˡ 
˵ӳҲ֪Ⱦඣɽܶӳš 
ǵģʹһˣʲôӡҲûУƺߵ¶ˡʵĻشţϵżСè֪ôˡ 
Ȼ֪Ҳûа취ˣľӳעӳĶ򣬾ҪжǼжΪİΣ롣ȾйصĻôиһʱһȥȦɣ 

֪ˡûµĻҸˡܶӳ˼ 
ûɵһķɲϣһʲôĪе 
õĹϵҲرӦ֣ӵҵȻڵĸ°ǰɣθпΰ󣡡 
 
ӽƻʱ䣬һƵתѣ 
ܡһֲͬϵʹһǱУʲôţʹȫ񶼱Ƶġ 
Ϧ磬մźصңŽͿܼһǵӣƺʲô顭һɣ 
һأ𣿡 
һүáЩ̫Ļشš 
ΪǳµĹϵ 
 
ԡһɫ԰׵ĹڵϸŻŬǹĲʸȥûнʳµĳκζƣ۵ſˮͷԣǰľӿһ£ȴͻȻھİɫӰһ 

㡭Ҫ˰Ӱȥٵġǹͬ࡭ 
ôˣǰӵסɫ԰׵һļš 
ûСֻеִۡС֣Ե˵š 
Ҫңһ֪һû˵滰 
ֻǺۡ춼ûԶŻ¡롣˵š 
ģĵʡ 
ġѾҪһҪҳԶ飬֪һġ 
ձЩӵĿһ£ǲᣬ˼һºܼ׼š 
 
һԼԸܵЩ̫ԾȻ̫ԡҲˣֵһƺƣۣؼҲ˯ıǰ磬ʱһǾ˯ˣǲôһ˵û¡ 

ӳ⼸ֵֹҮСҵĵš 
𣿡һЩӦš 
ô԰ǰһҲ˰ɣ 
Դһ֮żͻܵͬĲʸУйİϢܵĸоʹҲᡭʱ䲻̫һûڰǰƺƵˡ⡭ 

ҹԭʹԭ˵һ۹һٺˣҲûļԭ 
ǰ㳣ءоƺҲĲ̫һˡһʧٻԺѾ˿һˣоӳƺıˣѹƺЩ̫һƺҲ΢ĳȻǺԡ 

ʧõĶӳȻӱϧСҾչԼҿɰСӳ 
š˵ˣǲҪǵһ 
Ҫӳ񲢲࣬ͨɸӳȥͿˣһСҵȥִΪΪһŮ漰Σա 
ӳ쿴񡭡СϰԵĵ˵š 
Сҡû첻ô˵氮ҮҳһֵֹģҲһ㲻һ㡭һ㡭ԣʲôҲûУԽëԽ࣡ 
 
ͨŽ̬ˡǲʲô³ġ 
ӳͻȻһļĴţ 
֪Ϊһ׼һʱͻȻͣ҉棬˵ĬѾǳǿˣСһԾ̷Ӧһӭ 
û°ɣӳ֪첻̫Ծǿ 
û¡֣ոһ˲֮ͻȻоƵģһƪհף 
˿ڲҵĹˡҲҺõ˲̫ 
̶һţԭ찵Ѳ 
ǸСңû°ɣǱȽϹԼĸ١ 
ûµɡС̾˿˵š 
һСһšˣȥȾѪƭ˵ġһƭաǵȵȻȥ·°Լʱ򡭡 

һڽ֮ܵӿԻĵط· 
˰ӦþͲᷢ֡˵š 
ӳѪСš 
ȥϴаɣϴĸɾһ㡣 
ϻ·ζôͣ 
⡭һš 
ҿӳɴȥϢɣȥϴ軻·ҲСŬȰ˵һȥϢ 
Ҳеǻû°أ̰ࣿ 
°ľӳģڻȥĻԽ˵û°ְ࣬ 
ðɡ˵Լĸ١ 
һ㱻СƭĴ߻ľȥ 
ӳˡϿȥľӳȥСҸϽȥ 
һû뵽ԼϾͱεĸٱˣ 
 
ӵһĸ֪Լ췢󣬰շ¹ѸٵĸϻؼȥѰһĨϤɫꡣ 
ľҺոϽһ䡣 
ߵ˹ܼҸ֪ƫϣԤڵĿһֱˣһɴתǴ˳Ҫ߽ӡ 
뿪ڽлʱһʹķȵǽڣûһϸӾڵϣ 
橤Ծѿڶ 
ݷʮǰǸɫӰ˶µ龰 
ͬĵص㡢ͬΡͬİˡ 
 
˭ڽأǰһš 

[ʮһ]糳-() 
ļȺķӳϽ 
һۡ 
աС㣿ôˣ 
աһЩĻ 
ûµġȱ˵û޸ӳúһ¡һ˵š 
ֻ˵ı鶼ôãյһʲô⣬һǸоЩ̫ԣһŵı顣 
ûá 
йغӳĲˡû취¶ۣһӳһ˵ġ˵ĻðմгԾϾҽǳ˵ãî֮˵ûѵĲ֢ 

𡭡ˡĵĻţüͷ塣 
ô𣿡һе㲻ԡ 
 
ܼĵĿһ 
ոڳȿµӰԼֹͣˡ 
ھôŵһ 
ۡһҲʹϡոշˡ 
ѹܲ˳Ѿжˣһ˵š 
⡭˵ʵ 
㲻Ҫ⼸졣һҪ˵ѡ 
⡭һӡ˵š 
Ǵ㱻ͻһɡ󵨲²š 
һûлػǾʹһ飬Ĭϡ 
һֱҡճɫһһһߵǽӱò 
ãһоƺԼ֣µĽ۾ôֻǽԼϵëºմˮٻ϶ѡ 
һеԼȻɰջԼʡһ½תؿա 
աԲֻǲ㷳ġʵĵǸͨߡ 
û˵ֻǾĿһ 
ƺÿֻҪһʲô¡ʬͻᱻŪòðΪĴ֮׵ĵҡΪɡһ򶼺Щɣ 
仰һðЩ㵣û뵽һȻ뵽ЩԭΪֻСƢŻѲϵڡһȻģ 
ɵӡҪġοһͷ˵š 
 
ÿһһͻʬɧԭ򡭡Ϊ̫˶һĹذ֮ˣÿ˶һţܸסԺķӲˮйͨҲѹ˼һøԼ鷳ˡ 

ա𣿡Щڴš 
ˡôҲî֮ӳ㿴أ 
СҪһȥķӣûþȫ˶֪ˣ治֪ôģһЩĪ̾˵š 
Ϊȥҽղ֪ô˵źˡ 
˳ôһᣬһͻȻ˻赹ǰ顣 
գոǲǽˡ桱Ϊʲôš 
ԭһ 
šʮǰҲﵹµġӴ˾Բ𡭡˵š 
㽫Ӱص𣿰ավôںδɣ 
 
ķî֮ӳ⴫ܼҵ 
ڵƺе㾪ȣû뵽Ȼôˡ 
î֮ӳոϽ˵š 
î֮ӳֻǴк㿪ʼһš 
ɲûõʱ䣬վͷî֮ıոӳıûʲô¶ЩȻı飬ƺʲô̫õ飬Ҳôϡ 
ӳһЩй㲡⣬ҪúٻشรЩ𰸺Ҫġ 
ã֪ˡһͷʾš 
Щ֢״ӦһʱˣǴӶǰʼûԣʱʲôϸѯš 
ǡһЩǵգԼ˵ֻ֮᲻á 
ҴӦ㲻ʵĻشî֮ӳɣǸСӣ 
һͷĵİһܵĸоȫ˵˳˵ʴĳî֮ӳǵĿǡ 
ôî֮ӳһף̸һš 
Ҳ޷жϡî֮˵ͬĽۡ 
⡭ЩŵˣȻî֮ô˵ 
ģֻϣܸһȷˣҸʱ佫ӳ͵ķϸļ飬ʱ֪ˡ 
ܡصĲ𣿡һЩǵš 
ģ벻ҪȵģȽϺáŲһ 
šõġ 
˼һî֮һҹЩĲ̣ԭǹǵһ岻ò˵ģǾ紦ˡ 
ӳĵĻھ͵ķɣõˡЦŽš 
ס𣿶ôˡȻĺ֪ 
޷ΪʹûϣҪֵܶģæ㹻ˡ 
Ҳãî֮ӳˡҲô롣 
ϾҲ֪һж˼룬ǵȵ죬϶޷˯ġ 
Ȼȥ׼һµȺλˡ˵ȥ 
 
ձŲһķӽơ 
Ŀռֻĵġ٩٩î֮΢ָ 
֪˶ãî֮սȥһϵĽ 
ϣӳееƣȹϲλˡî֮˵˲ŵĽ 
˼ǡһˣղ̫ŵš 
ʲôЦһԽһƬհ޷˼ 
ҸͬĽۣӳȷǸеһ֮ǰӦǸϳͬĽŻ᲻Ҷ϶Ҳ̫š 
һܻаոһһЩӦ 
ѾǸ˲˵ˣ޷ŵⰡ 
Ҳò˼飬Ͻȷʵˣ󡭡˵Щעʱ 
ûûܡҲţҲܡһЩҵēŶܾκ¡ 
һ侲㣡۵ıܵһοš 
ӳЩңҾͲ˵ˣֻľӳסһҪ飬ǾϽúӳѹǿĵطΣգĸ׻̥ǣ͵Ⱥӳ΢侲һ˵ˡ 

మ˰ĽᾧӦǺ˸˵飬ʬʵĵطֱҵĴˣֻϧλǶôΪ 
 
һ飬ȥϢһͲˣҲϵĲ飬ֻǰ˶࿴һ㡣 
Ȼî֮ӳѾ˵ܽӴѹǿĵطǹƱҪͣˣһȥܶӳһ˳١ 
ɽܶӳӽһҪ٣巬ӵĹҴΪ 
ӳô𣿡Сôˣ 
ҪúϢ˵î֮ϡ 
ǸϷûϺͿ 
î֮ӳһУԲ˲ٳֹ񡣡˵һΡ 
ˡϷûע⵽ԭӳŮġѹô׷ܡ 
ѵһһ͵͵Ϸһе 
һеġü˵š 
С⡭ô֪ҲԻУ 
ȥî֮ӳɣǡ˵߳һӡ 
 
֪ܶӳ󣬼˵۾ 
¶ǣһ𣿡θcϢʱ¶š 
춼һҲûôõȥľա 
î֮ӳ˵ˡӦþǰɡҪô˵أ 
ôܲȷƵģһ𣿡c֡ 
ޱ硭֪һϢˣǼȵĲȰЩֻץҰèƵ׺Դصؽ治Ҫ̸йһ顣 
𡭡ϢǾ˰ͬ˵š 
 
һΪ˻е¼춼ֵĲ죬Ҷˣ¶ǰ̾ 
һ϶һ㶼ܽܰɣ˶ܡ 
ҪϷȥ統Ȼ׼ֻҪǰᵽйСи֮ͻᷢ쭡ҼҶ˰ 
ɣеɻľǶ̥òа 
Դֻôôĸǽ϶˺üèצ 
һеİôܰλǲ̫š 
㲻ŮรͻȻһǸ˹˵š 
ʮһӵˣɻ˲ٰ 
ôܣҺȷһеģҸҮδš 
п𣿡һš 
⡭ȻûǰһƬƽ̹β˼Ļš 
Ҫ˵Ļ¶ǲҲеģһǲĻš 
ĬĬٳĬ 
Ⱥɫʲô¶Ĵһкˡ 
 
ʽйһﴫķзģൽԼĪˣʹΪҲһ赲еԡ 

[ʮһ]糳-() 
һг̻صҺ󣬿һͥԺһ£ﻹնģʵۣЩ߽˵ʲôϾڵһʧûа취ܵκ˵ѹҲ޷֪˭ 
ն¡Ҹô졭㶼Ҷȥˡʧȥն¹ͨѾˣնǵ˵ѾһͬĵĻˡԼնˡܵĻ顣 
ؼȥΪеĹϵһصԼô򵥵鶼޷Ϊûа취ԼͬʹԸϣ֪Լڸı䣬һһεġ 
ղ֪ǲǺܲҡԼһ쵽ˣ侲־úܺڡ 

һղ֪ȥοҲһǷУϾһϿʲôԵı仯˺ӣֱҵһضӦ֮ľңľҲõһ̳ˣһãֻһǻеĻڵ֢״ʲô 
žͿһѾ˯ˣҲѹֻۣʱŷ˶Ƣأ߽Ὣһڡ 

Ǿģ׻˵ġ˿ڻȬô죿 
һеϢѾ߰ˣ⵹ǲȴиرҥԳ֣иһʶ˶гԾѹҲѹסǹѩһԽԽ󣬴һӶӳע⵽Ϣˡ 

ľϢ˺üһȫ֢״ǻ˻ôˣҲöˣڳǸû⣬ҲûʲôģǸ 
î֮ӳ˵Լǲ֢״֮ΪתӦʵԼʧˣԱתͷѭŵʱᱻڵСգƽĽŻԼܡ 
ʵ˵йغӵѾˣǳԼУʹͷҲܸıʲôˣſİɣ 
 
һүҪȥﰡһĹܼҼæš 
Ҫȥһ£ô·õĵһˡ 
ÿԼҪʱǶǳŵģһ 
⡭ҿһȥɣܼҼš 
ڞs͢ѣһС·Ѳ˵ȥ 
ӳһڽϡ 
 
㿴𣿡 
Ǹ𣿡 
һ߽s͢ûöѣƺ˶ָָģйѾs֪͢˰ɡˡα⣡ûš 
ͶĵĿⲻЩ꣬ӿٶ巬ӣ˵ȥԼĸ˵ϾӶѹСЩⲻȥ 
ߵſʱͷе㳳ӣǺܶڽ 
 
ҪǶӳǼ¿»ѹɡСҵ 
ʲô鰡Ծͣ˽Ų֪ĻҪǽȥĻǻɡֲ̬һվţڵûκѹҲҰɣױ˷֡ 

ҥҲ̫˰ɡЩΨ²ңҾε˵š 
ֶȺˮ޿£ʱҲסģ 
ϾȾֺġʨɵĿҲЩΡ 
ֹȾʲô鰡ʲô֪ովЩ·˵̸ 
ôü첻һľ𣿡Ҿš 
ԡɴˡ 
¶˵ӱȽϲȶҲϣӳӳ 
ʲôȾĺӡ̫ˣŷֽ 
Ⱦĺӣʲô˼ 
ǰ˵ӳȾĺӣԺӳֱ 
仰һͻȻͷ͵ġҲЩվgǽضϢţû˼ͷ˵Щʲôˡ 
 
֪ 
ΪθոЩ˿Ŀ˾ȻЩġ 
ΪΰǲҪڼϢš 
Ϊÿܼñֽ¿ʱû 
һֱȫ˶һ 
 
ĬĬ뿪۵üҵļˣֱȥûֱȥҰպˣڼҪʲô˵ʲôٿɡ 
 
Ĳ̫ԶûõʱͿԵˣϤĵطһپñȽϰģҲпǵȻͿԼյĹϵɣ 
һͦģǸе㳳ֵ֮⣬˵ȥˣһʱŻһ߽ӵִʱ;ôƺҲкܶ˵ӣʲôӰҶٿС 

ľңӳ黹 
˵ǹˡ 
һŴ˿ȴû߽ȥ 
գ㡣ǹһ˵Ļ顣 
Щ¡͸ɽ˼еıȵһȺ˭ 
һôˣЩȵĿһ 
㰡ЩЩԼʱһҲò 
ƽʦصʲôģɴڿڴɣ 
šһ˵һ뿪ְҵԶߵȥ 
 
һЩĵš 
˭̸ҵ𣿡һʡ 
ľҵĳǣһЩҪ顣 
Ҫ£¹غһȾĺӵ£ߣϣȷǺ 
һӸ˵ĿҲǸˣȻѾŬѹˣֽվǰסİɣ 
Ҳ㣬ȷ¡̾˿˵š 
ҲμӰɣǵ˵ʲôһС˵š 
˵ʲôʲôá 
յȻһǶϴУԭͶһûжøеǣʴѾͷʹˣһǡ 
һ˵ˣ㲻ҪŰһ˵š 
ѵҪҿĵط𣿡ĻᶼûУ 
һ㡭һʱ֪˵ʲôźá 
 
ľңǻڵ㡣Զл 
 
һ˵Ҳں˭İֻںһѡ 
˻һһܵĪĴ⻰ʲô˼ 
ãȻ˺һ˵ 
˼ҲúȾ𣿡һƽš 
˺Ҳ˼Ҫô˵źá 
ǷһϵİҲЩ꣬˵ʲôοһĻ 
һ̧ͷŰգ͸¶Ųʹ֣˵Ůһȡ𣿻ҲøľҵĲþ 
ƺע⵽һеİˣոϽ˻˵š 
ûб˼ֻǲൣʲôһӵ˵˵š 
վ˵ʲôǡ 
Զִ˵ĽлҪԼְҡ 
ʲôǻȥ˵ȻȥϢһ˫븧ƽĲ 
ſҵְաһˡһš 
һĻҲĴվɿ֡ 
ȵȣҸȥɡһ˵˵ӦЭˡ 
á칫ˡһ˵תȥ 
һȥıӰվһ󲻰־ñȸĳǰѻ˵ԺҪһӽľҵĴűضء 
ٸ˵ɡȿͻȥ˵ 
İմųصصְҡ 
 
߳ӺһãȻڽŻţûĿĵصġɶߴĻǲϷŹƵģϵĴ 
ɡѱȾйصˡ 
˵סľأǲǡ 
һǺǵĶԻֻеƺָָġǵ׷ǵĻ̸еһڶеͷĿѣе˶ڱЦָ 

ֻҪûεĵطȥû˻ЦķȥûʶĵطãҪڲ뿪ЩطһһͷӴԽһһȺװԼš 
֪ȥز˽ȥֲľȥҲκιĻ⡭֪ܾܲʧڿУ 
֪տʼƯϸ꣬һʵ˿ģۻǻۿе·ˡ춼ɫ 
áʹɡתӦ 
ǿҡǰζҪǿҰ 
һʹĳϢǿҵĲʸȫ¼ϢĿռ䡣 
ǡǲΪһֱôڡˡһԳ˵ţоеһжԶԼߵľϵĺӡ 
ʹ˭áȾɣ 

[ʮ]-() 
ˣû뵽ôͽˣԺúϢˡ 
ּһɫӰѸƶţ֮䲻ѿһͷĿĺɫβҡҷţʾĿǰľ 
ƺҲĺ顣 
ԭͲĽϣγԼĹȥΪⳡĹϵϵ˺Ȼ 
Ϊӵĸӳʵھ͢аԼҵģϾϲӵԼĵطҲ˵㾭ѡ˼СӶ 
˭ 
߽ҪȥʱԶ˸Ӱ 
һװɫĿɫ 
һЩĽš 
ǰƺ˽л΢΢̧ͷ 
㡭ôˣô 
û뵽ڵ󣬻Ȼյôľϲ 
ΡЩĻš 
ʲôȻ˵ȥķӡһԾæ˵š 
׼ȥһ 
Ҳȥһŵ˦֡ 
ص͢ȥٴЩ 
һһļе⡣ 
ǡӡЩʹһеš 
ҡû¡ֻе㡭ۡԼʲôѾ֪ˡ 
ǺðɣȻضӳҰɣȻ˵ˡ 
ҲȥҲҪգҲ 
һͻȻӼվæǰ밲š 
úúã侲һ㣡ôˣȥķҲˣôӳҶأҲڵڼ䵽׷ʲô顭һʲôƵġ 
Ƚаɣʪ·˵ 
ȫʪ͸ɫ԰׵һ˵ţһӾͻ赹 
ҡһĬˣЩԥƵİ 
Ͼ¶ôʶ 
һߺˡҡҡͷ˵š 
ҪߵĻ֪ͨӳȥסһȥ· 
һĻţɵҲе㼱ˡ 
㡭һŭĵβϷ䣡 
һֱƵ·˵ʹ׳ʲô¡ 
ұ֤֪ͨӳҲȥķӡͿ˵š 
ǡҲܡ¶มȅȵ˵ 
֪ͬˣϽڡ 
 
ݺһϽϴůӵģǿģҲû취ϴֻëɺϸɾ· 
°ɣ㿴ۡһ赹ӡ 
ʲôʱ氡 
һҡͷʾԼҲ֪˶ãһתͿȫƣѣ˼Ҳˡ 
 
·ڴϵһʱľԼ˫ֿš 
ʹ𣿡Щ׵סһеֿš 
ֻһסЩȵĿΡ 
ô𣿡Щ֡ 
˯ǰһֱ𣿡һЩƣ۵˵š 
һ˫ϤŶĿֻš 
˯ɡű԰׵ּů 
 
ʱһһĹȥһĺҲƽȹƺǽ˯״̬ˣ˯ŵһһνԡŪëСĵһ۾ܲšʱû֣ϸһһ۾ܶǺ׵ģǿ˺ܾá 

˼ĺ˾ԼǰȴһҲ˲һ뵽һ֪ί̼Żһӻֲȥ¶ǣô졭 
ԸľҡǸӳֵĲˣʲôԳôأοһô붼ǲΪľӳ᲻ǵѡʱ˺һ 
һ˻йȻǺܲ˼飬ʬĵһô˵ˣҲû˲ˣȻһ˻ôܽܣΧȴѾˡ 
űһԶѻ˶յıֽţ뿴һԼڵʱûʲô£ŷһšͿıûŵѶڵϡ 
дšӳкӵףųΪǰѱ巬ӶӳȾ 
βΪԼۻˣֿ˼ΣϸıҲˡ 
⡭Ҳ̫˰ɣûƾûݵĶӦþһʧԭɣһ˼ϸ׺˼룬ֱܰŤڿô죿Ƕӳ֪ 

ҹˣҲСˣһƺ֪Լ뿪ѾȻ󲨣 
 
ľ? 
ش¶ʵôûһһİմв̽ټѯʡ 
˵ûлʲô˼ǰԼ֪Ĺܼҡ 
κ˶óǵĵжû˸˵һ䡣 
󡭴磬ܼ˵һȥˣû𣿡治˵˷ԡ 
˭Ҳ뵽ֻȥӾȻȥ·һϤ˰ 
ҶһǸһģ˭Ҳû뵽Ȼʧ١ 
һ뿪ˡ뿪ʱ򻹲㣬Ѿߵˡ 
ǵĻϵҲһģǳӲҪԼϽ̬һȥԸоĵǿġ 
ǻƣî֮ӳδжϳӵ£ҪԼʲô 
硭ӵĻһ 
˳ȥңһͨʮ͢ӵ֪ǰæҡ 
ͬСɣǸȾйأܶӳһĲþѾ˲ôˣһһİȫΪȡ 
һ仰ȥˣ 
ǡ¶Ѿųһ亹ˡ 
ôƫƫʱγȥˡȻ͸Ͽ֪ͨһȥҡ 
ʱѾˣ㵽ȥѯҲףôأΪʲôͻȻʧ١ǲЩԲˣȥҴʱִˣ 
 
ھ͢ѰţҲûУʧƽһ侲Ѱһûѹ̸ףֱǴһ㡣 
һҶֻҪһ͵ģǧҪһ˺˼롣 
ʧȥʱпܷνǳꡭǷˣܺûʲô㲻ˣѾԲأǧҪ£ 

ѰһҹδҲֻȻصһȥϢ˻˵ 
һھ֡͢͸Ѱˡ 
 
磬ղŸҹȥ̽ϢĻͽӵҪϵ 
ռϢûжôȻһۣһƺĿĵ߹ܶط̫ط˶ˣ֮Ϊһ꣬ûһ䡣 

վһԵǧӣ俴ͷһ֮ǰİɫСңĲɵĳ 
 
ʱھвٴζӳǺ󣬳ǽ 
̫ɽͷˣ治Ǻ˵ǲǰ񡣡 
Ϊһɣие˵ţΪ¶ͨʱԼҲһ 
СèȻʧ١ɴˡԭ 
λӳضѾ֪˰ɣҹ巬ӵĶӳһʧٵ£ 
ӳϷ˵ǰѰز𣿡شӳ˵š 
֪˰ɣޱš 
Ϊŷûжӳ״̬ӳĻ鶼档 
ҹɭ˵ˡСҿԼʱҲܾȡ 
ֵ˿ʼɧ 
㣡ܶӳά 
һӾ; 

[ʮ]-() 
ͬСɣӳǸȾнӴˣĴһˡ 
仰ڰյĶúܲãΪһǱǿдߣ˵ƽ 
йĺӣҲȾѲ˹ϵֱ˵Ⱦĺӡ 
ܶӳҲЩվԼҲ޷ֳĬˡ 
ӺӣǺӵ飬ѵûһΣ⺢ѾŪ췭ظʵ޷ԺӵٱкøУֻҪһƽӵܣһľҵļ̳˶ѡ 

