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뷿䣬ҾֱڴϣϵӰǸŮӵ飬ڿ˵˰ɡ
Ӱ裬ݸһһڣ̧ӰӰȹ裬ҵеŮѦϷ˺͸˵ŮϷʱһκ͸ʡף·׷ɱѦĸĸϷ˺͸Ϸ˸Ƿ򸾰ҹʲôѾҰҹһʮȥˣǸʼûϢֱǰѦ֡
ӰһڲŵѦڰҹǸȥˣǸϵҺ󿴵ֻȫ˵ʬ壬Ƕ෽֤ԭǵͼɱϷ˺͸Ⱥˣ֪ϷǱѦ︸ĸȣԻģʱٺϷǾܵˣԾѦ︸ĸɱȫң˵ҲɣҳСУȥ˼У󿴵ɱĸ׺͵ܵܣ׸Ұҹ󣬶Լȴ֪ǰȻص޶ߣһͬ
̾һӰŵϷ˾ÿǷ̫࣬øȢѦԱεʱһŮӣ֮£ϷֻѦ𽥽ⰵҹڲһЩｻѦ͸飬˭֪ûо
ҵҲѹ֣⸱ӣôм˻ио
ӰЦЦû˵һڲ衣
ʵϷںδ
ӰȻһǰѾˡ
ȿȡҸɿ˼Ǹʲô֣

ֲҵ
ҲܲӰ
ôһ쵽ģǷծһԻ󲻽
ϤΪദ˲Ż˽Ӱ
ദ˰ɣ˽٣ҵ
Ҳ١ӰĪ
ʲô˼ɻ󲻽
˼
ҡҡͷ
ӰЦһѩ첻ˣҲһˣùϢɣ㡣
ҵ˻ûȫã컹ȥɡ
Ӱ֪סĶ𣿡
ҡҡͷ
Ϣ㡣ԱӰȥ





ڰ      ǿ

ձˣһ˯˲תѡӰûңҲ̫ۡϴŹ£ȥԺй䡣
ҵľɫҵĻ࿪ţ̺죬ɷǺÿоɫǺˣڴˣǰһ߳
̧ͷ˲һ㶣Ǹ˴ʱҲǺһķӦһϮɫɴ£ûɴףɣ֮һ£գʣǶûߵĶ
벻ⰵҹ֮ˣôҲǸɱְа򶫷Ŀֶ˼ɻ
濴ȥһһӰվڰٻУһΨĻ档붫վţŶԷ˭ûҲû˵
֮̽
£ʹ﷼ʵ
ѩҵ
ֺ㡣
˴˱˴ˡЦ
һʱ֮Ҳ̸˳Ĭ֮Уֻ΢紵ŵĻٴҡ
ѩһỽ֮ĳĬ
תͷӰ˸߲ҵȴڿЦݣ¼
šӦһֱתȥ
ӰʧӰһһȫڡ
ôŭ
Ⱑ̫ۣ˯ͷˡӰ˼ЦЦҽΪ򵼣Ͱҹòã
˫ü΢壬״˼͵ӰżһЦô꽻ķϣҾǿͬɡԱ̧ȥӰԵվԭء
ʶʱ䲻ôжĽأӰ
޿κεͣ½ŲͷӰ㻹ҪҪȥ㲻ȥҾԼȥˡԱϣתٴǰȥ
ѩȵңȵӰҡҡͷֱǰȥ
ӰŸһǰӰӰ롣
ã֪ˣȥ㵽Ӱɫصĳ
ȥӰǸҵѩ
ִ̧Ļףȥæɣһչ˺Լġ
ͣһͻԱϣӰתȥ
ӰˣҲʧȥ£һС·ǰߣ֪˺ɽɽķ羰ȻɽµЩƣԴľٲּһг⾳
ҴǺЦۣ΢΢ͷůů䣬΢紵ĻƮţĻþţȻҸоעҡ
Ȼ˫ۣߴķȥ
ȻǸҽֵӢӡʱٲ˵ʯ֮ϣѩİī˿΢գ׵ʣһҲɿеˡ
ֻԻΣգۼǰǰ޷ŴĿɲǼѸһ֮ľ롣
㾿Ǻˣڴˡҽ䱸ʵ
ǺˣڴˣǰӴǺЦʵ
ҿӦǰæ
𣿡ϷŰҵ
ұȫǿҪĳ嶯ֱԽٲµˮ̶ߣ㣬ڿնˮ̶ϿգҳǧһӣɲǼˮ̶нɸߵˮӶǧ齣ˮΧڵУҿ龰
սʣĲֺֻһ󱳱һůţϮˣȴϱץסãҲͷǸӢİӡ
ʱѱӵڻУĿߣȵĺҶϣĪӿ
һѣ˭֪Һ޷֮ϸղŻӽ֮ʱ˲޴Ӿֻܾ֮ӵһ䵽ˮ̶ߡ
ҵתӣǵĵЦѲ΢㳵д֪֪ղжΣգ
Σգôûо˵ˣΣΣθɣ
˭˵޹أҡףĴҵġŵ۾ǯƣκԽ㱻ӵԽҽҧأַֹ
촽һʹһȵŵҵĿС
ֱ˫糺죬Ҫʱſҡ
΢ףȵ˫һƿתҷȥ





ھ      ӷϴϣ

ܻţģҾȻǿˣɽ˵ĵӣǧ鹬ٹ۰СʦҡѩȻһʶ˶ĳǡԽԽҼһὫʬʬΣ֮ء˵δشӮ
ţֻ顱һһײһ¡̧ͷȴڿû˻վǰһοɰСˣһϮɫɴ£ʱֻ鶯Ĵ۾ҡ
Բû˵ɣεҵ
û£㲻صġҶЦЦ
˭ΪʲôҴûأɻҵ
ҽзѩҵ
ԭǳ˵һͰ˵ǰסҵĸ첲ҽѩ㣬Ժͽɡ
Ī˵ĳָ𣿡
ǰ
ղ˵һͣѵⰵҹ˺ܶ𣿡Ҳʵ
ҲǺֻܶ࣬ׯѡ
ׯĸׯʵ
ǺųơµһׯĶɽׯׯ鰡
𣿡ʵ

ôҽʵ
ô˵ء˼Ӣٷ磬ҲǱһùʱ綼Ķ֡
ô˵ҸղںɽǸӣпܾ飬ҼǵӰǰҲ˵ڰҹڳ˶û˻ҵĶ֣ղǸ˵֮ϣټ˵ģҼԶ϶ǸӾ飬ֻͶʲôϵΪʲôʱڰҹ󡭡
ѩ㣬ʲôأԼ˼Ľ
ûʲôһոҪȥ
ҲûпҪȥҹ˶æ׼ϵ磬ûңģԾ͵ߣû뵽Ȼѩ㡣
׼磬ʲô磿ʵ
ׯӷϴ簡ѵѩ㲻֪𣿡
ҡҡͷȷʵ֪ǶҸϲɣԾû֪ͨҡ
Ҳпܡͷѩ㣬ڻб𣿡
ûˡ
߰ɣῪʼһʱ䣬߻ȥ𣿡ʵ
ðɣҪһ·ҵ
ѩԭסҰ˵סңҵĸڣǿ߰ɣҿȲȥסء
ʱױ̨ǰԾױѩ㣬׼ûУ
δ䣬һۺɫӰҵķ䡣ʱһۺɴ£ͷϱһΪոյĶ΢΢ķۺ죬ֻ鶯۾ʱ˷ܵĹâԶԶȥͺһ۵һ顣
أӰ˽ѩʱˣȥɡ
תͷӰʱӰһɴ£򵥵ķ٣򵥵ͷΣ崿֮ԽŨ
еԼɴ£üɨĿΣ֮Ա߰ɡ
ңӰһһȥˣֲͬʣֲͬɫ··ϣ˵פۿ
˽㣬˵Ŀɲʱȫеϣո˿̱ѻȸ
һûǸӣҲûӦûδ˼ֻׯ
һͷһ£ɢֻȻɵģֻ߲еʣκҲӲĴڡ
Ŀ򶫷ԱߣȻǰӡʱȻһѩ£ţٷ磬ԹŵЦݣ˫˿ζҡ





ʮ	ӷϴ£

ȥ˵ӣΪĴŴʾͬȻһӳѦҲڡһ漴ȻҲˣڵѦƹܸһЩӦǸԱҲǶˣͶһҲûʲô֡
˼ֻ֡ǻʶɣǽһ¡
ǰָλšµһׯ֮ƵĶɽׯׯ֣֡λǷѩ
麬ɳӰׯһᣬŶɽׯׯӢٷţף˱񣬽һȻ鴫Ǿ˱ҿ
ҺЦޣʵﳤ޶ˣɫǣʸ϶Ϊ㹫Ĳѡ
༥ˣ֣λͲҪٻ๧άˣ´ʱҲˣϯɡ
εĽӷ羹Ȼ͹͢ʥһÿһӰӰȴ˵ҹˣҲ˵Щʲô
ǣ顢һλٽ¡ҲǣӰѦҹˡԭӰѦλϣסҵġధ󡯣һ
ӰԵĿλɻ󲻽СӰδ𣿡
Ӱûδ
ʲôˣҲʵ
һڶɽׯȨλˡ
ǸŮӣҵ
ûӰ
ӻˣʵ
ǣֻӰ
ôô϶ҵ
Ӱҵѩ鲻֪ǴӲŮɫġ
ӲŮɫҾȵȴΪΣ
ΪҲ֪Ӱֻ֪к˵ŮӶ⣬Ǹһ㣬ҲҪһС
ļٵģʵ
ƭӰ
𣿡ʵ
ûСӰ
̧飬ʱҲ̧ͷǵڿ״Ҽæ
ȻһɫɴµòŮſ˽ݼ󣬱㾶ֱԵĿλϡ
ԭȻǸɫ˶ѹԱȱ˶࿿һס·ֱضĻأȻղЦڣβסһŵľէ֡аǱǸѦǿ̫ˡ
ȻӲŮɫǽʱΪҪǿңһʱ𣬻ʲôĿģа롮ڽе͵λ¾˵ȥҲû˻ţ˵һСĻᱻϡͼµһׯׯ
ϵķɫζȫԵҿȴζͬӶ¡
Ӱɫæѩôˣ𣿡
ҵû£Щˡ
ȻȥϢɡӰ
ǲҪˣɨ˱˵ˡҵ
û𣿡Ӱǵ
û£ĺˡҰο
òװˣȥҹ˻Լ䣬Ҳź˿ͷѦҲԼ䣬ȥ˶鷿ʣҡӰ˽С
סңҵĸ첲ѩȥɣ죬˵˵ҾֻѾˣǴӲҺ˵̫໰Ҷ챻ˡ
Ҹ첲ֵãпһĸ첻Уںֻۣȥú˯һɣ㡣
ġ˵ʵ
Ȼģʲôʱƭ㡣ҵ
ǺãǵһҪҡ
ããһȥϢɣȻϢñ˿ɾû˸ȢˡЦ
ѩȡЦҡ˼
ˣʱˣϢɣˡҵ
ãѩǵһҪޣ
ҵͷӰһҾסȥ





ʮһ      ҹı

תۼ¹ȥˡҴʱ䶼ǺһȹġԴǴӰˣҿΡһ˲ûߣڰҹסÿ춼Ͷ鷿в֪ʲô
סڰҹڵƺԼҪÿ˶æģһʱ֮ŵİҹ쳣ƽһǿҵĲҲ²ҹ쳣ƽ£Ĳΰӿ
ҹʱ֣µգڴתߣȥߡһ£ұ̧ҹգһ¹ڵգϡǶһһţ˸ŹâıʯһǶĻС
Բ֮ҹ֪ʦʦִʱ˿ʲôأǲҲһҹգ˼ɽ˹ͬȹЩӡ
ȻһӰǰɹʱһǳɫɴ£վнѹûҡܺʹǵӰ׷ȥ
ӰһСԺǰ¹ˣ˽ȥ̧һȻҡ
һѦԷ֮ϣҿݶһƬȥ
ڣѦڴߣֻһɴ¶ŴƬѩ߱¶µһࡣ棬һ˶ϡ
ƣֻ俪ڵѦһ£ôˣ
Ѧ빫ӷģһжѰ׵ֻȹӷԸˡ
Ǿͺã˵˵ˣ³֮󣬾ͻҪһС
ڴлˡֻǹӦң³֮˺ӿŵԡѦ
Ȼ˵ӴӦʲôʱʳԹ
ҾͷˣڹǰԼ䡣Ѧϲ
˵˫۽Ѧ¶ѩҪرأ
ԣֻѦ溬ЦõԣһתǺ˵ĻУ˫ֻ˵Ĳӡ촽˵ϴȥ
״аѦŵǺ˵Ʒλ֮ͣȻѦŮҲϲ˻һԹŮ
ҽ֪ж񶾵Ĵȫһ飬ٿ֮ǰĽףҽƬϣ뿪ݶ
һ֦ϣעҵһһѦﾹȻ书һܲʲôʱѧģаǰӰ˵ϷѦǲʱ书»ȥӰС
ǿ˵ĹӾǺˣǸղ˵ʲô³֮ɱѵҪȡʲôıԸҹ
ﲻֻһһµһׯׯǲ֪ܲô˻ὫҲһ򾡡
ţǸԾݶ֮ϣ¹һȥ
Цһϣɫܺã±֣Ҹ̫Ǻ˷һ±ߣͣˣΪҪʲôˣ˭ֻ֪ͣһ£һԾʯͻʯƮȥ
а̾Ṧ֮ߣͬʱ롮˶ⰵҹĵϤض˲ֹһΣѵⶫһҲû
˵ˣҲ书ȶߣܶԴһҲ֪ǣĶԴ²֪飬ҪҪŸ֪ǡ
ұߣʱǸѩµ飬˿վдǺЦҡ
ұú󱳷㿪ʵ֪ׯҹкιɣ
ȥĶˣ麬Цʵ
ɫܺãȥˡҵׯ㣬ô˲˯ܵʲô
ԣǺЦˣˡ
㡭Ҷʱ˵һ㾶ֱԽԷȥ
ѩ´ȥµĻǵýңҿ㡭顱һŹϣͬʱҲδ˵Ļ⡣





