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˴һװɫҰף亹ʹץסɳ˼ſڵǡ
ðɡ̯һֱʾԼ˵ôȰѷø壬֮ڣһԼԸ
˵ͷҧӵȥһС򿪣ֿһĶƸ꣬˵ȸһ붩³֮Ÿ𣿡
ЦеؽӹӣĶͷ˵ѽ
Ϊҡ
˻û˵꣬ͱһֻ𪵽͸ָס촽˵ҲջԼָ˵ҵ
Ǳƻһ㣬԰׵Σ˫Ŀճյؿң˵ţš
ô뿪ˡԹϵЦݣżơ
ǣǣߡſȥţһмѣǣǼ£ٴ֤ʵʵ
΢Цͷ˵û⣬ֻС¶ѡ
˵õ֤˼֣ŹЦ뿪ˡ
һ뿪ϵЦݾʧˣ˿ûиոյţסǮԵؿһոµĳƱЦһ⣬˵ȻϣֻǮõѽ
ŹӣΪʲôҪһθǮأʻһܿɰԼҵĺӣգԼһһ̵۾ʵ
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ҹĵͷѵķŵҴߣ˵ӿ㳢ҹĿζŶ
Цеҧһڣ¶ҸЦ˵óԡһҹϵĵģֵݸҹһ飬ҹŵߵɳϣӿʼڳŵġ
ҹҲ¶Цݣζ˫ţԼеĵġ
ϣǣҹС֣ƳĿĵȥҵɫǺܺãرԹͣˣܣأΪʲôֻһθҶˣΪʲôǳס
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ڵĽֵԼЦתۼ䣬ֵû˶˵Ӱ
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ոսȥ͸оһɱϢҹС첻˵ζѽ
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ҹˮ۵ĸ첲§סҵĲӣϲ£ί˵ŵζ
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ҹ˫ɫ۾ϲĹâϹϿɰܳΪթЦݣ˵ţȻŶˡ
ٴκСҹָ³ȥ
ãұҹһǰͣ£ЩΪѵ°ͣ˵ǵķѽҪ߻ˣһ۵ġ
ҹͷ˵ˣӾҪǮˡ
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䣬žϢؿˣҵͷҹ˵׵˵ͨѽ
ҹ˵ͷ˵ͷ֪Ļġ
ǲ֪ͺáҡͷŽ߽䣬˵Ŷ
ҹɵصͷҹɰСС죬ͣΪҵĲߣΪҵĲߡ
͵ЦһŴûĶֻǴڲס۾΢΢˼һ²ſؿҹ˵Щ鷳ѽ֪ٶյǮˡ
ҹͬľŹӵļ






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Ұҹŵϣҹɵקסҵ½ǣվߣؿܡ
׼𣿡ҵǳϿңԳΪᣬֻߵҹ边ȻԾһ²ӣʹÿտ
Ǿˮˮʲô˼һŮӱڲΧŵĴϴ
ѽѽҲģֻǮѽҵίŨŨֻ
ܡӴϴôңܡ
ϵЦʧˣһ׹һźɳⱾտɳϣҹɵվɳϣ֪ʱϳһðĺ裬ݸҡ
ҽӹһڣŻڵֵ𣿡
̶̵ֻʱĳĬҶŲ豭Ҳ֪ʲôֻ΢΢ۡ
϶ƭңƭҶԲԣ˻ƣһīɫŮӴǺڲȥһǳһ뾹Ѫɫ˫л֣̿г޸زסɱ⣬ϷŨŨһָܵζ
Ұһں£ҹɵؽӹ豭վ̧ͷŮӣһ˿©һõЦݣ˵ѽⶼ㷢ˡ
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ҹͷ˵һȥߵġ
ҹ¶һЦ˲ҵ֣ȻŮӣ˫ɫһ˿
ŮӲǰֻǰ˫죬ס˺۵֣ɱǣҺԶĹϵԶǰҵģҵġ
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ҹͷһֻ۵С֣ǳɫСϸԿɰҹֱӰŮȥһҹСɵĽѾŮӵĲ䡣
ӣѽζšҹ죬˵
ҵͷŮӣ˵ڤûܵ˽ʲôǵ鷳Ҫʰ
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ѾͷˣûȨЩŮ˫۵ڤⰵһ㣬Բĺ
ѽǣȷʵҽġһŰֵֽίϣŮӿֺ˵ûί飬ҲŲ¡
Ůеڤ𼸺ʧȻЦЦгбок⡣
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ҹһͷЦⲻҲԱЦڵܼ򵥵ѽŮڤˣǵίˣίֻòŮѽΪǵί˷˽棬ܵ˽ĳͷϿʼ븯õζҲʼãòʧˣҲʧˣί˾ԼļҵˣҪŮģκ֪ԼŮ飬ԣˣίǽŮѽ
ҹһͷգһ۾ٴʵǣΪʲôҪһΰǮأ
ΪһжǸıõģûΪĴеһжһϦٵһ󴫳ûһţЦվˡ
˻һźӣϵŮ¶ȵľ֣Ҳʼ
ɿɣǵ˶ų´ҹվʧûн˰ɡЦĳϿҿɰ
ɢɢ־ۣſʵŹΣڤԼԴǡ
ҿ˵Ůһۣϵҡҡͷ
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Цһֻ͵ȵè˵ɣҹ衣ҹͷջԼСţصߡ
ϵŮӣʧ˾͸ûгֹһ˸˸Ƿ˵ڽˡ
ѽӸϢˡҹգԼɰ۾˵
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ңͷʲô£
ҲʦĻϸҹĻҩζŨˣ㲻Ҿĸо
ұҹ裬Ŀؿ˵ȥˣҹĲ򲻳ˣѾǮɽ鱦źˡ






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Թţ綼ڶʿĿ꣬һΪԼܵɽԺǣֻǻſϣŴһľɫ̾
ίˡһЦЦ𣬴һŰ׳ۣĵüĿ㣬ϴһֳζ
ѽͷӣΰҽҪʲôƳһˣҲҵʦ𣬺ǲĵʵ
ʲôͷҪʦ𣬻쳽ˡ˵ţһĵԴϣŵ˵˵ɽǧһεҪʼˣԣھȥ
⻰һӴָָ쳽ߵغҾ֪㿴Ҳ˳ۣҲܾȥѽ
쳽ҲЦֻ͵ĸĺ㣬֪óһӣ˵ôôأôܻẦأľӢѽ
ҧгݵؿ쳽ЦѽһӣҲǾӢ˭ǾӢһȥЩѾõ˱ԣҺѻ㲻ȥġ
ѽôôʦأҿɴû˵ȥѽ쳽һȣ˵ѵʦĿоô𣿡
ŹЦĴ棬ҡͷôأĿб⻵ˡ˵˫ðˡ
쳽⻰ҲûЦĸӿˣ˵ҵĹͽܣҪڳȥ֤ˣȥֻڱͣԾȥˡ
ҳˣ˵˽ʮ֮ףǣڵʵ̫ˣ˶ͽϸŻˣֻڲ˲֪ͽϸʵ̫ˣͽʦһôˣǵһѾַӵ˼ޣҲôһˡ
ԣ֪ҵıСģҲĿ£ô˵ƾڵĹϵӦ׬ٺôɡţҵԽԽͣĹâҲԽԽˡ
ðɣȥǣʦѽգԼ۾˵ͽǴȥģܲܶ˲ǣͽܵΪʵڵôһ㣬һ˲Сˣֵñ½ȥͽ𣿡
쳽˽ҵ˼Ҹţ϶ҶģΪСһԱ½ͽܣһֱ˵˽Ļ治һĲʺҲʵ̫˵㣬ԣòҵңһУֱӰҰˡ
ȻҰǮ˵㣬Т˳˵㣬ǻǺܺθڵģ˵ˣڿĻ̣Լҵ˷ĴٴҲֻܱԼ۸ҲôһСһ۸ȥô졣
һ׹ȥϳʮСƿһ֪ǷƷ
Һʶֱյ棬ǴҲƷָֻʱ濴׾ءҸսʱ쳽Ķ
쳽һ£óһСɵľӣ˿ֿ˿ӣһҧӸң쳽ӣ֪ĺö˵ֱӵѪڡ
쳽ЦؿңڵʦҵģԶֻҪΪʦģ˺㡣
֣ЦĸӲô࣬˵Ȼʦã۵ˡҰ°ͷŵ쳽ļϣЦ۾
쳽¶֪Ǹ˻Ƶı飬ΪֻʱҲŻֳһͽܵӡ
ӣʦȲ衣ҹŲһɫСƲʣŵĺͲˣСƲҲҸյʱ쳽Ҫġ
Сҹѽ쳽жؽӹ豭һڣ˵
ƲƲ죬Ҳ˵ֱһһһڲ
ҹһԼһĳԣֿ쳽˵ӣʲôʱܻȥѽڵԼеײߡ
Ұѿղ豭ŵƮڰеϣҹͷ˵Ҫһΰɡ
ҹίС죬ϲ˼£ʾ֪ˣÿ˵۹⿴쳽
쳽ҵı飬ֻŵĺȲ裬ȻĿұŵ̵֣ݵİѵȫߣ˵ˣǵ֮ڸϵɽ
ߣ͡Ҷ쳽ıӰҧҧȻҹ˵һûгԱ
ҹס͵͵Ц˫ɫгһССķ죬ɰǳ
ûĵġװһҹС˵
ҹŽ´ϵЦøӿˡ
Σҹŵһߣվ˵Ȼʦʦ涼չˣǾɡ
ѽһ죬һ첻ѽҹգԼ۾Թվ˵
۾΢΢𣬿ҹ裬ЦԺ˵Ȼĺѽ






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ڷɫСƲϣҹҵȣһͽͯúǿġ
ȻҹԼüë飬˵ӣѪζ
û£ô࣬ʲôԵؿһƴĺ񣬺˵
ǡҹ趯˶ԼСӣϸһ°յζŽ˵үҪֻ𣿡
ѽʲô£ҴӴӣһһȺò⡣
ֻ󹷹ġҹСָָ棬һ˵˲Ѫ
۾΢΢һתһһã˵ȥ
ҹͷŷɫСƲƮȥҹ˵ĵطֻĸڴܣΧмһмһͷǳɫͷɫ۾ѪȴڲסеĽ
Ȼһùѽо˰죬ڵó˽ۣ˵ǣôչأ
ҹҡҡͷԼС°ͣһ˼ӡ
أҹ裬Ϊ̫ˣֻӿˡҶ˵ϣһҺܿӿҹ˵
ҹԼ۵Сһҵļ˵û£ӣҹ豣㡣
ʱұסҹ裬ж˵ҹ裬ӾͿˡ۾һһģǿɰ
ҹᶨصͷһؿŲ֪ʱѾֹͣ򶷿ʼĸˣ˵˭˺ӡ
亹ͬʱ˶ͷ䣬һͷ˼ҹ裬˵Ѻãк£
ǸʲôҼҿŵĴ󹷹۸ҼҹӣҹССֱָ˵
˿ҹ裬ֿҹңɫ΢䣬Ǻɫ˵Ѵ˻
֤ȷ䣬ǻ벻ϣ˵ܵɫ԰׵ס˵󹷹£Ǳ㡣
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ү󹷹ԼǴ󹷹ô죿ҹɰСʱʵ
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ԹӵĻҹŹӣ첻˵
˸Ҫվֱҹһõ˼Σüҹί˵Ͳ𣿡һֻСŲȵϣҲվˡ
ԡҸҹһЦݣͶ׵ߣóһСƿһҩ裬ʱƮɢ
ҿ¶ֿ̰һƷǵҹ裬Сĵ̰
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ҹͷɵؿʼִҵ
ҿĸɫȴҶˣЦǽһ࣬ϵ˵ڣ̸̸ǴҼҴ󹷹⳥ɡ
㲻Ҫôߡľ֮ףָҺ
һ޹˵ȻǲԸ㣬ֻýҼǸչõϲȥˡ
ţһɫ䣬ǻҾΪҵΪֻܣһǱǸ̫߳࣬һǱǵʹ̫࣬Ǽ̤ƶ£ֻһ¾Ǿ϶ڵһ뵽绹һûгɵˡ
ߣĸӦǱʦǿֻǵöҪִˣǱΪСʦǴ
һھҪţҲҲһɵˣܾʮɵˣرڣǷǳʱڣɶɳ˴μεĴҲﲻġ
˵⳥ɡãľڵͷ˵ǿΪһֱķ
ҲҪ࣬鵤ҩɲݷʲôĽɡ˵һɣһֻͣǶ亹
ֻҹΪ˵ӣˣʯҹϲᷢĶ
ã˰ɣ˾ͿѶҲҪǽ࣬һ˽ͺáҲͣҡԼӣҪҪûеĻȥʦʦʲôҪˣȻе鷳˷ʱ䣬ȱĲʱֻǵʱƾͲֹЩˡ





3

ҿϵĶ¶һ䲻⵫ǿǵı飬󷽵ػӻ֣˵ǿˡ
ʱľһ˵ķȣֱ˦ˡƲƲ죬εؿҹ˵ڵĺôôò
ҹݵصͷ˵ѽѾʴˡ˵ʹֻǣǩ֣Ȼҩǵʱ䡣
ǿңԾһ£΢΢ŵ۲֪ʲô
ҲֻЦ˵Ҫ㲻úôʲôҰˣңô
ô֪£ǿʵеɳƣһֲɣС
ҲΪеȣشͷ˭ûԸƵطš
ǲô磬˵ǸƵطҲǰһ˰ɣ˵滰Լȷʵϲط
ãֻҪܰұɱ֮Ǿ㡣һ˵
ҿԱҹѹڵϵһۣһֱ֪Ķһֻһ£ҲҳسŵĶֻҪԶᱳѡ
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ǣӡҹҩŵϣԼ۰׵СŴƿСܵߣͷҡ
ĳȻһڵϣǣٴοڵˣ㡣
һͷذҩȥʼˡĶĸˣֱҹѹƵģҪҪһƴҲҵ
ҲԿֻǻǺܴģܷĻܰԼŵ޺棬ԽԽֻ⡣
ҹ費֪ʱͳƻݸһҽӹЦЦԼһʼС
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ϲͺãϲʱҶҵ㡣ɵ˵ҼҺôɰȻҪúóˡ
ҹ˫ɫؿеʯȻóһСܰϧĿʼЩʯ
ûãǾۣҵЩ죬ͷʵлֱ˵
Ϊʲôôõҩǿʵ
ΪҩҪõģǲġ˵ţһԲʯҹ裬ˣǸ·
ҹڰ۾ʯƿһֿһۣͷ˵֪ˡ˵ţʯȫյԼϵķ
ȸ߰ɣ·ϸ˵Ϣ˵ţ̤ҹгķɫСƲʣŻɵվǵ֡
ǵͷ̤Сɣһͻ֣ᷢƲĿռܴѾƮƲϣǲſ˵˵ĲģɱӵǾӰˣݲ͡
ŶӰѽòʦ۲Ǻܸߡ
Ӱʮ֮һٴοڵֻôôֻĳɷ֡
֪Ʋһ˵
ֵǾˣң㵽˭
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ǵͷ֪ʲôȻ̧ͷң˵㡣
Цеصͷ˵ߵ
ҹϵصͷ˵ԶǶԵģӲչԶǶԵ
ӣҡͷԺòӣòƿ亹Ƕͷ¡
ӰǺģҿ϶Ǵ򲻹ģҪôܰЩͷŪæأڿ϶⣬ǣôĸԸĳأ
أСҹ裬ҹʹ˵ţҹϣл
ô죿ô죿ҹһżСסҵĶͷҪ޳ӡ
СҹһڣүͲˡҹ˵
ҹССĴܿҵĶͷϣȻʵӻ𣿡
ҹ꣬Ȼˡҵͷҹϻ£Ʋϣߵλã˵ԣҹ㹫˯һᡣ
ҹɵ굽һҵĸ첲§סСӣ˵Ժͽɪˣӵɪɪ
û˵Ҿ͵ͬˣ۾һʹ֪Ϊ˲Ҳ֪Ϊʲôֻǿʹ౯˵ıͻоʹǣ֪ҲΪʹֻΪһʹζʹ
Ϊһֹ˶ʹ






4

ɽɽţҹ˷ɫСƲʣΪ˽ƣΪʾ۵أֻܲɽ
̧ͷ۸ʵɽʱ˿˵øѽ
ȷʵܸߡҹһ߿ɽٿңش
ɪѽҪҪԭΣɽأҿɪ©һЦݣʵ
ɪûشңֱӰͷŤһߣԼʼɽҿɪıӰʹĥֻҹסҵ֣ɪɽ
ߵҵȶʧȥ֪ˣһˣ˵Ϣһᣬѽ
ɪ˸ۣҲ˵ߣҹɵİ˵ӻҪǶϢһ᣿
һǰϢɪһĵͳֻЩ
ǹˡҹվӣ˵˫ɫӺݺݵɪ·ɪٸҶ˵һ仰ҪǰҧɪĲӣֻǲֻ֪˭ǡ
ߡɪһۣ˵
޹ؿ۸Ҽҹͻ۸ңƲƲ죬ӹҹݸҵĺ裬һڣɽϵĿȷʵ£رɽϸģһȫãΪͻƵɪٿڣԼĳֻԼ°ɡ
ãҲվ˵߰ɡ
˭ˣһİŤͷȥֻİߡ
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ԣǵȿкöûУҪٴ򡣡Ҽ
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ݵһˣҲŻԡأɫˮеӰǳЦɫĳƤƽò˵ĵطҲǶһ˰ɡ






ɽ5

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Ӹסͷˣֱ˯绹Ҫ˯Ҳһ˰ɡ
ҹһѣѾˣϴ껻һǳɫǰɪҶ棬һֻۣûпҹԴʼԷ
ҹѽ֪ĺʲôط𣿡ҧһڰӣʵ
ɪ¿еϡң
¥ҲΪػش粢徻ģϾҲҪֵģοɶǷ˳ȻһЩϰߴ磬¥ĳһġ
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ҹֵؿһɪŻش֪ҹѾ⸽ܳĵطˣֻҪɽ
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ɪһӣҧһڣ˵
һȥҵɪһۣһͷҧһڣƿǹͻƵġ
ɪһۣûзҾ͵ͬˡ
Ա˺ͯ˸кʼɽˣ׻˵ɽɽѣɽˣɽɽȴҪ׵Ķ࣬ΪרŵĴ͵㡣
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ҹһۣˣͳһСƿӸɪ˵Ȼôã͸һƿɡ
ɪҲƴǣֱӷŵûã¾ʹһ˽ݡ
ǻ˱ȭ˵گ¥ҩʦҩ飬ʹܷ¿һ¾
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ҩӹҧһ´˵ǣȥ죬չ˺ùӣһߴ
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ҩճȥ¾óһң˵ӣ涼گ¥ˣѡ㡣
ߴҽӹᣬҹһſÿһҳһˣŮֻÿһ˶Լɫگ¥
˼ҳͽҹ裬ҹĴͷβۣȹƯѽ
ʱľƱսЦЦسᣬ£ҹͷ˵ҹôã
ѽҹɵصͷ˵һϲˡ
ԡ͵ЦɪһۣҲſڵȲˣҿپɡ
µͷվ˵ʲôҪԸ¡
֪һŵҹϣĸݡÿһż䶼ɽΧֻܴ濴棬ǿġ
ûãҩʹ˽ˣǰϵ̷ŵһϣͳȥˡ
ҩ鹧˵Ϊ֪ҪŸƷʯһٿ飬Ʒʯٿ飬Ʒʯٿ飬ҲȥǵƷ
ҵͷһƷʯ==ʮƷʯ==һٿƷʯžĺֵǮѽ
ûбķԸҾˡҩ鿴ҵı飬˵
ҵͷȥ
ˣӣﶼƷʯļֵ۵ġ¿ڲ
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ҹ迪ıסʯ˫ɫ⣬˵ҹҸŶ
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ڴߵϣҹ裬ɪߣվݸһСͲ˵Ǻõġ
ҽӹŵҹϣЦеرסͲ档
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֪ǲҵĴҸоҶһ£ǣҲûаѽ糷̫
СһڱоƣǸ˲ͨˣЦţҲᣬǣȴоΣա
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Ȼҹҵͷһŵغۣٿһ׿ɴСӵд汣ʹܵĳߣֲҹôء
ֻûбĹãҹѼǮеİٵʱ׳߾͹ҹˡ
ҹõҪĶǸˣСԴͣϲ䣬Ľ
ɪ¶һЦݣҹ裬˵˵滹Ҫأ㿴ɡ
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ٴǰ˿ȥֻǰǳЦľٱңҲЦһ£ٿ
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ҹҵ˼Ҳ¶ɰЦ˵˵ĶԣٲǶˡ






ɽ7

Ȼŵ¿ңҵһͷȥţЩɻؿſڣſǸʱסˡ
ҵıЦһ£Ծϣ˵Ĭԡ
ҵͷ˵𣿡
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ˣҾûҸµ˼ұסҹ迴۾΢΢һЦ˵
Ŷ𣿡һ˵úᣬᣬֵζ档
ǡҺܿ϶˵
ðɣǾˣγƺСأɨɪҹ裬Ȼʵ
ƲƲ죬ֱǸΣյȴƫƫоϤҡ
ҹӡһɾľƱԼһƺ£ſ˵㻳ֻСèɣϡеƷ֡
ҹĪһԹһСĬԣҧԼ´΢΢
ԭҹ趼оΣգҰҹĺ󱳣ЦŻشѽҹֻɰè䡣
Ĭóɫĳߵߣѳϵҹͷ˵͵͸ļ񣬲£úñӾͺá
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İн䱸ǺõģǣҪҽ䱸Զ˺ġĬ˵
һҵĶϣҧԶ˵ԼǻˡҹŵϣܵɪãһֱЦ˵𣿡
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ɽ8

û߳ԶĬԾ׷ˣЦɣ飬һһҹ裬û˵ֻǰѻӵ˹
ҿЦͲ״ڣ
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ҿĻӣͷɿס֣ѻȷŵϣʹӴҳСϻȥ
ǣյֱһֻ޳ֹֻĬ΢΢Ų俴˵ôô֪ϧԼأ
ҵһۣûĬ΢΢̾˿ѻ·ŵϣһסҵģһֻϲ֪ʱһѱɫСỮҵָȴҸоһ˿ʹ
һѪ˻ϣǵ˿ھܿٶˡ֣ûĬԣֻǿŷĻӣһеĻԽ¿ɰ
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ΰѼĬԵЦᣬҸо
ԼѾˣޱӣеҹ衣
ŽȷʵĬԣѶŵˮŵϣóһɫҽӹԼãͼѾմˮëŵϣҲ֣ô˽ˢˢϴ
Ĭ԰Ұϣ͸ҰӰżĳָɵҷƶܿһҵͷһһɫ̶á
ҿžеԼҡҡͷǣҵģȥҹѾ˷һֱڻأ˯ãҲǶ˰ɡ
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ҹ۵С˵ҹˡ
˵䣬ĬѾʢһŵǰȺȵȽϺá
ף£ζȴûһ۾ֺ˼ڣҼҹ裬þǺóԡ
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ӣе£Ҳһ˷ŵ˵ԼҲԡ
Ĭ̧ͷң©һЦ·𴺷绪
ѽҧסӣ






ɽ9

ΧȺͽֵڵض˶Ĭץסֻ֣΢΢ŤͷһЦô
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𣿡ĬԵֲȣ΢΢⣬Ʒ񣬻ࡣ
áҿһС·˿ĬԶ¶˼־޵΢΢죬ץס֡
ЩˣȥϢһ£ɺãǵѯʣѾǣҵ¥ȥ
Եҵ죬ֿһܵˣи̾磬Щ˿͸ĬԵΪǲҵҪ˽磬ֶ˰ɡ
ѽһθ̾һĬԣڵĳһɫɰ󣬾ŵòһֱǳǳº͵Цݣ绪
ڴߣ֧°ͣŴ⾰ɫĬ˿ķϣ˵
Ťͷһۣһɫһ͵ĵģһڣŵζ㣬
ϲͶԵ㡣Ĭ԰һ̵ĶŵǰֶһҴߡ
ſں²ˮĬǳЦ绪ȻһŤͷ⾰ɫһʱ۾΢΢𣬹ȻûһɾģҲһǿʳ
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ҶʱƣȴŲæԼ֣סҵĸ첲°ұ뻳Уôˣ
ڡ΢΢̧°ͣüƵ
ǺǣڣʲôˣĬԵգЦ崺㣬ˡ
Ŷһأˮ۵ͣ㡭ɨһ飬¶һЦһѴ˻ռұˣ۲ѽ
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ۣǰڷ۵ĺӾۣЦҸոյסЩˣǵڲŷӦҪάôӡ








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櫿Э飬¶ʹı飬ȻңΪʲô𣿡
ΪҼҹϲͷЦĿɰҲԲǩġ
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2

ĬûлشֻóһѰӰҲ߰ĳ˳óһɫĳаҳ
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§סĬԲӣҰɣҰɣ֪
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СĬ԰סҿۿӵ֣ԼҰſӿϣôϲ뿴ʧص𣿡
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4

õļԺģĬָζ߹ǳЦʵ
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ҹ豧ҵĲӣѩ׵ҧסԼĴˮûп޳
Ĭ࣬ҹĶͷҹգһ˫ɫ۾ȵĺҶĬԿɪһۣɪǰһнӹҹ衣
Ұ뿿ĬԻȥ֮ǰɨһǸ˵ֿһ˵ǸˣǳǳЦߡ
ÿǸ׼뿪˫§סĬԵĲӣĬϣŵίɤҿ³ЩҶˣô죿
֪ҹĲЩ˵飬ҪǸˣҹҲԼЩ䡣
ȻҶеˣȻҶˡĬԵֽ§סҵҶ˵
ҪҹȥǸˣҶֻܺòãҸ˵꣬ҹٴʧˡ
ҶҪԿ𣿡Ĭؿңָҵķ
룬̫˲óԡ۸߹ȥֻ۷ֱָĿ˵ϡ
ѽᡣͷĬԻǳǳ
Ǿͻ˺ˡĬԻ䣬ֻͼһ˫סѪۡ





6

ҹʱֻʣһ̲Ѫˮһɫ԰׵ˣ߰ɡҴ˸Ƿ˵
ҹͷĬǣҵȥΪɱ֮ǰĬԾѾ˽磬˿֪ǲԶ
̧ţȴԼ·°ڱץסͷֻֻҧ´ֽסҵ·
ʲô£ɿĬԵ֣ɫ۾ʵ
ҡſ־;
ΪʲôҪ㣿գһ۾΢΢ܸȤʵ
ɱǾ𣿡˵Ų
ҹĻЦֻһϿº͵Цݣֻ۵ڲסĳҲûҪΰˡ
Ҳ˵ͷͷĬԣ⺢ӣӱ˴ɵ𣿡
ĬҵķͻƤƴ۽ǵЦʹ˼
һһСУֱӻƱץס½ǣȻСվ·߰ɡ
Ϊʲôң˷ĽϣķŭͲʡ
Ϊ㲻ֵþȡҵֻ˾ˣҿᡣ΢΢ҵЦŪ
ңҡ򣬷ҸˣɱǸոǸˡ˵ŵĻͣ˽Ųεҡҡͷ˵гϧ
ûжɪж¶һ˿ģҪõҪɪͳ䡣
ЦʵΪеĻΪλᱻץ
˳ϣؿңȻ֪ҵݣһغҶл
شҵ⡣ûֻٴʵ
۵׳˼ΣȴûվȣץסҹסԼȴҹ㿪ˣٴˤڵϡ
Ǻɫгŭȴû˵ֻ˵ϡ
ǴӺԼӳĶ𣿡뿿ĬԻҿŵϵʵ
ֻǡЩίı飬û˵ȥֻ΢΢죬˫ɫ۾ʱĬԣЩ˵ζ
Цѵֻ˿ĬԱͻͬĬԣ˻֪˼㡣ϣĬǿòģʱ̴ŵЦݣȷʵ˶ġ
ֻ͵ܳ棬ȴСıץˣ𣿡ĬԵĻֹסĬԵĲӣռԵһ¡
ô֪ҧҵĶԵļʡ
ߣ׳աҵᣬıô֪ƾôû̵Сӣʲôʵɱץ¶ܲµ
Ĭ˫§סҵҲĦ˫ƽؿŵϵˣûκ
Ϊһӣȴûһǿɱ±Ĵ㡣˵ֱ뿪
ҹһºֻͣеĳظϸĲӡ
ҹɪȴҹȥϢҺĬȥ¡뿪֣һ˵ҹ˯ӽü
ǡʲôҲûʣֱ뿪
ת˫§סĬԵĲӣϣھȥǸ˯Ů˰ɡ
Ϊҹ裿Ĭֵ§סҵһֻڰһ
ٴȥҹġЩʹӦ緢ģҲҹЩʹ࣬һҲԸԣȻ绹Ǻܺ棬Ժлᣬҹٳ㣬ܳЩˣٴҲǲ⡣
һԴ׵ġĬԱ߽ѷ죬ֻҧһҵĲ䡣
ġһɿĬԵĲӣѾһݻУǽǶҹ鷢͵Ĺ⣬һмǸ񴲣ֻһŰɴŮڴϣƽЩѵĸоݾŮеģȴԵø߹
ɫĳɢܣ·ԡİ׷㣬ҸԼƤʱ΢΢𣬴Ĵָʳָݺסϵһٺݺšһ¡
žᡣ˶ۣȻŮҵˣǿӱʵѡ˯ϻҴŽѵı飬Ͳϲ
ǺǣƤˡĬվߣҲûֹҵĶֻǺЦҡ
ӣɿסָʳָ˴üĵǴģͼڣô
Ĭûлشңֻҵķ
һվţҺ˵仰վߵĬԣ˵
ĬΣֻᵯһҵĶͷͻԱȥ
֪ôһ޷ֹĬҵĻҲֻǲϲŮվôѡ
ҵͷϸһ֯յҵŮˣˣûƯƲƲ죬¶һЦݣǰڻǽֻһ˵ģԣʧɣȻ˵ңҲûʸصߣݶУ֮ûĵطˡ
ͷһҪлģң֪Ϊʲôῴ㣬ԣΪһĸףɶΨһԸ㳹׵ʧɡ
վֱӣ׼Ĭȥͷǽϵ˯Ĵͼ
һͷ΢΢鴤ͷĬԣɣЩڴؿĬԣϣõ񶨵Ĵ𰸡
ĬȻȴЦ⣬ȷʵһ
ĥתͷ޵ܺãֶһɡ
ʮһµİ񴲣񴲷Ŀİ׹⣬ĬԾȵУʧȥ֪






7

оԼˮƮȴһֻ޳ָߴϻ䣬ѵ˾˹
ʪʪĶҵͷһֻˮӳһ欵ӰӣǻȴŽɫ·ǰɡҰ
ֻңСܿɰزסЦ⡣
ΪʲôʹĬȻ¡
˭뵽ҼҶôȥ񴲣񴲱Ϊ˱֯մڵģȻᷴϵķӡ˷ӡļ⣬бãо񴲵ĹҪ㣬õϵķӡֻһܲôֻܻȫϵͺˡĬѵ˵ô໰
ҵķӡˣչһ»꣬Щɻ󣬡ҵļΪʲôûлָأһ±ĵĬԼϣٱĵĬͷĬԵͷ˳ĸо
Ĭû˵ֻ̾˿ˡ
ҲͷϱQ£ŪˮҪʲôģΪʲôһ㷨ûˣ
ĬԻ֣һˮǰֻûбգûа취á
Ѿû˼ȥĬԵĻˣȫˮǸӰסˣһ˰ƴӦʥȴΪѪĺɫԵü欣ѪĻϲ˽ɫ·ˣɫĻΪ˼̵ֲ
ҲӣҴĬͷ£˫ס̧ǰ
ǣǴȻĺɫĬԵסңһֻҵĻ˵
ҲĶ˶꣬ôӣѵΪǻֵԭ򣿡
ĬûгҲûзϣֻȥҲע⵽ڴõطһúڰɫɵķ䣬ŤӣһĬתתȥ
ĬûֹҵĶֻСĵػסңѽͣѾЩͷΣֻʵſĬԵУʵ
ħ硣˷ţҿһѪɫ̫ڻɫգĬָᲦŪҺɫĻ͵Ϊڻħȫġ
ҿûסĬԵָռұˡ
ĬЦҸо˿˿ĬԵָҵĻУķſ˰סָĻ꣬Ť˼»
ĬԴһֻҹסɪһѹϣȴûҹӰӡ
ҹ硣Ĭҽȥ͵
仨ʾ֪ȻþȫҹĹȥҹ裬ҹӺÿѽҰ
ҹһ£ϽֽסңֻСɵָպסң˫ɫգѽգѽģȻĬֿеңСػһӣ
ҳҹȥڰУֻ޳ָסĬҲرQ˼£ҹѽҹӱɹˡ
ôɻˣҹ۵Сɻ
һޱȵּҹҵĻòˡս꣬ԼһǶ䣬ڰ˵
ҹˮؿңЩؿĬһۣʵΪʲôӣ
ϲɣˡһˮ飬Ҽ˵
ˮҪҹģС ҪҴĬߣӱ£ҹ豣㡣
ĵҹУŤŻļ£ӾͿҹˡ
ĬҲûֻǿҹһۣж˷Ц⣬ҪҹӡƤúܡĬλһ˵
ҹͷңӱģҹ˽òã
ҪҪⱨ𣬵һֻҹͷչ˻꣬¿һ
ҹһ£Ĭԣ֣ص˵Ǻˣ㲻Ҫٹ۸ˡ
Ĭ¶һЦЦı飬ǹ𣬿ҵԵĳ磬ˣɡԼŵ֣˵
ҪҹģҾҪֱӾܾҡһ»ꡣ
ԣָ𣿡ĬԵûаºš
һ£ŴҹͷϱĵĬסȫĺ
ҹλϣͷңӣʲôʱܱѽ
֪ϵ˰ɡһ»ش𣬡ҹ費ùӻǺƯ𣿡
ҹϸ˿ͷǺƯ
ǲˡҡŻ꣬˵
ȻһŰɫ·ӳſڣǸϤòҶʱ˵һӵˡ
ĬԲŲæؽסңʵᣬʲô£
ῴȫĬĲסŤһۣ¶һֻЦݵȥò͡
ĬԵ˵ͷ˳ְҷŵϣվ·ߵʱ͵شĬԼЦϣȻ󷴵ĬٴĬͷؿᡣ