ľӳ޹ǲԣϾûа취֤Ǻӵ֣пܶʬɲģҲĮ顣Ҳ֪ոһĹϵ뽲ô 

ܶӳδ£Ȼֱǰš 
ϷѾˣʮ͢ҳӳķںӳ֮ǰӳ뿪һӵţȷӵİȫ 
ȷ˵ĺ仰˵ǱɣȻ̾ŵ˿أ 
 
һֲǷˣ˲˵š 
ӳ֮أѵͬ˵˵ռš 
ӺǷȾйþȻҲôЩ²ò 
ǲܵ£Ⱦںһʲôʵ飬⺢ҪǷĻʬѱʲôص˺ 
ϣһľңҿȷ١š 
Ϸ㣬ⲻӳ˵飬¡˿Ǵʧٵİȴû˵ڡ 
ܶӳ⻰ľҵţôһ 
սŵһʱһ 
˵һ仰𣿡ƽûκî֮ӳȻˣ˲е졣 
î֮ӳ˵ɽܶӳȻҲе㾪ȡ 
ӳ͵ķԺһȫչӵİΣǱȴľİȫľӳͬɣЦŰա 
û 
ߣҪӵԱصĻķӲΧʮߴؼɣҪ뵽ȥӰ쵽ӳҲӰ쵽ģܶӳͬ⡣Ȼʵûʲô 

⡭ƺҲе 
ԸķӶӳ屣֤ضῴúӳ޹ʧˣԸȫȥӳְ񡣡î֮ᶨ˵š 
ǰЩĿî֮ӳѵýд˳ƺ 
źӳľӳҲҡ 
Ȼî֮ӳô˵ˣɣǺӳͬһطչˡî֮ܶӳҲö˵ʲô 
î֮ԭģķԭжᣬרŸһЩֵõģڿóˡ 
 
Ҫһûѹ˿еѰĳҲû֪ɣͻȻð仰˵š 
仰вϾʮӶӳһȤѾܾˣּȻˣض˵ǲɶõʵģ 
 
˵Ǿ仰һ˫أҵһ롭˵ģûѹ㶼Բص֣һʲôط֪ʮͬҲǼ֣ǻŵĳʬ⼸ļϵͳҳһ١ 

ҪٸҶһ֣Ǹľԣվ˵ 
⻰Ƿ̫˵㣬ӳľʲôϵǸӳԹʵ 
ֻ巬ӴӳҲľδķˣ 
ⱬըԵһ˶һ£һʱ仹Щ㵡 
 
ǺǡȻ͸׼ˣ»ӳһ𣬿Ҫʹءȴ˳Ĭ˵š 
ΪĻЩҲա 
ǰȹϲ㣡աҲ˵š 
Ǻӻ᳤˭һɰˣ򲻶һСɽ˲š 
϶Щߣû뵽һ׶ͨİ˷ӳľ˾ȻϲɰĶƽʱǧһʱѾˡϲɰСɣȷ˵ɫСè 

ˡޱһ뵽ΣϾһô 
ʵԸо΢ѹӦѾִˣϾڷս״̬ĻǺѲѹģӦû֪ɣȥˡ 
ʲôˣǲ֪Ҫʲô𣿡š 
͵Ŀɭ˵ϲһֽСɿʳСʨѵ˵ţ 
û˽鰡֪ôһǸľֹ壬ȵԪǳɭˣ 
⡭ҲǴأܶӳп˵š 
ҵ˼ѾƵһȥˣղ֪ʱˣ 
ɢɣһȺʼҲ֪ô죬ֻɢᣡ 
ôأڱһɢȥ 
 
᳡ֻʣ°ոî֮ˡ 
л㣬î֮ӳԵ˵š 
ÿÿ˶᲻չǺӵġӵĸǹѡ 
ľӳҪδؿɲװ 
 
һʱѾˣûжãڴЩն 
һԵ㶫ɣ˸ 
뿪һߣҲ޷ܳȥֻýһЩóӦ 
ллӹȴûгԡ 
ԭžȻôɵμɡ 
Ǹ鷳㡭ͻȻ 
˵ôĵĻô롣˵ʵúҿԸһҲΰôҵĵطȴûʲô¡ 
㲻ȥ𣿡Ǵݼٰɣ 
һһԵСľͷЩ֣һ㿴˲ӦҪˮ֮İɣľͷʲô 
ҳ缸ˣʣµļݼ١ɳǰˣʣµļԲüŻȥΪݼ٣޵һȥͿˡ 
มͦ˵ 
һǲǡӳʵڲ̫ʡ 
ûаһںֶѡ 
ʲô˼һ㶼㰡 
Ϊ˺ӵ£Ʋ⡣ 
 
ҲҪӳ˵ЩԣֻҪӳŲͺ𣿡 
ţն˵ں˭ˣʲôŲš 
Һȥؼҡ˭ֻһΡһЩʹĽ˫ 
ľٶҲ̲סˣߵһһѽڻ 
ΡЩľٶ 
ĻƿԸܵһľȡ 
Ҫο֮ΣҲֻû취ٿȥˡ 
ôᡭлл㡭ġڵĺҪ˰ο 
һӵһһ䰲ο 
ӵڻʱβŷһƺ˺ܶ࣬ȻԭͲô׳ 
һ૵˵ЩܶĻ˵˵˯ˡ 
˯ǲеأѹûô˯ˣ̫Ծӡ 

[ʮ]-() 
ôŵʱ򣬸ܵһϤѹСĵĹŵſڵš 
ޱôͻȻˡ 
ӳĹȫҪӦúæƽ°ǲϢġ 
վſʲôܲǵҰɣ 
ȵȣͥԺ˵ɣʾҪ 
ޱЩһۺǸȥˣ˺Ժ 
𣿡ޱЩֵš 
аһ˯ 
ʲôһһ巬ӶӳɣҵҪҪģȻ 
ϻȻĸһˣʬеڶһɡ 
Ȼʲôʱһһģ 
ͿҼܵ£ǸӳܵӣֱҪҲҪ֪ͨӳ̫˽ޱΪô 
ԭˣôϽ͵ķȥҵͺðˡ 
Ҳȥֲ͡ 
չ˲ģҪľӳ֪ɲˡ˽δӳˣҲûµġ 
û˵ 
Σòһֱɣ̫ɵˡ 
ûСԲ˵š 
ʵ˵ˣոܶӳѾˡޱѸտһһΡ 
üͷһţȻЩˡ 
ΡһɡޱȰΡ 
ΪΡֲļ޸ӳˡһûз 
治׻ǼٲףԶġ˼Զò 
ޱҲ֪жϲһǲԼôҲûð 
ķȥɣޱε˵š 
һ˵ȥιִ˵š 
㻹ȡ֣Υܶӳ𣿡 
һ˵ȥҾͲȥԼš 
ɢΣΪʮ͢Ӹӳְ𣿻˵ѾԵǲ㲻ԼʲôޱˣҲͲסĶ 
أְʲôģֻй𣿡һҲˣĵĺ˻ȥ 
??ˣ㣡μ˵Ļ 
αޱĻסˣһʱز 
ޱҲ˲κˣΰһߵǽϱȥ 
ޡαǵһƬհףޱĻʲô޷˼ͬǶ˼һƬҡ 
 
ޱԼꡢغˣҲκ΂cΪֻ˵ιϵֻץཻ֮ܵĳεĴ벻⡣ 
֪˶áޱ뿪εĴߣĿ 
ľޱ𣿡ӦɵɵĿţȻ޷ܡ 
ĿеľޱһǸ侲Գֵˣ潲չ˺󱲣ҲԼĺֵܣô黹пԼĿⶼԾ 
ޱֺЦš 
 
γĬһᣬ۽ⲻƳǽǵˡ 
һϽƿԼϵˡ 
ԡԲҡǹ͵ġһŵ͡ 
˵ôôȴûΣ˳߹ȴĻ档 
һұҪ㵽ķȥոܶӳѾˡޱָһ侲˵š 
ɽܶӳһЩ⡣ 
һǡЩ֪ν͡ 
ȽݰɣҸ˵һ¸տ顣ޱһ΢԰׵ɫЩĵ˵š 
ޱְѸն˵˵һΣֻһͷ 
Ǹһ֪㲻Ը⣬ǼȻҲû취ޱ˵š 
Ȼܶӳ˾ôɡһƽ˵š 
ǿһȻ̬εġ 
һҹҲͨˡνˡġһһĨνЦ 
ȾʲôĶνˣ˵ʲôˡ 
ԼΪʲôôʹˡΪ̫ϲˣϲѾ޷һ˿һ˺ֻһ㣬˵νĴ۰ɣ 
һģȥķҲΪİΣģһᱣġޱĵ˵ţû˲뱣һ 
лл߰ɣɫЩת˵š 
 
߳μңҪ߳ʱǰͻȻ˼ 
ʲô𣿡ޱŸо߲Ƶļˡ 
û˵Ƕһ 
ûɫĶ̷񡣡һ˵š 
󾯾ĽһԼ 
Σһߡޱγնǵ˵š 
˭ߣǽһͻȻһϤ֡ 
ӰӺ֡ 
²ĹȻûȷġ 
ǱˣʮӶӳӳ 
̬ᡭһЩп˵š 
һ˯һ°ɣһأȻ˵š 
һ̫˼˯ʲô 
ſצӰɣɱزأֻԼն굶ˡʼ⡱Ķ 
ˣ˺һޱ˴š 
ôˣλе㲻ԡ 
ȩȿȩԵһȴͻȻʹĿȳѪ 
һôᡭһĲԾλŵıʧȥʶһ 
ô뺦ӳӳ֪ڵĺӳûаһ˸ȴǰնƵǿѹпܻẦġޱ˵š 

ˣһҲûľӳвﰡԴ 
ֻǰһѣɱġ˵š 
ɶ㩤ԭˣס 
ЩŭҲ׼βҪ 
ס֣ΣҸ˵Ļ𣿡Ɀǳ嶯 
⡭Ǹô죿ˣ𵶺һ 
ߣԱһΪȣֻܶ㲻ܹ֪𣿡ָ˵š 
ȻͬΪӳc۲ָսԶֱֻײֱս֮ϡ 
ҡ֪ˡЩԥ˵š 
ܼ˵ĹûнŵնƵɲóǴİ͹ˣޱܿľ;÷ǳ 
һҲòȥҶսʽͲθ 
޷ûþͱƵ·˵ĵزԱվݶϡ 
ɶȺɵļһκ޺޵˵š 
 
৩һεĽűߣ 
۩һǰȥܡ 
һûڻһҲˤȥξŵվܵˤڲԶһԽš 
һûôˤˣμæţû뵽һѾ˹ȥʱСĵĲһӣһ㡣 
ΩðɣޱæϹȥ 
ޱѾ֪˵ʲôˣֻ֡ˡ֣һĳ̶Ⱦء 
ô£ͻȻЩԾĵ¡ 
Σ㡭ޱԼҲ̫Ծֵֹġ 
ǲǾʹأɢľš 
ˣǰвҩ𣿿ɶ 
Ѻһſ߽ԽһϷſԱ˵š 
멤Ѿе㲻ʹˣǴŬţ󺰡Բܷ֡ 
ߩǾֱֻһ£м˵š 
ͿҾֵģδ˵š 
ΣޱּĽš 
йȻͩ˵űҪնǵ 
 
ӰıƽޱͻȻһϤѹ 
ֻޱͻȻ󺰡ľӳ賓 
նƵȻҲޱһŵ 
ΣȱˣޱһԵ˵š 
½һػ̫ޱ˵ġ 
˶Щŵεģսˡľˡ 
ûһ򣬽˱һ˳ǰϡ 
ߣصѪζЦ˵š 
ܲκѹѪζȴ쳣С 
ľӳæҪԺӳæ˵š 
ޱǸˣ֪ʵľҲϲһȻƺûв¿ɳǿԮ 
һİҿһ±Ƽλʵһ 
˵һ󣬽Īľŭƽ˱ȻΪսѰȤڣҪѵЩ˺һˣ 
ߣ˭Ҫһȹһذɣ˲ѹ 
ȵȵȣľӳһܳѹޱϴš 
ôˣǧ˵Ĳš 
Ҹζҩһȥķ𣿡 
ҰɣǧλӹһѸٵȥ 
Ѿ˰ɣҵȲҪɱˣ˵š 
멤ޱЩ˵š 
 
һɱΣޱߵЩʧԱߡ 
㻹ðɣΡոһĻǿˡ 
ҡûܱһǰɡҹȻ񡭡ʧĿ˫˵š 
û£Ϊ㱣ڲ˳ķӣѾĺܺˣο˵š 
ǡ 
ͷȥɣѾˡģˡ𣿡ֽѵ 
β֪ԼΪʲôûޱĻֻ֪ůûޱĿǸԼ˵ 
ޱűԼˡ 
ʲô 
ҡڡҪš 
֪ζʲô𣿡 
𣿡дҲЦ˵š 
԰ѸոǴαɼĲĻأ֮ˡôʲôأԼ̫ŻݱģĻֻʧȥˡ 

Լϲˬʵĸ԰ɣҲϲǱò 
ޱůĴӡΪش 
ɫصӰĳġ 

[ʮ]˼-() 
θޱ˸ϵķӵʱ򣬺ܶ˶Ѿˡ 
Ρջĸ١ 
ӳҲ뵽˰лҪʡ 
ȷһģݱˡ 
ǣҷһҼҸˡ 
Ϊûͨľң㲻֪𣿡վЩõš 
һ˵ľңҲӳ뵽һɵһʹ 
شüͷ˼ֱ䡣 
Σ˵ʲôô˵¶Ǿε̬Щ֡ 
˵һֲǶӳʲôˣȨԼﲻ˵ȥĵطҾûҪȥӳˣңֱ׳Ļشš 

ĻشðЩȻ 
ΡһԵޱִļʾҪ侲㡣 
ľӳҲǿ˺ӳģʱܲȶõġޱϽνš 
ĺܺã´ҲԱһΪȡһۣյ˵ȥºǴ㵵ˣ 
ľջЭ 
ҪҰΣȻ̬ȸ˵¶Ǿ亹Ѿʪ½ 
¶ǣǲ֪һӳ׷ʲô飬ǡҪпʱһǸǱӡ֪Ϊʲôô˵ˣĺ 
⡭ΡòǶһ 
¶ǿҲ֪˵ʲô 
¶ǣҲȻȥϢɣһһʱҲ޷͡ޱȰ¶Ǻ㽫δ 
 
Ƚû˾Եĳ¡ 
Ų£ޱš 
Ҳǡֻǲ˵ˬˣǺǩЦЦ˵ţҲ벻ԼȻô󵨡 
嶯ĸʲôʱŸġޱ̾˿˵š 
ޱ㡭ʲôʼʱ򡭶ҡβ֪ʺá 
Ҳ֪ǴӵһμʱɣޱȻε˼ 
һΣǵһμʱ򰡣찡ʮǰ˰ɣ 
μֱԼģɵ۾ 
㵱һȥʵϰʱ򣬸պЩ⣬Ҽǵúͷ۵ľ췢Сɣ 
ôáôûңЩ˼š 
㲻Ҳûһ𣿡˴˱˴˰ɣ 
ǡֲһʶôˡƺеֲ̫ 
˼ʶһͻ˵ҿСӱضΪľҵķ˵ģ㲻ˣcҲơ 
ʵ˵һֱͺãҴֿɼĵطʱĵǲ֪ʲôʱʼѾ׷һˡҲ뵽ǲǴˣޱЩп˵š 

ޱеǸ׵˵ǾЩ֪롭ʲô̫ͻȻˣͻȻԼҲòһͻȻԭһԼ 
ͻȻǰ㡱ǰʱ򡣡ɵˡ 
ʱޱĺչԼȵԼѾʱޱҲһֱԼߣΪʲôûзأȻˡ 
𡭡ޱĴš 
 
î֮ӳΪһں״ڣʱл˺ܶãɽﻨ̫ɸչһӣϾڿʼӳΪֹһס 
һסĵطһĲ˲ûϵһһȽľܵլԺȻûľҵĿţһķ˵ǷǳرĴˡ 
ӳôî֮ڴš 
öˡǰ졭Щ˵š 
Ҫסаž˼ȵһî֮Щ˵š 
šмî֮ӳ֪𣿡 
ֻҪҵΧ֮ڵĻȻᾡɡ 
ľӳңҸҲ 
ľӳî֮һһƺľա 
áһ㴫ģɣ̾˿˵š 
廹ϵˣĲҲҪҩҽУҲβõĲ 
ˣʺӻжûо˺ܾá 
⺢ӺܿͻģЩ顭ܱ˵źá 
ܿ죿һЩ⡣ 
ӳ㸹е̥һ˲ͬǱιģŻֲ֢״һǲġ 
𣿡Щô죿û 
ֻѣӳ 
ֻңѵҶˡȾ 
ǡֱһǿܶ࣬յҲܿ죬ԤһºӾͻ಻µʱ䡣֪һŲµˣî֮˵š 
ô졭֪㲻Ǻ¡С 
ûΰ룬õǺӺܿͻǡî֮Щ̵Ŀһͣ 
ûϵ˵ɣʲôܳܵأ 
һᶨî֮е鶼˵ 
 
𣿡ûж˵š 
һᾡŬסӵġһĵȻϧ 
ллǼҪľӳˡ 
⺢̫ǿǿ˲ᰡ 
 
ʱ 
ӳľӳˡ̫ſ˵š 
î֮Щ죬һָʶϢδôˡ 
ˡî֮ӳһͷ˵š 
î֮̾Ϣһ£ߵԸ̫ȽŸϣ׼ȥӭʱպþڲԶλ͡ 
î֮ӳһôˣ𣿡Щš 
ӳѾˣĿǰ㰲ֻǿ»Ǻʺϼ͡ 
Ȼ˿ɷҿ첻˵㡣 
Ҿֱ˵ɣľӳӳ˵Ը档Щ˵˵š 
֮еᣬҸ˵ղһ˵ 
ûî֮赲һ·˲ſڿžͽȥ 
ľӳȵȡî֮Ҳ߽ 
һջڲ⿴ŵˡ 
Ҫǰʱ 
벻Ҫľӳһûлͷֻǵ˵š 
˵ʲôյһͣԭء 
ûһĳƺӵһμûйһΪҪ 
㻹Ǻӵ¡ 
ӡκ˵ģֻһ˵ģǶ޹ءȻĴϰյĻ 
һ߽˼ 
߰ɩ㡭һŰսĺֹԼ 
չȻûٿΪһӰԼšˣ 
áҸúϢҰƵز 
Ҳ޷˵Ǻʱݱģ 
 
˵˵ǽļ죬һǲԸգֻҪһҹһͻ쳣⡣ 
î֮Լ쿴ȥˣҲ֪ΰæӡ 
죬һî֮һס 
Щľӳ˵һ£𣿡 
һĲԶî֮˵š 
⼸죬ȲҪ̽ӳˣΪáп˵š 
Ϊʲôî֮ӳҲϣǲҪ棿ձһӶľܼѾ 
ÿľӳ󣬺ӳ״ͻǳ㣬ķÿҶѾȲˣڵѾʺܵκδˣľӳӦҲġȻ̵Ϊô˵ 

һô᲻أǡʲô˵˰ 
΢侲һ¸˴һЩʱ䣬ȽϺãҲľӳһúչ˺ӳġŬȰ˵ǰˡ 
ãͰî֮ӳˡҪʱɣ 
 
ʱڵ˩ 
ܡ 
һǰŬȥĶȫ˳ 
ӳû°ɣ̫ɼ״æǰı 
ԡԲ㡭Ѿǵһµ߰ˡ 
Ǹϲ鷳չ˵ˣڵʵûа취 
ǧô˵ҵξչ˺ġ̫Щѹ˵š 
һÿӡʵҲΪ 
̫ɡԸ˵һ¡𣿡תͷʰˡ 
޷ȥʲôҲ֪î֮ӳԼ˵״ʺϻͣԲȽЩȴ򷢻ȥһ˹ϵ 
ӳָʲôأƫͷš 
ɽܶӳû˵ô⺢ӣ֪ 
⡭ܱǸӳî֮ӳ̸ܶйϢ̫ЩεĻš 
ûϵһЦЦ˵š 
 
ʵ˵ģ˭ʲôϵأԼһ˵ġ޹ذո޹Ⱦ뿪μµľĸۣܷʲô飬úúõıУôȷİɣ 
ԼĸԼأȻԼӵĴڶԸϡͬΪĸסʧ񰡣 

[ʮ]˼-() 
ׯϵĵϣһɫ˶վǰš 
˽԰֮˽ְͨʲôҪġͥϵš 
ûС̵˵š 
ã㽫ᱻжȥְֲֻسΪˣ⡭ͥ϶˶١ 
ͥµ̧ͷŽС 
Ϊ֮λض٣ǵԵ 
𣿼ʹתΪԾɲ 
ûбûпˡеֻһһڷ˶ϡ 
ȵȣ˵һ仰һڷŮ˳ڵǰ 
ôһԼ˻׺ŮȻ 
ʲôͥϵЩ͵š 
ҸһֻأһŮ󵨵Ľԡ 
ǺοࣿҰòׂcİֹһԵŮ 
ûԼҵˣŮ˵š 
ãûֹӣҲǰסͥϵ˵š 
㡭ο࡭˵Ѿˡ 
ûңڿܻǸ·߱ҰèɣʲôڷŮЦЦ˵ţһҲûм̵Ŀ־塣 
ɵǲǸмĿźڷŮ 
ߣɵԺ󰡩㰮ϵκ˶þҵͬ⣡ķš 
 
۾Ϥ컨塭Ϥҩˮζķӡ 
ոյʲôô벻̫Ǻܱ˵Σƺкöˡ 
ŵʱ˿˽ 
˯Ļ𣿺ӳ̫ϰԵš 
ܺðֵֻΡʵΡ˾Ĺ¶С 
ľܺءûﲻϴһš 
ǡûµġһǿ˵š 
̫˰ɡѲĸо 
λҪ̽ڵأھȥǡ̫ͻȻ˵š 
̽һΪî֮ӳܵˡ˭أЩ⡣ 
¶Сɢӳ˵һӳͨ˺ܾ˵һҪ㣬ԶӳصطеģҲҪľ״һ˵š 
มҺܺãǽɣǵôҲ˼ 
 
̫ɳȥûú˾˽ 
һ㻹ðɣ¶ǹĵţûƽİ衣 
ҺܺðΡ¶ǡʲôõġ 
㿴ͺ㰡Ӵʲôң˵һ뱻¶زһš 
þͺãһ¡ΪʲôأЩš 
ûΪʲôֻûмıҪҲ֪ʲô 
ûҪʲô˼ĺѹ˵׳ʲô£ 
มһֻǵӦһ¡ 
һҪʲô˵ɣ粻˵ʲô˺һĵİӦñҸ˽簡һȻ̬ȸе⡣ 
ǰԾɼ̡ 
һ̬ȣ¶ЩΣо˵ʲôƺûˡ 
硭һɡòáΪһ¡ 
һƺʱʧĵӰѹΪλŪôߵǲҲǰ㺦ɽԪ֮һ 
һĵͷ 
һ㡭ɡһͺãʵڲĿ١ءء˵¶Ҳ޷ܵĿ˳ 
ԼȥȰһ飬᲻ɵĵĸˡ 
ҹ?ľé 
磬Ϊβȥһأܲð 
ܣҲҪȥһ֪𣿡Ȼĸš 
ǡ硭 
ͬĻҲ˵ڶΡ 
ǡоƺָֻǰǸĮľˣ¶ǸеһʹȴҲڶ˵Щʲô 
 
μ״˫ִ¶ǵļͼο˼ǿ¶ǿ޹ 
һ֪ĿˣϷġѹΪԼ㽵Ĵ硣 
ްᰲοŮˡ 
һ㡭ء޴𣿡û㰡 
ôءˡҸлõĻ䡣 
ǡΪΡΪءһءĲ˽Ⱑ 
ȳȥɡ¶ǡα˵߽¶Ǵ 
ΪЩʱ˼ĶԻȽЧһ㡣 
 
ʣһˡ 
ǲ֪ӳڳʲôֻ֪һ飬ӳԲǸˣȴԸ⽫չǰֻΪһ˰ǿ 
ĳһĲΪֺʲôţһţǼɲִֹͨҪ 
ΣпյĻҰɣĺȤǳԾ˯ģ˳ҰɣͻȻתŻ˵š 
Ѿ˽ʮ˰ɡǺȷӣϾʱǰǺҹǸǽգЩججġ 
⵱ȻǺǰî֮ӳŻУʵҲ㣬Ϊ̫??ſھͱ¡֪һ̸Ҳûʡ 
ǺǡҾ´ޱһɣ 
ôͻȻ˵ޱһޱƺҲ찡 
ǲǰû뵽أϸʵһ𡣡 
ʲôҡޱǡһ˵Щ֪롣 
𣿡첻ڽ 
һѾԴ֮ޱԼ̬ʵûжĸı䣬ֻͻȻǰƺеЩŤ 
˵ˣһ仰ҵѵĻһҪʵ˵ 
һȽԪˣδ󵨵Ӹ̸ 
Ҳ̸ľӳйص¡ͷ˵š 
࡭ľӳǳԴҩôƺӳǵһ 
ûΪ˵š 
֪ޱһˡȽ϶ôһ׻ԼóˣһƺӳǲǴߣ 
˵һʲô㿴ı֮ǰҮЩε˵š 
Ϊϴαӳ˵ĵطûãî֮ӳ˵ڲʺʹһ˵ƷҩҪãֻʹõķʽˡҲ밡 
ԭˡҲԣеˡ 
СҵĻҸ˵Ǹһæš 
СҰûȻˮˡزסˮͷһͿޡ 
ǸԼͬڵҪŮԣεҡҡͷ˵š 
һȻ֪˵ʲôЦЦûлش 
 