ʮ       ҹ֮

ʱ䣬һûܼӰԭһڿҪҪѦ߶飬ǸϵķӦ֪ˡȻҲòҶһٵȥˡ
ԺǺҲûѦҲûʲôԵĸоڵǲðҹµһׯӵĶֿ϶Ƿ֮һսһֻʱ⡣
ĵһֹȥˣù󣬰ҲֻϢⰵҹסʱҲˣҾɽȥǧ鹬ɣ⽭ϵ黹鷳žͲ֪˯ˡ
Ȼһ΢ϸ촫ʣȻ˫ֻۣϲһֻͲͲһ˴ڡ
̡һ룺ҵǺ뿴ǻʲô¡ұװˣأû
Ƭֻ̹֨һ죬űƿһϸ죬һȫźµ̧˽
Ϣվң΢΢˫ۣעһһ
ͻȻ̧֣ҵտҪҵաֿҪҵ֮ʣȻֿסһ̶̧ϮһתϮҲƳԼֱۡ
Ҵ³ǧ齣̧ǺϮȥҲԼ彣սһգ֮䷿еƷǵĴλ
еӰͰҹ˵İΣսȻӿ˹ٶȣƵˣô˻ᣬתȥ
ܳžĿһֻҶڴ֮ˣһӽϮ֮ˣҷȥңֻκҵҲ࣬ԷŴ󿪣ˣٶṦֱ鷿ȥ
һĨϤӰӳȻ顣ʱԾһѩ£ڶԵرͻأȷʵôʱϾȻδմѪȣʱô˵Χ¾Ȼࡣĳ·ɣգ֮вٺ˰ء
δֻѩҪֻվһԹۿˣΪæΪˣɾҪعˡӽߵļˣϷʵ
ԣڣȴѸϮԭⷬоûȻԶˣǾĪ飬ĺˡ
һǧ齣ӳ֮޲Ѫɣ֮ڶֻϮһæ
ͷֻһὣҹڿն𣬶ϮǧһӣɲǼϺ˵һƬ
״ǺٴηὣҹǺڰб߷ɱߴ򣬽ģһٶйȥδֳʤʱҿԸоԷҲһŮӣֻΣҲֻŮӲ͵
Ȼķسһ˿϶ҳûһؿȥֻ顱һȥһѳѦһ
ѦȻأؿڣһѪԿ޺޵һۣתṦȥǰ׷ϣȴ˵סȥ·ҽǼʱѦѲӰ
ǱҲѾΧĺˣʱһŽ
ʱŵԺֻʣˡҾ飬û˵ҲûжøɾֽǷӵ˵ϡսʣǰлҪң
ҵͷ֪ѦǱ˰ڰҹߣ
ͷû֪
Բ֮ҹҲ֪Ѧˣҵ
ǡ
ûʲôҪʵˡʼ
ûʲôҪʵ𣿡鶨ҵ
ұȫ䣬ҡҡͷûˣʵĶѾˡ
𣿡
Ȼˡҹɵ
ڣлҪ㡣





ʮ     ֮

ʲôҹ򶨵˫˫һ̶ӣһףȴڲ֪У԰Ρ
ҽĿ𴦣״ĵĵĻش𡣺Ȼ˫ַŵҵļϣһæ򴦣ͼ˫֣˭֪鰴Ҽϵ˫ȴӻԵӲǽĹǿѹڡ
ܻȴһӵ뻳УȻϴεĽѵˡҾУǿϵ㣬еĪİŸոɱˣϾȻûѪζеֻǵ㡭
ׯׯһҵĳ˼Ȼѣ͵ƿ飬Ѹ״ֻǾңδ˵
һͷһǶɽׯˡֻǰׯϿȥ鷿˵Ҫ̡
ԣͷã֪ˡԱϣתͷңǰǣҵ߰ɡһæѣ֪֮£ֻǣҵȥ
ھ֮ʱļϸֳŵı顣
һ··ϵڰʬİҹˣڼǣʱһȫͬһֱ顪š
鷿Ͼǰҹصأʱɾ鷿ֻΪļˣм¡ûӰ˿ɱЩ򾲵Ķ࣬ɶֻƬָ̣
ȻҾ񶾵Ŀң̧ͷȥȴʲôҲû֡ѵҵĴֻ֣֪Ҽǰν£
ǲΪѣʵ
û˽֪ҹ֮ѣѲ˶ֻܴ࣬Ե֮˷ѣԵʼնδ֣ѵҪҰҹ𣿡ͨ͸Ȼ
ɿҵ֣ӹѣۿ״Ҵùѣϸ۲ûʲôǲ˵Կ
ҽѷߣһһȻˡ۾Ĵת΢磬ˮ౵˸еĿͻȻһתȺ¹ƻƺڲѪڣɽӡҳڵ޷԰Ρϣ˫ֻۣ鷿г˶ԭشҲԵ˵
죬ǲ½˴׷վɫĴùѵԺ׼ٴѡ
ΪʲôҲõ
ûΪʲô˵׼Ͳ׼
֣⻰ͲˡֻԵ˷ܴ࣬ѩѣѵˣ˲ܴѵĵ
ѩ̵ǰǽôô͸Ŀˣ
ִԲӣǰѩֻҰҹĿˣҳƺΪԴѣ˵ѵˣȻҰҹ֮ˣԼҳΪѩкβɣ
ѩҶɽׯδŮˡٳΪ㰵ҹ֮ˡ
Ҹ뿪ڷֱ磬ֻ֣Ӧ֪ѵ˽Ұҹĸˡ
ʲôֻͷ綷ģ߳彭ķﾹȻڴΪԴףҪȢΪޣ˵֪ǸǻҼҲޣ˭ޡ
Ϊʲô붫ͬҵ
ΪΪҵĴԷתţ˼ɣΪһδǣԻܼˡ
ԭͬʱһ
ûʲôĻҾȻȥˣġԱϲǴ𻰣ҷҲƵӳ鷿
ڻȥ·ϣϵʬ϶ɾֻǿлƮ޵Ѫζʱ˯ȫޣٻңתɽȥ
ˮ̶վŷٲֻת˲ұ㱻ӵһϤĻС뷴󾲾ӵҡʲô齫°ҵļϣ
ûʲôҵ㲻ǴӲŮɫ𣿡
ǰ
Ϊʲôһأ
Ϊҽ϶ޡ





ʮ      屦

λˣ»ڴ̸˵һϷ֮
һæĻĿһֻӢľ˹һӺݻ⣬Ͷ䣬ߵ緶ԡһı飬аȵĹǣ಻ƽ֮
紫ԣӲŮɫ֮˹ζһ۽ŵڿƺ󡣡
ԣŭҵֲͷ㡣֪λҹкιɣ
˶ܣˣ˵°ɡʱһֱվһδ˵һ˵ϹīǱ˶ϹҶ˴ʱðǰʵвѵĿԣʧ֮ׯ
޷λϹӿΪн֮¶
ǡϹī˾֪н屦ߵһ޵Уȴ֪нֻԵ˷ʹã˼ǵõˣҲһǴ͢ݸ߹֮ҪΪС
磬˼˵ղ͵Ϯҹǳ͢ˣϹȵ
ղЩݣֺݶԶѵ֮ˣûв´Щ˲ǽ־Ϲī
ΪʲôǾӣӪеʿҲѵ֮˰Ҳʵ
ԣϹīҵӲһ򵥵飬ڱȨڸУֻ֮Լ򲻵ѣ˭Ҳ׵ӡ
ҵͷ˭׵־أ
Ϲīηֻе̫
Ϊʲôǻʵأʵ
㻹ǹªšϹЦǻʵѾûˣĻ屦
ҵҿǸմɽֲǾڽ߶Щ鲻֪ʲôֵġ
ϹīǰԤԣн˻ڴʱֻ֣ãã˺ҪȥѰأ
ѵ˾ͲˣΪѾˡ
ʲôѵ˳ˣϹīϹȵͬ˭
Զߣǰҵ
㴵ѣϹīʵ
ǰҵ
ԣϹīЦͺðˣѵѳ֣нӦҲˡ屦ԵģֻҪһ˳ˣôһҲֲԶˡ
Ӧôʵ
ܼ򵥣ֻҪλһȥнڵصžͿˣʱнԶٻԼǰġϹī
ֻһַ𣿡
ΨһķϹī
ðɡ˼췽ʱ
ԽԽá
ǰҹ֮ǽˣⰵҹô죿ҵ
ġϹīοҪѣǽѴߣȻΪѰҹ󡣡
ȥ㲻ӷҽзѩĻѩˡҵ
ѩϹɫʦкˣ
ɽˡ
ǣ
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ɽ˵ĵӣ龪ȵѹôá
ٺÿνֶ㡣Сֹ
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˵㡭
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ûͷҲ֪˭ˡ
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˵Цˣ˴βǵѣԵԺϸ˵֮һαܿ׷һϹҡ
̾һȻֽ֪Ǽɽɣһ˽ǳûϻϹҰɡ
ǰѷеѩԸԸҵĸˣ㶼ѵˣǻټģء
ҶеѣһʱǧҪȴκֱ߹ӵҵļɽȥʱҲŻع
ɽʱѴˣʱ̫Խƽ߻ԽƲɲǼųɹãų̫þûɽϿճˡ
ɽϿճæЩ飬һȥɽϿճû뵽˵ԸȻ˺ܾԺʵ֡





ʮ       Ϲ

Ȼֻһׯׯˣɽׯˡ
һͷֻһɽׯ֮Ǳ
ԣصĽ˴һߣԶԶȥֻżĶ˵ʲôɫ˵˵Խء
Ƭ̹龶ֱ˹ǰվĿԣоǲ᣺ѩɽׯ˴£ұҪȥһˣңһȥ㡣
ҵͷСġ
ͷתϹīϹ֣ѩ鷳չˡ
ֿӦΡϹī
֮˵磬ȥҹһ֪ܹͨǣлׯˡ
Աϣһۣȥ
ֱʧܾԺȻվԭأþòܻ
վŷˣͲˡϹǻ̸·ɡ
һͷݺݵһ۵ǰ·
Ϊ˱ܿĶĿһ·ǶҹټˡԼʮҵ·ڵϹҵڵءǡ
˳ƵһȻ鴫̣ˣ޲ʾǵķϹīϹһӺݻСҽƿһǣĿ档
ǣҲ͵ǽϹҵΧ֮ڣҲصĻᱻ߷֡
Ȼ۽ɨһϤӰȥʱȴʲôҲûпѵղҵĴ
ֻǵˣ³ɡ
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ţֻϹīŮǰ漴ֶλǷѩ
ϸλֻ߰˷ƣֻĽСɰ˼ֳء
ỽ
ѩɣҿԳƺΪ𣿡ҵ
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зѩʱϹ̸Ů˹ҵֵҽϹ磬ˡ
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ȴȥ԰Ϲ˵Ƕҵ԰ܽءԱϱ԰ȥ
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Ϲһڲ裬ŵҵĹϵҲ˶öӣǶԭҸҴɩ
̾˵Īһ֣ջδװ
ôδ㸸ĸ˫أʵ
ȥˡϹҪֻ˵Ҵɩˣ˵˵ɡ
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ҲûҪô˵ɡʱϹվſ溬ЦϷʵ
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ҵͷϹȥſϹʱȴһץסҵĸ첲ҲֻаȵҶСܴЦл佱Ҳһ
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ˡҵԱϣȻԼĸ첲ϹаȵЦݣֱϹȥ





