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ңʴ½һĴڡ
νң,ڡׯ?ңΡ͵ġ
֮֮磬,ҶգԻ޼,޹ʥ
ֻƾص硢ꡢޡı仯ߣˡҡΪһ壬ﵽˡҲ,ΪһΪң
ںܻ£ң˲ͬĸ޾ңֻҪǮңˡ
ңһһ ֮֡
޹Ⱥľ棬
ĹԳɵˡ
˶ĴͶĳ
ܶĿһµ֬ꡣ
ӱĲµ꣬
ɫζȫʳ

ңֳ꣬ʵȴС
ΪһһĽǿ˭ﶼһ,ңûн볯͢û˵ĸŴ,γɣôѸٳɳ
ңȨе,ΪϽòӢͦʳ̫͡Ʋ̵ͨң죬ȴ档˻Ǵͷȴֻܲ⡣

ŻȨ,ңڲͬҲȻ෽Ŀ
ȻҲϻʳ
ĲƺϷǸ,ȻδŵʼСļɵĵزظ,ȴ㹻Ϊһ⡣

ңУ𻶸ڲ׼κ˽Խķ䡣
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ΨһԵģԵĿʱǰиӵͷĶʲôΪࡢ档

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ʱһƴСֽüë£𣬰βŵĵ:
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һ

ҹϰϰоҹʱмĽ
ҹתȻϢɣɲҪźðŮ˵͸ŹС
䣬һԴ磬ͥԺǶվкϡ
кСվҹΪһ¼š

ûϵ,Ҳ䡣кתӡ
һüëһ۾һӡһ죬˸еһȱȴ̫ƽˡ
ƽַȺУû˻עò
ȴ֪Ƿ̫ͨҲͻԳк˫۾ڲͬ
к۾վǰԷע۾
к۾峺һ۱˿˼峺ÿαעĿŮ˿Ƭ̡

ǣ塭кĻŮĻȰ˵
ٴһȻȥɡкûиŮٶ˵ʲôĻᣬʱת΢򦣬ź嫵ҹա
Ů˰һ̾ȴ˵һ仰

ҲŮˣкעƬ̣ת뿪
ˣкˡ
һˮ𣿱ͻȻ
ǰǳųǸǳĬˡȻڵɺܳĬǸĸоͬˡ
ǰΨһԿԼҲֻŲб۵Ŀšܲ˵Ļ˵ʹ˵ˣҲǼ˵
ǰǵڣȫо

뿪кû
ݵҹշǵ,͵¹ϣкһ˿顣
кľ˫֣¹¡˫͸һӯסϸ޳޹ǣеľ֮
겻ʶζǺøкһЦĵ

յ緹ʱ䡣 
ָĲˣ⼸ൽߣһġվк˵
кü΢Ю˵ĶȴδͣӦš
ֲ࿴кۣת뿪ˡ

кĻԺ
βں棬ü۾Խ
кСʱͣȴֻһԵʯϳĬš
￴⣬Цת뿪
Ȼһֱš

һ緹ʱ䣬ｫ׼ʱĬĳԷкȴͻȻ̧ͷ
̣ˡĸΪֹͣˡﻳɵĿϹ졣û뵽Ϲᷢĸ١
ﲢûиĪʲôˡڷš
кһƲۿ˵̣㵱һǸʲô֪ͯ𣿡
ﲻ˼
￴˳ĻشкЦЦ˵ҵʲôأ˾ĵչҡˮˡ
һ䣬صˮչ˲ܵΡԸĳͷ
ˣ̣ҿɲҡкһлİ˵

ǰЩͬˡ̧ͷӵĿ˿к˵
ʲôԶģοҲһءΪһǸµС𣿡кµĻӣʵ
Ĭ£ֵǸӡ
ȴǸͨĺӣ˵Ǹĺӡк˵꣬۾һУк
ǸܣϹ˵ηġкǳЦһ

֪ģ
ûв͸ǽﶨ˶񣬿к˵ʴ½ңʵǳ͢ҲҪü֡ϹҵΨһ̳ˡ
кţȴû̫飬ŷ³ɻĵϹҳһŮǵһŮӡҲĸס
Ϲҵ˴Ůһȴ˶㡣ŮǶ磬Ϲϡ
ϼͻȻŮΨһļ̳ݽϹҡȴǸŮӣϹŮӵһ
Ϲʵȴݵϼǰܳ谮ȴȴʲôϢ
ʼֶŻϹһְӵЭŻϹҵı֣ԼϹϵŮϹҲӿֳһ׷ӵŻˡ

ϹȴһеĹݣǴһʼϸʵеġ
Ϲĳϣ˸б£ƽʱ¶棬ȴ൱áΪ˭ûеõ˵ͬ⣬ûʸϹҼ֮λ

Ҳ֮£Ϲ뵽һ취

ǾǾΪϹҵã

ϹѡˣֱϹңռ鱨ΪԨ¥ڤԨڤԨħƷŵĳޣԵʱ½Ԩ¥ȴƷĶ֡
Ԩ¥ƷһԭϹ֪ı

кֻĮȻţｲͣ£ֽ˵ϹΨһ˳λ̳ˡ
к°ͣҲ˵̵˼Ҽ̳ϹҡûֻǳĬ˵
ǣϹұġᶨ˵
һܻųʸ̳𣿡к̧ͷʵ۹һֵϹҵļ̳ˣȻ񡣡

˵ĻȤһ׵ĺȥѾķѵĴ塣ЦкͻȻȻĵ۾һ
ϹҲһܵļ̳ˣϹСǣҲǡڿȷǰչʮ꣬ܵӣıˡľʸ̳Ϲˡ
ޣ̾ô϶кЦʵͷᶨĻصǵġ
ΪʲôҲСģģ䣬ˮˣأкһһĳ˵ﱻʵɫһ䡣кֽ˵ҪлһֱķˣķΣҲˮͻȻ֮ôࡣ

ﴹͷһȴ˼֡
ϹңĸжȻǣһԸ˵꣬кӣȥ

ⲽ뿪кҲϹ졣Ժʱȴͣ²ӣ̧ͷͷĽ
ϹңϹ졣΢죬Ϲ۽Ǵһ˿ı䡣

ա
峿ս,ĴƤϣ˴ǸŮӡ
ۺ¡
ƿŸɽˬϢϢأŲб뷿ĻһĵһΪϹ͡
ΪϹҵĴ֮һЩ±ǲǵΪ˼鷳ϹСϹɽϡ
Ϲ˵Ҳ֣Сƺİ˵ζУֻҪһİ˿Ϲ޸ֲͣϹټıѧ˷֣ҲֻʣһչϹʳˡ

׼ãϹҡ
ˡɵţûӦ
ˡδ䣬ּŵֻȴûӦ
ˡ꣬ûӦֵҽˡŶ롣

ֻǿſյĴڷŵıӣȴһ¡ԽݽǲѵϹ죬ᾹȻڡ
תתȴϼһֽ
£ߣĪ
һսת뿪Ϲķ䡣ֻŵĴȴһ˿Ӳ

еּ̤СϹ۾
˵ʵҸȻĻǸʱҪʽǮ̵ɵġ
νһ֮ڳҲеһˬݵζ
ǰһƬ̵С·һƬɫҰҰͻһϰϰķ紵ɫҡҷˣϹһζ

ﵹҲǸӲ嵽ҩɾȵˡ֪滷̫ƶĵ
ɫأһƬһƬ«έأһƬ˻Ȼʡֻߵ⣬Ϲȴˡ

ǰϹǸʮϲˡ
һԽǱֵĺҪҲԽߣڳɾһΪõǳǧĳޣû顢ûаҲû顣
ôҲֻеУǷݹ¼ǷڣȻһԽǵ˿ĵطԽûߵĵطԽҪ֪̽ĸ

һߣϹ쾹Ƿһ㶸͵ɽͷɽͷǴ
мɽΪ磬߸ߴƵĴ֣оһ֮Уұȴ˸滨ݣɫཻ䣬һĲʺ磬ޱޣҲ߳ĶԱȡ

أء
໺𡭡໺𡭡
ʱͬҰ޽ϹһϹһϸƬ̣Դرȥ
Ϲҹգٱʮ׷۵ıһƬʯĿյأʱյվ
һѩëǣ£ϹĿѪһۺ塢°
ѩǶʵһ׸ߵܣһƾǰצ񳤣ѩǵ沿ˡ
ѩһУԭһսһ㡣
ϹζһЦڽ˿ʯӣĹ۲
໺𡭡໺𡭡ܲѩǵΪһ¡
ѩβһ˦һɣɵĴϷɹ
飬飬顣ܲŵأ׳΢

һ磬һ
ףһʱᵹҲֲʤ
Ϲ콫ͷԵĴʯϣ۾˸ȴΪעĿ
ʵܶģⲻֻܵһţѩҲеǱ
ǱǸ߰һģѩѪһ쳣

໡𡭡
Ϲֻоգۼ䣬ܵĸ첲ϱһѪڣǵѪڳԼһ磬ɼ⡣
ϹתҲΪרעͱۣϹΪѩǵĿ׼ܼʹʵǳˣ˽Ļᣬ䣡
ñյ̳սһԼһսʤʵȻҪҪȴͻ룬Խá

ʹʹεĲмѩǾ,׼ȷжϵѩǣʤ㲻󡣲˭һ֮䣬ἤǿʵģҲˣⳡҲ쳣ҵġ
һѱ϶սϹȴĺζ
ΪܵĲֹⳡԭʼܵǿһǿһƱСĶеı顣

һֱڵԭ

ϲϲѣϲÿˡÿģִڱ顣

ܲȫûзء˻ѩǵϣҲ¼ۺѪա
໺𡭡ءֻ޼ź˻ҧϹȴֱĹâ

ǲǺþûĸоˡ㲻סԼĶô㽫ԶʲôʧȥΪЩˣٴηĻᡣԭʼɱѷɫҰ

໺𡭡ܴűץϹ˫ۣϹ֪ⳡսˡ
ѩǰȻվԭأѪ۾˸޵Ĺâ
ȴһ˲䣬ֻѩ͵תͷ۾ĿϹ죬ϹζıʧתһºеӣЦֻѩǡ
ֻѩƵϹ߽ͷԽԽߡȻϹ߻ת˼Ȧȴ͵ĴԴϹԵĴʯϡ
ءءֻѩվʯͷͷ˺𣬲ŶϵëſڴʯϣʱצӡϦ£ֻӳһƬλơ

ϹվһͷţԽ






ڶ

Ϲһ·ƵĻصסʱѽƻ衣
ңңվſھ򣬵Ϲ˵Ļһ
ˡﵭĵϹ΢ǸЦȾˣҸղɽ˼Ȥ£Իˡ

΢ۣ˵ȥһˣһˡȥȣȥϢһɡ˵תıӰϹһĵ̣ʲôǰһ٣৵ת̧ͷ
ΪͻȻôʣϹЦŻӵĵֻ֪һֱߵϹ챱ϣӦòֻЩũ¡

￴Ϲ죬ŻصϹҵĴȻǾѡġҵպҲֻڽʮҽСɣ֮ʮپ棬֮ǫ顣
ǺǣĻ˵һҲǫ飬ϹȴЦ
̿ҿϰϹѯʵĻĬһ£ŵѣֻǰʱöֺ麮Ѳϰ䡣
ĻϹ粽һжѲ˸ϵ
ͷͳĵǣһжûչ˺ɵġ
ǺãҪѧϰṦ̻ܽ𣿡Ϲ˵תתӡ
ģ麮䵼㲻ϰṦȴ޷Ҳʧġ
Ϲüδκλش

ڶգʱһϹķš
һϹ촩Ϊ￪š
Ȼ£ȴϻظһĮĵ쿪ʼһὫѧṦ㡣ʱĿѧϰṦô򵥵ġ
Ϲû˵ͥԺȥ

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ΪΪṦϽ⡣
ṦҲ˽⡣Ҫ˵һɵĲһֱӯеĲ򡣡ϹĽͣ

˵ЩṦƱڼΪ򵥵Ķ࣬ʵȻṦҪһ
ȣıҪȫЭڷ֮Уг¼
һÿΣҪվʱʱΪ㣬ÿձʱֱԶվʱΪһ׶Ρ
ڶ׶ΣҪÿնվһʱȻȥɽϵĺ𷿵ˮ
׶ΣһʱڽЩꡣ
󡭡˵⣬̧ͷָԶɽ

ڲµɽ㲻ҪʦˡָķϹͷš
￴ཻŵĺɫɽͷϹת
ԶԸٽ֮⽫źУ֪ʲô죿˵ѵƻϹѾӿʼѹˡ
˵ҶˣҲǸвסˣȻѧϰṦ֮ԼģҲ͵̴ȥԼ¡˵꣬Ϲȳ45Ƚǣ˫۳ȭƽ죬Ķ
վһ߿һᣬȸ˳ɽˡ

ʵϹ֪һҵĳϣֻǿְ
ʱȻ֪ϹˮҲ˽ĴٳɵġְȷʵڣȴϹôء
֮ô˵ΪҪãзΡ
ߵһﶼΪԼ׼򡣶֮ѧϰṦȴټ򵥲ϰϹûȤѧϰЩӵҽ˷ʱ䡣
һõ쵼ߣýµ̳ɸҵٮٮ߾,ֻڹŴİĵط뻳һܽҪͷܱĶ
ܣΪǱزٵġΪṦԣҪӽѩǵһ취
ΪһֻҵҰѣ˸ЩһֻԲҰദʱҪȫ䱸ģΪ㲻֪ʲôʱᷢˡ
ΪϹûбµĶṦƱҪѧ

Ϲң¶ĳϻֵġҪҺʱΪȻ뱻ԼȨվ˷ĵġ

ϹһֱΪǸˡʵ֤Ҳĺ
Щﲻ뵽һִͯôǿŰվһ˿Ϲ죬СʱѧϰЩࡣ
ʱһһε룬ܼεıȡֱ÷ǰ˽⵽ӳ㱻Ԥˡ
ҪǿҲǿ
һζӣֻҪһһʧһյĲʼҪϰһ룬ˣͽˡֻһжûԸﵽ˼Ŀ꣬һεϹĳ֮һ

εϹҼ̳ˣҪһСԼĴƮɢֻһһİµˡϹСˣűиϹ죬һҪڵˤ
ֻС˼룬ķ񡣽չϹʼżЦ顣Ϊ˥µϹңһԱûбļ̳ˡ
ûһˡʲôƨĴϣʹ˾Ҫˡ
Ҳ뷨˵ʱֻǳĬţ˵УʧϹʧ
Ϊһ뷨һ˳šʼϹһΪϽԱݣͳԣʱ˯
ûϹˮɱ
Ҳû뵽ȻϹ
һֱķΣ˽Ϲҽļ̳ˡ뵽ϹСǰԸĽϹ졣ϹмӣȻЩʡ
һİֵġһϹ죬ҲеΡ
ΪΪܹܶ࣬ΪܳΪһĴСܵĽһ˿ģŬͬ⡣

ѵϹɼţҲæµš
ֻЩˣɽϵʱԽԽࡣҲʼģϹϹҵ¡ʱϹֻţӲκλش𣬶ƺҲԽԽˡ
Ϲ쿪ʼѹȥһˣֻϹ컹ûнеڶ׶Ρ
ŶĶĲԼȣϹĲӡ

ϹʱҲЩ޺޵룬ǿˣҲǳġ
˵ʲôΪһӰʱǻûӦҪǿˣѵġֻЩϹ춼ֻǱԸϼ£ǰʾࡣͲʲôСһû˿۸ͷϡշǱֻǲʲôѵġ

ѧϰʱˡ
һ䣬ϹȡһСľ˽ϹüﾶԴľнһЩƿƿ޹ó
ϹĬϸĽϰ֪ʶҶԼĶϹ켴ʹٲԸҲȥֻܾΪٻһպٱ
ȻϹ˵ҲƵġ
һһεĴţϹҲһֱưͿ

һգϹȻ̵Ĵ·
ٵ׼ȥʳʱϹ۾һС
̣ʵм·þˣϹЩѹֵŲסعͷϹСʵкʣ

̡ͻȻϹ𴽣ӯӯˮۡ
ƽʱϹأͻȻﾪ¡
ʲô𣿡ô˵ЩԼʵеѵҲЩ֡
ؾϹ컹ǸӣЩƻȷʵЩҲ޹Ϲˡ

̣̫ˡҳԺҲ֪ܲȢ޵ĺŮˡϹޱȵǵ˵⻰ȴϺ˰ף˺ڣõĺò١
ڿʲôЦֻǸʮĺӣֻǸЦĻȴһȥء
ΪڿЦ𣿡ۿӯӯӺֻϹıȴǷġ
ｩӣͷһκ֪롣

ǸŮˣһСԼһֻСӡ˵ã±⣬ͷһϸ侲ҲŵĲ֪Ǻá
⣬⡭Ϲ쿴ｩԭأǵҡҡͷȻǷϵȥ

ֻٿŵһ̣ϹŻعͷ
Ҹղȷʵڸ㿪ЦġĹЦϹ˲õȥ
ߵֻйߵĵϹ죬ǸСˡϹԶȥıӰֹš

ӱϹϷ֮￪ʼڼ,ÿ첻ʱϹ֣߳ȴǴһ˼
һʼϹҲûǸøʲôʲôʱˣҲе˵ȥ.