ͻȻ顱һԵĴĳĴ˿ 
ĵһζһ 
ľӳô 
ˣôģһջرŵĻ꾪ȵ˵š 
Ӵ棿˰̫˰ɣ 
ιһ߰ɣͻȻ˵š 
ߡȥİһһҲס 
ߣȻ뿪ط˵š 
⡭ǡš 
ľӳһҲû䰡Լ㲻أûϴ¶Ǳ̵ʱǣһԭҲûﰡ 
Ӧ֪Ҳ뿪ﰡôͻȻ˵һЩЦĿǰˡ 
ô࣬Ҵ߾ˣôŲܡ 
лл㡭ˣҾҪѾκ鷳ˡ 
Լ𣿡ǵĻϴ뿪 
ԼҪģûκ˱ҡЦԽ˵š 
˶ԿһƺҲһľġ 
ðɣıĻ㣡˵һԾȥ 
뿪֮һɳֵ׷Ǳ̾ŵ˷˰ɣ 
ӦҲһȤɣлˣˣ 
 
ķӵⲡԺЩյڞs͢Ĵϡ 
ΡϤĽлβ̧ͷҲ֪˭ 
ޱתͷŽסԼˡ 
ȥһ˰ɣôķжš 
ǿǿɡĳӲšʵں˵İ 
һ˰ɣԲŻôôϧȻһ죬Ҳ˽ 
ޱô졭һ˵Ҫ 
𣿡˵š 
ĬһͻȻ뵽Լƺޱ˵˲˵ĻЩյĲ֪ô졣 
ǸޱҡǵġǸ 
㲻õǸÿ˶Ҫ޿ȡĶһ˵ôҪĴڣԸһһṫʽĿȴ޿ɵֵ 
⻰δ˺һᣬѵҲһϲޱȻΪԼ̶ֳȡҶһأľӳһ֮أ 
ޱʵҶһѾĸоˡʱѾˣҪȴѲǱҪˣ֪һ˵ӰԼ˸Ҳķѿ 
㲻ý͵ģȻҪ¿ûҪȫĨȥеĵλһʱһȹѹذɣôԸˣʱ䣬ҲѾ֪ˣҲǿǰһ󲽰ɣ 

´ΡһȥһɣޱЦЦ˵š 

[ʮ]˼-() 
ˡҹһ˵ 
ӳԱԥš 
ùšܵǹɿصѹѲµ˭ˡ 
 
΢ҹһյȣ߹ϵԲġ 
ӳ״ƺҪҪȥͥԺߣмî֮š 
šðһѵú˵š 
ڻ̫ɵͬ£һߵͥԺɫţǰҪԼｫµʱ񲻻ǲġΪԼ𴲵λεûУذ˯ţ̫Լ˵Ҫܹ˳ʳĻƺܶ࣬ҩʳԼǳʲôʲôܲ˼û̫ 

Բรӳ̫ɸ˵˵š 
̫ɸܵ⸽һɵѹǸ˵ģڵһûа취ܵκεѹӦҲ֪ɣ 
һҲ̧ͷ˿ȷǡڻ°ɣ֪ʲôʱʼî֮ӳżȰԼͥԺɢɢ¡ 
̫ɣֽ۹𣿡ʳʡ 
ûаӳôôʣĻʡ 
มûʲôѵǴ 
֪ǲ̫˼յĹϵһÿγɢʱŵĽ۹ζֻǸеζǰпأ˵ܶ̾ŵ˰أ˭Ҳ㿿Ҷôˡ 

աԭҵ˽˽ľǵĽȥ㡭Ҽ㣬աֻҪһֻۡҪ˵һ仰еαװ 

ⲡԺݶĲԶһĨɫĹ¶ӰͥԺˡ 
ֺ˵ļˣһҶΪͨĽî֮ӳܵԼѹȰߣһ˼֮ɣ 
ռ춼ķԺܴȴţż˵ļһɢɢ͸͸ʱ޹ģûмʱǲ²һǷİãǲаʱԶúõϢһ˶ѹ˼š 
ԽݵӰϾ뵡գƺԽԽӡ 
һ֪ͬһ֪ҵıܲҪһнߵĥڿĵط̵ġ㰡 
һԡ¹µķɫյЩǳӰӳԼеǸˣǸʼտĳ˶˵ȥδ֪ĳƮݼĳ͸оһûʲôѵ˵һʲôϵ 

һλɺϣǽεüεĻʲôأеദ龰Լ˼תתһ뿪Լʱξ͸Ȼ뽫뷨Ϊ޻̸֮ǡѵǻǰϡǵε󡭺ڷ˳ԼĵصʱȴҲ޷˵ӰһһεѰɫ˼㲻ٳ֡ѵڰʾǵĽ㼴ҶȥͥԺһЩʹüԸӲ²⣬겻ȵһһŻţյҲµģ᲻һСľˤš 
ڻϴһҩʱǻƵ֣ǻ뵽̫ļˣеļ䣬ԲŻһݵʧǴҩûзЧá 

ͻȻ 
ûõʱ䣬Ӟs͢Ĺ㲥ע⩤û멤 
ûʱҲ̫ˡԸĽߴһ뿪Ź㲥ϢĿһٷٲȥ 
 
ٱûֵʱֵ˶ѾˣΪûصҪӳ˳ҲֻһЩһԱùµ˰ˣʮһȺս˸;š 

ÿ֣Ӱһ˵š 
ǰȴû˺κˡصصĿİɣҲš 
ˣûԳκӰα߿豸˵š 
˵ʲôôܣʮļ豸ûõ˵š 
ԭҹﱻһƺĲˡ 
 
һҹûεǱ׽ŪˣεԼޡ桱е鿴Լû˵κλݷҪԼԥҸߡ 
ǡìԥв֪ʧȥ̫ĶˣԼʲôȥֻǵţֻҪĶ߰ɡѾ֪ôˣ棡 
 
峿˸絽ȥһĹ񣬾ĽֱߵĹһû°ʱ䣬ѵ׼ʱʧԼְõ˶긱ٵһ 
ӳô˰ʱһͲˡ 
⼸ǽŹԼľٶͻȻʧԼ޷ӦòҪʲô˰ɡûƺҲûв鵽κϢôǹ²ϡ 
̧ͷ˿ϦϦܺ죬һĺ죬ȴûһĹѸ˺ҹѾ˵Ĺϵɣ°ʱ䶼Щˡ 
 
ٴһʱûõķԺ棬î֮ӳҲֻȻĿ˰һۺ˵Ѿô𣿡û˵Щʲôֻǵ˸ͷʾ⡣ 
 
תˣϿŴ硣Ŵڴϵһ 
סľӳһԵܵ˵㾪ţյαװ粻ڡ 
ôܣô첻ˣΪղ̽Լˣǡ 
һĻ𣿡߽뿴һ˵š 
㡭ʲôҲ㣡ŵתӱܿյߡ 
ȥطЩ̸ 
˵ʲô֪Ҳ뿪ҲûлҪ̸ͷԸڵ˫ͫݵҪ͸һƵ顣 
ҲǺ˵ҾҪߡֱߵһĴҪ 
㣡ʲôſҩһЩŵƾš 
ģҪԼ뿪ôУҪôĻԼĿĲ׷𣿵Լ͹˰ôźã 
⡭Ǹ嶯̫һԼĲ֪Ǻá 
 
˭۸ҺһĵĶӰ 
ƾܵʱһϤİ˽˶סˡ 
˿ſ߽î֮Եġһġһĸס 
ϰ֣һЩԾĿһװĺһġ 
εԼĸ״װʬ硭 
ֻһҲܳԾȻûиһĸʽп׵ģȻ棬Ϊһ˵֪ΰܸԼļˣ˵϶һѹضѭôԼȻûзȫѹɲһİ 

۸һһ߽š 
˵ʲôǡĪġô 
Ȼشҵ⣬һǺӵĸװɣһѵš 
ǡûκιϵƿ˵š 
ôô˵һЩʹĵ˵š 
㲻Ըеһȴֻĺӣ۸ඣ 
⡭ҡԺһıʣһ֪ôشźá 
ã֪ˡһ˵һȻ˵š 
һЩ⣬Լ˽ͷ˽ʲô 
ҺһĵĶӿҪ۵ġ 
̧ͷ뿴Ҫʲôʱͼһĳնǵ 
㵽Ҫʲôδ˵ʱ 
ݣһǰ 
һʲô飬ֻʺɫҺ߽˳Ⱦ˲İɫҲȾеߣ 
գ 

[ʮ]Ƽ-() 
һ£Щʹؿڿڴء 
գһļܵǰŲӿѪ˿ڡ 
һ㡭ϽҵˡԼ˿Щ˵˵š 
һû뵽Լĸ׾Ȼ׾͸˰һ 
ϰʲôһܻǰ֡ 
ⲻТӣϰҿڰ㱨𰡣ΪҺһĵĶô۸أող˵еĸûϵ𣿡һĲõķʡ 
ҡǡ˺հ 
һһΣеʲôˣֻǵΪ飬ҲǲԭģDΨһĶӰ 
㲻ɱһڰǰ˵š 
Ϊʲôܣһı߽߱š 
ΪԼĸ׾ٵ߽Լգһеˣ֪ôܱաҪʲôˣաǡ 
ΪˣһĴ󺰣ԭۿдתˮҲԾ䡣 
仰úһͣ˽Ųüŵϵˡ 
һЩϲıסǰһ 
Ȼ㶼ô˵ˣǺãҿԲɱ 
ʲôһЩš 
ľǰɣһӹһŰš 
ǵġ޾ĿԼһˡ 
㰮һ𣿡Ծûնǵš 
ԥĻشš 
ԸýȢһʽݣ׷š 
Ը⣬⡣ôˣϧһӦ 
ãȻеԸ㸺𣬸һʽݶί㣬ҾͲɱˡһȻ˵š 
ȵȣû˵ҪްҲܼްյģһҵ˵š 
ô¸Ǹʲôأܼްհ 
㻹ǡղͬĿһ 
㲻ޣֻ̻еİ˰ɣȻˡһ˵űҪеնǵ 
ҼޣԸޣɱŸ׵ľٶһż˵š 
Ը⣿ɲܷڡһո˵š 
ҲڡᷴڵġաԲ𡭶Ҳáһ˵ߵţߵķݰֹҲֹס 
ô᣿һͿԵõĳŵԸˣԡˡȥһϹˮ 
 
ˣҿľӳưɣî֮˵Ũ˵š 
î֮ô˵һϽָî֮ȿյơ 
̫ɣȴӳȥϵ·ȻڲϢһ¡î֮߼Űյ˿ڱ˵š 
ҲҪҴɣһŰյ˵š 
ӳ侲һ˵ɣȻ岻õġî֮Ȼ˽һ顣 
ҪңȥϢһ°ɣһտɫЩ԰׵һȰš 
ǰҲлҪС̸һ£ȥЪһ°ɣһҲ˵š 
ˣ߰ɣӳų̫Ҳһŵģǰһ˵š 
á̸ͷòɡ 
һЩĵŻ̫ߵſڣͣһۻؼ˵ǰ 
һ˵š 
ʲôһĲԼĶҪԼҪʲô 
ĵȫķ 
СӾôŲϰ֣Щ޷޲ƽ˵š 
ŲδŲҪ㽻ġһҡҡͷϡ 
⡭һû뵽һô˵û֮Ҳֻýնǵ 
һԼϰֵնǵת˰ա 
֪Ҫ˵ʲôɣաͬ֡ 
Ҳδ˶ֵġԴǵ˵š 
ˡϰĵһ˵š 
ǡ˽ˡġЦĿԼС˺⿪ǧӣøһ 
㡭ôû̬ȾͲô࣬ԺôˡӶˡ 
һȡֵˣѵȥ 
 
һȥî֮˰һԵţԱʰȾѪĴҾߡ 
ľӳھΣî֮š 
áо˿ڲվЩƵ˵š 
һĽǲأֻýƤıѪóѪʵȴȫҪî֮Ŷĺ˵š 
ǺǣǵȻҿкúƹģһСԹҡ 
лǰæȻ˵š 
ովͶ˽⵽Щ֣һ׵ǿƸî֮ӳԹ̬ȿЩԾһЩŷԭҪǣһǻҹͷ˲ŻûзеϪϰɣȻԼĲ˶٣ 

ôһ˽һʲôãȱϲеһ˳ܡϰֵʱû취һЩп 
ûи߹һԼ𣿡ʵھЩ֡ 
ߣСԼΪ˶ӳûңҲǲŻǷһԺ˵СĶ԰ס 
ǡû¼òǡ 
ǺһûѾܶӳѹԽûзϢǵġôˡҪͨһͺˡî֮ЩεĿźһ˵š 

桭ǸӰֻǸ಻񣡰նЩ˽һǱŤĸŴԺδˡ 
֮ǸúúллǰȻʱܻ⽩أ 
ȱлҲȫΪ˰㣬ֻǲ뿴ǱĥԼˣо׻˵ŮǰŮȰһȭҪȢҶӣһҲǹ 

ҸԸ˽δжϧԼĶӣȻϲ˵ 
 
ǻҪ̸ðǵŰյơ 
һɾ˽˵ţԹС 
벻ùȵǣľӳѾˡî֮ЦŰοһ 
֪δϹûİһһЩƽıԹš 
׳ĸûʲôٻʮ궼ûġһ´Լϰ˵š 
һصصʬ㣬㾹Ȼ˵ң 
һԵî֮նֹɣһݵʵС 
˵ôû˵񣿡ղžȵĶˡ 
㲻Ҳû𣿡 
ǡ˵Ҫô͡һյ˵š 
˵͸ҲҪ֪ʱȻġһǧ˵ţû͡ 
𡭡ò֪ˡԭѵҲ㰲ŵİɣһͻȻеͨʡ 
ǺǡԭǾʶˣǰʬʱʶˣʬҲҵģ㵱Ϊһ㶼֪㷢ʲôԭģ˶ʮûתˣôҲҪʱ׼ԭǷ˲ٹأ 

ô˵ŵһͷӿһů⣬ԭ֪һֱڱԼȻ˲Ҫʱĺܿɿ͸ľñһ 
վˣȻشɺðɣî֮Ȱɫδָһ˵š 
ķվŵһɻشϢ 
һЩӵĿǵľٶ˵ʵڿԼĶӸôҲǲ̫ܣȻ֮ǰԭ͸˵һľһ飬ϾôĶӾȻˡвᡣ 

İɣľӳһúöԴġע⵽ѵľ仯΢Ц˵š 
 
ǡðñļ˶Լ˵ġ 
ҵȵȾҪˣӸڼ̫ãô᲻𣿡ҪǿԵĻʵҲŮǴ˶˵̫ж 
˭˭᲻ðٳµһ˲䷺ϺΣЩ˼ķţһá 
ʱ䲻ˣҲ·ˣԭʱֻܳһʱѣҪһҪ顣һĿ˵š 
ǰ˵չĻŻ 
һѺ뵽ףʽƸȻʽӭȢҪǡһδʽ֮ǰ׼ٶˣ 
ǡȻˣȺ£һҲúһȥġյȻ˽λδ˼Ҳھʱ䲻׼һء 
ιĵôȻǲǺҵһĿš 
޵ûзȨֻܹԹԵŹţȻô׾ͱ˹ߡ 
ʲô 
 
ռδŵ֮ЩΪ֪ð˭˵źãҲʲô˵ˣʾî֮æ 
벻Ҫ̫รӳѾ̫ˣ岻õģҲһ΢ɣî֮ίֹš 
ߣͲСӼƽˣһʱأ 
ͺһ̡î֮ʱѿռ仹Сˡ 
лһһǧҪǡ 
ʲôҪʲô 
ܷʲô飬ϰҲ㶥ŵģֲëͷСһ˳еҪȻDɻûúñΨһĶӰһĺˬ˵š 
ЩһһЩ֪˵ʲôѵù˳ĵͷΪԼֻҪһڻͻ޳ 
仰󣬺һľ͸î֮һ߳˲ˡ 
Ҫǿ̣޾Ϳްɣսһӵ뻳 
ҾұųˡǰҼ޵İһЩѹ˵š 
ǲܳųġһҡǰ˵Сʱܰأջһ˵Ȥ˵ 
ʲôǳͷȻ˵ʲô£ңաȻ˵ 
ԭİеһͻȻ 
ǡҲûʲôһ˲תıվúȤ 
Ҳţңաȥһúøͷʡ 
˵˵ֵģ֮ǰĲ춼һɨա 

[ʮ]Ƽ-() 
ڵӵţҪֲ֮ǰǷȱһƵġ 
һһͣĻŻʧõˡ 
ŰĻԼӣһԼƵķ跢ȣҸĸоģҲûп϶װΪա 
աԲ𡭡ڰ˻һεĵǸ 
ʲôýͣҶ˽ģһʹԭҲ֪һ⡣ 
ƸıϰЩһ˵š 
ˣ˵Ҫȥһطﰡ 
Ѿ˰ɣЩĸһķ˵š 
ֲֻ뿪ﲻ𣿡Ҳ֪ 
ȻĻھ߰ɣһһѻ˵ 
һԵһϺ 
ȵȩûҸ˵ĻһĲðձ 
Ҷûˣڳȥ㲻ġԭСˣî֮ƺð 
ðɡա˵һҲͲҶˣĴ˰յ˿ڻŪǻЩĻܶӳǷðΪѡ 
 
ûһķԽĽʵȥ˲˲ⲻԶͱǰľɫЩסˡص̾ŶԱȻ˯ţԣһڵϡ 
ô°һЩ죬òԼĸ׵Ľɣ 
ҲЩ֣òʲôְɣôʱһССӰһ˳ 
̫ɣô⣿ϻĳ 
˵Ҫȥԡ˯һ¡˵š 
ô쵽ģվԼƺСķӵˡ 
ֻҪһξͿ˯״̬ĸʱϵƿ˵š 
̫ɡ𣿡찡ҲǸݽɫ 
㹻ˣĸʱ㹻ʱ仹ࡣ 
ٶ˵Щʲôһ˲ʧķӵرᡣ 
 
һ·ûж˵һѵúĿʬҹľɫһֱͬһطҲľɫ˯ҲľɫЩˣ 
ŰƶķһͻȻЩϤǰռҰһؼʲôս˼֮󲢲ȥƵһطһľЩƫƧıԷӦûסɣ 

ˡһķһվȻ 
ǡľҵﰡôԼסôúû 
áΪǹ壬Ҳ޷ǵһ 
Ŵ˿ȽȥƻʾҪһ 
Сġ𣿡Ҹ 
һųٳδһ 
ԥһһ˹ȥаڷƬ¶ǸԼŲ̫һȴͬԼ 
棬һҽҪЯֹɵˣҲδľҵķˡǣһĶƬ˵š 
ˮһһοնԼ¶ı顭ԣһðıˡ氡 
һкɣһԲһ˵š 
㡭áǺһЩӵ˵š 
һôˣ˲𣿡ռһͻȻû˾Щǡ 
Ϊ˵ԲСĵλġڡҡͷЩ顣 
һ㲢ĵλǽ߰ҵĹȥ棬ڸδģԻףǵġȻ֪һĹ˼ɡ 
ԭĽһҶֻԶ 
ԭǷҶϾϵϲµˡ 
ֻܽ˺͡Ψһ뵽İ취ӵľӳľҵεңҡеĹ͡˰ˣ 
ô𣿡ʵǺܲ½һ㣬ԭΰ 
ҡ˵ǱˣԼĺӱˣʲôһ鷢ѾҲֻᷢʲôԤ֪顣ʹҪǿΧ˵Ҳˡ 

ʲôҶһܵģΪҪǧ֮⣿ΪʲôңΪ㣬ҿԶԿľҲԶԿʬ磬ҵĲ𣿡Ǹ´ʬȥˣӱֻ飬͵Ļᶼҡ 

ҡҾ㺦˵ֻΪҶһСôô 
ʶҾԾҵĴ𰸣̫˽ˣһʹĵָš 
ֻ׼ԼΪȴ׼Ϊ㸶ֻ׼ԼΪȴñΪˣ 
ҡҡԺ󲻻һ˵ʲôĻ 
รյŴ󲿷ֵĻɡ 
ǡôҶϴ˰ 
ãտһһ󵭵˵š 
һ˹ȥվڰյԡ 
ҪǰģԶ뿪ҵߡԲ֪Եһ˵š 
ĳһ쳣𾴸ĽȻΪʲôⲻǻ¡ 
ΪΣҶӦҪ˰̫˰ɣ 
㲻Ը⣿Щõķʡ 
Ӧ޸Ҳ㲻͵ܻǻڻɣľҺߣҶ˽⻹εľõĽѵ 
ҡ֪ˡһı鿴Щڣ̫ɶˡϰǰŲ߶ѣȻھͼ۸ 
ңһڴ˷ģľն벻빲ǰһһ˵š 
ô˵ݷллǴЩ㵵ĿǰƬ 
Ŀһһ˵ŵԣ˽һǸسŸŵԵˣҲסԼԵģǣһĶֽ֮Լš 
ǸûȥˡȻû̫ΪѡЩ˼ƾŰǵľٶ 
߰ɣ 
 
ص˯˺ܶȴ̫ϰߵĴ̣һ鲻ǳصˣ˷İ 
ˣգҸ׶ֵʱǹⲻ𣿡һڴƫͷš 
˽յʵжǿĻø׿ 
ҲǡʱȷЩֲҪҲû취 
ģҲšտ϶ġôһЩձƽ˵š 
ǡǰʵĪ⣬λӳ֮Ҳ˵һ˵ʵոеܸˣ˵Ҳʵ 
ôһ㶼ԭƺҲأȷҲľñжͨĹ˰ˣ 
ˣӦú˰ɣϢˡһķ˵š 
Сĵñһ߰ıӺ˯ 
ĺมһķһ۵ڸʱ˯ˡ 
 
һ˯ɾˣѵһԼþûпĴ̫ˣĺá 
˯ĿɾˣӳһԵĻ̫˵š 
רְչһƽûµʱҲڷﴦ¡ 
ѹ־þúãˡǡ۽ǿ輸ϲ 
รľӳʱõģʱ㻹˯޾ɺãҲܸˡ 
ʲôʱӦϰɣ 
չʱѣϴһ£ȥ͹̧ˮһǰ˵š 
ллֱϴ衣Щأ 
õģǵñֳˮรҪɲأ֮ǰһԡʱȻˮľ飬̫ɵǵš 
ǡǡ̫̫˰ 
źŲ͵оƺóˣжûɵĸоˣ⼸ǴƵա 
ѵã쾹ȻԳһϣнأӳ̫ɸ˵˵š 
֮ǰǳûھµ˵Եĺת 
СֲСӡ˵ʲôһε˵š 
Ǹֻ̫ˣЩ˼˵š 
ǡûϵ 
 
ʱĴ˿ 
þòһմүˣһӴݵ˽š 
Сһ㣡ֹ̫ɤŹա 
㻹һҲû䰡һǰִ˵š 
ͻȻֵҲô죬ϾͷǲϰҲϰˣԴϴε¼󣬿պһΪйѱɳ뾲͢ˡ 
ǴҪҹġиʹȥ͡ 
պС𣿡һλ㣬һЩȻ𾴡 
ǰұźϢȥУȻҿɲһȥ 
ձ˵߽һϸĶһ£¶Щ˼ı顣 
鰡ôʲôһЩڵ㡣 
һСӡƯҮŶûȻ˸ 
˵ʲô̫ı仯˵ĸо࣬ǰҲЩˣԭµüͷ˵ĸо׽ƮȻеһƺˡ 

˵ʲôֲŮʲôƯƯġҲˡ 
İƤҲĺúáղֻǿֽŲõȷϣġ 
вһƿĺܽˡ 
Ҫ̫ЩżֹҪⳡ汻λ˿ˣű绹û֮ǰϽֹźá 
 
ǰȰ뱣סСĻԶรһŮ 
ǡѾ֪Ƚ˭źá 
ڵļЩĿԴϸһſڲ֪ʲôʱվһ̵ˣԪҾոʮӶӳʨɡԼĸٳɭΡޱ˸ǧӳֶӳȵȣԼʶѶˣ˰֮⡣ 

ǹյİɣ塭̰ࡱͻȻôʵһЦš 

[ʮ]Ƽ-() 
ӳˡС߽һԽݵʵЩᡣ 
ʱˣСҡԼѾþûضˡ 
ģ벻õģӸʮӵİæһ㶼ġ 
ʮӣǶʨ鷳ˡллջæ֪ʮӶæЩ⡣ 
⣬ǼҶӳĵĹһรҾЦĴָ˵š 
Ҫշbӳǰһӡ˳ɭûдлأڼʲôµĻʮӶᾡȫæġҲᾡȫġʨû仰˵ڡ 
Сҵĸ٣Ȼ𣿡ԭӦˡ 
С˵ϲԵĵģԸĻɣʨߵһĴߣЩ̫˼ĴڵݳһСװµĶһ˵š 
ţллǡɿʬ򵽰ɡллˣҺϲûܳԵɿһõĵлţɾƷƺ￴ 
Ǻ~ǶӳصҵвأİӳһҲõģ 
㡭ϲͺáһȵı飬ʨЩƲͷȥһ˵š 
ڴЩһʨƺЩ˽Ϊ˶ִˣòˣΪɢǹĿϢ뿿ӵС 
 