ʮ         ״ν

ʱ󣬷ŶתۼϹѾˣʱڣϹÿ˶æƺʲôҪϹңʲôĴҪûʣҲûȤ֪
ֻҵнˣ뿪Ϲȥǧ鹬ϾɽôˣСʦҲӦ֪ȥǧ鹬·ˣôʱ仹δܶڵ·ϳˡ
ÿϹĻ⣬϶һ˴԰ϹϹҵĴլڵ䣬ƺҲû̫УԼһҲûʲôȥ䣬Ծֻʵʵ԰ţӹð
һ죬ͻȥ䣬Ϲһȥûʱ䣬ǱһŮױ˽ϡ
ǰʱϣԶǵķδȫڴϣҲ֪ʲôķƽֵ̣ĿƷӦӲϾ
ϻźܶС̯̯ϷŸʽ棬ͷΣ쳣£ǹ͵̬ƣ￴Ե֡
ͻȻҿһӣọ̈̄ͨ͸ʱǶ顣Уۿ֡
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״ŭϹȿеġ
ԣϹЦ㸶Ǯ𣿡
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ϹҸһҪʲô屦ûУﻹҪֻӣҲ
Ϊ⡣ϹЦ
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˼ҿɴû˵ǾӡϹаȵЦ
ұᣬǿҪĳ嶯ƽ췽׼͸ģ
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ҺϤ䵽˵ϡŻļϲһ㶣ڵصľȻ顣
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꣬ұЦˣĪ㾿ʲô
Ϲ΢һ£漴аȵЦֻ롭δ䣬̧Ϯһæ̧ȥϹУ漴һֻҹڽϹ˼ʮС
Σ类ˣ۶ʹһСֱϹһƣȻһƲδʹ˼֡
ͬʱϹѳ˵ʮ⣬ԾɻǸӺЦҡװģյʱ䲻ˣһȻؼŰɡԱϣתȥ
ԶȥıӰܻϹҵţĲ㡣
ԣϹԶ٣漴ЦãҵšԱϱ㶯ȥһԭغʹ
ŭĻص԰սţ㿴԰ڽ߶ϹһϹɿǰѩô磿ոȥĶˣ˰춼ûҵ㣬Ҷ켱ˡ
ҹɵһʱ𣬱Ůװȥ䣬˼㵣ˡ
ôҰϹҵļ
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ʮ       ٶȽ

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ˣǰҿϹֳˣ͵͵档ͷתĸ߹հ˹յĲ֪˶ֵСֱƽʱģҲһҼԺҲء
ص԰ұ㿪ʼױ硣װ⴫Ϲѩ𣿡
ɡұߴߵ
ϹŽѩˡڸ
ױǰͷߵҽ£ˡ
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ԱϣϹشұɿ߳԰ǼҼԺȥ
ǼҼԺڵĽֵұԺſڣ̧һԺֿǹ׵ġ⻹ò֡
һ˽ȥ޲޵ҡ¹δϹߣʱһʮİﵲסҵȥ·´һﲻ˼Ů͡
óһƱݸǰ˵ģи㡣
ǰӹƱһʱЦһ仨ҾԺϰ壬Ҷ裬˵˭ҵĹôʶôôƯķ˲ܣ³Ѱ֣ڵǵġ
衱ҴĻҪҵ˽Ϲ֪ںδ
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ԣ˶ĿɿڴҡزֻϹɫδ䣬̧һӣеŮӱ˵⡣һ˳Ļ˳ֹš
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ʮ       ҹ

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ԣϹ̧ͷԾҵС
УҿЦõϹ˫ʱ˫а̫ิӵĶ棬ɻͣһ˿Ī㺣ֻȫһս
ҵôܻʲô㺣һҿˣԣ϶ǿˡҲͣҰοš
ֱҵЦϹϹǵˣӽԺصҹҵĶľţǾˮˮ
ѩ̫ˡϹаЦſڵûԺֻߣûдʮ壬ôпܻ˵ˮˮһжѷҲ޷ˣǾˣһӿҡ
ԣһɲǼ⵽֫ٺҲ֪ηŷӦ򶨵вңҿɲǱŴġۿϹҪ˵ЩʲôҼæڵˣҹˣҪȥϢˣΪ֮ɡ
ԱϣȥϹѩǺܿͻټԣԶ٣漴޷˵˳ȥ
ҹȷʵˣʱֵĴֻһӰ˵ʹϹΪԼ˳Ӧ˲Ŷԡɴʱ˿̣ȴһҲ˲
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׷һǰǺԭشתһȻ·˿湻ġţǺվǺЦ𣿡
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ܴǺҰ죬ĵаЦǲɫ㾿ǺˣΪҪң
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ʮ    

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һʱ֮䣬ƮҶ뻨ꡣͬѩһڿд裬׷Ʈڵϡ
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ϲ｣һһ֮ѭķȥһѩ£ֳһȣȫɢһָ߹ʵľӣ˿ǺЦҡ
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ԣʥתʵ㲻Ϲҵһţţ
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ԭˣҺһ԰źˡʥ
ⲻ̫ðɣô˵Ƕǿˣп˺ͿţһԵĵһæ
ƺ˵ʲôҼæˣȥϹīһŰɣһе¾Ȼ԰ˣҾȥ㡣
Աϣʥ˵ұɿܻ԰оȵעԶȥıӰҲɵüӿǰеĽŲ





ڶʮ      һԱ

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ҷԸѾ߽ߣţ԰ڵʥȥ
ôˡŴ˿԰бңȻҡȵʥҺЦȴ룺ֲȣҡʲô
ԣʥתҺЦʥɣùž͹ˣôŵˣ
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Ϊ˱˵̫ûõķϻȿڵȴ￪ʼϹң
ԣʥƬ̷Ǿ߿ɡ
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Ϲ˵ܽͤӣҺ΢һ£ЦѩҲڰͷҲǸյ
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ζǣʥ첲κϹ̫ζδԸ֮£ʥͶȵĿ⡣
ǵҹܲţҲûȤܡа漴תԶ۹۱ǣǹģûʲôҲû͵ЦֻԹ޵ĿҲ˸ս
λҪ鷳ȥεģû˵ĵطòãҪڴ֮ܣЩĥһϷ֮
ԣһϹϵ˾Ȼôͺˣ
ɻĻͷϹֻаȵЦʥϹ硣
磬ȡЦ˼ҡϹ糺죬ߵ
ϹʵǰҲֻʵʵ˵ѡ
ԣϹˣλʥĸ첲ʥ磬㿴ȡЦҡ
ʥϹ֣ˣ֮䲢ֻǡ
״Ϲڰ֣߱ߵҪٽˣ;ΣξʵʵǰһԱˣοã֪ˣӦҲᷴһġ
ʥԣζϹϹ㻹Ψ²ҡ
ϹִԲӣ֮ѩΨ²֮˵
ۼʥ˵ЩʲôϹæȻѩͲλˣǾȸˡ
ԱϣϹҵĸ첲ߡҸ뽫첲ֻϹҶкҪҪ㡣
ԣϹ˫ʱϹ˫ûǰɫжһ˿ءҷϹҵĸ첲ȥоʵװ֪ļǰȥ





ڶʮһ     

ľżһϹһƧ֮Ϲ¹ˣҲô˻Ὣ첲Ϲгĵ˵ɣҵν£
ϹЦѩ֪ʥǺˣ
ĺҵ
Ҵĺ⻹һǳݣ֪𣿡Ϲ
ҾͲ֪ˣϾҺֻʶ˰춼ҵ
ϹЦݣɫ֪Ļʵʲô
漴Ȼ˵ʥǵ֮ˡ
ԣϹЦǹգֻл֮
ʥʲôݣʵ
Ϲ̧ͷգĵǵӣҲڶΨһһ̫һϸ£̫Ӹʺ̫ӵˡ
ΪʲôҪЩҲ
ݡϹĵʹʺ㡣
ҲΪȻʶ˰ʱ䣬ôܻϲ
ϹЦڲϲԺ󲻻ϲʥŮ˶ﳤģ˽Ůϲʲô
ҷ̵һôױƭ𣿡
ϹʼҾͲˣˣ峿ʥɢŶûþͳȥˣȥ˰ɡ
Ҳ
ҪСˡϹɫ
ʲô˼ʵ
Ѿʥ׷Χ֮ˡϹ
׷ΧﰡҵҲҪûôı£Ҫ͵ɷʴף˷۱
ԣϹЦ㲢˽ʥһģʵҰĲռǿٽΪֹҪĶûеòġ
ҾϹη˽ʥ
ԡϹ
˵Щ֪𣿡
֪
Ϊʲô
ʥϲ˼̫Щ黹ǲҪ֪ĺáϹ
ΪʲôҪЩأʵ
ʹǸɱ˲ѪĵطʥĻأҲϣʹΪȨƷϹ
ΪʲôңҲѵΪʦã
ҲҲǡϹĪ
ҡҡͷףУϲʥʥϲӲƸѵͲ
ϹɷģֻҪϹҴһ죬ʥ;ԲҶһë
ô϶
ȻϹ㹻ʱʥ˼ɣʶ׵ϹҡϹԺ˵ˣʥͿԳûˡ
̾ûô򵥣ղ˵ʥض˼֮ˣ¶ȫ׼Ļô
ѩһ˵ҵ뵽һЩйʥ飿
ʲô飿
ʥΪǡǻ꣬˶֮书ѳ뻯ҴҲֻ֮һ˴ƽ֣ʥϹ֮ʱǡǻܻһڰбʥһˣǡǻȴʼδӰʲô£ʥǡǻһȥϹɻ
᲻ʥԼȻҽϹҾ͵ڽ˰ȫǱصˣԲû˸ҵ
ûô򵥡ϹɫҪȥ鿴ˡ
Ϲ۾һѩͻȻ뵽һĺð취ֻǲ֪ԸԸʵУ
ʲôð취˵ҵ
˽Ϲָ˵ӣҵ˵ĺð취ǣ޸ңʥͲٲˡԱϣаȵЦŵҵĻش
ҸĪϹϵ˺ˣ
԰ɣ߰˳ˣôˣϹ
ôҲָԭӡһЦ
Ϲһ㶣漴תĵһȥɡԱϱǰȥ
״ܻϹվסԱϱϹ׷ȥ
ԣϹܱЦɵϲŻվأҿɲɵϡб׷ң׷Ҿ㴦áǰǲ׼Ṧ
ã˵ģҵһôѵ㡣Ҳܱߴ
֪Ϲδ˽ŲûϹ֮ľԽԽһϲȻܼһֱץסϹ·
Ϲͣ½ŲתһЦҡ
ҵô˰ɡ˵ɣӦôͷأǲǡ
ѩϹ֡һ֮ҵĻ





ڶʮ      Ԥıɽ

ҼæɿץϹ·֣ͷһֻʥϹɶ
ƣֻʥϹǰǰȥɽ֪ѩϹûȤһͬǰ
ԣϹһۣ˭Ҳûп˵֪ʥ«﾿ʲôҩ۽ɨʥֻһ˿漴ʧӰ١
ֻϹ磬Ϲһ漴࣬ҵĸ첲ѩһȥϹôˣҲӦþһµ֮꣬㵽䣬Ҳûʲô£һȥɡ
ʥĹʲôȻôҽһҾ͹ˣҵǺ뿴˭Ӯҡ
Ҽװ˼Ƭ̣ͷðԴǺһֱϹңٳȥóĻúһǵķ⡣
ԣϹҲûڣҲü춼ûˣ˶췢ùˣȻֿɴգҵȻˡ
̫ˣϹ翪ĵĿ첽ʥ࣬ǵסĸ첲ʥ磬ȻҪȥɽȻȥ׼һ¡
ãȥ׼ɡʥЦ
õӦʣϹֻСһȥ׼ˡϹԶȥıӰһ˿Ԥиͷֲﲻԣ˦˦ͷ㡣
ԱұϹ缱ȥھʥʱƳһĨһŵģƵóѵĵ֮ɫ
ڶһ磬һδ˯ѣ㱻ϹϴŹҺϹȥϹʥ
ʥһѩ£Ʈ֮Ϲһ£ԷϹһɫ·Ƥɰִ߹󣬶Ҵһɫɴ£Եøֲʧ崿
ϹϹʥǰʱֱֱңȻزˡһǰųĶЦλ׼ˣ𣿡
ԣʱߡϹȿڡ
Ǿͱվˣ߰ɣٵ̫ɽˡԱת˳ȥϹʥ磬˺ö㰮ԵĵģȻҪһ㡭
ҡϹ硢ϹʥһϹԺڵС·ϣеӢŮľɫǣһʱӶ޲פ˴ǰȥɽϹʥϹ
һ·Ϲ˵˵ͣɨˣҲֻüװĵ͡ȴڰ̾Ϲ类˻ôģ֪ն˵֪Ǻǻ
洫ʥѩ³ɣǵˡ
ƿʥЦվԡϹ缱е⣬Сʥֱ̾һ⣬ʥֱۣһƣԼԡ
۽ɨʥֻϸֳʧ䡣ҽһᣬװʲôҲûкϹϹǰȥ
ɽվɽ£ŸƵĲԴɽа
Ϲվɽɽ£ɽĺ÷羰ӰɽʼɽôѩҪҪһ£˭ȵɽеͤ
תͷƵϹãȾͱȣ˭˭
Ҳһʥ磬ĸһΣϹ
û⣬˶Ϲɫδ䣬Ļش𣺡վãҪʼˡ
ҡϹϹ硢ʥһſɽ£һһʱһ˭ȵͤϹˡ
˵ͷϹ״ɤӣһԱϣ֮һȥҲʾ׷ͤȥ
ò˵ϹṦǲĸͬһʱģɴʱȴ˱˴֮ľ룬Ϲֲ٣ʥϹѱԶԶ˺档
ȻǵһɽﲢϤϹڣҲصԼ·
Ϲͬһʱ䵽ͤͤϹͷаȵЦңѩ벻ṦôãԺʦһϸˡ
ҲϹҵ书ҲҪҪԿ
⡭Ϲ¶ɫ
ζϹġ
֣ôŵϹһתϲҵ