һ䣬￴ϹĵƷȴɳطǳ
ɫãĪʲô𣿡Ϲû̧ͷĵǰĲҲʵеġ
۹һû,ȷʵһķ¡
ţϹӦǵΪֹ˼ȴӡ

ѧĶƣǽҪǵˣĻ
αô鷳أдһҵ۹ǱϹҵĶթࡣĻϹ˵ĸ̸һɡ
ΪͬĿϹ˼ĴϵʵдһѧԿࡣˣǱؾϹҵȣѪƴеĽƸοǻСصϹңôô׾ͷˡ
Ϲ콫ǰѵɵСƿ̧ۻ

˵ҪǷ𣿡ǣʲô˼أɻĿϹʵ
°ͣϹʹüۣȴ˵˾侪Ļҵ˼ǣϹң
ʲôﷴԵĽէֵĿϹ졣ֻ죬˸Ƿİſϡ

֪ʩӵκܷСҪϹңԻɣȴܡǾΣʹٲԸ⣬ҲҪȥе˿ӲǴź⡣Ϲȴָĵ棬š

Ϊʲôõİ취Ϲȫ֡Ϲ޲ȴԶԡ
ڵϹȻƻûƫȴǼϡ
ѧԽԽҪһͳһϹң˭Ҳ޷϶ĸ𰸡
ҲЧķǻڵϹңȻ󡭡ϹǳһЦ
ŻϹҡأϹ򴲱ߣɼڴҪϢ

ɻ󣬽ǾѣתΪһֳ˼ŴϺƽȣ˯еϹ죬þûת۾ҲƺϹ˼

ֱſϣϱðϢϹȴ۾
ֱֱĿŴ֮ȴ̾һ
⣬ȻʧˣһȤˣϹ쿿ڴϣ͵͵Ц

ǰһʧߣڶһϹȻˡ
֮ˣҲоûнϹԭ
ˣڶʱϹֻϰڷźõʳԼһ̵ȴΨ¶档
Ϲû⣬ֻЩա˵Ҫ죬ô˵û̫ɡʳȴڴģϹһʱҲЩ£Ȼʮĸ
ϹĴ·ȵһǳ
ֵҵǣڵϹǿڶ׶ˡȻûн𷿵ˮһΣҲǸСˡ
Ϲ򵥵ĳ˵ģͰɽȥ

ѩ쿴Ǻܾ񰡣һɽһɫӰǰϹûܾ۾ЦĴк
ǰİɫϸһǵϹ쿴ֻܾǡ
ǰЩѧϰṦǳѧߣϹһʱ޷ӦȻ˵ڶ׶ΣҲûʱֻǼ档
ϹСнһ˵ڶ׶Σɽҵֻǡ
ʱֻǿ൱ƵҲϹ졣ֻϹȴգֻòĴкȻˡ
ʱˣǵҲ޷ϹˡϹҲܲǰǵĽţſڱгѩô֡
ֵѩ׵ëܶӦǵʱҲûʲôǿҷԻ˼
һȥϹɽʱѩҲÿÿһԡ

Ϲ춼ѩһһţɽˮ֮£Ϲ˵ڶ
ȻϹ첻͵ΪڽĵڶƻշѩԸ°ǡ
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ŵ˵׬Ǯģˡչ󣬶ҲѵԱҲҪ൱ڵͶ룬ûʮʮɼ̫εĳ¥ӮͶҲ֡ķϹͷû׬Ǯȴɫ;ԵȨϹŽӹϵϸķֻüͷȴ΢΢

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ڵϹ죬ǸҪƲġǵŪĻϹһ˷ЦϷɡ

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ΪЩͻȻѣĺʲôȻǰкȫûκв
ǸоִӿִֱѾ͵ڻ뷨








ǵȫ,˳ŻϹҽɵ档˷֮飬ȴıš
ϹʱԺУƵϡůůϦյЩ˯˱ӡ
һҲˣʱĻͦġϹĳ۾ȴû
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ڤԨң֣Ͳ𣬷𣿡Ϲᣬҵʵ
롣һԣڤԨĮĵ
ңֲΪңڤԨǸˡ
ڤԨ̧ۣĮĵҲ񡣡

ڤԨķʣϹ쵭ЦۿڤԨҺ˲࣬һ
ϹĻڤԨĹ𴽽ǣЦҲ㡣˵գڤԨת뿪
ŽԶڤԨıӰϹҲЦܱŮѡϣе˼

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ŮСŮ찮鱾һŮ˼ƺһΪϹҵġ
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ϹڤԨڤԨн죬Ϲһ͡
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ңֱΪǵı־һ㲻ţңٰĻȻҲ൱Ŀġ
Դңֳĵڶң־ͿʼÿٰһΪȺֻĻ
ʵ˵ĸһ㣬ⲻǸң־ٰģһһȵۺϱݡֻݳرң־ٰģȴֻңֵ˿ԲμӡΪݹעȺܸߣһЩǧǣɲеĺң¥Щ˵ȥ
󾭹ݱ䣬ݡʵѾܱߵϵѡ

ȻνѡСԳң֣ǲŮ
Դʱ̨վŵһŮһ˱ǽĶ֮ˡ

λĹھλѡֻڽıѽǽ궨ıĿˣûѡھԾңͼλۣĿ䶷촩һɫ£ͻԼׯţȺĻʼС̸
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һвһҲĶ൱ΣʷǷǵж䶷ȻĶ൱

ǺǣȤΪ˭Ӯڼαϯϣϧ̱ϣߵϹ졣
ȻĶԥĴ˵ĲĿ
Сôô϶һйףĶû˿ʤġҲɻʵ
Ϲ۾һתɿڤԨעӵĿ⣬ϹһЦⳡñȣΥ涨ĲߣûʸĽ𡣲ҵΪʹıĶҲδػ䡣֪Ϲţ϶ĶһӮҲ˵ĺġ





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ūǲϰ䣬һ֪𣿡ͻȻĶһǲһĳƴĶƵ,ĶǷѪ֪
ӡȣūҡūֻ˵ūҲμū۵ģǻū,أĶŶվĻ,ǲҲɫһ䣬Ҳ˿Ρ

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С㣬ūҴ򲻹ǣǲҪ֡ĶأŲġ
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ڤԨʶ̨ϵ𣿡
ڤԨüĬβŵ

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Ҹý㲻Сɣ˵־ȥأϹỺ΢΢ţȵĺڲϣȴòһ
ſӡϹŲȥԶҲĹ
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汿ǼٴҼˣûļޣһȻЦϹﷺ֮ɫ





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ѽӣûϵϧҲ࿴ۣŻĵ

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㣬СϢɡɴʱǰԲ
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һ㶣صŭ²ķԸҾȥŪ˵ĸ顣
˵ҪȥŪ˵ĸֻҪ϶ʲôҪץס˵ϹĿ
ΪҲٿҵʧ̬ӣ𣿡
ͷɫһصΪǣٸ鷳

ദ࣬Һ㡣ΪֵεˣˣһȣڻʱѧġھڵͶѵЩļƻ֮𣿡Ϲһת̾Ϣĵ
ΪҲ뾡취õǵΰɣ۽ʲôҪõģҵʧ

ǰ봹ͷǺʱ֪ģ
ҵۣǸΪĿĲֶεˣҲῴˡ΢΢ڰ֣ϹѲٶ̸ʲô
̧ͷϹĿǰΪֹҲΪϢ¸ˡ

Ϣе۾ڷűʱ˲ЦǣǲΪ㲻ҵĵˡϹ򴽵Ц

˭ճϹԺӣ˸ˣ˴Ϣ¥δʱ͵תͺȵȻڤԨֳĿ
Ǻιϵ
ЩڤԨôʣԲδϻش
֪ΪһֱϹϵִŲţڤԨҲڵŵĻشּʵ
¥Ϊβȥأ룬ʵˡ˵꣬ת뿪

ڤԨվԭسãȴһ⡣





ʮһ

ţʼʢ,ǻҪء
ڼ䣬ϹᵽºĻʼʢ硣
⣬ĳ,յ롣

ϹҲȥ?ɽʵ
ȥ档ʼ˵ֻϹ˵,ȴûһš
γҲЩӣҿǵûȥˡϧſһߣһμеίĵ
ϧһ˵Ĺ۲죬ʲôջ𣿡ϹЦʵͬЦŻϹ졣
ţͻȻ֣ԭһġ
ϹԴһ٣ȻȻ̧ͷעӰϧ
㲻ǵһ˵ҷˣѪͬħⷬɹ˵עӡ
һʲôûн߿תͷƲһߣϹЩĵ

Ϊ밲ϧĿĶңҲ˼ա
գ˱УֶȻºĻʼʢ磬˭Ҳȱϯ
Ҫҵʱڤڼҵ书Ϊ˵һһޣǿҵζǾԲܺԵġ
ಽıţһ˵ڤԨһƵĿźвӸϹѩ

ԭڤԨôԵݣⶼܱϹż֪ѵĻ䣬ֻȴڤԨϸ
ߣ˦תڤԨЩϹˡ
ϹǳЦĸϣ˼ͬе˵Ԩ¥Ī⣬Ԩ¥ڵأʳҲûмյг̣һܷȸڤԨȥԨ¥˵ѯʣԨǲشϹҲ͵ڤԨĬˡ
ڤԨǲ߹ٵ𣿡Ϊһ·ɽСڤԨ޸ĵ˼Ϲʵ
ΡûϹ죬ڤԨĮ
ûʲôֻôͽɽߵԨ¥㲻ۣۣ֪ڤԨǸ֮µˣֻϹȴòǷǹġ

Ҳϲ߹ٵκϹ϶ڤԨСΪ֮ʣڤԨŵ
ϹɫȴҲûá˵㣬ڤԨΪɳΪ뷨Ը񣬵˵˾Ƿ񾭣ӴҡֻϹû˵˭Ըġ
ɫҲˣǲǸҸطϢһˡ˵Ǽٵģ߹֪ĸֺϹ΢ѵ
ţǰϢɣڤԨһ䣬ϹĲԼ졣

ϹڤԨɽխֻһ˵ͨӲľ߰β룬ɫ谵ҹ£ôżֹ졣
Ϲ߸ѩôǣҲûʲô޵
ϹûʲôҲû͸ۣҪҹѩһëرԣᱻµڤԨ˦

ʱϹ쿴ģཻΪ᫵ɽϹ쿴ţƤЦⲻЦĵڤԨ񱻹治СǲǾǴ˵иֳɽǰ֮еһأϹ컰֮ȴڰڤԨֿԣֻڤԨȴûһģҲСȥ
Ϲ쿴ǰŴŵѹָȥ
һЩ֦ҶɽʯҵĸأϹһʩṦ׷ǰеڤԨѩ
ɽǰʯ·ɼϹҲڸʮڤԨȻϹβڤԨ߹հתĽ˸ʯɽ

ɽʯϳ̦ҲӲðͷһζݵĻζ˱ǶŵֱϹüͷ
ϢڤԨûлشֻߵףԭеһЩӲƽ£㲻Ϲ졣
⣬ϹͻȻЦת߳ڡ
վڶ⣬ϹſʼϸĴµʯȴһɡ
Ϲ첻ʲôŶܼףҲȻ֪ʯֻϸڤԨѾƽĺϹɽ⡣

İɣǰѣӻϹĵ嵭Ʈɢ䡣
ΪβңͻȻ䣬ڤԨһվϹĵ
ΪλأʵҼ°ٱˣţѪˣ̰Ѫ֮ҲڡվϹߣڤԨƽš
ҾĻ³ģȷе˵ǴֻѵġҲҲҪΪӣҲȲԼҶ㣡

ң˵ЩϹĻڤԨϲδʲô仯ɲĵ
Ҵû£㣬˽㣬ΪüֵڤԨ͵תϹһЦۡ
һڱ֮ǰȽ
Ϲɫδ䣬ǳЦ֧°ڤԨҺܺϹʲôˣ׼˵˵ǸһݵŮˡڤԨ˫ȭգϹƲۣû
ϹĽһŮڤԨĿǳǵĺӣسҲס飡Ϲ컰䣬²ŵʯͷͱڤԨһƺˡ

ҪǸŮˣʯһڤԨͷ΢ͻϹʱվ˺󼸲վ
ź֮Ը㣬Ϊ֪㵱ҡʹøܾ˵䣬֪ģҲһҪ֪΢۾ڤԨݺݵľԼ졣
ϹͻȻ۹һ͵֣㻷ڤԨĲӡ
ǣڤԨô˵ĽӴ룬᲻ϹйأսֱۣϹȵϢڤԨ°벱ȻۿڤԨӲϣͻȻһɫ
ݺݵƿϹ죬ڤԨƱĴϹ졣Ϲǰż΢棬͵𣬿ڤԨһ

ڤԨҪ֪ԽأҾԽ֪˺ˣӶϷϹȴɲ֪ľڤԨ֮¡

ǻˣʯϵˣȴƴš
ڤԨʧģ𣿡ϹƽǰͣսƣȴһߣŴĶڤԨ
һߵڤԨȴκս˼ϵʯϹȥ
ιڤԨһϹϵͲ𣿡ϹͷϵĺؾڤԨͬ˼ڹɱúܶࡣ
ڤԨִŵͷϹҲ̬ȣֻڤԨ۾գһ£ȻǶϹĻûζȿԡ
һӣͲѾĽѣڤԨƹ֮ʣϹ󺰵ڤԨˣҲĲˡ

ӣ
ǣϹʮ»̥ĺӣ⡣ϣϹҲΪкصıҪˣֻԼеǵڤԨۻ̾Ϣġ
ģ˵ֻڤԨҲֻƽһ£žɱĳϹȵϹ΢£Ż˼ȻҲֻҵĲ²ѣǰ˶׫ΰ顣మ֮Ѫ̳иİ飬ϹȻҲܡ
˵ǺģȻסϹͻȻĿڣڤԨ˪ĵ
Ϲ̯֡ʼֻ֪·Ʈ뵽Ҳֻ׿֪
ڤԨϹЦȻˣҲˡ˵꣬ڤԨϮϹ졣Ϲһ¼˼ֵҲڤԨ󴦡

սϣȷ˵ĵϹ컹ڤԨһڤԨѹסʺ
ڤԨȻ֣Ҹʰ·ǻƾڤԨһ֮ˡڴѩⲽϹ״̾ĵ
㣬Ǻӣѩ͵ҪڤԨϹʱڤԨȴһ˦Ϲ죬²ʵ

ϹֹѩĹһһϸϸڤԨ
ֻڤԨټ˸ƽ
ǣЩʿȷʵԸӡ˺ԼˣɱڤԨָƽĮĵȥ
ǻģڻʱȷ㲻˺֮ǰڵڤԨһһƽİɣҿɲһѪôˡڤԨ첽Ϲߣҿһٸ˵
ϹüβЦ˵Ҳһְ취ѡӱܡ
һ·ڤԨͬУ˱˴˵ĹϵʱҲǺӵڤԨĶҲ޿ܡ

ڤԨƲϹֵҴκʽвգ˵ɱ
ǣðʱڤԨڤԨ˦߻ɽ
ιѩҺþûôˣҪҲڤԨĶ֡Ц˳ѩëȴѩͷȻһ˦Ϲ֡

ôˡϹ챧أƲѩԼӣȴ뵽һڤԨıȶ
ȷе˵ǱڤԨƶС
ÿÿƵţòȫӲͣתӦĸоľ˷ܡ
һֱڤԨȤԭ򣬻һֱҪ˽⡢͸ڤԨԭ
ΪڤԨ˷ܣֱپҪźĸоԡĹؼ
ҵʴ½ϣһĿʲôˡ
ûʲôȤˣ˭ʲôϵ





ʮ

ľǵԴľʵһƬҰָĽ
ʱľһЩտ׼Ұֵ洦µľ̼,֮׷аƾӲŽһǡΪ˼ڸл˰ľ֡
ľǣһһľǣ뵽֡ǾԨ¥
Ԩ¥ռڰľ֮˵ŷ٣ҲѵðǡȻĵط
Ԩ¥Ľ첻⡢ΨһͻԵֻǵ͵á

¹ӭ¥ϹѩڤԨ󣬽Ԩ¥´̽Ĵ
Ԩ¥ڲⲿ춼ͣҪʲôιۣϹҲ֪Ǹʲôӡ
ֻ˼ڤԨȥôûڽԨ¥µжӻӭ󣬾ͱ㱨ȥˣӵϹ죬Ҳֻôѩ洦

ӣ¥ͥԺ¥κ˽룬빫ƲûôתȤͱֹŽ롣Ϲ쿴ǰ̱Ůʼת뿪
λӣԨ¥ƽ棬ǻȴ,ӲˣСŮƫȺ򡣡Ϲ߳Ů䵭ĵ
ϹüתŮֻŮƽԼȴȰ˵˼
λˣ֪㷼?ϹЦŵ
ֻԨ¥һͨѾλӲؼסҵ֣ɣ˵꣬Ůǰ·Ϲ카ŮûɵĵȤ

¥뼸λ¿ᣬһʱ᲻Щ㣬Ϣһ°ɡʱڤԨûϹ˵ϻ㱻²סˡ
ϹĬĬţûڤԨӵˣҲ˲ðšϹ豭ǳ£ֽĿŻأվߴ粽Ůϡ
˵ŮûĶģûвĽݹҲҲǳΪͿϹû뵽ôһŮӶôʧֱŮ΢ŭĵʱڨڨЦջ۹⡣
һֱô˵𣿡ϹЦݣͷŮλˣʳȵȻһλʶ֮أ
ߣʶ֮ˡŮĺЦֽŲм̧ˣҿɲʶһῴŹ۷ֱĵͽӡ

ݵú˵ŮҪϹ죬ʱȴһֹסˡ
ϹͬʱתͷһλŻ£ݹŵŮӳ֣ŵģɫӲڤԨԨ¥һҪ¡
Ϲӣֱڿ죬ĪҪĻ氡ŮЦһһٶԹʱҲԷ
ϹЦҲĵСĻ¼ĴòҼϲͻˡŮƲֻߴͷϹ쿴ȴɹǸ֮顣

Ԩ¥һֱĴԣԨ¥ڤԨΪҽһ𣿡ڤԨϹһ˷ܵĵ
ֻǴü򴽿ϹںʱԨ¥㿴Ҳˣ㶯ɡ˵꣬ڤԨת뿪һ㲻Ϲǰ档
ϹҲգֻߵǰʵ˴Ԩ¥㣬Ե֡ʵʶڤԨˣΪԨ¥¶ЩľԵıľͷλŮ£²֪ԭԨ¥Ҳˡ
Ԩ¥ֲʲôħϹˡŮɫ΢䣬ȴ
ˣͲ֪Сܸ£Ԩ¥Ŀͷô𣿡ϹʼЦԵ
ϹȥԺϢŻŮ֮ԣߵϹǰһƣϹȥԨ¥ĵıԺ
ǱڤԨɫӲ£Ϲȴûк

ϹһЩ¡Щˣȫⲻ棬һȴĿľֵһˡ
Ҳûôĵ飬һ⣬Ԩ¥ƺǻŮӣûŮˡ
һȺĴ۵СۣϹ컳ɣڤԨΪʱûŮ󣬶˸޴ıġȻˣֻϹ˯ǰˬ£óķǽۣԼҲû

Ϲ컹˯ڶʱųϹ⣬ȫԨ¥ҪڤԨʵ
⣬¥˵ҪϹӽ뿪һϹӴֻ뿪ġŮӽӿڻصڤԨҲû׷ʣֻü۴ȴһ
˫ǡʷɺҪȥһˡͺڤԨмԨ¥˵
Ԩ¥Ԩ¥ڲĻɺԼռ鱨˫ӹʷ˸ҲԨ¥ɻȱ
ڤԨĻ˰Խһͷš
Ϲϵĺӡ˫ǡʷɺ㵵̧ͷȴڤԨɱ
֪¥ʲôѰС¥˫ǰģСĵʵΪƲڤԨ仰󣬸ɫ

ûУϹйһĸŮҵҵǺӡҵɱڤԨǿɱ⣬ʹǸ߶ܸо־塣
ڤԨ㡣ȴʱ鷿һƿ֮
ڤԨһ㶣ȥţֻϹɴӰѩЩץȴֲŵ
Ҳձ뿪ɲϹƲɫ΢׵ڤԨ

Ȼˡ˵㾶߽鷿ӱ¡
ǶȥڤԨϹ죬ͷҲص뿪
к£ϹֻȱȱĴ鷿ڤԨ
ڤԨѾʼǺˡϹ°ͣ˳ʵ
ڤԨ첽Ϲ죬͵
ǣ͵ƾĹ͵û͵оֻҲʱˡϹЦڤԨ߳ĬϹͻȻЦ

ֻҪ㣬Ǹӵġһᱣ¡
ΪСڤԨʵ
ΪܵʲôϹͻȻ˸ţͷ⡣ȻϹ˵ԻĵڤԨΪܵ£ᰮһ˰ɡ˵飬Ů˵㣬ܻа飬ȴţᣡ
ֻҪ˵ġڤԨͷתҪ뿪
ڤԨ֮ôţΪҪΪǸˡԣҲ뿪ڲᣬû²֮ǰ

ڤԨɢޱߵĺתϹ죬õʱڡ
ղҳȥڰľתתͻȻһ⣬ѵڤԨͲ𣿡ϹͻȻǳڤԨĿϹ죬վֱӡ
ʵ۲Ǹӹ֮ˣȴΪýֹȴŲʡڤԨֱֱϹ졣
ΪҪһܻ񡣶ʼʢΪΪϡѡ빫ѡһõĻᣬ𣿡ڤԨ˼ĿϹ죬ŵԣΪȥģ
ûڤԨʱһɫϹЦ





ʮ

Ҳͬһȥ,㾡뿪ϹȥڤԨתҪ뿪
ڤԨΪԨ¥һ鱨һĵطаӵ𣿡ڤԨûϹ쾶Կ뿪Ϲ쿴Žյķţ۾

ڶ죬ϹȻûڤԨĻ뿪Ԩ¥Ҳȫûе˵ԾѩԨ¥ûû˵Ĺ
ֱ䵽ڤԨٴγǰʵҪʲô
ʲôֻǲιۡϹʼص
Ҳȥ㲻ٿݵȥˡڤԨһ顣
ϹֻЦЦҲشڤԨ

¹ȥδһʱڤԨϹ컹ں԰С
ʱ֮һ˫ȴͻȻ˵Ԩ¥ӵһ
ĿģҪ˶ؽϡ

ؼΪĹ٣˶һȴͻ˶ɳյ佫
˶ҲûüСȥ
˶ϰ䣬СҰݷʦ
ʮѧɹһٿ״Ա
ʮ걻ΪУξһβξ״ȴսպաȻҲǵյǻõаУһΪͳ˧
ʮȥˣҲ˸ҳЦؼҳ˸ֻ䵶ŪçΪλһ˶Ҳγı߶Ӯʤ̣ڳӰҲǣһȫ¼䣬Ҳ˻ֵͷ