ʮӵĴҶ氡ϲıɶ׼ˣ͵ѲðһҲ˵š 
һġչԼĸЩж˵š 
֮ǰξ˵Ƶûţ֮ǰȥͼݽЩȤ㿴Ϊ֪ϲʲô͵ģԽЩ񻰸ð֮Ĺ顣 
飿ʬҲֶһе棡ллӳˡһЩ档 
ôȤɲȱǰ˷Ӱ񡣡ֲ˵š 
ֶӳǲģҪӳġԼҶӳ˵ 
ǡӦþûʲô˵İɣοޱ˵š 
һֱǸһͬһߵģҲʹŷȫ塣 
ǵǡޱͬ˵š 
аǰǧͻȻ˵š 
һҪ뿪ĻֻҪ˵һʮһӵ˰Ϊƽء˺ıʾʮһν 
⡭лл㰡ˡдҡһ֪˵ʲô 
 
Ļǿǻŵรľӳ˵ıһ 
î֮ӳ˵ĺ˳ 
Ҫ̽ӳǺܺãҲҪ˲˵Ϣرǵѹص˲Կӳ̫֪𣿡î֮ͷŽ˵ţԾ˵ 
ߣ֪ЩõӦţѹ޷ҲԸġ 
˵Цͬʱһ벻Ҳ˽ôҶסˣ 
ӳʲô𣿡һЩȵţϾ˼ûʲôԻνǲеĲ찡 
ƺֻܾȣ˿ҲЩ˼顣 
û˺۹⣬侶ߵһԶĲǰ 
ҹһڼ䣬̾ŵ˶Ҫػӳ̵˵š 
ҹһС𣿡鷳ˡԭ 
ֻҹһ˵ѡ˵š 
ʹллǡһϵĵлš 
Щһĵл΢㶵ĵĿһ󿪿ʵ 
ҹһˡĺ𣿡 
ţǰҿȷÿ춼ڿְһλɫŮ˵š 
𡭡Ǿͺá˵ԼƵġ 
Ȼֻһ˲֮䣬һԼ񿴵λų̾ų΢Ц㵭ҸЦݣҪԸЦĻ϶Ͳôηɣ 
ûһ˵ЩʲôѾתҪȥӰߵſʱͣ˽Ų 
´ΡҪĻ֪һ¿صĶԱɣزҪ뿪s͢ 
ҲǡҹһС㽻𣿡һЩ⣬ͷ찡Ӧòǰɣ 
һʱȥĽŲͣһ£ȴҲûлش仰˳ȥ΢СӦȴҲһʵԼ˼ 
 
һͻȻԼһˣϱĶһ˺ܶ࣬ӯڣϸ룬ϰָ֮⣬ʬ绹ôĺ֧һ·ڵĴҺһ¶ЦݣҸͻһеЦ 

֪ЦҲֻˣƺ˵һȺŮ˾һʱѵԴͷ 
 
ˣڿʼֹʱˡ¶ͻȻš 
λرܡСתͷżλ˵š 
ô°֪ޱξЩĪ 
׼û¡ǻǿߺõ㡣ȺŮ˽˵á 
ֻΣλ񶼾һ㵣ҲһΪʲôھҪرأ 
СҡʲôһҲò̫ԼĸҪʲô 
ӳҪģúϢǡСĻشһЦдδ֪ġ 
ֶӳӳǻرܣ˵š 
⡭λӳ࿴¶Էڻûǰͱϵ˳ȥ 
ӳװɣȻСӿҲеġҾտԼҶӳ˵š 
ûȤ֪СĶʨЩõ뿪 
ԭͲܿСһȳȥɣɰͯ˵ŲпĻ 
ߩ˵ĽϲˬĴ˳ȥ 
ӳŬİԼҶӳ˳ȥ 
ͱޱ˳ȥԱܻΪɣ 
ûӣھʣһŮ̫ɡһ¶Ⱥ轵˼ȣôеһأոǶҪԼԺһʣˡ 
ǡҲȻرһˡ̫Щڵ˵š 
ţ㲻̫߰ɣҪһиһҪæأҾæ˵š 
ǡѵҲе𣿻̫Үš 
Ŵֵ׶󣬴Щһ򲡴ϵһ 
ǡʲôԼŮǣһо亹ˡ 
ֻúõĿѣҪô°һ¶ЦЦ˵š 
һﲻһֶħ΢Ц 
߽ʱǧɵһĲ 
СһĶﰡʲô¡ 
⡭ô֪˯ɡî֮ӳ𲻳ɡ 
˵ǻСôһ㼣ûаСƽ̹รһҲûбְǳȥ̽ҰɣҾҲսš 
Ҿս˵һǳԵزȥ˰ɡҿӳһǶûкúóԶŻôݡĻҲеรСЩ̵˵š 
һϣԴҳءһô˵Ǳ˵ŰС 
ΪӳڸӵģԲŻϿκεı仯زϵļᵹǺΣգһҪʳסî֮һ״̬ 

î֮ӳԤֻ²ڣһ㣬ʵѾ˰ɣͬڴĺ֣֮ǰϢ˵š 
⼸ˣʱӳȽ࣬Ҫ׼أ 
һɱ׼ùõรȻǲԭģҪõĶҶ׼أԺһҪƽ¶ǻָһİ˵ţ 
ҪҪҲ̫˰ɡһеЩΣ׼̫˰ɣ 
СһƤĺúรǧһ˵š 
һСŮŶһ֪˵ʲôҪƿҲǰ 
ҲҪҾ۾һ˵š 
ҾС㣡ʲô֡һŬ㡣 
ȵȣһδĴɩҪҲôȡ 
ʲôֵĻҪ 
Ҿս¶ǺըรҪﰡСҲƽıԹ 
ʲôſҩ˾Ⱦ 
Ůһţ˫ֶһĶƵǡ֡ 
 
ķӲϵİվЩ֣ովȻôôһȺӵĶӳԱǴ°ɣô˼ŵʱ򣬾һĺżļӿ˽Ų߽Ĳ 
 
һʲô¡һ̤ͿǳõĻ档 
Ů˿߽Ҳһ£Ͻ˼ 
㡭ðľӳ 
硭ֻ̽һ 
ûἸ˵˵ֱ߽һߣһǴץˮĸľһץŰղţҲ֮᲻ᱻŮЦ 
գŹȵһԵİա 
ǡ顭һˣˣáġյ΢㳵ѹҾʶĴ˵š 
ȵȡһһСһһ˳ŰδʲôʱѸٵĳ˳ȥ˳ֽҪ˵ʲôİǧҲһ˳î֮Ҳʶʱȥˡ 
 
ôˣ۵ŽץԼһܵŵһ 
ſԼһͻȻЩΣһ·ΪĹϵԵЩ΢΢ĳ˿˳ֵĿһŰ¶ţЩ΢ܵŵģ飬ڶԼе 

ûȺŮôġûв۹⣬ԱԹš 
оͷϵ˾þöûжһЩֵ̧ͷţɶϰݵĺۣ̰㲻Ȼı顣 
Ĳ𣿰ա̫һš 
ûСŬһ˼ѵǣһ·˵š 
ոհö˶ˡҶˣ䡭һڰջ˵Ÿոյ¡ 
û˵ʲôֻһ˵ŵĻ֪һʾεı֣ϰԵϰԵ˵£ȷǸ 
һн˵š 
ʲô̫˵һĻʲôְҵСӡ 
ҵһµСһ˵š 
ǡҿûมһЩʾ˵š 
ã˵ĶǡնһְСطǿĸҲϲ 
һͬʱ۽ƲһԵĹ϶ණӦǸոȺˡһİɣлżص鱾 
Щ˭ģһš 
ǸӳҽƵġȺŮһʲôŵˡ 
һԽյùһ鱾ԵЩ 
ม治ǾĹ顭Ҳܾ䡣 
һΪ̫صĹϵɴͽ鱾С׼ 
أѹϿЩͬùӺص鱾 
Ҫô׼ҪȴŵһЩ˵š 
һº󣬽鱾ŵԼǰ˿һЩҪʲô 
̵˵ۡ 
áһЩȴҲúڴΪϲյ 
մ򿪵һ¿һ¿ʼҪʱһͻȻյ½ͣ 
ȻҿһŲһָָҪ 
ıȽϲۡһΪһҪ鱾 
ҲܡҲ뿴ЩԵ˵š 
һĴ׼ʱͿԼҵСԶĽϰԼһ׼ӣðվʵںܿɰСһ֮ⲻھưɣ 

鱾յͳɤһְĸоһеЩı۾ţϾҪ鱾ݲŽаԼԱߵģֻǺůĻõ鱾Źݣһֻճһ˳ķ˿ĵĸо 
ҪǿһֱȥͺˡʲôҪı䡭ԶҰɡա 

[ʮ]鲻-() 
һյķر̽һ̤žͿһڴϷŴ֪ЩʲôЩ񣬾ʱһûʲôӦȻ˸Ū뷨ߵһ治ĸһ֮ǣǸŵһȻԤڰЩȵĿţֱӦԼǱǵʱӵССš 
ʲôһЩεıԹ͵Ϯˡ 
ʲôˣûлشһⷴЩĿţԼڸոյг˲ȻѪζ 
սʱûз֣ϸһƲŷһ˸еѪɫԵЩ԰뿪ʱúõģôᡭ 
ûʲôַֻѡһЩƣ۵ҡҡͷ 
ָתġ淴ӦáɣôôأȻŻѪĳ̶ȡ 
𣿡ѵֻܿһܿ 
ôŵʱî֮ӳ߽˲ 
ľӳ 
î֮ӳһôôأû취𣿡˵߽һشϢ 
Ҳһյ˵ţϲزһڴϡ 
һţսԼš 
һҲҪЩϣü׼ӳ˵űݳ˼ֽͷдЩֵֹ䷽ 
û⣬һ׼ġսӹ֮һº 
Ǿ鷳ˣЩȽϡеҩľķҲ̫룬Ҫľ׼Ӧ׵Ķˣ 
һҲսŰϵֽţдĶһЩĶŲĵӦǸԼйصİɣ 
ҿɲʲôֵҩǲҩѾ˿ɲ 
һŬĿţеƺ˭ҲûвĺԾš 
ķʽҲдĺǧҪŪ˳ǲϵķî֮š 
һԸܼСĵġСĵĽҩպá 
ȵȩû˵˵ҲҪȣ˾Ȼˡ 
䲻ȫ֮ƵٿԻڵ֢״ 
ҩʲôʱԸһʼȣ𣿡ȻзͿ㿪ʼȽϺá 
ԣ翪ʼʱǾľӳˡ˿Էֵֶķ˵࣬ϾЩֵ쳵ҩģܸҲޡ 
û˵աȡȿȡһЩ˵š 
̫岻á۵ĺŻСˡ 
ôҡ˵Щζ 
Сֽ磬˵Щʲôî֮ӳͻȻ־ò̫˵ڣ㲻ٶŵ˳˲ 
ô᲻㡣һķ˿˵š 
ãҸոî֮ӳʲô 
ֻǼζҩĶѡʲôҪ 
ķӶҩģòʲôݰɣûʲôµġϥҲֶ֪ļֵ쳣￪ô᲻ס 
ŻѪ˻˵ûʲô顭Ҫ£ģԹӾˣһᰲŵġһĻش𣬰նͬ 
Űմ𱸵ĹػǣһοĽˡ 
 
ŷ?ְҩ 
㷢ʲôΡޱЩȻš 
ΪӵĹĽɸȥֵĹϵҲɣֻҪѹ͵ȥͽ˰ĹΪûʲôɴ͵ŷȥæޱ 
ûʲôֻո뿪ľӳȥˡҺĿ졣 
ľӳ춼ȥһûʲôֵİɣ 
ǰȵһԺӳӦþͻʽӭȢɡַŹ˵š 
ǱȻİɣʱһɾǵĶӳˣ 
ӳˡҪŰɣ뵽;úЦ 
ޱԳ˵ЦЩ֪˵ʲôǸʱȻ 
ңޱͻȻξЩڡ 
ûʲôֻ뵽һ顣 
ʲô飿ɵɵš 
ϴǼ顭㻹ûлظأΡ 
ϴΣָǸ 
µʱ򣬾͸һɣ 
һһԺǸƽϣʱޱ˵Ǿ仰 
ǸһûЩ˵š 
ΪʲôԸһ쵽ŷְ 
ΪΪ㲻𣿡˸ѷĽڡ 
ʲôۡʲô۵ôεⰡޱһ 
ᡣޱߵ˾Եͷ˼ŵ˵š 
ͷɳû̧ͷΣޱĿǲûڴ 
ԼҪģ𣿡ޱͱûĴ𵽣ڽԼû˵ӮޱģϾóֽ˵˵ģǣ 
Ϊ֡ޱ˵űߵӡ 
܆ҮЩŭһͲԼûֵޱȥ 
ޱ΢ȴûзŹ׽Ļᣬ֮ҲȨڵ˲Ϊĵɽп֮ĬĬĽ˵Ľ 

ϾŵҩģʹսܼһҪ̵ʱѰҩģõӦȴ֮룬һʱ䣬ٻصķȥһʱѾˣǷĲûкúóԶҲҪһ²İ˵ǿһ˯Ҳãȵʱȴһû˯̫Ҳһԡ 

˯һ𣿺ӳ̫ɵĵš 
ҾûĴš 
ոʲô̫õ鷢˰ɣΪÿֻҪԼ뿪һСʱͻᷢĲѵأ 
ʲôˣ߽š 
գôôһԭΪ첻ټˡ 
ľӳ̫ҲЩʱξзÿͣɣ 
ֲ𣿡ôðô亹 
սӹԭ̫ɻϵʪëһ 
ûʲôֻΡҡҡͷ˵š 
ӳѾ˺ܾõĶˣÿһ亹ܶʱ˯áͬһĵȻ̫Щǵ˵š 
˵ˣһ̫ʾ˸Ҫ죬ʲô¶鷳ա 
ʲôʱʼģΣ 
ʵӡ 
?̫?ɣһЩյҪֹҪЮζ 
һõţ̫Щ֪ͣһ£ֽյѹȸȴֲԾļ˵š 
סûþͿʼˣʱжвѡ 
ȥæİɣӦͺˡ̵İѻ̫˳ȥ 
ʣ˺󣬰ռһźʪӣ˭ûٿڣһ֪ڵĽ͡ 
 
Ĭ˻ᣬһЩԥĻ˵Ρ˰˵Ρ 
εô˵ءҲǡһЩ֪˵Ǻá 
ҲǡͻȻ뵹ʲôƵĳ 
εͬǣоһĹһԺݹһһģÿҲҡ 
µûдǲΣôʵεģһжġһһε˺ˣʵһ˵Ҳ֪µˣ 
һ˵ĹݰЩʹı۾ 
ʵҲһп˵ţ޷ԼΪҪ˱ˡ 
һյԾ˵š 
 
еǣ֪ȴΪԭֿʱʱ˼ûаͷϹβǰҲˡÿһһǾʹǰԹΣˮĺɫ˫ջΪһ̯ˮвһٶı֮Ū 
ҾԡԲһˡ˵ӵеˡ 
ֻҵζѡ㼤ʲôв 
һ˽ΪҪ˵зһ 
Ⱦֵ¼֮Щ龳ݷĿһԼִӿʼĲ⡢ߺתݱ˾֪ԼЩʲô䶨ˡⳡп飬˴.....һٴʧȥ 

һμһʼľĪļ¶ִֻĲϳϣ֮󼸴ζɱȴôˣ˫һսʱһĽʱһ顭վ²ɱ꣬ȻʱûΪʲô 

һġ㡭һһε˵ţһ㡣 
һȻΪΰջԼŰյİοԼҲԾİնԼԼ߰պ˵ȥ 
աʵҡǹ˵ɣ 
ʲôһķ˿š 
ʱһ 
î֮ӳôˡʲô𣿡һ⡣ 
ܱǸ롭Щ뻹ǵøľӳǡ΢ЦĿһ˵ţʵϵʱԭ˵ȴְڿܴСڵʱ⡣ 
ţî֮ӳòǡ 
ʲô£ֱǺ¡ 
ȵȡî֮ӳ¡һҵֹ 
ȻҴӦ㲻˵ľӳȨ֪ 
ǵģҡҡǼ¡⣬ԼҪ˵İ 
һŵӣ֪һԼʲô顣 
˵î֮ӳסһ֪ʲô˫֡ 
κӳһҪδߴҡЩء 
һﰵ󺰲 
Ǿ⺢ӡʱ򣬺ӳֽд󡭡Ҳ֮ǰת˺屾ֻǽļνأǽ¶Եֵοڵĺӳ 

֪î֮Ҫ˵ʲôˡ 
Űյ飬î֮Ҳ֪ˡ 
ǡᾡȫסӳġΪһҽ˵հο 
 
(ܱǸľӳѾˡ) 
յĶͻȻصʮǰî֮˵仰 
ǵʱî֮һϵʱ˵Ļڶ֮桭Ժǿӣ㡭𽥵㡭ȥ 

[ʮ]鲻-() 
лл㡣Ѿ֪Լʲôл 
ˡ˵˳ȥ 
סգ 
һյ飬ֻ֪þò 
ұǡ׼˵ġԽ˵ԽС 
Щ֪һջû˵һ仰ĳĬš 
㡭̽Եš 
˵أĶˡ 
ҡǲҮеȺòá 
รģ 
֪һЩڵĵͷû˵տҲ 
ţȺ㣡ǷŰɡ 
ʲôʡ۸ˡ 
ıԹšȴİսΧǺųƿʮӵĩ׷绨ɴľ˶е 
Χɵһϡ 
ʲôⲻǿ˵İɣҪʲôһŵƾš 
ԣⲻ㡭Ƚ㡭Сһûȥ֮һ㣢һҪûѡ 
šһԸٸһλֲһģҲֻŲһ죬Խпܷκ顣 
šĲƺʧˡ 
ˣ°ɣڰղǰͷǸʲô֮ͷϣһȻҲûȥҪûлô֮ĻҲֻǰ 
˵ߵһ̡ˣաҪҲ뿪㡭ҲΪҿվûʡ 
ˣ°ɣϢˡûеɻشϲѱӸϡ 
֪컹᲻εһš 
ϣһҹΡú˯ϣжѹ 
һĶһ¡ 
ǵҪôӳأôܲܿࣿһа취ɣ 
աɲԼϴǸ¸ûյĵǣɻشϵһ˵һĹͻȻҪţ֪ͦľˡ 
ӦһԵҵǱһĹ顣 
һŵĹ£ϣİɤȥЩ˵龰 
 
һ˵Ǵô󻵣һαһأʱŻѪȾʪԼ½Ž׵ĴõʱûµһԵ 
ӽˣҲˣһϰŴİպǵġ 
󣬴̫󡣡һιҩİš 
ԴŪЩ鷳ҩ֮󣬰ÿ춼ܼҽҩ͹һãֻҪһܺȵȥ;ȣϾһʱʱ 
Ȱһ˵ţһ㶼䷴Ǿеȡ 
һ˵İЩĵĸһĶͷǷգ¶ġ 
С̵ţҨһιһߡ 
ҵҪȵʲôʱ򰡡ȺþˡһӷԵĺ˵Թš 
ź졣۳³ôҲźȹΰɣһιʱµ߰㣬î֮ӳֽҩĵļ˰롣 
ⲻص㣡صî֮ӳû˵Ҫ⵽ʲôʱ򡣡 
С 
ģʲôʱ򣿡һ˵ţ޵ģֹһֱˣ 
ºһ£˵ǵظΪֹ 
ʲôҡյĻŵĲѸպȥҲ˳Ĵ֪Ȳ֪ˣĳֻݮŵĶʱ 
ռ״Ͻеһı˳ֱһɫֺЩżʣµĸιꡣ 
ȻҪضϴ飬ûʲôرԵĶùܼ׼˵š 
ǡԱһ˵ţľȰ 
׼һĻشüͷܾ 
ʲôΪʲô˵ʲô˳ңô򵥵Ķ 
î֮ӳ˵ġվһѲλҽߵĻĺá 
յĻһЩСյɻشϱӲյĻԲî֮ӳĻͲܲˡ 
һľٶЩЦã߽һͷ谲οȥɲŚhſھһ˵õĻ 
ϣʨɿԹһ¡һȅȵĵСȴˡ 
շbӳʲôҪ֪ 
㻹ڰһְſڣ֪ôЩ̫ˡ 
շbӳʲôһΡ 
ûаֻ˵ɲñҰѷŪһ㡣С˵ʨɵǱϵǿģСӦòɣ 
һĻش󣬰ǰ仰Ҳ˵Сһ뷨ôô죬ű˳ȥ 
 
ӹĺܿ죬ٹʱ͵˺Ҫʱˣʱ˵˵̲̣һ⺢ӵʱҲңȴƺ飬ٵĸı֮Ĺϵ˽֮޷ٻֱӳî֮ӳ˵ǹؼΣڣҪϾȫ׼ԽһĲ˲ٵķÿ͡ 

һɱʣรر𽻴Ҫúò͡¶һԵʯ˵š 
ѵõĺһ鲻ķԺͥԺﴵ磬¶Ǹһһͣƺǰսģ̫æû취Լò͵Ļƺ¶ԼһԷʵҲǼӰɣ 

ֻ۾ûҺŬڳ԰û˵š 
¶ǴӼģһʼεķݶ׼ˣһЩĿǰˣ˻һأ֮ǰʶõʱһֱΪϲ¶ǣԲŻƴȥޱһʱŷֺ 

㶢ʲôһβԵţһĿⶢЩڣȻ˵һӰѾôˣҲȫûС 
ûʲôͻȻǰ飬յʬҪ¶ǵ¡һЦ˵ţķڿ˻ʱʧأʱڰյأǲǾͲһˣͻȻкö鸡Ժ 

ôʲôŲݮǰ˼ġ¶ǲ˵š 
׼ң˽ӵг 
ٺ~˵ӵ𣿡¶Цת⡣ 
ŮǶ֪ȡ𣿡 
ΣеŮĶһЩʱͶð 
һЦĿǰֵŮӳ֮Լ޷Ԥ⣬Ǳ֪ˣǴƺҲϵղû¡ 
һĻǲҲǸˣοһ˵š 
˭ҵĻ 
ˡ¶¶ѵı顣 
ࣿյĴļٵġһҲ޷󡣡յĳ󰡣 
೤ĸպ״Ƚ񣬸һ??Ҳġ¶ǲ˵ 
ĸô𣿡 
֮ǰҸʶɣԿպ״ǶرչˡڵһòʶѾûôˣǵĸҲǺ 
𡭡رչˡ˵һɵĴ˸ 
߳Ų͵㣬һֵľ۲ʱܿ͹ȥˡ 
½Ҳ˲ˣڰճ֮ǵȫһɢˣֱԶ峡һһɵ͵Цš 
Цʲô߽һš 
ЦԶ峡Ƶģ˵˾߹ˡ 
ʶࡣ 
һϰԵĽӵ뻳£ֻеĴвſĨƽĲ뽹ǣȷŴ˿ӵк 
ա𣿡̧ͷϷӵ˵š 
ѵҹдŵϷʵĿǡ 
ľգɶ񣬿Լոջ֮С 
ááһķ˿ͼצСè䡣 
ˣաҵĻӿԸȡ𣿡 
ӣáһĺҲľҵļ̳ˣ˵Ӧɼ峤һֵģȻһô˵ĻȥȡģҲܳΪĶɣ 

ʲôһԴӦչ𣿡Լ˵ģǡ 
УҲͻشˡ 
ΪΪʲôҲΪľҵļ̳ˣֻǵչ˶԰ȻȥҸչҲеġ԰һھܾһЩסˡ 
⺢ֻԼչˣһһչġ 
Ҳ˵һ 
ûһҲ׼ȥһϵĴһ˵Ļ 
վ̬һЩ˵Ĳ˵ЩʲôĴһ˿ϣΪղôġƽеʱ⣬ûȥЩ˲飬һոᣬһҹһ˯ʱḧƽһ΢üͷҪġ 

ճʱҪģî֮˽֪ͨˡ 
ʱѾˣҪľӳȻرˡ 
տŲһһκγŵ֪˵ٶ඼ûãǰοڴĻ˵ĬĬ˳ȥ 
ӳ㲻ȥî֮˵š 
һģ鷳î֮ӳˡ 
ôǾͿʼɣ׼˵һ룬žͱ˿ 
ղ˵ߵһǰ 
գôˣһЩȵĿǰİա 
һܷʲô飬ҶԼȥǸӣ㶮𡣡 
ҡĺͫһУһʱ֮䲻֪˵ʲô 
û㣬ҲǸӶģмһ㡣¶Աڳ˵ģȻҲһ 
ʲô㡭㲻ܡյһЩŲ֪롣 
֪ܣסҵĻ֮ұȻ㡣 
ŰȥӰһˮӯۿ򡭡 
î֮ӳҵ׸ô졭УҪȥһ 
ӳص㲻ľӳ㰡 
ңΪʲôҲװ 
ֻŬžȵӰĿǰΨһġî֮к˵š 
⡭֪ǡΪ˵̵Ļأ⺢ô޹İ 
ӳϵǸ˾˰顣 
顭顭һͻȻ֮ǰ˵Ļ 
ӳԲǸˣȴԸ⽫չǰֻΪһ˰ 
ʹˡһǲϣôգ 
ǾͿʼɣһȻı飬î֮ʼԸΧ˶ 
 