ڶʮ      ɽ

һͷһֻʥҡҡ׹ϹͤϹ۵ĲᡣͤϹϢ˰ηſڣ磬ѩǺÿ찡ʥϻûǡ
Цҡҡͷ۽ⲻɨʥֻЦң㼱æ۹𴦡
֪ղϹֻѩӮˣʥʣ̧ʥƽ֡
ˣٱһֿɺãʥ
ððϹ绶ȸԾϴˣοɲˣʥ磬αʲô
ʥ˼Ƭ̣ϴαṦαȽΣ
ҡϹ硢Ϲһۣͷʾû顣
ȻҶ飬ǾͿʼɡ˷ֱͬС·ɽβṦֻȥ˭ȵɽʥ˵ԱߵһС·
˻һۣҲߵԼѡ·ϡźһұɽȥ
ɽɫ֮޿ɺǣ̺ĻָɽС·ϣȻ֮У˸еĿһţȻϢ֮˾⡣
Ȼǰһ춯ͣ½ŲԭδƬ̹ǰ߳һλˣȻʥ
ѩʥЦŴʱʥɻ󲻽⣺ô
ΪҪɽʥĵΪҽͣ㿴Դ·ɽıؾ֮·ղеµˣ˵㣬ԭΪǶɽˣû뵽ҲŸյҲ̫
ô˵ϹϹɽˡ
ô˵ʥͷ
㻹Ÿ߰ȻĻˡԱϣҲʥֱɽȥʥĺѩȵҡ̾һŲδͣǰȥ
첽ţѩСġһһûӦô£㱻ʥӵ˵ڵء漴Ʒ֧ǰϡ
ҷֻʮ˴߳ʥΧм䡣
ʲôˣΪҪɱǣʥ
ΪһǰһǻȥɡĽļա
ʥһʶĻ͸ǵı˭һǲݹ顣
Ϊ˷Ц㻹ǴԲѣ֮ˣҵǺ֪ģ˵ˣץľץģץֱɱˡֵǣϡ
ԱϣʥȥӵĺҲȫϮ
ֳǧӶ֮Ѫɣٺ˰ءߴ࣬ʥôֹۡԭںһಮٵĺڽ֣м˶֣еӦӲϾһСģֱ۱һսǱ㵹
ҷʥ࣬ӽ˼ΧĺˣΣȴôܶ˵ѩߣȥϹǣȶš
СҲôܸҪһߡ
ڿնǧ齣ӳһСѩ졯ɲǼ䣬ǧƬҶΪǧֱֱϮȥ
ԼӦĺ˾Ҷˣô˻ᣬʥṦɿǰȥ
ֱҪƣ֮ʱҷͣѩôˣɫò԰סʥңûоﲻ
ҡҡͷû£̫ˣֱϵô
ʥ˵ֱۣڣû£С˶ѡ
̽ʥЩɱģ
ӦǰɡʥԾɵĻش
ҽʣΪʲôҪɱ㣬г𣿡
гɡ
ɻ󲻽ʥʲô˼Ҳס
ʥҵһЦѩЩʱЩ鲻Ҫ̫ףһѵúͿ
ˣˣҪҧĽˡҲͷĴʥĻôϹҰɡ
ʥοңصģϹҵ˷ǲˣ϶ǵġ
Ϲҵҵ𣿡
ĺˣϹҵͨĺܣ˵Ϲҵĵطɲصġʥ
ӦЩʲô
ʲôϹҵɡ





ڶʮ       żˣһ

ʱҲпϸĵط˴һһʥվصĵײȫɽֻСһƬգǰһľï֮һС·۵ͨ棬ϸͿ
﾿ʲôط´ţʥЩ˻᲻ҵط
ʥҲһ´˴ӦɽɽµĳطЩûôõṦһʱỹ׷
ǻ᲻ɽҲ
ʥ΢˼Ըпܡ
Ӧô죿ʥ
ȡʥᶨĿڣϹҵ
Ҫȵʲôʱ򣿡
֪ʥͷЦңѩƽʱҲ侲ģôôͳסˡЩ˿϶ڸǴʱȥȥͶ𣿡
ֲ֪ģɣҪɱ㲻ңһҳȥԵĻٳȥ
Сʥһڻؾ̫ΣˣղһЩ˽֣˴γȥϳ֪жأ
ģϳΣҵṦĴ򲻹һܰû׷ҵġĻش
ʥ̾һѩһҪȥ𣿡
ȻնĻش𣺡ҴʲôϹҵһᱻġһҪΪС
Ȼ߰ɡԱϣʥǰεС·ȥ
ȵȣҪȥҼæڣסǰеʥ
ȥʥͷҲصļǰȥ
Ҽʥǰ棬סȥ·ȥʲôЦ㲻Ҫˡ
ΪλҪȥǲҲˣ
ʥŭɫһʱ۹ⲻʥ˵ֱֻۣ䶼ѱѪȾ졣˺öѪҾһ
û£С˶ѡʥĻش
ҲСˣʧѪҲǻ˵ġұ˵ǰһɫľΪʥ˿ڣûҩȽһ°ɣȻصϹҩ
ͷϷʥʣѩһȥСģ˵ûǲԴСңҲʥ硣
ԣЦտȻ̧ͷ˭֪ʥ̧̫ͷײʥ°ͣԲҲġһæǸ
ʥһŵӿЦЦʲôɻ󲻽ʵ
ѩһǵһμ˻šʥЦңΪҵ𣿡
ʱ˼תηŴʵĿڣղŲ˵ҪȥǾͿ߰ɣٵ춼ҪˡԱҲڴʥֱתǰȥ
ɽɽţïеһ֮ðԴûɣԴ˾ʥ
ȻĽǹ񹤣ǸصھȻô֮
ʥſʯϣŰ취ȳȥɣҪҵ㣬ȥǷ־ˣţһͻ
Աϣʥ𻰣һ˳ȥʥܵѩһСġ
СţʱǰĻһ·ȻûһˣѵѾˣȥѰˡ
ڴ𣿡һỽҵĳ˼
һͷһвһôĽơһͷͬʱҲĽһŵľ֮ɫ
Ȼ뵽ϴҼʱǴɴģδʱҡҲԷ
ҷӦ̿ڣλӣǺδ
ԣĽһ㶣ﲻ֪Ǻδڴˣ
Ҳ˼ЦЦԭǺһģǲɢˣǵһˣ·ˡ
ԭˡĽƾȻһҲû°ɣ
û¡ĽƻңĽƣʹ﷼
ҽѩǲҪҵȫˣǵˣͶ
ţֻѩôˣü鶼û̧ͷһֻʱĽһĵҡ
ǿЦЦû£ֻǲ֪ЩôˣЩġ
صģôˣЩǿܻؼˣ˰ҡҵˣǻȥ漴ĽƻһתѩĶȥɡôˣһԼȥһе㲻ġ
᲻̫鷳ˣ
ᣬ˵ˣ֮仹˵ʲô鷳鷳ġԱĽҡ
λǣСǵһдģϲСģղءͶƱСһٽŬдġߡ





ڶʮ        żˣ

вЦ벻ĽƻģһĴŮʱѱĻķֲ嶫ֻ߱òԵķİ
ϧҷѩҼ̫ӣʦ磬顢ʥǸϹҪ֣֮Ӷܱѣôᱻһ̫Ե
ˣʱҲֻװһδĹŮһߴ΢΢ڣҼǣֻҪһسǾͿˡ
ԱϣֻĽһһ˲֡һҽֵЩˣὫϳʶһʱֵ׼
֪ĽΪں£㼱࣬οѩ£ҵ£˺ġ
ԣ֪Ľˣװߵ˫̷Σĵͷû˵ȴЦĽƻ޴
һȥҿ⸽ûˡĽɫָźˣѩɢˣҵѣǻؼҡ
ǣǺȥ
ѩģ

ĽһȥڶҲӦȥ
ⰵİЧʾǸߣһͱˡĽƽҷͰߵһߣϸĽ밵̸һѩȥǼѲ飬Ӧûǧˡ
ǣӣѩе֣ոհһ˵ұɽҲδӰ׷ɱ֮ʱȷɽûˣѩ᲻ӵˣ
зִ磬ȥ°ɡĽƲõĿ
ǣ¶졣ȥ
ҸСұһԹãĽƱƿЦ˽
ɳڵϣĽƸһ࣬мһӣ¶ƣ֮ɫĽѩ˾Ϣһ°ɣȵٽ㡣
ðɣҾллˡԱϱ㾶ֱ±Ŀ
ǼҺԽȣĽΪ˯ˣ֮ӣƣֻһɺ֮ұƽ
ҲһĽƣȻܵҲϡһװ֪˯һгöУĽƸҶ֣һһࡣ
Ľƾţ˭Ҳûȶ֮֡󣬲֪ΪΣĽƳ˼ҲϵĽҳһźۼĽ·С
ѩѣǵˡߴĽƵỽ
˰˯˫ۣװ֪ģĽưסϵţĽƬ̣ǼûκηӦȥ
Ľ漴ת΢Цֱۡ
ԥƬ̣ĽƵֱллһҼװмĶĽƵл
ںδȥĽƺЦ
ˡһæһڻؾҵ˴Ǻ鷳ˣ͹һؼңɫˣҲٵӻؼҵʱˡȴڰ룺һϹңҲ
ҲáĽƼһؾնҲǿ󣺡·Сġ
ҵͷҲҪһ·Сġ仰˵ı⡣һȥʥսԾ֮ʱĽƿɾҪСˡ
ֱĽƵʧ֮ҷϹҷȥ
ڽһ죬ûôԷϹһһξ֮ʱʵ֧Ųס·ȥ
ԶԶϹҵĴլ֮ʱеĸ˳̶Ա
ʱۣ첽ϹҵĴȥϹҵĴŻһξʱ㿴һϤӰſǻ
ұ߱ϸԭϹ֪ΪΣһаЦϴʱȴޱȽɫѵϹҳʲôˣţǡɴʱϹ̧ͷǲŵգգ۾ϲҷɱ
ŽߵϹҸкȴһӵ뻳Уס
һ뽫ƿȴҶߵૣ㡭ȥˣ֪֪Ҷ쵣ˡ
ԣзһ˿ɬͣеĶĿڣϹٲֵĻҾͻᱻġ
Ϲһɿ˽ҵ˫֡΢ϹҶʱĴ𣺡Ϲ𣿡
ûаϹĪҡҡͷ
ôô찡Ҽװɻ󲻽ʵ
漴һȻޣ֪ˡ
֪ʲôˣϹŵʵ
֪״˼ϹŵӣЦҲ㣬㡣Աϱ㺬ЦֱϹҵĴȥϹܻѩ㵽֪ʲôˣ