8

ҲһթؿңЩɻỨˣֱҲ֪Ϊλ¶ּЦȻ˵ȷʵûģԲ˶
Ĭλϣ½ҲʵĬǶǲҪԷģֻǳԷѾһϰߣܶѡ
ϷḻķˣҲĵĺ Ĭ԰ҵĻ꣬·˵
·Ťһӣֻһİףһ·ɢͬɪĹ䣬ǴȻı䣬ֻҵһͷ
֪ˡƵػش𣬻ԹؿЩȡ
ĬεҵĻʱһò˹İһСŵϣȻʧˡ
ЩؿǸС裬ˮֻɢŨŨĬԻְȫСУȻҺУҵĻҷŵ
ҸϽû걧סĬԵָæʵҪʲô
кôĬûٶֻ͵
ұסĬԵָڰգоĻѾմˮˣϽӣŤ£رסĬԵָҪҲҪݵˮ
Сѽ͸ˮѽЦֿĵؿҵĶ˵
ҪҪǲҪҷŵˮҶݺݵ˵ҲϲˮвƮĸоδˡ
ĬεؿңסҵĻҷŵϣȻַŵˮ棬ֻһ˿˿״ʼˮƮĬ۳СһĬ԰һɫСԲŵһϣҿĵŤ£ԼһǶǸɫСȫʼŨŨˡ
Ұȫ꣬չŷǻڳԷҹ˲ˣСԵĹĹĵģɪͣĸвˡ
ῴҿˣƳԵĸ㣬һؿңҵĻȫһ±ĵͷϣʹȻҵͷظ˼ΣĬԵעҲҷſͣڰգһҲҶ°ˤȥ
ʰɣʰɣټҲûа취ԡ䲻Ҷ컹ڲͣ˵ſЦ⡣
ҿѳںȲĬԣֿ˿²ؼ߸߹𴿵ڵٿѾС˵һ߹ԹǷҹǸһɪһߡ
ĵĬǰûӣѱ׵УȻûѲ豭ķײȥ
㿪ȴǱҲֻԹؿĬԣǸ豭Ļȿ۵ͷ
ߡŤһӣ»صĬС
ѽôܰС۸ĿɰأһסĬԣ˵
ĬЦᣬ¶˱˵ΪûСſɰ
ſϣһֻ˵С㣬Ͱ͵ؿĬԣʱķ
ߣߵߣץסĺ죬иˡ
ĬԵͷ˵֪ͨǵᡣ
ǡ˵
ҹԱ𣿡ҿǱɪҹ裬תʵ
ԱˡҹЦ۾ԼĶӣ˵
ǺúӾ͸ȥ˯˰ɡҹЩ۾⺢Ӻܾû˯˰ɣûм֮ǰûкú˯
ҹסС죬˸ССĹǷҹȥ˯ˣ¾ͽҹŶ
ڶһ»֣꣬ҹЦһ£΢΢¶ССĻȻɪǣȥϢˡ
Ĭ˳ְҷŵϣ˲ʧٴγֵʱѾһ̣ͬɫëƤϡ
ҿŵˣתһӣչһ»꣬ԹĬϡ
кδ𣿡ĬԵһƽֻͣȴŨŨİ顣
ֱվĬԵ࣬һ˵ڤǧͳڤίǰæħ
ĬԵָḧҵĻ꣬ԴԴϵҵڣЩС²
ǣдҪݷħ˵
Ҿ뵽Ǹҵܵܵĺӣ𻨰ܾ꣬ĬԵָ˵ǺӲĬԺͱϴģҲĬԵѪܺĬͬһѪԵӦֻһŶԡ
ԽԽȻûлָ䣬ҼǵãĬӦҵģؼֻѪ
ŨŨŭΧңһĬԵĻƯ˰գ·ӽ˻Ƶġ
ͽڣҶ£ڡ͵ɤֱӴĵס
סԼӣסӣȻоһĬ·ҸȻ˱
ŤѽŤĴ·˱ĬԱڻصʱǼ֣۵ģСС֣˶ָˮͯ
䲻ԸţˮǸĬԱڻ·סֻ¶СһֻСֵȷʵңֻֻһҵң۵СѪ쾫µӡüĴˮķۣ޵С죬ÿһɰ쳣
ҲҪˡ





ħ

ΪСĳθǴԣȻȴǳԲ̫ණֻñĬԱڻһһ׵ιţ̡
ΪʲôҪôһСӣؿСѩ׵ţ̣ſںĬιߵţ̡
ĬְֳСףᴵеţ̣Ȼŵ¶ٴιΪûȫѽĬǳЦش
ٴκţ̣ȻսС죬΢΢ŤͷʾԸٺˣĬҲǿֻǰС׷ŻУݸһֱվԱߵҹȻóѩ׵ĳиҲ˲졣
СʱƯҹŵϣڴߣס°Ϳҡ
ҿҹ裬ƲƲС˵ڹӱҹ軹Сˣҹ᲻ѽ
ҹԶӵġҹɰС쳣࣬ҹչ˹ӵġ
СɵıӣҸжؿҹ裬ҹ裬ӾͿˣҪôѽ
ҹԶ뿪ӵġҹն˵
Ҿ֪ҹˡ¶һЦݣȥҹͷȴԼСɵ֣۽ᣬӤʵ֣ҾͶסˣ統ء
ĬָҵգȻ˫ְҾǳɫĴҵϣܿɰ
ſС죬¶Сѩ׵ݣסĬԵĲӣҧȥ
Ĭüͷ΢΢˼һ˵ԭСҪĥġ
⻰ҸʹҧѽѽҽһͨСŻͣߵš
Ǹˣ˵ʲôĬһεӣ۵ǳЦ⡣
ɿ죬Ĭˮӣĺͯ񱡣
ҶʲôҶϲô˵ͯأĬϣָҵıǼ⡣
ߺߺߣ̬塣ץסָſڣҧסʹڵСĥĥȥ
СҶ治ԡĬָҿеÿһСˮܿƵĴ¡
ĬԲŲæһֻУҲãɾǲѷҿеָóӣĺ˼ֱסָʹȥ
ȻĬָϵһɣΪȣĬԵָ˦ȥڰл˸ķҹľһƨһϣӻеԵĵ¡
ĬЦ⣬ٿҹС˵ӣСһţֻСʹ棬أ۸ң۸ұСӾһСҲ¶ˣԿʼش
ҹ첽ȴֱӱһīɫвסСĬԵĻĻסңϸϣô۸أ
ӵ˵ϡץסĬԵ䣬װģĲϸڵˮ
ô˵أĬԵָҵıӣ˵
ŤӲҹ֣ҹ裬ӱ
ҹߵߣЩΪѵؿңҹ豧ӰɡһͷС˵
ҵͷٴԼ̵ģŭץסĬԵ俪ʼ˺ҧҲҪԵģҪ⡭
ĬΣԱϵĵһ̶⣬Թá
ҿɫĵĬ԰ָˣɵĴĬ£ϣ۾ǿ㣬Ͼһôãһͱ˶仨ѾܾûгԵˡ
Ĭָһ̶ŵſ̶켴ȴ壬ҪŴŴͯҿϳµСϴԵĿ
Ӻÿɰѽҹ˫ɫؿҡ
СԴһѩ׵°Ͷҹ裬ǣҲ˭ҹܲɰ𣿡
ҹͷţӺܿɰ
ĬЦһ̶ŵҰર죬ҪԼԡ
ĬԿһۣЦŰ̶ŵСϣĬϿûж̶⾹һôֻ˫ֱסſڣݺݵĳ̶ҧȥǳԵ֪Ϊ̫̰ˣ춼ģûа취ôһ̶⡣
³ɡĬһ쵽£һҵĺ󱳡
ҺᣬҡҡͷŬƶС죬ҪĶ¡
ҹ赣ĵضһңһſ̶϶ᶼȥֻÿŲҡҡͷ
³ɣιһ顣ĬԳؿңЩεЦ˵
ҳ鶯һ±ӣգգ۾ڲ鲻Ըİѿе̶ⶼĬУĬһֱҺ󱳵ҵķһߡ
ѵӵϣеˮаϴߣٴһģϸϸιҡ
Ҽظſڳſڳ£Сˣһĺܿˣ۰Ͱ͵ؿẉ̂ĬԾרעУҹеĶȥ
ܳˣٳĶӻܲ˵ġĬˮϵĵϴȻұ˯ˡ






ħ2

ԼĬԵĸ첲ϣССӱĬڻɫĽи˫硣
ĬԺɫĳɢܣ˫Ṵ۱ţƤǳɫĴԸеǣÿһ¶һִȻջ󣬡𣿡
΢΢ɳƵºɤЦ˼飬ջضĬǵĿ⣬ճյؿĬ
ĬǳЦһ֧ӣһһҵǣ𣿿ˮˡ
΢΢죬ˡץס֣϶˵
ѽҶ˯˺ܿɰô˯أĬָҵıǼ⣬Цһš
⿴ҶġֱĬƵĬϣקͷ
ĬǳЦƲһС죬ĬǳɫĴݺȥһڡ
ôС֪ԵˣĬûз˫Լͷ¡
¶ѩСɵݣ۾΢΢һ£Цĸ洿Ҫ̡СְĬԵ·¶ѩ׵ţǰǳɫ㡣
ĬЦĸͣ۽ǴŻ˵ջֻǳһֻͷµָ֣ɵĻϺɫĽ£¶ѩ״ӤʵСӣָҵĲӻ£ֱӣָΪҵĶӣôԲȷܳԵ𣿡
Ĭ볨ջӣҲ˶ӣĬҶϵЩŤһӣҵĶӡ
࣬ź˵ŻҶ¡
ҵͷԼĶӣԲԲİ۵ģŵķۺ죬Сִһ£һССĿӣȻϵ
أϸСأԼ۵ȣأ޳أ
ĬԷſҵĶӣһ̧ȣ˽۵
СűĬץСѽ̾
ҳؽţĬԵӣһߣʲôʱܳ󣿡ЩƲֵ˵
Ĭ΢΢һ±ҳҵ·ұػУܿġ
ССѽѽģס°ԼĬԻקסĬ˳ĳ
ˣڹǹһǹģ֪Ǹۣ˵ô
ҲҺĬĸңǳЦ
ڹšŴŴζ
ⲻ̫ðɡЦ⣬װΪѵʵ˱Ͼۡ
Ϊ۲ȡһ˵ΪҲ֪Ტϲˣ˵ˡ
ּ⣬ִֻУˣ£ǹԲеҰɧмֻӳ˹У˵ڹŸߣȥ׽ãֻЩҰûɫۡ˵ĻǵǣȴſϷζ
קĬͷһ£ĺóӡʲôʧʲôߣԲΧĽĬõģЩССħôܵߣ϶ߵġ
֪ˣ۱󣬷ޱߣԲЩССħޣͲȥ׽ˣһô졣ҰĬϣСĬԵ
ּ뿪ˣǽŲֵ죬Ų֪ĸطС
СƤĬԱסҵӣǺЦ
ߣ㲻ҶĬֱϣεȣĹĵ˵
ֻоҲʸӵĬգҲֻоҲΨһϵĺӡĬǳɫĴҵü𣿡
Һڲסĵ⡣
СͰĬЦ磬۽Ƕ˿˿ϲ
ôˣ𣿡ĬԸ첲ɵССȫ˫ָŪ
СɵϡоĬҵĹ
ĬǳЦҵķץסҵĽţһɫĲ֪Ǻβϵҽϣ˿˿ӽϴ
һζһСţɫɫĿӣƤɫװĹ֣ڷ
⴮ı仯仯ҲֻʱŻ𣬲֪λáĬ͵
ٻ˻νϵӣܹʮɣÿСɾ£Ÿص·
§סĬԵĲӣһ£Ц۾
ϲͺáĬԱ°һɫͷһµĺá
ԼҲһɫߵĳۣȥ
ȥģĬԵϣεСȣʵ
㲻ȥϷ𣿡ĬԽŲûֻͣش
ôÿϷôһ˿ءҾ뿴Ǹʥ߸ϵǱӡ
СƤĬԵŨŨĳ硣






ħ3

ĬԾͱҹվƲԶĵطɾû˿̵Ĭϣץסͷ
ƺһȫסݵվڹſڣ˴һīɫ·׿Խмġ
ýԼ˰һֻϻСɫƬ׹ǾβĹڹ磬ʮֲֿĹޣȴƫƫһ˫ˮɫĴ۾
ѹ޵棬ȴ¶־֮ɫ׾ɱֻޣȴ֣ߵһ۸˵Ĵأ˵õСء
ġҲߵСţסĬԵͷſھͿĶһڡ
ĬЦҴϱ첲ϣҵķ䣬һźɫֻܽ޵ˣˮ۾˲ɺɫֻ˺һƿƵĽ磬˹ȥ
һ㶣ǷֻǷԵؽһߵ˺ȥǴߵˣһӾǹޣǹֻ΢΢˼ٴǰȥ
˺ЩɻϳָŨİ׹⣬ǹ޸ڻˡ
ҿˣֲԾ°ͣƵĶٿɱ˹޵ɸо˿϶򵥣ŤͷĬһֻۣĬԿˣһ˿ɻ
קקĬԵͷ涪ˣأֻ㡣
ĬЦգˡ
ĬԼ򵥵һ仰һ£ζУʵ˾Ͻۡʣǿ϶ʲô
֪ĬԱסң˲ƻط䣬𣿡
⡣ԼµأƯڰգȻϣûмѪһΪѡħء
ĬԱңԼϣҷŵϣϾۣеġ
߷ߵץסĬԵָŵҧ㿴ӣҰԵ˵
ãҼҶġĬԵ۽Ц⣬΢΢
ҪҵģҾͲˡվĬϣƵָĬ˵
ãҶ˵ͲĬΣСĻסңһСĵȥ
Ҫ鷿ʱ㲻˵˼һ£¶һЦݣ˵
ãҼҶ˵ʲôʲôո£ӣͼȥҶķȥ˴鷿
¶һɻı飬ǼվĬϣһЦң¶һЦԭ˵ı顣
ǣ¸ˡṧ˵ֻ۾һһģݣԵſϷ˵꣬ʧ
Ҳȥɡ§סĬԵĲӣһһġ
УóԶˡĬҵıӣ
ҲҪˡ졣
áĬԳؿңҵ
ûãٴγˣһ룬ŵĬߵϣ׼¡
ѽһҪúдλŶ˵ħ磬ħеħѽʲôĺѽһҪͣעİȫѽ
סЦ⣬һػش𣬡ǣһҪСġ˵꣬ʧˡ
ĬҵĻʲôʾҲûУֻǶ룬ͷ͸ǳɫ״ɢŵ㣬ˣ˽Һҹ辭ԵĹ
ĬһС飬ߣѾſڰѶ£ǶŹ㣬ģ۾ЦŰѶ£óԡ
ⶫܾԵкô˵ţʼһιңҳԵĸԸʱĵػζԴ
ҰѶ꣬δؿ˵룬ԣĬ԰ѿŵϣҵı飬Цʵ
ҵͷؿĬԣĬҵͷ̫ܳ࣬岻á
һһѹı飬ؿĬԣĬһ߷ŵĵģȳЩİɡ˵ţѵŵ
֪϶ԲˣֻùԹԿʼԵģ˼ھͲٳˣʵոѾԱˡ
Ĭ԰ѵķŻó׳˲֣ҷŵϣǣҵ֣鷿ȥ
Ҫ·ɿĬԵ֣ˮ˫ۣĬ˵
ߣ԰ĬԻǣҵ֣ǰߣֻĲӺҲСҲ÷ܸϡ
ǻۡĲ鲻ԸظĬߣ·ϵСʯӣ˵
ŵġĬǳЦҵСο
ҵͷȻֻûãĬԾͰұԺ극Ҫ߶ġ
֪ˡŴŴش𣬻ЦĬһ£컹ҪԹ
Ĭֻ΢΢ͣ²ӣһ۾֪˵ʲôˣǻԷ






ħ4

ĬԻûߵſڣ鷿žԶˣֻˣһվſڣӭĬԡ
ҵһۣ϶Ϸģ͵͵գۣһָͷ˵˾䣬һ
ɫֱ䣬ڵͷЦЦ
ʾĬԵϣЦһ档
ʡ˫ɫ۾ſ뺦£Сݺݺҧס´
ĬûпҲûлشֻǶһЦָĳ
ͷۿҪ޳ֿۣԴĬԽ۾û뿪ĬԵǸۣһЦ§סĬԵĲӣ۵ĴĬһڣⷢ
վ󣬺ܸȤؿǣֻûаõؿϷˡ
ʣ˭Ƶĵܵ𣿡ƿҵĶһ˿ʣһʵ
˭ʲô¡öͯػش
ҲǸʵĶӡǿˮ˵
ӣǹһ£۾΢΢ˮ۾ĬԣץסĬԵ·һҺܺµĬԻŴŴ˵ԣ۸˼ҡ
Ĭ԰Եҵĺ󱳣۾΢΢ɨվŵƣƿĬԵ񲻽˼
Цƿҵıǰһ㵽Ǻˣ
ǺǣǲԵͯѽԴЦøӲõ˵
ܡŵӣɫ԰ףȴװ򶨡
˵ĬָһҵĶͷˡ磬Լ
죬ԹԵͷ֪
㵽˭ƵǿǻСűˣˮͣĴ۵ϻ¡
ӣЩͷۣݶۣȡ˵ͬ飬СһΪ˾ܴﵽĿģȤ
ʲôʸ˭΢΢°ͣͯǽݡ
Ǹʵĺӡ۰Ͱ͵ؿĬԣСĵǰ˼ĬûߵĬߡ
ĬԵĻңҲߵߵһۡ
ߣԳ顣Ҳм˵һɫûУûпĬԸûӹĴ
ģģʲŲ᲻ңĺӣѪѽɫҰףҵҡͷŤͷһֱϲԲˡ
ġȤشǷ˸˵
ƿĬûзҵĻҧס߰ͷ˵ǡۡ
ǺǣЦ۲ţûܵħˣʲô磬ᣬͿ͡Ц˵
ʡƴ˳ʣΪʲôƣΪʲôһֱƣƺܹԵģƺ͸׶븸ʡ
λˣ롣ṧشǣ˵ֻǰѿҧر
ҪҪʣҪʡץסĬԵ·˵
žһ˦ǰϣССӡǾ¿Ϻۡ
ÿ֡˵˭ҵˡҰҵ˵úء
סˣԵɿץסĬ·֣סԼ֪ؿǸߵˡ
ĬץסҲͣ˦С֣Ű۵Сֱͨ죬»ֱõ֡˵Ȼȥϵĺס
һʱѽŤһӣоˣ˵
ҲĺӡǸڿˣŨŨʹࡣ
Ĭû˵ֻǿҵ»ָۣҵͷҸոΪưƶЩ»СӵһλãҸ
ҵĺֻһĬԵᣬŵɳơ
˭ܻ˵ߣ·˵ףƺۣƣҪƽѵ˵
ƵǻһֱĬԣȡߣһϴŨŨƣ˸Уʹƽ˼ʡ
ûлشƵĻֻĬԻԹԿϷỹ͵͵һ´Ĵָͷ۵׶ͺЦ⡣
˹治ħϲѽ
ĬһӣǸһֱҪѵҵ۾ˤڵأȻһ£ĬסģϽֻۣѪѪƿ³ʪ͸˵½˸Ͻιһɫҩ裬ĿؿĬԣҲ㺢ӣôôݵ֡
˾֮ġĬԵ˵ĸҵĺ󱳡
ҡСȣĿƣЦָ˵Ҷÿ£ɱҶ






ħ5

Ҷ𣿡ĬЦһĴʵ
ͷһֿۣǸˣ䵽ĬԻеڣҶôء
ĬЦѽһ§סңһ쵽գ¶Ĭ԰ϸֻɫ䣬İ§뻳У֧˽硣
档±˵ĬҪ˭ֹˣֲСô׳أԭҲ׳յĿԡ
ĬԣûԼʱ䡣һʹĴ󺰣ʹࡣ
Ĭܽе𣿡۾΢΢Ҳؿ˵
ҡһֱ˻ۿҾе
㺰ҵ֡ץסĬԵһͷŵҧڣſڵ
ôǾҡ۲ŵؿҡ
ߣؼĬ˭ʸĬԽеṴ𣬲м˵
ʣĵȲ۲ңֻؿĬԣֽץס˵½ǣʵ
㲻ҶᲢۡĬȻᣬܸоᡣ
ĸҸҲѽΪʲôûʸΪʲô۴ֻһ˵ؿƣҲڡ
Цһ£ѵ֪ʸɸĸģԼȡ𣿡
ףΪʲôңΪʲôƽס˵壬޵غ
˵ƵĺȴʲôҲ˵ڣֻ˫ĿؿĬԣ㻹ں𣿡
ĬЦºͣޡакޣĬԲޣֻΪûаǸ˷ϣ˽ĬԵ˼ֻ˲˽⣬¶ϲõɫ
ֻһˣҪңֻ㡣˳ճյؿĬ˵ŨԵֿ
ûв㡣ĬԵûаֲ
ΪʲôأΪʲôǧأɿƣվĬ
֪ҸһѪƵԭ򡣡Ĭ˫ֻǾؿһһЦ⡣
֪ҴˣҲúŮһģֻǼΪʲôܹվʲôΪʲôΪŮҲԣԸģΪ㣬Ը۵λãĺӣҰ綼͸㣬㻹ҵǸŮ˹ҵģҡ˼ش
΢΢ۣҪûģòƺǸһȣȻҲ̫ϲǸɣô˵ǲ̫ˣҪҲµûдǸѡ˯ӦҲйϵɡ
ǵﾭֵ˼µֻ˵Щ̫˶ѡ
ֺݺšĬԵֱһ£ʲôôˣôۡ
ĬԵͷһۣҶͷһ£ôûйϵġ
֪ЩƲ֣֪ĬԸǣҲŸƣץĸоûС
Ұ罻ƾҪ㣬Ը㣬ֻҪߣԸͳһ硣ߵĬǰǶĬԵİ⣬ֱӺĬϵҡ
Цҡҡͷ湻׳յģĬҪͳһ绹Ҫ˵İæҿ磬ħҲֻһϢĵطп޶ѣ治֪ﵱôôһɵӡ
Ĭ֪е뷨һҵͷǵĽ𣿡˵
ɻؿĬԣ˻нףΪʲô֪ʲôףΪʲôһֺܱ˵Ǹۣѵ׸С׳йأ
ҲѽǸĺӣΪʲôԸ⿴أһϲġ˼æ˵ץĬԵ֡
Цϵذף治˼ˣλ˼ңôͻȥˣû˸㣬˵ĶҪҶ𣿿סԼ˰ɡεҡҡѪֱֹۣȻûƭҶذ˵һΪո˼ȫĬϣûзңΪذף׾ƿ˵Ļ磬ذ׺йܣ˵˿ڲѪֹ
ذҧңϲϷ׹ֱֹϵӡ
ͦ硣ҿ˿в۵ذף̾
סۿˣһ˹˫Ŀ޺޵ؿң̫ţڻ硣
۾΢΢ЦؿСۣвˣᣬ㶯Կһ֪ʲôкڵġ
Ĭ԰ұһҵС죬ڵͬʺħ磬繥ħʱģΪǿħȥǶħͺãǻ㱦档
˵Ҳǣô§סĬԵĲӣһڣҲȺͷˣȥ졣ᰧԹĿ⣬ĵ˵
ˣǲԸħġСǵĻĴ
ЦĵһڣҪħˣô˥Ҫʼˡ
ĬԣһҲ˼ҵ𣿡˵
ûֱ粻𣿡Ĭº͵ķʵ
˵˫յؽģ㻹ֻһˣĶӣ֮ףزݵġ
ΪҪ벻أĬƽؿˣʵ
Ǻǣ첻ݾ죬زݾͻ˵أ򵥵£˼ҵ˼Ű塣ұĬԣν˵
㲻±ЦѵͲĬԱ˳Ц𣿡˿ң˵
У˵̬Ǻθɣôֹʲô£һ˳Цɱһˣ˳Ц£ЦͻͺãΪʲôҪ£ֺҪأҡҡͷһؿˣ˵治á
ħָҴ
ѽұħ壬ôСС;ôô죿Ͷ̥ˡ






ħ6

ңƺôܵܡ˿ңϬŨŨĲá
ֻôΪƲһ죬˵
㡭ָңŭʹЩŤ
ףҶ¡ҲĬԵĻؿˣ˸
ĬǳЦңôƤҵĺ󱳣۵ȫǳ硣
ûУҶˡĬһ£һۣ˼ң㱾͹ϹˣʵӸ˵θڣе̵˶ѡɫ˥㣬ֻѡʵ˼ҡסգգ۾㱻˼ңǵ˼ҽ̵̫ˣ˼ҴӲ˵ѻģ˼ҵĲǹģֻϲʵʵ˵ѡ
ĳսȭͷҧгݵ˵
˼֪ѽҪ˼Ҹʲô˼ҡҰǸҧرأ˵ر
Ĭԣѵһֶ𣿡˲ˣ˫۳ճյؿĬԣʵ
֮ʲô𣿡Ĭʵ
ʣΪʲôҪôҺ͸ףСסؿվʹ࣬ǵ𣿡˵ţָҡ
⺢ӵڻûʵѽǸ˵˰̵̫˵ڻأǸ˵ûأ
涪ѽҿСۣЦЦĬԵѪһɵؿĬԡ
СĬԿҵ뷨ش𣬡ÿ˶Ҷôġ
˵Ҳǡ΢΢°ͣѽ㲻ǸСۿҵôСһɱô죿޹ؿɱСۣ˵
ĬûлشֻǿСۣѪСۿ亹г־塣
ûеԼʱ䣬㲻ôҲ˲Լ첲ϵˣСۺĬңܵܣͷҪ㻹𣿡
ĶǮһҪ۽㡣Ҳм˵˾ӦðΣնžڷ֮ǰҡҡͷؿǣСѽ׻ô꣬򵥵زסɱôһӿأӦѧѧ㸸˼ң㼵ҼʵҪʬǧУĬǰҲһûбֳ
ǲġĬҵķûʸ˵㡣˵ţŵ֣ĺڹۡ
ûеʱ䣬㲻ɱɱơ˱ƣסҡͷ˵ˮ
ѽô˵ʲôԼʲôʱѽץסĬһͷɻʵ
Ҷֻ֪ҪŵΪþͿˡĬûлشңֻ˵
ҵͷʾ֪ˣȻĬ˵Ҳ֪ǾͲ֪ˣȻЩ棬ĬǾԲ˺ҵġ
˺Сۺ޵ֿɫĹڽǵڣֻҪҶ֮ģͻܵؼϿĳͷĬջ֣ḧҵ˵
ʲôͷأҿҰ׵ɫʵ
Ĭ˵ϱеĶŰɱȻٴһֱظֹˡ
̫ã޸һ£˽ôãǶ˵˻ᵽʮ˲ȻǼٵģʮ˲̷ǲģҪҪһ㺦֮ģʮ̷̵ʱ䰴˼Ķ񶾳̶ô
ʮأĬһ磬˫ۺЦؿҡ
Ų̄һ£Լǲô֡
ĬΣ䣬һ̨ոµıʼǱԾͳϣҴ򿪵Կ˿ҪģҪôѽһĬԵֱ˵
Ĭظһƪ󣬱۾Ȼ¶һЦݣ֪ˡ˵ţ޳ָԣԿ۾˵
ٴſϣֱСʲô㣬ֶһһĸĴ򣬺ܿͲ鵽ʮ˲ĽܣĬ԰ұĻЩϢ¶һ͵ЦݣҶɡ
ҵͷؿ۸ܴսѵԵݸ
ӹԣһֱӰѵԵݸˣѾȥˣ϶ġ
ɻؽӹԣɫࡣ
ͷ֮ǰҪǵðǵķŶҪк֮ģСִУҪСк֮ģִУҪк֮ġ΢΢ü쿴Ĭԣô죿
ĬҵıӣǾִС
ԣִУһĺܿĵġ֣һ˷ܵ˵
ĬԣȻħҲۣ㲻ô˱亹һֵСۺ
ѽħӦöһ˽ĻرйǧĻôۺ۵ĸ׶ɵˡˣȻ֪ĬԵݣ˵Ĭԡ








СĬԻ˵˵ѽۼҵĴҲһ˰ɡ
ĬЦºͣ
Ҷ˵˽綼ǰ·ʵģΪɶǻûзǮأСĬԻ˲䣬˵
Ǹ۲Ƿʵ̫ˡĳ̶ڽ͵͵һЦɣĬԡ
Ǯˣ׼۸ǳСŲǳķί
д𣿡ĬԵͣЦݸӾš
ûУûСĳ̸Ͻҡͷ
˼ƭˣСŷһüͷ΢΢
ĬԸϽС§ĸο˰죬ΪҪǹ
ⲻǹΪ˹ɶ磬飬˵ȴšĳ̹ȵĵ
Ĭüɱȥⲻ
ǣǡĳ̸Ͻͷ
ðɣ׼뿪ãĬСĺ촽
ĳһˣЦĲãҲǾҪѧҷżȻȻ󡭡
˵ǸС͸©׼Ű۸أҪŰҼҹ衭С˵
Ĭ΢΢תͷüͷдŵİˣҶ˵ҪŰ𣿡
ĳ̼ˣĴѰ·ߣʱᣬʱᡭһ󶴣ĳ˲ܡ
ôˣСŲ̫˵ץסĬԵֿʼҧ
ϾǵҪôץסأĬСŵķ˵
ҪŰǡС˵ίĺ۾Ҷ۵
£ҪǸ۸ҶʰĬ԰οЦţλһ£ȥ硣
Сվ¶һõЦݣķۺģṴĺ촽ǣϸӭҡҷλ˺ˣһῴĳ۸ǸĶԲԣһǣҶллˣҲҪΪĳѧ͵Ҷ͵Ŷ
˵ͱĬקˣֻĬǳɫĴݺӡСŵĺ촽
Ļллλˡ


ĳͿѧˣԸ¿ܻͣһʱ䣬ǴҷģľԲӵģϾĳ̴Ӳġ





ħ7

ĬһЦĴҵգҶ˵ʲôá
΢΢°ͣ¶һЦǿ߰ɣпΪħˣô϶ħ˲̶Ұ׳յĽˡ
ҶϲǣͲħ硣ĬԵָᴩҵķ˵
ǣ𣿡°ͣ۾΢΢Ĭ˵
Ĭ԰޳ָҵĶͷ˵ֻҵĶӡĬԵﶼǳ硣
صͷǶȥƵغ
ĬΣͷҵĴӶ䣬۸ʧ鷿ҲĬԣҧסĶ䣬˵Ƕǻӡ
ĬǳЦҵͷͷҵĶͷǣҵĴû˼ô˵ϻǴӯӯЦ⡣
ӣһĬԣҶˡȻոճûжãǻǸо
Ĭ԰޳ָҵıǼ⣬á
ԼĶӣུĬԣһ᲻᳤ѽ
ᣬҶСڳ壬֡ĬҶϣһ£ЦĻش
ԼĶӣ˸ǺõھʹȥԷɡ§סĬԵĲӣ۵Сϲһ£˵
ĬԳһЦһҵ˲鷿ʧ
ҹĬԻץסĬںķоһ˿ȵϢﲻζĺ
˲ϢΧסңҶΪʲôҡĬԵ嵭һֻۡ
̧ͷĬſƲƲ죬ķ۴ŵˮˡʹһܣֲôһܶ޷ܣոձĬԵģǿ˯վ᲻ÿڴˡ
Ĭ̾һίգգ۾סĬԵͷݺҧ¡ĬԿҵĶŸӵĸ飬ͷࡣ˵ţ͸ָŵҵ
һĬԵָȻݺݵҧסŻһֱڣûܹˣ˽ص˶ܹ۵ĸоҲƷֻΪߣرίֱ۱˳ŵĸо
һĬԲˣһĬ뿪ˣͷոճԺͱһϢаΧſ죬ڴڵĺССһ˫ֽץסദܡʹࡢʹǰһ԰ףֻʣѪѪ˭Ѫ
оԼϤĻΧִѪζɱ¾ζɤĬԣòĬԵ˵ʲô
ۣصĺҿĬ˫ٵŸӵҺ󱳵䡣
ŪʪʪģüҪϴ衣
ĬԿţЦҶˡҵķȻûʲô仯ܾ˺ܶҲ֪Ķ
Լ֣Ȼǰװ۵ģȷʵ˲٣ϵҲ֣࣬һˮڴϣ˴ңĺڷСϣɫΪոնЩ԰׸
һֻĽźݺˮôôСһֻץסԼͷקĬЦͷнȳңԡȥ
ҶǲҪԶұڻͺá嵭ֻ̾Ϣ˸С
ûпڣɵرסĬԵĲӣСϣƤòŵˣĬԣǡ
һֱ֪ĬԺòĬԵòϵȣǱòµҲǰһʱǸɱ˶űĬԻҪµգĬԵʣֿһе䣬ĿһеĵȻ
ԡصˮɢŨŨ¶еȣĬԵӸԵЩҽĬϣĬ԰ҲϴŨĬԵһҵ壬ոΪմʹ塣
ȻĬͣ˶üͷ΢壬ͷĬϣˮգգͣôˣ
ĬһЦֻЩˣѡǳɫĴɨҵۣѾȥˡ
ʲôأͯеĽӨ۵ֱ§סĬԵĲӡ
ĬԿһֻۣ붯ҹ衣ܵûκβ
𣿡ҿĬԵۣĿ۵׵ŭ⡣
Ĭ԰ҵĺ󱳣˭Ҳ˺ҶˡĬûзϣֻǸұ֤գۿһ̧°ͣۿĬԡ
ĬԿҵӣ¶ЦݣҵķĴҵ۽ǣ§Ĭԣȥҹ衣
ĬûлشֻǱ뿪ԡأվϣһɫŽɫƵ·ͳУһ󵭵ĺ⣬ѾȫˣĬѻһīɫĳ֣ͷĬԣҴ
ĬԳһЦҲ˵ͰҰ»ϣĲϣĬһӽɫĴӰͷȫֱ˵ĬϣĬԱңһ鵭ɫĵķŵ󣬲˲ҹķ䡣