˼һԷţ֪һֱûȥֱΪֹղŷԼѾפ˼Сʱ 

[ʮ]鲻-() 
ڹʲôҲ룬ֻʱԹĿһ㣬춼ޱȥȾƣԼķȻȴЧ¶ǿһܻʱֱѰֱӳ嵽ŷȥޱΪʲôҪޱԼҲֻһϰ߰ɣϰ߽ķնɢޱȥ 
ڼ䣬յְв֪ʱֶһûбţϴһս֮ǰĪŸóȶּǲµŵˣеʱ𾪵ĽŸ˺Ƭվûô侲ĽŸ 
ֻΪֻΪɾһһĺӾȻǡĻҲ㲻ĺˣȷ˵ȾһµӣѡӣȻˣ͸⺢ӲܶˣҪǾͺúõĻɣһֻлĻᣬһ˽ 

ʮ?ְ 
˵һʲôڰ칫ŹĵĶʨɲ͵š 
Լ÷һһѵĻɫֽ֮͸ԼĸԪҾվæ˭û˼ 
ӳ㲻֪ڰһٽš 
ǰСףҲ۰Ѿһָˣ֮Ҫۺǧֽײſ԰ܰӳСҲûͣš 
СףǧֽףЧŮŮ 
ӳæȻģʱɾͶֶӳඡ 
˵ʲôʨ䱧Թšԥ˻Ƿеë˹ȥ 
 
ʮһ? 
ףôһǿ˸ĪĹš 
Ҫ̴ֽ׵ġǧɰͯ˵˲Ļ 
ֽףʲô˲š 
ñรֽ׾ֽ۳ɵĺҪСһõġǧʮһеĽͷʽ˵ţȼּ򵥡 
ֽװȷǻ뵽ĶأԵĺȤ 
ãҷֳȻȸһɫֽȻ 
ҲǧһɫֽЩͷһԿţʮһӳԱһӶûôŵ°ɡ 
ļٵģʮһӡһǾЩ 
ҾѪӳĽ̵£һ«ѧţ˵Ǻò֣˵ԼҸӳƺҲȤˡ 
 
ʮ?ͥԺ 
̫ɣѾǵڶʮֻඣӮ˰ɣ۱˵š 
ߣŮֱͱȽɣʲôýġ̫һҲ 
ǱˣҲҪ¶ǾЩĿǶ顣 
¶ǻ̫ǡ񲻽Ŀžһļˡ 
ӳǧֽװһ۵ģһúƽ 
ŵ϶ŻɫͬĴСֽףЩмֻţȺӻİһȺûأһһҪȥ 
 
ڴҵʱһĹȥˣ֪Ҫî֮ӳ˵ˣһ¶ŲĳɭҾյȼŮķر⣬εģϣ˿ԳͨǿԽȥ֪˶õʱ䣬ҵȵЩ۵˷⡣ 

ףո߳ĺî֮ӳ¶ۼĿмԶ˵š 
ҿҿҮںĲѵ˵ѾˣֻΪΡ 
ǵı鿴Щء˵˴еʡ 
ſĳ½߳ҽԱƺҲòȥЩͷ˵סôˣǼˣ 
Žȥһɣ¶Ǿ޷ȵˡ 
Ҳ޳ɡҪӲ﷢ 
ɵıܹ˿ߵ˸ʩ˵ʱҵһõĵطͷһˣŴû˿Ըܵһѹһ˿Ϣ԰׵ûѪɫֻǾţƺűĵѪ 

ɡһ¶Щԭء 
ӳ 
ɭû¶侲žͳ˽ȥ˼״ҲһӵŽȥһʱ֮ЩʧأһȺ˾һĲԡ 
һңҲԭġ¶ǲŵĽŴûжˡ 
ڴϰ˿ܻӰƵģûа㶯 
ϵݡôȫˡۼĿĲ档 
ҾͻȻǰЩ˵仰ڴͷֵˣķӦԵ侲ﲻʱں쳣ܣ 
 
ķرİձһĶԱһɲû˼˵ĳӽŲ˲ǰߵſȴҵĳ棬ٱ˶ⷢʲô飬ολӶӳľգʱԺб˿Ƶġ 

硭һ¶Ǻۿפſڵİա 
û뵽ȴû߽Ҳû˵仰תȥϵİɸ̫š 
һ䡣 
ףձסһʱûܻع 
㺢õĿǰһΣȸոֺϼ֡ 
ڡڡر𲡷̫ɱѹ˵Ļָֻŷ 
Ҫɱ𣿼ʹô̫ҲеŬĳӸڰպ档 
ѭССİѹһ䲡ҵ˺ӣǸ۾ûС˯ţûаϧһ˲֮˹ǧӣâ˿˿˿͵ĺӳǿҵĶԱȡ 

Ҫʲô 
ںĻ̫ɼ״ŵĹ˲ĳ˳ںǰ档 
ÿֻ¶֣κν͡ 
ҲãҪ⺢ʲôҲ֪˵Щд˿ֻһͷǱӡ 
һ˵ڶΡղ[¶Σյס 
ҡҡԡá 
Űջնǵ̫ȫ֪ӦԣҡͷԺһƬհף˵ʱ򡭡 
ʲôľӳһȴׯϵ֡ 
ķӵĶӳî֮ƺҲǰ龰𾪵 
Ѿ˵ˣϲ⺢ӶûлͷҲ֪˭ 
Ҳ˼ôȺӳҪθî֮š 
˵һЩĿî֮ 
ȵȣո¶ǡѵ 
ӳֻǺľ˾һʱͻˣѾ𣿡Ѿ˵ܼ͵Ĳڵʲôأ 
ԽʱЩҵİ˼һᣬǧӣջص˳ȥî̫֮Ҳں棬ҪһŪ׷ʲô顣 
߻һĲͷտ˵ǰݵ˼㣬î֮״Ҳ˽߰˷ˣ⼸ʲôɣ´أ 
 
Ǽֻӳġî֮˵š 
ǡӳѾ˰ءСҵˮѾĳˡ 
Ǽ˵ʲôӳ˯жѰһͻѹġʲô˼ 
ʲôΪʲôЩϵʾҾոðͬʺš 
ڵϵСҸ¶ЩŵĻؿî֮ 
ƹ˼һ֣ȵģȻ쳣΢ȴҲȫûУͻȻһ־磬ʧ̬һΰɡ 

î֮ȫĻҲЩɻ󣬲߽ţߵ˵ߵͷ˲ڼ˽ϵߣͻȻ˽ˡ 
˭ںӳϵ߸ģûнϵȻӦе΢ЦĽ͸ʯ״̬ļ˳ԸһԵĻ̫°Ӻá 
ǡһҲûѹ 
ӳѹԭΪжʧ˲𣿱ͲаΪľĹϵϢҲѾ΢Ҫ۲ſԸоġһš 
ŮͻȻøոյμֱЦһڿһԵİաˡ 
СңһͿ޺Ҷ㲻״ˣҾ˵š 
ʲôǻ˵ʲôݶ㡭źҡҪҲҪְǧôСҪһŻ߸֪СҲ 
˼ֻ뿴Сһдǧһʡ 
ոǵɫôôôذеʡ 
ＸûЪϢַչźӳò׽ƣҶ˷˲ŻġȷǺ˵ơ 
ͷΨһûκαľ¶ǣ֪ԼҴƢΨһľβȫˡ 
ˣŵӳϢģȻȥɣӳһʱҲѵġî֮ӳĵĲٶ׷˼һ̨¡ 
ۿʧһ̾ܵûӰ»һİա 
ľӳҲذɣȻҪʼеڶ׶εĻظˡ 
һûµİɡʲıŵˣЩиš 
Ѿõ֤ʵ𣿡 
ֿһۺŲޱǺá 
˵ڶ׶εĻظ̺󣬺ӳòı䣬ΪתӴٽıĳЩطҲ̫ġ 
һʲôʼնˡ 
ûî֮ĻϣֻźʱԿһӵһһ 
ȥܶӳһºӵ£ӳһɣȻѾ֤ʵ˺ӵ죬ôһĴҲ͵õ磽˰ɣ 
î֮ӳỽߵǱߵî֮ 
ʲô 
Ѿ˰ɡǺӵ֡ 
벻⺢ӵ˭ӳĺӣʵı䡣 
ָһԡ 
ʹһƽҲı䲻⺢ӸľӳĹ۵ɣĳ鵽ǺûǻأԺһ˵·ָȥأµÿһλľ˵ǻ˰ɣ 
ڲϵһȫ֪ղŷһ飬Ҳ֪ԼĺѾӹŹǰһˣԾ˯ 

[ʮ]·-() 
Ӿ˼׵ŮŮ 
ľ¶Щ˵š 
ǰŮ£θޱ֪˵ʲôãϾֹ»ԽܣǰƽµģմҲû°ɣ 
Ҳ̫˰ɣî֮ӳҲû˵̽ޱ˿ھ˵š 
ǵĺӳôҲȲˡֲǹġ 
Ȼû˾ͺˣпյĻҲȥɣ˳ԿС 
รǸոռĶҪȥˣ֪˭Ҳ֪ŮҾջȻ 
ôСôĳκû񾭵С 
ʲôӣҪˣ 
ŮĻɲ˰ľӳһ 
˶˽ޱ˵ĻյĻ˵һءֿɰĹ֣ 
һ֮ǰǻǱȥɣȻû˿Եֵסľӳĺ 
дʯͷ˾һȾϵر 
 
Ȧ 
СһǳɹˣȾˡЦſϵˡ 
֮ģȾûж˵Ļ 
ƺּ̫أȾôˣҲȫץ׼˼ 
ôᣬ͸巬ӳĴ񡣡ΪĺߣôܲһЩʾأԲصؾѡ 
һûô˵ĶеĸܵȾڵƺЩ䣬ѵΪǸôҲײǸӶѣ˼ΪĲһΪϵĻģȥĻҲûܹ˳ġ 

ǺӳĻǸ˲õĵ֣ 
мֻһΪȾָһ˵š 
˵국˫ۣҪնǲе˼һ 
 
һֱû뿪ķӣî֮ӳһʱİ칫ҺνҪĹ͹Լģֱҹ˲ŻȥϢʱߵһĲ͸Ųͷ˯ˣî֮ӳΪٱ˴ţرڲ˽Էκ룬һѣİտԵһӼٵƽͣһڣתƺЩıһòԶԶ˿ټſڷн͸ˡ 

硣ķԺ¶ҵפڲǰİա 
ջͷ¶һۺߵ벡Զһĳϡ 
磬î֮ӳ˵ѾԴؼˣǲǡ 
ǾʹȥɣܼҸ￴˵ţ֮ǰ⺢ӵʧػǶٴΰɣ 
ǣ֪ˣʴѾúӵ𣿳ˡԭܷԵļƺҲòʵˣѯʺӵ飬ǷνĹȫأ¶Щ̵š 

ӣһ˵ͻȻ˵Ҫ溢ȡĿɰ顣 
õģҾȴӻȥˣҸˡȻѾȷһûˣ翴ǺܵĵӰһѰɣٵ˯ 
 
Ϊڳ˵ĹϵһѵԶî֮ԤƵһ컹ʱգվķӡ 
һ磬һľϱķԺĲᡣ 
 
һŸ̤ķӵİվϤļĿ첽һڵĲѸٵĴѾ˽ź漴סˡҫ۵ĳҵɢһİɫԡϡ 

סաһĵڵϿǰϤˣδʳһ˵Щѡ 
һð˹ߵһԽشɺá 
ôôСģָȴޱᡣ 
סաô졭ô졭һЩţЩš 
šʲôô죿˳һǼĳοš 
ʵϸȶһ£һתʵ˵̫ȴ˾ޡ˵òȴһƵĸоʲôʱ򿴹 
ҡôͻš 
ѹΪκˣǺѵ˳һԵľӿһ£ͷŵ顣 
ûôΪ⼸תĹϵŻٽĳЩ֯ٵĳɳͷŻ䳤ģģûʲôµġ 
𣿡ƺֻͷ䳤ѡ 
ûлشֻһӶͷСɵıա˿΢ĴһеĶޱȣ»˵Ƶġ 
סաա㵣˰ 
ߵߵ 
λˡî̫֮˽ȥ 
һЩ˼뿪˰յĻҲ˳øλӸî֮ 
ӳоأûﲻ 
оܺأ֮ǰеĲʶʧˡֳصʧһɶԵĻ 
ǾͺãѾûʲôˡ 
ˡǺأҲû°ɣ㿴𣿡һ˿Եš 
ˣѾ˴ؼչˡֻǿ岻ͬ 
ǸܽкรϲˣԾǴĸ΢Ц 
ллѾȥ뿴һµġЩҲЩʧû뵽վȻȥǸӣٻЩοġ 
Ժеʱ俴Ȼ˰㿴ˡ 
ǵôСĺӻʺɣһî֮ӳʲô뿪أתŻţ 
ֻҪ״ãʱԻȥġ 
ĻʲôõأǰɣաڿԳȥˣ 
СһＱģһ綼ûϴأ 
̸Ц֮ͻȻ϶Щֵ 
һ˵ˣδѾ˽ 
ҾСأϢҲ̫˰ɣ 
ҾСѵĵһʱõ֪ͨǡ̫˵һʡ 
ม 
֣ʲôˡˣڵӰԽԽĽŲһʱ 
ôˣղһΪͻȻ 
˩ű򿪵һxǣŵһѸٵĽͷյ 
ϻİ˳һԵıӽһӸס 
ףһأ 
ֻջﱧһޱǵˣʲôҲûˡ 
̫ɣ㲻˵һôôʲô 
ӳܵ˵㾪šԡ֪νͲźá 
һĿǰʺϻͣذɡյ 
ﲻ֪˵ʲô¶ǽյյʾ⽫һȺ˳ȥ 
ȻĻҪҪȥҼҿСأ˵˵ 
һҪȥСӣȫӵ뿪ˣһ徲 
ŴҶ˳ȥһСĴӰؿ̧ͷ 
ô졭ܲԶ˰ 
Ӹովڽʲôô 
ǻϰڵòɣî֮Ϊһš 
ᡭͻȻȥˡһҪβܱǰò 
һ춼ûгʲôʵĻͿԻȥˣȥҩɻðʱมš 
лл㡭î֮ӳһֱ鷳ˡ 
ĻҿɶܹأҺûй˴ҵأ˵ֱָſڹŵһֽס 
ǡ˭۵ģС𣿡̫˰ɡý»ûŵס 
һ۵ģƺʮһӵأҶܹ㰡 
ʮһӡ⻹𾪰 
ȷî֮һڵСĵһһɾ˳ȥֻ˻̫Ӧ 
̫ɣܲܰüǵ֮һһĻ̫˵š 
ôΣյĶʲôղͬ˵š 
ȻҪͷܲһֱɣҪô˰ 
ܺá££һĳ˵š 
ǰܡ̫е㿴 
һ??Ҳ??ãҼһķš 
׼ 
ҵͷҪҵɰɣһüЩá 
˭ġյ˵š 
ҡҡǸǣ֡ûйϵһߵķ˵⻰һ»бԱ 
۵ʱһֻ֮䣬ͣ˰ռһʧˡ 
 
еҪҪȥһ£ϴһ³Ե㶫նš 
ȥɣһûµġ 
ЩϲһĻ᲻֪СһЩʲôٸ󲡳һִתһԵĻ̫ɡ 
ҪһһһëΨʣ 
ǡ֪ˣҾԲüӸӳġ̫ɵȻ֪˼ 
ιιιľգв֪ô 
ʲôã֮׼˵űһĴһ¡ 
ŰվʤȥһЩˬ죡Ϊ䣿˼һ£ 
̫~~һĺ 
ʲʲô¡ܵ˼ľţ̫ɿٵĿǽ߶š 
һĻţ˭Ұ̫ǺΣյģҺõҲǸ˰̫ﱯš 
æųھô 
һЩǺ׻̫ΪαһŵĿ㵽ǽվţΪԼڵòĺ𣿻Ǻ°ֵв 
ʲʲôæԲҿ̫ 
֪֪ҵն±Դ΢Цš 
նǵڸڵķúأʲôΪͻȻն£ 
ܺãܰù𣿡һЦˣû̫˲Щʧ 
ʡնҪʲô 
ߺߣ?Ҫ??ͷ?˵òüӣû˵նǵɣ 
ķӽյĵڶ 
һ˵Ǻ̫ڻĵز𣡿²õѡɣһԶջһӱв̫Եôš 

[ʮ]·-() 
һ˿̵һ뵽ϾͿԵõɵĵϲһ뵽վȻôõĲ׼Լͷеƣϱһһġ 
ӳ𣿡ɫôȥ 
ûֻվͿ˰ɣ˸ڡ 
һҹĹ۲죬һ״ָķǳãûȫָ⣬ҲһǶ˵̽ 
ȵָĻͿԻȥ˰ɣˡѡͬѧþúþûˣ֮һܴĿٵҪýܰյأͬ¡ѡˡδޣô˵ЩŤҰտҪȥ׵أ 

ľӳѾม̫˵š 
һЩȵĿűߵİգʲôʱģ 
ʲôô񣿡ߵһš 
ûΪθոûиܵѹأѵҵδָ 
ֻЩȶѣ̫ģһӾͻתġտһ뷨 
มǿ˰ɣҲֻˡ 
ţؼˡһһĳԵЩ֣һķΪǸճģʸоǳӤ˳ 
㲻Ҽ鷳ˡ˽Ůжˡ 
һԹ԰ҲûֻһЦ֮ 
õģȥһÿġ 
ҪҪ 
ûзһһﰵš 
һͬƽǲģ巢֮ĸûзʲôµĻǲ 
ʲôֵĹ涨ǼͷҲΥ涨һЩɻĿһԵĻ̫Ҫ֤ʵһ¡ 
ǡǰȻʵǻ̫ҲǰհһȨ֮ơ 
ʵղû˵ѣĹ涨ֻڷǳעعʽ壬ľĹҵȷпأʱ˵û 
ô졭Զܼ𣿡һЩŵ˼ 
ˣȱЩˣӭӵѾˡ 
ӭӣҲŲҪΪʲôҪӭӣò˵Ƴɣɲ̫ϲ 
ǿҪӭľҵķ˵ģʲô֡ 
˵ʲôҿɡûС 
治ԸĻˣҪϰߵġϰԼݡ 
գѵýôã߻ȥɣ˳ϣǻȥɡǲȴתŻ˵ţɲʲô׹ݣƳϰ߲ 
˾ͺá߻ľһ·Ҳϳ;档 
֧ǰӭӵ˺󣬰ǣһ߳ķӡ 
 
ǿϤȴһĽ־һãҲܹĺ顣 
գ㿴Ǹ¿İɣǸˣǲ޹һһ·϶ָģǸκ¶Сһӵĸף 
ŰɣĴţϾûȤȥעЩС¡ 
ʲôÿ춼ô᲻԰շ̬ܵȲǺܸˡ 
Ϊֻļ㡣 
ʲʲôҮ治Ϊο˵˵Щ˵ĻＴʹû˵ʱԼҲһ˵ĳ˾Ȼ 
˵˵ֵģûôע⵽·Ե˶ͶעĿֱһССĶ 
Ǹ˭Ȼľӳô׽ 
ܰɣ˵ľӳѾӭȢ巬Ӷӳ 
Ǹ˳Ļ֪ļҹŮ 
һ˳۹⿴ȥŷԶǵ˻ǡˣƺ̫ϵĳĿǰԼȷǡı˺ܶɣ 
һ𣿡š 
ղûиܵЩ˶һעĿ񣬵ҲΪôҪǰţǲģҲ֪һϲҡϲŻӣ˵¶ȽϺãֻϧһԸҲ˽⡣ 

û¡ʶĵͷԸ˿ڵı顣 
һԵѹ־壬ЩõĻͻȻ˳ԾץѰο塣 
ڣʲôõĵġɨһȺ¶໰ˡ 
вľٶŵ˶ԶɢȥһԾЦա 
ҪץңҿǻʧġǰҲһˡ 
û⣬ҾԲֵģ費Ҫұ㣿ٷͬĹˡ 
ûϵҿߣһЦľܾյ飬ץŰյҲ˿ 
ɣһʲôʱ¶Ҫ˲ˣ˲УոУҪܸƽƽҲսǵο 
ղ˵ʲôΪ˽һ 
 
˻˽Сʱʱ߻ľңû뵽̤šͿһƱ˵ˣ 
һ 
һȺŮŮƺƵصţò̤ŵһסû뵽ƱڿһĵһҲסˣ˫۵С۵Ŀټľš 
¶ǣǵдĲȥȡճ 
ǡǡ¶յĻԵĴţȴûӾлָ 
ղ˵İһȴ뿪 
ȥ·ɡ˵űǣһȥ 
ȵգȻ֮ǰסĿͷȥ𣿡 
Ϊʲô͸¶ԵĲͬ 
㷿Ļ˭ҽȥҲǽȥ㷿ɣ 
룬Ҳһ˵Щ 
ֻڡ˼ϻǵûȥ˯ 
֪һЩ˼Ӧš 
֮ǰһסĿͷ֮ͬһֱһҪģΪϣһ˽˵Ŀռ䣬ͷ˷ִǲʱΪԼıܷۣΪֻҪԼص˯Ҳ˼ʼջᱣռ 

һ·ҲϴϺҵĵסĿͷȥҲ¶Ǳڻǻš 
ӳӡСҾԽЩӦ 
տʼΪվȻԼҶӳôһˡ 
Ҳî֮ӳ˵ڵòЩı䣬Ȼ𣿡 
һҲͬҡͷ˵Υ֮ۡ 
𣿹Ȼǰͷ˱ȽϺðɣϧ˵ܼ 
Ȼܼ¶Ǽ˵š 
ողҪһȫʬﰡ˶ϧȻһƯ 
ǰͷź¼ҲÿĶࡣҾһķĻ˵š 
ô˵û¡ͺáһеˡ 
ǰõĺܿͿԾл˰ɣޱ˵ӲҪϾв˼룬ʱҪԼҵȥŵĸоࡣ 
ˣСһССݮӻûȡ𣿡ǧ¶۾š 
ССݮ˭ҶӰɡ 
ǰûӲðɣҪȡԻǿɣ 
ҿɣ 
һ˵¶СĽ˯ĺӽһϡ 
ôСĺӵȷôҪ˵˭ǲ֪أһɣΨһľհĺڷۡ 
ĺӰźһͻȻһʵӣˬף 
һ뵽ʲô𣿡 
һǹǳǳ΢Цɵıʾ˴𰸣һĴ𰸺ȵľʯˣ¶أ 
һ˺¶ǿһ˵Щʲôֲ֪οڡ 
һΪʲôȡǸأ 
㲻ϲҿҺ񡭶ӣô𣿡 
ǡòõɣ 
ǲ͵ˣԺɻҪչˣһġһ˵ȥ¶һڳ˼ 
лл㡭һҲǸһֲĻɣȻ˵뷨 
 
һõ˰յ鷿 
̸ˣշĹĵıʿĺõһ 
ǰ˳ԷˡǰĹ˵š 
ոҲһò͵ģû뵽һ룬Ҿŵķ׷״ظΪʲôѵľҵʳﲻܳ𣿿ϧֻ͢һ֪Ҷ˽һ飬ǾǡľҵĲһƷʳȴǶҩֻΪĳҵϲãɺȲԣԷҹʲôñ롣 

ԷһĺܺãֻΪ 
ʲô𣿡ߵһš 
Ҳ˵ǺһŹӲ˵ 
Ҳʲô飬ֻҪһĵͺá 
ŵƫ¶Ѿˡ 
գҸո˺ӵӡ˿ʼò͵ʱһͻȻˡ 
รô죿˵ԭⵥʼû䡣 
ôȡʲôӣ԰յ򾲣һЩССĲˬ죡 
ʲôӣһʡ 
СࡱϵӣôܺϢɣһЩԵõ˵š 
ձһĻסˣþò¶ƺҲԵЩţһ䡣 
գҲɣ 
ôȡӣ֪һʶ־ҵˣҲһ֪˭Ŷԡ 
ҾӺܺðպʹ˵ˣ־ǸǼߵ˲أֻˣҲܴҵİأɼǸӡʱֻǣеһϲӵģ𣿡 

⵽ɺϻˣע˰ɣǺ࣡ 
ӵȷ־תģԭȥǲתĻģȾҳ˵ɱ־飬ȡ˺ֲһڣιʵʱһֻҪκ˷ϵҲϵĽĶ־࣡Ⱦдģî֮ҲˡΨһܸлȾģžûһҲûκ 

գ㡭ϲ𣿡ĬõİһЩǡ 
顭һ֪ɣѺ൱ԼĺӰɣԡ 
ᣬӡܺáҾϱ 
ȷòһգľҵĺڷͫǲ˻ǲǵĺӣЩʶ־⡣ 
ǺǡҾ֪ҲϲġûƳյ˼һܺõ͡ 
ٶȻָòͣ˼죬ȴ˭Ҳû顣 