ڶʮ        Ӫʥ

һͷЦϹ֪׷˵׷Ҿ͸㣬ṦԱϣұǰȥ
ѩˣϹܻٴ
ҽδͣЦŻͷҾˣôϴβҲһˣ𡭡
δֻءһײһϣ屻౻ײķĸ첲аƣҼǵûӵģôͻȻðһ
ʱϹҲܵߣŵĿڣѩû°ɣ
ĺˣû¡ĵĻش
ԣϹһ̧ͷǰǻ꣬ô
ǻ꣬ʥ֮һǻꡣһ̧ͷǰ絶̰Ӣ٣ݣ˫޲ʾһֻһƺ̫ϧˡ
ֻϹӣҪҪӣϹӸ֪ӵȥΪǻȻһ㣬κ˶˲˵
һȻʥɽء
ϹԣתңѩֿͤԺûм֣
ʼ磺ֻһ֪˿ɽĳطȥء
ʲôϹǻͬĿ
ô˵Ϲ޿κε
Ҳûġһ޹Ļش𣺡˵ˣôûͲ˳ȥҰ
ϹЦһȥˣǶػ˵ûҵ
ȻˣǷȴȥ˺ˡԱǻҪȥ
һ¡Ҽæסǻ꣺ɽѱˣҪʥƾҶ֮Ǿܵġ
תͷϹϹϹж˿ã
Ϲ˼Ƭ̣̫࣬ǧҰɡ
òôˣپͿˡǵΣ
Ҹ˾ûԡϹ
ЩϹ𣿡ʵ
˻ûء
ǾͲҪǻˣֱȥɽҷԸϹȥңȥ·Ͼȥɽ
ϹĵңѩҲһˣȥϢһ£ҺǻȥȾˡ
ûҲʥġұ߱Ȼڣôˣȥң͵Աϣ㲻ϹȰ⣬ֱ԰ȥ
԰ҴҴææһҹ£ʳһģ㼱æȥ
ֻ߽Ϲǻϣ¶֮ɫ߰ɡҸһڣ˱һ㣬æȥ
ϹҪôȥɽŴҴǰߵϹҿʵ
ȻˡϹͷҲصĻش
˵űԺ⣬ƥϺõƥװϹǻһƥֻ̾Ϲվԭδʵѩô
Ҳ˼ĿڣҲ
ԣϹЦǰ̽ӣ쵽ǰͬһƥɡ
ƲƲ죬ҲֻˡϹֱۣϹǰϹ˫һԱɱ
һ·ۣʹԭ۵ҸƣֻϣһȥˣȷʵʺϴֻǿƤֱӣǰС
ҵձ壬ϲ֪б˯ˡ
ѩѣǵɽˡߴϹỽǼûʲôӦҡ¡
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ϹҲ漴ࣺɽ֮
ЩµûУһͷϹ
絽ˣ͵ǵˡ
Ǿ͵أǻԱǰȥ
һ˱߱ܵĶҪߵʥĲ֮ʱһָʥ
ԣǻ첽˹ȥ߱ỽϡ
ҸɿֻϹӡϲʲôʥڡԣҲһ㶣첽߹ȥʥȻĲڡҲûд򶷵ĺۼѵǱץˣӦòᰡβ˵ʥҵҲһ򶷵ĺۼҲûоͱߣ׳ʲôˡ
ţֻһ֮ѩϹ֣ˡ
ѭķȥֻʱʥһô֦ϣЦǡʥԶգۼǰ
ϣˣǻʥ˵ֱ۾ȳ
޷С˶ѡʥԾɵĻش
Ұһ򶨵ʥϷʿڣʥ׷ɱζΣ
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ԣҳ׷ɱе㻳ЩνĽʿǲͷԶе㲻̫ǰϹֶһʥ
뿪˵ұ㼱æڣ˵ز˾ǿ߰ɣʲô»ȥ˵
գʥ΢΢ͷҲã¼ãȻȥٴӳ顣





ڶʮ     ҹ֮ս

һ˱תȥҪߵĵطʱһȴôˣλҪȥĶ
һźۼĽɴϡ˲ܻ磬̧ȥֻѱһȺΧڵУΪһ˲δȻĽơ
ҵ˭ԭĽɽׯׯϹаһЦм֮Ա֪ׯҹڴкιɣ
Ľ΢΢һЦϹӣҷȰһ䣬ЩʱǲҪµĺá
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ͬʱϹҲųźţɫֱ̻˲ųõ̻ںɫĻԵ쳣ĹʶĿ
̼ӿҲԵ֮սһֻѪɣ֮ڶ
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ҲһԭϹҵˡ
ʥ硱һѭķȥֻһɫװϹ磬ʱںĽƽ֡
ҵϹ粻ĽƵĶ֣Ϲ࣬һԸĽơԭĽֻԸϹһˣȷʵ࣬ҵļ룬ЩӦӲϾġ
ݹ֣Ϲ˵ļ룬ǰĺ˱ƵĽڽڰˣʤ֮л
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޲ߵԭ߶ͻȻǰһãôˡҰ¶ģ㺬Цȥ





ڶʮ    һ

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ڶʮ      ʼʩ

Ҳ̫ˣصϹһججĻص԰һδͣϴϢˣһֱ˯ڶѡ
˯֮󣬸оȫˬ˺ܶࡣһɫ·˵㷹ˣֻʱ˯ȫޣеģұŲߵ˽ϡ
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ϤӰУһϹһˣһϮѩ£ݳӣĮյϢɰӣȻҵʦ硣





ʮ          ѩ

״һϲʦִкֻϮҲһתϮ˭֪˻ưոݣ漴תὣϮ
ֺܸߣҳֺݶʲôһƣȴϸ룬ֻôʮֵľ֮š
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ֵֻǣҽֵǲһģȻҲһ£ԸоҶֻе⡣Ůӡ
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ʮһ        ȺӢۻᣨһ

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ʦ֡ỽһ侲ͷҵĿһ˿ĪĶһţ쵽ʲô
˦˦ͷղſۻˡҺЦǰסĸ첲ҡΣʦ֣߰ɣҶˡ
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˼Ʋˣڵȴϲ˵ĹУһڲ裬ס磺ʦ֣ûо¥е֣㿴ղǽŵʱеĿ˶˵СȴԲĶ˵¥ϰԲʲô򵥵Ľɫ
ִΪҼˮ΢Цڣѩе̫ӣΪֹû֪¥ϰ徿Ǻηʥء
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Ҳ硣
ͲҪôûõˣҪľȰѶȻȥ鰡
ҲƲƲ죬뿪ڷȴҲʵĻֻա˵˵ͨӣ̲סЦ
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˭֪ȻЦʢҸǰȭ͹٣ĲˡСʣֻͣеĶԹϡ
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ţԽɫԽأҺĿѯʣʦ֣϶дЩʲô
絭һЦûʲôѩԷȳȥһ£Ȼ㡣
ðɡεĵͷԼСĵ㡣
֪İͷתȥ





ʮ      ȺӢۻᣨ

ʦˣҲûζڣݲݳ˷ˣһһ߾Ĺ
˭֪ҵȣۿʱȥˣȻӰһ֮£뿪¥
һ˰ţ֪һߡ֪Ǻԭ羰ĵطȻûʲôˡ̧ͷȻߵͤվһϤİɫӰ
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ѩ˲ȷỽһ漴תһδӦ֮һѽҽӵ뻳Уϲѩ㣬㡣
㡭㡭ô˰ΣҷŻعɺһ䡣
㰡ղҪȥϹңû뵽㾹ȻԵϲ֮顣
ԭƿ֪̫̫˰Ҳδƶֻ֣֮Ŀڣ飬ſңҶҪˡ
ԣЦһתҵֵͤһϣ˫Ȼӵңɫ΢۹ѩղŰҴϳ˭ˣ
һ˼תôأʵʵ˵ɣһôô׾ɻصġ
ѩʲô
һỽҵ˼鶴һеݣεĿڣղҰϳʦˡ
Ҳˡ
漴΢΢һЦѩ㽫Ҵϳɱˣ˵Ӧôͷأ
һʱЦĹܵ˵˲䣬ϢѾǵصϮҲɾˡҵĴѾסԵ˱ǣȵϢһʱ侹Ŀѣ֪롣
Ĵ󣬴ŵ㣬ǰ޷ŴĿůĻȻҵһɲǵ㯡
ͻȻԺиֳһͷϲ𣿴ǣҲ֪˼ˣұƿ飬ôˣʱ˫΢죬ɫƣһҡ
ʱ䲻ˣһҪ죬Ҫˡҹ顣
ʲôҪ죬һȥԱҵߡ
Ҽæ㿪֣鷳ˣСһ׮ԼȥͿˡ
ϾҪΪҵķˣʲô鷳鷳ģ²ҵ
ȵȣղ˵ʲô̴ĻҪΪķˣ˵Ҫ޸𣿡
ǰû˵ͬⲻˡ
һδǣܼˡְһõɡ
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Ϊʲô鲻
ΪʲôϲǲϲնĻش
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ұһ취ҲûУ飬㵽ףҲϲ㣬͸޸ġ
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ûȥϹңȻҪһˣȻˣһϹҰɣҲûʲô飬˳Ҳ԰ݷһϹī˳лǶչ֮Ա鲻ɷ˵ҵ֣ͤȥ˼£뽫ֳҵյĸ֮£ֻҵϹȥ





ʮ      ȺӢۻᣨģ

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ҵĸ¡ĵĻش
£ͣ½ŲңʲôʱµģǶЩʲôˣ
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Ȩ治С
ǵȻˡڽӹĻɽ֮ףʦֽӹɽ൱ڳΪɵˣȨȻСˡ
ѩղ˵ĸסһǶЩʲôˣûסһ𣿡̲סѯʡ
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ԣ۾תתʱסڿջǲܰȥһס
ܡһڻؾﲻӴˣϲˡ
ѩ㻹ǻģڣסһԺУʱ磬ҵıԺ⸽ȥҵıԺΣ
һ˼ҲãҲûʲôʮҪ£߰ɡ
תıԺȥԽǱԽۿͿҪˣҲͷĿѯʣ飬ıԺʲôطٲҿɾҪȥˡ
Цڣżǰ棬ϵˡѩڲŷ֣ԭôû԰
Ļش𣺡ҾԣҲĥˡ
ô˵ҵĲˡ
㲻ԣ˭סôԶġ
ҰȥסҲͲôԶˣֻߣôѩ
ԣͣ½Ų飬ùһЦ붼롣ԱϲķӦȥ
ıԺǰڽȴ׵ıԺҲɵɴ˫ۣסıԺ
ûֻʱסѡ鵭ش
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ָɽׯ
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ѩôˣ鵣ǵ
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ԱδҷӦ㱻һ§ס֫Ṧǰȥ




ʮ        ȺӢۻᣨ壩

Ϊⱻ˷֣ʼһξ룬Լһʱһ¥ĺԺǰ󿴿ˣ˽ȥ
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ڻУɫˣȽȥԷɡԱǣҵǰȥ
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Ųδͣѩҿ¥ϰ壬ҳԷλҲûУҲûҪٿҾ¥ˡ
һ룬˵Ҳԣû˵ǣҵ߽¥
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ãҪҵ̫ãҾԼһȥϹˡû̧ͷžµĲ豭ƮˮĵĿڡ
ģǲδ˵̫õġԱϣ÷󡣶һ÷
һ˴÷ʵ֮뿪Ƭ֮ұסˣȳȥ䣬һٻ顣
ұ˳ȥͬʱĿҲ˳գʣһĿĺ£ʹ˿ޱȡ
ҴͬʱҲڴңͻȻһϤʣĶˡһŮ˳һѾµذס
ŮǺӵĿ˲ذ׾͸ˡǺӣδ䣬ɨ˻ŮһۣȻڡԱϣ㾶ֱŵתȥЩҲӼȥŮһڵ
ŮǰѦЧҵĶ󣿡
޹ءѦｫذպ
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Ͳ֪ˣֻҪﻹǲ
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ͷҲδأûҪû˿Ȥ
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Ҳܷ֡Ѧһ˿ݶҼƻôã׵ȵǧѷĺûᣬǾԲֵġ
αءҹȰѦɹˣܱ֤ԸΪķܱ֤ӽԺƴ𡭡
Ҫ˵ˡѦ﷢һҵĻҶϵжòҪƻĺԱϣյȥ