ħ8

ҹ˫ɫŵˮ⣬ɪĻﲻ֪ʲôЩֻվԱ߲ԶĽ£һ˱ˡ
һĬԵ壬ҹ衣
ҹգԼ˫ɫӿңȻϲسӡ
ΪڵֻҹԲܰڻֻ§סĺ󱳣ҹ費£¡
ҹգˮ˫ɫӣŨŨı˵ҹ֪ҹ費¡
ùԡЦҹķӻ㱨ģҹȥϢòã
ҹ迴ңֿĬԺҧһԼ׵´Źɵصͷ˵ҹԹϢ
á׿ҹ۵СͱĬԱ˻
ĬЦһᣬֻ§ס΢΢īɫһɪɪǰҹ裬ȥ
ҿҹſ뿪ݺݵĬԣһЦĬǳɫĴĴҶߣҶԺֻһˡ˵꣬һҵĶ뿪
Ұ۵СֺݺһĬԵĸ첲˵Ҽҹ衣
ԣţ𣿡Ĭ飬ܺӡ
Ĭһۣ§סĲӣݺݿһɫĴ¶һЦݣСĬԣ󱿵
ĬǳЦĬҵĿߣߵһ̶źСȣЩʵ·˵˭ѽ
Ĭŵü΢΢һĵȻᣬ˭ˣ𣿡
ߣȻ۸ͷˣҪĲҧҵֻ۸˵ôɵҹ裬Ҷ۸أôñ۸ȥˡ
ʲôˣֻһΣȻĲˡһеزźˣһſϷӣͲԼ˷ˡ
ҰһۣԼ۵ֵָȻһ£һ£ȻЦ
˭ġĬԵᣬẬסҵĶȴӣİָ˻ʼоħ컨ɫ
Ĭû˵ߵߣһȣĬԻﻬ£סذỮѺĲһûκɫƽ˿ͻǣһȴĳЩʱرôɱ
ң˭𣿡ЦֿɰźͯеĽ
ޱؿһۣҪס˺˵ж϶ѡֱɱһѡɱġ
գգ˫ۣںǰ˫°֪ͣ˭ˣôɣǱֵֺˣܺ뵽˵꣬վ·ĬһۣӴɱˡ˵ôɡ
Ĭҵͷ˵ģϣֻҵĺӡת
ֻǵĬԻո£Ǻ˵ͱˣַߺ޵Ŀ⿴ңûκ˿ǿۣģҿȥô˺̵ܼĺ⣬·˺ʥ
ƲƲ죬ССش˸ǷġСǿЦĿԣҪҳԺҵĴ˵꣬һۣҲ֪ôСӣ˵Ļʲôӣ㹻סЦ¶˴
ĬһЦ°§ͷҵ죬Ǹӡ
ߡһ±ӣ΢΢°ͣĬԣϲӡ˵꣬һ㶵ĺգһ۾§סĬԵĲӣĴݺһڡ
ǡȻ˺ܴĴǲǸ𣿡
ˡһ§סĬԵĲӣһʳָҡΣǰˣֻǡѪԵϵѣ㲻ҪȺ˳ŪŶ
ĬԵЦֻһֱסһӣֻһɫɽ棬ᣬӻȥ
ǡֱź뿪
ĬҲ˲ƻ޹ʲôѽɵĬԻʱʵ
ûʲôֻѶҹ飬ʮ͸ۻԶ޷ͶѡĬ԰Ұ˿ıҴãش
գۣĬԣôȴҪ˺ۣһͷ㹻ʹھһˣСۣ϶ˣȴ˺ʹ㹻ǸɵСѹһʱˡ
ͷĬԻ£ʲôʱٳһѽڵҺǲ⣬ʲôֻĬԡ
Ĭû˵ֻñָҵ٣мֱ˺;
ҴؿĬԣ˫ץסĬԵָŵҧһ£ĬԱ͸ЦˣոǴűĬİۣϲ¶ӵı飬ʺ
Ҷ볤𣿡ĬԵɫĴṴ¶һЦݣ·һ˲ı˸ûгֹ
ãֻ̫СʲôѽҲװʲô¶ûз
ҪҶļȫָˣҶҲͳˡ






ħ9

ҵûгҹ緹ΪҸո˯ûжãͱĬԻˣһһǳɫ·󣬱סңƿţֻħϿպɫ粻ͣ΢΢üֻ֡ͣڰһһģȻγһӡ
ĸҪˡĬԳĬؿЩ磬˵
һ㶣Щã˲ѣԼӦǰѾռԵ§סĬԵĲӣЩû˸ʲôѵǺĬԵģ
ɡĬһֱңһְұ紵ɢķá
ҿٰ𣿡ҧסԼĴĴָף˼һᣬ˵
ĬʧЦؿңһҵĶͷ²ѽ򲻹
첻ؿĬԣĬԵĲҧһڣһӡ󣬲ίؿҪ۸ô죬Ҷ򲻹
ҵġĬһҵıǼ⣬ڵȥҲҶһκʽɡ
Ʋһ죬ĬҵͬʱѾ˲Ƶʥ̳ոһΪĬѯأԭֻ֪ͨһѡβĬԣǲ
ĬԿǳЦ۲٣绪ҶΪܲ𣿡
û˵ֻ΢΢°ͣ۾ݺݵ
Ĭҵķûпңֻǿ󣬡þòˡ顣
ѽþòһŮӵЩɳƣȴһƮջ
§סĬԵĲӣŤͷǸӦĸ׵ģĳ˳ɢܣɫɴ£òòǸŮǸĴŮ
ѽĸ𣿡һؿһµ֯ʵ
ĬԻû˵֯վЩؿңǸƽƮ˲ʧˣҶôôСˡ
գһ˫ۣЩί죬Ϊ˼ûĸ׵ĺӣ۸ˡ
˭˯꣬ѹǺǿ
΢΢۾Ĭ԰޳ָۡӿ³Ĭ΢΢ս§סҵ֣׵ظѾ֪Ҳ֯պùСˡ
֯ûпڣǳ̾⻪ȴյʥ𣬡𣿡
Ǻǣõúѽǰ컹ħҵأ˵ðءŴŴͯҿЦ棬ࡣ
֯տңĬ˺ܾã¶һЦ㣬ҡ
ͷ߿ԼˣеѡҺٺһ˵ģһ˶ѽֳֺõôء
Ҳ㣬ҶԲ㡣ûоһĸ׵Ρ֯Щĵؿҡ
Ʋһ죬˸û˽ҵ˼òãҿĬԣĬ۵¶ŨŨĳ磬·ʶǸĵŮһ㣬˫§סĬԵĲӣ۵ĴϵɫĴ
ǳǳЦĴֱҵĴĽӣôҡҴſһҵƨɣ˵
ߡǲĬԣǸǸŮѣѾҵˣǷޣҲҪٴ˵ˣȨѡ
ǡ֯յſ־壬һŨص˸С
лҶҡĬԵؿڵƽؿ֯գûκεĸ顣
Ǹѽ֯յ΢΢
ҺǸӣΪѪԵиǣĬԶ֯¶ǧһЦݡ
ôẦҶܽͷġ֯տң۵Ե
棬ͷĬԣĬûпֻĸҵĺ󱳣û˵
ͬʱģԽ޷ͷǣҶҵĺӣȴҲڽĹϽ֮£ΪҵѪһ޷ԼҲˣĳͷһ˸ءҶġһ仰֯մغ˳
𣿡ĬûзҲûлش֯յĻֻǵͷңѯʡ
ˣЦĬԣơ
ܽôҶҵҶġĬһҵĴſڶ֯˵
֯ؿĬԣȻЦĬԣҵſǵĽ֡ķܣ
֯գҲ㰮˭ֻҪסҪ˺ҶҲĺӣǣûʸ˺ĬԵȻᣬȴԶ׼򣬾Ҷĸףཻǧ꣬Ҳһá
֯ǱС۵ĸףǸε˻ѵİɣϾĬң֯հǸˣǸ˻ỽ֯յĿֻһǾǳң֯յĺӡǣʹ֯ΪǸѡ˯ΪǸԿҾԱȲǸеĵλ
ŮΪ˰ԷһУο׽ĶءĬԻҲֻΪǰ֯ѰɣϾ֯յǿܿġ
֯յ΢΢ˣҲҵĺӣһǧµĺӡ
ϣԶס仰Ĭ˵ֱ꣬ӴŻصħ硣








ҹĬϣ붯֯յĻҲģΪ֪ôĬԶһȥеġǣʱҷӡԼȥ˽ҲΪԭ
ſҧסĬԷŵߵСģ£ҹ裬óԡĴһҲ壬һ㡣
ҹ촽¶һЦݣ˫ֱסһģҧһСϸ˳ϲͺãҹ´λ
ҲͣصͷĬָȥǵĵһӵĵ͵ߡ
󿿿ѽĬԻһѵĳ¶Ҿúѽ
ҶȥأĬ԰ָҵĶͷһƢӡ
ԼڵС첲СȺ󣬰Լ۵С㿴ôСΪ·ѿƤֲ𣿡
ӲǷˣٶ·Ҳ˵ġɪһ¶ŵҹ󣬿ڵ
Һݺݵɪһֿۣһ͵Цҹ裬ſͰ͵ؿĬԡ
Ĭ۵״ŨŨЦ⣬ʵʲôأ
㲻ãҪһ𣿡գգԼ۾ڰбȻһ£˵ֿﻹ۸ūĶ
ҪĬ˼һ£ڵҪ͵أ
Ҹ˵Цһ£֪ĬʾͬҵˣվĬԵϣ˫ַҵһ˷ܵϣҪëģƯģģҪεģ½ܵģҪ֡
ӣ˵ֶ𣿡ҹ˫ɫӺɻؿңССָһ𣬺˼ʲôҵҪ
϶ҵġҺڴؿĬԡ
ҶȷʵһˣϾҹߡĬԻڵ
ҲؾĬԣҪ֣ҪϹҵ֡
ĬԸҵĿ飬ȥɣ峤ĶӸոճ꣬˵һϡеĽ
ҪҪҲҪҲҪܲĵ˵ĬϱQʾеĲ
ӣΪʲôҪأһƯѽ峤ĶӣһġҹҧŴͷҡ
ҳ鶯һ±ӣûëҪë޵ġ
Ĭҵͷȥ忴Ҷ⣬ȥȦҡ
ҺίؿĬԣ嶼һȺԴļһǡ
Ĭҵڰһһɫѷ֡һ߿ܵᣬߣԹԿҰɡ
ΪʲôѽҲҪȥһԹؿĬԣ͹ˣҪߡ
¡ĬԵ־ȥ
Ϊʲôգ˫һۣҧСĶĬʵ
̫֡˵꣬ĬԾͱѷ졣§סĬԵĲӣܸ˵ĳ˻֡
ˣټҹò뿪ǰ
ѷʧ֮ǰҾͿ˽Ļл
תۼ䣬ѾһܴĵϣϿշСֵݵĺ̵ĸָɫ
öѽҹͷСźǾȵӡ
ӥצ¹ǡۡѽЩǴӵ档ҿһǵЦ˵
ĬԱҳмȥһܺĹΪĬɢħϢԲûǣǻûͼɫӹǷʮʱΡ
ǶŽɫͷ۾ֻҾ˫ɫ۾䣬ӦüǻҪƯĽֻ벻ʲôʱˡ
ӭħǸ곤һĽ󣬹˵
ޣòˡĬԻڵ
ѽǧ˰ɡˬһЦקס˼˵Ҷӽ㣬һΪ㲻μҶӵĳˡ
ĬԵɨ㣬ͷ˵ֻҶߡ
ҿˣһᣬ㲻򵥣ĬԻôƽѽ
ôôСˣ޿ңϡʵҼǵϴμͦѽ
Ҷ˵ˡĬԵĽͣˣҪվ𣿡
ˡ޿ĬԲԸ˵ҲͲʣҴߡ˵ţͱ
ĬҲֱӱվͷ㾪ȵؿĸףͷҲûпҲҹɪϰոڽȥ
Ǻܸ߰ΪʲôأҿΧɫؿǣЩʵ
͸߰Ҳܵǿߣҽ޺ĺѡĬҵķ͵
ҿ۽㣬ȷʵǸѡ񣬹侲ҲŰ壬ֻǣأΪʲôǲë޵أ
ƽȷŵĽ޺Ȼһ٣ӿеȥ
ˣ㿴Լڷˣˤȥ






2

Ҫ˵ϣͿɱҴˡ޵洫Ϊԭ򣬶ĵͳ
ǣ㿴ȵ϶ˣҶôˣҲôСܿȽϡ˫§סĬԵĲӣЦǺǵػش
Ĭԣ㲻ܹҶӡ˦βͣЩε˵
գգ۾ĬԣֺõĴһ£ĬЦ
ǡҽ°ͣǸ˵ͷĬԲ˲䡣
Ѻӽ̻ģ㿴ҼҵĽ㣬ѽ޸̾˵
Ĭû˵ֻһҵĶͷһͷվڽ˷ܵͨҹ裬°˼ǲǸʺҹء
޺ܿͣӿ£ĬԱҴͷֻҹؿűĽ㣬˫ɫʱпҾȵؿҹ裬ѵҼҹһֻϲյèè
СѺϲѽһȰؿҹ裬Ҳο
ǣһֹĸоʮңȴϰʮͷӡ
ȥһλСڼ䣬κܾܾСҹС˵
ǡ·ѾϰԼϵֱȥִˡ
ллҹ˫ֱס޵֣˵Сˮ˫ҸЦ⡣
Сԡ˵һۣʾǹСı֡
üֻҹ賯קס·°ڣĬԣϻ£ҹ§סҺܸ˵ʹ£ӣӣҹǲʷϵһֻè
ѽҹҹĳ̾
˽ʿҹǲǽèȻҹɰСԣӦè
գһ۾һԽӲĽޣ΢΢𣬡ʵʲôνģֻҪֱܱʾͺãµ֤ݣϾҼҹǵһֻè𣿡
ҹץסҵʹͷӣʲô취𣿡
ӵʱǸ¼ϵһ飬ɪ¼ͺЩǿ϶ܿԼܱհġԱһʹֺ࣬ϣŵĽޣҹ⡣
һָ߰ޣǸҹѾΪ޵ˣ֪Ǳһֻè黹Ҫ֪峤ҲԲġ
⡭ãô鷳˰ɡǲͣض˵
ҹգԼ˫ɫӿŽޣֿ˼һ²˵¼ˣ鷳
ѽѽ鷳ġǵЦ˲٣˵Ҳ
ͺãƬȽϺϴԴܶط˵꣬ҹ͸˵ĳһ֣ӣҹȥˡ
ɪĵ㣬üŻȫúܡЦеػ֡
ҹһһɪˡ
Ĭѽҵѽרҵ𣿡þã޲ŴӴһʹسĬ˵
Ѿ֪龭ˣֻͬؿһ۽ޣԸоֻ
ĬûֻһιҺȲ裬˵ˮкôͨҴܵ
Ҳ⣬Ȼ¶һթЦ˵Ĭѽ㿴ҼҶӾֶӰɡ
ҿŽޣ϶ıĬԣȴҪĬԣֻ֣Ϊ˭ǰˣССıӣҼͷһСһСڵغĬιĲ衣
Ĭû޳ָһǳɫˮԼҧһڣҶҪ𣿡
ҵͷˮȻúȣǺȶҲƿ豭Ĭˮֱ֣ҧһڣģҸ˵۾ĬԵְˮиɾ󣬻ͷĬϵĹ֭Ҫ
ĬЦּһżιң޿ǵĶһ£ȴʲôҲû˵ҲûʣֻЦĬԣֶӳ꣬㲻͵𣿡
ĬЦЦؿŽޣֱһŰѽߵĬǰ󣬿ʼ̧ͷо컨Ϊʲôǽɫˡ
ɵعڵϣͷ΢΢£Բ
Žƨһţ˺Σһ˵л
ѣɣôС޺͵ĴŽļ򣬴˵
֪ĺ𣿡Ĭƽʵʲôһ
޿ĬԣϵЦݽ̾һȻ֪ǡŹĴſһۣѾǴǰˣұΪҵ㡣
ҲؿŽޣҲ˵ֻ˼۵˼ΪԼ㣬ѵʲôĻˣƲСڷ񲣬ǣȷʵһܴˣ˼ܣˬʣһ޷ˡ
ĬԿһۣҷ£Լվһ䣬ѽ𣬡ϣ㲻ڡ
ɷΪΪΪһ˵˽ĶѪңΪΪǸ˽ʲôѽ޵ͳء
ĬЦʳָĶģңسʼ֮ĬԵݸ͸˽Զ֮ӻ£ɱѡ
գһ۾ĬԺƣ˧񡭡һѽ
δ峤ģѣԶʧСĻ䣬һɫŽɫ·ĻƾͳĶģһºʧˡ
ҸΨһһԶҵĶĬҡ






3

գһۣžһͣͷһɫĹӿСĬԿ˽һֱۣӰұ¡
ŲŲӣĬԶһ㣬Ĭšһ£ˣ
գգ۾ͷһЦѽҶϲˡ
ǱΪʲôôԶأĬʵֻ§סֽ˽
ش棬ؿɰģŴŴͯ˵ȡ
𣿡ĬǳЦȵҵĶϣࡣ
Ҵ˸ϽסĬԵСֺõĬǰ˼£ŵͲˡ
ԺӡĬҵͷȻſվһԵĽͲ֪ʲôĬĽޡ
ˣĬѽ㿴Ҷô޺ȻڵĴһ½ļͶȣ㶼һģ˰ء
СһҪǴϻðҸԺһҪҹԶ㡣
ǿ䵭ĬԿ³֪ʲôһҵգץסĬԵ֣ſҧסĥ˼˳ȥ
ˣĬԳԼָʵ
ҡҡͷô裬ôӣҪǻ͹ˣΪԭڲԶҲֻѡ
޵ɫ˺ڣĬһۺ뵽ʲôӣȻĵؿĬԣ˵Ҷ͸㵱ɡ
ĬԵɨȫʵҪ𣿡
ҪҪ֣˷ܵ˵ҵĿһֻ˺ܾõĺȻһֻζռһ͸ӵô
ĬԿһۣƲ죬Ĭԣָһ𣬲ͣҪëģë޵ģҪëģë޵ġ
Ĭεḧһ¶ͷұҲôģǣҶͬ⡣
ΪʲôҶӲ𣿡޵ɴ۾ңҪҸ˵һãҪһҺܻҵĬԲŲء
ûëͦСţ˵
ë´һ½㣬Ȼץͷ˵˭˵ûУⲻǣǻɫء
΢΢ŤһߣװʶޣóҲĽ޺ܶ
˵ȫë޵֡վĬԵϣסø޺˻ȥ
ްԹؿңӲͣתʵƬҲѽҪǶëѽҶӻôңôӢȥҲ㳤Ӳ𣿡
գգ۾һ죬Ͻ㳤ȷʵǣܣҾҪë޵ģ˵ˣħû졣
ħôû졣һȵس˵
ûС°ͣǸ߰ӣħǲû졣
Ĭû˵ֻ˫ĺһۣգһ۾ֵĬһۡ
ĬǳЦ˵ûоûС
ɣûгʶˡҴЦָŽ˵
εĬһۣұ˵Ƿģ̫ǺڵģҲ˵ǰɡ
ĬҵķһֱñĻģе鶼ͬĻ
Ҹ˵رסĬ˿ؿŽޡ
ҼҶӺÿˡһס֣ӣģǲʶ㻹Ǻġ
ûġ˵΢΢ŵ˻ƣȴ˸оһ˵ԸС
޺ݺݵ˽һۣûĵģ㶼ңҰôˡ
û㡣εذԼϵ
ǵ˭Ǹ˭ǶѽץסĬԵָĵؿŽʵ
Ĭ̧ͷһֵۣͷָڵ޹ء
ҶġĬ԰ֱҧӡ˸Ƿ˵
ĬԱȥϢȥȦ
á§סĬԵĲӣļ˼£ȥ˯أ
Ĭûлشңֻǿںͽ㶷Ľޣ˵׼ˣڴȥ
Ĭҵĺ󱳣Žȥ
¡·ߵʱץסһͷǵøҼҹ谲ŷ䣬˳ҪȰ˱ӡ
㿴Լͷ΢΢鴤ش֪ˡ
Ƕ۸Ҽҹ衣ٴ˼ͷɫͷÿͽһ֪᲻ÿأҴһ½ͷĽ𷢣ֿ۽޵ģźķòƲѽ
СĵץסԼͷһҵͷק˳Բᡣ
ҶϲķĬԱߣʵ
ѽֻ룬ɫĴ᲻Ưѡұ˼߻ش
ոеĸоȻʧˣ仯ѽǵңҹ裬Ҫע仯






Ȧ

Ȧʵһܴɭ֣и࣬ɱ棬ǵǿ֪
Ȧ˽磬в޵ħðս룬ֻΪץһֻԼܳɹ˺٣Щɹ˴󲿷ֶֻȦΧûнȦ棬û֪Ȧ浽ʲôӣΪȥ˶ûг
˵ר˽뵽ץһֻţֻҲûгԣﱻΪʮ֮һ
ҿǰïܵɭ֣ͷһ£Ǻ˵㣬ֲ˵㡣
ӣҹ躦¡ҹСЩף˫ֽסɪĸ첲˫ɫʹɭ֡
ȷʵҶоѹֲҼҹẦء°ͣҹֿ˿ɪȰͻħɣ͹ˡ
ҹ費ˣҹҪŹӡҹҧס´ССӻ΢΢ȴᶨؿҡ
ҹȥԣ㿴ôΣգҲ빫ӷչɡҴĬԻҹСġ
ҹͷ۵СֲͣԼ½ǣңֿɭ֣µͷԼСţ˵ҹ֪ˣҹȥóԵģŹӻ
ùԡұסҹСС壬ȻԼҲС
ԼҪСġҹ˵ͯᣬ΢΢¶СҲֿɰ
ˣסĬԱŵҵ˻ûгءҿĬһۣĬ۵ĳ硣
ҹ迴ĬһۣĬ¶һЦݣЩ죬˵ҹ費ǻɴ˵ʵֻǡ
֪ģҹԵġҹͷɿҹ裬ĬȥȻԼ䱻ҹСֽקסôˣ
ҹͷص͵͵ģӣҹóԵģҹԹԵͣһż˵Ȼҹûӣҹ費ƤԣԹӲҹû˰ɣ
Щ㲻ؿҹ裬ʵôˣ˭۸Ҽҹ𣿡
ҹҡҡͷִֵֻؿңҵĻش
ҹԹ˵ҪץסҹС֣ҹ費ܵƤóԵģڹ˵ֻҪҹ裬ͺҪȱٵģԣԸ߹ӣҹôˣ
ҹҵĻ˫ɫˮллӣҹ費ãˣҹ֪˼סˣӲ᲻Ҫҹġ
ֻҪҹ費뿪ԶҪҹ顣Ҹҹ豣֤ڷҹô˵ԭˣ᲻ҪҹôҲֻһӶѣ룬ûаȫУ¹µ±
ҹС죬Щ˼ĶŤŤŤŤȴ쳣һ
ĬԾؿǣڿһһɫѷͳ˰Уɪҹ賯һѷУӿҹ÷ȹӡҹ費ͣػС֣
õġһֺҹ
ѷʧקקĬ·°ڣĬǳЦ±
ߣѽ§סĬԵĲӣĬԵ˵
ĬҡҡͷֻһҵɭȥɭֵΧкܶȺӵˣǿҺĬԣеоޣֻĬԱȥʱв˶¶ЦͬĿ⣬·𿴴һ㡣
ҿһһӵˣĬԵļѣס۵׵ĲмһȺǮϵˣԼʵܣΪ˶Ϳѵ֪ھԵʵǰٶҲֻڻ
ԱˣΪ˽ǮԷһСĬԵŵȻûκθ档
ЦЦ˵ǵǱɱĻǱԼɱأ
ЦĬԵɫĴһҵķû˵
Щ˵ſҺĬԵЦǺγڵſǵĽأȻǵĽѾעˡ
ΧܿԽȥ˾ԽˣҲûпһӰһ޵ӰӶûмҲҧһĬԵĶ䣬Ĭϵе޶ˣǸҿȫˡ
Ĭһֱסңһóһǳɫĸݸңù㣬һ£һֵ̲ζ˵ҧסζܺãֿ̲ɬζ۾¿еĶĬǳɫĴһڣĬ۲٣֡
ſڰʣµĸȫ£һ촽ζܺѽ㣬Ҫ𣿡ָʾĬĴϷ
Ĭҧסҵָָ£û˵ֻǾؿңһĸоָϴҵЩƣĬԣͯ
⻰ûдڵҲ߰ѡ
Ĭ³ҵֱָҵĴ಻ҿУĬԿǻ¶Щȴӹˡ
ֻҪҶҶϲĬ˼ҵĴŽǰȥֻڵҶ̫Сˣܲҡ
ߣ˭˵һҪˣڴڵſĬϴĻҲؿڵ
ҶҲԣʽҶһˡĬĲؿڵ΢΢ЩͳȴԸУһֽζ档
ŤͷȴĬԵͳЦŤ޺޵ҧһĬԵĴ촽סĬԵĶѹ˵Ǿ͵եɣҵĵ
ĬԵ»סҵβදһ£ҵţҵı





Ȧ2

ʵſĬԵıϣקקĬԺڶаĳ˵ﶼʲôأҪë޵ĺŶһǿë֣ĬԸҸûëĶ
ĬͣһᣬһΧѡһߡ
Ϊʲô˶ֵֹأдִ·ˣдŹŴ·أ뵽ոտЩˣЩֵʵΪʲôǼԼȫͬ˲ΪʲôûпһЩ˻صһ
ƽʱ䣬֮лкܶ˽˳ȥΪΪǶʱĽ㴦û㹻ʵ˺ܴĿǱ˱ʱ䡣Ĭ͵㿴Щ˶ڲͬʱˣǻ࿴ԷΪܽʱƣǲܣԣܿκһˣֻҪǲԸ⣬ͬһʱˣʱǿǵġ
ִһܣĬԵĽͣõһۣҪܵƺܶ࣬ǿ߲ܵƣԱߵơ
ĸоҸп˵
ʵҶָˣԴԼʱգʱȫ֧䡣ĬԵһĸȴᡣ
ʱҪһѶȥǿٳȻԵǡ뵽õδҲЦ
ĬԺȻͣ˽Ų˫īɫһطգһ۾ĬԵĺĬԵļ£ʵôˣ
һȺˡĬԻش
ŶôˣҲߵСš
ܵȦĵıԵǴࡣĬԵûǾͣĬԵҲûйΪĬԻ˺ܾúܾãõԺܶ鶼ʧȥ˸о
Ǿȥѽ֪Ĭֻƽûȥߺ˼ֻǣҺܸȤˣ˵ЩûκηֻһȺͨˣͨ˾Ȼܴﵽܲ˵һ漣
Ĭ΢΢Ťͷһ̧ۣųոտĵطȥĬԵĳֺܿЩ˵Ľ䱸ǽؿǣֽסԼ
һˣ϶Ųͬ˺ۣԿһ·ߵﲢɣǴϵĴźҲԿһʿѵܺõʿǰһ˽ػм䡣
ѽǹŴѽҴǰ죬žϲؽеûǿҲûκγôأ
ĬԸûаǷֻɨһǣͲٿˡ
мǸ˺ȻڵһȴȱϣֻĻһ䣬ʣµĸͬʱеıֿʼɸˡ
ûֻǿŸֱӳ»Ѫ⣬ȻЩֲǲòǶԵģֻУһɭޡ
ϸһмǸˣʮңѪҲڲסòֻϴһ־еĲɣУ;þλİȻ
Ҷ򫣬λ𣿡վûдϵ彣ֱߵĬǰڵ
ûѽ§סĬԵͷ°ͷĬԵͷЦؿ˵
λ΢ϢƬ̰ɡ˵ţһ˵
ͷܴ˻ʶʱ񣬲һŰˣҺĬܺĵǵǳڵǵĶ֣󷽵ĺǽ̸ĻǿܻĳЩʱа
ûзϣֻ̹ؿǡקקĬԵķĬƲһۣһ±ӣĬҡͷֱҸط£ҴĬԵļ£ĬԵĻ
Ƕ˵ĲѽĬùһ㣬ұ߳Ա߿˵ĸ˸ҺĬԵĴڣĬĬ⡣
ѽҶû뵽ߵֻǡбˣĻ˵ȥˡ
˲˰ɡĬԵĸ첲ĬԵֺ˿ڲ裬е࣬ͷĬЦҵķԼеĲ£ֵһιҡ
򫿴ĬԵˣøӾηʲôҲûʣֻǻشҵ⣬һʮֵܣʣǼˡ
١ʵʵ˵ȴ⵽ĸɱ˰Ŀ⣬Щίѵ˵滰˵ɡ
ĬЦһҵĶͷô˵ءȴû̫𱸣ῴһΧˣڵϵ־ȻһץסأָΪȶѪ˶֪Ĭ֪ҶЩ˺ܺģЩȫȫĴʧˣ궼¡
ȫϢǳһΧ亹ֱ͵ˣЩ˲γѣٲҿĬһֱۣɵϱۡ
˵ʵҶкøУǱֻҪһᣬһܷɵıκ˶ߡ
ֻ֪ЩȥֵһֱǵģΪڻ߶ģԣǲŻʧأ¡͵
Ҫʲô𣿡һ죬ȻеԿ⣬ҿؿĬԣĬһҵıӡ
֪ĬͬˣϽԼҪ󣬡Ҫ۵ģҪ̫ҲҪ̫ݣҪóԣҲҪƯġ
Ĭ԰ҷŵһߣָһҵĶͷҸоһҵ壬֪ĬҵģԹԵš
ҵͷգ۾ĬһҵĶͷ뿪






Ȧ3

ˣʲôڵϣŵϵĲݣҺʵ
򫿴һۣĬĬԼ彣˼˵ѽӦ˰ɡ
Ҫ²ݡᣬŵã
°ͣȻڴ񣬺ܸɴ˵Ҳ֪ʲô
򫿴ң¶ЦԳ㶼֪𣿡
Ӧ֪𣿡˸ݷŵҧסеɬɬζǲҪȦȥأ
˵²ݡóһ鲼ϧزԼеĽ
ߵѾǼˡ°Ϳ򫣬һˣ忡ò°ʣǾҵ²ˣҲȥģҪõǰȫĳȥǻܱסһ
ĬĬؿã¶һЦݣЦݷ·ɳĮеޣ˸оһϢˣֻһ˿ϣҲġ
Ӧ֪㣬ΪʲôأЩؿôˣΪʲôأرֻһǺû
ˣͻ𣿡򫲻طʵ
ᡣЦػش𣬡ҪõҪȻǸҲһõĵ
ʼ磬ѽԣΪʲôҪأطʵ
˵Ҳǡĺͣ΢΢Ŀŵ£˵
ûĬԾͻˣһֻβ͵ĺë״ĶһˮƯˮмɫζ
գ۾ӵĬȥô֪ԿˣƯúóԵӡ
Ĭÿŵҵͷӵϣ£ӾȻܣֻǶ߶µſţ̶̵βһһģǿɰҴӴ﷭˰죬ҵһɫЦеذŵߣӿĬԣŸ˵رס
֣ˮɵǰóһѩѻ꾾Žˮ棬˸߲ҵؿŰѻȥǰѶˣҲ֣Գˡ
ĬûκηӦȴ۽ǳؿң㲻׼𣿡
Һֵؿ򫣬ʵΪʲôҪǣ
ոιǶ򫿴ȥֿɢŰ׹㣬˵
ȻΪǵζˣιʵóԡֱ׳˵
ؿһۣ˵£һɻ
ȥӺѽҲĶ˵
ָָԼıӣҵͷĬֿһۣҡҡͷȥȥˡ
ҿһڵϵĸˣôĶǶûۣץÿһϢʱ䣬Լİȫȫͬ飬˴ѽ
ĬԻ۾ͣشˣȻоͷһʹί̧ͷĬԡ
ĬǳЦ£Һһһʲô˼ˣ²ʲô
Ĭīɫһڻ߰ҿӺ򫣬ſڵ²Ϲ޵İݣ֮Ч
򫷭ӵĶЩˣҲʯͷһ£һ㣬Ĭԣϣ
ԣѵ㲻֪𣿡ͷɫҰ˵򫣬ʵ
ԭҪǳѽͷȥĬĬķſãٶȻԭһȴûǰɵĸо·ûĻеһ㡣
ЩͬؿǱƭˣǵñˡ
΢΢Щ͵ؿһۣŶһĬϣȲͣػεһΣĲڳȥ𣿡
򫿴ң¶һЦݣˡȻȡ¿õ˹ĬԽӹ㣬޳ָ˺һιڼûһζЩѩζҸ˵۾ζӣĬ֪ϲֻЦһ£ιҡ
һᣬӶˣҴͳһӸӶϣݸң˺һȷŵĬԴߣĬɫĴҧһڣζ
ֺǺǵرȿʼУóԡĬԲ˵ֻżιҼ⣬óһιҡ
һᣬҵĶӾͱˣؿĬԻĬֽҲͺֺ졣
ɫܸıʣʹٶ֣ѩʹ˿ڿϣҪֻζѽҴ˸ã˵
۾һֻʣֻȣҹ˵˷ʳǲԵģԣǲҪ˷ѡԴǵ˵ҹ軹˵˷ʳͲǹˣԣ˷ʳǺġ
ллſڵϢĸˣѶһˣʲôҲûʣֻǰѶֳݣÿһݣû˵ֻǰԼǷݶ¡
ؿǵĶرģûɵΪھλ߱ԭԼǷøˣΪδֻܿˣ˸