ش󽫾ҲжšݳƣǸǵĴӢۡڤԨûȷָϹ뿪˼ϹҲһ˫ǵı棬ȻϹƽĵ
֮˿ɻڡڤԨ󣬳˼Ƭ̲ʵ
ڣȺ򡣡˫ϴ
ȥ䣬ڤԨѾ߳˺԰ϹںͷƲ˫ǣſ첽ڤԨ

ģǸٽ֮ӡòӢˣǸڸмǿˡ
¥һȻʷǷһڤԨϹ˫ǳ֣Цűȭ޵
ڤԨֻվԭأһ㲻ǶԷǷΣֻƲһᣬŵҪҵ˶
ǡӵͷص
Ԩ¥һݣԨ¥κйس͢񡣡ڤԨֵ
һ㣬Ȼ֪֮Ԩ¥˶Ҳǳ˶˽˶Թܵ˵ɲ벻͢ɵĵڤԨҲɲΪƲڡͻȻƤЦⲻЦĵֻ¥Ǹصĺӣб֮¡ԭ¥ҲǸͷڹ꣬ȻھʢԨ¥ʵ˵ĲΡҰˡӴӱ߳һתҪ뿪

šĬڤԨͻȻסӣͣ²ӣתбƲڤԨ¥ʲô߼
˶Ԩ¥ˡ
¥⡭˫Ǿ㵵ҪԣȴڤԨһסˡ
ȴҪɡڤԨƽĵ

Ӷ£üͷȻ£һŵһ˶δӣͻŲҰйءҵδӣµסһֱҶ֪һͬʱӡҼӭ֮ʱһȴѪϴһҹ䣬һҰʮȫɱҲƾԩ˶Ǹʱӽ⣬棬ʡƵ޷ɾ䡣
һᣬӰԵԼ󣬲ֻ˶ǸӲҲҷǳˣӢѹ˹أδŵӡְ滺źҡҡͷȴӿֳ֮ĵò֮ɫɳ֮Ϊ峯ĵһŮҲΪˣ˶һ۱ӣȴǸ֪ǧ׻ٻ顣һˣλؾ˶סԣ˶һ֮£ͣ͡˵Ҳų鴤ͣҲ֮顣

ҪҲʲôڤԨƲӣĵ
¥Ҳ飬˶Щ˽µԼɻʲôΪ֪顣һҪץסİѱ֮Է¥ģһΪԨ¥ܵģҲ͸¶㾭Ԩ¥֤ʵȻҲƣԨ¥ʳĹݡԴȰյĻڤԨĮĵͷ
ˣ²ˣûҽܣҽԡڤԨЦĴ棬ˣǱڤԨˡ
ڳ¥
ţ³֮һ㡣ֹͣЭ̣ڤԨ˵꣬һ߳

ԿЦȴȻתȥ
ģǸڤԨ󣬾һֱһһ֧°ͣһߵЦǵꡣ
˵ڤԨǧ꺮Ц͸º͵׽֮⣬ȴоЦĹ䡣
Цʵ֪λԨ¥һλ£
Ϲ߹ͷ²Ԩ¥һŲߵĹͶѡ¾ף޳յñǸҵĹ£ģᣬԭ˶ȴǸ޻ɱħͷǸϢԹô˵ţˣ֪֪治֪Ķ԰ɣأϹֵһŨأ󻹰οļ򡣸оԷӲһ£ջ֣Ц뿪ˡ

ԿϹЦ뿪ϱȴǾþý۹ޱȡ
ԹӣҪ飬һЩط˵һ¡վһδ˫Ǵʱ߹˵
ҲתͷЦʵղλСӣ֪ʲôˡ
¥δĿˣԹ롣Ļش꣬˫Ǳ㽫

ڤԨΪʲôͻȻıˣҪıļֲףѵԵǸ̫ˣϹ׷ڤԨʵ
ڤԨֻǱĬúŵϹ죬ǶԵġ
ţǶԵģҳϣڤԨָһأϹ£ȻĽܲʡ
Ԩ¥һֽģǲκռġ
ţȷˣصʲôıãȻʱؽ鷳Ǳ㻹볯ͥһǣİɣϹķڤԨתĿϹ˵ܴ
ֻǱȱ˾ĶˣԿڤԨҲǸԵ˺ܺɣʲôݣڤԨͷȴֻǳĬţûлشϹ졣

ԵǸ½£ޱͬ顣Ҳɵ㡣ЩɵǸ¶ڵģ
ǣȴǱϹڤԨˡ
ΪǸԵӣǸ˲ˡţɵĹԨ¥ˣĹؼټϹѵģƱ볯͢Ѳ˸ϵ
ǳָ͢ʹģԴУǷǳǵľˡ

ҺܿڤԨͬǰʳǣţô˵ڤԨҪϦദһˡҵҪлǸԣҴӴĻᡣϹЦʮԵãڤԨҲֹϵϹŴЦţȴûлش





ʮ

Ҳֹϵ?䣬ڴϵϹ죬۾ϸϸƷζڤԨǾ仰󾹽Цˡ

ʮպ˫ǽṩļҪ,ڤԨ.ڤԨϹһͬȥʳǽе顣

ڤԨȴ?ϹڤԨһǣһƥѩ˲ڰľǵĳ⣬߱˵
˫ǵ˵δŵӣı١÷̣Ҳȷʵʢܶꡣʮǰȴ֪ΪμͻȻһҹ䱻Ѫϴһգ¸ɾ䣬ºûκ˿Ա˵顣ѪҲʱĹΪΪɵͷû񡣡
ܽôģһҪǾͨٸ참ݣðŵġרص֯ʿôؽɣҲûеġϹ˼βŻ
ʮǰͷҪ֤û̫ᡣؼ⣬ǱаٰĻʼʢˡڤԨɾ׶ˡϹ侲ķţȴڤԨı

ǲκŮ˳׵ġϹ΢죬бڤԨʹˣڤԨҲԷ곡ϷģҲġڤԨͣ²ӣƱҪϹ졣
ϹѰڤԨĶʱڤԨһżȥ
ڤԨŭⲻǸоѹ̫ʮֵĽⲻɽɽϹЦġ
ڤԨȴ֣ͣƱȭЯϹ졣
Ϲӣ鼱תڤԨĳʱһһرš

Ṧ˵ãΪȴκڤԨʽ΢зŻüͷΪõĶϹ
ΪڶʱˮԲѧ䡣ҲΪǴϹˮɾ
ϹͻȻһٳȭƵڤԨ弱תһзתϹ
Ϲͻִۣӽ´ڤԨץȥڤԨ˫һ˫գݺݵץסϹ
ղҿճһִֻţڱˡ˦Ϲ֣ڤԨܻ

Ϊ֪ڤԨᣬһ˵Ϲ͵Ц
ҲǵһĴˣȴҼǺ޵ˣ˿Ϊ𹤾ߵġ
ڤԨûȥϹ죬ﳤȥ
أءʱһ·ƣѩιϹǱƳЦһͨ󣬲ڤԨ׷ȥ
ţҵƷõû˵ʵǿϧˣҿѽҿɲϲĳˡϹ첻֪뵽ʲô۹һһΪаЦ
׵õˣҲûȤˣû뵽ô˷ܡ⵽ףǺûǻأ̧Ϲϱٴαòͣ

ʳǣһҪ
˵ӽ䷱֮ïһź󣬻δܱиСɿһ

ڤԨǻҼջס£Ȼɡ˵ľʳ಻Զ˽·һǶеЩƣһڣϹ㽨
ڤԨͷϹһֵĹԴջ
ƹģ⻹пͷ𣿡һԴջӭһ
ڤԨŤͷҪ뿪ȴϹһסЦſջƹġ

ԴջƹǸ֮ӡֻƹƲͷϹڤԨ
ʱϹڤԨˣձմҳҲʲôŽˡ
ƹһֵͷİڰֵջСˣλˡ

أءڤԨϹ췢
ֻץһֻҰѩѼ͡ͼͨԵʱ˱䣬ŭѩ׼ԭʼҰ޵ĺУԭֺĹԴջ
ƹ͵һ̧ͷѩ˫ѴϹ̨ϣͷ䲻һߡ
ƹ񰡵Ĵһɫৰֽİ͵ĵ⣬Ūߡ

ƹģסġʱϹͷѩͷ档һºҪ׽һȴɭֲķ
ƹͲģſھҪ󺰣㡭
ѩ΢Ĺֵŵƹվŵһֵϡ
ҼˣһͷССλ˺͡ǸϿͷȥ졭㡭ƹŵְͷֱõС
λ͹٣룬¥롭СҲŵĽеλƵģϹڤԨ¥Ŀͷȥ

ֱϹڤԨԼѩȫʧ¥ݿʱԴջָֻ֮ǰĳ֡
ղǸͷǣ
ˣڵˣʲôǳ˲¹ǵҰޡ
ǣֻǣ᲻ҹͻȻҧˣ
ᡭɡ
УҲסˣ̫ˡ
סģʼҾٰʢ硣Ǿûʸ룬濴Ҳְĸջпշ䡣
ǡסš

ջĵĳԿһһ˵ƹƽ¥ҲСһ١

һ·ϣǿЩųͨģСϹڤԨѩ͵ͷ󣬱ɿܿˡ
һݣڤԨ㿪ʵϹһݣ£ȻٽԵĴ¡
ڤԨҪ˽һ£ֻҪǶԼõ˻Ҫ뵽Ŀüֵģȴáȥãǲбأ˵첲£ϹҪϢ

ֻǣ֮Ϲ뿪۾εƲڤԨ˵ΪҵòڤԨӲʿݲԶˣڤԨһգգĶҿҿǻ뵽𴦵ġϹӣ´Ц
ڤԨȭȭֻⷿһŴ
ϹĿڤԨȻ˵ѩȡķ䣬Ӧнһĵġ˯ӲӲĶ˯ڤԨ㽫һҹɣҲ֪ģ飬䡣Ҫһ˯ˣǺǺصġϹžһѣֱڤԨߵıͷȻӴóһڵϱ˯ˡ
Ϲ쿴ţЦı۾

ȻƽҹȴƽȻֻڤԨôá
䣬ڤԨЩήȴͻеΧһİϢıڤԨ͵۾Ҳ涯ճȭҪϲȴ벻ֵλͣסˡ
ڤԨüſ˯ѩˡڤԨջ֣ѩķƽףÿ΢л֮ʱѩҲ겻ɢĿڤԨ̲סˡ

ĺܳͻȻһŴŴڤԨ̧ͷϹŹǷ۾ѩ
ڤԨ򴽲Ҫٴ¡
ڤԨɣѩһϰߣֻҪһԶ˯ʱҪ밲ȵ˯ᣬɣϹͷƲƲʾڤԨϴ
Ŀѩȥ
ҵ˯ƲãڤԨൣˡڤԨϴϹɻش,˵仰˯ˡ





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ڤԨ֪,ϹǾν˯Ʋãʲô˼ˡ
ڤԨٴ˯ʣҪ˯֮ʱ,ȴͻȻоһڤԨ㵵۾ȴϹ쾹ֺ˳Ĵļ򴦡ڤԨŴϹֱϹ,ȴ˯һԴ˺֪
ڤԨǲãǱ۾ϻŲ˼֡
ֻǵڤԨٴνҪ˯֮ʱϹȴֹŹŹߡڤԨҧһ㶼ƲģϹȥ
ƺڤԨһԭ򣬵ڤԨ꣬ϹŹž˴ߣ˵ϲϡ˵²ǻҲ൱ʹࡣϹüİŴߣȴɲѡ
ڤԨתӡ֮ǰȴ˳һ̹Ϲشϣű۾

Ե֮ٸоϹ֮ʱһϱѩϹڵЩ˥ڤԨҲȥᡣڤԨԱ۾˯ˡ
ڣڤԨЩûڣĲΪ⡣
ֻڤԨϹ죬ȷʵڴϵġֻϹʱȴߣֱۻϣ֣ڤԨ֪ʱɿ½ؿϡ

ڤԨɫһžһϹֻҵ֣ϹŰԵջ֡ڤԨĿϹ,ȳȥСĳϹŰ۾˸ǷȻģſڤԨĻ
泳ûϰߡȵĺڤԨƤϣѸڤԨϼһ㼦Ƥ
Ҳ֪ǷģϹĴżɨڤԨļڤԨһ̧ȾϹ졣

ϹѸ⻬ȥȴڵڵһ˲䣬Ϲһᣬء
ʲôˣڤԨΪʲôҪңϹ쾪δؿڣԻ༤ҵĿɫΪ޹ĿڤԨڤԨճȭ´ץһߵ£첽߳ȥ
Ϲ쿴ڤԨߵӰȴָ⻬촽â˸һа

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ȻϹ¥һ󾪿ֵĻŽѩΪĶȥŻˡ
о治ϹЦһԵ
ڤԨյĳţƻʱٴγ֡ʱϹѩһܵĳͣڤԨһڣȴҲϿŵһ˫꣬


ڤԨ˯𣿡ϹڴͷϣһɻĿڤԨڵϴһûϹ˼
㲻˯ô˯ŰˡȫڴϣϹб۾ڤԨ
һ˯ڵϡֳĬһڤԨų
ޣѩɣû¶Ҳ˯šϹ쵹ǲ֣ѩӻ֣ѩϣϹһѱסȻ˯ûãڤԨϹ滺ĺ

ڤԨȭչϷŵıӣҲϢȥˡ
ֻһҹڤԨ˵ҲǸߵҹ
ֻڤԨüͷһֱţʱķżۿŴϵһ˯࣬ڤԨֿʼϢֹһ

ڤԨù书ôˣҹǲ򵥰һ磬ϹѺĵһ仰ЦдŷеĻ
ڤԨҲᣬϴϣزȴòͣڤԨͼ򵥵ĳ˼ڱҪš
ڤԨôͳˣҪ׼ʼ𣿡ϹҲȻڤԨûľߣϹֺƤĸȥ

ڻʳĹֵûĹ涨ȴһĵȼ֣ʹԽλ빬ְҲ˵ҲԽߡ˵ĻҲԽз
˶Ľʹһ֡ڵֱ׳Ϊڶ֣˱ʾס֮˽һ֮֮ϵȨֻסŵĶǶƷϹԱϽΪͣڤԨϹ컹ѩĽ룬رԵüֵĹ졣

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Ϲˣȴº͵Ц⡣
λ磬Īµ˼ˡⲻڤԨؽλˡҼλ糣ţһһΪؽ£Ǳλжˣολ뷨¿һûҪ¸˭˼˸ô˵λ磬¶ҪƴˡνֲЦˣϹ֪֪ҲŵĻ˻ɫ
λʵǽڸмͣ˭ҲдҲø˽˼ҪҲһڵˣһĵ

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ʹáϹ֪˶ִҪ͸֮ˡλʱЩȻѡ
λ磬ǿСˣ͵СܾλƷԣλҪСܺԹ뿪𣿡Ϲɫ΢ȴʧ䡣
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Ǻǣ˵СҲΪʶλеңСҲλˣ뿪ˣλ籣ءء

㵹ǻˡڤԨϹߣĵ
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Լһʱ֮ڤԨϹżӵڶ̧һӡ
ԽΪ棬ҽ滹һЩķ̧εĻӲʡ߽ϴźصգװ֮˲򿪣Ըչ۲쵽ʲôġ
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ҲϹĿӡ
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ڤԨĿˣճȭһࡣ
ף¥ߵλСֵ֪ܲǺˣ
²ǸС㣬ΪżڤԨʶʸ䡣˼Ϲܴ΢вǳЦ

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⣬ֻݴϹҵ񣬻ׯСɱ˵ˡϹϸĵĵϹʮûּ̳ˣׯôʤΣׯ֮λׯģׯֺαǫأϹգգ۾ֱѧ
ڤԨվһߣϹѧһһĹάѣԽԽʢߣ

ڤԨһϹҪ뿪ѧȴһס
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ڤԨʱ򾹻ڻʳǣĪҲΪʼʢߣ뿿Ů˷ƾ㣬Σѧ߻ؽУĿڵ

ڤԨѧйڣ⵹ǲ⣬ؾѧϹϵĵˡڤԨߣϹûŵž˵ͣ
죡ڤԨһԵĽϹ֪䣬ȵ
ʵʵģȻ죬ڤԨҴţҺ档ϹһȻ̬֮˵
ڤԨȭͷ˽գκĵѧӺңʱɥ
Ϲɫһ䣬εļӺΪҪӺ㣿

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˴ǰŵĻյˣ˼Ϲ쵽ˬһЦ
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룬λ롣ģǸʮµӣ·ȴǻ磬ǲԻ

˶սպգаҲ谮мѣ㽫⽫͸˶
ҲΪаʹͣǲùͥеװΣȻơɽ̨ͤšʻ˱ǣһˬ
ڤԨýľΡϹ䣬ҲߵڤԨ
޺޲áڤԨ۶δƲ嵭ĵӹĻش𣬽һˬʵЦ¼˵ۻʼ͵ıԺ֮ˡ¥Ѱˡ

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˵ǵ˵˽˭Ҫ㣬׼𣿼ʹϹ죬ҲԴһ죬ûת

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ڤԨ˶ĮĵԨ¥µ񣬾͸©ϡ
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ڤԨҡҡͷûУֻȷ£ؽˡ
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˶ţɫŽůɫĵܱ¥ۣҲͷˣ¥½ԩκˡ
ţûǾ͸ˡڤԨһȭϹȥںϹ죬ɼ˶ϲϱõɫЦתͷ

ڤԨǸСصջһ뷿䣬Ϲ͵ĵ
ڤԨߵߣһľϷõֽڼϵ˽
ҶڤԨĲлʡڤԨİ취ȴһоõ֮塣Ϲֵ
ʱڤԨֽֽŻԭλϹ죬ŵεĸС

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ܻᴧĦģ˵̷ˡϹڤԨ䲻򴽿ڤԨıӰ˵ѽ˵̷ˡ

ϹôֱֱĿڤԨֱ߱ȵעڸе˿ʱתıϹͻ㡢ı顣
Ϲ̧ͷڤԨŵ˵ڤԨ̷Ҳ͡嵭ĳƽ
ڤԨȴоϹһڶͷŵƣƿɳ֮Ϊǿơ





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һҹڤԨǴɹġ
ֻŴ,۹㲻ԾƮѩһ˯Ϲ졣


ڤԨҲҸò㡣ԲֻܰҡˣҼȻ㱨˳ȡص㱨ҲӦá
ң
ڤԨǸŮˣ
ҲǶŮ˻һָлһʱĲĵ
ߣǸŮţԲģĺӣ޻

ڤԨɢһǰĹȴҲϹһڤԨⷬ
Ϲ˵:Ϊʲôᰮһ˰ɣ˵飬Ů˵㣬ܻа顣ǣͲЩ
ǲϹ켸һЩ鰮֮šѪųɳô϶Ů鳤
Ϲ죬ҪʧˣΪӵת飬Ǳ̫ڤԨˡ
أϵϹһȻȻķתӣֱڵǽʱϹȴ۾ȻϹǳЦȴƴʲôص⡣

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ڵһҹδ˯ڤԨ߹ȥšֻǿˣڤԨһڤԨҲЩ⣬ô
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ֻڤԨվ󡣿ģȴֻϹƴһıЦ⡣

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Ϲһְѩķëһ߽۹ڵڤԨϴתһЦ
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ΣգôΣءڤԨԨ¥¥أڣôأӦǲ˰ɡϹ첻ʹ˵ֻϹ첻ϵбƲڤԨҲĸԴ