ʮ        ˫ɶ

Ѧ･ʧſڵıӰһʱпǧ
ѩôˣôû̧۽Ȧ뻳У浣ǵҡ
ҡͷɬһЦû£鶼ˣ
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ûϵҿԵȣȵϲΪֹĻżᶨ
ҵͷ˼죬ٴ̧ͷϸֳĿҪʧı飬Ҳ֪һ᲻ϲ㣬һԿ
ģ鲻ŵѯ
ҵͷȻģƭ
һ룬ѱӵ뻳У̫ˣѩлл㣡
ҿ޵ģ޵һûϲ㣬Ǿ֤ûԵݣɲپҡ
ģ涨һϲҵģҶ۹ģԼġ
ǾĿԴɡУǲӦ÷ſˣɫӦȥϹˡҲĿ
ԣЦſң߰ɣӴˡ
ȵȡҲĿ顰Ժӣһû޸ء
òӣΣ
Ҵǰɣһ䣬Ϯ
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ҵĹֻǶδ֡ѩˣ㲻ǻҪȥϹ𣿡
һҲԣͣеĶȷһһεĻ
߰ɣʱ䲻ˡҵĻǣҵ¥ȥ
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Ϲī˵ż׻ͬʱϹ͵͵һߣѩ֮便ô°
㲻ǶĹϵʥһ
ԣϹһģѩӲŮɫȴΨжӣ÷˸󰡣
ȱ˵ˣ˵˵ɡҺЦϹСѯʣʥ֮ôˣûа
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Ŷ͵Ϲ硰ԺͲסϹˡ
Ϊʲôǲʲôдܵĵط
ǣǣ㲻ҪᡣҼæ͡һһݾǧ鹬ٹСʦ壬Ҳǧ鹬ĹĸָңΪ˷磬ڱһԺΪĵص㡣
пգȥңȥ¥Էܺʥһȥ͸ˡаЦſڣҵǵĺϢǧҪʧ
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ԣҸĪĿڣô˵أ˵Ȣң˵ǿ
ģϹ粻ŵʵ
Ȼˡ
ѩһԽԽˡ
ˣʥ
ѩɫˣ˶ǻȥɣҪٴϹ֡ϢˡҵĻ
ðɣȻ԰öˡԱϱһܻ԰
ѣҷشһһˣ࣬λɫˣѩȸǣŸλϢˡ
һ׹ŴϹ߳
ɫȷʵˣϿյģżһӰţֻʣѩȥסһɡ
Уһڻؾﲻסˡ
ôˣҿδ๫鲻
˵ˣôˣһ˻ôԶıԺֻʱҲܵ
ðɣðɡεĿڣֻסһ
˽̻塣





ʮ        ̫Ӻ

ţ̧ͷͤӳͤѦ˵ǸͤҲ֪ļƻеôˣ˵ʵλѦ˻еϧˡǿǺӵӣƺҲôƭģ֪龿ʲôزˣҲۣȥֿɴա
˼ˣתͷ飬飬ʱ磬ȥƷɡ
̧ͷ˿ͤң΢΢һЦá
ոͤſڣֻһɫӰɿӭ漲۶鼱æ·ǻɫӰոշɱͤĴţһȺͤ˳ǻɫӰʧķ׷˹ȥ
ô°Զȥɻ󲻽
Ϊ˲£˲ǵˡĻĵѭķȥһĿĺ£Բ԰ףոմ󲡳һ˿ʡ
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ѩ䰡˵ţһɢŵİɫ·ϡͬʱҲӵ뻳С
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ԱϣƵǺӡΪᲪȻŭ˭֪ҰξꡱһЦ
ұЦĪЦʲô
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ȻҪˣʦְҲĿڽ
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ûˣûֻҪˣҾûʲôҪʵˡһ뿪ѵ⣬鼱æѩǿ߰ɣȻɾĻᵣˡ




ʮ        Ϥ֮

ٹһ־ҪԺˣͻȻôܶ˵ѩ˸ǺܳʱˣӦġ
֪Ҳôܸ͸ɣܰô
ѩԲӣҿĿ֪ǵŵģ֪𣿡
⻹ȻˡĵĻش˦ǡ
̫׵ǽ𴦿ɺãѯ
ҪδҲɿѯ
ԱǰȥҲʩչṦ

ǵٶǿ˾Ӱһʼն˦Ҳƽ֮Ŀڡ
㿴Ӧô죿ǳû취ˡ
ѩ㿴ǰƬ֣ͺðˡϲüңǽ֡
֣һôϣï֦Ҷڵʵʵټϴʱҹˡ
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״Ϸ£ûٵȥʲôˣɻ󲻽
ӦȥĴѰˣϾǸˣǻȥýг
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һҲԣһһұߵȻ档Աϣ׷ȥ
еѩһСġ
֪ˣҲһͷҲδأǰȥ
ǰһʱȻδǺ˵ӰӦòô뿪ѽǳʲôͻȻƷһæڵ档
ովֻһ˴һô˳ԳЦЦ벻Ȼͬķ
ʲôˣȿڣΪʲôҪң
֪˵
Ȼһ˿ɻ𣺡ǼΪʲôôϤ
𣿡ı
ΪʲôҪıϳ𣿡ʣ㾿˭
֪ĻӮҾ͸㡣Աҹ
ã˭˭һ漴ӭս
ԭΪ˾㼸ڴӮҲòһоͿԽܡʵȴǡǡ෴˽δֳʤңҵ֧ԽսԽ¡
ͻȻӽŹһӽȥ֪ȴһУҪŵĽ˲ʱһתֱҵȥҲ̸ıǧ齣ķ˭֪ҲһУĳ˲ʱһָҵĲ
Ҽæӽȥȴһֻһ죬ҵǧ齣ڵأǺ˵ĳʱҵĲ֮ϡ
㾿ʲôˣɻźʣΪʲôĿʾˣǿ϶ʶ԰ɣ
֪̫࣬ûôĿ
ΪʲôҪңָʹָ֣ʹ˿϶򵥣ǽˣǹ͢ˣ
û˵ֵ̧ҵĻ˯Ѩֻһ˯Ϯ㱼һůĻ㺨Ȼ˯
ѩѣѡһ󽹼ĺʣɵ˫ۣŽߵ齹ĿԵĿڣôˣʲô𣿡
㻹ʣѩ׳ʲôˣô˯ڵϵģǸأҵûУ߼ѯʱӵվ
ʱֻоȫûһ˿Ŀ黳УҵڣղҲҵǸˣһ֣֮ϣұ˻˯ѨȻʲôҲ֪ˡˣǱôˣ
Ǳߺ߲࣬˵ֺҲ£ҵ£㼱æ˹û뵽һڣҺûʲô£ȻһԼһӵġ
ݸһЦģô׳£ˣҾúҽֵǺʶġտʼʱҾϤ˵һɻʱȻıԼɴ˿ɼһʶ֮ˡ
ңӮԺδɱңֻǵҵĻ˯ѨΪʲôҪôءҰ˼⡣
ȲҪôˣҵıԺԶˣȻȥϢһ£ʲôµ˵ɡ
ͷðɣֻˡ
ԣᱧȫңṦǰȥ




ʮ        

֪ǺԭҾȻ֪黳˯ˣУֻŵ˴ϣΪҸ˽ŬҪ۾κҵƤصĸԺֳ˯ȥ
һѲ֪˺ʱŴĵ⣬ֻӣˬϸ۲Լ֮һװκԷⷿеİ裬ƺǿͷ
ţֻ֨һ˽ѩˡеʡ
ʲôʱˣ
δʱչ
˯ôãҾȳ
ǰٲĻҾҪȥҴˡȤ
ǿͷô費̫񰡣Ҽæתƻ
ⲻǿͷҵķ䡣Ŀ
ķ䣡ͷһϽøңסĶˣ
סˡĵĻش
ԣгһѩѾܾûԷˣ˰ɣóȥ׼Եġ
áͷ
ոſڴȻ뵽ʲôȻתѩҰ׼˼·³ˣһԿϲʡ
֪ˡ
ߺ³ԣ³ֻʽɫ·³ȫѩɴġϵ·ֻи˼ҲŴ𣬲һֻһΪѩɴ죬ɴϺ٣ǮҲδõ
벻ôͨ󣬾ȻΪ׼һ³ѩɴ·Ҷ黹ԽԽˡ
һɫ·ϴʱҲѽˣһһơ
鵹һƷŵǰѩ˪¶רΪŮģ㳢
ҶƱǳһڣһӯڳݼ
Σ鿪ѯ
ҵͷޣ־ģҲȥ̳ȡ
ѩϲĻ㼸̳ɡ黰һתѩһ֪㾿סƿҪ͹ȥˡ
νҲżұ߳Է߰ڰ
齫ҽԶǼÿһŽҵУ˵Ҫȥסĵطû뵽⣬һ͹ȥģ˭ϵ˯ڲѣǰס֮Ӧûʲô⡣
ôܹңΪʲôңҲԹæûҲñҰ
ҵķҺҷ⣬һɲ׼롣ɫңοҿ˯ô첻Ľ㡣
ε飬ҳԱˣǿ𣿡
߰ɡվǣҵȥ
һ·ϻƽûʲôֵֹ顣
ͻȻһһҹδ飬ʦ֪ˣһǳżġ
ҿδءҡͷ
Ϊʲôɻ󲻽
ѩ뿴һȥϹң緢㲻ˣһȥҵĵطϹңֻҪȥϹң֪ȥ򣬾Ͳ̫żˣϾǺһ𣬶Լһƽ޹ʵĲˡ
ϸһ룬Ҳûֻǲ֪ʦֵڶûҵһ᲻е㵣ġ
ǿߣҲʦ̫ˡԱϣҷɿǰȥ
ԶԶģ㿴һɫӰԺſ߶俴˵òýֺͷҲ֪ǸɫӰ˭ʦֽӣҲɼӿǰеĽŲ
ʦ֡ỽһԣͣ߶ĽŲ̧ͷ
ҸܹȥȴһӵסǰвãҲ飬ֻҶڣѩҵδޣܺͱ̫׽Ҳй
ҲĿڣֻǴӦϲ㣬û˵Ҫ޸㣬ɲҪˡ
˵ţѩˣλǡǰ
顣麬Цкȴ˿ûзſҵ˼
ԭׯʧʧ硣
ʦôˣɫܲð԰׵ɫæڡ
絭һЦû£̫ˡ
ԣҼæ飬첽ǰ磬ʦ˾ȥϢһ°ɣȥԲġ
֪ǲܵ˿ˡԾǵЦ
ûϵģʲôˡҼæڣ˭֪ҵĻ첲Ȼһ
ʦ֣㾿ôˣҲѯ





ʮ          

û£Ϊվ̫ˡ絭
վ̫ãʦ﾿վ˶ðɻѯ
Ҳ̫ãڣҲʮʱҵЦЦ
һҹֽһ죿ҾȵĿ
νֻҪû¾ͺˡ͸¶ƣ
ʦֶԲ𡭡ᱧס磬ĿڣҲ֪ڵңȻ۶ҶϻģԲ𰡡
ɵϡҵͷûй㣬ʵҲԣûнһ¥ҲͲʧˡԭȥ㣬ͻȻˣԾֻվˡ
أҲɿѯ
ǶȥˣԼǰҲ㣬ȫȻٴӳ顣̧ͷ죬ӦҲˡ
ȿȡһȰѩѾվ˺ܾˣͲҪվˣȽϢһ°ɡ
ʱηһ㣬԰Ҷˣʦǽȥɡ
ĸ첲߽Ժһں档
ʦ֣һһҹˣȷȥϢһ°ɣȳʱٽ㡣
ׯ
ҼæĻһкģ㾡ܷĺˡ
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Ťͷ飬ȥңԼкԼɣԺ͵
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Ժٽҷˡ
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߽緿䣬ûȥϢһϣΪһ裬
һڲ裬̧ͷңѩȥʱ򴩵Ĳ··𣿡
ҵͷ˿ĵĿڣ˵ѩɴ·ⲻģҵġ
ģ粻ѯʣΪʲôҪ·
˵ˡһһʮĽߺԭԭĽȻʡǼΡ
벻㾹Ȼô顣Ŀڣ˲ҪΪʲôҪأ
Ҳһֱڿյ⡣üͷҼæʦ㶼һһҹˣȱôˣϢһɣȳʱҽ㡣
ðɡͷӦʣվȳȥˣȻ
߳ķ䣬ְź󣬱ȥΪлһѲڵҡ
ţһ˭ڵ٣Ʋѣѭķȥ
ֻ԰УӢͷ׵һ£һϮѩµеĵһѹ١벻龹˶೤աҲа̾
һϣҳоþûز񣬡ѩҵٵΣ
һﾪˣȻ񣬡ղ˵ʲô
ЦҸղŵٵô
δҲΪ̾ѡ벻öɽׯׯȻ˶Ŷա
黰һתôˣ
Ѿ˯ˣȻٽɡ
˵ţٹһỽһͷһˡ
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ǡһۣӦȥ
˵ӰʧԺ麬Цң벻¶㲻Ļܹ㡣
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źŹЦ飬εĿڣҪˡ
ԣһ㶣ŴЦ
Цʲôɻ󲻽ŴЦֹ
ûʲôûʲô˺þãֹסЦѩҸղֻ¥˷ˣһͻ͵
ʲôʱȥķˣô֪
Ϣʱ򶨵ġ
а̽ѯ
ûߵȷа