Ȧ4

ҰĵĬԻ˯һҹҲԸϢֻ֪ҪĬڣʱǰȫģĬҪҪ͵ϮֶΣھԵĲǰеĽ䱸һЦ粻䱸
ڶ峿ʱѾʰöΪһûѣֻȫڵϣȴ
ڡ򫱧ȭ˵
ҵͷסССش˸ǷԺĬԻ¡
õͺĬҵ֣ҪĴۡĬԵһζ˵һ㶣ȴͷȻĸ˳Ȧȥ
̵ģĬԿ⼸ˣԣһλᣬֻҪǺҵ֣ʹ׳ǵȫˡ
§סĬԵĲӣݺݵĬһڣĬԵĻĬ׼õĶʼϴ
Ȼ뵽һ£ҧסˢݵؿĬԣ¶˵ı飬ϡҵ򫻹ûˡ
ĬЦһҵͷּһӾͳǰڷڵĵĺ࣬һɫһζҾܿ϶ҹĶĬֱõ
۾ˬŤŤʼֵϴҳԱˣѾ˺ܾˣĬĬԲĶӣָŸո뿪ķ򣬡ҪҿϵĶˡ
Ĭ԰޳ָȥǵԼζܺá
΢΢죬ĬһۣĬҲ⣬ֱӱɭȥ
һһᱻġĬԵĻߺ˵
ãֱɱˡĬԵٶȲ죬Ǻƽȡ
ãҾĬԵͷ˳ҧ˼²³ȥ
ЦĬԿȴû˵Ȼǰд򶷵ҵ۾㲻˵ܽ𣿡Ƿײǡ
ˣãһأ
ϻкܶǿ˵ġĬƽ˵ŲȴŴ򶷵ķȥ
΢΢üоһϤȴԽԽ뵽˭ʱĬԵĶͺݺҧһڣר˵ģ
ǿϤĸоǸĸ׵ģĬԸ˵ǣһҪҧ
Ĭ֪ҵ뷨ֻһҵĶͷҲһ£ָָԼС죬ĬǳɫĴ΢΢ҧҵıӣҿ֮ǰҵĴ
ҿº췢֯ʱ۽ǳ鴤һ£ҿվʱеذʼ鶯Ǹɫɫ۾СƨȻһѽ
֯պҲǣƵСţ˵ʲôȴڿҵʱĬˣֻץס½ǣһؿĬԣҹǿɰĺȥѽ
쳤̾˿Ĭû˵ֻǶ֯һͷ֯ǿЦһ£ĬԻңǸӡ
úҪТ˳ĸ̨£ҹԹſڣѽר׼ҵ𣿡
֯յ۽ǳ鴤ΪףڼּҶ𣿡
úӦ˵ʵҸǺúԵһֻԣûѽҶΪʲôء
֯ҪͷͣڰУȻҵͷ˵׺ء
ҿһԹ޵ƣЦִɰһΪǰ˴Сǻôһء
֯û˵ֻǿѾ޳ƣ˵ҲǸĺѽҲĵܵܣҶܶõ𣿡
ҿһۣһ죬𣿡˵ţʹһĬԵĶ䡣
ĬԳؿңڵֻҶһӡ
ҵ°ͣ֯գ𣿡
˫С죬΢΢ѹֵɭиֲĬԺ֯һʱȻγһֽ磬Ҫǵ˲ɡ
Ȼֻ޵ˣЩؿһڿƺں֯գŤͷĸײ𣿹ȻֻҪͺˡ
ҷ棬ǿǣֻȫעϢĴ򶷡
ҿۣԭһںһֻϻ״ųƴǸֹѽҧסĴָͷôоЩ죬ֻϻе㲻Ծѽ
ֻɻո꺢ӡĬҶ߽͵
ҵͷԾʼϻңȻһ¶ЦݣָǸĬһҵĶͷҲ֯ǼֱӴ˲Ƶ˶ﲢڣʯϵҹ鷢͵Ĺ⣬ҵóۣһֻǮϻ
ֻûֻаƴСϻһë޵Ƥϣװ׵Сӣ۵ĳſſϣǿɰӣЦ۾ָֻСϻǸҪҵģ
ĬԵͷɻϡУҲֻͦиոһڻҷɻķ޴һ𣬶ңɻһֻһӵĻᣬ˲Żѡƽˡ
ؿֻϷɻܰԵҵˡ
ĬЦҵͷһ䣬ֻСɻʧˣȻһ˻Ĭֻǵؿˣʹʧ˶






Ȧ5

⣬ǷɻӦ˺ϢʧҪ㳯˷˵ɫܲãղҲֻǿɻƽ֣ڸǷɻĶ֣ܿϾѪ߰ˡ
ѪӷɻˮɫڰɫƤëϻĿĵĺۼغиǾߺޡ
ơ°ͣ˰˵һ仰ĬֻǱңһᡣ
Сɻץߵġֹͣ֯յĻŭؿң˵
ͷ룬ôˣ˰ҲûҾĻôҲֲҸʲô
ôץǡԽ˵Խе˵ļơ
ơ֯յЩƮͣƣ΢΢ҡҡͷ
Ϊʲô˵ץСɻķɻôʹࡣɫдˮҧŴһίؿ֯ա
֯û˵ɫͷס̫ı顣
ʲôϵüͷ˵
òָ̡ң˵
Ӵ˹ˣץɻͲˣ˵ˣһֻץСĶѣǵ˿ϵĶҪɱˡЦѱԵʵ
Ҳ֪ץɻ顣ֱ׳˵ֻ˫ɫЩ㣬ûиղơ
һ֪ΪۣȻ֪˵£ô֪ʲôָԼĴ¶һõЦݣ˵ѵֻ֪ԡȡ桢֡𣿡˵ú
Ƶɫˣҡͷ֯պĬԣ޺ţģǡ
㻹˵Ҳ̣㲻֪£ΪʲôֹαѽҸп˵һεҡҡͷĬԿҵӣ¶һ͵ЦݣһҵĶͷ
˵˵ģ
žĬԵס֯ձֹ֣һȵϺ»صĬԻ̧۽ǿ֯ա
ĸ״ˣ㻹ǲҪ̫ĺáҵᣬǾĸ״˳˷̡
Ĭؿ֯գžɱ⣬ҲԶĳ˯ȥǰҶˣ֯գ˯ôã³˲ѽ̡
֯յɫ԰ף˿ңŸӵĸ飬ȴʲôҲû˵ֻǱ˼Ȼû̫ĸ飬ϾҵĸףһصģҶֻһֽ䱸͵ˡ
ذǣһ˵ģ´ٸҽУͲһôˣССذܻ첻Ц
һ˷Ĳҽдĸ֮ŵգֻǸ˱ɻѹڽŵף첲Ѿɻ˺һ¡ֲ÷ôҵĽأԼһ㱻Եǹùˡ
ÿֲ֯գȾһСףǻ˿˿Ѫ˵ЩֻһһָǸˡ
֯ҡҡͷûжֻǰƵԼĻҿ֯ǲҰףոΪǱĬŵãڿǱĬԴˣá
ȾΪʲôҪƵĿٴɭ
ƲƲ죬ʶСӵƱˣոջֻɻţҪɱֻɻŷɻһԵҵؿһǲĵطȥ
ֻɻҪɽȻһ죬ɽʼζɽܿʧǰ
Ǵ£鿴һ¸ոմ򶷵ĵط˸ոյķɽһ˺󣬺ܿ뿪ˡ
Ȼ㡣ǺõؿǵĶȻѽѪζܿͻ࣬Ͼͻӭµˡ
ҶܿġĬҵͷ˵͸
ѽѽܺѽΪʲôҪءҲĬԵļϣС˵
Ĭһץסҵȣһֵһǳɫĸ㣬ס㿪ʼԣйӵζ
ϢˡĬԾվһ˵
ҴĬԼϻĬԵĻֶ˿ڡ湻ҵģòҺĬߵҲ̫˵ɡ
ϾҪˡĬָǰС˵ǸǷֽ硣
ôˮôõĵضΣӣ˵Կ㡣
ĬһЦؿң˫ĺų磬˵㲻ɾ
ɾɻؿĬԣǲ⣬㻹иɾɾأ
Ĭûлشңֻ͸ֻ֣һ߱ҵĿȫǵʬˮߣֻܴӴӿǸոֻɻʬ壬Ȼһɫˮݴˮסֻɻʬ壬Ͻˮ峺ˮȾˣ˲һ߰ɫĹͷˮƮһº󣬾ʧˣˮҲ±峺
ѽҲ̾ˮԶѽ°ͣСӣħɣԺʬ෽ѽ
ĬԿ˿СӣħʬҪ𣿡һ䣬˵Ĳ̡
һ£ȷʵҪ˿ƺ֯գ˼Űӽȥʲô˰죬ǻʧĿԺСҲͲٿˡ
Ҳ˸ոյԹӵʱСģһľһڻĸ˽䱸ţˮݻǷǲ
ȥ϶ȫԱ𡣡ҿǵľûа취ǰˮˮ³ȥ






Ȧ6

ءһӰϵĳԵĶŵľϣֹ֮ǰԼõڸ첲ϻһʱѪֱֹˮС
ҼǵǸˣǸǳԵʱ¶Цݵˣ򫿴ǸˮˮƴϳԶζˣû˵㣬ҲʹŴ
Ȼ󲿷ֵˮݱǸˣǣľǱˮݲţǸ긡ڲԶˮ棬Ѿ˰׹ǣڴףĿ⻹ǿľеĵûֹֻͣǶЩˮݸûκɱ
һ˫ţһĲ¡ʣµУһ˴ЦˮУ˫ʹľŶ԰ķȥ
ûпޣֻ۾ôĿԼֵܵһˮйĿʧϰǸǵ˲ųˮУѪ۽
ѽǰһĻҾȻüĽĽе⣬ֵ𣿡
Ĭû˵ֻҵͷ֣ŰɫĹˮƮ֪սʿ꣬ǵһְİɫʹֻΪֵܵİȫ㡣
սʿսʿѪῼսʿϲǣϲҵ¡ҵĴṴգһ۾˵һΪҵ£ֻǳʧˣҲһȺˣȻжԸҵĿԡ
ǻġĬԱ֤
Щ͵ؿƺ֯գ죬ͷĬϲ˼£קĬԵͷʼҧؿĿ۵ƣ¶ЦݣĬԵ͸һõЦݡ
ĬԿҵСֻóһҵĿҰ죬¶Цݣóԡ
ĬԱҹӣߵʱˮֿм¶һ··ɰ׹̳ɵģ涼ǰ׹ǡ
ĬԻ˹ȥ֯ձƸź棬ֻ֯ͷķ·ʧȥ㣬űߣƿɰСţĬԵĿĽ
ССش˸ǷȻоһѹüԶҪȥķһֻ޼ޣȻҲ֪ʲôǣֻ϶Ϲޡ
۾΢΢ۣ˷ܵؿǸһֻë޵ĺޣҪˡɨһ֯պƣ֯ջޱ飬ֻȻˣǻǿŶڴؿǸԭĿҲֻ
ҾҪǷҪģҾҪ˵ҪǲҪģҾֱĬԴħ磬ҲҪҲǣʵڲУɱˡ
Բǵõ˵ǿ󣬾ԼʧܵĿʼҿһֱǵ仰
ҪˡЦرĬԵĲӿڵ
ĬԿһۣ۵װ׵дѾ֪ҵĴ㣬ҲֻգգͿؿ
ĬݵһЦ˵ֻҪʲôҶ㡣һȻŰµİ
˧Ŷգգ۾˹ȥĬԵһڣȻԴؿɫơ
ǰ洫򶷵°ͣȷʵҪĶӦöߵġһϹ޲ˣ˶Ķַء
˵ּܼأ˸߲ҵĶĬ˵
ĬԿһۣǵ֮ǰ
ǻѽĬԵļϣΪһῴϷ棬°ʵֶܼ೤ʱ亰أ
ܿ졣ĬԻŴ򶷴ȥ
ȷʵ򫲢ˣȻҵҪĶͲЩֵܰװһѶҶġ
ĬҡҵְŷҶҴ˸ָĹȻûдߵһС˵
ȻҲ˲ƣֳɵΪʲôãҲŲԼأСӣǺܴġ
Ĭһϵ⣬һûкۣͷѾ˴򶷵ֳȻѪǻûȻˣͲùǣҿǰֻ㣬ɫëеĽɫâëջң°ͣʲô
ڡĬ԰ҴŪվڵϣش
ǽڡȸԺͷͬΪ˵̫нɫѻŴǾͰѡڡΪ̫ıҲơڡΪʲôֻɫëأҺǲؿǰֻȻҾɫëܺÿָС
ֻ˫ɫ۾ؿңΪĬԵĴ
ֻǱġĬҵԴ˵Ҫ𣿡ĬԻ䣬ʹƵľѡԵİˡ
ҿһԱߵ򫣬ʵҪĶ
ý֧Լվţָһ½ǿСС°ɫСݣΪһһһŻȥ
֪ĶҿŻûжֻǺ˵εվԭأûж㡣
ڻ֮ǰͱһźɫ̰ΧתۼʧˣҲһߣɫѪ
Ҿ֪ĬԲκζ˵ҵģĬһЦʾлˡ






Ȧ7

Ĭԣֻܲܰøơ֯ձߵĬǰڵ۰Ͱ͵ؿĬԣС΢΢ɫȫΡ
Уҿֻˡ°ֱͣߵں棬ڽƤӵ£²ݰߣ˳һ½ڵԴ
ڵһ˿âֿƣɫۣת˼¡
Ṵ𣬰²ݽȻҵ֣ҲԸͱʾҵˡˣĸ¡
ĬĬӹ²ݣ˽ʣһۣˣֻʣˣҿ㣬ϣԼѡ񡣡
˵ĸĸͷؾֿʣʣ°ˣһû˵Ǿͺ
Զ潫治Ѫˡ
û˵ֻǿһۣ涼ж
ʱֻֻҡҡλεȥЦݲ䣬ǻǹ𣬹Ȼֻ޵ѽ֪ҺƶշԼӲּǺ²ݣŪԾѡƵԼˣǣֻ֪磬ֻǿߵԸ
ҿĬԣĬûж֪ԼĴ㣬ֻǱۿֻڡ
ƽŵؿŽڣ֯տĬԣĬԲֹڵж΢΢¶ĵı飬˵ԣֻ֣Լѡ˰ɡ
治Ůҵĸѽô޳ܵ𣿾޳ҲҪ޳ܵƷѽôûƷģǶҵѽ
Ĭû˵ͬҲû˵ͬ⣬ֻһֱôЦĺңһſϷı飬治ҵˣֵȤһѽ̾һ¡
ѽѡ񡣡Цؿڵ˵䣬ذѾŽڵȥ
֯ձֹ֣ΪĬֻɨһ۶϶ûǸոֵĺ
һϧߵĿĽǰȥذף˵ÿϧѽ˵ѡˡ
һζһµѪմذذᴵ˿ʵʬ壬ҲҪ˰ɡ
ָָңСֺϣźˣ˵ҪԼѡ˵ġ
ѽû˵Ҳɱ𣿡գ۾޹˵
ƵСڣҺܻ᲻ֱˣ֯û˵ֻǿң㣬Զҵĺӡ
ллˣֻҪ㲻Ҿ͹ˣĸ״ˡһɵ˵
֯ӵؿңû˵ֻǱʧȦ
ҿŽڵʬ壬۾ð⣬Ĭָ㣬Ǹذ̳ĶͲѪʬ˿ڡ
ڻȥ²ͻݹҿʵ
ҶεĽ͵ҴӦģ²ͻȥҾͻʵֽס
áҿ˿ڣóɫҩǣʲôҲûʣֱӳȥҺһȥȥ档
ͷҩºϵܿٶϣ˵˶ģأȻЩƽ۵ϣĹâȴ
֪֪ҾͲ㡣˵꣬ҾͳĬ첲ĬңһɫСʵĬԷŵߣſڳ£ʲôѽ
²ݵİݣ²ֻľջľĬԽ͵
һҴܣָоѾΣҸоԼƯڰգ˫ֽ§סԼ壬ܣˡ
ȫ·𱻻Χůһ޷ʹ·屻ƻһ
ʱ򣬾ͿԼĬԵĻŤһӣԾŤһ£أСˣίʹĬײ£ſǻ˵
Ĭ԰ָҵĻ꣬ᣬ˵˵㣬ĸƯˡ
𣿡ػشûסĬԵָҡһ¡
ĬԻ֣ˮǰһƴôˣɫʺ欣ѪĻǽɫ··ŵĹ⣬ǣɫĻɺ͸Ѫģ̶Ȼ
ˡҿ˰ó˽ۡ
ˮʧĬԵУһҺںĻûһ£ҵĻǺеġ
һӣΪǰľ飬ڱɻҲܻ硣
ҶˡĬסҵĻ꣬·ŻУŻش
أúģ治ˡҲŤΪʲôֳˣ
㲻㳤𣿡ĬԲطʵ
Ҳ˵ҪõҪҪ㳤Ĭιҹӳԣұӡ
ҲܳԶˡûŻĵ˵
ֻҪҵ죬ͿԳԡĬޱػش
㶵ؿĬԣȻһ»㻹Ǳ˵Цˣѽ






Ȧ8


һܸʲôʲôܸɣֻܹϻˮˮǲȥģԣֻܹĬϡ
ˣôҲͷشĬԼĬͷϣڴͷڰ˸Ѷȵ360תĬԵϡ
ŸǴȦˣΪʲôǽѽ
ÿ¶ڹסʮ¡һ˿ܻǲϰ߿һ˵Իشʱ۾ҿҡ
أһжòܱѽضĬԣίʵ
Ĭ»꣬Ϣ˳ĬԵָڻζչһ»˼
ˡĬԵ䣬ָȴظ黨𣿡
ѽˣҼСڵʬôˣĬԵϱQ£ҸλѺãʵ
ܺáĬóһɫƿӣһ߲ʵˮҵĻϣζûĬִѪȵš
ȥɡûǵˮסҿڵ
ĬԵͷתۼʧ˽һɫΪǺķǸӵĻɫһֻģòƾǴ˵еۣǰѽĺóѽ
Ǹɫĺ󴲳ӵĴϢ˵űϴᱻߵġҶĬ˵
ߵ֮ǰһȰŪɿԵġĬԵһҵĻں˵
߹ҵĻϣҺޱӵؿĬһֿۣ󴲣ԭֻһΪǱѹء
ƲĬһ֣һɳǰ棬һĦܣֻ
ûãϵֹͣˣҴڣ˵򫣬Ĳѽ
һӰԼµ˸סߵؿǣʶλ𣿡
µƿ򫣬ƯЩκһ˿߳ŭСʵۣҪ²ݵǸ۵аڲסȨˣ䲻飬ΪԼһеˡ
µһ˾ͻɣϾǿĴڣô
λǽ˵Ĵ˰ɡǸʵֱӴӴϵ۴ϣ仹һ˿ֳۣλƣѾˡ
򫣬пͷѽȻ˰̶˵㡣ûǸСʵֻۣǶ˵
ЦЦǸСʵ۵ĶʲôҲû˵ֻ۵һ˿ˡ
ߵģڴϣ˵
СʵۼԼĻûҲŭЦݣֻʻһ˿ᣬǺܿʧˡ
ʱֻ㣬ϡŤһ»ܲڵӡ
治˼ˣʧˡϣȻǶ˵˫һֱСʵֻۣСʵۿĬԸûע⵽ľͲᡣ
ҺܲصСʵۣ˵ιҵģٿֱӻ㡣
ֻʴ²ݵĹЧѡСʵûΪҵĻĽ͵
ҿ򫣬ͷ˵ˣȻΪСʵǰѽ
ϣ¡ȻĸƭģڲסϲɫСʵۣЩŪķʵѵ㲻֪ĹЧ𣿡
Сʵۿ򫣬ͷ۾أֻ֪ܳϣ֪ܾ¡
ڰ²ݻңҾͲ򫡣⻰Ȼ˵ģǾԾǼٵģһ²һ򫣬ôõ˲ѽԿԶ²ݡ
Сʵ۳ĬˣЩŵؿСʵۣĬȴǺЦңԼ֪е뷨ֻ򫳹Ķѣ˲ȫȫãȻһʧȥķܼ򵥣ǣҲô򫣬ЩֵܣЩá
˽ĬԻŤһ£ȻСʵ˲Ϣɫʵȫȥѧ
ǿ򫣬ĸôֹأǣкôСʵ۴ЦݣһӺݻӡ
ѽԣʰʰ׼ʹˡƿ´˼·Ĵϣ§סСʵ۵Сʵ۵Сʵ۵ĶһǣΰĻʵۡ
ûУ˾ͿߣҼСҹˡĬԵļϣʹҡ£˵
߰ɡ򫲻ٿСʵֱۣߵĬߡ
Ĭϲ˲䣬˵ˣֱӻħɡ
áĬڿһƾճǰ˿򫣬վ
ɫѷڰУֱӽȥˣǸСʵۣһСʵ£֮Ҳһˮ
Щ̾ѵҵıȺͰظҿĬԣĬԿң΢΢¶һЦݣ۲٣ǡ





ξ

ԴӻصħÿֻҪһ˯£ͻΣ϶ĵȴһģ˵ʵ׼ȷӦǷӡɶЩǰļ䡣뵽ҺܿģȴûиĬԣһϲ
еѾӤһͯŹ˶ãеļ䶼ġ
ںôˣĬǰ˳ʵѾˣ̫ڵںһ
ҪءĬ԰޳ָ㻨˵˫īڵ˫ȴԶ֪ʲô
ΪʲôѪζԽԽأȻǺܺţûɱ𣿡ĬԵļϣ˲ĬԵĲӣЩɻʵ
ֻҪҶζͺáĬûлشҵ⣬ֻṴŤͷ˵
˵Ҳǣϣû˵ĬأҲ⣬ʵֻСɻںϵôˣ
ĸµǺֻɻںһǿҺһš
Ҫ㡣ĬŻҴקʱҹһɢˮˡ
Ҹ˵سҹĹȥҹͷҹСİĬǰϣҺǺһЦûеҹ跴Ӧһ˽ȥˮҹһյƯˮ
ӡҹεȥлһ˫ɫӷ·һһۡ
ҹÿɰͷϴˮҹһֻˮСèҪɰжɰ
ˣ۸ҹ衣ҹһССıӣ˸վһߡ
ĬӣŵˮһһϴÿƬ꣬µ档
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ҶʲôҪĶ𣿡ĬҵĶЦʵ
һ£˵ʱûˡ
ǣҪȥ𣿡
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סԭĵطĬԲΪذҲɣȻŵϣҲͣûĲӡ
ᣬֻĬһˣĬôˡ˵ҪĬԸҶԲңҾҲҪˡ
ĬԵĲһ٣ҴӼŵҲ֪
һ㶣Ĭڽ
˵ңҶҵģҲģҪס㡣˵꣬ң°ҷŻؼϣȥ
ҿ۸ں͵Цҹ裬Լڵӣһῴͨӡ
ҲҪסҺߺ󣬲˵
Զ֯վվ󣬶ĬһΪı顣
Ĭɫ䣬ʵ£
֯ûлشֻ𾪵ؿҵӣһĬͷϣӸµؿ˲
Ҷôֳ֯յ𾪣š
ҸѽƯں˵ѵʲô
ʲôˣǺһֻڡ
ˡ֯յĻû˵꣬ͱĬԴˣĬԵûа㲨ֻ֯ȴһ
ңŨصģָĬʵ㵽װҶôˣ
ǵ£ʲôʱֵˣĬԵƽȻҿ֯գЩɻôˣһ壬֯û˵ĻʲôأֱЩӦöҺҪĬװ׵ıֳ֪Щ
ҲҶӡ֯յǿӲɫ԰ȴֱĬԡ
ҪΪҲ֪Ŀġ˵꣬ĬԲٹ֯գֱӴ߹Ƕ˵ġ
Ĭ԰ҴͷЦ˵ҪʣʲôҲʣֻҪҾͺˡ
ҿĬԣĬһᣬſڵá㣬ٶʣҲ㣬֪һΪҡ
ֳԭֻͣһһǡһŵֱӳУȻĬûзֵ£ңɨܣûˡ
ֻҹ軹ĬЦ档





ξ2

һôһ־ǣҳֺѾǵһˣ̫԰ɣѵϴĬרŸ׼ϣЩյŤһ£Ҳ´أ
ȻǱĬԳ軵ˣ˼һ㸴ӵ鶼᲻ͷˡҪûĬԣҪûĬԣһġ֪Ϊ뵽Ȼ͵ó˴𰸡
ֻһ첻ĬԣҾͿʼˣ˵ȥһ£Ѿȥ˺þˣйؽ˼ͼҹ豧Լͷվſڣ̽Դңҹѽ㹫˯ɡ
ҹ˫ɫһһģɿĵͷܵߣҿҹӰӣɪĺϲҹѽֻɪ˸Ȼʧˡ
ҹ豧ͷԹԵڴɵԼñӹãֻ¶Դң˫ɫһգһգġ
Թ˯ҹͷϣ˵
Ӻܾûкҹһ˯ˡҹıЩίС΢΢˵Ŀɰ
ҲҹˣǹڵӲܱҹ衣Ҳܲڵӣһ±ĵҹϣСظϱȥ
ҹԱѽҹС֣סңŵ۵Сϲ˲䡣
ҹ裬ɪϲѽҹͷϣ˵
ҹҲϲɪҹС˵ģ۾쳣ˮҹϲˡ
ǣҹŹ𣿡ҵͣŵա
ҹ˫ɫɻգһ£˵ҹŵľǹˣΪʲôôأ
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ôֻһֿԣ˾Ҹǵʱ߳ĬԾֻʣҹˡ
ҹȫɻûκεαװ˵ʲôѽҹҹѽ
ҿҹ裬ѵһж
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ûѽûҹͷ˵СϢҪ᳤ġ
ҹգһ۾Цһ£СɰǳĬԴ˺ܿͻˣӲҪģҹᱣӵġ
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ںɫĻ쳤һסҹҵʶŻǱҹʶ
ٴθонŵĺôˣվһƬɫĸУһֽţҹʶôǸѽߵؿһһ鲻Ϸŵĸ㣬òƶζѽ
ѾþûгԵҹĸˣֻܿܳѽƳ죬קһϺɫźɫƵ·سȥ
潥ˣҺҹ赱˽ʱķ䣬еҴҹȥ԰ʱķ羰ܰ˻ѽ
վڿյϣĴɢȻҹ趼֪ôǸ˺ܾܿͶҹʶҹͲ֪
ãҲջ۾һطǸطر棬Ҳҹģҹ壬ô顣
ͷ˼һ£ҳǸλȥǸط͸ոտɫȫͬǴȻĺɫмһŰɫ͸Ĵ룬ԼԿһӰ
üùĸо߽Ǹ룬룬ָģٴסˣòưǸһСڣָͷֻʣ°ˡ
ҿֿˣûѣɿİֱָ
ôƤһЩǲԶ
˭Ҿĳܿȥҹʶбˣԣҿˡ
Ŷ¡ȻȴܺЩɳƣ·ò˵
˭ذˣоĶ⣬о˼
Ŷ˾ͲҪˣޣ·Ҫʧһ
ңҵģôô°ͣ˵ܸол
ôѽ·Ц⣬ǾŶѽ߰ѪľŶ
˵ú˽ƵģΪʲôҼҹҽ֪ΪʲôҾȻŨŨıˣһֻ
ûȥˡ˱ˣҪɣҪҪûܳнס㱯˵壬ԣŶԼ۹⣬Լġ
㵽˭㲻ҪΪǣûʸҡ᲻Ĵ£ΪʲôӰΪʲôǵļﵽʲô






ʵ

ҴҹʶŷֻϾȻСˮ飬ҡһ»ˮʧǸˣ˭
Һ޵Σл
ֹ˼գĬԲŻ΢΢ƣһӴҹ軳Ĭԣûˡ
ĬԽסңָһϸ𣿡
˭ˣҲŤһʹһĬԣ˵ȥϢ
ȥϢ
ҪȻô˵ҲûдĬ
Ĭ԰ҷŵϣԼȥԡˣĬʲôңܲˬĸоǸݣʧȥļ䵽ô¡
ʲôأĬԻصϣīɫķɢ󣬵֧Ųҡ
ʧȥļ䣬ʲôأ£Ż꣬ЩƵ˵
ָ𣿡ĬԵָŴ棬ЩɣЩѡ
ֻ֪ǲǺܶ£ǷһĸоҲϲƵ˵
Ĭû˵ֻóһˮκɫľ壬Ǹ徧Ө͸ɢŪŪѪȣһᡣ
ʲôüЩųĸо
ѪĬش˳ְǸҵĻϡ
˭ľѪҲʵض˶˦ȴĬֹˣѪһȫѪҺģǱֹĶ
ơĬְסҵĻһ˿˿ҵǵξѪҲܻ
ǺǸƣҴûҪǸһĬѪҺˣΪʲôĬô϶ɵģӦѾʧ˰ɣЩӣЩãȻ
Ϊһ̶ġĬԳ˵ҸоԽԽҵ壬ǵξѪѾȫΪһˣԣֻƣӵôۺ
ſĬԣ㵽ʲôΪʲôԼңΪʲô۵ıˡ
ҶҪţֻһˡĬԲҵԽԽŨܶɢźɫ
ĬԵĻ˵ʲôȴ˿ڣ屻ƻȻ飬ѪҺ֮໥ų໥ںš
һЩֱӳԺ棬س磬˽磬磬ħ磬֮ڻ
˵ѪҺ磬۶̳˵۵Ѫгˣ˶Ҫܵƣһ취һͬʱӵѪĬԵһЩһҵԺ档
ҲǷӡ˼ȥ˽磬ת˽磬ȴĬ޸ʱ䣬ûʮļ䣬Ϊǿհס
˵ģȴѪͳģܸõѪ
һαɺΪĬѪ
ڶαΪĬԵȼħѪ
ΣĬѪΪý飬֮Ѫȷе˵˵۵Ѫڡ
ѪҺ壬һжֻΪҳڽ֮⣬ֻҪ۵ġ
ҶΣһɹģһεʧܲٷˡĬԵЩƮ
Ѫպʹ˻ɫۣɫķѪֹ壬ǰִ̳Ľ
۽£һĴۣɢɱ¾˫ɫʧȥ˹ʣѪѣֻΪҰѽͽ壬İΪǽʣټĵط
Ѫ£ɫĳֱһɺ̶ɵĹ٣վڰգħʧӰ٣ᡢҹ衢ɪ򫻹жҲʶ˶վڵϡ
ҹǺþòˡҵḧڵ˵
ӡҹЩЩϲ洫û°ɣ
ҺܺãûôùҿվҶ治Զˣīɫĳɫ۾Ϥף㵽˭
˰ɡṴһЦᣬٹˡ
ôˣôǵĬԴˡҹ豻ɪվߣɻ˵
ĬԡҷſҹƯߣ˫֣ǺǣĬˣɱġ
Ҷ·̾Ϣֱϧû
ˣˣɱˣ㲻ĬԣĬǺڷֶһ޶Ľɫ㲻ǣǡĬԲҪˣҪˡɱˡΧʱճһѷ죬ҿЩѷ죬¶һЦݣѾˣںѪЩĬġ
ΪʲôΪʲôҪҲҪЩҪҲ½ĳͷֻһΪʲôҪȥʲôҪʧҪǰ𣿡ҿǰˣ
ҶҲһˣһЩʱ䣬𣿡ḧҵķƽ顣
ΪʲôΪʲôѽҧס´ͣҡͷΪʲôҪôңΪʲôҪɱ㣬֪֪Ҳʹ
ֻԸһϡ
˽ΣҪʧȥʲôҽ§סĬԣݺסĬԵĴ






ʵ2

Ĭû˵ҰĴҧѪ
üǣһ־ζҽ§סĬԣһǰʧΪʲô
ҶҺܿͻġĬ޳ָҵܿģҶҡ
ҡͷ᲻ͣĴ£ҪҪ뿪ңĬԣҰѽҪҡ
Ĭ˫ŨŨıˣһ޷ʹ࣬Ҷһġ
ҪĬԡʧڿУҶӣԼȣڵϣֻܴؿĬʧĵط
ȻʲôûУ磬ģζһʱģֻʣԼΪʲôҪΪңĬԲŻˡ
û¡һɳƴŵа
͵վץס˵ˣϤ˫ɫҹûеĲṴıʹҹ豾маȣҹ賤ΪʲôôϤ
ʲô˼һţץסЩ
ҽоԨûлشҲûֻסҵ֣Ҫˡ
Ĭأεؿٴʵ
Ҵȥḧҵķ˵ŶҪˡ
ҹأôˣ
ֻ˯˶ѡԨһֻץסҵ֣һֻڿлһȦ
ŵش󺰣䱸ؿžԨֱӳɪǰΪҹ塣
û£˺ңħ罻ˣĬԵĶĬԵ֡䵭˵˵꣬͸Ԩ߽Ǹڶ
ƿʱյˣǷˣǸĬͬһȼģ˭ʲôϵֻҪܴҼĬԣһжνˡ
߳ڶǰľɫסˣصɳѪķ·ѪģԨҲȹһƬɫҺӽɫĻ俪ϱȾѪ졣
ɳֳƱ˰һΪ;ӱߵĽ֮㴫˵ħܻǰļ䡣ǣһЧమԨ𣬡һֱĻŷ룬ġҶҶ޻ϧȴԱ˰·
û˵ֻǸоЩŨص˼뱯ˣִѪȵĬϵζȴС
ڻ룬ҿĬԣɫĳյ˫ۣպİĬԵڰգһѳ͸ţѪ˿ڴϵѪ
ĬԡҽҪ˹ȥȴԨסſſҡ
˵꣬ŶԨųأž壬ĬǺͬʱԾҲܵͷǣ㲻ǣԣĬ԰ĳͷתԼϣһ죬鲢ķ֮ࡣͣһᣬŽ˵һ죬ͷʧ
ҴؿĬԣ⻹ǻЩҸõõĳͷΪʲôҪĬҡ
ûϲŭ֡ĿڡǣĬԣ˭Ҳ֪ʲôӡԨ˵
ĬѽһĬȥҵĬԣҵĵҵİˡ
Ǹڷ۵ˣĬڵһǰµһμ䣬Ϊ˵ڶ׼ξԨûңֻǾĽ͵
ĬԽԽоַ·궼ܱȼյʹס͵ذγѪһһôɫɳԭĬԵѪȾģĬô࣬Ϊβ˵أ
Ĭ˫ɫ۾ûκθؿңûҵӰӣĬԿҵ԰û˿Ѫɫ
ĬԣˡȻ֪ǻ˵
קסǸܸоһڷţȴû˿˺ۣǽ档
а취ָԨץסҵ֣ȷſûоѣŪġ
Ҫʲôۡɿ֣䱸ؿžԨԵ޹ʰҡ
Ҫҹ塣ԨЦ˵
ҿžԨҹ壬ֿĬԣҧ˵ܻҿԸұ˵壬ҹʲǺܺá
ȷʵҵġû˿ԥ˵
ӣҹԶŹӡ
ӣ£ҹᱣġ
ӣҹ˺óԵĵġ
ӣҪҪҹ衭
ӣҹԵģġ
ӣҹ費£Ϊйѽ
ǸһֱΪģһֱõҵĺӣǸ޻ẦȴǼ˵ҪҵĺӣǸһֱվ͵͵ģССĿֻ֣ҪһͷܿĺӡҸô죿