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ڤԨ£ȴ˿һı򴲱ߡ

ſʲôӣΪ˾Ҫи˵ӡ㣬ǶӢΰӣǶˡ˻δ
ȻϹоϷһǱſڴϵѩ汳ģˤĿɲᡣ
Ϲ찡һƲŷӳۿˣɻգգۡ

⣬˲Ǵң־ٰѡ᳡ŮװģҲҲλС𣿡ҲϹ˿̵Ļһ
ߣ˲˳ѿԸ񶾣㾹Ȼ㾹ȻϹҪеವĳǰǰʹĵˣϹеʲôӡǬʳǰ㣬ô˵Ȱܻ֮£ǸˡžһѣϹȴǴЦһĻϲˣֹס

㣬ô˵һܸ߳жûС¼ҪҵĶг衣ƺѱȫˣⷬ˼Ļôѿڶ
Ϲţϱ΢䣬ʹɫ˵ֹĶָǴĵҲλС㣬֪ʲôг𣿡
֪˵Ĺ֣ȴǰʤһУûеǸ˼Ņ̀߰ͷߵгкβ֪ǳ壬˳谮ı֮ˡˣҲмͬ۵ġ
λСг󰡣ϹָĦŴ꣬ﲻ֪ǷǱ˵Ĵһޱȵĸо

ȻλСʶ㷶ҲͲ˰ɣϹ컰Ÿ䣬͵ļһǱѲ
һͻ䣬ڳϹ죬ûа˷ӳ
üҪȴ֪Ϲ֣ʱһʹ亹ֱðҲ֪ȤĲٶ
ǣڵֱоԷһлᴭϢ
ֻϹ춼⽥ĺգȴ˻ỳɣղֻһΡ





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ڤԨʲô𣿡ϹɻĿڤԨʵ
˪۴ĻϹ㣬뿪
ڤԨĻϹʼ磬ЦſС̫ˣһû˯,̧¶,߰ɡӵԸϹԴһ·Ϲ촩·,ŴϹѩ뿪

֮䣬Ϲϱڣһû˸ڴ֮飬ڤԨĪķŭ
ιҪˣУǸվסֻڤԨû˵ǲȴܵϹǰס
λС㻹ʲô?СҲһʱδˣλβ֮Ǻûȥúõģһɣ˵䣬ϹȻĿڵļ򴦣ȴʵĻ˵

㣬˵ɻ˵Ҫμӻʼʢˣɲǰ;𣡡Ǻϸһ֮ĵ
Ϲţ΢еѸһȻЦ޷ֻҪ֪ΣȢ檻г趼޷С߰ɡϹ˵գŵ뿪˷䡣
ֻĲҲڤԨϱò

Ǹסһô죬ôûùҪҲˡʱΣǲȴͻȻתڤԨڤԨɫһ
ӣҪʲôǲҲҲûȡڤԨ͵Ĵ˼
˵ȻȸˣҾԲȥϡι˭̸ڲҪҲҪ׷Ϲʱſȴͻµӡ
С㣬룬ǻȥŲĻͷȴޱĵ
м£ܻȥ˵ȥˡ˵꣬Ӵ˲
ȴüգһ£һֵĲӡ
֪ǧ֮ǲҪԴǡҲΣߵĴҪ
һ̧ۣʾҲӣҲΡ
һ̧֣ϲҲʼգЩ˲δעڤԨˡ
飬žڤԨһ䣬㽫ԵӴ飬ϵı飬ɳ֮Ϊȴ֪Ǳ˳׺ӣ

ʱĹ۲죬ݿиţ뿪ջȥׯϹʱȴӿջһ߳µӽҲ̧ߣϹ
ڻʳ˺еĴβ߲ŵǧӦòʮˡæص
ȥμӻʼʢ£˵üشϹ죬
ޣΪʲôô϶أϹһתһЦ

ڱҪׯһ䣬ʵ
Ϲ̧ͷջһരȴķĵׯ

ȡطĶռȨڤԨȴǳƷžƣϱȴϹһμʱҪϼ֡
ʱȴòɵڤԨüͷһ壬Įĵ
ỺĴ򿪡
¥
¥Ԩ¥󻢽˫ɺһڤԨɫƣ㴹ͷǰ
ʲô£ڤԨ±оƣϲʵ
¥ǸǽԵӣȴľ⣬ʧӰ¥˫ǰһڣѿ˵
ֻ˪ȴûз˫ɻ̧ͷڤԨžƱԵĳţƸûĻ

˫ߵĻɺԿһۣǵǷȥڤԨŵĮĵʷΪδ
¥ʷӵһѰʧ˿ڵĵ顣ڤԨ˫ǣƲۻɺһߵľƺΪԼ˱Ƶȥɡ
ǣ¸ˡ
ǣ¸ˡ˫ɺ뿪ڤԨȴԽ

黹ɣԨ¥Ҫﶼ򣬺ߣǸֱĺʱ򡣡

˵ׯڳǽʳŷ֮أȴΪ֣ʹׯԵø졣
ظϹ̧ͷȻ
ظܱ߱סż˼ҵģЩ֮󡣲֪ΪΣһЩȴʼ
ɲ뵽ǵôҲûȰ˵õ֡
ĽǱӳŻŲ
ʳס֮ˣǲػ֮Щ˼ظ֮ˣҲٷˡ
˶񻯵һ˵ҲšЩˣ㶼ˡԴʱ߽ش˿ģظ

ظĽװɽװηмƣǳʡܰΪϹֻǼ򵥿£㱻ԷȥϢˡ˯ʱϹתѡ
Ľ·ãϹ첽Էͤ£ѩȴܣֻʱԵͤ԰ĿյСϢΪԵá
ڿԳ緹ˡ糤ǧһ㡣Ϲ£㻺Ϲվ˵

Ϲ۹⿴ĿѩỺĵڵʲô֮ģһųظ
̧ۿϹ죬ƽĻص뷨ڡϹЦͷϢ
ѧѵʳǣϹϹûзֿɣѧ߸ɲˡ˵⣬üͷ΢壬Ʊɻס
ˣǵɷһģ˵̲ѧʱ̻ϵҲյĿܡϹ̾ǵսȭͷ

Ϊûȥ졣ϹбƲµŵʮ꣬ô᲻ءοȥ㣬ҡҵҪɵİˣƽĮϹʵĵ
Ǩŭ𣿡ʱҲ÷ֺƽĻϹ졣
ǨŭΪʲôô˵𣿡Ϲϱδ䣬ȴգգ۾һƬ
򴽵ˡϹŵʾۣ£תЦ
ĪǵڹϵǸϹֺ죬ָʾŴ꣬Ƿˮõ˰ĥ

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Ϲתͷ۹Զ֪
ԣ벻ҪǴʱǨŭľľĵ
Ϲҡҡͷ˵ǸûȤˣѩ֪ͲеЦģ
ѣϹһ¸ˡ
ʵЩɽϣĻȤϹѩֺҵѩëֱز͵ѹ
ûѩЩ𣬽ĿɰϹ˵꣬߻ſڵѩĽţдӻ԰һ뿪
ⲻǸЦЦϹıӰľȻĵ




ʮ

Ϲ뿪,ڤԨ¸ڿˡ
ڤԨÿʱйµ䡣Ȼ򵥳Щîʱ׼ʱȥ˶
ϹڤԨģ롣ظ벢ڤԨõķȻС
¥ɭϣԨ¥һʱ޷Сʱ䣬ֲȥ˫ɺر
ǸԵٲˣڤԨϱδ䣬ʵĻȴ˫ɺһס
¥ѳԨ¥һ٣ӦúܿͻϢر˫ϽŻص
ڤԨ̧,ĮĵĺܺãЩ뵽ˣʲôϢٻرȥɣ
¥¸ˡ
¥¸ˡ˫ɺͬʱصȻһǰһ뿪ڤԨķ䡣

ڤԨ뿪ȴͻȻϹ˵Ļ
ʵ۲Ǹӹ֮ˣȴΪýϸֹȴŲʡ
ΪҪһܻ񡭡
˵һܻйԨ¥ǸˡڤԨЦ૵

ݵ鷿ӽ˫֣µı棬ȴޱ顣
֣֣һˡ䣬ű㱻͵
һ䣬ڵϵĺѸٵһ񣬱һĴܳ
ףղǲ˴ӴǷɹȥˡһ̣ͷ⣬ббı֧ɷȴɻĿ⡣

ô㻹иˡаçײŮŮ£΢죬Сܵߡ
ֲǶ첻޹ȶˣȶ޹ʱӵűųּأŮЦˣҲʹӣɿЩĵѽǸˣôܡ곯͢Ĺ磬޾ͻҸ˰ˡ

ֻ֮£ػŷԵˣȴĺ
һ֮ҲǱΪӢĻʵаһĿ򣬱Ϊ۰衣
ȶʲôѡ˵аĻһ룬ŵӦңְɡаͷ
򴽣ָ׵ĻȦЩĵңֵҲһʶˣңҡѽ֪ңᡣյĶŽţаЦ
ãˡ㲻ǺϲϹҵѧ𣿵Ǹ˵޵˭أø첲֧棬аüʵһ죬Ŀа

ʱȶٲǣô˼㲻֪ǵӢ¶࿡ݲС»;ʱ㲻֪жô׺ݵĶˣǲŽоأʱͦСµ㲻֪ʱа٩٩̸Цţȴһֱ˼顣

ڤԨǸ׷ˣڼ˶£ִš
ҲΪļ֣һȽϹֵ顣
˶Ҳʱϰ书ʱ붯ϳǳʱɢʱڼ䣬˶ʹڳԱۣҲػҼ¥ǳһ˵˭ЩͬϰߣһȴڤԨϡ
ιҪ߲ߵվ·м䣬ѵ֪㵲ˡ˲ڤԨûļߵȽгˡ
ֻǵڤԨתͷʱçײ֮˵ǱŵĽˡ

Ϊ˵ĽкŵڤԨע⣬ڤԨٻعͷʱ˶ȴˡڤԨĿǸˣһ˵ĺ
ŵŲӣңҲֻʵʵ˵վ·м䵲·ˣ˵Ǹ·ŲСֹţڤԨ鲻ע£ŽţҵĴܽȺæܿ

ڤԨٿ¥ķͻȻ뵽Щʲô׼׷Ǹ·ʱȴһɫӰסĿ⡣
¡׿㡢ѥԼɫͷɲǡ
Ϲ죡δϸ룬ڤԨ׷Ǹ·ˣסǸ·˵ļ˵
Ǹ·ȻһĽסӣعͷʱӲȴʮ͸ž¡
Ǹˣȴ
û£߰ɡڤԨջ֣Ǹһµ·̧ţѽһܳȥ

ǺǡʱȺһ͵͵ЦڤԨ
ڤԨ͵תͷȻֳһ仰
һҹǧһ
ֻϹŰɫ£ѥմȴ˼ɫĶ£ͷҲ˷ɫͷ
ʹϹĿͨʱȴƴ˶̬֮
ĺܺá϶ţڤԨȴżֳ֮С
ϹЦ߽ڤԨ˵ţ˯ȻѣʲôСܵ뵽ʲôҲġ˵ĻȷʵͦġϹЦĲ۾ڤԨȴо۵תͷ





ڶʮ

Ϲ߽ڤԨֵ:ղڤԨǽϳˡϹЦһڤԨתԶȥ
Ϲ쿴ţǽ

£Ϲһ׷ڤԨ
ֻһΣϹȴԭͣһ£۽ɨʲôȻ׷ڤԨ

Ϲһ뿪ڸղڤԨվĵطһˡ
ǳɫֲͷң۾ţǹĻȴż
Ҳʱʧٵ˶ȴͻȻ߻һŽ۵ˣǿ͸ϸһȴѧ
ǻ˽ЩЦ͸ȻȻתȺһת۱ûӰ

ڤԨ˶ĵ黹ڼûһ˿Ц˼Ϲ죬ڤԨͣ½Ų
ڤԨҺǶ鵽Ҫ֪Ϣ
Ҫ֪ʲôڤԨϹʵ
,ڤԨһֱ֪𣿡Ϲ̯˵
ڤԨһ˵:ҪŪҡ
ֻԤеԽȥԽǣ࣬Ա֪Ķ࣬ûҪĽڤԨϹֵԨ¥޷Ե٣Ҳ޷˻ӡ
ͷڤԨֻһֱ鵽˶Ǹ¶֮ʱ롣

ڤԨûзϹɫȴһ˲һȴ͸һ˿
˱˼Уһʱȴ

ǸӡڤԨûͷûβ˵
Ϲ㶵΢죬΢ת²׹
ǸӣʲôڤԨϹشֽʵ
ϹŴȴֻǿڤԨҡҡͷڻ˵ڤԨģȵľԲ̫
ϹǸŮˡ
ˡϹƽĻڤԨɫ˵
֪ϹϵЩ£վǺιϵǸӿ㣿սȭͷڤԨһգգĿϹš

Ϲ촹ͷ̧ͷʱȴǴЦĵڤԨϣǣǲء

ҹڤԨ˫վڷĴǰȴ˯⡣
Ϲ죬Ϲϡһֱҵʲôֻһɱ㡣ڤԨɫأֽ߬
ɵȴڴʱ

֨ѽһƿɺһŵĻµ߽
£ڤԨδתֻʵ
¥µĹ۲죬˶Żظ֮ǰɺڤԨıһ˸
֪ˣȥɣֻڤԨû˼˵ʹ˴򷨻ɺ뿪
ǣ¸ˡ΢΢ŲɺߵĻȴδѿڡ

һߡ
ǷζĻ뿪Ϲ죬ʱȴڵظ԰ͤõĺžƣ⣬ϹȴһƬ
󣬵԰ıͤ°ڷŵľƿ
۾Ϲóһƿƣ첽ǰһ
ҹˡ
˾ƣϹ۾תͷ
ҲۣƸҡϹƽʱºֻͣǵȴΪĵҹҷȥϢ

žϹ͵ʯվ
֪ǰǿҡҵ³ʲô𣿡һ֮ˣϹƽʱơ
طϢδ䣬ִŵĵ
Ϊ˭ҸϹҵ˭ֺαװǻƵķҡһ߬ס죬Ϲ컰һ˿䡣
ˡѵϹ֣ҪϹط
ϹȴһѿסҸ첲һ㽫ʯϣϹ㰴Ĳӡ

ߣ˭ҲҪǿңΪҷûֹˡϹʱЦ۾յǰ
ϣڲ͵üͷ
ҪϹѨȴϹˣȻ졣
ӳʲôʱ򣬴һƬȵĲࡣ

νϹĴϣ˵ˣϹΪ˹̼ʵľż
ǿʵǲи顣ǵѵпģΪ֪ǵĴΪʲôǱȱ˸Լ
ϹܳɹӮĴϾЧҵԭ򣬾Ĵϲһ۵㡣
˵һԲ飬ȴܲ顣Ϊֻ鶯飬ܴĵġ

Ϊڣȴֲˡ
ȫϹ죬һ˲Ӳת
ڤԨһҪõ㣡˯֮ǰϹ߼ᶨĵ

Ϲһֱ˼ܣıĴľ
ӵϹ׼ļƻ飬ǵǸʱʼ֪Ϲҵ򵥡
ҲǴʱ㲻ǸʮĺӣһͨĺעģҲֻϹд뷨ȴӲʶˡ
Ϊʹ˲ãҲֻǸЧҵ˶ѡ
ϹһֱִŵĸڤԨҲֻΪǲһѪԵ
ڿϹ쾹Žϵ뷨
ʹϹǸŮҲ޷ĸ顣

Ŵʱ˯Ϲ죬̾Ϣһ¡

ſĽȻ𣬵һԼȻ˷
Ž䱸ɫЩĿˡ
ڤԨһ겻£ҹĴʱԼɭ䡣
¥ҹк̣Ҳ˵
ڤԨɨ򣬱ڻеϹ죬ɱ⽥ʢ
ſ
ˣҪȥϢ¥¥£¥ȫڤԨ΢һʹ㽫Ϲᱧ
ֻ߹ڤԨʱڤԨȴۼһֱۣסţϹ㵹ȥ
ڤԨĵڶƣһ̧ӭ

ֻڤԨûоʹ˰ݵ˼δڽ߶ȴĴߵһ
ڤԨǰĸ֣ϹȻǸ֮١
͵ķͤڤԨ׷ںƴȴڵϹʯѸʱ͵˴Ϲơ
ʱķҲӲ湥ڤԨһ˼
ڤԨɱ⾡ԣϲ顣ǷĵڷϹʱֻоһ죬ֿ֮ܶϼ֣Ҳûõĵ

ڤԨ˳Ƶıǵˣһպоһþ
þһʮУпɲɺϣڹķʹãǳò
Сܵѵ䲻ڤԨյͳ֮ʦȴҲǸ֣ټԼʵΪ
һһ䣬һȡһûһʱҲѷָ¡

ֵĶԾ,ȶе죬ȻҲظ˵ע⡣
ֻǵظҪϣټɱءҲʣ¼ģԶĶڽȴҲѪڡ

ɫѹ˽УڤԨȴɲ֮ͣ⡣
ʱڤԨʹþı־ʮлһִţһȴǹ̡
ʱлһ˻һĽ
һչסڤԨӭһƣѸٽ΢ԱܿڤԨٹ
ڤԨʹþ־ĶʮӰãһлطɨҶ֮ƹ̣˫ƻΪĿģղãҲὫ֮¶ڶԷ
֮ڤԨĹҲڤԨ¶㡣
ϸ룬ƻڤԨš
ڤԨձۼ¼˼һεĻػ

Ĺ˱ǶʮС
ľûһѷָ¡
ѱѣſһζȻŵڤԨѩ
ʼβͣ۾ۿſڵ΢˦β΢ȱٵԭزͷֱͣͣ䣬졣
ʱڤԨȴɲͣ֡
ʱѩѱĥƽֻѩˣмպýס˵һν֣Ҳ˵ͨ
ɹֵͣĵڤԨѩķ
ѩǰŴĳϣĴĳ˵ؿڣתۿڤԨ

Ǳû˯ʯϵϹ죬ʱȴһֳ֧°ͣһֻȻĸѩëޱ˵Ŀˡ
˷ܵЦ⣬ȵ˻ҪУﻹǸ֮˸еӡ

ǺʱѵģԵź΢ĵ
ޣºڷҹɱ˷ŻʱϹͷʳָָָգΪЦŻص
ȴڤԨɫһ
ڤԨĶϹ죬Ȼĳ嶯
ŵƶһ㣬Ҳһ˿һı仯
˽ãڤԨתҪ뿪
ʱˣڤԨԹ緹𣿡ϹʱĵĽڤԨȴͷҲصķ뿪
ҲǴʱϹɫ΢ĵôģôڵظ֣

˺ܶϹһ˵ĻԲһ䡣
㶣Ϲ顣
ƽһΣڱǰεҡͷ뿪ˡ
ֻʣϹһãȻģŵıӰ
ѩҲϹſһ߱Ϲ죬һܲ˵ǰצ۾ǳصĺһ
Ϲ鴤ǣоһ˶ĲˣһصľƿϹֻ̾Ⱦ°

Ϲ֪򣬻ָô͵Цأ





ڶʮһ

Ϲù緹ظӭ֮͡
㾹Ȼڵߣǣǡ˽˴Ϲ콫˿ʱ㱼һˣأϹ϶ܡ
ԭǲСݹ٣ʧʧϹкţֻ̬֮ȴǿѻָŮװݵӲ졣

ߣһֲдңֲظˡ˦ͷƿϹ
ֻǳĬĿţƬ̲ãȴǣһЦĿ
Ҹܣҵĸ硣ƽʱæٻţοרΪġһĽԺĽܣҲϹע𣬴ӽźһֱĬӡ
еĸ磬Ȼа
ֻа촩һɫƳۣǲڤԨ˵òĸ߹ʣϹҲƬ̡