ʮһ         Īɱ

Ҹ뿪˵ȻֻǰӰһʲôˣһӰʧķ׷˹ȥ
ѩѩ齹ĺһ֮
׷һյϣΪٴܣ˭֪ȴڿյͣҲڵϣעűҵĺˡ
㵽ʲôˣϴΪʲôûɱңȿ
Լ˵𣿡ĿڣԾ˸ı䡣
ΪʲôĿʾأȻڣһͻˣΪ˵Ķ𣿡
ĺˣûôϵǺᶨ
ΪʲôλҲ
Ϊסһʱ
Ŀʲôҳʵ
֪ԽԽһȰϿ뿪ߵԽԶԽãԶҪٻ˼ᶨҲ֪룺Ϊʲô
ҪôΪʲô˼æתΪãҵĻߡ
ʢе˫֪ûƭңܸܲԭʲôοڸ߲ϹǱߡ
ȲҪʲôϹˣҪǱҪߵĿڣ֪֪ڵĴΣգһСľͻɥȪ
Ȼ֪ôҲ϶֪˭ҪɱңңҾͿԷˡĿ
鲻ô򵥡ɫңֹҪô򵥡
㾿ʲôˣȻҪңΪʲôĳһ㣬ֱӸҪɱҵ˭ȥɱǾ˭õˡ̽ź˵ķӦ
Сһڻؾɱġ
ɱ߲ǻʦѵҲǸ˵Ķ𣿡Ҳɰľ
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һͷһֻʮöҷһܿȻֻһײİȫڵأ˴ʱһȫվǰ
ɲǼ䣬˷ӿĺˣΧڵС
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ȿȡҲ㱻ԼĿˮҭ˾ͺһȻϣҲһǳˡ
λ֣޹أϣ㲻Ҫ֡ͷĿ̶ҵ
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һ˲䣬ҽ֮ڶѩ족ɱͷĿһһ£Щɱ˲ʧӰ٣ͬʱһǿϵЩʬ壬ĻΪղֻһΡ
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صţ⽭ϵ黹鷳ûʲôˣΪʲôôҪҵһ㣬һǰ˼⡭
ţѩһỽԵϲãҺ޾̧ͷˡ





ʮ         ө֮ɽ

ʦ֣ôҾȵӭ硣δ䣬ѱӵ뻳СҶʱԾѣ绳Уŵ㣬һʱ侹˷Ӧ
֪ΪΣǰʼÿʱȱס磬Ǵûסңǽ죬ôôأ
£Ȼ˿ǰֻҪһͻ̷ſҵģǽ졭羿ôˣ
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ҿ첽ܵϣөǰȥ֣һֻө䵽Уз΢΢Ĺâ
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ðҾ֪ʦҵġ绳ǳЦſ
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Щæ꣬ǾͻɽԺҲɽˣòã̽ѯ
ð֮á
ĵĴ˸Ƿ磬۾һתʦ֣ˣ˯ˣǵýҡ
Աϲ˵ԹԵߵߣͷ˯
ʯͷ˯Ȼ˯ˣֵҵ羹ȻûҺ֣аϲΪԼռ˴ˣⲻ֪һٶᣬڲɲصĺ





ʮ          

һҹΣʱҾȻǱӵڻУвɰơʱ绹δѣΪ˲ϢҴĵĴ绳˳˭֪Ҹնһ£˯ŵƺиоһ̰ӵĸŵֹͣеĶ
籧ڻֲҶҲɵİղѣ֮£ֻٴα۾˯֪䣬ҾȻԺ˯ˡ
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ʲôʱˣɵ˫ۣĿ
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˲䣬Ȼתץסֱˮȥ˭֪練Ӧر죬ҽˮʱһֱֻѸٳ֣סĴֻбһ£ȴڳͨһǰˮС





ʮ          

һ·ɽˮȥ䲻֪ΪΣÿʵʩļƻʱùǸʳҡ˼֮Ҳֻѧһ㣬硣
һջƻʱˮǣѲһ·̣˵ʱǶӦøŻؼңɴʱȴȫ෴ССĵ̲˴֣ﲻвɰ֡
һҿջ˷ˣѯʣСʲôհôô֣
СĿڣλ͹İɣڣҹĹ㳡ϻλȤȥ
СߺῪڣʦֵȳԹǾͳȥɣһûء
ãʲô㣬ЦţϲٵƤˣҹ˶࣬»ɢˡ
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ùҵ㳡ȥǱ߱߹䣬һС̲ǰʱͻȻͣҺĴչȥʦ֣ôˣôˣ
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ҿԼӣֻѯ磬ÿ𣿡
ÿʧңѩġ
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ӵȺǰȥߵٵĵطʱѲ֪Լںδ¹ֻ֪ԼվһСӱߡ
ҹԽԽˣ·ϵҲԽԽ٣Ȼûҵȥ·һ˰˳źӱǰߣʱʱĻͷϼۣϣԿʦֵӰ˭֪ÿϣĻͷȴǸʧ
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޷ǿ΢΢һЦΪЧµҡ
סջжԶҿѯ
ջﲢ̫Զ߰ɣ͹ȥ
СŮڴлˡҵƤĿ
˭֪ǿҵĻ󣬾ȻЦЦʲô˵ʲô𣿡ĪŴЦֹ
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ʦ֡ҿĵȥ˭֪ҵٶȸ죬һûܳǰһ죬㽫ҽӵ뻳У֮ҪӵĹѪ֮С
绳мѵĿڣʦ֣ô֪ģ
˺ܾҲûĻش̽ſڣʦ֣ôˣû°ɣ
û¡ƺǿѹʲôֹ˺ôһſҡ
֣ôһȵʣķȥֻղ˵ӣʱһ˼ǡ
֣Ҳﰡ絭Цſڣǣҵǰѩλõܡ֣λСʦ÷ѩ





ʮ        

ԭܰϸ´һ飬ԣӢ棬һȻ鴫̾
΢΢һЦҲǳ񡣡
𣿡ڴܣʦôҵģ
˼Ƭ̣ÿɰֻԣżϲˣС
ʲôתͷ磬ʦ֣Ӱ
δ𻰣ֽſڣҪһû˵
Ҳܣ㻹ʲôû˵
磬ûʲôӦңû˵ҲҪһǣ㲻·һİĵطҲȥ·һ
ķֱ磺ôܹң˭һİĵط׾ٵҵȷķġ
ˣѩ翪ΪҽΧں㿪ЦأҪ档漴̧ͷܣ֣㲻ôˣ
̾һ˵ˣԺ֣ǰһʱ䲻ǻɽôͻȻˣ
ԣңΪѩ飬⽭Ҫƽˡ
λɫˣܲģҲĴĻ
һĵңѩ𣿡
ȻˣϴҹԿ
ΪʲôҹҲأɻĿ
ΪΪԽת˼ɣΪ磬Ƿѩ
ЦõңҲɣ
Ȼˡĸ첲ǰߣ߰ɣ߰ɣҺۣҪϢ
һ߱ǰߣһ߻ͷܣ֣סջǵңкҪҪ㡣
õģ֣һ׼ʱԼ
͵͵һֻۣµ磬ƲƲ죬ǰȥ߳ԶԺһܵ۹ǡ
صջԺҾϴϢˣ˯֮ʣȻķдһ˿졣Ҷʱ˯ȫޣ緿Ķ
˺ôһķûٴκζΪԼСֵʱķٴδϸ΢Ŀž΢ĽŲŲҷſںͣƬ̣ǼҷûκζΪ˯ˡƬ֮ȥ
ȷԶԺ̷´ٻһҹ£ţٵȥķ׷ȥ
Լһʱ䣬ǰһСƬ֣л⡣ѵЩνĽˣôϲ鰡ţĵĿƬ֣䵽һ֦ϣ͸ľķ϶ȥ
ֻһѩµʱһϾվڻԣԶһ˵ʲôκ̫Զ˴ʱңֻӰϤһʱ벻
Ϊǵ̸ǿ˭֪һСģҾߵһ֦ϣһϸ΢죬ʲôˣһ
һطȥ˭֪ҸշûԶͻȻһСֱֱ֦Һϣƺһڵأֻһʹ룬漴ǰȥ
һصջ󣬸ոջҹ£ٵ罹ĺ⴫ѩѡҼæͷŪңװ˯ʵı߱߿ڣʲôô
ҸսŴһ죬˽ұһȻװĪѯʣʦ֣ô㲻㷿˯ܵҷſںʲôѵ±˵˱˵ΰ
ûд𻰣ֻζңұȫڣʦ֣ôˣң
ԾûлشҸٴοѯʣͻȻһ죬ҽڻУһҸƿֻҶߵૣѩԺ󿴵ʲôʲô㶼һҪңһһֱ㣬Բ˺㣬һҪңҪκλɡ
ԣҵĴԶʱһƬհף϶⣬ֻ˵ⷭʲô˼أѵ˵ڽĳһ죬һЩڱϿ˺ҵ𡭡
ⷭһʱ䲻֪ηӦ籧վڷſڣ˭Ҳûٿ˵
֮ȴ˳Ĭʦ֣ʱ䲻ˣȥϢɣǻҪ·ء
ԣһû˵̾һҺᱧ򴲱ȥ
ڴϣΪҸǺýҴñǣڴ߾ң˯ߡ
֪ʱ˵ʲôûãֻ֮ñ۾һʱ֮ҲǼҺԽȣΪ˯ˣվ绺ȥ⣬Ϊҹ˷ţ³ҡ
ߺҾ˯ȫ޵۾ȫй飬ֱʱҲֳ˯ȥ




ʮ          Ԥ

ѩѣʱ䲻ˡ˯죬ͻȻһỽѡҼԸ۾⻹ЩҰ죬ҲõĿڣʦ֣컹ûأô
ԣһ㶣Цѩڲ컹ûֵˣһûô˯ġ
ʲôֵˣŵȻҾȻ˯ôá
ǰ㶼˯һˣȻû˯ѣѵ㶼ö𣿡ɻѯ
˵ãôһ˵ҶʱøмꤣϾѾһ춼ûԷˡ
Ұյ飬ѩϴһ£ȻȥԷǻмҪҪ
һ⻰Ҷʱ˾񣬡ʲôҪ飿ܲ͸¶һ£
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ȥӰҲƲƲ죬˵ˣȻҾͻ֪ˡ
һ߱Թһ߿ٵϴҳһɫɴ»ϣɨü촽㣬˿죬֬ȾһһƮ׵ľɫ˱ھС
ĶžеԼЦЦųȥ硣
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ٵȵȣδ
˭ûҲ
绹δڣ֣˼е鵢ˣ˵㡭̧ͷѭķȥֻһɫµЦ
ǰԸСϲˡΪ͵õԭɣ˺ܿˣһˣҵĸѼꤣʱζǰǷſӣá
ҳһŷ֣һŵң·˾ռһûʲôⷴӦֻǵЦңٿܡ
תת漴ое㷢գ˼ЦЦܽͣǸһ춼ûԷˣеʧ̬ˣʧ̬ˣҲ԰ֻһԣҶе㲻˼ˡǺǡ
һͷűϸʵĳ˹ȣȷʵǴ³˵㣬òԼĳԷӼ˺ö˷ŵУ΢Цſڣ˾ͶԵ㣬û˺
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Թҡһ˴ϣʼնϷֲֻᣬҲֻװʲôҲ֪
Ͼʮ÷ʦ֣Բ˺ңڰнʲôΪʲô֪һϵеһֱԺвϵֻͷ綷Ľѡ
ǲҵͣ˽Ųеңѩôˣɫò
𣿡ҲԼգһûԷԭɡʦ֣ղ˵мҪҪȥʲôҪ鰡
ε̾ѩ㲻һֱ֪׷ɱ˭𣿡
ǰѵʦѾ֪ˣҾϲ
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ġҿĵıס磬ʦֶˡ֪ΪķӦе㽩Ӳ˺һӵסҵ˫磬ʵ취ġ
𣿡Ҵ绳ֱӣܣлл㣬
Ҫˣ곤㼸꣬ͽ״ˡ
ҲҪҷˣʦһѩɡ
¾͹ˣܺЦشЦݣɫңѩʲôˣ
εܣѾʦ˵ܶˣɽڣҴûʲôˣҸ͸㲻˭ôң뽫֮ض졭
˵ţҵͻȻһѵΪѣ
ܾȵĳѯ
ͷˣһѡ
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ʮ         벶