ʵ3

ֻҪҹ𣿡ҳĬһᣬʵ
ꡣԨԾһЦ⣬·̸ֻܻ꣬ҪҪ·һ
㵽˭ۣ΢΢𣬹ҹѾ˻Ӧý˻أǽ㴴ҹˡ
ô˵ԨûгҲûзϣƽʵ
ôƿʱմƽˣֻһǾĬԣ˵ҪǺĬͬһȼģԣֻʣǸ˵Ѿ˻ˡͣһᣬͷḧҹҹ̫ˣûм֮ǰһûвǣһָ˼䣬ҹһоֹ˵ò̫еˡ
Ⲣ˵ʲô
ѽǣΪ˻ʾҪΪλѡһϵȵҹңҹִ̫ˣ˵ʺϵңǲǾҲ˵ҹΪҪõҵɣҲΪڵĶ֡ҹǱģѾҵˣҲκ˰Ūߣһ
ŶôҪΪĬԵ£÷Щ˰ɡԨûб𴩵Щ
Ҫ׵ĶûĿ佱˺Һ죬˽ҵһУֱ͸˵ĸоҺܲˬ
ҿԾĬԣҲָҪ㵽һʱհ¡ԨϵЦݣ˵
£ΪʲôҪᲦңܲ˵
ҹ͸㲻𣿡ԨֳаЦݣȻϺǳҹϣҾͺܲˬ
˵˲˽ңţĬԻָˣ˻ʣҲҪĬ԰ʰ
һѡʵۣͳһ˽磻ڶֹʱϵӡԼ£ܻˡԨŲæ˵
ͬ⣬ڿгŵ˰ɡҳ˼һ£˵
£ҾͻɳŵԨЦ˵
ҿĬ
ǺǣҲ֪ĵطǵѪҺڵ嶼ûУôгŵ֪ҵ˼͵
Ҳ֪ģǣҿĬԣ۾ſڵԼ
ԡ˵ţԨһֻ֣Ҳһֻ֣һɫ£ΥԼزݡ
زݡһ䣬ϣźɫӷֱ˵С
ʲôʱߣĬԲ԰׵ԺҲЦҶĬ˵ʲôأ
ȥ׼һ°ɣʮһٴγִȥԨ˵̧꣬ڿлһȦҡ
ĬһۣҧҧסĬԣǷ·ȼյȶȣĬԲҧһڣֱѪζӡɿóذףԼĸ첲һѪĬûɫĴѪɽ󣬲߽ڶ
ˮڳڶһ˲ȫʧѾ¸ħһصϡ
ӡɻ;
ŤͷѾԭӵҹ裬첲Ц˵ӱ
ҹɵ˽ҵĻ˫ɫһգһգؿңôˣ
ҹѽǻȥ˵˵ţҰҹ豧𣬳Źȥ
ҹֱ۱סҵĲӣСԴҵļϣܿĵظվڲԶɪ֡
߽ѾˣһͷһϣҹŵϣʧȥŻϧ
Ҳ
ǡ˵
ҪȥĿռ£ʱҲ֪Ҫãħͽˡҹ˳ķԸ
ħ¡˼һ¿϶˵
ҵͷû˵ʲô
֪ˣСվ֣ص˵ɻΣգ
֪ǱҪȥһŵҹĺ󱳡
û˵ֻóһöɫĵҽӹϢϤĬԸҵģ
ǡ˵ĸоһĮȡ
ֱҧָѪڵϣһֻɫëվϣɵУܿһ׸ߣȻ󻯳һźɫ·ˡ
򫡣Ϥ٣Цһ˵
һͷҲһ˿Ц⣬˵ˡ
ҹӰɣԺͽҹɡȻѾôǹȥɣֵһµĿʼ
áҲ֪ҵ˼ûоܾ
ʮҾ뿪ôҹһ𡣡ĬԼȻңһԭ򣬼ȻҵᱻӡôҹǸҲǶˣ˵ҹǵˣҸϤɡ
ӣҹҲҪȥҹСץסҵ·ͷͰ͵ؿҡ
СҹͷҶ֪ʲôûа취







ӣ㲻Ҫҹ𣿡ҹ˫ɫؿңֻҪ˵һ֣ϾҪ޳Ƶġ
ǣιֻܴһȥԣҹԹԵȹӻòãЦŰο
ҹҧ촽ίӣǻǵͷˡ
Ǻǣҹԣӻ֪Ҫȥأҹȥ﹫׼ԵģӴȥòãһҹĶͷ˵
ҹϱ£ãҹһ׼㡣˵ţסɪȥ
Ǹˡû꣬Ҿ֪˼
ǸǴҹˣ˵ۣ뿪Ǻף³ɺĬһĳͷҰľ˵һ¡
ǺΣգЩǵؿҡ
ӦõǸռ˲ŶԡЦһ˵ô˵ҲǵĸӵѪˣֻҪǣۣˣۻᱨҶħ磬֪ҵ£ȥǸռ䣬Ҳ̫ģϾɱҡɱңҪܵԵĳͷǣֻĥңұɱͲˡ
˽ҵ˼ǵͷ
ˣǾûʲôˣȥɡ
ǡû˵ʲôֱ뿪ˡ
ҹҪȥҶ𣿡ҿһֱĬվˣʵ
ҹĬһ£ſڵȥҵĹȥҲá
վҧָѪڿлһΪҸոںѪϤ޷ĬֱӴʱţֻѪΪý顣
һɫѷڣҳѷȥѷߣΪڴϵİУİĿɿڴؿǣЩ˼˵һʹãԺͺˡ
ҹ¶ЦݣŶֻǲ̫Ϥ
ҵһۣקסֱ֣˲Ƶ⣬ʵ׼ôȥ
ҹŻʹķ򣬡ȥɡ
Ǻãȥ֣㶫˸·
ҹңʵ㲻ıһò
˵ҲǡߵϵʱҹѾͨˡ
Һҹֲ²ⶼУҲЦˡ
ҧָͷŰڷŵĸֶƤëҹ˵һģëġ
ҹЦãôʶЩ
ΪԭֻЩޣܸʶԷɡƲƲ죬˵
ҿǸ·ҵѽȻô˵ҹİëƤ
ҪÿġҹһҺɫëƤҲ˵
ҹΣֻüѡŶһվŵϰʵЩ𣿡
ЩǸոϵȻ͹١
ûģҹϰĻʵ
ϰһ£˵͹ʶˣУǼǮ
ҹû˵ֻóһϰ棬ϰ¶Цݣ͹롣
ҹͷһ߽˺ãûеȶãͼϰ屧һ̴ľг̴ľзŵϣСش򿪡
ϰĶóֻһɫ磬ë·ˮһ
صͷʵûٴһˣ
硭
ҲҪ磬Ҫ̺ӡ֧°ͣ˵
ϰһȵؿң·ڿһӡ
ûСվҹ˵߰ɡ
ҹͷһϣҳȥôѾѵˣƤëһ㶼׸ʵ۵ġ
Ҿȥʹã̫С˯˵ҪȥʱҲҪίԼοûҡ
ҹգһۣʵ㲻׼ȥɣ
ƳһۣȻȥʵۣȥҶ
ҹͷ϶ҪĶ
ȵҹҳҹһͷֱʧҹǰӦúǸСʵкܶ໰˵ɣֻôһΣԺֻˡ
ҶĹлҪһ㣬ôʱ䣬ǸСʵӦ̲˲ٹҰɡ
ѿϵĶװǸʱգǻʲôأ°˼һᣬˣװЩֵǮװ˼䵽űҰ˴Ĺ⣬ȷûܿϵĶˣ뿪
һصԼطҹѾվˣƽЦһ¡
ҲûʣֻŪָ´ʱգصħ
ʮܿȥˣҹķһָ棬ͷҲ׼һЩҩͶңһװϾ˵ҾǸˣЩҪ׼㡣
ԨԳˡһҹ裬ҿڵ
ҹ˫һˣһ˲ģ׼ˣ

ԨַҶͷɫĹҵ壬Ҳоַ·޾ˣֻʣ²һɵʵ
кõ㣬һΪұɷءҺһڵ
Ԩû˵һվߵҹֱӴ򿪺ڶ˽ȥټ






ѡ

ҪõҪӦĴۡһ̴ľϣһ֧°ͣһһǳɫĵķŵС
Ҫʲô˵һʮҵӣһŰɫ幤ĳۣ˫۳
óһǳɫƿӣǰζһ£ҩ㹻ˡ˵ţҰƿӷϣ˵κ˶鲻򡣡
ӿǸƿӣһɿİƿУսʵҪʲô
ʮǰǰӣ˵һ̥֪ǸĻʲôطҰ뿿ϣǳЦ
ô֪֪ġһվӱŪڵء
ǵļƻܳɹϧˣֻһŮóСﱵһЩָףĵ˵ˣݾǸСӽңҪıꡣ
Ҳ֪ǸġӾŵ˵
ߣôͽʧܣѶ¡ˣһչûо͹ѻˣ˻ҸּۻۣҹͿͣǵѲˮƻҼҾߵǮͳ
ǣӡһֱվҹ߳˵
ܻһ𣿡ӱǸƿӣŵ˵
ܵܿ϶ˬ졣ᴵһָףϸһ£ϸϸ
ӳĬһᣬſڵá
ƿҩùڣǵðҪ˴ƭңǴ۲ܳܵġһԼ֣ˣﱵӵϣӻ֣ŵҹͿ͡
ǣ롣ҹ̴ľ̵Ĵţ˵
ֿһƿҩҵͷ϶뿪ˡ
ҹغţӸոӣ£ʵӣûѡ𣿡
ңһǸУ㵱ˣЩӻģһϵ̨档Щ˵һģݺҧһڣһǷİżмвܵİɣÿơ
ҹĬһ£׼Լ
ʮ꣬СֻҪ̫ٰ꣬͵ʵǰͲˡһ̵¶ǣָ˵
ʵλע⵽ûУҹ˱ŵֱߣ˵
㲻ʵ۵ĺ̫ЩѽѽȫˣٸǸӵ鲻ͼ𣿡ҶŲ豭һڣƲ죬ܲصҹһۣ˵ûзŷѽ
ҹ̯̯֣һ޹ӣûˣˡ
غһڲ裬ȻѲ豭ŵϣˣЩ飬ȥɣǸСû֮ǰҪҡ˵ţҹ첲
ҹұ¥ȥӡûɵ𣿡
ûСһ¸û֪°ȸʱöˡյʱΪӡȫܶϰܶˣֻ΢һҪ˯þá
ҹҷŵϣҸǺñӣӺúϢɡ
ҵͷҹҷ´ڵĴᣣһ±ӣʼ˯ĬԣһҪҺúʰԨŪôңԣ
ӣˡоڶỽüһëҵ
ҹۣЩؽһ
ҹңҿڴϣ˱ˮŵҴߣѷˮ£ž㡣
ˣֽӹӣһˮꡣ
ǰಡĴӱʵ۷Ϊһࡣӹձӣֶһϡŵס
ҪأӣĴϡȥ
ҽӺϡͿԳԵˡҹվѴ򿪴˽ŪһУ뿪
ӣǿһڣûһζӷŽֱӰӴӳȥ
ҹһֻʮСкʱ򣬿ңֶ˳һСϡŵǰ
ҵҹһۣͿʼСкƲеӪӣ˫ۺҲƽӣǸﻹǸ˲ѽ
ʲôҿСֿ࣬ٿҹУûаӳȥĿܣֻһһС࣬һСڡ
֡кڵСе࣬űصĺ⡣
Ŷҧסӣͷ㻹̫ˣԼزˣԺͽϣȴ¾
ǣӡɵ˵
ҾŹӾͺáӺ;ŹȻֻһ֣˼ȫһܽҹӵˣֻ
ǣŹӡ
ȻǸֻĺӣҹˣʮѧĻʼҹء
ǣӡӽҪǲϡ꣬Ŀɾûˡҹֹ˵
ҺݺݵҹһۣҺ㡣





ѡ2

ҹʼ磬һν˵ãҪ˵ңҲŸÿء
ߡٵҹһۣĲ鲻Ըغ˿С࣬㲻֪ܲȫ˵ˣλãѽ
ĬĬ˵һУﲻʱйâȴûпѯʡ
Ѿźˣ˻ԭǸˣֻ겻һˡҹ˵
ҿС࣬üһ´룬Ȼŵԭˡ
ҹͷ룬˳һǳɫĵķŵǰҲ¶һЦݣŸ㿪ʼԣ֪ԼݰɡˣȻȤһĺӡ
֪ؿһеĵģش˵ףֻʮꡣ
Ťһӣżڵ㽲һ֪ɡ
ǣҴӼ¿ʼһֱһԺֻҺصˣͷϵı飬Ҳƽ
Ṵǣҧһڵ£֪Լݡʣǿ϶
͵̧ͷңЩţҲ˵ʲô
ˣ۸Сˡҹһĵݸķ
ҵġҰҵҧĺأܲؿһмؿҹ
һѡҹҵĲһ¡
ߣСƭң֪ԼݣҪǲ֪Щ˲㵱ĵƣˣܻڿ㻹ͦѵ̻ҹĴȻеĳԵĶҹܣҵڳԿĶôѡ
ĬԺˣ˭۸ң߷ߵҧ˼ڵġ
˵ֻ˫۾ҹеĵһ㱻Ū飬ǿϧ⺢治һ֪һЩֶͱ˶Ľ䱸˵ֵĺͨСһŵĿҲ˵⺢ӳ˲ٿɣȻֽ䱸һϰߡ
˵˵Ҳܡ˵Űѿ˵ĵ̵ݸҹ˵һ·
ǣӡҹӹӣЦ˵ܰҰѶȥ𣿡
ӹӣͷɿسȥˡ
ҹŹϵţҵıƿŵһߣ˵ֻһӣҪƵ̫ˡ
ٺģαӣʱ˼СˡҰſҹϣһһɫźĳ
úְұϣҰͷ˳һ̶ɵӹ̶á
һŪãұ¥Ұ뿿ϣָ÷֣˵ÿɡ
ǡҹһ̺ӸϺ󣬲ȥš
νһŻ˵Щ¶Ůӣ毺õݣĵˣһ־þ糾ζ
ūˡɫЩĲ԰ףһֻ̿벻
һҹոķ۲裬΢΢۾˵˺˲ٴζ̥ҩɡ
㡭Ů˫ۣĿֱӹڵϿң˾ȾūңūҲǲѵġ
Щӵԩˣҡһ²豭ŲҶˮƮδСΪԩȴҲĺ˵һ֮ʧȥᣬΪնûǻعֻε֪жԹޡ
һܻоŮӤ飬Ȼܵȥˡ
ĸˡŮӷ·һ㿴ҡ
¥ˣЩʵĸŮӻûбҲ湻ѵˡ
ūҡش𣬵ǿһۣŵ˵һˡ
Ŷ㻹ܺ졣Ҫôһ껳أѲ豭ŵҹϣҿ԰㣬ǣ꽻ô
ūҡҡŮŵòᣬ״εĲ֪˵ʲô
ҲԲףǣҪ֪СڲǿҲԶˡν˵ǺûУ
ҲŮһؿ˵һӹˣҲǣǲѽΪʲôҪңΪʲôЩծҪΪʲôŮӴź
ƲƲ죬ЦôΪʲô
ƽΪʲôҡ
类ûйƽǿʳˡ˵Ů˵һֱվڱϲ
ӵؿңݽҧ촽˫ս֪ʲô
ҽףҪҪЩˡŮ̧ͷң۵м
㣬ֻҪб¡һ·֣ҹóһݺͬŵŮǰ
ֻҪѪ棬ͱʾԼʽ͵
ŮӵЩǻǼְԼָҧƣѪ˺ͬϣͬһȼʧڿС
ҹǼӤǿǺöȻ͵ǰֲҵĹʧҪײҪ
ǣӡҹһ˿⣬Ůӱһº˵ˣӡ
Ϳ͡ССش˸Ƿ˵
ǡҹɫ㱵Ů͵ſڣغվߡ
ǸŮӾ͸㵱ˣ¥ϢͨĵطôþͿԼˡ˵꣬ҾֹסҹĲӣ˵Ҫȥתת






ѡ3

ҹң¶һĨεЦݣ˵ǣҵĹӡ
ʱȻһվſڣĿˣȴ˽ǲΪʲôҸովҪŵʱ
ҹṴ¶һ˿Ц⣬λк£
ҵָŷ֣һϤζǺܵܵϸ˿ӣݣַ·ܰһеϢ
ſڣȴʲôҲû˵ͷԼ֣Χ˶ܸоϵıˡ
ҳҹһͷҹ˳һŵǰ˵ȵˮһ¡
ллӵ峺ŵᡣ
ҹЦЦվü˼ϵζ˭ģİȴ·ϤҸ֪ζǡȥ°˵
ǡͷɵĻص䡣
硣Ƕҹ˵ġ
ҹûΪʲôֱִУһҹҵһͷ
˵ˡֱӣԼһ㡣
ҡ̧ͷңˮı
ĴۣѾо˰ɡֱ˵оԨζζģȴɢֻǾ;Ԩһˣ˵ĸ׾Ǻ;ԨϹ˲ǳھԵ˲ŻС
ô֪ȵؿңȴûзϡ
ǺǣΪʲô֪أҷʵ
Ǹֻ֪ʲô취ԶھԨ𣿡˿˵
֪𣿡ҵͷԼָ԰ûһ˿Ѫɫ
ҡҡͷ
֪Ԩ𣿡֧Լ°ͣüʵ
ֻ֪Ƿˡӵܺɾˡ
ʱ磬˽磬磬ħ硣˼һ²żڵ֮ӻ֪еֻ˽бȽǿ˶ѣΪ˽ƽ⣬ϵһһ̶ȣͨ˽֮趨Ľ濼˾ͻᱻһطͨ˾ֱˡǸط˳Ϊɽ磬ɽ֮˲ģֻΪȽ϶࣬ԻñȽϾöѡҾñȽ׶Ļ͵
ҵĻҧŴһͷ·֪ʲôһɫӲ԰ס
ϵ˲ħ嶼ҪܵĹƣֻڻӵѪ˲ܳѽơ𡣡˵ָһһֱеĲ豭ȵˮɡ
ӵ˵ͷź˿ˮʵ˼ǣ
û˼ֻǸһЩ飬Իȥˣ˼һҪҽ׵ݣɡȫɳڣҲٿڡ
ӿңеĲ豭˵лл
ҡҡͷ˿ɬҹһۣʾһˣҹû˵ȥ磬뿪󣬰Źغá
𣿡Եĵġ
Ҳ֪Ҽǵõҹң˻Ϊɢٿˣ˻Ӧǿܽ棬Ҫ˺һԶһ𣬵ʧˣԲѡյİԨĻġҾİǰֹ˻
ҹһҵķ˵ÿ˶Լ顣
ǰҪõͱʧȥ׼Ҫ֣Ҫ˽ⱳıˡҿԼȣʱ֪ĺܲ룬ӵбȽϵɡ
оһĻסң̾ϢҶߣЩģʧȥˣͬʱõˣˣȴֵһԨҹԶˣȴŵЭС
ɻŤͷǴЦ۾ң΢΢üҡĻѿڶǸʶĬǰҵΪԷһеģҹܿһϵǸһЩĻʵۣ뻹ǰģڶϵľȻң顣
֪Ļκǣˡ
ûƿҲᰮ㣬İΪҵţһڵһʱʧ
֪ЦԣŮ㡣
ˣҪȥϢᴷһԼ֪˫ȣ˵
á˫ۺЦһŵĹ
ҿԼָ޳ѪɫҿصǸΪĿе԰ˡ
ҹһȽĲһ£ȴû˵ֻǰͻ˷䣬Ǻñӡ
ҿڴϣ뿪ҧĴָ鷳ٲҾͺͱˡ뱯ˣ´
ֹ˼գǸ˲ţϵıˣϣ˵ĻҰס
㣬ҡң˫ĿһʣһеϢЩ΢΢ˡ
õͱ븶еĲ豭ı˵Ĵ۲ÿ˶ġ
ΪʲôΪʲôֻһΪʲôҪô谭ˮ£˫ȭͷץס°ڡ
ɫһ䣬ſڣҹҲˣ䱸վ
Ϊǲǿ󡣡ҿſڵľԨڵ
ڵľԨ˻ʣϵ·ʲô谭һ㣬ûôǿ
㣬˭Ԩס򱯰İˣۿҡ








ҲʧЦڵң˭ԼҲ֪ûеľһ
ԨЩ䱸ؿң֮ûˣȷʵǵһԱ˵ޣ֪˼
˭ҪҪǣʵĴ𣿡ǿĬҲҪĴۣοڵľԨأ
ô֪Ԩҧңʵ
ҵЦܸܲδɣȻô˵СԺǳڿûеı
ԲϣҸбȤ
Ԩ˿ңֱӱסȥһġ
ǵøǮ˵꣬Ҿʾҹ˵ţ෢۵ĶͷԨΪʲôôأ
ѵά˽𣬵ǵǸ貢˯꣬Ҳû˶ʲô״
ôΪʲôأ˽ȵ׶ʲôأҲ簡Ҳ
°͵ͣһ£۾ԭˣֲãԨϲֻأ˽ĶͣҲΪԭ̫ࡣ
ϲԨ㻹氮Щడô׷ϣѵ֪Ķ޾ǿĴڣĽԨЩԹԹˣϵɳħֻΪóôֵǵ˽ֵΪǸ
ħûֻʧûֻأֻһЩ¶𣿻˵ֻĬǸ߲ںĽɡ
ӡҹͳڶۣջԼͷ
û£йţע㡣𣿼ȻʱգԨڣôĬأ᲻Ҳڣ᲻ᣬʶأ
ҹҲ뵽ʲôŵǵؿңЦʲôʱĬԣֻҵģҲֻܰҡ
ˣҿԼ֣ԸûмҲС
ǵģӡҹ΢ֱԭӣ˵
ûеȵĬԣȵǸ裬֯գʱı軹һŮӣģõдŵ㽿ޣѽͲԳĺ񰡡
ҺܾȵغԨǸշһ㣬Ҳʼϸңû˵˼ֻɡ
һЦ˵˵˽أߣǴ˵еķأ
֯۾ң˵ԣҵġ
Ŷ˵𣿡Ҵ˴еĲ裬ں˵Ҽҵ۹ŲôأҪҶҪġ
ѵĬǼһ˽ӣԨȻƽĽܣֻһؿҡ
ǡĻӣҾǺԱǸһøжûеıġĻǲ
Ҳš˵ţ˫ַ裬һӵƣһССĺзɳתһȦãʧڰա
΢΢ۣԼָҪؿڣûб仯һĨЦҪǰϱˣôĬԣǾһɣʲôʱֻܰҡ
һȢҵġԼɳϣң·һСŮ
ҲԲҹ͵ϵȲ衣
迴ҹ۾һϲѵǽڣ겻԰
ҹһЦûд𻰣ֻվ󣬱ֵۣȻһָҺܡ
ôˣԨ·ͨʲô㣬еؿǡ
ܵģôǺ䣬ԨҲ𾪵ؿҡ
ҲǺǰֻǲǴֺڱһŪǱɱƷˡ
ҶѪѪɣջ벻顣
ǣǣΪʲôҵѪأ֯ȻԸŮϾǻ粻֪˶ˣԨҪǷֲЩֻ˵ǰ׳ˡ
Ǻǣ˵˽أü޶˵˵ĸʶµأ
֯ϵıʧˣ۾գҲգؿң˵Ҫ۵ġ
̯֣Ц˼Ҳ񣬲ҲǣҲûʸҡ
ˡԨڵһеĬ˵
֯ɳϣ˵Ԩͦŵġ
ûеȶãͼճһڶɫ·ɫķɫĮϤӣǣҵĬԣҵĵ






2

˫ɫۣĮ飬΢ĴеĹµɫķ˳ɢͬɫ
㣬Ǻˣ飬ûκβûԭֳ밮
ǰ鷢˫գҲգؿЦĽ١
üͷ΢΢𣬿Ҳ
֪˼ҵĻ˼Ҷûв
ҵָָԼۣ˳۽ǻ£ֱߣ㲻𣿡
ǵҪһ𱳣ˣҲҪ飬һ˱һ˿ס
΢΢𣬱ҵĺӡʣǿ϶
һȣԨһ˼ңͷĬԣԼã
ѪߵߣŵҲĦǾҲһֻ
˫֧վɿΣڵһ˲˫§סĬԵĲӣӹϣѪǵϵҲǵġ䣬
۾΢УһѾԾ§סҵֹҵȥǰǧһ㣬ע⵽ԼĶʱһ˿ϻ
ǲˣ廹ǵҡ΢΢Ʋ컵ЦڵϷҸŮĸо
Ĭ§ס΢΢ʹӶϣҶӣΪûм䡣
ҿɫ˫ۣһ˿ɬĿڻҷ·֪˵Ҽȴǲĸоʹ顣
ɡǳЦȴݺݵ˾ԨһۣҪǸʲôЭô
ĬԳĬؿңȻһ°ұ𣬡ߡ
ָ¥ϣ°ͷϣһЦʾҲơ
˵ĬԣҲ̫ļ˰ɡԨסҪ¥Ĭԣ˵
ÿĬû˼ֻ俪ڵ
Ԩң֪˼һ㣬ڲ˵΢΢һĨɰЦݣ˵
ͷ΢΢˿˵ڴ˴һɡ
Ϊʲôüˬؿʵ
ŵһָ棬ɫºڡ
ҿɫҲֻǸոջƻ裬¹ƭ˭
ҹŵȥһ§סĬԵĲӣһָžԨ˵Ǹ˭ˣǼûеطס˵ţ֯գ˵
ߡ֯յһۣ˦ֱʧ
ǵģӡҹ΢΢ͷžԨȥ֪ҵѾԨ񷿵ġ
ĬԱңɫ˫ûпңֻǿǰ棬ǲͬһƬĬȻ
ڹ𣿡Ϊ죬ΪҳЩͷ֪мĬԲڣǣڵأ
ĬԱ£ǲشûͷûβ⣬ǿۣüͷ΢΢˵ҴӲԼڵ¡ȻĮȴԼҲ֪ĳ硣
ҲڡҰļƵ˵
·ĲӶ˶٣ȴû˵
Һݺҧļ򣬡Ϊʲô᲻ǵãҺۺ¡֪ܹǣΪʲôҪţΪʲôʲôҪԼ
ļ䣿վڶ¥Ȼʵ
κؿĬԡ
ļġЩͷ
ƲƲ죬ָԼӣöͷײĬԵļ򣬲˵
Ĭ԰ұŵϣḧҵΪοӣݺݴƨɡ
գգۿֿԼȣֲԸģ㲻ڣҾͻᱻ۸ġ
ȴ־ۡûңֻǽ˵ָо֣ҪǸоҵѪһڵһʱɱ㡣
΢΢°ͣ㣬ҵӰԼɱС
ָ̧ҵ°ͣҿͷĴҵģĦ۽ңֻǴ봽ĸо
Ϊһ㡣дɻ󣬡㲻Ҷ𣿡
ǳЦЦȻĬԣӣһµġ
û˵Ҫӡ˵꣬ٴҵĴ̽ǣʵʵ˼ǣҶ顣
ᣬڴл£ҽ§סĲӣӦ






Ĭ

յ֯յϢʱħ磬ܲȶܾʧȥʲôҪĶܣ˭Ҳ֪߶ء
ɢڰеĺ̫ʱ£βȥ˵ҵȤ
һݣҾͿǸӣԣȻǲ󣬵Ҿ;Ǹӣϣ˫۾ǿؿңĴһ־Ȼ
㣬ǺˣӣϤĸоӵ뻳Ц£Ȼѵĳ嶯ѹʲôͣҲɫع۲
˫գҲգؿңƵòǴһ˲ȻҾ˵ķ飬Ľ١еɫ
üͷ΢΢𣬲޷յ飬ûκ˻вңǣӣȻҲѪȴֲǺһڻ˭ôıء
ָָԼۣ˳۽ǻ£ֱߣ㲻𣿡ĶһȻջ󣬷·˵ȴƫƫֻ˵һ
ϵѪϤ΢΢򴽣ΪԼһţҵĺӡȻòܣǣҾĸоӦѪκκ¶޷ֹ֮ϵ
ԼáȻң˸дȴ˲٣Ҿҵ񣬾һֻҪȴҵĳ
ѪԸһشĻ͸ñн裬޷졣
һߵߣĦǾҲһָֻоʧҽٲôҲ²ȥĲ޳Ƶ죬
ҿ˫֧վɿΣڵһ˲˫§סҵĲӣӹϣѪǵϵҲǵġҵĶߣ
۾΢һҲ֪Ѿ§סֹȥע⵽ԼĶʱЩ죬·ǧٴΣôϡ
ǲˣ廹ǵҡ΢΢Ʋ컵Ц˵
ӦңȻܿɰ΢΢§ʹӶңҶӣΪûм䡣
ҿﻬһ˿ɬȴֱȻҵʲôʲôʧȥأǣ֮ôѪйΪ˾Ȼѡ졣
ɡǳЦȴݺݵһ۾Ԩѵº;Ԩй
ҳĬؿһѽ𣬡ߡɫЩ԰ףЩƣ
ָָ¥ϣԶģ;ԨԻоܿɢһԵ
ڹ𣿡Ȼʵ
´Щش𣬵ǿ˫ۣüͷҴӲԼڵ¡ʲôҶڡ
ҲڡҵļЩƵġ
΢΢ͣһ£Ļ˵ļ˳ڣǣȴûзֵĴ
оЩۣͷֻһ׺ݵҧ˿ڣݺݵ˵Ϊʲô᲻ǵãҺۺ¡ΪʲôҪţΪʲôʲôҪԼ
ûеĵļ䣬Ϊλôĺ۵ģӲʺļ䣿վڶ¥ʵ
㶵Ӻܿɰ۾ôģ΢΢ţеֻˮ㡣
ļġٴʵ
ƲƲҲ˵ָһ£ҪһԴײײҵļ
ҰмһźܴĴֱӰڴϣָƵΪοӣݺݴƨɡΪοɫ԰ϣһأ˭˺ȴݺݵشƨɣΪʲôҪԼء
գգۣһ޹ؿңֿԼȣί˵ֲԸģ㲻ڣҾͻᱻ۸ġ
ĺݺݵľһ£ûĻ˵ȴ־ָۣо֣ҪǸоҵѪһڵһʱɱ㡣Ըƭ
ҵĻȻ°ͣһӣ㣬ҵ
еЦȻĺӣҵָ̧°ͣһӼ£סĴ
Ϊһ㣬㲻Ҷ𣿡ѲµǸ𰸣ֻ׿˵
ǳЦȻЦһ־ȻĬԣӣһµġ
ôûмңѾ޿ˡǣҺҵĺӣ֮ǣ
û˵Ҫӡ˵꣬ٴǣ֮ǣĴĿںζôϤҪĶڻˡ
о̵ĶҲ§סһˣûмң޷㣬ԲҪޣ㣬ǵеѶϣֻҪ㣬߽ͺãһҡ






3

ϤζְĵĸоȴҾůĬԻۣĬԻ˯Ĭ˼Į˼ְ
ˡĬûۣ˵
Ҳ˲Ĭԣǰ
Ԩڵ㡣ֵĮȴΪ˯ߵԭ˷ɳơ
ҹЦһ˯˯գǾԨǵȼ˰ɡҲþԨˣϾ˽֮ǸҲ鷳鷳ĸоûмĬԣһ鵱ǲڣֻĬһ
һȥҰſĬϣ˵
Ĭû˵ֻǳĬİ뱧ҿڴϣĬԵŵԼ·ҡ
Ҳ޹ؿգۡ
Լ
ǲˡ죬ǲӣѾˣ붯ˡ
ˡĬ˵꣬üӿռóһɫ·ӵ˴ϣϡ
ҺܲԸվҾͷ֣Լ֪ˣضĬ˯ʱ򣬸ˣҲΪλͬһ˯ŵԭ򣬱Ͼķٵ
ɫۣɫ֣ɫ˿ͷֻ¼ɢǰ
ĬԻͷˣԨֽߵӣ΢΢ۣϵԽԽأԨܸоġ
ԨһֱЦĴţ¶ű޴롣
գգۣʵ𣿡
Ԩңûҵ˼
ֻءǾԨֻأôˣܾͲΪʱľԨл졣
Ԩ΢΢ͷЩ԰ףǳЦת
ãԨ̧ͷңֻزֻһ޾ڱ
ΪλŲأǳЦ
ԨúһԳһЦΪҲį
һ仰еįӳ飬ߴʤվ̫ߣ̫¶
޾ǿϵĵλǻʲô׷󣬻ʲôԻļįֻأ
ΪβתءҽĬԻֻҲ¶
ΪȻȴҵˡʮָǳЦŰ⡣
ôħɡ赭д˵ֻҪ㣬־ôܳɹħʧȥ䡣
û˳ԹԨü˵
죬ʵѾעֻԳԡȻˣȷʵʵ
ԸⳢԡȻڵᶨ
ҪʧˡҵĻû˵ֻ꣬һ¡
ĴһĨЦ⣬ۿһʹľԨʧˣϣУȻҡ
ԨĬţӣùһĨ˵Ц֪˵ţ§˻ʧˣһɱ㣬Ȼ㡣
˽Ԩ㶮ҵġ
ǰҶ㡣Ԩ§סƮᶨҶ㣬ԣԷĵġ
һֱЦݿһУֻĬ§סҵ΢΢һ£ȴʲôҲû˵
ôȻ˵ˣʲôҪ𣿡Ц˵
ܺ㵥̸𣿡ܺŵİ档
ԡҴĬԻվʾһ£¥ȥ
žԨһЦȻ߽һ䷿䣬ɳϣŹŽ
һ½𣿡
ҵͷһ֣һʧˣ˽磬ֻûиǣֶ޷סĬԡ
ʲôҪʵġ֧°ͣ˵
ɹ𣿡ϵЦʧˣŨŨϢϡ
֪ʵʵ˵
֪ԨĽʲô
Ʈɢ˽粻񣬶ֳɽ硣ָ棬ֻضڤ硣ɽڤ粻ܾԨǿ϶ֵġ
ҵĽأ岻Ծķ
ǸҲ֪ΪҵļиûˣĽֻ֣
˫·ܰһе۱òҵĽʧ𣿡
Ҳ֪ЦԼ֪ΪλҪҡ
ΪҪ˵ħ
ΪҲԸԨ