ιôҸ磬Ҳʲô֦ͷġҸҾڶ࣬ǲܻῴôġ迴ವĴ˹㵲аǰҺķϹ졣
ϹҲֻǿаһϿҵĵ:Ϲ죬̨
аϹ죬ͷ˵:Ī
ϹаĻһЦ
شҲ⣬⣬ұߣҲֻǼԭ򡣡
аЦϹʵ:ϹΪǳںԭأ
Ϲ°ͣһתü˵:һǣ˲Ц
ֲŲЦأҡߵķаȴһ衣ϹͷʾϹ

ϹЦ۾ֵһ㣬ֱһܣ㱾ķʽ˵ע⡣λĪӣҿв¶ԡϹѯĻȴްȴ˼
аЦϹǸ֮ˣҵֲܣҲܿͻ֪ģڻʱ򡣡аӣϹһ̹Ȼ

磬첻ǴӦôǸˡʵǶаϹ֮ĹգеڣаСıԹš
аЦ˵˵һ·϶ʮչˡŵлġ
δĻаĵ¿ˣʱ˭Ҷôġ
Σ½춼лģĪҪܾаһ˵ꡣŮС£ҲʱҲһ˫ƴСĽ

аЦŴ򿪺иǣһ֬
£Ȼ΢ŴƿаĽС
һͳסӦ׻ǳףһΪϲ֮
Թűаһ˵һܻ֮£Ҳ֮ʱ֮
ал
Ǿ񲻹󣬻䲻㡣а֮Իֻǳһ˿棬ķʽʾлҲ̽ȻĥӲݵĽ
а֮Ȼûջȥĵ

Īˣ»δгɼҵͷлĪӵĺˡޱ˵Ҳһ˿Э
аһаСǷųģ˵ǻӹֻ֮ˡҲܣôľܾ
Ȼ黹죬һ˿䲻ϵġ㣬ҪˡавĻɫҲһֻǸҪڣȴߵϹЦſˡ
֬ټƷСǲȤұ˰ɣϹһѵҪǱߵȴæܹ
ס֣Ǹġҽ£ҾͿ㡣ܾŲֱϹ֮˽ܣ糺˫գҲԵ

Ϲź̯̯֣Щ۾Ϲ˵һ¡
аЩҲ࿴ˣƽ˼ۡ
ֻϹһ֣ոߵľܾаҲټղŵĻˡ
գշµҲһʱǱ㲻ˡаҲȥ
ٿһֱޱȰԹŵȴòӦ۵裬а׼뿪
ȻĪҪұ㲻ˣ롣ʱĵֱǵΪԹɱؾǸѰŮӣİá
½ţֱȥ

аȴųȥڵϹɨ˼ۣЦȸˣڡ
ϹҲͬʱȭ˵ڡڡ
ȻϹע£аȽĲ뿪ˡ
С治˰ΪʲôҪôĶһŮˣֱаȫʧϹ̾Ϣĵ
±ˣĺܡοҲ鷢չȥƽĵϹüëĻӡ
СڸӸϧѽϧ˼СƲأϹ쾹¶һź˵
ͷһƲת뿪

ȶˡ߳ظʱаŻ裬ǰһ
ֲʶ̧٣ֲˣֺΪĹһأаȰȴתۿ죬ȴеļᶨ
֪ҵĺãҾ֪ǲģҲӲѵøϹǸСˡޱߵ˵ֻĽͣаȴһ
ϹŵĹϵ£

ǻʼҾٰʢ磬ȻһĻҪ¡ϽĶࡣ
˵ʼʢ绹нһ£ʱ䣬ȴۼ˻ʳǡ
˵ʼҷ˻յˡֻΪ˽밲ȫĿʼھῪʼģǰһµʮĹݽеǼǱ
ʼʢ绹ʣʮʱǼǱȡٸʿٵǼǣҲȡ˲μӻʼʢʸ
ǼǺĹٻˣ෢һרڴ˴λʼʢĻʼʢп֮ʣһҲ롣
ڽĻ겻ͬҲס

Ϲʱվڻʼ⡣
ʼݲûнĶôݳޡ˱һӼЩɫ
Ϲ쿴ŴʱݣȴûнĴ㡣
ȴȥǼǣڵ¥𣿡һ㱻Ϲȴվɵվһ죬õЩʵ
ûоɢģԽԽϢֻʱϹתͷڤԨһ棬ȵȴ
ɻĿתͷϹ졣

ֻɻԵݣλǳڻʼʢУ鷴ˡϹĵ
ϹԼ£˲뷨ʱҲֻ
ϹԴµӣõһ㡣
ó͢سĿ꣬ݾ͹ĥġ
˻̼ʸ޵ġƵľʴ½ңǽһҵİҡϵһھھ֣ȻԨ¥ңˡ
ȻͥڳҲ൱ɡڴˣǴ˴λʼûгˣݵķΧҲԼˡ

ˣҲ㰵ԢšϻһǿǶּġ
˼䣬ֵһͷڤԨҲͬʱˡȻţǰµ˫ɺ
ϹЦӭǰ˵ڤԨɺã
ϹЦӭڤԨȴһȷе˵ǳһ
ڤԨûǰһˣƤδգһ£Ϲ߿
ϹӲ濴ڤԨ°ͣȴתͷЦ˫ɺк˫¡ƹ½ɺá˫ɺϹסֻͣ¡
ãϹһϲĲɺһǳЦԵü
ҹȷʵƹ¿˻Ǿ׼ЦĹֵĻ죬ֻϹȴ뵽һʣ 

Ĭ߹Ϲ죬һģ˴ݡ
ɺЦᣬȴһƬ䡣
ʼҷֻˡ
ϹûյӵˣֻǸڵߣڳԱһ䣬һȷҲ൱⡣

СֵܣǻԵȴʱ߾ϲ
ԭׯɰһᡢһᡣϹתͷѧһĿҲЦŽӵ
СֵҲģϲѧЩɻʵ
յˣݾͨѧ˵ͨĵزȴʶʮ֮˾š
ֻǰżĮƵڤԨߣѧ֪˲ɴ
Ҳûյ룬ҲֻͬѡϹޱźҡͷ˵ѧ£Цˡ
СֵҲģǿġСֵܸȤҸУΪϸһ¿ɺãѧЦģһ޺ĵ
ãлׯˡϹԸм΢ЦҲǷϿҡ

Ϲѧûαĺ꣬ǱߵĵڤԨѾǼǣʱ
¥ҲˡѧȴкֻǶŵȴ͸ɻ
Ϲ쿴СǽղŽʶׯģׯÿͣǸˡϹĽܡѧһתѸѹһȦִ֪ѸٹһȻ۾΢Цλѵǣңֵ
ڵĳڤԨеһƴѧֻĮĵͷҲ˵

ŵüˡѧûһ㣬һ˵ĺò졣
ϹվһЦţҲѧ˵ԻĹ
ֻѧŲ̶ͬȳԹĵڤԨȴĶͷͻϹ찵вãЦŽѧĻβ
ѽǲˣСڤԨЩҪ̸ׯǱˡȭ˵꣬Ϲ쿴ѾԶˣһ飬׷˳ȥ
ѧȴǿԶϹ죬Ī⡣

׷ʱϹ쿴һɽʯͷǳ棬ǳ鴤һܽ͵ġ
¥ϴʹһУƽİ취ޱĵ⻰˵ģôое֮⡣
ǱԡڤԨɵĵ
ԶһӻȻϹϲû¿֣浶⽣ӰֹˡοҲ˵⽣Ӱʱ
ʹλѧĪ㺣ҲԴ׵ʱλλظɣϹΪɵ٩Ļޱĵӡ
˵ûһƭ˵ģϹȴͷЦŽܵġ

ٻᡣڤԨŵĮ˵꣬뿪
СڻʺѧͻϹ֪ʧһ¶ߺѧȴѵ
ģзִ硣ŵϹΡ
Ǻܷģ̫ԭˣԭҲǲãʱҲǷǳ˷ĵһ¡





ڶʮ

Ϲһ·ԳĬĻصظûߵſڣӭϹ
λִҪϹӡϳ鶯ı飬Ϲͬʱ⡣
⣬ʱվһ̫ӡӼϹʩˡ
֪λλϹ칫ӣ˵ѺƵЦ
ǡϹҲһ΢Цĵ

Ұ²ȻϹӻʼʢ뺯©ˣǸ˵䣬ӾĺݺݳԼ⡣
Ϲ촹ۣٵǰֹӼŰΪ
СһС㣬ΪμʢѾˣСô᲻ءС˻Ҫлл˵ѩ̿ءϹһмĻص
ŰΪյҲ죬ʱ͡ó뺯һˣǼǺҪصĽ
ǼѾˣɣұҲپˡϹ죬ǹҪ׼뿪

ΪС˵±СǲʤмЩ빫£͵Сͷһ˵ࡣͳƱϹǹС
ѽô˵ģϹǿˣⱾҵķѽƳţȴްƳ֮⡣
Ҳܾˣҿ͵ܳģȸˡ
ߡǹԶϹת߹ظ
ǿЦһδڽ߶С㣬ͬȵĴϡ𣿡Ϲ쳰ĵ
ʲô鶼пܡ䵭ĵ

Ϲü˵С಻⻰ôţżأ
صʵʵ˵
ޣô˵ң¶ˣСüһˡϹüЦĵ
ϹҲûı飬̧뿪ˣںĵüȴѿ

ϣ鷿ڣµаͷҲδ̧ĵ
֨ѽһ򿪣һӵˣ˽˱ϥ¹˵ūŲμϡ
ţôˣаʵ
ϣϹܼĽ뺯ͷ档
ֻ˷ܵĽ¶𣿡аʵĵţľ
ϣǵģϹ컹ūżƱ˵ţУƱóٹͷа鿴
ޡа΢΢еıʣŴʱЩɪɪ򿪴Ϲ컹˵ʲô
ϣϹû˵ʲôֻǷǳмūšٺȥյТӱʲô¡аô⣬Ҳһ﷢ë

ΰ²Ʊˣȥɡаڿ֮ʱſڵ
ūŸˡ˿ŵ棬ͷȻ˳ȥ
ϹȻܻˡ뿪аЦ

ŻʼʢٽʳǸţֻƾͨſɳ롣
ʱ䣬ϹһЩ̶ϢʱϹһ֮ڼǴңֵҪ䣬ҲûʲôйϹ졣
㱼ѹʮ죬ʼʢʮ졣
һ磬Ϲ컹Ŵ󱻺УоϱŪš
Ϲ৵۾˫ǰ

ǺǣСȤҹ·һĸſŽϹаЦĬЩ
ֻʱϧڴͷϣһͷ֧ͷһ֧Ǹղֵ֣ʱޱȼаĸ°͡
ϣĬվһߣľնһƬ˲һ㡣ͬŵɣ˸ڴߣһһЦĺò졣
𵽱õѩʱſ⿹ǰ˼ûϹϡ
Ϲ콫ջŰϧֿ죬һЦݡ
ϧ簡Ϲ޺Ц˺Ѹ̧Ľš
ϧӳʱѱߵһС

ιС죬̫Ҫɹƨ ˣںĵĽ㣬㾹ȻôҡˮϧһȻĿ
Ϲӹ£ҲżϣֻһŰϧЦ
ǻϧˣǹݴлϧһرأϹ°ͣӺš
ϧһֱҲɵĻվٵС첻ÿرġ
ϧǴǰŷ֪ͼ仰ġϹааĹЦ

ϹѾʱʱˣһҹЩˡʱ˵ֹϹ밲ϧĶ졣
ôһ˵ҲЩˣϧɣȥһ͵˽밲ϧȥϹȴڴбۿʲô£ôʦڵģǽϢ
սӵر˵ˣڰľǳ֡ص
ϹȴĬΣŵϢ׼ȷ𣿡
ɵİա
Ǻã˳ȥ飬ȷ̣һҪ̰ȫĴҡϹŵĵ
ȥ졣ת뿪Ϲȴصϣ۳˼
ԽԽˣڰľǵΪβأʱôѵġ

ϹڸϵʱɺͰϧѳ˰˷ֱϧϹ֣ٺЦ
ӴĪС˯Сǻܰ
ҲϧҸϹͻȻһЦǿİϧ£Ȼϲķź졣
Ϲûᰲϧϵĸֱ顣

ˣʱС첻ڤԨͬеôûһ𣿡󣬰ϧɻõ⡣
ڤԨҪ죬,ȻʺȥˡϹԥĴ
⻰ôойŨŨԹأϧսϹ죬Цеĵ
Ϲ֧°ͣڰϧۣĿԽԽ졣
СڿʲôƤ簲ϧҲϹ쿴Щڵĵ
ǣûʲôֻǷôһ²ôͱ仯ôأֱֱĿɵ۾ЦһºֻͣȴЦбߵİϧ

ϹȻЦЦû˵
ˣ˵ϹҲյʼʢ뺯ˡһᣬʵ
šϹͷӦ
ǵôѡģҲ𣿡Ϲֽŵ
ǵãѵйأɻ󣬵Ҳʾ̫ȡ
˾ŲʮɡϹص
ΣҲû֪ˡ

밲ϧĴţϹ밲ȵ˯ȻѣǲŽΡ
գϧеϹ⣬ĥϹĶ䣬ﵽĿġ
Ϲ찵սȭ֣򿪷ţרϣһ߳ѣһЦźš
ҲѵðϧôæûǺ⵹Ϲ찵档
ϧľ治Ϲ߽ϧѾһߵɵϹһԶĵط
ˣ˵ûڤԨǱˣһ̧һ¡˵꣬ϧӾͷûӰˡ

ϹվԺĬá
˵Ҳ֡
Ϲ󣬳ǴȥݼһÿϹȥڤԨԻᱻɺ˫Ըɵ
ټϽԽԽӣⲻϹ뵽ҹѵʲô֪

֮⣬ٿ밲ϧĽӽڤԨķϹ췢ģһҪһͬʱڤԨ

飬ºڷߵҹʱˡ
һҹϹʩչṦһ·ɵڤԨסĿջ
Ϲصİȷ˺󣬲ƴڤԨķ䡣
ֻǸһأվϱоһϹ찵̾Ϣ
ڤԨҡԷĬһ
ȻϹವһֻתͷڤԨʱϹ찵һ͵һ





ڶʮ

ϹɫӲôΪԼǰűСŮʱʵ
ϡ͸̸Ϻɫˡ

ô˵ɣǰϹ֮ԶڤԨȤʵҲֻǶڤԨĺĺʤġֻǼڵڤԨϹΪĶڤԨ˸ȤˡΪ ڤԨ 

ڷŵԡͰ
ϹĵڤԨˣæȫֻļһֻݲ䣬һᣬȫġ
Ϲû۾һգգĶڤԨ忴ġ
ʵҲܹϹ⸱ɫ
Ϲû䣬ϸС̬ڤԨ䣬Ͷ뼡ĽȣԼһ۱ɿȣڱİ¶£û˼˻ʥ˵ģ

𣿡ڤԨϹ죬͸ŵ¶ȣǱȡҪˡ
ϹЦ̧ͷ˵ڤԨ֮ˣǺõû˵ڤԨһûϹεĺáɫϡ
ڤԨŲص򴲱ߣȽϷŵ㴩ϣȻ󱳶Ϲ콫·ϵãת

ʲô£ϹϻڤԨֱ⡣
Ϲƺҭһ£ڤԨ
ڷֺ쵽ʱ΢£Цŵʵһ²ףڤԨġ
ڤԨƲϹ죬˵ҹʣ
Ϲգգ۾͵һЦǰҲڤԨ㲻ͬķ鰡
ڤԨȳϹŰƣĿڤԨ
ڤԨƺʲôɡ̬Ȳۣǽ콫Ҿ֮⣬ҺأϹһڤԨȴһĵɺ֮˱пɺ֮ҹˣ뿪

ϹŴһԹĿڤԨ
ûа֮ͬ⣬ϴһӾ͸ϡȻתڤԨһûΪҹ˷Ծ
ڤԨһ̧ƾҪϹ졣
Ҳ֪ϹǲǱ۾ˣڤԨһ£ӱǡöڤԨһ
ڤԨаļƣϹȻȵĶ˹ȥ
ڤԨϴ£˯˰ɣ㲻֪ЩԾƶգʵԶҪʹడϹתͷĽëջý۾ճһ˿Ӱޱί൱Ŀ

ֻڤԨšڤԨϹĻһ㶯ҡҲûС
ǣȴû¡ڤԨվڴĿϹãѡµɻشࡣ
ϹоڤԨİԿ͵ЦĹ𴽣ȴɫĵڤԨΪ˶ŰɡϹֻڤԨ΢أҲ֪𰸡

ڤԨΪѧ˶ʲôϵϹתӣӲ濴ڤԨ
ڤԨüͷ΢£΢㳵ĵĹϵ
ϹĬ£ŵǿԿ϶ġϹ컹Щû˵ڤԨʱȴû̽ȥ뷨
ӲƽʱǸоһ˿Ļҡ

һҹڤԨͣϹζĻԼ̬ȣͶϹϵ˽⣬ƽ
Ǹ𰸺֮ȴϹʱĻش
ǸԼҲƭԼˣҪ׿

ֻûԻῴĳӰǸϹǣǴڹȥǼµķŭʱ뷨ǻˡ
书൱ʹʹþҲûռ̫ˣּϹЦ̬ȣͻȻоԼҹзǳࡣ
ĵоԼǳЦᷳļϹĳ֣Ϲ档
˼֮ʣڤԨͻȻоʲôĶڤԨԵץסȴһֵֻ֣Ŀ
ڤԨֽ𣬶ȴƸоۣЦ㲻˼ԼֻڤԨǣơ
ģѹӣĴӡڤԨĴϡ
ڤԨ˫һɣ͵ĽϹƿɿ

ֻԭڤԨȴû
ǺǣŶЦڤԨ͵תͷ
ȴϹӣ֧°ͣЦڤԨʲôأΪʲôӳô󰡣
ڤԨҪŭȵں䣬Ϲ죬ɫȴһ˲
ڤԨ´صĽŲ뿪˷䡣
Ϲ쿴ڤԨıӰЦţʧˣЩҹȻźϹɻشϡ
ȻϹ콫˫£ϵı飬ȴ֮ϡ





ڶʮ

峿Ϲ˯֮ʣȴȻɵ
¥ˡöĽϹѡű˴ƿʱϹѾȫˡ
ȴǰ۾ſڡ

ڤԨǸɵˣȻʱϣʱ䣬Ǳ㲻ֺ
Խһ磬ɺҵȶûڤԨҲֵǰѰʡ
û뵽Ļ
ǸѱڤԨܾĶ󣬾һڤԨĴϡ
ɺ룬ȴֹǷɿתĸֿܡ

ƹ簡һ𡣡˵꣬Ϲ۾һ㲻еĻɺ
ɺתҪ뿪䡣ȴſʱһɽײˡ
¥¥ڤԨƵɫɺĵͷ
˭˽Խҵķģ
¼¥δԾ͡ɺĽͣȴڤԨɫ䡣
ɺһ
¸ˣһ߻ػһ߿뿪
ڤԨվ⿴ŴϵϹãŲŻصĲӽ룬Ҳִϡ