[ʮ]·-() 
ù֮󣬰һڿĵͥԺƫķҶ 
㲻˵㻹ҪضϴЩ𣿡Եİղš 
һᣬڻм¡ 
รî֮ӳû˵ʲôʱԻм£ģ 
ٹھȥ⼸һҪֵ㡣 
ҪôðҿȲȥˡ 
һССıԹʱ򣬹ܼҶ˶ 
մˣԸĶ˵š 
°ɣ 
ն˹ܼĶʱһϻ˫ֽ浲ǰ档 
˵ǸҺȵģѲǰ˵Ǽ 
֮ǰķҲģõġԽǿ˾Խ±ȶȣһֲÿˡ 
ҶѾˣĻҪķ˵ţҲ֪Լ״ȫá 
òҪî֮ӳ 
ʲô㵽ǰһǰҵĻͲҪ 
㡣ûаԥĴš 
ҵĻģһʡ 
ġϧһ㶼Уûбǰɫջ 
ûаԥĻشһЩᡣ 
ߣһɴ౳Ӳա 
һŶһ 
ͲȣͲô죿 
һҲżԵ̩Ȼ̬ȷһЩ 
˰ 
ǣմˣûùܼҾ͹ȺŷԸ 
ҵȥ 
ʲôҩкιأһЩԾ͵ŰսҪ˵Ļ 
ԺҪûзҩľ˵춼׼ţ¶ǡ 
ǣ֪ˡ 
һûһԵһʹ˶ᱻۡ 
ιľգʲôʱ˵ĻˣһĴ󺰡 
û˵˵ġУ֪ⳡӮˡ 
㡭ҡ˼˵ҡ 
ôڡ㻹ǲ𣿡һ˽һ 
ҡҡҺȾˡݣľգһЩٵЭ 
ĽҩһһιһеĲ 
ҶԸˣԳոոܼ˵Ļ˰ɣ 
ûҪ 
ΪʲôƽЭʲô 
ԭǱãҪһֱôİʱҩ뵣ǣ 
ǲƽԼһְܱиС 
 ľҵһսʤߣľա 
 
ιһ֮վͳȥˣϾ춼ڲˣʹһ߻żóŰ¡ 
ǰһҪúڼϢϾ֮ǰȹҩ󶼻ЩʣΪһܣû뵽ȴӦĺˬ죬ⷴðղСèڴʲộ 
ڰճ֮һ˼ϾͶʼ˼ƣֻϧһƺҲ类տˣе˶עĶˣʱ̽ûﲻȻЩˮĽҪԣչ˵˾Ǽ 

һҪͱסľǵ̫ˣ 
һ˸ҪȥרͥԺͻΪ֪ǸطļͶԽģ˿˵ٵĿԣжҲˣˣŰ 
ߣɽת·תŲҲǽΪԹصסҡ 
һţȻûлָĶãϵĽݡ 
û취ǰһɵǽһ׼һüǿ׳ɺСȥĸ߶ٿԽǽϣ˵׾١ 
ûϵŸ˸ǽ˼ϤʸǽϺ̽̽ͿϤˡ 
û뵽Ȼôͻˡ̫õ׽Բˣ 
 
գ˵һѾˣҸֶӳ̽һ£֪𣿡ʮӳʮɡҲǰնľѡ 
ȺˣǰλͲʲôϲˡ 
̫õģϾһҲҪϢĳƺЩԸ⡣ 
ڼļʱվڿһϽľۼĿǽ̫ҫ۵ķɫ 
Ӵ˵˵ǲǰɫĽƮһ¡ 
նԾֵĻǲ˳ʾķȥ 
һȻôΣյ£ 
һƺûϵᱻ֣ͻȻӣ˲ʧƽǰȥ 
۰ 
ڰմ֮ʣľѾggĽסһСĵıڻ 
СİҪˤǰ֣ϾȰʾյġ 
ǺáӳֶӳһεĴкҿա 
ðһЩһòһ£ȻѾ˵ˣǰŲһ˿ûа 
û˵ĺѣһǰһ˻ 
лǡ̵ĵлоĳĿǰĲá 
ҲλǰĿΪΣձһת߽ڣˡ 
~ͻȻһǰ飡񡣡˵š 
ʲô£ 
ѧʱ㰡ƵἸƵĺա 
Ҫðɲˣ϶ܲͬɣЦЦ 
Ҫͬ㲻ǺһҲľհ 
รѵáҲ˵۵ 
ʮɡǲǶԽԽ˵ĵ٩ЩЦ˵ 
Ǻǡûµģˡ 
ȻҲѧ쳡Σ滹Ц 
ողǲ˵ҲǺһҲľ𣿴֤ͬǡ 
Ծֲ֪ǵڼε飬ǧĻš 
ȷ˴ѧʱһദѾˣҲӲ˵ĹϵȴٳûнΪ˶ġ 
֤ͬЩ١ 
ҳ׼۸񣬲׼ίȵȣʦвⲻ֪֮䣬Կ 
 
գԷ˰ɣһڰյĻ 
ձһ߽ŵʱͶǳΪ˭Ҳ֪δķʲôܳȥģҴ˸ 
ձһߵ˲ҡ 
һ˵š 
տһһۣϯ˫ȴԽӵڻ 
һû㣬ոô£һ뵽ոһ龰¡ 
ûаֻǡλһЩ˵š 
λΣεǽȥôֻ֪η 
ɡһԽ˵ԽС 
ǴɻεǽϻǴɱǷ֣ 
ߣȻ֪ˣ黹Ҫһֱʣ˵˵ȥĴϲ֪ʵѶˣܱƵ޻˵ 
รǻùඣüţ 
Сһһ㶼֪ʡȻѴֵͷϡ 
Ȼ˭˿Ҳһ˵ڵҲ 
һ˵ߺΣա 
Σգָһˣپ͢Ļʲô飿 
Ĺ߶ͺΣա˵е΢ҵķ˿ 
ľթʲô˼˵Ӻ𣿡ǿɶȻÿ˼˺һӣҲô˰ɣ 
ã̾˿ϾҪһԼòеԾǲ̫ܵģ 
ҵˣ𣿡˿˵ţȵĴӡһ׾ĶͷŹذϧ֮⣬ľٶʤǧ 
ýƻ֪Ҷûˡ 
ԺȥֻҪ˵һġ 
 
ǾԲȥΣյ飬֪𣿡 
 
ϸֻһĹһҲֻèηڰջϲĶᣬֻһҲֻΪһˡ 
 ľҵڶսʤߣľա 
 
֮ļ죬տʼ׼Ҫȥһ׵飬ĵһܵȥĶӳϾ໹ôС˯˯˯ģҲҪ㡣 
ӳʵҪģڼҶϢɣԼҶӳǺܺãǡ 
Сң˶ѾˣĻҪϢ㵣Ĺߵ˶̫ˡ 
ľӳ֪𣿡ӳҵĵĲֻ 
ʲôõĵ𣿡ΣշΧɣ 
⡭ô˵źأ 
СһֹӣһЩʣûھ;ƺкܶˣûһһȺԱ˽ 
ӳõ𣿡 
ӳ˵ⶫܺãҪ°ɣ 
ӳˣ̫ˣӼ·ɣ 
һȣȸӳģӣ 
 
ôһ°һЩĿŶϵĶԱһıһϵ˵ο֮飬һѶͣЩˡԼôЩְ 
һ̵˶ְҸˣСЩεĿȺڵжԱǡѾΪ˸ˣҶѾһӵĸˣǻôҪ˵ǰĶӳ˵ĻڵĶӳˣ 

һЩ֪ʱ򡭡 
ʲô 
ġ䲻ȴ޷κ˺ӣӵʱ䣬ְڵȫ˵һɶˡ 
գôˣһεĿǰЦЦ 
յɫɲôãһȺͶԼδڣĸ˿Ը˵ľվͲǣ 
оѹң˳ȴ뿴Ļ档 
氮ҮʲôҲûа 
һ˵߽Ƕڵһȥѵ϶ô칫ڰռôܻȱСҿԼҶӳжǰλɽӳı 
ӳЩȰڵȥɣá칫ϽǰĹ˻ûз֮ǰٵĽʰɾ 
鷳ˣ֮һֻǰһոɾࡣ 
ڼ㺣಻һҪ϶ĵȻˡ 
Сһ쵽ֻл˯ѣʲôС 
˯˯԰ 
ľգ㵽ҵʲôС𣿡ȵȣ͵˵Сˣ 
ͷЩˡѵתŻ˵š 
ֲй鷳ģϴǰհͷɵġ 
ȥܼ˰΢޼һ¡ձ˵űһСš 
գǵʲôʱȥȻǻġҡ 
ˣƸ׼ĶѾˣһɡ 
ģһ˵Цա 
ԼһЩ̧һ۵Ĵ 
һЩס 
ʲô巬ӵְҮȻСҲڣǡ 
ǻȥ 
ⲻûи 
һŭ巬ְҴöûгֵ龰 
ƺֻص˴ǰǶκƽְӣʹ˵ĹϵıˣЩҲǲġ 

[ʮ]-() 
ҪȥһҰݷõĵ죬һðոͻ꽻֡ 
صԭһˬɰĶ̷ֱԭڵĸоˡ 
̬Ļһֱһڵϲ֪ʲô 
ιôˣӸղž͹ֵֹġŰĻһЩڡ 
һƽô֣ôô˵Լ̫ûлѾЩˣֱŤƵġ 
Ҫ޸ľһ͵͵û 
ô֪ڡޡ֣һЩ̡ 
㸸˵ġһĸ֪Լ衣 
ԭϰ֪ˡҲԣԭĻôûв 
ȥԺͿԲڶ޵㲻𣿡 
ˣˣˣۿ޸Ǹô˵ݷþȫƵģһķйеĲ 
һֱΪֻҪںúõţֻҪԹԵĵţһվǻصĵطģھȻҪӴԺ󶼻뿪ȥĵطôܽܣʹ֪һЩϲһһ㶼Ҳ£Ϊ֪һģԴľճֵǸҹʼһжˣһһ£ΪһһαһҸãֱͻȻҪ뿪˵ʲôʲôҲǸ裬Ҫ˵ˣ඼Ȳϰʲôʸ񿪿㣿 

㡭鰡ͻȻġԻʧһЩסˡ 
Դ֮ǵһοôƢһûɵġ 
Ҫȥˣ˵űӴ˳ȥҲһ 
ԭصһЩζ 
񾭲ʲôЩյشϡ 
 
һ硣ſڴһ 
氡ôˣһϽָһľ 
ڻ˽Ѿõֳ 
˵ʲô档ĻһЩ㵣֪ 
Ժ󲻻뿪ô˰ɡŻһ˵š 
⡭棿ɫƺãǲ𣿡ܾǰЩ֡ 
ҡ˵Щʲôʱ 
˺üĶأ˯û˯á֪ʱҲ˽˵š 
ӣʲô𣿡 
¥ľĿˣġӻһۿλľʱ𾪣˿Գô 
รǶȥɣ˰ 
һվλ¥ԸĿ˴װİո¶ǡ 
˶˫ۣӶЦ 
Űɣһ桢ӡһĿżŮ˵š 
˵˿ո¶һߵɳһһߵĳɳϣһһԵĵɳϡ 
桢ӣλǡһ뿪ڽ˵ʱ 
Ǽʲô濪ˣơ 
ʲʲôСá¶ǲͰѸպȥĲ˳ 
桭һЩסøո˵ˡ 
ʲôӲ˵Ļ 
һְҵͬ¡һæԲȻҲһ 
úýһֵĺһЩ֪ôճ 
ҽСľաáľ¶ǡյĽš 
ǿҵĸܵڶǸ桱ŮɢǿҲ 
ǽһ˵Щʲôʱ 
ܸлǰһͻԺû벻ҪˣϺһĵĻ 
һúܲԾķӦܹ֣Ӹո¥˵ĻͲ̫ԡ 
һ׵ģһҡֱ˵˵˳ȻĵܾȥҲǰ취 
磿粻ǳʲôʱɳŮˣӲš 
ǵģľƸ񣡡 
㡭룡Ҵ粻޸ģٿվ˵š 
Դľյĵһ۾ûкøУһֲĸоʲôֻ֪֪Բܽһ罻ˣԣû˯õŭһ 
氡֪ѽһ뿪ǰְֻ㡭δ˵ͱһߵ˽䡣 
ҹȻͰһ޸˱ˣɫԽԽѿ 
һĸԸ޸ҵġʹһҲ̫Լ̬ȡ 
һ硭˵𣿡 
һ㵵ģһһʱ֮䲻֪˵Щʲôû뵽澹ȻӦô 
Ūô˵ҪҲ̫ˡ 
 
գݻһ°ɣٸ湵ͨһᣬһʱ֮޷ܣǽסɣһĴӽ˵š 
վٲԸҲˡ 
ĻҪ˯ģӵһ뵽ľʳסС 
ȻˣǴǸһһ𡭡 
¶ô˵ʱѸٵĵһǰ 
һҪһ˯ľҪסȥϰ˯һɣò 
϶ʱߣ¶ɫҲˣ 
棿֪Ӻʱʱûиͬ䷿˯ô˯ 
԰ɣһ硣һܾġ 
һЩǸȻĿѰ½⡣ 
Ҫⳡ־Ƶģ򼸸˵ͷ˳ȥ 
Ű߳ȥıӰһЩ 
Ǹ棡ȥһ¡仰һ׷ųȥ 
һ硭һ˳ȥζӳ¡ 
ܶϤĳľգһѣӿǰͻȻһƬҲ֧Ųסĵ 
棡 
 
գ߳˼żԶĽϣһҵû߶Զİո¶ǡ 
˶Կһ˭Ҳûڣһǲ֪˵ʲô¶û˵ 
ڵ׷ɣ 
Ȼȥɡջͷһһת¶˵š 
ǣˡʱ̸̸ɣ 
ʣ˵ʱһԵЩ֪룬ȿڵǰա 
ӦҪ˵ɣ 
Ǹաиոաлл㡣յҲ֪鲻á 
лָʲô 
лл㡭ոô̡Ҳ֪յƢ㲻Ϻãʬ˭˵׵ģҲûбҪ 
ֻǵӦһû˵ 
һ˵ЩʲôʱȴѾۼ˲ڿǣӦ˵ڿհɣϾġòеİ 
Ҹطһ°ɣվҲ˵ 
Ϊ֪ҪȥȽϺãɴԭ̵ȥϾȽûʲôˣҲȽϺ̸飡Ȼûڴͥ˵ʲô޲޵ġ 
 
ϡͰСľաԭ˵š 
˼ԭط 
รҪʲôطأҪܵĻ㣬ĻͰѿ㣬ҪЩȽ˽˵ΪĻͷȽϺأ 
ǹˣǽˣѾܷ˻Ҫ٩Ϊϲļһ 
ǽͷմһĻ˵š 
գ 
бҪú̸̸Ҳϣ˴ţһ˵š 
իһʱסǼͷ 
治֪Ϊʲôô㣬ϱӴǳ˰ɣһЩпİ뿪Ц˵š 
ϱӡʰͻȻһɫӰһ˫޵۾ 
ͻȻϱӵʱһƺǸһֻСè˫۾ǵŽӽ˵Լôɰɣ 
ҿЦģ㲻ᵱɣա޻̸֮ôܻš 
һȻţ 
һԿ˹ȥðձԹ˵һ㲹ɣ 
֮ϣ˵ʲôʲô㶼Ҫ֡ϾԼá 
Щζ˵š 
ôǺȻ𣿡ֲ㡣 
ͻȻšৡһı򿪣 
ˣľӳիŵ˽ 
һæƿһԡ 
ǵ곤صøģƽϲԵĵģ벻Ҫ 
ллիһЩΡ 
ôá˵˳ȥҲϡ 
Ҳûȥˣ̫ˡһϰԵץͷ˵ţԵЩ˼ 
վʱͱסһЩĻؿ 
Ȼˣͳ߰ɣڶദһ£ʹֻмҲá 
มԾͳ԰ɣ 
ʵԼҲϲիյģһֿôҲǲ˼鰡Щ˸ԭʲôϵʬʱڵ 
ûȰճԣΪ֪˲ʳһСպÿڵСҪʱһץסŵĵֿȥһһ¡ 
鰡ҪԲԼá 
˵ΪʱͻȻ۽סոմһĵιһһһζ˿˫ա 
㡭ڱ˼ʲôò׵õɵһ˵ţɿڰյĳɷƺȽһ㡣 
ϲǰٻȥɣ˴ĲĽš 
ģԼ԰ɣ 
һƿ˰վ˶Ĳͼ 
ĸУǻȲҪˣǸ湵֮ͨǰҪʵҲ᲻ãһ𣬿Ҫȵ½ټɣ 
ҿԵȣǴֻһһǰˡ 
һİԵһһЩʧЦ 
ôҰ˵š 
ǰƲζҪӿ 
֪ǵģͰʡ 
ԭĿһȥû͵ţΪȥĻֻɧһΪ 
 
Űð뻵صҵһһžͿĵģ 
ʲôˣӣš 
㡭赹ˡ 
ʲô 

[ʮ]-() 
ĲԱߣһŵģԼһǿòĺܲᣬ仹ΪԼĹϵĻʧܣ 
Ϊʲôأһ򶼺ܽͬкӻͻȻС£ȻϰѾϹûдˣǡһһֱ̬ȹֵֹģǰյ飬ȻԻ˵㣬ڻԲʶ 

硭ſڴССĺ 
ӰôˣѾ˿ȥ˯ɣ컹Ҫѧɣ 
硭һûµģԡҲϢɣҪ㶼ˡ֪ԼĸԣһΪԼĴɣ 
ٴһᡣֻһõģӶ 
ٶ˵ʲôӴЩǵ˲š 
־ԼͲ֪׵Ŀռ¡ 
֪ʱֹ˶ãָƵ˳ʮʱλˡ 
һ硭ϤƵĳĬĿռ䡣 
Ҫˮ𣿡 
ҡҡͷ˫רעĿһǧϤףеһˣǰڵһУΪʲôѵ컹ԭһ𣿾ȻǸˣǸٲˡ 

¼һΪ˲ð˶ֻصˣľһ֮ûüȾ˲֪Ĳȥˣʮ췣 
 
桭ôң鿴ѹӡ 
һ硭Ƿǰ飿 
ǰָʲôʱСʱ𣿡ôͻȻǰ顣 
ûʲôûôǸأڽľաǸˡ 
컹δϢһ°ɣĿξϰְٺˡ 
һ硭Ҷ֪ģй飬һֱ֪ 
𣿡ԭˣʵҲһֱļ壬ֻû뵽񡭡 
ÿ¶ǳȥ󡭶˺۵Ļһֱܵ졭ô죿֪һԼģԲûֹһֱװ֪Ҳû뵽ĹȻһǸ˳Ϲϵ 

ǸһֱôģҲлл¡ͷ˵š 
ȷֻҪѽͿԱ뱣˵Ļһֱ¡ 
˯ɣһطˡȻѾˣҲ޴ͷˡ 
һȥӰ˵ǧʱǸһֱߵĽɫѾˣ 
 
һ磬һָһĺƽıƺѾƵģƸҲӸ̼档 
ĲҪڼϢһ𣿰ְֻúչģ 
نҿɻûԭһ硱䡱ˣ 
ȩȩһָŵݺǺһ¡ 
컹ҪȥѧУ𣿡š 
ǰѾûˡ˯һ֮оѾöˡ 
һҹҲ벻֮ϾһǸԸ̤صˣǰǡ 
ֻҪһϵһûн⿪ԶӦһģ 
 
¶ǣôô簡Ǹһĸ̸ĺ˳ඣʱף¶ǵ˵š 
ǡͺˣһ㶼˳ⲻһĸһ˵š 
˭ǵһĸѾҳ 
ڿƵģҿµģ 
ãǻѰˣһôõˡһΪԼĴ类һ 
˵ӳڻ޷ʬඡһ̾Ϣ֡ 
ɭ 
С̫ˡôöӳɭ¶źı˵š 
ľӳҲҲģ㵣Ƕİɣ 
ǲһиĸߵȻùһУľӳӦòȥСɣ 
ɭ˵ûԼӡûпȥģ֮ǰһһȥǼ֮⣬ĿǰѾˣһͷŨܵĺڷ۾Ŵۿȥκζ棬ճʱǿɰٱһôöأ 

áǿɲ԰ӳСš 
ô 
һȺǵ˵˾һۣôҲнģǸż 
 
˿εڻؼҵ·ԵƲ֣üͷҪͬѧ 
ⲻ𣿺þòˣ 
Ϥ̧ͷһòĴ÷ 
󡭣 
ôˣôûоӣӡе治ġ 
ֻ涨ãһҪӡ 
ôˣʲô𣿡 
ϲϲһ磿 
ţһҴСһ𳤴Ѱûɣ 
ǡһȢؼҺòã 
˼ҺûȢؼң˭Ȣ˭ 
㲻ϲһ𣿡Ĺ۲ʵͦĴİ 
סʲôˣ棿һ𣿡ȻܾûˣûϢ 
ֻͷüͷô˵ 
ɣеĵ⸽ҪҪôҲ޷²ܡ 
̵İѰյ׵齲һΡ 
ԭ˵㲻ϲǸ׵ľඣʵȻûпǸһϲˣʹ֯ˣҲ졣 
ᡭˡ 
һӦ÷ǳϲǸ˰ɣȻĸôܴӦ£԰ɣ 
ҷյĵطҲԸԸһһ𣡡 
ⲻɡѵóߡ 
ΪʲôֻҪһһûڲһ 
һĸֿҲһģӦú˽Ŷ԰һֲûмʶСʱĸ׹ǻںӰǵͿĳˡ 
ҡǰ˽⣡ֱ֮ 
ĵı¶漴ֻε 
ҲôѹֻҪһ첻ͬ⣬һҲǸһġ 
ǰֻҪһ죬һһ첻뿪ǡ 
ֻһʹɣӲҪڼ˸˼ѡһӮģ˾Ͳֻľˣһ 
˵ű߿棬ݷ˵׵ġ 
лдѸٵķеϣһԵ˳ȥ 
Ҵȥ̾˿ 
һΪӦӻȽ벻һû뵹ȻȽûܡ 
 
ҶҵȻֻҪһվǻ᲻ҵģǽⲻѭ 
һΪǼ鱻ʱһֻҪ˿ԴǸĻͿԽ⿪ǧ䣡ԭΪһǸǸǵʱһʱûһ˿ϲãԼúܲ⣬롭һҲ֣ 

˱κοѸΪҳɹкԭʲô£ˣףΪֻ˼ΣһǸ˶Ϊӣ˵һˣҪкǲܣŵǿѵĿʼŪ˵ˣЩ˴һʼûҪ˻ᣡ 

ѹһ統ʱıΣΪ֪ʲôĶ䡢Ĵȱƭ˵ģ 
һ߿յ˼ţ֪Ѿ˼ſˡ 
һɣö˵п 
 
һԼĶӲ̫ܰûඣ¶ǱԹš 
С֪ڵĴҲܰһúԩ 
ǰӳɣҶ㡣 
ٲҿ϶ӰൽӳʵǺܿ¡Ҳš 
Ρ˵㣬Ϊ·ԶôûƷζһ´š 
ܾε·Զĸо¶ǵĴƺѧӵģûʲô֣СǴʲôܿɰ 
ʲôӣ 
߽߷š 
档Ѿҵһŵҵʺš 
һԶ˼λ֪ʿһλƺ֮֮ǰʱп 
ãС㡣 
棬¶ǣϴμģλǳɭҡɢΡ 
Ǻãǡ 
˻һ˶֪λش㿴ҿ㡣 
ԿǸҲ֪ǵ顣һš 
ⲻûпܵģȽǿпܿģҲ 
һ硭Ǹո˵ĶӸòǸ˵İɣ 
ţǰȷյģֻǸôء 
ʲôô˵ľȢඣԭ£ 
ô֪Ϊ֪Ȣޣ 
ľղȢޡһӣһʲô 
ʵ̫ˣȻȢңչǰ޵ĺӣ޺޵˵š 
⡭һֵֹģȴв֪η 
ȵȡ⵱кʲôᡭСҾԽԽԡ 
Ҳôá¶Ҳòԡ 
ҡ̫ҮûԵ˵š 
 
ǡͷ˿ı顣 
ЩĴս˵Щʲô 
ͨ?ͨ?????ȥ 
һŬӺҴھӸ·ˣû֮Ϳ˱˳ 
ġ桭һƺҲŭŵһʱ֪˵ʲôá 
 
ļ· 
ҵĴСһҲľӳѷɫ治ŵԡ 
ܵ׼ 
ƴʹ治õ 
֮·ƺеߡ 

[ʮ]-() 
ǿɶĲ길һѾ֪йС飬ȻѾ֪ȴԸ⽫һ޸ʵǡ 
ͷ 
һ嵽Ǹʣ 
棿ôδ˵ͱŮһš 
㲻״ĺһֻ޹ĿһŮ 
˵ǲ֪ˣ 
֪ʲô£ 
Ǹľս黹С飡 
֪ûǰѾˡ 
仰һ侲 
ǸСһûи˵ǡ 
źʲô棬һŬĽš 
˺ðΡԼϰֵĽ͡ 
˺ˣҲû뵽Ȼôľˣ 
ˡ棬Ϊ˿ɰС㻹ӦɣȻǹøľһĺҵĵһأ 
 