4

ֻںͬЩء˫ۣ͸©ʧЩǵԹޡ
ΪԣıԾ˽ģ˵ΪҪںأüЦֻںͬ಻𣿡
ǲ𣿡ҧϴһź
Щͬѵͱ㳤ϣԶҸȨԼҸԼȡģԨΪ죬ҵİΪҶһ㡣ͣ£ſڣҪõһЩҲҪܶġ
˵ģ˵Լġ
ĬˣҵҪ̫ˣֻһֱ룬ΪֻǰȴҪôĿͣһоԼʧһ쿴ΪҶΪβܼ򵥵һأ
ʲô˶Լķա°ͣԼ¥ɣˡ
ſڻ˵ʲôѾۣ˽ŲŵһĻסҡۣ΢΢ĬԲ˿ڣˣԨɳϣӵؿҡ
ҪѡԼİأءҲĬԻҺĬԣǿ϶ѡ˴ˣ˵ʲôĶһЦǣԨȴһ˽硣
Ԩû˵ֻĬѵõؿڵҪԼڡ
Ԩ΢΢Ŀʵδʲôӵأ
˽ɽڤ硣ͷ롰ûʲôˣӦá
ҲǺȷϾ˽ʱ䲢Ҵ󲿷ʱǺĬһ𣬼ǡ
Ϊʱ䡣ԨĬãſʵ
Һݺݵ۾ԨΪԼһ꣬͸оĬ§סֱ΢΢ս˫ɫۿҡ
ԼĬԵȻֻǶ˵
һװɡҷסĬԣôô
ܵõʲôԨֱӿʵǺĬйػǺйء
΢΢ۣЦйأҹڸңѡҸΡ
ȻҲܸҸһȻҸǲԶɳĻĿܶܶ࣬;ԨһģңɹͱʾΪȨһ˷ġ
ЩԨǲֻ֪ǣڲȥ룬ΪҸ̫ˣüį˷ġ
Һ𣿡ԨԼ֣ʵ
֪ʵԺԼҲ֪ôشڣΪλֹҪ˵ڣΪУûп˿źء
Ҳֻ֪֪Ҫֹ֪ǲΪ£ġ̾˿ĬԵָŵУҧڡ
ѡҸأԨʵ
ҹһĬԵָôҾͻҸ
ԨһɳϣЦңʵһѡ𣿡
ҵͷһƬؿеġ
ʲôԨüҡ
Ըϣߣɱգգ۾ЦĿɰҲκ˻вҺ͵ġ
Ĭһҵ۽ǣû˵ֻҸо֧֣ǵģǿԸˣֻҪһ
˽Ԩ΢΢ۣûĸף㸸ô㣿ԣĬԲһ˵ġ
֪Ԩ˵⻰ڱңѾѡΣΪ˵ҪɱעεˣֻڷйԼĲͱˣѡ
ĸףֻǹߣΪҵĳ׼ĹߣҺαҪһءͷЦĬԣıĬԻһ˵ģԶһ˵ģһ
Ĭ¶һЦݣ˫ɫֻҵĴڡ
ĬһֱֻһΪһѡתֻΪѪҲ֪ԸֻΪ
ңΪһֱÿǷأԨΪһÿǷ㣬㵱ʱ˵㵱ʱֳ磬Ϊʲôء
ҶҪţֻһˡҸոںɽѪĬ˵ĻΪҪţѵһɹ
ûĬԽʲôӣԨΪ֪Ŀеܵܵҹ
ΪαˡĬԵŵĵǡ
գգۣ˦ͷ߰뷨˦ûʲôֻΪԨ˸һ¡
ĬԵĲţʲôҲûʣԨ¶һԳЦݡ
֡Ԩһ־ѣֻŻİΡ
ĬҡԼͷ֣һܴڵĹٳУһĨƯڿС






5

ٴĬڵϣٷϣָĨĬһЦڵ
ָϣ
ɲԷ
飬
ݿɲǡ
ָʮ꣬
ʱգ
ิˣ
زֻʣ
¶꼻
ģ
£
һɲǡ
ˮĶȥ
ǧ³
ɲǷ
ҹ紵
仨˭ϸ
񷣬
ŪӰ
˭빲
Ǭ䣬
ַ飬
ȴǷţ
ɲǷ

䣬
¶
βϷؼ䣿
Īɾ£
꽭
׸ǳԨģҲǳĬԵģҲںκ飬ֻԸһֻɲǵʱ䣬緲һֻʮĶݺù˵Զ
Ԩ㶵ؿңֱҳ꣬ҹʧˣûзӦĪɾ£꽭Ը𣿡
ĬԽűߣȣϣΪβԸԨΪ͸ֻĶأ
Ƕ׷ϡԨЩǷϣΪ˳ഺפ顣
ڻԼΪڻԼ𣿻Ϊأգգ۾ûпĬʵ
ǱĸĸƷ׸ҵģȻÿ궼ļƷֻİر𡣡ԨĻ䣬ĸĸҲһ壬׳ԼĺӸңҪĸ󣬳õǸʱСֻʮһꡣ
ر˶ˣֻÿرģ˵ȷʱɵҲ²ۣȻԨӦñҴ󣬵ǲò˵Щ棬̫ˡ
ԨЦõؿңȻĬ˵Һӣ̵á
Ĭû˵ҵķָḧܵ΢۾ĬԵָģ
ҵ㣬ܿ顣˵ãֻ˵ԨһзŲΣԣ޷ȫȫⰮΪһУȻҲžԨΪ˾ԨڱջǰһһΪԨ
ٳ׸ɡԨһ˵
Ц㵱ү𣿾ҲҪۣ赽¥ȥҪΪĬԣҲŲᳪأ˵ôˡ
ԼĬԵָסҵĴûвĲá
ſںסĬԵָ˵ҵĴǾԨߣ׳԰׺Ȱסûκιס
ĬԿžԨͿ͵ζֵķǳס
Ԩʼ֪֪ˣ߻𣿡
ˣҹҺȻſںȻָžԨҸǮˡ
ԨЩȡ
סԣһشô⣬ҳ裬ǸķãҪġҴӿռָóһС̣žҴһͨ
ҡˣ˵ɣҪʲôԨ֪޷ֻô˵
ʱҹŽˣָ˵˽ҪͳһϾñط֣־ñغϣǵսʺԺԣѵʵ۳ɣˣǺ򲹣ˡ
Ԩң΢΢ʲôͷΣһġ
Ц˽ضֳɽ磬˵Ĵս϶ǻ֣ԣһͳһǿ˽磬Ϊս׼Ͼħ粻ܲġ
ʲô𣿡ԨָһĶͷεҹҹʵ
УҲټҪ޷ΪʵۣʧɡȻҴǼҹ⣬е⣬Ҫȷʵֱ






6

ҹЩЦؿңʲôҲû˵ֻǳĬȥˡ
Ԩֿҹ۾Уû˵ֻһֻֻ£кȻֱʧˡ
ȵʣҺĬԣҲ죬Ĭϣ˫§סĲӣǲ˵㣬֯չϵܺá
Ѫ֯յζĬûлشңֻǳ
ҲԸĵͷ
Һ֯յĺӡƽ˵·ֻ˵㡣
ҺݺݵĬԣǰǰµҡܲ˵ػζӣʵĬûк֯һôͲңȻո;Ԩ˵ǻǻ᲻ˬ
ô˽ѪءĬץסҵ֣ѧҸոյҧ£ǰҡ
ۺã˽磬ʵɽɡɽԼ˵£ĬԽɫǡ
Ĭû˵ֻǾ˵󣬲ŻڵûУ𣿡
ĬԵѪɳؿڵĽûҵĴڵĽɫʹʹĻ档
ǳǳҷ䣬ûûвȴٴκۡ
ҧһ´üǣ°΢΢𣬡ȻҲ㲻ԣҪҡ
Ĭû˵ֻƽؿң֪˼ͬҵ˵ˡ
ҺúתתԺᷢö£ԣҪץסÿһܺĬһʱ䣬ֵġ
Ĭңһֱһߵĵģҡ
ұס̣ʼĶһ͵ĬĬüſڳ£ɫһ˿ȡ
ЦؿȻԼһŵĵĳιĬһ飬ĬûüֻǰİѶ¡
Ҿ֪Ҽҹտ϶Ĭġ
һ̵ģĬóһǳɫҩŵߣʲôҲûʣֱſ£ȥе࣬𡣡ЩؿĬ˵
ĬһҵĶͷҲĴ๴Լζ
ȷʵ˵㡣һǺſĬԻڵ
ҵͷǺܿġ
ĬԲңֱӱңȥ
գգۣЦ׼ң
˯壬ҴȥĬ԰ҷŵϣɫӵһۣڵ
űӣĬԣҲûжá
ĬԲ˵ֻߣҸ˵عסӰǺãϲ¡
ŷڰУĬһӹסңҹ𣿡ҹԭͱ
ĬԿְڵͷһߡ
ҪˮɤеƵģǺĸо
ĬһӣҾ֣˵ˮˣҪȥ
ɽĬ§ҵվ
Ϊʲôأ۾˽ĬԵĻЩɵʵ
ѩĬԵûвã쿪ˡֻĵĽ͵
һЦܰԵ˵Ǿժǡ
ĬԽɫӿһۣ˵Ѫ
ҰԹؿ죬ժꡣ
ܳꡣĬֻǵѵ
ҪҿԼָ۾΢΢𣬡ֲɵӡ
Ĭûңֻһҹĺ󱳣ҹƽȵ½ˣɽվڵϣûһѩƽأܲʵ
óԷˡĬûңֻקҵ֣Զȥҹθ
ҳԣ⸽ûпκξƼҷӡ
Ĭûлشֻһ֣һɫƽڵϣڷŸָĳԵġ
գգۣĬԵݺ˿ڣȻЦܵá
öءЩӦĬר˸׼ġ
Ĭû˵ֻãҶ˹ҹҳ˵˵԰ӡ
ĬһӵݵҴߣҧ˿ڣ춹ģζ壬˵۾ҧڣſʼżͷԼĬԵݸҵĶ
ҳԵ˷ֱĬԾͲٵݶˣҺһĿϣ䣬ڣá






7

ǰɽѵõľˣɽľɫ֣ɽ·˴Ӱֳʱգ羰续ļ紺ȴ걻ѩǡ
ѩǳɽǸ紦ֻǲ֪ѡվɽſã̾˿ö˰
ɽгȪĬûע⵽Χ̽Ŀ⣬ֻҵ֣˵
ΪʲôɽǻҪСӡɽժѩΣգСǸΣ𣿶ҲֹһȺ˴СÿСĺǾ¡
ƷĬԽɫûһȴ֪ЩΪһӡ
ƷҿЩ߸һĺǣ΢ΪʲôмƷһ˵
ΪˣĬԵסңûٶֻͣǻɽȥ
ЩСֻץĬԵ֣ʱ֪ҲһҸɡ
ÿ˵˶ǿԼġĬûٿЩһۣҲûпңֻǾ˵
ֻ֪ǾãԨֵܲΪԨܿ
׷ûеĶĬԽɫ۲뵽ʲôһ˵ӵ޾ǣֻ׷һͨƽѡ
ֵͬ𣿡Լͬ鵱Ʒֵ
֮ͬĲɱֲġĬԽɫӿң飬ɱһͬõһԸ𣿡
ҿĬԣ˫ɫȫҵӰƭҲƭԼԣҹǳЦ첲§סĲӣһǣһʱԻˣһԥġǵģԥϣҪںֻĬԣڸңֻҪɱͬ飬ĬԸԭһԥĴɱ䡣
ԣոյĶЩ˵ĿϧûбҪģϣԼ㲻ҪκĴģֻпˡĬԵ䣬Ҳ䣬ֻǽɫ۵һ˿ȻĬԣ㱻˱ѹŹˣǸ˲ҡ
ôءӦôأЩʣ˾ٲԣʣֻ֪ĬԵ飬Ҿ˵
ĬûлشֻǿңȻ¶һЦݣ˵ȴŵѹ֣㿴ĲңԣҵĻشҪ
ãȻҿĲĬԣôܣһֱһֱֻĬԣΪʲôҪô˵ңЩŭЩġ
ҵĬ̾˿ʱ˫ɫѾ飬㿴еʱĬԣĬԡָԼɫӣƭˡ˵ʧˣֱ侲޲ǣԼƭԼҵĲҡ
ĬԣĬ԰ͷβҪҵֻһ֪ΪΣЩţۣҿĬԵۡ˫ɫ·ܿ͸һС
˵أ˵ԼĬҵ֣Ȼᣬֻûٿңһֱɽȥ
Ҹ󣬿ıӰϤİĬϻû־ĺܶĳУһ˿ɬĮǵһֱº͵ı飬ȴ˭ҪĮڵĬԣֻǱѡ
һѪȵ㣬ڵĬûУһĶЦڵĬȻҲңûַ·ҳȥЦݡ
͵˶һֻʱˣʱעʱΪ˼ڵĬһҾȻʼ۲ˣΪǰͬ൱Ʒ˼
΢΢ۣﲻأڵңǸЦһеľŹΪβȫȫȥڵĬء
ǣĬǣҵ֣ͣ½ŲɿĬԵ֣ȥסݺĴֱݣࡣ
Ĭԣڻǽ㶼ҵĬԣһ˵ĬԣԣҪңҪԼ죬˫ɫ沨
ûлɣڻɡĬԵָ۽ǻڲڻɡ
򴽣شǣڲڻɣΪҲ㡣
㲻趮ֻҪסԶĬԾ͹ˡ۽ǣҵĵס
֪ǳЦóҹƯڰգָĨҵĬԣԣҵԸЩǵĻ䡣
Ĭû˵ֻ˫ɫгЩο
Ҳڵһǰ׼𣿡ڵϣҹƯʺҵλãҵַ档
Ҷ䵭飬˻ǸոǸȴƫƫЩʲôѪȵ㣬̲ű
ҧס´ʵΪʲôûз֣Ҫһֱƭȥ𣿡
ߵ£ָҵķֻ㣬ôµ
;Ԩõ𣿡ҿĬԣЩҿ𣿡
Ĭûзϣ㲻𣿡
ҲԼƭԼˣΪʲôԨǶģ㣬أҵͷԼ٣ʵ
ΪԼӡˣֻ㡣ĬԵᶨ̧ҵ°ͣҿ
ΪʲôҵȻһΪλԸңôԸ⿴
ΪҲ˺㣬ΨһĺӣҲˡĬԳĬãſڵ
ԭΪʱ㣬˲ҰɡһֱɵĴ𰸲ſ˵ȴûеôѣֻʹ÷·Լġ
Ĭ̾˿ûгҲûзϣҵġ
ǰ̫ˣԲʹ࣬ΪλСҹºڷһѪ˻Ϊ˭ʫĳ֣ʱɱĵ˭˽硢ħ硢绹ǣѳɽأҪֻΪʣֻΪ㻹Ҫӡҵļ䣿һ꣬Ĭԣסٵֲ԰






ת

Ĭûлش˫ɫ밮Ŀң·ǧȴ޷˵
ҵĬԵϣǳЦ˵ĬԣЩ·ҪԼȥѡģҪʲô鶼ѡá
ǳҶģҶԶҵġ
ԶģԡҹָĨһҹҲԶҵģֻҵġָĬԵĲ䣬Ȼ㲻ԸЩ䣬ôҾԼȥ
ĬԵͷ΢΢޳ŵĲȫ¶ǰҵҶԡѪĺ޹ˡ
򴽣¶һĬϲЦݣֻ̡һĳۣƽþΨһ취ǻٵۣĬǣĬԵַ·û
ĬԵ˫סҵʵ᲻𣿡
ұۣȻĬԴЦһʧǰ᲻áֻǣҸԸ⿴ԼĳͷȴҸ
ЩˣЩƮɢˣЩʲôûб䣬һУԨ֯Ҷ棬ĬԾվм䡣
˫ɫۣĮ飬΢ĴеĹµɫķ˳ɢͬɫ
㣬Ǻˣ飬ûκβûԭֳ밮
һһжͻþһֻǣ֯һϲ˽ĬԻס˿ίӣԣˡ
ҴĿȫɳУҹҶ˱Ȳ裬ס˿ڣûô˲ſڵҪ𣿡
ĬԣȻ׼ǣӵ㣬Ļﲻֻң㣬ʹࡣ
ָҲϣͷǷˮֻذֹǰҹۿԲ
㣬ΪλҵѪüʵ
ɱҾʲôҲ֪ˡǶĬ˵ģҲǶԾԨ˵ġ
Ԩһۣǰ˵ãңǵͬ顣
ĬԵֻ뿪ҵĲЦ˵Ԩѡô˽磬ͻͿ̿ʧ
ҹλʮѰҡһֿվĬ֯գرĶӣþʧҸо˺ܶܶණĬԣ㶯졣
˵꣬ǾУõԼϻһһѪ§סĬԵĲӣûзӦǰѪҪһ𿸡
ĬԵı飬˵ʲôҾʧȥʶٴԼһ˿ϣ֪Ӧ֯ոøոңʱþٴο֯գͷˣҽҪԣǸӦĬҵҲһָˡ
ƵؿԼСС֣ſֻܷ۵
ȥħˡҵһŮس溰
ΪͷڵҷֻܿŴżʯɵķ壬۶ҿԾۼܡ
һоһ˰ұҿǸˣ̵ǣϤüۣԨΪλ
ĬԺ֯յĺӰһֱסңһָҵա
Һܲˣ˫ץסָѽѽĿʼ
ԨЦҿüۣһֳĲɣУûӰɹһذɡ
ԨϲҰϤ֯յӻһľֻɫûŮ˷ֳˡ
ָḧҵȻǴЦȴֹ¶ĸо
̫ûµˡԨЦ˵ֻ΢΢Ť㿪֯֡
գգ۾ЩɻؿǣʲôΪܸоԨڷ֯ء
ԨҲ𣿡֯һ˸УĴ˿԰ף
Ԩû˵ֻ˫Ҳٿ֯գֻǿҡ
ɽڤĵעġ֯ץԨӣԶûж㿪ֻǾؿ
֪Ԩң¶һЦݡ
Ϊλڹң֯ᣬңҵĺӣΪβұء
һѺӽĬԡþԨſڵ£˵ȥ˵꣬Ԩȥ
ҡֻǡ̫įˡ֯ھԨ૵Ľ͵˽ּįġ
ԨĽŲͣһ£Ȼߣֱ˽һ򵥵ķ䣬Ԩſ˵֪㶮Ҫ






ת2

ҿһۣû˵Ϊڻ˵ֻƲƲ죬ԨǳǳһЦֻĸоҷŵһѺɫĳϣתȥóһɫСȭͷСĹӣȻڴߣָһ󣬰ѹӵƤһСӣȻǸСڷߡ
Եɡһ˳µҺ嶼ȥ
ſڣһʳŹӣŵĸоζų
۾ܿһӺˣССĴãŤһӡ
ԨѹƤӵɾ󣬾ȥϴˣңֺܺԺͽŶɡֲɺһС˿Ҷϣ˵
գգۣûзԣҲԲˣֻΪεһûпĬأҲĺ
ԨҵѰʲôӣЩɻָҵɻʵŶĸ𣿡
ҸһۣǸŮˣһ㶼
ôŶϲ𣿡ҵĶӣʵ
ҡҡͷһȡ
ԨдЦṴôŶҸ𣿡
۾ֱؿ˵ȥ
ֻҵͷԼڴϣСطϣȻóиǺá
ҺܲûûݵʹҧһˮΪЦ𶯸УʲôЧҲûС
ȻЦʧˣһĬҿԨı飬ֻһֱҺ󱳸
㸸װֻЩ²㣬չһʱ䡣ϿңⱧңܿۡ
ҷ˸ۣ浱СӰ
ҵı飬ԨЦʲôƭ㡣
ҵͷȻˣҲƭ˵ʼ棬㻹ƭңΰɡ
㸸ף˵£ԣʱ޷㡣Ԩ˼һ²˵õģܿͻģһģϾǵǺܾúܾõġ
ͷ˼ĬԳӦú֯йأңԨ֯˵Щз֯յĶòƣ֯뺦ң
ˣˣŶֻҪѧһ¾ͺáԨҡһңЦ˵
ҿʾ˵ȥ
Ҫѧᣬôʱ䣬ϾǻҪܾúܾء˵⣬Ԩһ˿ˡ
ҧҧԼȭͷûݣֻǰȭͷͿ˿ˮȻѿˮȫ䵽Ԩϡ
ŶԨҲֻЦ
ҴССĹǷҳĵһѣҵ廹̫С̫ˡ
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ŲһԼȻʼϢ
ٴȻһҺε飬ңˣ˻˾Ԩϣ΢΢죬ö˰
ץסԨͷʹקһãһȻһ¶һЦݡ
Һǲ˼Ļһ޳ݵЦݣҿɰ¶
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ǡŮعڵϡ
ĬûǣֻԼӹҳһɫСҴϣĶᡣ
·һԼϣҹֻͷ¶棬ȥ棬Ҳ֪ԨԭƮСѩ·϶һ㱡ѩƯ
Ŷϲ𣿡Ԩһߣʵ
ҵͷ־ɫǰҲǼģǣȴûͣ½Ų͹
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үþûˡ˵䣬Ϻܿºһ磬˵˾ԨǰھԨңһ£СúƯ
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ŶƯɡԨЦеļҨιңһڿ佱ӡ
Сүϴ֣ʵ
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ȾԨֱ꣬ӰǮŵϣȻȥߵò죬Ǽ̯գۼʧ
Ŷ뿴ʲôԨǴŵЦ⣬ȲܾΧŮǵҲЩŮҸоЦµ䵭˵ľܾ
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ҴŶȥõطԨͷңϴһ˿Ц⣬ȻֲõԤУҸطϢ£Ŷ˯ˡ
СסԼ죬˸Ƿͷͬ˾Ԩ顣
Ԩܿ˼¥Ҫ˸ż䣬һЩĺͲˮСȥ󣬰һƵƤɫӷߣ֪ӵζԹɵرŹӣʼԡ
꣬ȾԨҵɾҾѽĻʼ˯ˡ
ǱһѵģۣԼȫһ磬ȫۺɫƮɢϢ磬֪ԨΪλЦôˣҵĲõԤдӺζˡ
ʹžԨԨЦһҵŶúѧŰɣ
ҿΧһЦĸ仨ˣƲƲ죬۾۾ЩͨпŮǣУĲô
ҲóһӤ Ժ
ӣĺӺÿɰһŮιһѵԨУЦ˵
ǰҼҾŶɰġԨһҵ˵
СĵҸŮЦ˵ֺþԨ
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Ԩóһ·Ҵã·ûëģͣһñӵҵӶסֻ¶һ˫۾档
ȫŪú󣬲ڰջһԲɫĶڣԨ˽ȥ
³ʱҷѾһȫǱɵڣÿǾ¾ģȫɫıʱֻ˸оһֹ¼šͱˡ
ĬԾ档Ԩӣһ˿ûΡ
ҵͷҸоĬԵĴڣѪҺ·ڷڣĬԣּ㡣
Ӧң̫Ԩң˵
գգۣһͷǴӦϾҲΪӺãһǺܰϧԼġ
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ҴԼʷֵָָĬԵĽţ״ĽϣһӨ͸ıš





ת4

ôᣬĬôᱻסءſڷκֻھԨﲻŤԨЦһ£ǰȥһ㱡Ľסȫñĺˡ
СһҪ㡣˵žԨߵĬߡ
ĬԽɫӿң΢΢һ£ˣԨŰҵݹȥŸ첲
Ĭ֣ҽ˹ȥĬϺ䣬ϹŽҲоִ̹ǵĺ䡣
ΪʲôĬΪʲôôˣҳǰʲô飬Щ֯кιϵ
ĬԱָҵץסָűûʲô顣
ȻĬԲſڵ
ܻͲˡԨֱһ£̾Ϣ˵
Ĭû˵ֻ˫ɫӾȻһ˿ˣ俪ڵҡ
ҵͷĬԣſĬԣ
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ԨĬһ£ٴοڵϾСһĸס
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ĬûлشֻǱۣȻͷҡ
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ĬԾΪӶֵطӣϸоҺͬѪѵҲǶӶ˫̥
СƮĬǰԨ첲ᱧǸӣǸӻۣһ˫ĽɫӣĬһӣҵץĬԵָ䱸ؿĬһ˵ģҲֻһ˵ĵ
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ĬԿӣһ˿Ц⣬ͷҿһУĺݺݳĬӳҡ
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۾ǣΪֵͬܳҲܣΪ˵ҲܣΪĬԻᡣ
ΪΣĴڡ
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һֱҵģֻҵģԣ̧ͷЦĬԣſ˵ɱңһɱӣϣֻܽ
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ܵܺƯÿɰ翴ңܿĵ˵˫ѪɫĬԵ·
ĬԿп޵Ļش
ָָ棬߾ԨҪߣûʲôǣ磬ҲŹġ






ת5

Ԩһֿۣ˿ĬԣͷһЦ˵ãСһ´βҪ
ûлشֻſھԨϣĬԣ۵Сһ£¶һûݵЦݡ
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ŶĬԲߣԭġתۼ䣬ѾصסӣԨ͵
գգۣЦֱӱ۲Ҫǿ󣬺ǿǿǿɱˡ
˾Ԩ̾Ϣңǲ˵ӺѰ
ȳԵ㶫ϢɡԨ뱧ң˵
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Ҳ֪ЩǴġԨҲϣһӣϵķȫʧһײߡ
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Ԩͷûпңݲ裬ݲĶţһ档
˫ű裬ŲˮǸԤԣҾÿ϶ĬйأĬԿ϶֪Щʲô
˿ڲ裬嵭㣬²豭ߵԨǰʵֻܽн棬ΪζΥ˽ء
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Ӧһ壬߻ľڵϣǣ˭ôıץôһȡǵĵء
Ҫôߵĵʲôô˵ߵǺöǲҩԶҲҪģοϹߵĵ
磬һҲһӾʧô࣬֯ղ᲻֪˭ôߴ˽硣
̧Űʬˮ䲻ϣǻǾòˬϾҲҵĵ̣ҵϵ˸ɱˣߵȡߣ֣гһɫĻ棬ӵˮеʬڻȼգֱΪҽ
ȾѪˮͨ˵ľ綾ͨҲϲɽֻǿЩˮֱ뿪ˡ
ɽɽһ֮Уͨ˿϶ֲˣҪҲҪһΪ
ؿˮиıӣһɫЩ԰òƽǿ꣬գգۣˮ뿪ɽ
һɽûκ̣żܿһЩӰ
ôˣȻһ
һת˵ˣ΢΢ۣҾȻûиоˣһ꣬Żɫ·һʵؿҡ
ûĲֻһͨˣΪ󣬶ȴûκθо
̫˵Լһ֦ڵдϣ˭
ѽ㲻˵꾪ȵؿң۵ϧ
ûлشָֻµء
ҽ֣ʲôءԶڵϣקһҵ䣬ҿһۣҲ˵ϡ
˼һ£дҡ
ôﰡطûҲʶ㰡ֺؿңܾöܣֱ˵ϡ
·ˡϺһЩܣǡɶЩȤ
ֿɰΪѵһ£˵ϺΣյġ
ҿûлش
˿ɫ˼һ˵ˣҴϢһ°ɣÿԸҽĹ¡
ҵͷվ
ӵĻңߵߣ˵߰ɣ𣿡
գգۣ̯ҡҡͷʾûֽûа취ش𣬵һηֲ˵ҲǲģϾԲûشЩش⡣
ѽˣǿߣҼٸҡֺܿҵ˼ץסҵ֣ʼϵķ첽ȥ
ûж⣬Ҳûߣһ˿˳ֽȴЩͻȻʧһ㣬ҧһ´һĲȷʵһͨˣȱʲôһ
ܿ죬ҾͿһڴûϰʷˣѾ
ǻˮ򡣡һĽܵ
ҵͷֿ֣֣۾ľ֮ϾͿԿһľһϼοӾȻлˮˮҲˮ˵ӵķչܲû˷֡
ֺ˷ܣ߽ӣսҾ͸оһ⣬һܣƽˣܿóֵԵܺãÿ˶кЩС͸ˡ
һЦݣûһ˿ᷳıֵܿĺʹ˵˸ҲֺǺǵ¡
ҸʶѣΪ·Ҽס¡Ϊһֱҿԣ§סҵļ򣬴˵
ô˵ҲһЦĶң˵㶫֣дҡ
ҶЦһ£ͷʾл
˵ұŶңٴ˵ˣ˵ˣҪϽؼңҪˡ
ֵĻ˶¶Цݣ˵Ͳʡġ
ȥɡ
úдѡ
סұܱ߳˻˻֡
Ҽҡûܼ־ͣһſڣָŴŶ˵
ҵͷ۴ţɫţ·Ѫһɫſ񣬾





·;3

ഫоӣƽöϲɱ̿Ͽ̵ñЩװ󣬸˵
װɳıϣ̺͹ϣӶԵׯء
ǣȴû˵˭̳ſڣϲɱĴɱ¾
ܿһֱ񿴣ЦǺǵ˵ƯɣҴ˿̵ġ
ҵͷû˵ֿһۡ
ƸŴˣһƵſڣʵôôŻ
ֻ۾ȴңŽ䱸;
硣קߵߣʶѣΪ·ҾǼϢ¡
Ʋɨһҵ֣ң¶һĨЦ˵Ȼˣ˾Ϣһ°ɡ
΢΢ͣ٣ǾҲһʾ
ҵͷʾл
磬Ҳ˵һסңһק֣Դ˵
΢΢¶ȣͷһ£ſڵҵף˵ӱ⡣
ҡҡͷʾû¡
Ƚɡ΢΢˵
磬ôСžͺãСҸŵ͵ԼҾͺáȥ
ŵ¶һ˿εЦݣȴ˳硣
Ƹ󣬵Ǵ£ּҵζ棬һ֪˶żҸ˺ܶ˼
˺ܿ˲㣬ŵϸĵ׼˱īֽߡ
ֿ۾Цһ״Ҿ֪ҡ˵ţһ飬ʼԣСҲ԰
ֵУŵЦһ£˵Сţ˰ɣ˴ȻطϢ
ҵͷʣдллɷ鷳͵ˮϴһ¡дݸŵ
ŵ󣬵ͷһ׼ġ˵꣬˷Ը˼䡣
ҵͷЦ¡
ָϽ¿еĵģһӻ֣˵һԷŶ
ҵͷ뿪
ŵ׼һСԺŻݣľû̫İ裬ȴ˾ǡô
ҳŴҽ˵ͷ
ϢСϴþߡһ˵
ҵͷʾԼ֪˵õҵĻش𣬲˳ȥŹϡ
뿪Һһ۴ܣӴ͸©һֹ죬رլ
ӵ֣ƸſڵЩԾԾﾹȻûһ˿ʲôطûˣȻ˾Ӧô
ңҪ۾ܿҶ޷о˵Ĵڣǻŵģġ
Ǳ˲Լǣӵ˶οǶͨˣûһķӦ
Ųҵ˼Ҳţֻ˰һľͰſڡ
·ǰľͰܿںϴþߡ
ү˵Щϴþﶼµģ빫ӷʹáոմ·Ǹ˵СԺſţȹϴС˺ôȥԻʰ
ҵͷʾ֪
С˸ˡܿ˶˳ȥٴαϡ
ҿŵһɫһɫϺõĳɡ
ˮ¶ˣֱȥ·ݽˮУĺһϴĸоá
ϴһӣ뿪ľͰùɫĳϣǺܺЩӦŵ·
ùһɫķͷųȥûж˵ֻǹһҴ·
ҵ˷ŵѾˣһ¶Цֵ͵ˡ
ҵͷ߹ȥ£ŵŶվߵ˵һͷ΢΢Ƿųȥ
ܿ췹˾ˣĲһ䲻࣬Ƕܾ¡
СűԵ㡣ŵЦĺš
ҲЦһ£ʾл






·;4

󣬸ս鷿ŵһֵС֣ո˵극ȥá
һʱҿԲȥİ
أ˸Ĳ裬ŵüַʵ
ӣͰ͵ؿһۣСţͻ̫Ŷ
ЦŵͷֵϣҲᡣ
ҵĻشֲһһͷ뿪
ȷԶˣҺŵϵЦݶҿ֪רֵ֧ġ
㵽˭ŵһ࣬۵ȴһ˿ˡ
ҿûлش
ʲôĿġŵܺһ־ǧֳУܸоļǿΡ
㲻ʺ޵֧°ͣڵ
ȻͨˡŵҵûоȣһƽĿġ
ûʲôĿģֻ·ͣһ£˵ҵĺˣô޵
޿˵ħǿģ޵Ҳ޵ģ˵ľֶԳ֮ΪǣһΪ꣨Ļ꣩Ϊػ꣨ʬ꣩Ϊ꣨꣩ߣһ壬ۣΪΪ࣬ΪΪӢ༵
޵Ҫ˵޳һһǣвؾٲ˵˾ֻسˡ
ŵĴûпڡ
ҿʵ֪ʲô𣿡
ŵûлشҲûдֻǿЦһ£˵ħ
һַ񡢷ǹˣ񡢹֮ĹħǿΪĵطҲǱĴڣΪûйԶ֪Լĸһڣ͵
ŵɫЩ԰ףǻǴЦݣΡᶨҸһҲҪõ޻ڡ
ı飬Һһ˭ġˮӦҲǸ˵Ľǲ֪֮ûйϵˡ
ŵһҲ֪Ǹ˭
ߵŵߣִļϣɡ
ŵûڸʲôֻǵͷ
ҵ˳ļαȫֻصüջ֣Ưɾ겻һƯִֻżᶨܳΪƯ
ŵҡҡͷҪ֪飬Ͳô˵
ߡЦһϣǽӵʱ𡣡
ˮ䲻ҲȥԶӶһʱУϵظռ֮⣬ûϲӰһ㲻ϻطʱη顣
ҲҸоǴڵԭ
ӵʱѾٶ꣬Ψһ⡣ŵûзϣ˵
꣬ӵ˻˵Ϊǲ֪ԼظŹǰŵΨһѵģҲ֪Լڲظӣʹ
ǽ޵Ǹ˰ӵʱˡӦһֽŵ޵Ǹ˰ӡǸҲǴİŵظҲŵ޵һ;ŵľ񲻶ϵǿ
ʹЧķŵĸԸŸм
ֻСһֱšŵƽ˵
˸Цܰܵܰ
ŵûлش𣬵Ǵ֪
Ҳǵ飬ҲҪߡվимôֻˡ
֪ŵҲҲڣлл㡣
ûôྫ¡˵ţƿţ˵ֻ뻢ıƤС˷۱
С֣ûʲôʧȥˡŵ棬Цһ˵ԣֻҪСֻţôν
ҹԸҲɲˡҿԺӣЦ
ŵһ£ң⡣
Ҿ˵뻢ıƤ˵ţǰɣź𣿡
һ󲨶һӰһڿյϡ
ôֵġ˻ƣ·˸·ϰ㡣
ϵ˶ûǡֵʱҾ;֣ΪҵսʧˣôˣȻźһǶûǣ·һƤӰ˵ĲٿвظԼĹ¡
ټŵһΪģϾҾͷһ޵ģǶ˵Ǵ󲹣Ǹոҵ壬޵ûгɣ޵Ĳ޵
ңûôʵӣЩ˵ﻹһ޵ģܰԼϢصôãֻ˵Ѿ޵ˣޡ