뿪ĻɺʱȴĿڤԨŷһЦת뿪

ڤԨߵߣϹŻ۾
ڤԨʱŻΪſϹЦʵ
ڤԨǷЦϱδת䡣
㲻Ǻ֪ϹϵĹ𣿡
Ϲ£̧ͷǣҺе֪
ڤԨĹ𴽣Įĵ֪ʱҲ㽫뿪ʱ򡣡

Ϲ쿴ڤԨı飬Ȼ֪ڤԨ⻰棬ϹĬˡ
ڤԨˣЦ
ϹͷͳĵڤԨҲֻһҲӲ

ϹĻǸڣϡֻȴȫǸڡ
ΪڤԨϹϵĹ棬ΪڤԨ˶ȤӲΪǽвϵģΪǷԱ
Ǽ£Ҳˣȴɹ¼ڤԨĻˣڴʱɣڤԨᵱɱ
ǲһΣͻĺ֪ܵ˷Ļᣬôȥ⣬ǵģΪϻ
Ϲ̧ͷֱֱڤԨ

ڤԨȻԸ˵ˣȻϹĻشڤԨһҲޱĿϹ졣
ҲһҹˣڼꤵĿԣʲô˵ɣţϹεƲƲڤԨ
ڤԨһȴҲǿϹ죬ת򿪷ţ˳ȥ
Ϲں棬ǣЩɬЦˡ

ԴӽʳǺڤԨһֱڹԴջûطҲһʼϹľ޵ǳټڤԨ˪һջ˼ڤԨҲԶԶġ
Դʱڱ˳ΪֵһʱϹڤԨһڵĵطȴһˡ
Ϲ츧ЦţתڤԨڤԨҲЩ˺֪Ȥأ
˻ޱ֮⣬ڤԨĸԣҪ徲ж徲źá
ڤԨĬƷűоƣ۾δգһ¡Ϲ쿴ţһ

ڤԨԸ̰ⱭЩȡڤԨ¾ƱȴֻǾĿţȴɲϹ졣
ڤԨѵ֪Ⱦһ˵𣿡ڤԨʱ̧ͷϹ죬ȴĹ𴽡
ҪھͽڤԨĮĻϹĬĵͷ

û뵽ڤԨҲսˣЩ£ǰںأȴòں

ϹڤԨ򵥵ĳ꣬Ϲǡ
ڤԨϹϵܣϹûѯڤԨڤԨҲû֪Ĵ㡣
ڤԨֻǿϹʧǰ

Ȼʼʢ翪ʼڤԨϹûм档

һ·йظϹˣΪڤԨģһ顣
κǰǾͱģȻˡ
֣һѽ⡣˵󻻳ڤԨǻһ޽⣬Ϊò׼ڤԨ
㱼䣬ϹƺԤʾĽ֣˵ǲϵĽ֡

ٿȻ䣬Ϲ͵۾ǰȥ

վϹ棬ǸϸŻҲͷҵˡ

˴ʱϹħһЦϹһ
䣬ħ
۾ȴδش
ϴ㴫ŽҵǸʧˡҺı£һȻ˲СϹ޵ĵ

ϹĴϣ׻ǣȸħ˸б¡˾ְԷ
ħҲûһˡ
ǸղűħϹҲҿ϶˱ħ

ħֱֱϹ죬߽ϹҲоˣıĽŸС
ֻǷħδϹǰͣʩϹԱ߹
ֻ߽Ϲߣħ΢΢鶯֮͡СҲֻϹȫעĵ
ħϢȴϹסˣϹعҪѰħӰʱȴﻹзħκټ

ϹתӣϻЦ૵ĵǣԭ˰û˱˵ˣֻǡǱ˭أ

Ϲ߻صظʱѽƻ衣
Ϲһ߽ظǰһˡ

ιС죬˵ҲǵġڤԨͿڤԨ£ȻߵĲģһΪĸɻ°أҰ׵һϧһϧ״Ϲ챧Թš
Ϲϣһ˲ƴһʧʱЩ Цǲɻôۣڵظϧ˲°ȴҪ°һòǸȻˡ
С첻ҪԷƱˣСҿǿģ㳤Ĳ㣬ҲǾԵ ġϧԽ˵
ϹҲЦΪ ĽŵСң¥Σ ıȱȽǣϧϲҵǿмˡ˵ţϹգգ۾Ͼ𻶸١
ϧ£ЩڴĿϹ˵˵ģǿҪҽһˡϧͷ˵ȴԽԽ

Ϲ쿴Ž˵ظ밲ϧٷֿжɣʼ磬Ϊεĳ졣߰սȭͷ
ϧûǴǻ˰½ǣĳ¥ɵİɣԲƵðϧ뵽иˡ
ֻϧ˼״°ͣתͷ˵ô¡ұλʼʢ˲żüãŮƣ׼ʱñЩԳɻɼءҲٰ֮ŰϧĻȴЦϧ

⿴˴εϹ죬ȴһ˴ŵվУϹ첻Цˡ





ڶʮ

صظϴһȻСϢһᣬԹй

ħǸʲôˣʱϹ԰ʱϹİʵ
ϹĻȴǳĬãŻصҲ֪
֪Ǿˣ˵Ҳദʮ˰ɣϹüͷһ壬ŵ
̧ͷϹ죬صĵϹĳϵѡǾѡģȻǴСʶˡǷħͬڳˡϹү˵Ųͬһ˵ľҲŲͬһ˵Ĺ˼룬ǵѵǷֿеġϹĬŵܡ
ҲͬСҷǳĲܡŴʱ¹յ͸ιĻ԰Ϲ쵭ĵĬţ㵱Ĭϡ

գظС
С컹˯ϧڷԹ
ߵĵȴֻǳĬĳŷʱϹڣػЦ٩һᣬôİϧˬġ
ֻϧžһϣߡȻﻹûŵĵߣȥСϻĲٰȻôʱ򻹲ϧٶ䲻иȴ˰벽Ľ¡

ӣǰͬ˵Ҫչأţκȥš˵ʲô任İϧһ󲻸ˡ
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ϣҲٸԺʱȴȽϧסġ
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ҩͲ֪Ըóҹݣʱվа˵
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ڤԨɡϧǵ˵ϹӴʱ䲻ϹĸҲĥǲɷϣȴѰϹˡ
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ˡڤԨɡϧĬʵϹ촲ߣµľϹͻȻȴߡһֵڤԨһϹ۾ڤԨ˵
Ϲգգ۾ƺЩڤԨǰϹ۾ϸڤԨʱֿЦ
ڤԨüϹǳĬţٿϹ첻ƽʱεŵģеĶн⡣ϹЦš

ڤԨ˵нн⣬Ϲ쵹ɡǿڤԨصı飬Ҳ֪
⣬ѣ
ϹˣڸоΣߵ̸һ˯ˡɿ첽߹ʵ
ѽСɣˣҹģ۾ˡϧһ߹㲻šֻǿϹȴֹС
ϹЦЦĿڣʵ治˭ҲûҵɡȻϵĴΧⶾеֵˣ
ЦһҲЦҲжˡҲ߹ϹȴǴ˵

ϹĬˡ
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Ϲаʲôǲ֪𣿡ɴʱҲʵ
Ϲ۾һ˿ڵļˣ˵Ϊϵظףʱǻֻǵһμ档
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Ϲ쵭ЦĻصûεĻʼʢйءϣǻʼʢеһеһװİġ

ѵѧϹڤԨԨԴڳ˶֪ѧڶϹϵıԨ¥鷳Ҳǲܡ
ӦòϹϽӵ
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пܡϹͷ˵

ˣǱѰˡɴʱҲü˵
ôʲôˮʯڵԽԽȤˡϧЩɵ˵
˵ŻҲͻһ˵ĳĬ
Ϲ쿴ֻϵȭսɿ˷ĶﶼЩ졣
˵ȵģҲзִ磬ݽţʮС
ʲôˣ͵̧ͷϹ죬üǼİҼ





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ϣԶΪеһԱ

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ͷϹ콫еڴϣĵǰһӦҲĥԼаעҪΪǣ˵䲻ҪĻһаҵ壬ҡ

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ˣڤԨһתƿţ˳ȥ
ڤԨ֪һֹˮĮʾ˵Ϊôֻ֪޷Ϲʷ

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ֻͻȻ֪ʲôϢȴѲ֪˵˭ˡ

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ǡϧ˵ʲôȴסˡ
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ֻӵĿ˿Ϲ죬ϹЦŻӡŵͷ뿪ˡ

ŵСĵĹغãڴϵϹ촹ζ૵Ǹɵϡ





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ҪסǷһ顣СаϹ۾͵͵ļ˵㣬޺ܼ֡
ϹЦſаȴŴתͷ֪￴˭





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һ󣬸ǵĽڤԨ𸡲

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ףϹ죬ô
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˶Լָָ㣬ϹֻЦĿа߳ĬĿ˿Ϲ죬ȻҲЦˡ
ţǺܿϧˣȶѽ޻Ҫ㼸ء˵аųЦѪɫ衣
ֻĿȻĵͷⷬ仯Щܲˡ

Ȼλ䶼ûˣǱ˳ɣаҲö˵棬ʹ˳ˡ

С졣
ţһ߳ϧͳϹǰ
˵ĺܶԣǹµġ
ʹϧɵĹϵϹڤԨЩǰܡ
ȴûȫĸ߼ˡ
ɻ˵ؾҵĵң˵¸ǸԼ𡣶ϧң˵ֻǰҵĴӣ˭˲֪ˣǽʲô
ǾȻĶ䣬ôͬ⡣
˵ϧѡһͬЩˣҲɵͱơ
ԽϹΪḡⲻν׵İϧҲԾһ

ǰķ˰ɣϹ쵭ĻصȻСȴǱõļ
ҲֻʣȴЩ˼

Ϲ켸Ҫظһ³аȴֱ鷿

һţа㿴һ˱ǰ
׼ôˡȫ߽鷿аĶŹڵϵʵ
ػϣ԰ƻˡڵϵ˵ʹͷСĵŲϥתӶаš
ܺãҪʵмƻȥɣаЦĵ
ǻϣȥ졣ŵ˻صȻվ뿪鷿

аЩصӣȻ¡аַһߵľϣ⡣
ߣϹ죡治ҵģ





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ӻʳǳһ·ȴ˵
ĬĻصظϹǽŪˮȻϴ衣
ǣаôأ޷а뿪ʱ⿴⣬ож·ĲС
УʲôʱԼܲ벻ȷˡ
ϹͷԡͰϣ۾һ
ȻöҲ㲻ˣúаľϲӦøȤɣ

ֻҲû뵽νȤǳġ

Ϲĵһ·ʹڴϣҲһֱǿԼѡ
ȹҹҲûκζʹٺõˣڴҲе˯ˡȴʱһ˴ƿ
Ϲһתͷſڡ

ѾڵֲָʱǽɴͶĵ¹⡣Ϲ޷ֱſͬźµ˭
ڤ
㣬ҩˣȴϹ˵껰ڤԨŭĵͺ
ʱϹȴע⵽ڤԨĲԾ
ֻڤԨʱŴ䲻ڿȴ밫ӣַȴϹüǰȥסڤԨ

žڤԨĴϹ֣һɻĵϹ졣
Ϲ£ֲԾս֡
ܲ˵ڤԨȴˡŭҲŰսġ


˵ǲǸҩϹĻᣬڤԨһץϹ졣ƽʱȵĺϹϣϹһ
Ϲ̧ͷѷһ˿εڤԨʱһ
ҡ
飡Ϲ˵꣬ڤԨȴͻȻһɣϹ췴ӳվסţʱƨ ˡ
ڤԨʱؿڣЩʹĴŴ

ϹֻǳĬĿţһʱھֻʣڤԨĴϢ
ʱľĪҲڤԨòԾ
ֻ͵תҪȥ
ȴʱϹһĵڤԨǰ棬Ŵϡ
ڤԨڲܳȥɫԽԺڤԨϹõͬʱҲ˿
οڤԨڵȥˣǺԸ⿴ġ
ڤԨֱһӣҪƿϹ졣
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ڤԨֻûջأϹһѽڤԨס

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Ϲߵβͭ账ͶͶùΪڤԨ
£쵽ڤԨĲʱϱݺݵסϹʱһ뷨Ҫˡ

סס֣ڤԨþȫƿϹ죬ȴ֪ǷΪ̫ƿϹ죬Լȴڴϡ
Ϲ쵹˼վԭأҲûǰĴ㡣
ڤԨŬĵԼĺʵȴ෴ĸ
ϹԽɫԽĴţϾһɱ֮

ڤԨȴԽԽأǴϢ󣬽Ϲ췢Ǳϳֵĺ쳱ȴ˲
ڤԨ쵽ǰһһյ߬촦
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ȥ˻ĺڤԨ۾ȴΪ˼֡
Ϲ쾲վţˡ
ȴ̧ȥǰߣڴϡ

ƴһң˵ı
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ޣˣǸ͵ˣһЩص˽Ƭ¼Ͷϡ
˵ǸǵʱŮǡӵ߱鲼ǡ
Ƭˣˡ˵ЩʵϡƽȴԶȦﵽԭĵλ
ߵˣҲͬԭµұ˺ˡ
ڤԨ߳ȥ
Ϲսȭ֣¸µ

ϹתͷʱڤԨͶƺ
ʱڤԨͷϡѲϸϺ쳱֮£ʼϺɫ
󿪣״ؿڱ¶ڿУҲѾĺ졣
쿪䣬´ɿĴ°ڴ𲻵κι̶·á
ڤԨ°ڴȴʪһȦ

Ϲ۾϶ʱһ䡣
ҩЧһĴ ҩ





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ϹڤԨԣվڤԨͷϵ͵͵Ŀš
ڤԨʹüֽ߬ŴˮǴŴŵĻա
ϹСĵΪڤԨźڤԨı΢мЧȴԡɫԽԽ죬ϹһӡڤԨġ
ڤԨӶһ£ʶ鶯ӭš

Ϲ۽һȻǼǡ
νһ̧˵Ϲʱ顣
һ飬ԽŨʱԽһְԽʱԽ
ʱϹֻǷſڤԨϣţֱڤԨ
оڤԨʪϹһᣬֱӻ£ǣֱز
翴ģڤԨ弡ûŮ˵ϸǷ˰ֵĵԣȴûм˿Ա⡣

乴࣬ϹڤԨؿڡĵССͻڤԨʱһ᲻ŵĶһ
ڶϹȴ˷ʽšͻȻоЩʹڤԨӱܵһʱʶҲؼ֡
ڤԨ۾ˮ۾ȴģһᡣʶǰŴĳ˵ʱܵϹĲӡ
㡭ʲôڤԨһֻȴĺȣЩ顣

ϹƽĿŭУϸֿյڤԨЦˡ
ڤԨġ
ҡڤԨֱӣʩһ
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ϹȻڤԨģʱȲͣ£ڤԨؿڡ

ڤԨĺܺãʮ㣬⻬䲻⣬ҲǸмƷͣأϹԼ۾һգգĿڤԨı仯
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ڤԨֻǿűܵѰҷйڣҪֻһֽšΪڤԨѾмζ׼ֱֱͦ£ǲŶ˶ʹࡣ
ڤԨظĶϹҲ챻ڤԨԹԵΪŪĲ١
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ڤԨʱȴ֪һƿϹ졣ǽϹ֮ȴ¡
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ڤԨ۾ʹĶĶţʹĽӲ塣
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ȻڤԨ֮ʱһתĸ˱λ

ڤԨüɢͫЩɻĿϹ죬ϹһַסڤԨļڶ䡣

ڤԨ֮ҩɶΪƷ ҩϹ쿴ҩҪй 𣬲ţɽ
ڤԨйΣȻֹȥڤԨκκô˵󻹻 Ա
ϹȲãҲȲˡ
żʹʹŤȴʶӭԼڤԨϹڤԨԼ֮ʣֻһ̾Ϣء
Բ𣡡

ִĺһ޵֯һһĲ࣬һ˿ǣһĲ

ҹգǵ׺˸䣬ȴһǣ䣡

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ȻϹ̧ۿ򴲶֪뵽ʲô･ֱ۲ԾսڤԨӿԼ





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밲ϧֵҲûˡ
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ڤԨޱȣ𣬵ȴԶԡ
ڤԨŴĿϹ죬ת߿

ʱ밲ϧǰһǵĿϹ졣
ڤԨˣǾưոݵġҪοϹļ磬ȴϹһƫˡ
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һʱϹһһѣгŵӡ
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ʹϹͷҲأƽĻȴ˶
ʹȥɱȥ޻ذɽסȱϱҲһ
һתͷŰϧȥڤԨϧͷ˷׷ڤԨ





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Ϲĺ簡Ԥж˰أϹŶ룬߼ڼ䴫ϹѰ룬ȴǹŲż
аʱֻһྻ͸ڰ¶˷鵱ǰһ
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׸簡
Żɽ󺰳ɺЦĸˡ֪Һϴʱʲôźӣ˶ѡ磬Ȼɺһٲʱϱ罦һƬѪɺһ㲻⡣ĿۻɽŻ˻ɽĶӡ
ѹһεˣãߡɺ䵭˵ص죬ұ߳ˣ첽߹ϵĻɽߡ
ֻʣ»ɺڻ谵£ɺյĺ
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ǣûң˭ܱƵڤԨأûܡڤԨЦЦȴֱ쳣ĳ
ڤԨվԭأ΢ͷϻżЦ⣬ֻЦȴһ֮С

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һӣεļǿҪôֻܽѧϰ֪ʶ
֮ڤԨҲûԹ
ӣ㸸׺ܸ־ĴҪĲСҡҲҪзչĴҡʱԼĽͣڤԨĬˡ
ǰЦůůĸ׵Ůˣȴɻ
ȻĸҪĴңΪʲôҪСҡĸ˵⣬Ϊʲôȴĸװġ

ʱڤԨûʳɻΪ֪˽ĸ׻˼
ֻһĸȴһ纮
ֻһССķ纮ȴΪڤԨĸ׵ĻǳɼּҽתΪ졣
ʱڤԨĸֻ֮ϻһ棬֮֮ʱڤԨĸˡ
ʱ֮ûһͣȴڤԨĸ׷ϰһˡ
ڤԨǵ֮ʱϾżɣ֮˵ҶرȺȥ֮ٻʱ㲻ȥˡרĽ书ҪĽ㡣˵֮뿪ˡ
ڤԨһο֮ıӰĬĬʱڤԨʲôأ
ڤԨ룬һ¡
Զĸ׵СҪʱĸТ
Ҳһ֮Ҳûؼҡ

ڤԨڸ˰ѸֵǮĶȥʱ֪Ϣ
Ʒһħ̡
ʱʦ˵Ǹ޶а̣ǵʱҲֻΪ޹ء
һ֮ȥҲƷȴ֮Ⱥν
ͽʣտӵļңڤԨ뿪ˡ

ȴԺﲻò
ʲô
Ǹǿʳ磬˳޵Ĵȴлῴؤʳ龰
ǸгʵαĵطϵòȻĳ˵֣˽ȴΪ˱ȥȴʲôò
ʲôڤԨЦ

֮еĴʴ壬ڤԨ
ڤԨֻ֪ҪҪԼı¡Ϊؤʳķ
ôŵģձһѪϴȴڤԨʵ
ҪνҲֻĲݽ档
ڤԨڤԨֻΪԼʱ޿̼ǵáԨʵǽԨ

ϲûʿҲûڰ˵ʿȫ˽ˡ
ֻڤԨûΪû

ڤԨȴԵɺ°һΪʦ
ڤԨڷܣǸҲ̵ĺ档
ѧɽ֮ʱڤԨʦֻ̾Ϣ˵һ仰
߽ѽף
ڤԨվԭʦһ뿪ıӰֱȫʧڤԨת뿪ѧ֮ء

ڤԨ뽭һĿģǱǱɱ֮
ʹĵֻӰɱ֮ұ֮ȴҪ
ΪڤԨ֪һ죬ҲᱻƷɱǲ⡣
ȴ˵˵һɵģȵǹƥȥѰȥһħǾѰ·
ڤԨ䣬һ㣬ΪѼ鱨׬ȡ档Ӯ׬ǮȻմȴĶࡣ
ҲʱڤԨ㰵нԨ¥һר鱨а֯Ҳʱרоѧһþ

Ԩ¥С֮ʱҲܵƷĹע
ʹԨ¥ȻУȴѼƷϢʱˣƷҲٲʲô
ЩڤԨҲֻǵƷƵʱŷ֣ԭĸ֮·ԶԶ

ʱһŮ˳ǰ
һݣǸ亱ŮˡŮ˴ȻţһֵʣһнеĴ
ϲŮˡʹŮƯҳϲ
ʱʲôĸоŮˣʹǵʱĽһϹϣȻϲ
ֻԵʱԽϾƣƷһҪж𲻵ñȥϹϺ
ǵõʱϹϼĵһ仰¥и˵˫Ӯ𣿡
ʲôʵ
ҰԸƷҵҪȴܼ򵥣ֻڲ˵ϹЦŵ