 
ּȥˣʼҲû⣬ҲճĹš 
ک 
רõͨѶһ˴¶ǱԹ 
һͲܳ𣿡 
ô˵ӲܵİһЩε˵š 
ȥѧʱ𣿡 
С 
Ϊʲô 
ƭֻһ֮Ϊ治֪ 
㡭ǵģ㶼𣿺أҲ 
¶ŬűƣϣԸжһ 
Ӧڰ칫ɣϢˡ 
ǰԸоܲ͵¶𣿡 
˵˲⣬Ҳƭģں࡭㶼˲𣿡¶ǶǺжãֱǵڿ 
 
¥ݼ䴫ӵĽл 
һ磬Էඣ 
ȥÿӦš 
ˣҪȥԷˣأ 
ðɣ´˵ˡ¶Щĵ 
Ĳ϶ʢĲȸһƯյ⡣ 
ɣأһĴߴŴҾ 
ѵ罫ˣԼıŮ 
òһ֣ݷǻصǰʱһ㡣 
棬еɣҪԸรӽƵǰ˵š 
濴ŵ۾ĬĬԸ漴۽Ϣ 
տ֣档żҪѧãһƺѾ١ 
лл㣬һ硣 
棬ոʲôԸҪ˵ŻʵรӺš 
ԸͣһºһԵһ 
ţô𣿿ʲô 
ϣһ޵ľҺ󣬿ԶҸ֡ 
˻һֻһסҲסˣôһ£˭ķԵ澹Ȼᡭף 
桭ΪʲôһЩš 
졭ľװɣһ硣 
⼸۲˺ܾãһįһһ۵ףȻѾ֪֮ģҲûֹһˣ 
ͻȻı仯ֻúҵ˸еȣһڸ֪¶ʱ̫š 
 
ΰ˳˳ˣ 
һеĹɺյķһ£ƺҲƵĻһȻ 
˵ǺͻȻִӦԭˡš 
ΪѾûֹˡòֵʱˡ 
λлл㡣˽һ˺ܴľġ 
ԼлˣֻǶĿš 
û뵽㾹ȻǵãϾһ綼á 
ǡһ˵ҲҸɣʹļֻҪһ֪ͺá 
ᾡһеŬסһġ 
ġɡһĴȱ 
 
æЩľĶʱһķְո涼ˣһ²ŷԺ̸ 
ǡʲôʱôҪãһЩĿ΢ˡ 
֮ǰ԰յ̬ȣûбεˣȻ죿 
ǰԼ£մҵԼ 
ʲôԼһоһͷˮ 
ں٣ܡ˵űתȥˡ 
գ̸Щʲô 
ҲûʲôһպЦͷ 
ʲô 
ڳԴ𣿡 
˵ʲôΪɽԴף̫ 
һ㻹Ͽʰһ¶ðյ̫ˣһĻŴֵˡ 
ţมȲͬƽˡ 
ΪһӭȢľңֻðһȻصʬ磬ʱȽסî֮ӳűӭӣϾһ˵î֮˵ǵڶĸװĴڣҲî֮֮ǰѾߺһĵġ 

ЩȥһվܺãܾûпСèôоˡ 
 
ڶ¥һѾȸĻ״̬¸꽻 
ֻǿһʰûж˵Щʲô⼸ĲƽʵҲ 
˵⼸컹ǹҮǲ۸һʰŻꡣ 
ûС 
ûоͺãԺܻĻӦòˣҪúչӰŲµľˣȻϰڵƺǶġ 
ⲻ˵Ҳ֪һǺˣĻһĻ޸Ǹ˰ɣ 
һֻ˼򵥵ĶϾ󲿷ֶҪľҲкܳһʱ䣬ʲôĶռˡ 
ȡһ 
ţ 
мҪ㡣øľǱˣôҲҪһ²Ÿġ 
ʲô° 
йľյ顣 
գʶ𣿡ôйڰյҪ 
ʵһϡ 
һ˵Ļϳֲ֪ĺ쳱¥ 
 
ľʩ 
һŭ¥µȴ˶һʲô鰡 
һʰôˣ 
ղ˽һͻȻʲô 
㡭㾹ȻҡһˣǿڳĹڣӲѹŭ 
ʲôһֱﰡôˣһҲһͷˮ 
ûʲôҲûСʬٺúø㣡 
ȻʣҲûǰ£ǾǸϽһӻʬ׼ 
һ·һֱصľңһûдգһ 
󣬰ղſʡ 
׷ʲô£ 
ԼԼ֪ 
һǿȵתһӣڵ˫Sһɫӡ 
һЩ飬ǼһĴΪʲôҪ 
㡭֮ΣôáЩ͵͵˵š 
Ҳ˼֮Σ˭ʲôأ 
ǡǰʱ˸ǴΡҰɡЩ¡ 
һ£˼һ²Ǽ飬ϾѾ¸ 
˵Ұյ£ԭˣǸ˵İɣûб֪ˡ 
գɫǵΪֱ׳ 
û취ֻ֮ˡһ㶼ﲻԡ 
˵ǸʱҸͻûнҲûϲҰѵ˵κһյ㶼 
ûнûϲϡ 
ǰɣ˵ȵȡ˵ʲôûϲ˼ǣ 
˼֮ǰҾѾϲˡ 
Ҳ֮ǰҰһҡͷЩš 
Ϊ˰ղſʼǵԵ 
ô˵𣿿Ϊһȥ̽һϲ˴ԼߣԼ 
˵һһЩ˼˵ںþǰϲԼ 
ҵʬæòᡭе¶˵㽻顣òЩʵնѾ֪¶һƭ 
ȶ֪ 
һ̹кԺͻȻ֡ˣˣ֣ԭͷβֻ֪һѡ 
һ²ǡҲ֪顣 
ʲôԵš 
㾹Ȼҡ 
ǰգʲôʱ顭ǡְҡ 
????⣡һ⡣ 
⡣ŭһ˵š 
 
㹻㣡Ҹ㣬???ˣ 
ڻ飿ճɫš 
ƭ飡ѹͷϡ 
˸ǶѾӦˡ 
ǡǲ֪顭Ƕܺ߰ 
ǰģΥԣ 
ҡǡһԼĹȻı 
˵ڲˣ 
ҡ 
ҲκηĻһֻսܵСè㣬˶йˡ 
ľλˣжΣһЩį˵š 
 
ľսʤ-ľգ 

[ʮ]-() 
һ磬ùźѾȥˣϾѽܶҪޣҲһֱڼһ 
һǲǾҪȰᵽî֮ӳȥˣ¶űźһ 
ϾһûмңֻѡĵطûʽԽУѾҪõ·Ʒȫ˹ȥ 
ǰһĿͣںӦŻ 
òĺѾ˲٣ˣСһǺоķȥ˺ܲñϣֻðķ 
ǵȵˣȵҶˡһھʱȥ 
һǺѹհǰһ״ͷ˲١ 
 
仰һĵװһۣϾ֮ǰ˵Ļ֪¶ҲǸ֮һһжڱš 
СһѾѧôˣһЦſźŬ뷭ӡ 
¶ǾԼһǿ˻ǿɵˣôһôһٸŪӵģᣬպò˴⺢ӵĮ 
治סΪʲôվôϲ࡭ 
֮ǰҪǰһҪոһȥʱ򣬰붼;ܾˡ 
һԹţ¶Ҳ֪ôشҪۺӵòʵ࿴ССһһоųƣ˷ɫͫ׵ɫ⣬˵ûɲϲСŶ԰ 

ҿҲ̫࣬ܡֻǲ֪ôһװɣϾûо顣 
ʲô᲻ᣡҪڼȥҸɴȥﺣҸµĸף 
۩¶ǽڵĲˮһ˳ 
Ȼòָָ˵֮һ 
㡭ɱ˵ҪǱҶûģǻʲô˼ 
ΪʲôҲﺣϼɵ˰ôŮô 
Ҳ˵㱻 
 
ճæ֮⣬Ҫһעﱸ˵æĲɿ 
شϢʬ緢˵ǴҵȴѾõϲѶϾ˵ĹϵѾ˵˶֪ģֻҲپ˵СϢҲɿ 
ȷ˵дʮһӵҪס 
ȷ˵ﱾ˵Ҫӻ֮ġ 
Ҳû˸ҵǡ 
 
ҹһӵķס¼ƷŮҲŶķ˵ֵĲˣî֮ҲصöԱķӲõϲһ㡣 
ˣްɣʽǻ۵ġ̵ŮȰŵһ 
ллҲȥϢɣǲϲзˡ 
л˵ĹģϢŮ˵㹧ˡ 
ľҵˣôйоأǱղȾ˰ɣ 
Ŵһ£һջ᲻Ҳڿأôæòǻڹɣô뿪һ¾ôԷأſš˯ˡ 
 
磬һŮǵ׼˾ſ˯ˣŵĻ궼ɢˣ붬ļڰҪڵǰȾϷ纮ʲôʧǿɵ 
ˣô˯⡣ 
ô𣿡ʲôôǰôŵӡ 
˵Ľлһ 
ô˯ǻİ 
รѣ 
յ׷ԸʲôΪ˯Ͼôšô 
ľһǵĹذɣԺҪѧȥӦŲڸ鷳 
˵Щʲôʱ˽ 
Ѿһ 
գôô͹Ӧǽſʼɣ 
˼˰յЦ߽һ߽ԼɲһӴͷ⣬õüͷסһ֣䡣 
ôô䣿 
һԵŮôʣæͷҶ˵ʲô 
ɣֽűͻȽϱ䡣һ״æΧš 
ǾͶഩ· 
ôΪҪҶഩ·ɣһ˸Ƿ˵š 
ʼæûʱϢڶԵ㶫ųŵס 
˵㽫չܼ׼Ķ˳ 
һɵˣһôΪιԼķû 
룬־úġ԰ѶԼĹķʮ֮һжá 
㲻𣿡Űնûжš 
ҳԹˡ 
ѹȫǲģһ֮üͷֻһ˳ԵĻò׼ôɣ 
ҳԲôҳԵɣ˵˿͡ 
ҲȻĽһʳȥ 
һԵ˿ֶæ˳ȥŵǡ 
գԺҪźҺܲڡȻ˵ǲá 
ֲͬˣҪϰߵġ 
ǰҲûʲô㰡ǰľʱҶ͹ˡ 
ȡǼ̵Ļš 
⻰һЩգľͷǲת䰡 
ðɣŮһҲϸĵġĳľͷȫͬ 
һ˹˵ţгƵζ 
治ϲĻͳ˰ɣ˵߽һӵ뻳 
֪һǹ˵ģǾ޷ĳޡ 
ǺǡҾ֪Ϊġ 
ֻ˵û취ɣЦš 
ιԼ׼Ӻձ뿪ˣϾһ֣Ҫ׼ɶˣҪʽӭӡ 
ߺ󲻾ãŮһ߽ȥ 
ˣÿʼ񡭡 
ڿտҲֻׯϵ 
 
ɢųĽֵϣһǸӵģĴϲ֮ûҪһﵱǵŮ˻Ƿ˻ԽܣڹҲƽˣһԸɵУƺǺܾúܾǰԼõһ 

žǰ˳ĺϱߣ֪ΪʲôԼϲˮĵطСϪСӡϵȵȣˮĵطͻеһļ£ÿοˮͻԺʲôҪĶ֣ůֱˡ 

ĺ˼ƬҶӣҲƵǷȻȲľҵӣ 
ӺϴķǣȴǺһǰš 
һ 
ͻȻһ˫ֱ۽˻ȥůϤĻ 
ǰҲйƵ龰ءһΰɣ״θ鱻ܵǴΡ 
աͷ˺һĵ΢Ц 
Σաõ˵š 
һŮŻŵ˵һˡ 
Ǻǡգ֪ÿεҿˮʱ򣬶úʲôḡֳõĸо޵ģԻ󡭡û˵ĽǾ˵š 
ֺ˼ˡʵһԭģԸ 
Һ˼ôɺϰǴһ 
ûȥ׼ˣҪʼˡ 
áԲõһЦš 
 
ڴ˵עĿôԽҪɻ˻ɢȻ˵ľյȺþɢû뵽ǰ¡ 
գûзʮһӵرࣿ 
Ȼ˵ƽͲ١ܾýƺڿԼ 
𣿡ֻǵĴţȴڡʮһҪסĴš 
ⲻɫĽһķȥԼٻȥ׼ӭס 
 
ˣǻˡǡ 
ǸͻȻȥߣûһ 
˿ˣʱѾˣǿװ׼ɣһ˵š 
һһƵľ·Ƿļ޸пڵһˣʵڸúúøлľҵƷζʽļԴɫΪٸԵɫɫװΣׯִ󷽣ȫס 

ֻŮļ¡ԼĲ봩ɡ 
ȴŮһİһϣ·ĽڶʽĴ򷨡 
·ú󣬱һͷ 
˵ķã¼ʵ̫ʺˡŮϲ˵š 
³ĵȻһš 
ллŮޣǷøأ 
žдõԼݷ𿴵һʶѾõݡ 
 
װŹûжľӭ׵Ķˣһî֮ӳǣ߳ķӴţſڵŵľһǡľա 
˴ϼµһﾪ̾ţľҸ߹ļ´һϽеף粻ʳ˼̻ӣǰȥǣһ֡ 
һͽˡî֮˵š 
ǵġһЩӵı龡۵ס 
 
еʽǰ˵ģȷ£һ°һ¾ǸŪһͷˣ㲻оķ򣬴Ҳ˲ٲĳ˴룬һ᲻СĽˮڳһֲȵԼ·°ڲ赽 

ѽϴˣû°ɣ 
ˣСİ 
תˣ߲Ŷԡ 
һźŮϡ 
 
ɰƺһ㶼Ϊ˼񣬵еһѾЦˡϵоǧأ޲ϻȻúϴ˯һг̡ 
 
òߵег̶ˣֻʣ͵Ĳˣһ˿ 
ˣЩĵš 
ͻȻͦĵģվȻոЩ׵ʧһ仰ûᡣ 
ûҪЩôȽҺϰһ£һССԹš 
û󰭵ģõġԭҲûڴһЩ£ڡ 
⻹û󰭣Ĵ֮׵Ҫˡ 
һԹ˵ţֻɵЦû˵ʲô 

[ʮ]-() 
δôҽһڽӴ˼ϺõѺվһȥϢ 
ڻصľҵһһǴеӶһȥԡ 

֪ջҪźĶá̫ˣһֻһΡ 
԰˵Ѿǵһ˰ɡ 
һԡҵĴţҹӣƮ˽ˮһСĽˮϵҹӣĿţĳˡ 
˵ЩӣΪСֵģҲôСˣӣӣôôģ֮ԻᱻЩĪҲЩ˵Ϊ 
ϴȥƣһݵĳ»Ĵ·һȦһҲûӸеĽߣҲֲһϾסôˡ 
ϸĿһǵ·úɫ߲õϲʵںѸǸֻкڰɫʵһ 
Ͻ۹Ѭ㣬Ϊʱ޿̶ߣһױȵİĸУʵûһرϲʲôĻݣϾΪÿһֻɫڣҪĻش𡱹βͲݡɣûģ 

Ľ˻Ӧ꣬ûȤȥȺҪΪľҵĵȴֲҪĳʧֻӦ 
ص˼Һ󣬴˵·ͿʧЦĻ档 
ûĺǵ´Ͼ˯ĳɢѩ׵ıϣһ⡣ 
߽Ǻ޷ģ̲סḧĳ˿ʰĴлָ⡣ 
ƺоڴԼһƵת˹ 
աȻ˯ˡ 
˸Ƿ΢ɵ˵Ļ 
ۣ굲Ķ˰Щ۵š 
ֻ̫Щˡ˵š 
ȵ˯ȹһ¡ 
ǣһߵһԵ£ϰ׼õľƸһЩģնֽСӶ˾ƣһü 
ǰɡҪȰԼȾˡտǱȵĺЩأ 
ʽˣһһ 
 
ʽΪصľһжѾأֻ𡭡 
ʲôʱվѾֱۣһССһ²Ż 
ԭҪźǷνĽƣ 
ȥû̫ǿҵУѡƵɣ 
 
ôЩĲҲҪȫɣɳԲ£кüأ 
ǲأÿһֶҪԵ 
มĻҲ̫˰ɣˣԾͳ԰ɣ 
Ҫÿӵʱ򡭡ôֻһ˫ӣѾڰˡ 
ҵĿأš 
ûлشļһ̵һĵݵһߣҧһڡ 
һһºҲ̫࣬յҧһڣĲ֪ʲôʱͿհʣµһ£ּ֮һ̵Ķιߡ 
ǲȫҪһ˳һ밡һЩ˽ˡ 
ЩЩʳ壬»޸һʾͷ 
 
ÿһѾԹ󣬰ղŷ˿ӡ 
𣿡һ 
Ͼһ֮⣬ֱڲлԵ㶫 
Ųأ氮ģֲСӡһˡˡˡ 
ֻ֪ϣܶһ㡣Цһͷ 
֪ҵͷ˵ҵСӿ 
Ҫ㣬ҲҰ 
 
һķðվЩ죬ȻҪȥǿɰ仰ҲһԼĹı¶ɡ 
 
ЦʲôģղӦöأҵĻ 
úãҵľˡ˵߰һӵ뻳 
ְҵСӡЩٵıԹţȻϲ˵鹥ơ 
աмºܽ⡣ 
ʲô£ 
гϵȰӲȢķˡû𣿡һҲЩϲļ峤ϣҲΪȴ 
ëַˣһ֪һעĲ˵ġ 
ҡ˵ǰ˼һ㡣 
Ҹ㲻ٺ˼롣 
һɻŰյ˵ʱѾǰᱧ´ϡ 
˳ʱһŵץס˰յ½ 
 
סաбϴεľʧ룬һ˽Լʲô 
𣿡Ȼй飬Ҳһʧصľ飬һ׼¡ 
յʻһѹеЩ־ͲҡҡͷŰյġ 
˳Ľ˫ֻ˵ı󣬻Լİ¶ȡ 
Ľһ𣬴˿Ҳû˷ֿˡ 
ա㡭һ¡һһˡ 
ЩĿһһˣеСèʲô 
Ǹҡ㡭˵ȫҪ˸µĻ 
һַԼ´ϰԼ½ʱЩסˡ 
ԭˣǿɰ˼˵ڣĿŰµһɬ 
 
ͬһļҾӷװһһ໥ţûо˺ѽȥ 
ɣȻôѡ涪ˣô˻ʲȥһ¡ 
һƺսӣɰȴҲôܣΪһһ˫ĲԼĦţȼȥʣ޼ 
ˡһЩɳƵֹ 
һԵĿգȴıܹ֣Щʹӡ 
ôˡգ𣿡 
 
ղһ˵ʲôĴͷ˳ƴһĿѰҵĶС࣬ͻתһЩֲϰյĲ衣 
ȡȵȡסתͷܿȴϱտס򦶯á 
ϰǵһЩŰյţİղŲķſ 
ʲôһ㡭ЩĿ˰ԵΪ 
´֡ 
˵н⿪·½ŵĻϵɢ˿¶˰վþӣһ΢˻󲻺˼תͷȥһԡ 
ôոջҰ£ȴ˼ˣ 
㡭ϷʵĶһŸ̶ݺݵĵһۡ 
ɶ񣬾֪ϷŪ 
ԡˣһ񿿽ϵζ 
ȥϴһζġЩϰ߰յ 
᣿ 
Ҳǡֻǡ㡭İһƵġ 
պٺȾƣƽմȾŵĽ۹īζľζǺеģʱİմİ㡭Σյζ 
 
ڴʱ 
ϳһȺĽŲ˵Ũ⡣ 
ûһžͱৡһ 
һȺļһվ·⣬ȺѾ⣬ʮһЩˡ 
ѸٵһӣҲ򵥵һԼϡ 
һ죬ҺһɣҾһžƿ˵ţȻѾˡ 
ǰϲ֮ӦòģһֻޱҲš 
ľգɣӮ˾Ͱһøҡ 
ѵãľ˵һû׷һҪȻҰա 
ӳϰһȺҲһš 
ӳͣһӮ 
 
һѾӸոյĳȽµ˱㣬ԭֻԵİųɱ 
ǡһ󺰲֪տ췢ˡ 
Ⱥ˵·õĲðնɫ 
 
???Ըһһ˵תȥȡһԵǧӣ 
գҪǿЦġһϽֹա 
Сһ治ҺġǧΨ²ҵ˵š 
Ȼ¹ӳô˵ˡտһ۰ǧ 
ͯ޼ɡͯ޼ɣգǧҪ桭 
˵ЩʲôʱȴһԵҾһ 
һҺȰѵϲҮ 
 
һԭŨ»鷿һӱĸгһĺò֣Ҳ͵ַһ㣬û˸ǰģ¶Զ±ǣҹĳҲѾ˯СľѣһӤĿҲľլһæҵġ 

֪˶˲ɢȥҲľ⼸ֵһɣ 
 
ʲô 
һȰ趫һֹһ̯ˣɢȥͬʱҲһԵޱ˯ȥȫߵİա 
һỽͷ˯һ 
һܲӵһ㷴ӦҲûУ˯Ĵͷ 
ֻð̾˿ԼһĻӵһһ˯ 

[ʮ]-() 
һסľһûʲô̫ĸı䣬˳ν⡣ 
ѾϷ޵Ҳʲô̫ĦҪ˵ʲôĻž֮ġߡ 

ת۾ѾҪһˣһְո๵ͨĴֱָȥǲеģҪǸúáĹͨһ¡ 
 
ľգҸһλᡣһ౧ǰ˵š 
᣿λľôˣԼ 
˵ʲô 
Ҫڲúø˵仰ҾҸҸؼȥסһʹֶ˵š 
ľҵķˣҪȥһü 
ҲܣҵĻˡһƫͷȥʹ 
 
СС಻֮սΪԼһĻȥƵģһҲ°յţһʵģֺûк¹գǰڶǡ 

ҪСһһ 
ܼ򵥣˵˵氡ô򵥵»Ҫʡ 
տС࣬ȫ֪ԼҪ˵ʲôֻһߺĿŰһԵǧӣƺȤӶơ 
뿴𣿡۹⡣ 
˵㽫˵ʰںǰ 
࿴ĵ۾һûôϡĶȥ 
 
ЩһϽ౧ǧӣ 
ʲôôôΣյĶ 
ҿȤӣӣ 
㩤ˣߣѪľͷ˵㱧뿪 
һĮȻİԭغŲ衣 
 
ŵʱһҲѺలһԣΪһѾٿԳЩһʳƷˣһżҲιʳһʹպܲϲҲjһҪ 
 
ˣˣȱҶ𣿡ֵСࡣ 
С࿴˿һйʳҡҡͷ¶ǵߡ 
࣬Ҫʲô¶Ǹ˵Ľ౧ϵʳ 
࿴˿֮ҡͷ¶ǵߣյߡ 
ûһ¶ֻԼߡ 
СֳŵıԵվǰĲɫȥһƬƬģ 
ָŰϵļƵĽ 
 
𣿡տСһȤӣѵõĶּһС鶫ŵ˺ 
ӣľҴ춯صĿ 
۰۰һͨСʾ˱Ǻܡ 
 
һ״Ͻ౧Լιˮ 
ʲôգȻĶ˵š 
ҿԵӡд 
ҿǹȥߣ࣡ 
 
ŸȥһðվԼ޹ʲôӡ 
ʼոԵ 
 
һ˰࣬һϰԵߵȥӰһؼңĳֻľͷæ˻һҿԻء 
߾͢ĽÿرĹΣҲϧʱ⡣ 
 
ǸǸһͻȻߵһԵ̵꿴Ʒ 
֪һֿʲôĶε˹ȥ 
ĸȻûȤҲһŴˡ 
㿴϶ϲģСӶϲ޵ĶСĻѵӦأǿСƵģСʶѲ 
 
Ǻࡣ 
ôһտ 
ϲͺá䵭Ļشš 
ʲôϲȻҪϲаϲ𣿡 
û˽Լɣ 
˵뿪ˣһ㵵һԭء 
ա 
 
صҺ󣬰ЩûԼҷƢò֪ô죬ֻװҪһͷ鷿ҲùܼҶ˵鷿 
 
һ鲻̫õӣ֪Ϊʲô𣿡¶һԵһ 
һǲԾһԿտյλЩܡ 
⡭ 
ǳ𣿡 
ûаؼʱһҵպҪﺣ֪ͻȻߵ 
ϲҲ 
ԭˡ 
¶ô˵һĿ¶ǡ 
ȷ㲻һ¶ҡҡͷп˵š 
ңû 
һź࣬ԵˣԴġ 
УôˣѲɻҪչɡ໹С 
飬⼸ǲ˴硣 
һ¶ǵĻɵĳĬˡ 
 