·;5

ǣ޲ħô˽磬Щ߱˴˽ɱһ㡣򴽿˶ںУ峤࣬ͱȽϸǸŮģһ㶼Ƚϳ󣬶Ůǡǡ෴һ㶼欶ˡ
Ҫ¡ǸȻĲǽݺݻ
ŵ΢ȴûп˴޵ġ
ұ׼ߵģ㲢׼뿪Һһ鷳£鷳Ҳҵͷϣʲôԭ˽磬ŪˮҰȫ뿪
áûзϣֻ˵
һ˵ãҸħĸҳ˻ʣճҾϲˡ
һڻˮ򣬼֣̲סˣֲû˽ء˽ϱʺҲ÷ôľѻˮóӡ
ҵĻˣϵĺŨŵɱ
ŵңǸȴʲôҲû˵ȫҹֺ飬Ҳɢûκβ
޵ˣûгΪѾϵһˣҲǿԭɡ
ûлֻ֣ǲ϶󲿷ֵעǷǸϣҲ͵Ϯ
Ȼһƶ㿪ŵʱǸ޶ˣϢسұҪעϣҳԶˡ
һӷ޳ȥ޶ңϵĺ䶯һ㡣
Ϊ˷ֹŵңֱһӰӵһߣűӣЩ°㡣
㵽˭ʧˣǰһͷҷߵ޶ˣұߵȴƣ·һ
ûʸֱ֪޵Ȼ࣬ˮƽΪλ˽硣
ؿңòûеҲ棬ӴʧĳϣɫĻٴγҪħ͸֪ʲôֻﵽһ̶Ȳٻħ档
Ȼɫ˲ѿħĲʣҪûаգ϶ֱɱҡ
ħ棬ЦĴڸúúûشҵ˰ɡ
˫ֽգֱӹҵǰˡ
ߣ˵Щ滰Ϊγ˽硣ħʵΪҪٻħ棬˵ħĶӣҲɱҡ
ҧŴûп
ħѵûй涨˽𡣡ҵЩΪȷʵЩˣϾħ֮˵˽Ǵģ˽ħ磬ɽ磬ڤ֧
ȻûпڣǿعڵϿҡ
Ҫħ˵²𡣡ҵûߣҵĻ۾Ѫɫһŭؿҡ
ӣҳĬ£˽鲢򵥡
㵽˭ٴοʵ
Ĭҡȥϵڡ
ţһȺͼǲħ֮ӡ
ҵͷϣûʲôصġ
¶һЦݣˡ¸ոյʧ񡣡
Ǹո˻ƣĶ
Ϊλɢȥϵħ棬ʵ
˻ȴġش
ԨüĽ͡
ҸϲɱͬҲΪɱ¾˵ںɱĶˡ
裿ԨߵϵֻһǸԼҰԸһָ
飬ϲŭ֡ĿڡǣôԨ˵ɱеʲôϵ
𡣾Ԩ㵽ʲôˣһûжʾȴôꡣ
ΪλĻ
ȹ£ο˵ϵħĽ޷˷ǹɷĽᣬֻħԸһ壬һ֮һȫҲᱨ𡣡ҵĻҲûգֻǳش
ˮء˵ģɱսжرοǵĸ߰м˵ѡ
Һͬһ壬Ҫһýںϡ޿ŵ͵
ҵͷŵ޵Ϊ֮ȻֻҪٸýˣοͶִš
ӱ˰꣬ҲǰûκεǣֻҪƣӾͲˡе˵궼˰꣬ǵǿ˲ټҺ꣬Ϳγе޵ûκβ·˵Լǧ˰㡣






·;6

ŵ޵ĻҲ޷ƽԡ
ջذסΪǵֻ磬ʹԸֲ𡣡
ҡ
ħ׵ˣûһܵõաҿһֱԺſڵˣɰɣֻûЦݣŵ㱯ˡ
硣ֻߵɫ԰׵ŵߣֱסģЩָġ
֡ŵֻ֣һ˲ԥʹʧˣңڵҲϣǸںϻ鷳ɡ
ҵͷûзϡ
ֻҪֱͨˣҪʲôҶϡŵûб仯Ǳеꡣ
磬మ˵ģֻһ˵ĸôͲమˡ¶ƽһЦݣţ֪ǳҰңһ˴϶˰վߵˣҪһֱġ
ֲþ֪ҿɻӽңֻԥһ¾ͰҴͷЩֻǲ֪ôһֱŵϣװ֪ĵĻš
ôרҡ
ҵһꡣֿң˵
С֡ŵֵĻĿۣһٴΣͬӣ
ֵͷЦĺܿɰܺģһԼӵġ
ǰһԣ΢΢֮ĸоҸĬԺһٴظͬһͬһֻĵЦ
õˡ˼һ£ڵ
ֵͷ˵֪ͺãԲҪ̫۸ҼҸˡ
ֵĻֱЦЦ̾˿޻ڵϣŵǣû˵ʲôħ壬ֻҪһͲȥɡ
ոյĻҲˡҪôأҿ֣ʵ
óǸں϶Ҫ㲻ģԣںϰҲᷴԣںϺҺ͸Ͳֱ˴ˣˡ˵ĺɣǵӡ
ŵû˵ֻ§סֱֵ۸ˣƽҸаŵʸ㡣
ҲҪҲˡһ¿ˮ̵ӣҵؿڣȻǾԨľֲ֣һɵ飬ΪƫƫҪҡ
ѽ̫ˡЦŵʹ䡣
ôܣƲողǻ˵Ҳνô
񿴱һһۣܺúûţ˭Ըֻǲϲѹ
ҿЦõصһۣԹڵϵޣ˵ɡ
ǡվҵ󣬳Ĭ
ü˼ôɻͬʱסûȫİ취ĻֻˣȻͦϲֵܣҵĬԸΪҪΪĬһж
˻ʻʲô𣿡벻ͷЩյʵ
޳Ĭˣſڵû˵ʲôֻһԸ
ȻоһϤ겨۾ޣ˻˵λĻ𣿡
һ£ҡͷû˵
Сôˣקŵߣңʵ
ƲƲ죬סյ⣬ָвûʲôֻһˡ
ּҲ˵Ҳûʣûûεĺŵܡ
Һһ˸һ㶼ֱӰǸŪɻ顣
ܵܡһĵؿңҵоŷƣֻ˫ĬһĽ˷ܺͼ
ʲôҷ˸ۣ̫ѵרŹô
ߵߣֱȻһҵߣ˷ܵ˵ô㣬ڶôˡ
ë㡣Ŀͷ֣л˵ûҺ㲻ͬһ·ˡ
Ҳֻջ֣˵ģ˵Ҫҵİ
壿Ԩ㵽ʲôˣЩô׼һֱڳ̵·Ƶġ
ܰʲôæ°ͣ´һܰҰںϳɻû˵İ𣿡
ܡ˼һ£ش
ʲôأЦһУװĸ磬ܰʲôæأæ𣿡
ܲȸҿǸ顣翴ҵıС
ûءû˵ھǸĬǰɱĬֹأ޶أڴ
ô˵Ǹǻһᣬٴʵ
Ŧޣŵ֮ŦûŦС
ôںϵǸ˲䣬Ŧͺá






·;7

üȷʵǸ취Ҫ˵ϣ򴽿ž磬ֿһڴ֣Ըؿڵܰ쵽𣿡
ͷְֻա
֣Щؿ
ͷ͵ΪȽУԲְգˣֶûС
Уô壬ĥΪʲôʲôôõˣһ˵ֻһѻʮ꣬ȴҲǲܽġ
ôʼɡеñʧҲŹֻҺĬԲѪ
ޣһħзʢǶĳŵҲǶһΪĬ˵ı
޵ͷ¶мЦݡ
ſ˲ƵԺڣ֣ŵһº󣬰ִϣ磬ҵ㡣һ仰С
־ôôԥİҪ˵ң
ޣֵǻһקֵ֣һֳȥ
ǡûж˵ʲô˫ѸٵĴӡһɫСͳİСŵϣֱӰСֵУȻһִ档
ޣлл㡣˵¶һЦݣƯмִĸо
ҪҸ˵꣬һŻס񷢳һҵĽһڻ
һСɫĻһɫڲϵŵһ£ŵͷߣץסְڣһͷ
Цһ£ֱУһ˲Ͱסȫҿʧݺݶž˵ҪǳˣҾ㡣
ܵܣһᾡġҲࡣ
Һһ⿪ӵĽݣľݡûзκ˻ҽɶС
վԱߣۣҧŻŲϼСɫӵĻպͻ𲻷ֱ˴ˡ
ɫĹ⸽˾ϣڻӵһ˲׹УһҪɢ걻׹ק˳ҲᣬɵС
ɫӣĻһ֣ҿһᣬպá
⿪ֵķӡ˳ַ״̬ŵڣѹꡣ
硣˹ŵ·С㣬ҡͷԵġ
ŵЦһ£ڵҺܺá
Ҿ֪Са취һ˵ԣֻŵ˸պһؿҡ
ûɫЩ԰׵ľ磬ո¾˲ٵɡ
ֲץסҵ֣ҡ˵Сſ취취üԲʹడʹࡣ
ĥ֣һĿԡ
û£㲻õģֻ겻ȶһͺáЦŽ͵
ֵͷ׽һ;׽ֻǹ˵лл
ֵؿһ֣ȴû˵ʲôϾҲϲ磬̬Ľ٣һֻһôȣһֻһ滹ԼеĵܵܣôᡣҪ˾ʥĸˣҺǣħĺӣ˽Ծ͵˵Ӣۡ
˿տܣ˼£˵ߣҪˡʧˣʱյĵطҲʧʱ֮С
áСΧŵתʱʱһ£ִŵﴩ󣬾Ϳɥң·˵Űһ㣬ûһᣬּȥŵ
ҵصĶľšʹ˱˵꣬Ҿʹŵ˲ƻɽɽš
ǰľɫ¶һЦݣ˷ܣ˵ڿǸˡ
ŵһʵ
ͷضŵߣҲᣬǾãΣա
ѵǹֱ߿ס·֣ŵ˵úԼ۳档
ܱҲգ»˸ط£۲ŵ
Ҳڵϣ͵̫һ˺ö֣տԳɣԳԳħҲ;оˡ
أק˸ݷŵʵ
ħİɡԶԼһѪ֯ûеõҵĳϡ
Ǻðɣħ˵ʲôһ⡣
Цҡҡͷ֪ħǱܶӵġ
ʲô°ҧڲݣܾζã˳磬ǵʱȥħСô
ŵ˿ֿңЦãҾħӦò






·;8

ħǿΪġ֧°ͣ˵
֪İɡֵŵˣ˵ǱһĿŵ
ʵ㡣˵ţóԨǰҵĴӣʰЩ̻ôʹãôЩϵҲʹӵġ
氡˶Ȼˣһᱻóһջȥ
һ£дһĹ֣Ƚʺֵŵ屾ɣأ걻ôãҲˡ
ֽӹĬһ£¶Цݣ˵İɣǿɲ㶪ġ
ЦһţǷŵ㣬žͶ˰
ֶʱֻˮСͰ͵ؿңҲǶˣ
ҺЦһᣬͰŵҪˣҾȥŪԵģúÿıɡ
ֻӻ֣ȥء
ҵͷԶȥӦкܶ໰Ҫ˵ҾͶ˻ᣬһֻӳȥΪϾɽӾǺɫģͨǹô
ҳȥʱֻŵһܳ𣿡˵žҪȥӣſھҪȥҧŵںһ¡
Ӽǻҧ˵ġһλеӣŪŵų԰ɡ
ôֻӣǳԲɡŵҲİӷȥؿȻĿһֱ͵קë֣˵
ԲšҿܣҸոҵ˸ˮԴ
˺ӱߣӴҳ̺˵ϣҳ̺ϣһڿϢˡ
ŵȥһ߼Щ֦ʵлʯ𣿡
ҳһӺһСذ׸̺ϵ֣һţȥӱ߰ϴɾȥ
ˡӣǹԹذȥϴ
ֻûгĺӡŵЦںӱߺӷܶ˵
ܺãʶһˡֵ֪ҹ裬Ҳһԭֻǲ֪ҹôˣȻԨɢˣôҹĴ
Ǹˡ
ҡҡͷһڣʲôҲûãŵ˵ǣҸġΪǾЩۣԺѧ̹һеѣеġ
ġŵӭ֣ҲҸġ
Ʋ죬һҸģһԼҸģڵҲҸΪΪĬԶŬ
ӱ֫˺ü֣ԣõٶȻͦ죬ѱƨ棬һǰȳ˿ڣûʲôϣζ
ֿҵı飬һ˵Һ͸羭ԣ˵һ룬ȴûн˵ȥǰˡ
ŵͷοš
õһЩҪʧȥһЩȣϵɾҲſڵ
ֵͷʼسҺЩǾòҪҲûȥ롣
ǣҹŵİҽΪɫڣһһհ̡
𼱡Ұοһŵֵ̽壬ЩʲôˣǸˮߵѪһֻŵ˵ʲôǶֿġ
ֵָĶģһ壬ֹסڵѪ˳ҵֵ壬ѪΪá
һֵɫͻָˣŵѵ֣С֣С֡
磬ûˣоˡֵЩ˻ơ
֣Ѿ죬кôҲл˼£ﱻߵѪ죬Ļ°빦ֻѾǴ࣬޷ħˡ
Ǹ硭ֲûֻ飬ǿŵʵ
õģǴ壬ʲôνҿںһЩϴǻѪͳŵĵλҲˡ
ֺһǾͺãֻҪú͸ֿôԡ˵꣬ɻؿңʵ㵽ħ
ħɡȻҾԼƫħһ㣬ȷʵһѪ
ŶħֻȻ
ĥ֣ʰɡħ˼˵ħֻ֪ӣ֪˻Ц
磬С۸ҡ˵ŵٿŸ״
Ҳûа취򲻹ŵһЦ⣬Ƽٵ˵͹ԹԵĺú۸ɡ
áֳȭͷСŰɡ
ãҵš





·;9

ʵҲİ磬ȻǣһûгٵҿԿչˣƫƫֲʶˡ
ϣĬܷĵľʣ¾ԨˣʲôĿģ֪˺ҡ
һʵõߣֱ㹻ԱΪֹǣȥĬԣȥеȻҵһҲӦ½˰ɡ
ΪǵΪѰɡŵߣϴЦ⣬һѾ˯ȥ֣ڵ
ҵͷϡ
Ҫ飬ҲǹˣҪΪͣˡŵᣬҸ
һ½磬ǱĶĹɽʲôҲȫȵɽʱ򣬾͸Ҵţʱһǡɽû̸ûߣǺܳ㣬ʺǵڼҵĽ磬Ӧòˡ
ǺܾûеˣҲ޷˽رҺСֵŵ˵
ֻҪǲԼǴģôô˵޹ء˵ţ˻ᣬһҲϵȹдΪħ֮ӵĺôŴļ䣬Щӳʹʱá
֪㣬Ҳǰɡŵ𹦷
Ҵ󷽷صͷЦҵҰ
ӣӦҲǷ˰ɡ
ҵģֻЩһΪǵëܾôΪҺþһζԼ㡣±ӣЩ˵˵
˳һЩ޴Ĵ󡣡ִҵͷϣȻǿҲǸӣԣҪе鶼ѹԼϣʱ֮Ҫ̹ϣ뷨㲻˵Ͼమ˵飬ֻҪ㹻ˣͻ㡣
ŵû¶ȣȴоϴůֳᡣ
֪ǰֻһζᣬŲ£Ϊ֪ߣʲôһҡǣΪһЩˣҷԼˡͣһ£˵˽⣬һһҪʰô࣬ˡ
Ǻǣʱ᲻ˡŵҡҡͷҾ񿴵ܵһ㣬뿪ͺãôҾͷˣܰĲ࣬ǣҪˣǣСֿ۸۸ġ
һֻꡣҲЦ˵ȰŪúʾסˣҾ뿪ˣǵøӡ
İɣһСɨӵġŵЦ˵ЩһвͬĽ֣ܻ˵꣬Ҳһش𣬾ɵߣ§
ҳĬˣϥǿ棬֪ŵרοҵģҲǿҺ;Ĺϵò˵Щܴȴֺġ
ڶգֺŵЩ߿ʼˣطǶ⣬ˮҲȻΪںˮ߻һЩˮޣõĽЩҲ⡣
ȵиŵĳΣҾͿʼý磬ֽŵһһƣ¾ŪϾͻһ£ǳҾܸо
֪ˣ߰ɣҺ͸Ķ硣װͷ˵ֻ۾΢΢죬ʵ飬Ҳֿһܣȷû󣬲ųŵͷ
СְҪһûнĻ͵ɡ˵꣬ҾֱʧˣҲϲĻ棬Ҷҡ
ճɽͼ羲վЦ˫ɫ΢΢ʧ
ܵܣһ·ɡᣬҲܳϿҡ
ҳĬһ£¶һЦݣ˵ðɣǸҪչ˺õܵŶԨҿ϶ԭ᲻֪ɱ˾磬þˣô˵Ժ·õĵطȻˣú÷һԼʣֵɡ
һ㶣ȴºЦȻˣһúչ˵ܵܣˣܵûôʰɡ
΢΢Ŀǰ
ǰһ§סҵļ򣬵Ǹ粻ã塭ϴȥʺ𣿡
Ļû˵ֱ꣬תƻ⣬Ťǹ̫ˣĻҲֻճʮѡ
ҪҲʣңҡҼž磬ֻ㣬ңҲҪҲˡ
ǸĴһӱ۵ܵܵġϽ§סο
𣿡ҵŵЩСʵ
ġ籣֤
ӦҵκҪ𣿡ѧֵӣؿʵ
ᣬһӦܵܵκҪġ
Ҫסˡ





·;10

簡ô뿪ءһҲ¥գգۣЦʵ
Ҫиʡ絭һ£ֵһЩĺͲˮ͵ҳ㣬Ҳͬġ
Ŷٶ˵˫ֽ°ͣŴ˵ǾԨҵģǣܾʲôĿģֻҲûʲôͼıġ
ˣȳϲ˵ţ˿ķǰ
ҿģӨ͸ϲˣ˿ڣ˵㣬ûҹĺóԡ
ѳԡ¿ӣƿǰӣԸٳԡ
һ飬˿ڣζͲҪ̫ˡ
㰮ԣҲԡŤͷ¥µȺ˵
ܵܲϲǾͲԡ˵
ҿӵĵģЦЦüҪ˷ѣͳɡ
翴ӣ¶ЦɲԲҪ
˷ǲԵġÿһӣܲ˵˵֪ΪԲϷ𡣡
εЦЦҴԺˡ˵žͽСѵĴ
ҵ˱裬ҲȻоһŤͷ¥£ȴʲôҲûзֶҲʧˡ
Сʲôر𣿡Ų豭ʵ
͹ָʲô͵飿Сңʵ
һҷϣֵ顣
С۾ЦĸӹˣҪ˵ֵôС£ѹ˵Ĺլǰһʱһ˼ңǻ˼Ҹסȥһ¾ˣǼҵôҲϰȥס
С棬Ұ˻ЦóͭŵļһϿҵȰο»˵˰ʱ򰡣ǵȿ󡣡
ֻһһһֱС˫۱飬СŤͷһһսͭǮ¥ȥ
Ҽҵ飬ʲôߵǰʵ
գգۿˣҿûдҵ£ֻʲôֵ飬ЩСԼ˵ġ
֪˶ûô˵Ҳһػֱ뿪ˡ
ܵȤ羲ǵĶԻʵ
ƳһۣЦ㣬ҶʲôȤ˵꣬Ҹеϵһʶȥ
̾
ӽһլƽլӲûˮʲôǺܺõģܽ˵ģլôǹլء
լû⡣վߣ˵
֪üլ˵ʲôر𣿡
˻ۣٴ˵ͨˣֻһᣬһطܾۼ
˶ۼԭ𣿡
ֻ֪լҸо顣ɫЩ࣬С˵طˣôڤ˿϶ҸоڤϢլҲûĴڡ
òƣȤҳ˼£ǲ֪ûйϵˡ
ܵȤǾͽȥ档Ц
ҵͷԼ˸ʹǽʹ󷽷ؽԸ⣬һߵĴڣΪֻƽ˿ֻҪее˶ܿ
·Χûˣҿڵ
áͣһ£ָһ򣬡Ǳߡ
ø˵ֱӴ·ҸլӺܴ ǺܿտЩطûдɨ֩Ĵڡ
ߵһߣһµʯ񣬰£Pƹ꣬ĵӣƽøأ
±ϾȻûԶ羪ȵؿʯ˵
һĺ󱳣ǲƽûУǱȥˡ
Ͳ°𡣡Щʣϸһ°º󱳵ĺۼȥģɫԱߵĶһ
ҳ˼£µͷ˵ϹʱɽڽӺ˷ˡˮʱշӴָӣɽڹӵΪˮ˹סˮηˣİֵҰصشʯϰˮĹаţصʯѹߡ١ƲƲ죬ôжĥɱ¿ǰȴ˰µɡôˣܲ°ңֻ뻹ɶѡ
ôò𣿵ܵܡһеķ̣ʵ
޹ءҶϸֻ¡
ΪߣҪһЩģҪΣնžڷ֮ǰҵͷ˵
Ҷ㿪ָֻ֣µţ˵ֻǰһ
кβ𣿡Ҳֻţʵ
ҿ˾һۣ͵ΪǳǰͷֻƴسţǰߣƲȴ޷õɡ






·;11

ô֪ôûпңֻǿֻ£ʵ
䶼ЩšЩҲǵΪҹܸȤҲרȥ˹ⷽĶ
ϾⶼһЩ˽񻰹£ħ˵ǼٵĲټٵ飬ȻûԸȥע⡣رǾ磬ߵˣôȥЩء
ЩǼٵġͣ˰죬ٴοڵ
ֵؿ˵֪Ǽٵġ
ôעЩʲôء
йϵ𣿡ֿһ۰£վ᲻йأϾееϵ
ңֻǹ㡣ıЩģǰ̫ˣҪ
·Ҳ̫߿Լˣתź档
̾˿վߣָź棬˵档
ҳĬ£լҸûˣô˶
ȥ𣿡
ҵͷҪˮȴסˣȥҡҲûе˵ȥˡ
ҿʧˮ󣬲ˮԼŪ˸磬ˮȫ棬翴Һ󳯶Եͷųһȥ
ˮЩ棬һ˾ùĺ
ûþͣ˺׵һһڵĴʯͷҵͷƵʯͷ棬һѺˮ棬ָָǸ
Ǹ˷ˮ⣬оʾãֲ⸽ûأ̫С˻̫ˣôһǷ
ڽϣһ׹¶ȴûκεķӦ
һܳͨΧһ͸ıĤԿˮһЩϺȷʵʯ̳ɣһξһҹ飬ʹͨмֻ
һܣ˵
ҵͷеܾǰҹ˽ʱȥĺ԰
ãͣǰ濪ʼĲ
ü겨ȴûл˵Ϣ۾ϸһ£
Уͣһ²ż˵̫ҿ϶ܱʱʱޣҲǴ
ɫҲĸǰһʱ䣬ʴϢʧ˲ʵһʧ˽һ롣
򴽣һ֪㣬ȻˣΪû׷أ
硭˼һ£ż˵̫ƽ
粻̫ƽҵļôû㣬ѵھҵʧȥǶʱ𣬿ǣʲô飬þôݣֻģ˵̫ƽء
ôıȨλˣգۣͣ½Ųʵ
ǣĸ֮㲻ġЦҡҡͷ͵ֻĸ˵С⡣
С⣿ͷЦܸ𣿡
ôᡣҵͷҪ룬ֻǲ㵣Ķѣĸ󲻻µġ
˭᲻£ýȥֻʲôô档
Цһ£ȥ
һǿտֻа˸ϿŻĻƣһ̾磿
˸ӿ̵öǳ硣翴һȦ˵
磬ӣƽֺż顢ۺϣһħֻĺ塣˵ִ˼гʯʲôҲںڷȥһֱɵİ£ںų磬Щˡ
ˣôɣ
˵뿴ɽӣϲðա˼һ£ڵ
ҵͷָų磬˵ô˵ѵǱˣϣõɣȥµİҲһֶʧȥɵĿ𣿡
ȥҲûаգܼע㰲ȫ
ҵͷһǰ˸ӣоǵк֣еһ󷨣ֲ̫һЩѵɺ






·;12

Һ;սȥͿɫĹƯھ¥ǸеӰмʲôǸɢ΢ľһֻɫСèŲӶڽ䡣
۾ëģ﷢΢Ľл˵Ŀ
΢΢һҼҹԭͣȻоһŤͷһʵؿҡ
ҡҡͷֿһֻè䣬ҹģҹǾԨĳģô
һʼ鿴ЩԴҺ;Ϳʼ궯Ĺ򣬡ꣿÿʾ硣
ͷͬÿͻش𣬡顣
飿һǰ˻ȡ²ɽħ綼ֹģ˭ôı顣
ɫҲ̫ãᴥһɫĹǺڵˣɻؿ
ǸСŮġ˵
ЩǣüӵĹǵĻҪС
ҡҡͷҸ˿ٴοڣĲ꣬СĲŸ¡
ҧƽһᣬſڵǸʲôġ䲻ˣǣҲ޷˺ôС
Ʒɫ࣬۵ɱ⣬ħ磬ֻҪǻ۵˶ȥ˺СȻȴԲԼ֡
ΪСûκ͵ֿħ˵Ƕ˶֣ǳ衣
˵һĻˣô̸ǿ
ǺüƷһ˵СģǸɾ͸ʺڼ롣
ǵҪٻʲôھİ£궯궼ǻڲƯϷš
ҡҡͷ˼һ£ֿº棬ѵҪٻ磿
磿Ҳ³ҵʣȵ
ҡҡͷٻôƷأϲԸϲɱ¾Ҫ˵ࡣ
ôֻпǣóӡĳЩǸҪꡣ˼һ£˵
һû˵ͼǸһֱӰվ˵үү׼ôֻü
׶ѵ㲻𣿡Ǹһֱ˿Ӧǳޣƾʲôһɣƾʲô
ǱΪػӡڵġ׶ޱ飬֪˵Լ˵Լүү
ǣ֪ǣֻϣܵõɣֻҪվڵϣΪʲôԣһһֱһֱػӡֻΪĵ̰ܵܵ˵ϣǷֺͺɱˣĸĸֻΪ˸ܵҲɱˣƾʲôɱǶˣǵʲôֻϣܿķ羰Ǹ˵ֲۣź
˵ҲǷߺޡ
׶ָǸţ˵Ҳǵ˰
˵ͷŹŵĿűˣǰֻϣ̫ܿɹЩ˶ģСһҪú˵׶ļ򣬡ߵԶԶģԶҪҵ
׶Ҳ˳ΪʲôһΪʲôҪִܵЩЩֱǸ߹٣
׶ֻҪٻǸʵһԸʱһԸߣһҪúù𣿡һϣؿ׶˭Ҫǽһ顣
ڣҾȵؿȺˣǽڣ˳ҵֲϣһ˻ȷʵнڵѪǣΪλûһء
ˣΪλ島ϹϵأŴЩ˵˵ֽҵġ
ħ˴඼̫ϲɽˣΪǹαԾ˵Ļġ
ϳ˽ڵѪ⻹ѪգգۣҵǶǸԸĶȤ
Ҫ˵ģǵһöͷͬ
ʱ˺ȻڵҲ׶һ˾Ϳˡ˵꣬˾ʹһ˳Ĵȥ
Ҹʹ˸ɫͷҳȥ
׶ɫ԰ףǻվֱͦӻóһϻӣ򿪣ֻЩǱʲôǣһȫ˽ȥ
ֱȫŶʧϻźϱϻӳȥ






·;13

Ҹ󣬰˸Ůһ·ֱվһǰǸվڲԶĿᡣ
׶źվм䣬ǰ˸Ůһۣÿ˶һŰѺӽˣԼվһߡ
ǰ˸˿ҲҪûκβ·̸۽ôһ㡣
Щ˵п»һֵֻǮ
ǣħٻַ˴򿪺ӣ˲˸ӷ͵Ϲ⣬Щ걻С
ȵȫʧ˸ϵϹһ۵м˵ϣ˷Ľǰ˸ŮֱõԼƺ󣬰ϣѪû·һ㣬ӿʼ⡣
˵ĽһȻں ֮Ѫ֮꣬ǧķӡֻԸʵһ΢Ը˻ȴϣ
˵Ļ䣬˸ͬʱѻ˻ҳʧռУǰ˸Ůһҽȴûһ˵£ֱֱվţǵӶʧˣѪۿ¡
һŻƵĻƮ˵ͷǸһĿ֣ǿűʾšĻƮ˳͵İ׹⣬ŻңӦ֣Ż鶼С
ϵҲʧˣһȺǰ
㡣Ǹ׶һȵؿңֿеĻ飬ŭѶҡ
ǣкԸûлش׶Ļֻǿʵ
ǲٻʲôˣֻŻ飬ǡǡҪģԣҾҪʵǵһԸ
˿ң£˵Ҫɡ
ԡ飬˵㣬شһ⣬ô
С˻̿֡˵ϴϲɫ
ΪΣվʽ˭֪ڽ˭֪ҪԻʵһԸ
ƣС˵ȣµԤԣͬʱְ˸ʱˣգһת
ӡķҲǸ˽̵ģǾԨеһжǾԨŵôԨ˭
ǡ˵˫ֽǰͷֱ
ȻһʹҷֺŵϵĽ磬Ҳ˲ʻ磬Ұһ嶼ԨǾԨĻӦ֪ô죬㲻ǾԨҲġ
ܵôˣ絣ĵؿңʵ
û¡˵꣬ҾͱѰǣоǵϢֱ˲ƹȥ
ҺһģӦżªķӣӦɵЦŵᡣ
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ۣڵϣûôᣬֻһܣ˱ŵ̫࣬Ҫ˷ʧ
վҧֵʳָڰջһţۣ˵ѪΪ죬гŵļ䡣
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ڸʲôҶߣֱץסԼŪ˿ڣ˿ڿϡ
һۣˣѸӯ˫ۣţ͵˹ȥס˵ĬԡĬԣۡ޳
ίʹ࣬˼ҽסˣ
ΪҪѪڵͷɫӣһ±顣
ˣ㣬ΪʲôҪңΪʲôҪҡҺῴҧгݵغˣ
ĬԱ鲻䣬ȻҵѪƷң湻󵨡
ҸĻɫ˫§סĲӣҵȻ֪ҲµĳͷӦʧˣǰֻһԭԸҡ
ҵȻҪҸˣĻҵԲ۾ָ˭㲻ҡ
Ĭû˵ɫǿҸǿԶһƬãȻ
ƿվǰЦĬԣûЩ䣬TMDĲš
ҶôĬأ϶֪һУҲᰲźãԼµģֻ˵Ĺ˼ɣЩ˼һҲ֪
ĬԺÿüҲǵãҽ̹ˡ
Ʋ죬ӻͳŻ飬ݸӣ۲˲仯ɰ׹ڽĬ
ſǰζһ£ʵܿ𣿡
Ĭ̾˿αء
֪ʧűңǣ㲻ߣһŬȽϺ𣿡§ס˽ĻΪѾôûмˣÿһұ۸ˣˣ˭ء
㣬úܺáĬûзϣֻ§סҵĺ󱳣ҵҶˡ
ôǸô¡ҵƵģԣŵ֣ǲˣҾûгɢôҲоǵĴڡ





Զһ

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һ㶣ȻҲ֪ǴĬԿе֪ĻǺʹʹأ
ȫĬ˼һ£˵ǣҪ
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һţҾȵʵ֪ɵӣΪʲôֻһţ˰
ǵĻǶɢںһǿܻĬԵؽ͵ںԺܸߡ
еӷŵĹ⣬˭ҵƽǴȴš
ĬԳĬؿңʲôҲû˵
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磬ôСžͺãСҸŵ͵ԼҾͺá
֪ͺãԲҪ̫۸ҼҸˡ
óǸں϶Ҫ㲻ģԣںϰҲᷴԣںϺҺ͸Ͳֱ˴ˣˡ
ֵ֣֣Ժ֣ƻ֣ɰ֣һֱһֱΪ֡
ֻСһֱš
С֣ûʲôʧȥˡ
ֻҪֱͨˣҪʲôҶϡ
ΪǵΪѰɡ
Ҫ飬ҲǹˣҪΪͣˡ
˳һЩ޴Ĵ󡣡
뿪ͺãôҾͷˣܰĲ࣬ǣҪˣǣСֿ۸۸ġ
ЩһвͬĽ֣ܻ
̵ŵŵ˵ŵʹŵŵƽŵôһֱһֱŬõܵҸŵ
ǲŸոյõҸô࣬ôãǣס˴˵֣˵ҪһҸġ
˵Ҫһطңҷôƭأ˵ˣҪһҸ𣿡ҵᣬˮϡ
ӾҵУǣԶһˣҲֱ˴ˡ
ǿת𣿡ӣͷʵ
ĬԵָĨȥ۽ǵᣬֻҪϣ˵ţùӣһ
ӱɫŵݸңڿһ㣬һԲεĺڶڰա
ҰӷŽڶУʧԵټһᱣǣǿ֡
˸סĬԵĬϲ˲ǽȥһɡ
֪һ㣿ĬԵ䣬ҲģֻҾᣬֻһ˵ᡣ
ΪһҡͷĴϣĦȻˣôͲ뿪ˡ
Ĭ۵ǳǳݣ١
þʧôüؿڵ
ʱ򡣡ĬԵḧҵķ
ǲУֻǻʱҾˣȥأ
⡣
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ԡĬߣķҵϣ˼һ£קĬͣ
ССظƷִԼķϸƣһһҵúŵԼȥպɣƯСɰ