ϹϣһϹҵĶŮȱʲôأ
ǮϹ䲻ڸɵйȴС
ȨϹڳͥ뽭ĵλҪԨ¥
Ԩ¥һЩ鱨ṩͼ
飬ڤԨްĽϹϵĽſȴʤٿϹ϶̬ȣҲް鰮֮
Ӧˡ

ϹҵԨ¥ȷʵܶࡣ
Ʒ뷨ʱʱʱӦ֮ߣϹҺȺԨ¥ڼ̽첢Ʒĵλ֮ʱһεжڱС
˹ȻڣһȴʤˡƷһ˵ö֮ħ̣Ǵġ
ʹԨ¥Ѽ鱨̽˽Ϊ׬ǮȴҲ˸߿ࡣ
ڤԨȴףΪԨ¥ǿˣСá

ʱϹվߣֻ˵˾䣺ΪΪ룬Ϊ˼ͥΪԼҲΪÿ˵ΪҲͬ
ʱֻüϹϵΡԼᶨ
˵Ҫ󡣡
Ϲתͷ۾Ķ˵ڤԨһܸ߰ˡ㰮ϲһҰĵ𣿡
ϲ档ҵǸҰĵˣƷǸԽҰĵĵطǶˡڤԨܵĮ˵ЩϹţЦˡ
ڤԨҲͬһˡҵҪȴֻԡ

ΪףϹڤԨ衣
Ϊ֮£ȴڤԨϲġ
Ϲȴ˵һμ棬ΨһҪ󡣼ʹڤԨ֪£Ϲɱ֮ȴܲ
ڤԨǷˡ
Լ֮ʱڤԨšϹȴЦݿ˵ŽȤԼϹЩȤ¡
һ̸һҹȻϹ˵䣬ʱҲеЩ左ȴʱͻȻʮ֮ĺ
Щ书䲻ǿʮΧּ񲻼ЩӲȴȻ

ȴʱͻȻȽһԳԼ˲ȴϹϵӦ¡
ڤԨԵ֮ǰ㱼һ˷վϹߡ
һεԭ򣬸һҩڤԨһ˷Ц
ңû㰵аҸû취Ϲϲ˵ĳĵ
Ϲ㲻ǸŮˣڤԨҲǸͨˡߣ뱻׷ɱ˼˵
뵽Ψһеİ취ˡħܾҵ飬ڤԨҵĲѡϹҲ
ߣϹԽԽ˲űˣڴϹҵĺʣµĻڤԨȴΪջû

ڤԨٴ֮ʱȴΪһɹ͵ȡ
һ۾ȴϹϣ廹һӽڴϡ
в֪֮ŭ˺ˡ
С鵭ĮΣȴδǿȹϹ֮һŭƽŭġ
Բ𣬵ҵһӦֻг²ߣǷ㻹ˡԲ𣡡ϹϿˣϹϣͬ顣
ȻڴϣϹϵӣһһյ뿪ǸӣϹһӰʧˡ

ϹûгϹңҲڽ

ѰϹϵټȴҲĨȥķߺ衣
Ԩ¥󣬵ȴӲΪƣ볯ͥ뽭ΪԨ¥ּ
ΪҪ㹻棬ȴиҰ
˵ཻҲֻڹ뱻һϵ

밲ϧʶ˵ڤԨͲˡ
Ϊ˺ֵܹ֣ͬһûҰġֻϷ˼䣬ǮǮ
Բȴ£ҲôΪ
ֱһˣȥңְż䡣
ĬĺžƣȴֶһˣһЦҰѪˡ˵Ϲ졣
һߺ޲ƽա

˵ˡ
һɵˣһɵˡϹǵڶˡ
ȴЦųǰÿοϹЦͻƽһСҪ˺ 
ûϹҪˣҲʹˡ
ˣʹ۵ϲҰף亹ֱðȴЦӭˡ֪ЦĺαȴҪЦ
ϹأⲻɺͰϧ˵Ҳ֪
Ϲȴ֪ϹϵϢ֪ϹӵϢҲ岻ġЩȴ֪Ϊ֪Ҫ

ʱѧˣǸΪֹϹ϶ƷɱˡȻа֣ĳ֣
ԭ˵һˣ
ʹˣӣ˵ȴܡ
ǣϹûбǵǵãͲסƷȷʵ

ڤԨ㺦°𣿡仰ˣϹ˵ġ

ڤԨ£κֻǲ밮ڼһһԺ
֪塢λֻһӰ
ڽ书ʦҵĽ̤룬һӰ
ϹϹҵļλĿ꣬ǿ֮һӰ

ϹأϹʲôӰ
ǣûУ

Ϲ죬ʲôʲôҲǣʲôҲǣڤԨЦţսȭȴһߵվĵط
ڤԨԽԽĿӶɼڤԨķŭһ㡣

˭ȴʱڤԨ͵תĳһơ
ڤԨ





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ʲô˽߽ڤԨĮ˵
ûʲôѣû뵽ɣɰϧһ·׷ڤԨǿڤԨŭĹӣҲΪ˶ܲű١
ߣڻĽڤԨߣһҲš

ǰɫһʼ΢ЦתΪء
ڤԨϹȥ˻ʹɺԿڤԨһͦ
ڤԨϹȥ֪زصɽЩ˵
ҺθɡڤԨӣһƽʱĵĮ
ҪĲⰡ˵Ǹа˶С飬´ټС᲻ҪĿڽʲôġϧΪյ˵
ǰϷټϹ죬ػż棬뿪ġڸӦҪҡڤԨתĿǰµˡ
ðҿĵС죬һյġϧΪʼ˵

******

أ̨ͤϹڻʹ԰ſʯ֮ϣ΢΢۾
ϹаվԶȴãа߹Ϲ˵
Ϲû̧ͷֻǱԭĶȴ۾
ϴʱӦ鷿ѵõа͸Ϳ֮⣬аȴһЦ
ҲҪʵϢģؾҪȥġ˵ţаָƲԾĲϹͷ
Ϲ̧°ſڸ첲ϣһľչаǰ

˭˵Ϲ޿аˣϹͷһ٣Ỻ˵
һȻϵĽˡϹ̧ͷΪ°ͣʯϵľƱһȥ
֮ϹҲϲã⼸û뿪Щаջ֣ҲϵľƸԼһǳƷһ²ŶϹ˵
ѾظˣļƻҲԿʼˡϹûлشаǸԼٵһƣͻȻð䡣

û뵽ô治֪ôлˡаЦ߽Ϲ죬Ϲ°ͣͷһɫǡ
ϹЦŽܣκ뷴еı顣ǴаһͷṴ𴽣¶һְȻܵӡ
޻ҪǸսаϹ˵Ȼת뿪

ϹͷҲκĻ
а뿪ϹֻǾƱͷá
Ʋԡ˭˵ˡϹͷһڽ
ⲻϹ˵𣡡ŮϹ챳ϹʢˮľƱҡҡЦʢɫ滨԰
Сһ⻰͸óɣƲɫˡûͷϹҲ֪ǻɺ

ǣϹǻ˻ġҿɵɫһ֡ɺ߽Ϲ첢վһԣҲ԰ɫ֮С
С㲻֪ɫһ֣жֽ͵ɫָıָ࣬ģָͷԡСĳɫһе˼ָűڣϹһ˵
ɺʹüۿϹĶϱȴһ䡣
ֻǶԻζΪϹˣϹʲô˵ҽճϹЩġǳɺ˵ĻȴԼ
롣ŲͷͻСѩ仰ɣ˵ˡϹ۾ɫﵹм˼

ѩһΪĶȻ㣬ǿЦɺü˵
ʱ˸жģûѩɱ֡ϹбۿɺɺЦһ£ųĿϹ졣
ϹᵥΪ֮ûɱûСνľܣҪʶʱ档Ϲ˼˳ǵӲ죬ȴ֪Ǵ𣿲Ҫǣ졣ɺӣĺϹϣȴ־ζ
ǻС֪֪ԽѵõĶԽ˲֡С㲻Ǹֶθ߳ûҹҹ𡣡

ɺվ򴦱ֱֱġ֮ŵһҵ񣬲֪Ϲ֪٣
಻٣ֻ˽⵽ȥ޻ءϹͷбۿɺ
Ȼһ磬ҵͷϹҰ

ɺĬĿǰҡҷ˵ĴƬ
Ҹ˵ڤԨЦɵΪ֪ǻẦԽԽԼݣҸЦԽԽڽʱʼЩģЦաôΪҰ
Żɺ͵͵ϹתͷžƱ͸ľơ
ֻһˮŹƷ֪˵ġ

һֱΪһܳû֮ǰҲΪʲô£벻˵ġҲǰġ˵ÿȴѾҵˡͱƷ˼һɺ뿪ʱĻһڶϹžƱֲԾս
һ֮ڴһ֮ڳкβأ۾ϸƷǻ˵ľƣϹЦૡ

*******

˵ǰĵظ˸ɭ֣ڵĵظеǰɭˡ
Ϲ죬ҵʱ뿪ȥƯѨһĻʹĶڵظ˵˵Ҳʣˡ
磬ȴյϹӹţһ֮£ظֻо󡢺ëֱ˵ĵսľȻ

ףɫīݡ
λȴһŰëëĶȴҲǵﲻԭеһ
ô˵ڶ׵￴ƽʱؼƵĵ粻Щǵ˵
ûǣĬҪܲסʱһ̯ƣһʩ͵ǰ˵Ľ£Ȼæ򿪣ɫҲĸѿ

ǣЭ˰ɣװףڻҪҪѵͲϹҵԽ˵Խ˵ƴмġ
⣬ҲˡʱŽӻ˵
ˡϹƹܡѧ֪ݣ±¶ȥѧػԴ˷ˡ˵ǴӲӲȴ޷ڡüϸġ

ءءʱȴһк
ﷴתͷλϵİëëǰ۾Ѫ㽿ȴҲʱʱ͸Ź졣
Ѫǡ һ۾ΪɫƷ֡
½УѪϡĶǱĶο֮ǵѪǡѪ䲻˵޵Уǵٶȴʴ½ģҲǹϵġ
ȻЩֻмأɫʴ½ҲûУͬʱѪһ۾ȴֻѪǡ
ʱͨ˵Ϲҩˮıѩ۾ɫҲΪ˱ⲻҪ鷳аֵʱϹҲûѩ֡

ʱûϹ棬ѩƺҲ֪ԡҲڽһ磬ͻȻ˵ظ֮С
ʱѩưţҿ񣬾żӡ
üһ壬ȴ죬ȴ֪ͬһֻʲô˵

ӴӴӴȻеظƣо˹һʱһ٩ֻô˵ĵֻʶһˡ
뵽߽ˡ
һĺ£۵һͷ˱˵Ŀ⡣ڤԨ̤
ʲôһڤԨĵ
ˣʮС죬ϧҿ˿ϵѩʱһ
ڷϢվڰϧǰĮĵ
ȥС췿пϧЦһһҪϹķ䡣Ҳæɳ赲
ԸκȥţλذɣͿ֮ԣϧȴΪ⣬۾һתշѩǰ

ѪǿϡﰡʱҾͰëڸǰˡ˵ţϧҪѩëȴ֮ʱֻоֱһۣѱѩץˡ
ϧһᣬɫһƽʱЦࡣ
аڸСˡ˵ѪʲʲôʥޣѪǵĴ˵һֱУܼȴֻˡ
ϹѵѩҪǱ֪䲻ڣ󱦵ȴžˡ

ûڤԨûᰲϧѩһű߽вƵʵ
ڤԨùţݸڤԨ
СסУĪĪĪ̽Ǽ˵šֻϹϣֻһ̵ĻվڤԨ࣬ڤԨӳ㽫ݶ˳
ޣ»ؼҪĽ֮ˡϧ㲻ִѩ˵

ιڤԨҪȥģڤԨţһӣתߡ밲ϧԿһۣʵ
Ѱ𣡡ڤԨĻֻǵİϧһЦ

¥¥Ԩ¥ѣڤԨ߳Ժ䣬һŮӱڤԨǰ
Ůǣ̸ʱȵĻ¡ǻòȴԨ¥еĻɺ





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ڤԨʱʵʲôˣ
ɺɵĿ˿ͥԺɰϧԼȴûػ
˵ɣ
¥Ԩ¥ͻȻ⵽ϮȻ¥ڼʱֿ·ͻȻԨ¥ʧأ¥ָʾɺһıߣڤԨȴǾþõĳĬ
鵽˭ɵġ
¥¡¸սӵϢѾ˳ȥ飬ûյرɺͷڤԨŴ˼š

ҩϹһҹˮ֣֮ϹԨ¥֪Ϯϵ᲻̫˵㡣
ڤԨҪҲûб㣡ͻȻ뵽뿪ǰϹĻڤԨսȭ֣ϱһ
֮ǰҪ֪飬Ȼͷ
ǣȥ졣ɺһЩɬĻصȴǻ껰ת뿪

ʱϵĻҪ᲻аΪڤԨжġóǰȣһԲº͵ЦȴŻɺ뿪ıӰԽԽ
ݱ¶ϮԨ¥᲻ѧԨ¥֣䲻⣿ͬŻɺȥķ򣬷ĵ
ûа˳ɣҲˡϧҲĵ
ĴģѧʤͦġѧϹελãΪʲôô󵨣
˼ѧˣһǸ

˵ۣڤԨҵ飬ƽˡ
˭ãҲʱ򽫹ȥľһˡڤԨ뵽еǳһЦֻЦȴһ˿¶ȡ

******

ׯصĽ
Ϲδءﴫԡԣ
֪ˣȥɣµ˶Ĭ꣬һȥ
Ȼ˶վԭⲽأͻȻʲôһ̧ͷ첽ķ䡣
һͻȻһֻ֣˶ĳƽסȴ˵ңš
˶ʱջ֣ȴ˽Ӳסˡ

ôˣ˽ſ˶ϣ˶Ķ˶ֻ㶵ֱͦͦվţ ŪһһµĸŲ
ﴫԣȻûκηŸϹ죬ȴΪ谮Ϲ졣ϹϲС԰ƷͻϱûͬͲ˳롣Ļ̻̣Ҳвȴ˶شƽԼص
аǱΪϹϹⲻ˶ãԨ¥ǰϮȻ治٣վûй¡ǿ鶾ܰҵİɣ˵Ҳ漴˶Ĳϡ

ϴλʼʢдѷ˴ɣٳ֣ϱػֵġ¡˶䱻Ūģȴһǵ˵
а㱣Ϲ졣˵ֻǰңʹаһϵΣҲлġ㲻𣿡˵⣬Ѵżֲʵ
Ҳ޴⣬ʼɹ߸Ȼر͸ûǸ˼򡭡
ЩʲôҪ磬ΪǨ㣬ѾþûС˴˶Ļɴǰס˶ָЩеĳ˶·

⽡˶ţ⼡ģЩΪµİ̺һֱҵػǵǵʱô𣿡Ϊ˶ؿڣһ·µƣ˶Ͳסһ
ȻǵãҸѧɽһ书첻µز£һֱֻΪʡǵõʱںҪŮĶˣȴԭǺϻƭĶˡ֣һ治֪Ů˶һĸп˵
Ļ壬뵽ǻƭ㡣Ҳǿ߲ųû뵽ȴһʧġҲŹȥǸпࡣ
˶ţҲرӣд

Ѿʮˣ벻ܵõġ㲻֪ʱʱ㲻ңҲĸΪ˹Ϲҵλģң䲻㡣ƺ뵽ȥּңۿᡣ
ѧԲȫҪЩҵӲƢ֪ˡû㣬ôн죬Ҫ˵Щˡ˶ѧŨŨ
ѧЦˣ˶һǣ˶һһ§˶аһЦ

̵ͦģز᲻ҵԸɣѧ˶֮У֪ʲôֻ˶͵һϺ˴Ƭ
ȥϡѧ˶˵˶ĵͷ
һڴѧȵǱ£ֱ˶Ӳκм֮
ѧǸˣĲ˶жϸᰮ˶Ļ
ǽţ֮ʣʶ˶Ĵȡ
һ˻еĻÿÿʱ˶ȫ¶ǰΪǰ˰ġ

ѧն¾ͱϹʲô¶ҪѧԼȥѧʲôԼȥա
ΪϹҸģԽԽԲԽԽˡΨԼ˵ﻰ
ھþӳͥᰵ˼Ǽѧδֵ̫ɺϡֻȴ
ΣµѾղѧʱ¶İʱ̳谮ı飬ùˡ
˭֪ؽǸСˣĻңȴʧһ档Ҳ

غܲרİͻȻȻ벻ڶߣ˶һ㶣˶һ˲䣬˶о汻˶͵Ľ롣
˶ŬԼӦȴ޷ֹͷκˮ䡣
þûˣɣѧĻڶߣһ˶ϵκʹ
û¡

ôң˲Сѧ΢΢ͣ٣˶תŽǲ˶Ĵ벱Լؿڵĺӧ
ÿһ˶΢ƺǰÿÿ˶жѧİ
ѧԼĶ𽥼ӿ죬˶޷Ƶ˷ԽԽֱ࣬ ĳڣֱ䵽δ֪
ɾҲе

ڼͣϢĺ֯ţ˶۾ʶȴһ
ÿÿʣµĶߣѧʪ˵
һ˶û˯
ѧ˶þò˶ţĵš
ԴӽϹңҾͱ֪һҪϹҵļ֮λڲϹڤԨұΪԼ
ף˶ѧĻսԼֱ۱סѧ

ѧЦˣ΢˶ĶͷȻر˶

ҹ





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԰һ磬ϹЩƣ۵ŤŤӣվȴͻȻ뵽ʲôһź̫ʵû֣ǲʲôأ
Ϲӣ鷿Ҫ۲Ż̫üĿϸĻص
֪ˣţһ˾һϹǳǳһЦ˵
ߵĴ̫һһ뿪Ϲ쳰һЦ
湻ģߣа졣Ҳøϻذľ˰ɣǰ԰ɫϹȴ

ڻʹУϹϢйɡ
ÿʱ˯ڶҪʱС԰ߣȻš
ԹС԰ͻʱȻطС˯һ£ȻС԰һֱʱţٻصС԰ȻϴϢ
ɵϹɼšȻϢваʱĴš
аͻȻʧһĲϹȴκӦ

һ·Ƶ߻ط䣬ϹͷȴƱʲôסһ㣬оͷһһġ
ôУܲ۵İɣϹ찴Ŷͷ߻ط䣬׼˯һᣬȴͻȻһ¡
ۣôأ

˭
Ϲ컰һ䣬߳һˡ
Ϲ춨һȴû뵽ˡ
ΪذľˡϹ첽ǰЦ˵
δһġĻ˼˵ȴǸ÷ذľǴԨ¥һµڤԨ˭
һҿǰ㡣ڤԨﲢѰô򵥰ɣϹ첻ڤԨŵߵڤԨǰЦ

һأġڤԨϹ죬Ƶĵ
Ԩ¥һ£Ѿµ˭ˡΪ֪أѵڤԨˣԲġϹüգ۾ʵ
ڤԨһмĿϹ죬£ڲʱֻҪ֪ǲ

ϹϱһֱֱڤԨò˵Щ£ǸýˡȻ˱һȻҪˡ֪վڲ·ڣòҪѡˡڤԨôѡأ
ڤԨһתҪ뿪ȴתһ˲䣬纮ѩһᰲȵʲô
Ϲ۾ʱһԾһЦڤԨʵͦģ
ѿڤԨһٽţ͵תӿϹ졣
ʱڤԨоǰһڣϸоģǴŨŨľ㣬˸о˵飡