ǡô죿 
¶Ƿۣ⻹Ҫôõķˣ 
ඡ 
壿ֲС껹أ 
ҵ˼Ǹᶼ𣿴絽׿ĵ㣿 
ݡ롭һķ˭Ҫľͷ 
УΪ˼ͥгΪ˸һļͥɣ 
¶˵뿪һһ˿˼š 
 
һȵ˺ŵȵմ鷿ճûϻȥޣһߵƫĺҷš 
һվŸôŲ֡ 
 
ˣôޣ𣿡ܼϵһ 
ûˣܼңǰǲżкȾƵϰߣ 
ơаõʱСһ㣬ѾþûҺˡ 
˼ѾܾûඣԼȻûзְ 
 
ܼң鷳׼һճȵľҡ 
ǣ׼ 
ܼʱһֹ˵Լȥͺá 
 
һ˳˼İգһеϡ 
ᣬ˵ûУջתͷ 
һǡ 
ǡҪȵģҺȰɣ 
⵹ϣ棬ȻһѾ˿ԺȾƵˣǻǼȾƵġ 
ľƣֻһֻӣһѾˡ 
ȾƵġ 
 
һƺ΢΢ƵյԺȻĿĻٶȻȴֽӵڻ 
ȡιҡͷϷ˵š 
ȻСƱһСں㸲ϰ޵Ĵǹȴ˵˶ɵϿ΢յıƷŰˡ 
ú𣿡Щɵһ 
֪ȻкȹȴԲôϲҲǡ 
ǾںȰɡôȴûþƱֻǵͷһ 
ƽϰˣżϹҲһ£һš 
 
һҡһߵ͵͵˵š 
һƿ񾭲к㻹 
ոո˵ĲǱģ˵ٰһɣ 
ǺӴͷβһⲻƽ 
⡭֡ĺڷ㰡ӳ˭ܾ 
ǲҪҵʧ 
ôӻ 
һҷɫŮҡִһķţϲⷢɫ 
񾭡пܣ֡۰ 
ת뿪һͻȻϡ 
 
ԶûԹ˵Уʶһأ 
ֲԾпģ 
ǾԵΪֹ޵ʱ䰡һ 
ιιιรȻҡҡտԼ黹Ӿ̫ˡ 
Ͼš 
ҡһȥС״ģһŽ⿪ԼѾ벻ˡ 
รҲȥһȥɣ 
ס֣ǡû˵Ļʧ˵С 
 
͵¹˵ϣף 
þõİδֹ޾ĸ˵飡 


⼯
Сèķ (  )
ʬϵһͷ飬һСȫûԭĳ ӣƺڷʲôһյԭԴڽԼĸӳСҸ˵һ 䡱ĵĻ 
ΪʲôԼиӳأ 
Ǵδʬ֮ȻԼԸģԵĸʬٵ˺Щ ΪԼҲЩǣǼλѱĶӳ뿪ͲԼ飬ϵԫ 赾͸ԼѲʲôϵˣ 
ǰһɽܶӳԼϣԼ԰һæʲôæأǾϣ ԼԵδӳҵεѡ֮ǰ 
ԼȻǺܾģû뵽ܶ˵֪ϢȰ˵емܣ 󡭡ֻӲͷƤ巬ӶӳĴְΪʲô巬أûΪʲô Ϊ¶ѡģԼܡ̫ӽˣޱӳ УȻѡŷӵģоޱͦദģȻܲ¶˵ģҲû а취ǰûر˵ʲôڹһ̫Լһֱڶˡ 
Ӵһڷʲôأ 
̧ͷ㿴ѾߵԼߵľˣԱ߻վޱ 
ðһޱòԵĸԼк 
ԭθޱӦҪһӳģһʵܲô ŤĳƺԾֱӽӣƺðղ̫ˣҲֻ ڰղڳʱƺԼԼյĹϵֻȽ֪ȻҲ ǰˡ 

Ρޱһһ˴к 
һΪʲôҪ˰ 
βǰһޱҲƵĸ 
ûʲô𣿡һٶһ 
еมδ˵ꡣ 
ôһеܲⱿ˵ţȴƺЧ 
˵ʲô 
αŭһһû뵽ùͷ˫˫γĻ棬һ ſϡ 
ʹʹʲôΡ 
һͻȻеʧֲԾһ 
Σſһޱһ㲻 
ޱĻΡ 
šſǰˣޱһȷ 
˼һ㵽ôˣ 
˶վһ̧ͷ˿ǰˣޱղΡ ᣡᣡ 
 
ûǸȱ˵;߿ûõˡ 
ոյҶӳĶ㻹𣿡 
ޱв˵š 
ޱΪΪ¶ӳԲš֡ˡ 
ޱ˵ĻβΪȻķȻŽнԶꡣ 
 
ÿ첻ϵһԴҵĿꩤܡľӳ 
Ρޱ֪Լøǵ顣 
ⲻ磡γŵ˵ţ˵ɫ 
ǡЩǿŬҲ޷ɵġ 
 
ĿԸͬĿ͸ŬɣԸһԸľ ҲòһȻ 
ˣôˣȥһɣ 
ޱεļ˵š 
 
һǰˣʮӳʮɡ˷Ӷӳִˮλ ӳǰһ𣬸ӦǺܺðɣ 
 
ӳֶӳǰȥк 
λһҲ֪ΪʲôȻľ;ӦԳƺǸ˵ĸоɣ 
һӦɣš 
ðСһ 
Ȼ𾴿ȴϲľֶӳһмζǿҵ־Լȥ  
ҪǰȥͻȻʶһ飬ôͣ 
ôˣСһôԶ˵ 
һ𣿡ͻȻͣһҲе⡣ 
һһۺͻȻѹǾֶӳģɶ񰡣ӳ ôಡ˶ˡΪԼ 
Լ˼ʱ򡭡 
 
۩һͻĴ̼ŵ˺ü 
ֶӳôôԴЩͬԼĺѣ һĻȤ 
ҪǷԼ岻õĹϵ۾Ҳˣݷ𿴵һֻСèܾŰ ˺ëЦһѿ 
 
㡭㡭ʣ 
һ𱳺նʱһλŮͻȻǰԼ侲 
ܱǸӳΪǶӳʧǸҪҪԶӳȴ ҡ 
һһ²ŻָҲûʲô󲻵ˡ 
ϳǰ°˷ӸӳһĹͷŮԡʵ˵Ը ˣοŮô֡ 
һ뿪תԼҶӳ 
ֶӳְɧŰԼ۾˵š 
ûԶһǡô˵ţоǳ 
 
ֻϣ 
Ǳߩ 
һµڲԶûá 
һ٩٩ҵˡ˻δ˵ͿһԲ˼ٶܿ 
찡һ˾һваһһߴš 
ƺ˭û 
·˵ľȣһ·ܻ˶ϡ 
СңһˡһеĻĽԼҶᡣ 
̤˽ȥͷ֡ 
סգôҰ칫ҡ 
ƺҲЩһĳ֣ȴûбֳ 
ҵİ칫ҡվ˵š 
šǡһ¡ 
ѽǶˣȻܴ˰칫ҡ 
 
ΪԼİ칫¶ǰԼõģ¶˵Ҫóɸնһ ʱоȽһ㣬ȻŮ˼ֱĪҲû ֻǡôһڴӦ¶ǡ 

ôˣտĳһЩֵֹġ 
ûʲô 
ģ۾ЩõĿһ 
šһЩ飬һʱ֮䲻֪˵ʲô 
΢Կһ£һߵԡ 
Ǹա΢վһº𣿡 
ֻСèôôӦ˵ɣ 
ʲôղҪվʲô 
һ¾ͺáˡ 
šһе㼸շеıʻվ 
 
ֻһ΢̧ͷԼһִͷ 
áһͷԿڰռ˵š 
ûʲôҪ칫ɣˡ 
תҪȥȴֱ۱ס 
յƺԼΪû˵ʵദһҲ֪˼ǵġ 
ĲʲôҪȥһ㡣 
һЦԼ֤ղʻķ֡ 
ĲǺҪ飬տĳһһ飬֤ݾÿ ģһҪŲ˵ӣȴ 
ҪԼȴҲֻͬЩŲ£Ҳ֪һһʲôŤ СӰĸԣһķ֮ʱ䶼ֱŤǺġÿÿ ʱеʹԼַԹΪصĸԡ 

ַ±ʣһǷȻ巬Ӱ칫 
һֱͷŹֽȫһһοĺɫī֭ʱŷԼ֪˶á 
ܾȥһһǱȽϰġһг̣ջصԼſڵ ʱһǰ治Զ߷Ŵš 
 
üԼѾߵûз֣˵ܶҪоԵġϰԵ ʱ 
һ Ҫʱ 

ۣһﾹȻ֡һԵĻͷŭţƶʡˡ 
ףסա㰡û뵽ȻǰգһһӲ֪˵ʲôֻ֪ ²Ϊյɫ 
ֶӳôš 
ûûʲôһ亹ֱΪǰˡ 
 
ͻȻ 
¶ͻȻ˳ 
һ˵ڴϱѹҪǱ֪֪ 
һԱߵİʱ¶˲סˣ 
˰ɣӦѹɣһͷ˼ķȷϢ 
Ե˼ǱȲ˵ڵĻ 
һܵһԵѹԱʱŷ̬أ 
⡭ҡһҡͷ֪˵ʲô 
󡭴硭졭ô硭ͻȻ˵һĻѡ 
ĬһᣬĿڡ 
磿ٲ¾ˡָ˵š 
 
ȥɣվſڳɺͳձ˵ҲסһԷߡ 
֪ܼͨҽţҴỹҪ¡ 
ǣ硣¶Ǿ亹Ѿʪѡ 
Ѿٿô¶ŵûˡ 
¶ǳԵе㵨սľһһɹա 
 
ȻѾصطԸܼҽһҪ׼ϲԵĶҲصһϴϲ Ǽԡ£Щ̤ʵ 
 
鷿𣿡ź¶߽Ҽֻһһš 
ţǰһ극ͽȥˡ 
һ˵һ߰ϵĶǰһЩСߡ 
 
ĳйʱмЩֵֹСգʲô αСĶʱڵפһվûû뵽 ûξͰЩ˵ǿԸļƷôǸɣ 

ô¶šǱ 
ȻأӦڰ칫ɣһñĪ 
ͨż鷿ЩĹġ 
һڵ㰡治һʲôֻǸСʱϽ  
Ϊʲôһ⡣ 
ԹϴѾѽ췢ĲԺˡ 
 
ˣôģô顭Ҷ챻ǣˣǱѹ֮󱻾 ֶӳɧţȻٱľӳ׷ม 
ǣҰɡҪûô˵εµĻڵġ 
ѵ&#8231;&#8231;&#8231;𣿡һЩ˵š 
ˣˣϿȥ¶һϰĶһһ  
Ǽһûһûн⿪ءоһһԲͣ 
ⶫûգȴǱ߰ٺٻ㡣һС㲻ı飬 Щɰ 
 
һεߵ鷿ſǻŲ֪òýȥʵҲ֪ΣϾ ദôˡʵȵٰͺˡЩ鳣бҪһһ  

ͻȻ 
һ𣿡ɣڴյ 
ţม 
߽յ鷿ϣڴһЩĵĹ 
𣿡 
ģСèѾ鷿ſǻʮӡ 
šǸһɦɦɫͷ֪Ӻ˵ 
ˣҪҪȥɢɢšæ 
찡Լ˵Щʲôڰ칫ҮֱǲС 
һһϵıʡ 
 
ûֻڼͥԷš 

лҪ˵һռֹģ㿪š 
šҲѵû𣿡һ֪Ӻ˵ 
ûС˵ʲô 
˼Ƕ޻˵ඣĻش𲻽Լŭ 
ҵ˼Ծɲ졣 
˼˵ұ˼𣿡ŭ 
ĵ̾˿˭Сè 
ͣǰĽŲعͷʱ 
 
һ˫ͻȻϰյľӱȥ 
ȻֻǼӵʱȴðյĴֹͣ 
뿪İյĴһЩ˼ĵͷķſա 
 
ȡҡҶôг⡱ĵǸˡ 
һͷȻ֪ÿá 
û뵽ҲΪԼµʱ򡭡 
˵ʲôһĿա 
̧ͷʱպñǸš 
šʧȥǵĲǡ 
㽫һ 
պáճ˵š 
 
ߣߣ 
һһ仰ϴӰյĻ˳˼ 
ôˣղ⡣ 
šû 
϶Сš 
ʱл˵𣿡 
šǰȵȽݺٸ㡭 
 
𣿵ʲô顭 
߽һûзӦʱ 
ιιιʲôһŵš 
ϲпܱ˿ĵط 
ȥЩҲι 
һԼȥ 
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Ұ˷ӶӳֺúɣΡҲ֪֣ 鷳ģȻҰѱġ 
κ鶼оƫƫԱ˿۹ûоЩͷʹ˵һ ȱָĲսЩһվͺˣ СèúϢɣ 
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˵Сϣֱϣָϡ
һЩ˼ջ֡
˾֪
Խƿߵһ԰˱裬ԣȱˮǺõġ
ȱɡȻʲôݵϵȺò衣
սӹܿľͰˮȹˣϾĿ˺ܾãΪ۹ѵ飬һ 춼ûûȵҪϳһðһӻؼҡ
Ҫ𣿡ӹѾ˵ıʡ
ˣʣµĻؼ˵ɡ
 
һؼֺܲĽͷ˦һߡ
ҡû˵ҪȥȻŲ¡
һ˵߱ȥȴֱԼĻ
ҽ̸һ졭ɸЭ飬㲻𣿡
 
죿ʲôʱ飿һЩ̧ͷϷˡ
ʲôЭ鰡
һĳ˵Žһǵ̸УЭ顣
һŰ˵ĻЩĪĸжΪ˼¡
ԡʮǰֻϰѵʱɣǰҪ ڴﵽѵҪСò
ӦúʮǰԶһߣСһ㡣
 
ȻСʮ껹ǺСһ֪ѾΪŬǸж
лл㡭աġĳм
һʼģϾԼԡ
ôԻؼ˰ɣľˡѾһ졣
סһɣأһÿŰա
 
Ǻ࡭յдš֡
աһŬӰѾ
ճĬһſ˵㱣֤һ˯
ұ֤ú˯ɣôá
ŰմӦһá漴ջûأ
 
ȻסŰɡ
ˣҲ۵ġ
֪ջ˵ֻˣһҲ
԰³Ҫ𣿡ƽҪأ
һˬڵĲ͵㣬лмΪ˰ղȥѧģΪмΰļ òʱԵĲ˾úܺóԣʬûĲɫԼҲѧȻ ʱճԡ
 
รôѵãǺðɣ
һĲƽԻԲأ˵˺Сӵĸ

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һԼ֮ǰƺ̫ˣΪЩνļ̳Ҳûʲ ôϰߵĵطһֹۣҲûżĺëȮ 
 
һʼԼᵣĺ᲻ǲϰĿΣû뵽Сӵֹ۵ĺܣ µŪҽʦأȻ֪ǱѵˣϾԼҲвһţ Ҳֻֻ۱ֻա
 
˿γ̺󣬺Լİ칫ԼĹģ˵ĺܹ֣һС ӿʲôģǺ໹ǲֵأ
಻ῴ𣿡һԼϥϵĺࡣ
ᵫҲϲ
иԵĻشأһЦЦ
࣬ЩʦĶѣ
ᰡҾúܼ򵥡˵š
ˡѵкĶţȻúѧϰһģ ǲǿԼƺԼ
 
ˣ㻹ȥһԿ¶ǹùĹɡ
һȥܵλӵɳϿһŷĵëʶ Źġ
 
ĸףʲôϲ࿴š
ϲô⡣
￴ʣ
ﰡд˵ӵһۿ˹ϲˣԺһҪ 
 
¶ʲô鰡ѩҹʺϿôҲҪСӢ֮ ıȽϺʰɣȻľżҲð
ϲǡҪһֱǸһ˼һ˵š
֪ôͺνϲеѡ
ںĽֻһûʣһ
 
û뵽졭
ӳʲô𣿻һˡ
ԼʲôҪ飬һеʲôȻ˵ еʲô綼԰
Ҳûʲôֻме档
 
м飿
ʲôأ
졭ʱͻȻ˵ϲңԺҪҽ飿ҾЩ֡˵ô ˵ĻЩ˼š
һǴ˴
ȴͻȻ캣ԼĻ
ʲôϲ
ǻҪһֱһˡ
ԭˡ
˼ʵģӳ
 
ڶ졭
θޱһԼ
ѵãһ𰡣һЩ졣
һԵСҲܾȣô˻һұе㡭
һôӵġεʡ
˵һɳϵĺ࣬ѵүִˡ
˼ǡ
 
λޱ˵ˣɫθ
Ȼ˵ϲΣҪ顭
һϵëʶˡ
ʲô
һŬɳϵĺҪ
ĸס˵һϥϡ
࣬㡭Ϊʲô˵ҪΡ鰡һʡ
ޱԼ֪ģڸ治˼Ȼ˵ͯ޼ɣ ܰ
Ϊ¶ǹù˵ʲôϲʱϲǿԻһӵ 𳣳Ρ
˺Ļȫ
 
ҵСڰɱСС;͵Ƿծ㻹ġһа̾С С;ʹ顣ôˡ
 
ֳΨһŮڿȥһȺСۣ˵
డҸ˵νϲӦֻһӵˣһ ܰĺҸˡС˵š
ҸʲôСֶ⡣
Сû뵽ᷴʣһ²֪ô
Ŷʼ˼ô⺢ӽͣõ巬Ӿֳɵѧá
 
ϴһڿŽ캣˵ĻõëһûһµĲʪĳ Ŵʱȴ˽ϵĹ
ʲôղһķʡ
һЦЦû˵Լ뺣飬ǵ˱
 
աΪʲô溣ȡʮǰĿʱأʮʲô𣿡
оͷͣһ£һЩ̧ͷ
ʮǰĸ㡭𣿡
һɵۣû뵽Ϊšȷǣʮǰһֱ һֱǸǰ
һס˵˵գӦҡʹʮҲһҪһź೤ Ҿϣͬ·ʧȥ˵ʹֲ
 
֪һں˼룬ǹĶͷ
һᣬֻҪ㣬Ҿͻ
ң˻һļԭءôҲˡ˵Ǿ仰
ҪˣҲúӶ
Լٴ֮вԼòúûȥʱԼ޵ ģ˵
 
ߺߣӱʮ겻~~~
һûſھ˵ҧȥһЩһľٶҲû ֻһҧ˺ۼŰ֡
ôˣһſš
ûʲôֻͻȻġ
𣿰ҲֻǽһľӼȡ
 
һ˳ϵ˵½š
û뵽һ룬ԼѾƵˡ
ƸµĿűԼƵڵصһ͸¶ʮʮռУ⼸ ûб飡һָϸϸĸ˵۾ΧǱ Ըе촽
աһỽš
Ϊֲڵָ̽һɵԡĸרİˡ
ֻҵġԶ
 
һõʱôûռǿأֻɵɵıΪ ڿɺˣ֪Ѿˡ
ѵֺõӵϷˣʵ
 
ĸסĸסࡱৡһ˿š
һæƿ
ôˣࣿ㲻˯𣿡һ˳ֽ´ϵá
ϲ˵š
ղôˣԼȥ
 
ա㡭ȻطҰɡЩǸȻĿ˵š
֮С߳˿±Ƕͷıɽ
 
ٻͷǺŵһѸٵĽߵȣȥʱ
ĸߣȥҷ䡣˵š
㡭Ҫǲ𣿡һʡ
¶Ц˵Ѿȥˡ
 
ȥȥˣ
ǰǵú꿪ʼѾһȥҲˣôղŻᡭ
ΪʲôոҪ˵أ
Բ𡭿ĸ˯ӿʼϿ֮ĸ׾ûˡ
⺢Ǽį𣿵ȷԴ֮˺ܶʱȥлհһУ 㺣˯ʱȻˡ
㰡ô˭أһЦ˵š
 
֮źص䣬һֱ㵽˯뿪
߳ʱ뵽
мӰôһһҪչأ
 
ص˷䣬չȻû˯
ҪοһˣֻǷͬ

峿͸ڣ΢΢˹

һƺҲܵ˹ߵĴڣȴӱʵƵȥҲĵı˯һ⺢ľٶǼ궼û

Լ£һ׼Żһ𴲣ٰ֮ͷĳǰ費ᣬֻҪһûһòϰߣȻһŲ˵ҪʲôģջǶûļ

һˡҡҡһӡ
һ¡
֪һ䡱һ¡Żظ˵βȣûÿԡ
ֱһŵޱֱ䵽һԵķ˽˵ĻСèıҪ
ٲ˵ġ
ˡһ¡һѾѣȴ̫

̾˿ֻˮһڷϴ
ëŪʪšɺСĵĲһ˯С˫֣֮ͽһȿԼȻʼ¡
һڰջԼ·
ſ㡭
ް˻װԭģԭȻǳһԵĹϣ˭֪ƵΪԼ
Ҫڷò𣿡š
ˣǳȥ԰ɣϰһһò͡

һͬһͬڲţС¶Ѿ
ҴҲͬ


ʱ˵첻˵Ҳתۼ䣬Ѿˣԭ͵ĺѾԲǰʮķӵչˣֺ໹һ쵽ܣĸͶԵˣֻҪСڲ鷳ͺá

һĹ˰ʮķȥˣڳϵʱС
Ҷ˵ӳ;ֶӳˣΪʲôأ
ţǺһСһ˵ˡ
֪ʲôСˡ𣿡
Ǹ׸ĸ𣿣

һ⿰Ķʵںܻʹ⣬̾˿߽ȥ
࣬Ҫ˵һЩøӳŵ顣
ĸף࿴һ󣬸˵ĽϵĵĶ˹ȥ

Բ𰡡ӳڵСôϲʹ

ǣһȻʡ
ӳ㻹ûиأΪʲôҪֶӳһأ
࣡ôʧĻӳȻΪ;ֶӳһš
ú໹ֲʲôʲôⲻʡ

ͣͷš
ǰֶӳкܶ͵ŵ㰡
ร˵ء
ǡǡǡʲôأһͻȻ벻
ŵȴԼ𰸵ĺԲԲĴۣһһʱ벻ֶӳŵ㵽ʲôΡ

񿴵ǿɰĸɵЦ˳
ˣٸ˵ڻȸĸ׻ȥɡ
ǡˡһЦŸ

ڻؼҵĹ;ϡ
ĸΪʲôҪ޸أҲŵ𣿡
ʲôŵľͷȰԵѪֲ֪ͨʱСɣıȱӵʱ࡭
һԾıԹţһҲûעҪ˵ġ

ţǸ׵ŵ𣿡ֵŵม
ǿҪ˵Ļ
ĸΪʲôҪ޸ף

òްΪȰյ
ȻôҲ˵ʵΪүүõҪɱ㸸ף˵

ȵ೤Ҫ˾֪Ϊʲôˡ
Ҫ˼ǸҪˣ
ǰ㳤һһ˵ġûһ
˵һЦˣŪ˰עҪһӵˡ

ǡĸҪأ
ͻȻţһ̫ʲô˼
ʲôĸ
Һ͸ףĸ˵˭Ҫأ̧ͷš
һЩסˣôأ
⡭һЩյŲ֪λش

ԲĴۣһʵڲ˺
Ȼǰ
ĸ׸ղ˵ǡһƺ𰸣š
Щ
֡Ϊʲô޷ֱӸߺ˵أҲðǡһ뵽˵վ˵ڡ

ƺûа취𰸣һֱؼﺣ඼û񣬳ʱҲǡ


ȵ˯֮һصڲƷİߡ
ӽôˣ֣һ˵Сô

ҶӣͲˡĸƽϣ
ʵ
һȫϳЩա

û뵽ྐྵȻ⡭˵
˵ʱͿյĿ

ôˣգʲô
һͷҿţԼﲻԡ
ôĸ
ʲôĸ
˵Ҫĸˡ


һûͷôҲСһ⣿һ໹ʲôʱϹҲĸͬһߣҲͬˣ
㲻Ҫĵòãһ˵š
˵ġĻشš
㣡
ʲô
շ²豭۽һȻҪĴ𰸡
㣡֪һɫ΢Ʋһߡ
Ҫ׿˵һ
ǵôߵˣ

״ʲôأ
Լȥͨɣ


ڶһŵʱһָֺֻЦݣСӾСӣϾˡ

źһźͬպ¶һš
Ÿյʱһ֡
ĸףĸף
ţôˣЬ𣿡һͺߡ

ĸײ˵Һ͸Ҫ𣿡
ǡǰûǰ
һЦ⺢ӼǺҲط
ĸҪˣҲûϵԺ˵š
͹ƽ

ร˭һǺʡô죿
һĸһǸӳЦĺܿĵ˵š
ȻˣǻĸƯ
⡭
ڣĸڵһร
˵һһ¡

ȫûԤϵľٶһһʱסˡ
ع˵Щʲôʱͷܵѹ
㡭ˡ

¶ǻץСࡣ
ҡˣ
֪ԭ¶ǵ˲ô٣

һνʲô˼
ôĴԲһ

ôôడ


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