ᷢΪޣɡ˫§סĬԵĲӣſıϣ߰ɡ

ǲٷֿ˰ɡĬԵҵ°ͷļϣ
ĬûлشҲ֪𣿱Ͼм仹Ž档
ҶԸֿԼÿࡣίŽ
Ҷˡ
ÿడ̾߷ߵҧĬԵĶ䣬Ҳ۸ңСʱ򣬶ҡ
ֻһˡ
ƭˣҿ㱧ˣҡĲϿһڣ¸ӡӡ
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Һǻټ𣿡
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𣿡
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ͬꡣ
˵Ҳǣͬ꣬ټǻͬİɡ

ˣ㱳ȥպŶ

Ҷˡ
ᡣ
ҲԼˡ

ҪԶҸ





Զһ2

Լһŵ̾µĴϣűӲ£ϵóĿʼ
ĬûлشֻǶűˮߵߣڴϣˣգգۿĬԡ
ĬڴߣҹűŲȥĴϡ
ͷĬһֶűӣһһɢҵͷ˵
á΢΢Ĭԡ
ĬԵָ޳𪣬ֲ̬ţˮһˮιңˮķζ
꣬Ĭְˮŵ˴ߵϣҵĸ첲ӱ˳§סĲӣȥɰ
Ĭ԰뱧˵ϴһ¡
áҲŤֱӵĬԵȥ˯Ͱ͵·ִӴͳһϡ
Ȼ뵽һ飬ϻ͵ĴΪʲôûп
ĬԵüͷ΢΢ȴʲôҲû˵ֻҵķ
ҲپЩ⣬ϴ꣬˰ӵݸĬԣԼԹã
ĬԿһۣߵұ󣬰ҵͷһãһǳɫĳаϡ
ˮпĬ԰׵͸ҵĺڷд󣬾һ ɫᡣ
ˡĬ԰ӷŵϣ˼קҵ֣߰ɡ
ߵĬߣ§סĸ첲ʵҪôģʧԣҲģ˼ôǰ㡣
ĬԽɫؿңһ̶ˮ͸ףԭ۵ôͰ
ֻҪһֱס㰮ҾͺãԣҪҵģ۸˵ʱ۸ˣ۸ҵʱҪң˵һֱҵԸͺáŽżĬԵ۽ǣҪԼҲġ
ĬԳĬãΪشʱ򣬲΢΢ͷ
ָˡҪӱݺݵһۣקȥ
ûû˶νҪĶһԼȫûǷǹۣһܱǰưء
Ĭûлش֪ҵ˼ģϾʧֻǻۡ
ݣ˷ţҲ֪סĵطһҿջĺԺԺ˺ܶӣסС¥ҲӴģǷġ
ĬֱӳԺӣǿջĴĬԴߵһ䣬£дɫСžµϡ
˵͡Сͣе
ҷĲʫ⣬ɫ˵Ĳƶϵɡ
ǡСûжʣ˲˵΢΢Ϲȥˣܿ˶ˣһСһС̵ģǲ˿ܾ´嵭Ϊ
˵Ĳˣ뻽ҡ
ͷʾ֪СϹ뿪
ҰѾƺƱŵߣְѲ豭ŵĬߣһƣɢŵ㣬СС˿ڣ÷㰡űֺ˿ڣҪ𣿡ҾŻʣСľƱʵ
Ĭûлشֻǽӹҵıӣȥ
̵ؼ˵ˣ˸ƱŵߣҺĬԵıӶϡ
ҺȵʱĬԾͰѾƺˡ
һҪҲص˵
Ĭûң˱ݸҡ
ҪһڣһҪȾơҿŲ豭ȥһڲˣգգ۾Ц
ĬԿһֱۣҴһڣȻѲ豭ҵ
ĬԵĴɫܵұĴκһǵĳ嶯ĴΪԼȾɫ
һʾԺ庢ӰǱʾ󣬲Ų豭˼ڣ˿ĳȥûȰĬԳԶΪĬʧȥˣĬʧȥʲôûζ
극˵ʱ˳һµСطҺĬǣǼҵȥ
·ϲ˿ҺĬǣһ֣һ΢࿴Ǽۣ˿ҵдűӡ
ƲƲ죬§סĬԵĸ첲
ȻЩ¶Ծ˼ıЦĬԵĻĬֻǵɨһۣͰ뱧ȥ
װ޵ĺܵţɢŵ̴㣬ྫƷĬߵźɰĹ̨һ˿ǲǶġ
ЩǶ¥רŶϰ忴ҵı飬ߵҵߣȴĵ˵
Ǿ͵濴ĬԸϰ¥ȥ






Զһ3

¥˵ݣʵһ¥µ̴ľӣڷŲ㣬ÿӶǿеƷĺš
ƹߵһٴ£ܿһӵƷһ裬ǿԿգĸĺ󣬿ָ塣
ҵͷһҰĴһóûľȰһߡ
һƴĺɫĳУʺƻĶ
͹ٺܺһϳƹеǿƷ̾
ܾ£˲İɡҰƷݸĬԣĬԿһۣ˫Ϊ˽Ľûκβ
ǰ幤ܺãֻԸƷԼûƹ̾˿ŶǸͬ顣
ΪʲôҷһƷװʵ
ΪװϺ͹õĴ࣬Ų鰡㿴Ʒɫƹó˼ƷаɫзɫģǺɫҲɫĻûһһ͸һ
ΪλҪùĬԷϵĴ壬ʵ
Ǹﲻװƹž壬ȴû˵Ǹﵽ׷ʲô顣
ҶܸȤɰ֪ɷһһʽɫɺϻҪҵģ£ƻеߡƽϣȴϲǻͷεװα񡣴˵,ִԣǷǣϣټ,˳װ⣬ڹõĴࡣÿųãƺྲرƵ϶ˣ񣬻Ӳ쿴άõҪһǣӲŹһҲԩһˣ˳ԩѩµ
ҪҵģִʲôأɱšϲšĿôѵšҿĬԣĬǿҵɻ󣬰ָһ档
Сĸо
ĬԻһҵ΢΢鴤ĸоҪĸо˭Ҫʲô
ҵı̫ᣬĬԵüͷһ£Ƴһۣ˫Ȼȥ˽ɫ˺ɫȴҲٹˡ
ĬԵۣȻ΢΢죬һſڵ𣿡
ƹΪһ£ͳһŵϣƹ۾һЦҴλȥɣСĺԺ˵ţվ
ҵͷƹ̬ȣϾһƷǮҲֵô࣬϶ԸǮˣƹǸΪϵⲢãϿҲ⡣
ǸƹԺȥ˵ǺԺʵһﲼƥԺӣֻм򵥵ӺƷ
պܺãΪԸǿƷֻ˵ķһ¥иӣͦصģҩǮܹҿҲûеطסͰסҿʲôҲԶ׬Ǯƹ񿴼ҴԺӣڽ͵
ɷأԺȻЩƾɣǺܸɾ
֪Ҵûмƹͣһ˵
ҵͷʣЩ黹ʵ˱ȽϺá
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ƹʲô𣿡еɳƣȻֻǴֲȴþһʣһִСɵӺݡ
λ㶩Ƶ㶫˵»ɫġƹԾطˡ
롣ƿţ˵
ŵҪ߽ȥȻŤͷƹЦͲ鷳ˣˣصġ
⡭ƹЩΪѵؿɩֿҺĬԡ
ʵһִҰһĬԵָ˵
ɩ¶һ˿ϲҧ´ƹЦһ£˵õģλһдõġ
Ǻðɣȥ¿Եҡƹ˼һ£˵
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ɩֺƹ˵˼䣬ƹ뿪󣬾ͽ˻ţǣ˫۲濴ͣžǣ˭
˵ҺĬԺϣգգۣдšĻɡ
ǡɩǣתңһͳˣһĺɰݸңǡ
ҽӹɰ򿪣ѻŵĬϣ黯һư׹ڽĬԵ壬Һһɹֽһ
ôǣɻؿϾŻףԴɲԸ






Զһ4

ȸͺ𣿡ɩʵ
СվЦ߰ɡ
ĬԸûпֱվסҳ֣ȥ
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ҪŶͷҡָ˵
ǡɩɫò԰ףڵͷǰҡ
ƾʲô
ңҲǸ𣿡ɩֱֱضңܼС
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ɩסˣųҪȥ
Ĭǣҵ֣ȻĽֱӰɩ뿪˳߽ңֻһŴһӣúĺڲɵĴڸסɢһѪ
ҸҪȥƲͱĬֹˣ֪óһɫװҴϺ󣬲ɿ֡
Ц˹ȥ§סĬԵĲһڣҾ֪ˡ
Ĭҵĺ󱳣û˵
գգۣһɩƿ˲һɫ԰׼ʣһѹͷڴϣĺϸֲˣɿݵͷǵ飬һ߸ʬ
Ը˵ô𣿡۴ɩҿʼ뷨һΪɩѪ亦ˣĻҺĬԣΪʵԸ
ǣеҲŷ֣ѪֻΪά˵ûѪɩеһеĿˡ
ȻҲŻҸ
ǣǺġɩ۾ˣָҺĬЩԳˣƾʲôôǣƾʲô
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ռ˭񣿡Ҫǰҵ⣬ĬһԨһ֯һҾͲ֪ˡ
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
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ǹ򣬶ֻԲô˼粻񣬡Ƕ֪𣿡
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صȥֹµķɩ͸żᶨĴţһִС
صȥЦĬԣ˫飬·ˮожĬԵһ˿һ΢΢ͷסҵۡ
صȥôô򵥵飬ȻǾԨһصȥģǣмһĬԵİţĬҪΪ˸ȵضĽĬѪɳ
ܡֻҿ³ܣûôĬԿ԰쵽ҲصȥҲǴһ֣ôĬЩĿ࣬οΪһǺ޹ϵء
Ϊʲôɩ˾ǣҸԼ
磬ûкҩమµɣȻΪλҪڣʱҲһֽѡ
Ϊʲôҵɷ򰡣ΪʲôᰮϱˣΪʲôҪôңʲôֻϣɩסճЦֻϣǰһһôΪ˱Ů˲ҪҺͺأôôء






Զһ5

¥Щ˵ſĬԵĺϣʵͦϲǸŮ˵ĴģǲǸŮǣ
ȥǱߵ̯ӿָ·ߵС̯˵
Ĭûлشֻ˫§סңƽȵıҳָķȥ̯ǰҲŴĬԵıС㶵ؿĬԣǾޣӣһûбˣ
ˣҪʲôСͨ죬͵͵ֿĬԺ󣬵ͷʵ
رġһɫӣͷϱһ£ͷĬЦÿ
ĬԿ˿ùӷŵһߣǣҵԶһҴ¥ȥ
Ҫңգգ۾ĬԵĸ첲£˵
ĬԵĽŲ΢΢һ㶣شá
Ц۾һҪ
á
Ĭûаԥػش
ǵʲôʱȢңҺİĬֱϣߡ
ĬûлشЩʧ֪ĬһȫָǾͲһ
ԭʯóĬƹϷһСӣƹһºϴЦݡ
˵һ¡˵žͷߴҺĬԵһߵϣԼȥȡˡ
׼ԼԭʯûоĥǶıʯ
ϲĬԵǵģ˵Ҫ׼ȴûκθ档
ϲЦյĬԵĶߣһĶҺϲϲõϣģۼҵᡣ
Ĭ˫һ˿٣ĬԣЦĸˣѵ𣿡
Ĭû˵ָҵĶȻͿŶһӹƹ
ҵƹһ£ãƹѺӷϣЩõԭʯˣѡĿ԰ǣǻᰴտѡõĻӹġ
ĬԵͷʾƹ򿪺ӣźԭʯָ沦ɫʯͷĬԵָ԰ţŲ̬ջ
óһöͭ峯ſĬָƹԴȥƹɵɵתңۣݺݵصһۡ
εصͷ
ɡĬԵϷһɫԭʯǺɫ·Ѫһ㣬ǡ
˺۹⣬ǡ
ƹϻֱһϣ
˹ˡƹֵ˵ߣЦ
߰ɡߵĬߣߴٵҪ㿴ӣǿȥ
˲ҪǸӹƹʵ
Ҫ§סĬԵĸ첲첽ȥ
صסĿջҹϷţ۾գҲգؿĬԣڴ
ͷҡĬϣǿɫԭʯ֡
Ҵӻó˵ͷݸͷԭʯסϳ˰ɫԭʯ˺ɫˮͷûʧЩˮζĬ̧ۿһ£һνɫѪָˮУġ
ҿĬԵĶͬƳһѪڽЩˮУˮΣֱĬϵĻʧҲſöӵĶУѪĻϲŽɫ·ŵĹ⣬ǣڵĻ̶Ȼ
ǣҵԭ͡һö뿪ϵһջ
ĬԿң˵
ǰͷ¶ĬǰҴϡ
ĬԵָҵĶᣬȻһ˿ʹˡ
վֱӣָմȾѪЦŰָѪɾ
һֻҰϣòã۽΢ĬԣʵʵҲܷ񶨵Ĵ𰸡
Ĭ֪ҵ˼û˵ֻÿͷͬ¶ԼĬԵϣָĬԵĶֱóͬλá
ѪĬԶϹǰȥſںסѪȸɳʹ
Ĭ§ס΢΢оĬԱĶȾҵ¶ȺҲɿ
ĬԵоˮйҲû׼ΣֻǿĬԵ۾¶ЦݣҪȥԶһ𡣡
ĬԵְסҵĺԣĴҵģĦҧһĬԵ´໬ĬԵĿУཻ顣
ҸģҪ¡ĬԵƽûв






Զһ6

ȥɡĬԻָͷڱǣһûУأòƶйϵĿ
ĬԵְҶߵͷ¶ϵĶü
ץĬԵָҧסĥżҲҪż
áĬԴָڰлһȦȦڷˮҡһԳ˻棬һͷŮ˾ͭǰһɫ·ڰŮͷ
Һؿˮʲô𣿡
ͨ˺Ů˰ֻǵĸܺõӣǵҿǸŮ˵۾ʱŷ֣۾һɶûУӣȴ˳
Ů˵۾˫۾￴꣬ûǻǣѾˡ
ĬԵָŮ˲һ㣬һ͸ˮУ⥣ʨӣе壬ƽϲϲϲ̻˷Ϻ¯ϵĽŲװξ
⥣ѵеıǣž̻Ϊ
ĬԻȥˮ
ŮˣǻոտǸʱע£ǸŮ˸ûкģûôҲǻˣǲˣһʵǿǿڵġ
ûСǡˡĬ֪ҵʲôֱӸ˴𰸡
Ȼ֪λãǾȥɡۣ˼µȻ֮ĸܰǣĬԲҪģǱĬԵĶûҲûʲôԡ
áĬҲûж˵ֻǱڰջһۼȥ
ʱѾ˸ոˮпķ䣬Ĭüͷ΢΢һ£ɻؿһִۣܣһֺҺζ
ݺݵĬһץסʹҧҳѪζ󣬲˼£ߡ
ǺˣǸŮͷӿͻأĳûʲô仯ֻǵʵ
㣬ŲµΪʲô˰ɡͷӣʵҾʲô֪֪ıҶ࣬Ϊ۾һֿһк𼣣˿Ůʱ۾аĲ⣬ǺͿľûһ
ûлشֻظŮӵķ˵ڵȵˡ
Ŵûлش𣬲֪ô˵ѵҪ˵Ǹõ
Ӵκгһ֧״׺߲ʱʯΰŮӴú󣬽˵ҺСǺܾˡ
⥣ҲǸԭʱˡӿǽСŮӣСǰ⥻Ǻ󣬾ܺúһˣҲˣǲǡ
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ϸ磬Щ꣬ˡŮӵЩ˻ƣ·ܾûпƵء
ӱסŮӣŮӶͷϵĸоû뵽Ⱳӻ
ϸһŮòְѷƣҵסĬԵ֣ǣáʾǿ϶
Ӵ󷽵ĳϣ䲻ݵǲڣֻСôࡣİŮ§±ӣҪһ𡣡
̧ͷĬԣĬԵǣమҺĬԺˣǸӣǸаһеǵûиıԼ˵
ҺĬһȻȻô࣬˭˵ʲô˭˵ʲôֿǣΪǹǿǱǿԾΡ
±ӣ±ӣʹֻûûΣҺ͵ǸӣȴҲҪԶһ𡣡Ц˫§סĬԵĲӣ˵
ӳĬŮӵˮﻬ䣬һе˵ϸѾŬˣֻСûãѣСϸô䵽˵ز
Ȼ֪ԼûãΪʲôŬֻûʸҸˮܽκ飬ֻǴԼЭãΪమǴ𣿡
Բҿֻϣ±ֻΪãԲһСû£һֱԼమȴԣĴ󡣡ǵҾͷ֣ǸСû飬һеʹŶԼԼﲻɵģֻô뱾£ֻܸ㣬䲻ϸ硣
ǸӦҲ֪СˣԲŻôʹֻ࣬ԽһУȻô±Ӻˡ






Զһ7

һЭһɵеӰȴûеӳϣԼһУѹԸ
ǼȻҪ±ӣôҾֻزǼŽ飬ԺͿԼˡĬԵ֣ȥɡ
ĬԿһۣЦſߵǶ԰ɡϸҵĸоҹǲ֪ǲˡҹĻôСŮôĽϾҵļûˡ
ֱûǵĶͷһɫųڣϳһݣǣС־߽
߽ȥҲʧˣĬ˲ƻصջʼĬԵûа㲨ʱҿʼίָصǸϵ
սǸڣҾ͸о˾Ϣ϶뿪ûжãĬԻ֪Ǹ϶ҲǾԭ
ĬԴ󷽵ĳϣ˳ֵһ˿ڡ
Ϊʲôҡ˵ĬԻקͷ߷ߵʵ
ҪĬԶűӵֺȣͻȻ˽ĻˮҲûһ£ѱӷŵҴߣſں˵ˮ
Ҫ;ϵ²Ҫأ˵粻Ҫأҧűӱߣ̧ۿĬԣˣĬߣĬźŵҲңҸовʱٽˡ
һЩأһûУ֪ô𣿡ĬϣŤӣҸλѽȥʵ
ĬԵڵȴûٶ˵ʲô
ҵۣҲ֪˵ʲôãΪʲôأô˼ǰ棬֮ǰ飿ֻûз֣
һ֮ǰһֱֿռ䣬գһ۾ʵҪصɽ𣿡
Ĭҡһͷ˵˾ǴˣҪŲȣġ
ץĬԵ·˺ŭˣʱգôãôĥûзҪġڣץԴײĬԵļ
ĬԵұḧʱ𣿡ȴŵ
ˣұԹؿĬԣŴһĴ
ǾͲҪˡĬԵƽĮ
ЦáԺҲû˵ʲôʱյ飬ô϶ǱˣڻĬԵʲôԣϲĬάҵ顣
Ĳһм䣬ĬûκηӦֻ§ס΢΢һ󲨶󣬾ԨڣüĿЩƣӡ
ĬԣСŽտɺãԨһƣһаζ
ôʧôѪĬԵȻûвҲǵģǻĹĻԶ׼ġ
ʧѪҾȵؿžԨѪҺģرǾԨΪ˻ʣǺĬͬسģѪҺ֪ԾԨôܴʧѪأ
ûʲôģѪҺЩԨ͵ĬԵͷ׷ô⡣
°ҿĬϣͷžԨʵ
ûʲô£㽻ҵЩҰźˡ
һ²ŷӦӦЩ˰ɣͷר˵ģ
ǣġ˵ţԨ֣ŷŵɫâĻУţʹڡΡ
ĬҲûпֵŻԶصĺڽ壬۾Ĭԡ
ָ𣿡
ĬԵҵķ
ԨΪʲôҪһֱأץסĬԵָɻʵδڣҿ϶ԨһֱڰǣԼڰһصȥõҵĬԡ
ԨմŲˮϻһۼòŻشΪµʲô֤ʲôɡ
һʵʲôȴĬֹˣһҵĶͷڵþɡ
˲ץ񣬿ʼĬԡ
Ĭûнʲôֻǽ§סңְסҵĺԣҵǰ
ʣϤϤ
簡ôûиҴкԨǴŵƦƦζ
塣ĽзûдĬԣԨб֯ã㲻ǽ׽ء
ԵġԨЦ˵
ʷԸѾˡ繧ضĬ˵
ĬԵģĬؿҧһں֣뿪Ĭϡ
硭ͷžûкһ˿ϲ⡣





Զһ8

ܵܣȻˣû°ɣͶţЦĴ˸оᡣ
°˼һ££ֻһܽ
Һܵ㡣΢΢ͳȥ͸ʹϵôãҺܿġ
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û˵˫ɫʢ˱ˣ·ǧȴ֪ôڻ˵޷ڡ
ֻǿһ۾ͲٸȤʵʵĬԻĬԵ§סҵĦ
Ϊ罫Ҫս𣿡ĬԿҺ󣬾ͿžԨʵ
ǡԨ󷽵ĳϣ˽磬ɽ磬ħ磬磬ڤ綼̫ƽҪһսƽϢĶңﶼʼѧȨˣⲻ˵ãֻеˣейǹľԨ˵ĺҳĬսǸµĹ߰ˡ
֯Ǵ죬ƽ⣬ǻ𣬸˾ְĬԵ˵
Ԩ¶һĨЦǰ죬ƽ⣬Ҳֻǹ߶ѡ
Ĭûлش˭ֲǹأֻǷ˸ߵȹߺ͵͵ȹ߶ѡ
šĬָû棬˼ʵ
Ҫħɽ翪ս˽⣬ڤ˭͸ˡԨʼ磬ܲε˵
һ£ҧЩʧȥЩħսΪλἸתһȥ˽磬Ĭԭ˵Ϊ˽ʺϣǣҲҪԭΪһûʱļ䡣
ĺɫȾѪ֣ĵʹ࣬קסĬԵ·ֹסķ޷Ϣ᲻ϴ¡
Сš
ܵܡ
ĴӡҶͷ£ڡ򵥵ĸҿ޳
ܣҶܡҧŴĬԣۣΪʲôۣҶۡ
ĬԵɫĴţֱԺȥҽ§סĬԣĻϿ
ֱоԼˮΧŷĬѾҵԺϴõˮڣҿĬԵ۾ΪʲôҶôأ
Ĭûлشֻǰұø·ҪǷһ㣬ҴĻססĶҶ£ΪʲôҶҪô£Ҷʲôأ
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һɹĬһָʧˣɱˣһ
ĬԵĴĴĿУֻཻ̾ϢҿҶ
ƿĬԣĬһֱΪҶĲҵĬԵϣüתˮȥ·һɢ䣬Ưˮϡ
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ĬԱңķȥҷŵϣҹ⿪ĬԵ·һº󣬲˳ӵ£ĬԿڳݽ
ĬԵĴƣͣǰǸϣұĬԵͷϸӿ³
˫ֽ§סĬԵĲӣŤ壬ңҡһԶһ𡭡
Ĭһַ֧壬һҵζҶҵҲ硣

ü䣬һ˿벻̣ȴһ־ζ۾ĬԣĬȴûлشҡ
˯ɣҪˣסҵ㡣
Ҹſ˵ȴоŨŨ˯⣬۽ǻ䣬û֪
ʱ򣬲ŷѾˣԨվڴڡ
ˡʾ䣬ǿ϶䣬һס۾һֽץסӣһûסĬԡ
СšԨߵߣұ˵ްɣıˣҰֵòã
ԨžˣǲǣҽץסԨ·ħսҲˣǲǡ
ĬԵĺӣħĻӣħĬԽˡԨһ˿Ʀζȴ˾ðġ
ǲǣǲȥˡĬԺƻһӣ֪ģǲ֪ʲôʱ顣
Ҳ֪Ԩ̾Ϣֻ֪ҪģҲֻΪĬ֮ӡ





Զһ9

һһƿԨ֪ģһħ磬ҪеȨյ
ҺĬԵĹϵõ֤˺Ͱ֡Ԩ֪ͳһֽȣȰȵġ
ôԸ𣿡ֱ÷·Ūãøɫĳͷ
ԨЦЦس΢΢Ϲ֮ԸҲӡ
ԨֱӴ˲Ƶħ繬˻ʴħ԰ŵһµһЦеؿžԨ˵
ᡣˣֱӿڵĬԵĹܼҰţǸȫںڰеģĬԵĴˣ
˫Ͷ۶ҵģ¶һЦ⣬СӰɣǷò
һȴûô֪ңӦĬԸģĬѾҰźһУͷЦ
׼սɡֱӿڷԸ
ʲôҲûʣֻٴεͷСԸȴС޹Ϣɡ
ȥĬԵķ䡣Ȼ۵ǻ뿴Ĭסĵط뿪ˣҲĵط
֪˵벽ԶĵطСߡ
ҵͷָĬԵķ䣬ƿţӺҼһģһǰɫϵһּ򵥵Ļ
ϣҿۺԾһߺȲľԨٴοʵжȨ
һû˿ԥػش
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һħڣ㱨֣ħͼڰУҵ˼ط˰֡
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ǣСǴϻۡЦĶ˷ģٿôٵˡ
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ΪŻе粻ƽʱΡ
ЩҶ֪Ҫᣬȥжħ岻ҵˣɱ¾ѪħıԣЩֻܷںƽʱ򣬵Σսʱ򣬱һ¶⡣
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Щ鶼㣬
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ԨͷҡӣϹֻЦݣ˵ԣ˽ǸĻôҪá
һķɾԨĳ嶯תڤһҲϾûʲôʵڤͨ˵ֻ֮أҪȴûʲô
С硣᲻ʾǿ϶
ҵͷҲϣȻ֮ǰҵ̬ȻûгͲŪҵľҿɲָܰʲô
Ͼħӣħ磬Ҳȥɽɣ˵ɽҲɡü˼˵





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ҡһָһԣɽ粻ħӣǣǻһΪ˰ͼʶɵӵŮˡ
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ûˡϻһۼǵƾͲˡÿһ綼Ǳڵģ治һһ飬ֻħϲ֪Ҳħһֱõԭ˽֪֮˽ս˽粻֪֯ɽ磬ܲЩɽˡ
ǣСԸ뵽ʲôɫ΢΢һ䡣
һӻ֣ôǱҶԣ㿴Űʣµġ
С˼ǡЦЦؿҡ
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нվ
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ǡһ뿪Щ죬սʱܻء
СúܺáЦеؿڵ
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ͷЦڶ࣬ǼǵûϾҪ㹤ء
װһӣԹؿһҡ
һ·Сġĸ˵ĺᣬȻйļ䣬֪£кܶѾ֪ģδǲǸıҲҿ϶ˡ
ġ|ɧҡӣ˸۸
ħͽˡ˵꣬Ҿ뿪ˣһЩദʱ䡣
ڶգʱѾˣֻվڴӻǰ䣬ֻǶ˿¼ţżתۼѰϤӰ
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ĳھǰߣžʧҺͼһۣ뿪ͻٵߵĴ͡
֪ͣһ£˵ңء
ҵͷ߽˴





ս2

ҿսŷеصĶ࣬Ѫ͸˴أħʧأΪ˵ħļһħսʿҪɱ
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Сһվߣһֱ׳
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СѪɫӲûжվߣ˵
ᰲŵĽʾ䣬ǿ϶䡣
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ΪҺħĬԡ
ԼСġ
ŵȻһֿ͸˵ѻ˵һûϣľȻ







ٴμʱսϣվ֯յߣûκα飬ľĬԡ
ħңȴ˲䰲ǾվŶ塣
żĿҲűġħǿߣǳͽԼ飬ڱôֶУͽܵȫħ岻׷ɱ
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վǱߣֻħ巢Ӹսװ廹ħء
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ҪսҼսƯڰգҡҡţҹɵͣҵǰ
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Ҳһ㶣ԨԵľһֽѡ
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û˵ֻ¶ֻЦݡ
棬޷ı𣿡ԨңԼҵķŶóˡ
ûж㿪ֻǿȻо䱻§סϤϢ
Ͷ˵ĻҹӵһߣαסˣſǻĬԣ
ĪޡĬԵҵĺ󱳣
ҲҪٴظȥˣҲҪˣܲˡһδεظͽʧȥ㣬һֱһֱʧȥ㡭սҾͷˣЩôϤǶʧȥȴֻļһģһħӮ׳ҹºڷһѪ˻Ϊ˭ĬԻᱻ˺ܾĳͷԨҲΪҪȱƻ
Ŷ㳤ˡĬû˵⻰ʱԨ˵ģգظˣҡЦһ£һˣЩˣǣа취ġ
ʤ˽ġƽһֺʹ죬˭ҸģΪزݣǲĴڡ
㣬һһˣһΪۣһʹ࣬һںޣһϣһһĽ֡Ԩߵߣ§סļ磬᲻һġ
Ĵţȴû˵
룬ǽǣṩ˽ЩǵĬԵһ䣬Ϊ;ԨͻȻֶɧ֪ħɽǰΣΪ㶼ƶܳսħܣҶɱˣֱˣΪѹûҶֵģҶʹɱʹûҴɱ䣬ҶңʹұӡԨΪ
ǣҶսԨҲ뵽Щ⣬۾һ˵
ԱֹͣսֻҪѡҲʱѰ飬ԺΪҲڣ޷ҶʹҶѪ֮塣ôԺ飬ǲǶڡĬԵḧҵĬԵĻ¶һЦݣ䡣
ĬԵĿ⿴磬ҶڣȴҲǸԼжϺ͸顣
û˵˫ۿңĬԣȴĬԵһ֣ĬԶҵĸ飬ȴǾ磬ʹ൫ǣҽ§סĬԵҲʥˣֻǸ˽ҪͰ˺úһˣѡ
Ĭԣǵ˵ʲô֯տĬԺ;Ԩͬʱ֣Щ࣬ŵʵ
֯գͬʱǵãУְʲôɫأԨɫͣᡣ
Ҳ˵ʲô֯ҡҡͷ˵
ΪĲѡ˯ڶ̶ʱڰ𣿡ԨҲٿֱʵ
ˮӯ֯յ۾ΪԾ΢΢ſ޵Ĵʧɫ㣬Ԩڻ𣿡
ǡԨֱӿڵ
֯΢΢˼ۿĬԣֿ˿ĬԻңͷת磬ž磬粻̵ĳǰ˼֯ߣ˵ĸ󡭡ҡ
硭Ԩһǰƿ֯գ§ס磬һذײھദذҵذΪʲô֯
û˵꣬ͱӿеѪֹסˣ˱˵ؿ֯գֿ˿ңбǸͺܶδڵĻ
Ҫҳȥץס죬㲻㲻ûУܡոյõ˵ϣΪʲôˡ
۾ŵģҵֲȥ̽ϢȫޣûһĲҰγذĬҵĶȻ֪ô֯ҲҪû
ΪʲôҿԨʵ
Ԩû˵ֻǿ֯գҵһھԨ￴˺⣬ΪʲôôҲĺӡ
֯û˵˫һҲûУˡ
Ԩ·֪ʲô̾˿㣬ôݲøĴ𣿡
ҿžʬ壬Цһ£ܻĬԵߣ§סĬԵĲӣĴҪҵˣҲһôˡظĵȴ˺˺ĬҲˣʲôԭ򣬡Ȼӹ첻飬Ҫһôͺһɣ˵òã
ĬԽɫӸ·һԨֳɱ¾ֻΪڵɱ¾
ңЦ˵ãһ᲻Ҫֹҡ
Ԩʹ࣬ȴʲôҲû˵ô뿴𣿡ͷž磬ȻüԣһûΪʲôҵˣ黹ûг֣
ɽҾͷôӦɽڳ֣ǸɫӰȻ뵽һܣҧĬԵĴ鰡ԭǻᣬ˵Ĭȫ˻˭ءʵеذѾԼ塣
Ĭ뵽ʲôƿңȴס
ҪƿңҾҲ㣬Ҳ㡣ҧ˿ĬԵļ򣬺ݺݵ˵
ԨҲ¶ȵı鿴ңлл㣬ԨһֱһֱǣҺܸл㣬ϣܺúĬٴΣҵҡ
ҲĬץסҵ֣ѪѾЩƲסԼˡ
ǵĻᣬҪңңҪұ׷ˣԼ͵͵ްɡʹѾʹ۾ڣĬԵӣȥǧҲǵġ
ҶĬԵĴҶƶҺޣҶΪʲôˣΪʲôұ㡭ǣħ֮ʲôáҵҶ
Ǻǣԡ±ӣҵҡҪ衭ҡ޷ޡ찡١ˡҡҶܡۡ¡Լһˡһ彥ʧȥ֪ǻܸоĬϵůҪһ֡

ٴۣҷվһŽɵӰ 棬ˣò鼵ʱ˵䣬̬Ҳ˵ȴоԼʲôţܶ
ɫӰĽ͵涨ǻͶµģΪǣҲ˲١
ҲҪҵ
ڻ̥Ӱ͵
ҵһ۲ٿɫӰʵʲô
Լȥûк˵ƳһۣȻӰ;Ԩмƣ棬𣿡
ûСЩƵأǶĺӣʶʱһŹ⣬ڵԼγɵġ
ô;Ԩô񡣡üʵ
΢΢ɢһ£ҪΪҸʲôҪ㣬˵ôˡ
ѵҲˣϲ˾ԨԨȥºͣǿǺģеĿͷˣ̵룬Ȼ֪ǲ٣ǻ
ʲôʱܼ
֪
֪ʲô
ʲô֪
ߡ
ҪһԨһĬһ𣬺һܸԨ





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