ǾһʳһԱ޷ͣ£ֱþֱ㡣
ڤԨΪȣûڵһʱƿϹ졣
û뵽֪Ϲʲôǳĸӣƺżڴ
ֱϹȷſ

ǣеʧء
ϹĻڶڤԨγһ㡣
ڤԨһӦת뿪ͻȻЩѹֵĵط

ڤԨʵҲûǰôܱ˵׽ˡ
治ڤԨԸˣϹ˳ڤԨ˵
ڤԨ֮£Ϲ죬һŤԱȴ俴Ϲı顣
ϹЦϲãܸȾı顣

֪Ϲ϶˵ûʲô塣
ҵˣȴһʼƻҡѲҶһӡûСؾĸʹҲ˻ˮҲҪϹҡ
Һܶǰ;ʵһ㲻£ֻǺһˣҿһСҪԼʲôԱεɱ˵ԸΪҽ¡

ڤԨû߿ϹĻֻϹĻȴԽ˵Խ
һֵΡʲôҲûУҲûСǺұǿˣǿû飬ҶΧߵģ̫̫ĶĴڡҲֻ
Ϲſڴƻһ٩٩̸ڤԨѶҪߵ뷨
Ϲ쿴ȴֻǼ˵һˣҰݣʱɱΪƭҡܺЦΰɣʱǸģǷ

ҲΪҵǲǸοҲŰ
ֱ㡣
һҺѡҲҵ
ΪҪңǵĹϵҰ㣬ںң

һֻв¡ټʱȡ
ߣںǣں㻹ǲǸˣ
ϹĻڤԨķȴЩֻʵ뿪Ϲķ䡣

žžž
ıף¥ҲҡˡϹȻб¡
Ϊ·㣬Ϲסķһֱܵа鷿ġ
ûϹ棬˵ԭ򣬵аȴͻȻˡȴⷬϹĸס

аͻȻ֣ϹûֵĺܾȣֻƽǰаϵΧ۵Ȥѵá

ڤԨͻȻڻʹ˵ļƻͬ㿴˴μƻܳ𣿡аҲһԣֻǴżֳĶϹ˵
ϼƻôã᲻ɹҵΪĻɺݱ¶ȫǰϹ츧ŶͷΪյ˵
ɹҲûˡһ⡣˴Ԩ¥£ٽһͷ۵ˡаԽ˵Խ͡
ϹЦЦаüȫǲΪȻɻ֪ûǷҰġ

ʵ޵ϣУ
аϹԿβЩص˵վִܵˡ

Ϲһᣬȥ
Ľ⿪·Ľ·ڴͷļϣپĵڴϡ
ֻǴʼգ϶һǳЦ
һΰɣ





ʮһ

Ԩ¥Ϯ֮£ΣȻڤԨʹϹ죬ȴɻɺľ֧Ԯ
ɺһ·ߵȴ̫ƽ

һʳǱ⵽ϮоյĴ˳ȥΪ˸ʱ䣬ɺǼ򵥳ЩԼͷȣȴҹ˯š
һ£ոϵľǣɺȴҲǳƣ롣οǻĿġԨ¥ȴ

˫ǡʷôˡ
һԨ¥ɺʵʣʷ˫΢ݵ˫գѪ۾֪ںࡣ

һͲ뽭
ľȻһ򰲶٣ηһԨ¥Ϲϵ͢ȻҪؿǡοջ
Ϥ˴ζҵԴͷϹҡϹڤԨ£˭ﶼһݺ档˵ϹҺ˺ڤԨӲɱϹģ͢͸Ӳ˻ˮˡ

******

Ȼ˴ѧǳ䲻ĴԨ¥һֲԨ¥ڤԨȴ١˷ڤԨԪˣ빥ȴҲһʱ޷
ѧüչ֮ʱһ˵˼ջ顣
ΪʲôҪ㡣
ǰŮӣѧﾡ˼ŮҲǻŽ䱸벻⡣

㵱ȻҪңҪҺ

ɺ˴ǰԤıġ·гмʱľǣԼ裬аõġ
аҪľңԽԽã
ŪǷ꣬˶֪࣬ҪٷѴĳˡ

㣿ʲôֵŵģ
ѧŻɺѽ˼
ׯҪϹңңȴҪһˡ
˵ɺЦţЦѧе´ᡣ
ѧ͸оͨһЦ滢Աģοǻɺ޺Ůӡ

ˣܲڤԨɣѧѸǳЦ
ׯǻۣҪľڤԨ
ɺӿ˼ᶨѧˣＥЦ
ڤԨŮԵǺãʱϹϣӹˣȴ㲻¡
סڣŲ㣡

ѧϹڤԨĺޣ˵񶾱ˡлܲһ¡ȴ˵꣬ɺһĺ
Żɺŭ⣬ѧһҲɣ˵ȥɺ
Ҳǵʱѧ˻ɺ

ãԤôҡ
Ԩ¥֮нĳɾͣΪڤԨܻѵ˲š
ɺĿ˿ѧŴĽ˵ѧЦ£ȴϸš
Ԩ¥飬ֱΪһ顢顢Ͱ顣żӣҲԽǿһԨ¥Ϯ˫ʷѾһ顢顢Ԩ¥Ԩ¥һڣҲǾùµԭ򡣡
ѧͷȴ뵽ʲô

ǰأǼߣжǿ
ɺûϻشѧذβ˵ⰵֻڤԨһˣأҲ֪֮١˴ΰ鲢δҲҵĵġ
㺦б䣡
ѧһ
ɺͷֻǵͷһ£̧ͷ۾˼֣ȻڤԨҲǵĻᡣڤԨֶʳһգľ˵ҲҪһհ룬հҲǵĻᡣûҪԨ¥

ѧͬĵͷŸɺǰ

******

ιôȥľǣǱҲм㡣
ʳľǵĹϣƥһֻٱš˵֮ˣһŵĺӡ
ϧˣԨ¥ѣٲϿ㣬ˡ
һŵװȰ

ߣԨ¥ֺθɣ治ΪҪǰ
һߣһīŵԵ
Ӵôôζ˵СΪʲôôأ
бƲϧҲʵĪı
ϧΪأ
Ȼ˰ϧʵ
ΪС찮ǵıˡġˣݣ
ϧ˵Ļһ˵꣬ޱȥ
һ߲˵ĵɫֻǴʱȴ޷ֻҲЮ׷ȥ





ʮ

ɼ˸ϵľʱڻɺصľǵĵڶˡ
Ҳһ죬ǻɺԤıѧ͵ϮԨ¥Ŀʼ
Ԩ¥ѧùµԭ򣬶ɺ⣬ʵҪԨ¥ͻϮҲˡؾϹ춼֪ˣ֮ҲٴԨ¥ˡ

һĻ˼ƻУԨ¥ѵ٣ʹɺԨ¥һλ£ҪһʱһƥȴҲСȥһȴ¡
Ҳ˴ã

ɺҪѧˣǶѧεеûʲô
Ҳ챦ڤԨܲٵҩǸ˵
λɺнƿڿпɫζ븽ȺɢˣҪģѧʱ͵ϮԨ¥ʱɢͷſ
Ԩ¥ʵʣ¶أȴܻסţѧʱ͵Ϯࡣ

ʱѧҲɻȻҪΪʲô˶ŵ
ɺĻشϺΪҲǿڤԨôݵҡ
˴ȥԨ¥̨Ԩ¥ҲܵڤԨ𷣣߻ˡŮѧԸҲûȤ¡
ΪһΪյˣܻʧһЩһЩԼ˵¡

******

еĺ˳ʱһѧĺ˶żװĲϮԨ¥
տʼһ֮󣬳һ浹ľƣѧ꣬Ԩ¥ȴԿš
˶ǿԵֿ֮⣬սҪѧ˹ݡ

Ҫڣɱѧʱվڻ֮ȴǴţҲǰһͣѧ¸ǡ

ѧ۾￴һƬȺ죬뵽ȫƿϹҽ࣬޷ƵĴЦš
ͲһˣԨ¥շԸϹңг
ȻЩ鵽ңΪʲôͻȻ𣬵ȴй۲쵽ңǸֵĵطҲǸѣҲֻǮЩ˶ıЭʤ㡣

ѧ￴Ĳ˵ѪǸ˿һӵĵλȨϹҼûеٵ磬ʵȴֺ̫ࡣ
ѧʱģּһʼϵĳ㲻˹Žϲڴ֮ġ

Ӵ֣ʱ򡣡
ѧ˴жʧµ˳֣ѧۣɱǣһ

******

ʹС԰

ҽӵ̽ѧڹԨ¥ϹȴڵİаԶһվ˵
Ϲ°ͣ΢۾ЩĻ˯ӡ
ţǻϼƻ֮еģֺ赣ġ˵Ԩ¥дһ٣
ϹǷĻشаĻ

ޣϹˣôԨ¥н
аЦ£ȴ֪Ϲ컰⡣

֮ȴа˴οɲֻˣͷβʵڼɵսǿԨ¥
ʲôʹ֮
ƫƫԨ¥ռ鱨˳Ƶ
˵Ԩ¥ӳͥ¼뽭ȴȫġ

ҰǿģһԨ¥⣬йҲȫܵġ
Դ˴ѧԨ¥ҲаĬϲġԨ¥аһЩ
ƺҲӦǾ仰Сľǵݲɳӵ۾ӵ۾

ǲʲôֻͦµġ¸᲻ңָײأ
ϹһƬɣȴ͸ʲô
ʵⲻѱ⣬ֻҪڹԵʱĵı㲻ᷢ
аҲ΢΢˵ϹˣͷЦˣҿܲʹĸûʣҪֻɺͰ
⻰ϹĿ˵⡣
аһüϱ

ϴҲڤԨĶԻˣ˵ҵΰɣǸ̫ʵˣʵľһ
ӵһСȴʲôҲû£
ˣһˣ㹻ˡֻΪǣҡǻϾңְۣҿԽǽɢ
Ϲ켫ΪȻ˵ţȻаһа£ȻĬξ˼һ㡣

˵ĶҪȷʵߡ
˵ҵЭˣ
޵Ȼ˵ڣ޽һҲ޵
а۾аС˵ĻϹֻתͷϣ԰лнʮɫӺݵģɱȵĴҰһֻɳ봫֮ꡣЩȷϲ޵ĺ졣
ֻȴǻʹȻ֮ػеġ
˵꣬ϹתҪ߻ط䣬ߵ֮ͤʱȴͣ½Ųʻһ⣬Ǹ˭
˼Ϲ컰˼аЦһ޶Ȼȥ޺

ϹϱһЦн赶ɱõ
˵ϹͷҲص뿪С԰Ҳ뿪˻ʹ





롭

Ϲ߳ʹȥ˵ظڵ֪ﻹɡϧѩһͬȥ˰ľǺ󣬱ǣƥ׼ǣǰȥľǡ
߳ʳûԶһϤӰ

˱ϣһ£ɫʱϰϰ֮£ȴϹоǷݹ·͵ľ
ϹЮĿЦݽ󣺡ڤԨôɡ
ڤԨԽתͷϹ죬˵ڵ㡣
ϹЦţȴû˵ڤԨü΢壬˼һ˵Ϊʱ˼
˵ʲôôǵø߹ҪڤԨҪĻϹڲٳĬҲû˵ʲôõĻ

ڤԨϹĻһ壬ת˫һϹЦţҲڤԨ
˵ٶ죬ͥһ㣬һ·֮ڤԨȴƳĬ֪ҩµġ
ϹҲ֪ûϱû䣬ҲûڤԨּ˵֪ǻɺģ֪ôĿģ֪

ϹĬһᣬͻȻָһߵһÿƳïʢʵӵЩõ˵ôïʢһΪԽԽߡԽԽãҲȴϣȥΪһ̫ߣ춥ˡԸȱ˸ˮȴή
ڤԨϹ죬ԽԽ
ڻʹЩаÿ춼ң̸֪ɺи˫̥磬ˣǶԨ¥
Ԩ¥ϮҲайءڤԨϵЩӵɺϣȻܲ³ʹаûЩ鷳ãҲвС

ҲǸǲаٰ磬˼ٰ磬μӻʼʢġѧʲôϵأ棬Ҳᵽհĵز֮ǰҾ֪һϢѧ˶ʵʶˣʶĳ̶ȱĶҪ
˶ǸΪĴ󽫾պգפڱ߹أѧһһεãаĶҪôһڰĸߵĽֲ±ǻɱ޹ءаҪ˶ԶҴıءڣˡ

ֻҸո֪ȴаġĻʵˡΪܽᣬϹ찵ҡͷ
ڤԨϹ죬Щ˵Щ㿴ˣаʵҲǳɵŶԡѧΪʳǣȴ֪а˼ƻɣȴ͸Լ˼ɲǸԸܵġ
㲻Թ𣿵ĺ⣬ڤԨڻʳһͬذľǡʱϹתͷϵЦݴ׽͸ı顣

˵ģȻаٳɵģȥʲôáοɡϧǶȥˣǶֹҸȥҲˡڤԨһ٣Ȼ˵
ڤԨ䣬ǱߵϹ̾ϢһŴͷһûоӡ
ڤԨȻһϹ컹飬һ򲻴Ҳţ̾ʲôѵڵаҪΪң֡

Ϲ̧ͷ͸ίڤԨǴҸϢʲôˡ˵꣬ϹɥĴͷ
˵Ϲڵң֣Ϲ˽⣬ϹȴǸΪˡڤԨһʱҲ壬Ϲ뷨ɥԭˡ
һΣڤԨ˵ټҪġΪҴĵߣ֪ܺңΪϹģǵΪϹˣ㶼ᣡһᣬϹƵĿڡ

⻰ڤԨһ𣬶ʱоһĪŭڤԨս˵һֱϹϵ£ҿԸ㡣
Ϲû˵ڤԨѾ˵ħƷҵĵˣΪƷϹϰҡΨһҪһ£ǾС
ڤԨȻ˵ĺͦƽѿɼͻ뵽ڤԨôŮˣֲ˽ӴϹҲ֪£뵱ڤԨҲԸġ

㡭ʲô
ԽԽڤԨͻȻ֮ȴоǰһˣڤԨ£Ϲ찲ȻǰڤԨŭ˳
Щ岻ãҲסɽϡɽҲġҲϰڻ¶ͬɢһ㡣ֻȿ㣬ҪһֲľǡϹԽ˵ԽίԽ˵ԽڤԨ
ڤԨסӣֲסİϹơǱϹʱԭأƺЩ֪ȡ

˵ЩڻʹУȻԴܺãҾʧߣںҪСϢһˡϹɹҵ˵Ի˵۾һƽ˳
ڤԨץɽţƺżŭһһ󣬷˵Ϻá
ȴʱϹͻȻһӣյľҪˤȥ
ڤԨԵһ̧һͣϹͷ۷ʱҲѻסϹԷϹˤ¡
һϵеĶʱڤԨһ˲񣬽Ų֪Ƿ̫ԭϾһ˵ı졣

ڤԨؿڴϹ죬ʱϷһ͵ȰЦڤԨʱ°һߣȫղһʱ۹⣬ʲô
ǱںϹµʱҲСܵ׷ȻƵڤԨ·

һʱ䣬ϣֻʣ粻ס֦µɳɳ߼µ





Ӵϲ~

ϹڤԨһ·ϣԿ羰ΪǰᣬƵš
ˣ㻹ôȥ
ܹϹһ·ϵɢڤԨʵ
ɵһϹƤΪڤԨֱĮӵϹһֱڤԨͬһƥ

ڤԨʱϹĽǣڤԨǸʮûˡڻûӴһ£ٽ¸ôءҿǴԺһֱġһûҲǸˣҿɲҲʧӼĻ㲻һҪ󶼲ͬɣʱϹµ˵ţίı飬˹Ҳĵز
ڤԨʱһӵĻ뷴ǺʲôҲû˵
ΪڤԨܲ˵Ǹӻ񲻺ϵ£ʲôͬһΣҪʲô֮Щ
ʹϹڤԨҲû˵ڡ
һ·ϣڤԨһ˪ڱĲҲûееĹϹĲһ·ϣڤԨֻεԹԼλӦϹͬһô޴Ϊ

ڤԨɾʹˣҿɾԲ棬жʵɡ㿴ѽڤԨǰϹϽӹ˵䣬תһѰڤԨļ
֪ǺܺãĿԵɾôš϶ཀྵӲ֪Ǽļ⣬ٲԺѿ
ϰ֮ˣп̺ۣܲѿΣһҲ⡣ϹԽ˵Խ֣ڤԨ
ҽⰡҵҵ󰡣ôͻءҼ֣

֪ǵڼΣڤԨķЧҲ֪ǵڼΣڤԨƺһʼҪʵ⡣
ʲôأϹ˼飡黹ǱģϹѡ͵ЦֳĬΪԡ

ڤԨ˵Ϲʱƥ˰ľǣʱ롣
ʱѧϮɹǻԨ¥ľˡãʱѧûôˡ
Ҳǵļʱ֣ǸԨ¥٣ȻԨ¥ʧ൱أѧ˵ȫû

ӴһλѽҿҿⲻǾúϹ죬ϹүСȺʱˣˣ
һԨ¥ӭǰϧỹЩĻϹ΢΢ͷȴƹϧһѱһſɹ̫ѩһٲࡣ
Ϲ湻ˣ㿴һȺвƵĿϹЦŵͷһȻҶˣڤԨһ·ܳͶ٣ȻҴϯô˷ѣԨ¥ڼҪؽϯȷʵⲻȥСһҵǲ⡣Ǿ͡
Ϲ죡
Ϲ죡
Ϲ죡


ĸͬʱߺ֣ʲôоһ˲䣬ϹоվŵǿطƮ
Ϲ죬Ȼٿٶ䡣
Ҷˣȥԡ£ʲôġ˵һָſŵѩҲһߵ˷ɿ뿪ֳ

ڤԨôġ仹һװôݣֻЩݵգЩѪ۾ȴԵЩǱҲڤԨǰһ
ڤԨͣãȻͻȻת뿪ˡ
ǶǷӣ
Ҫɣܲ˺ġ

˵ɵ˸ϵľǣʱѧԨ¥ļ֮УһռϷļơ
о仰ô˵ģ˱˶ѧ˶˶£˶ǲҲһһĺá뽭ֹУӮĻͺСˡ
ɡϧ˵ƲϾ֣书ȴټϿѩһ֣Ԩ¥ơ

ʱԨ¥ΪǰڵƣҲԨ¥ʧأǼͻȻƣⳡִ̻һ졣
Ԩ¥Ӯˣ֪Լ˵Ǵ
Ԩ¥վһ̣ѧǱˡԨ¥ҹᣬƻʱغԨ¥лɳˣְеԨ¥ļϸȻǻɺҹܱҲһæһ졣
˵ˣԨ¥ڵڶ࣬ҽξϡ
˵ֹһڣԨ¥ҲûʲôϢ
ԵڤԨ¶ôôڳЦı飬һºʾ˵Ҳܲˡ
֪ǰڤԨǹǣҲͷ֮Թһе˵
ΣЩûûεġ



ǳǳ밲ϧҪ豨ҹڤԨķ䡣ȻûôڤԨôߣȷ˵˯ķڿУŵڤԨķ䡣
֨֨֨֨
һݣ밲ϧ˶ԿһۣĴߡ
һ߽һϸڤԨϹڴϣҳһ
ʱ밲ϧЩӲ֪ϹԸѲƤȴҲûô㶨ڤԨܲǾȵġ

ʱҲƺҲ˽ӽ뿴밲ϧ
ɺϧҲ˯ţҲ氡ð
ϹЦ룬תۼȴɺͰϧӰ
ţҿЦģЦǺϲϹ쿴żȥ˵ıֹš
طȥϵڤԨȴ޿̵һ
˯ˡϹȴûһ㣬顯ɺڴתۼƽˡ
ڤԨϷϹŭȴûϹ⣬ȴڤԨһ˳Ϸˡ





˸(ᣩ

谵ʪɺ˫˫űţûнʳҲմһˮ΢ݣ۾Ѫ֫൱ң
ʱŴ򿪣һŵ͵ĽŲ
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