ǰв֪漴һһתˣ˵徿ô£ʲôʱʼõģܸܲң
޹գգ۾Ц磬ֿ˿һصܣôˣܸ𣿡
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ǰҲͣѩǣһ㾾Ļıġ
ǵĻ˵ˣټ׷ʾԵ̫ȡˣ벻˾ȻңȻ֪֮ڻǷʱ
Ҷ΢΢һЦףǵĿԣãǾ͵ҵʱٸҰɡԱҾֱתǰȥվԭʱǵ϶룺ѩʲôʱתԣôˣǰɲӵģʲôˡ
߳һξһͷԭصˣλǻ߲߰
ˣȷӦӦһתǰߣֻ紵գۼˡ
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ڰ̾ҵ˹ֻһת˲ѵϣʦ֣ʲôҺѯ
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ڲߣ̫𣿡һϤ֮ɲǼ˷ӿģĳװˣΪһˣһ£տʲȻܡ




ʮ          ȸ

ܣһ˾һ
£֪ҹôǰþкιɣܺЦѯʣ˶ԿЦеĳ⣬Ҫߴ˵ط
ԳЦһȻ㷢ˣҲûʲôˣ֮ԻΪ˴ɱѩöϣдǻȥ
˴ɱѩɫһǿ֪ѩɽɵˣ
֪ɻܣ֪ΪʲôͻȻ⡣
ЦһӦ֪ɽñͬͬţɱҵͬţһʲôԹۣ
ۿ˻˵Щʲôܲͷİڰ֣ˣϻ˵ʽΣ
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΢΢һЦı˭ҷߡ
ⲻܡ˾ȻһڻؾˣӦ֪еĹ涨Ҳ͸¶ҵġ
ЦݣɫˣȻˣҾֻòˣҸΪһ¾ͿԵıˣ֣
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ƶǶĵͷȻ˵ҰæҲֻվۿˡ֪˶ãЩ˿Ҫʧʱ򣬲֪ðˣûȥõЩӽ֣빥վԶսܡ
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Ҫڳˡѩ㲻æ𣿿㹥ܵһһô
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һ˽֣һ߻սԭЩ˼ȫõЩֹͣսʱֻҡ硢˴սֻܶԱΪɣֻ˶Դͬʱܳȥһܡ
Ŵţ֪ΪܾȻ˶֣ܽʱ̫̫ԭɣ˽ֵʱȻûе
ͻȻǰȥ׷ϣգõ±ѩ
ǡõӹش󣬱м书Ըߵǰˡ
˵ֻǴôʱ䶼ûϢʱǿ֮ĩô˵ǰй£Ƭ̹ɥȪ
սʣµڴɨսˣôڴɨսҲﲻʲôæȥȵʦܰɡ
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ûϵģѾʧһˣôܻĺˣҲµġҿĵȰ˵
ǡ
Ҫٵˣ˵ʲôҼæڴϣ˵þͲˣ״һҵţĺˣô˵ˣｻǣҾˡ
Աϣ𻰣ұṦǰȥ˵ṦЩõĵԶҵģҲصĻᱻ׷ϡ





ʮ          ֮

ҶԴ˵زϤΪ˷ֹԼ·û̫Զֻڸתת˺þöܵӰһﲻĳʲô°ɣȻΪʲôڻû
ţͻȻƷڿնֳǧ齣Űķһӣֻһ˻ȥ
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˴˱˴ˣĻش𣺡֪ҹΪ£
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ƽҪɱҵǸŮҲɣҲȷѯ
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ϵĵǺܸɴࡣ΢΢һЦ͵Щ˸ҵ
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ЦݣΪʲôҪɱңҺ֮䲢ûʲôްɣҵӡУҲûе㰡
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ôһ˵ҰľȻô˽⣬ͬʱеɶͷԣҾʲôþĵطʲôǵˣ
ʶԼ˵©죬Ǻ˶ʱɫһ䣬ϻ˵ڡָֻ΢Ҫ䰵
һ£Ҽæڣܸܲңô֪ȷûб˵ģ
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мƣüͷ΢壬ʲô˼
ЦһԭЩɱɱ㣬ҪЩɱһټҲȷʵһ㣬û뵽ǣ˸Ͳɱ֣ȥģĿľܣеһжҵļƻ֮С
һ߾Ҳûܹ㣬ΪԸõЩҪһЩʱ䣬ȫ׼˭֪㾹ȻԼһܵ棬ȻԼɱʲôƴǡ˵ţὣҹ
ĪҲҴ⣬Сֹһ䣬ֽӭϣ˲䣬쫷仨һһӰ·ɣһݾһƮɣ컨꣬һʱ裬ײ֮ڶƾУѷʤ
ͻȻһԾ֮ľ룬ҽֲ֪ʲô⡣ڰУһҲ֪˶ãҪǰ鿴ǷѵʱȴͻȻ֣ĹƣĽϮ
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أؿڰβסһѪǺҲҺò˶٣ɫ԰׵ûһ˿Ѫɫ·Ѫ˿֡
ѩһĺǺ˺޺޵ĵһۣεתȥҿԿоԹ벻ʡ
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Ǿ߰ɡǣҵǰȥֺܴҲů˲һֺܰȫĸо
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ʮ           ѱ

Ϣ˼պܵҲõĲˣǱ̤ȥ֮·ڹ˼ҵƻûȫãܱͬȥãסǿĵȰ˵ҲֻͬǵĽ飬һ˺ƺƵóˡ
ô⣬ͬʱҲ˺ǰһͬȥ
ո̤õĴţһɫǷɱҸȴǰһʱ֮⣬Ǹɫ˸գͣ
ϸһǺɫ徹ȻǸһµŮӡʱһԹܣܸ磬˼ҵ֪ѾˣΪʲôȴôأ
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ҸҪڽͣȴͻȻסҵ֣Ҳ磬ʲôҲû˵ֻǶҡҡͷ
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˭֪λྐྵȻĵĲˣ溬Цܵǰλ㣬ޣҽ࣬ʲô֣ҿԺ𣿡
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ѩ㣬ҿôƺ𣿡˵סҵһֻ֡
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ǲɻΣٴοѯ
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УΪʲôҪԼ֣ǲɻץߵǴΣûоӦҲµģֺܸߣǸɻֵǸɻͲĶ֡
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ʦ֣ԲӡҰڰ֣鿴޹أ˵ԴϲйصһЩ£ǾͿԷΪһֲ
ãááܲ˵ҡҡͷͰ˵ˣ˵˵ô
׻˵ĺã뻢ѨɵûӣҼװׯصĿڣҪĵһǰȥܼҰݷá




ʮһ          ̽

˭֪δȥܼҰݷãһݷˡ
һգգƣеıȥ磬˳ͬһȥܼҰݷõ¡
߽סСԺʱ۾ϼһתû
ǣҴӻ԰ժ˼仨ŵ࣬ȷѾ˯źͷϲȥҿҪͷʱͻȻ֣ץסҶͬʱ˼˫ۣһεңѩʲô
ûаҼװ޹磬ֻǸոմӻ԰ժ˼仨ƯƯѡ˵һŻǰ˻Ρ
̾һ״磬Ҫֻţȴվţøһ롣
ԭΪٽѵһ٣û뵽Ȼʲôû˵ԹԵһθҡαͲԵЩӵϣһνȴе㲻ڡ
Ҹѯô£û뵽ȴһڣѩӣôû
Ϊҽ粻䰡ĵĻش
ϸҵĴţѩ·
ҵǼ
ôͻȻ·ˣ״ĵѯ
ʵҲûʲôһҴ³һ۾Ϳ·ˣԾʹˡ
ԭѩʲô𣿡
ʦִʲô¶㡣̾һҽ㣬ҪһȥܼҰݷõ¡
˼Ƭ̣ʲôʱȥܼң
족
ô죬֪𣿡
һûҡҡͷԺ֪ͨɡ
ͷҲãӦá
乫ӣһѾߵĵĻܹˣ˵Ҫ
һۣȻȥһ£͵
ǡѾȥ
ѩôѾߺ翪ѯʣĿʲô
֪϶򵥡վȥȥһеһ֪ˡ
ĶѩһСġε̾ԽԽˡ
ڵֻ߽һµڴƷ裬վһµѾߡҽ΢ЦҴкѩ㣬˼ˡ
޷£ʲô𣿡
ʵҲûʲô¡е㲻˼ĵͷҼÿ˶æûʱңѩûп졣
鰡
ǵġͷ
û⣬ȥ԰ɣ߱ġѯ
ðð߰ɡ˵ţǰҵĸ첲ȥ
ǰ棬Ѿ߸ں棬Ǳ߱ģһ˻԰СŻ԰вԵĺ棬һת
ˡҾһ
ѩ㣬ʲôˣൣǵ
ʦҽһȥ˵ҪңҸˡҶʱղѣ࣬һ£ȥȥ
˵ţұǰȥൣǵѩ㣬Сһ㡣
֪ˡͷҲδصĽǰȥ
ܳ԰ʩչṦķ˻԰СֻʱѾһǰһվںߡҲ̾һغúһʯѾߵϥϴȥ
ֻѾʹһǰȥֱֱվǰϵȥۿҪѹˣ˭֪ʱһתܿѾߣùѾͨһ˺ˮС
СôˮȥˣྪȵŵˮеѾߣģˮˡ
ôҶ
ʱ̫ȷԸղŵοӦǻ书ġأʵ
ҵĹ۵һ纬Цң϶书ȻܷӦô죬ΪʲôҪҪúõһˡ





ʮ          ҹӰ

Ϊ̫̽⣬Ժұ㻻һҹ£ȥܸ̽
˭֪ҸոߵſڣѩҪȥĶεתʦ֣ⲻ֪
Ҫȥˡ
ΪʲôҲ
һٶ̽ĵģ˵Ҳûʲô£᲻书ôҪ𣿡
һҲԣȥ䣬һ쵽Ҷ챻Ƴˡ
ðɣȥ΢΢һЦȰҹ»ɣӳȥôС
֪ˡҴӦȥƬ֮㻻һɫ·Щʧ磬Цһôʦ֣ʦҺɡ
ԣЦǰסĸ첲߰ɡ
Ϻ֣ʱ䣬缸δһȥʱʱΪ˻ȥ
ۿŴϵԽԽ٣ֱҪûʱҲδȥ
ţͻȻԶݶϣһƽصķǰС
Ҷʱ£ʦ֣㿴ǰֿɿȥֿɺá
ԥҼװȥĻҾԼһȥˡ
ðɡεң¡
֪ˣ߰ɣ˾Ϳˡ˵űǰ׷ȥ
̾һҡҡͷŷ˹
Ǹһƫ֮ʱںһ˽֡
羲վһԹۿԭ־Ͳ£Դ˺ܾҲδֳܷʤ
ҿĶе˯ˣ㽫ͷļϣ۾ۿǴ򶷣ѩˣ
ҵͷû˵
ǻȥɡ
ðɣ֪ôģҾͲˡ
תȥ˲䣬һ˵ɴһժӰŵľһ
ӰҵľҲͷѩ
ҷǰӰһԸˣ˵ֱͲôҺӰֽ¸Ǻ޻֮Ƭ̱ܶȥ
ǺߺӰҲδ׷ϣӰ㲻ڰҹôȿѯ
ЩҪ죬ӰεĿڣѩǸ龿ô°ôҹ˽ġ
Ժ㡣εЦЦɫˣȥסһ
һûҵطأѩסĶ
סãûطסĻͺȥðɡ
ð֮ء
ѩλǡ˵ǰָӰѯ
ʦ֣ǽһ£ҹӰҵĺѣӰʦ硣ӰſɲǼʧҽüŻعҹӰ磬ҡҡͷƫģӰȷʵǲ̫硣ȻӰҲ֪ΪʲôǾ䲻硣
˻к֮Ǳ̤˻֮·һ·Ӱұ߱ģĵȫйߺҹ飬о飬Щ鵱е˿ûע⵽ɫԽԽѿ
Ӱ㾿Ϊʲôģ
Ϊ˰ɱһˣ˵˵ֺܸߣǻûʮİգڵȴʱ
˵ͷԭˡ
ѩӰηѰңǰһʱǰҹ˵ǰҹæ㣬ʱ㵽׸ʲôȥˣ
̾һ˵ˣԺп㣬ո˵ȥ˰ҹ󣬻ǰæң
ǰҹӰԹԵĿڣǲ֪һûôżӣͺԼһϣ䱦͵һɴ뽫һ
˵ô𣿡ҲŵƲƲ
ȻˡҹӰɫңѩ龿ô°Ϊʲôô㰡
ô֪ѵ֪ʦһ𣿡
Ӧ֪ġӰһ£Һ͸˵֪ʦһ𡣡
ﻹôżʦֱǲʲôµġҸӲӰ
ҹӰʼ磺ҪңҲ飬Ҳ֪Ϊʲô
Ҳֹһ䣺һʲôʱ˰˼⣬㲻ÿ춼Щʲô





ʮ          Լ

ǺӰصʱǰҹˣд˶ϢûΪŷ䣬Ӱһպסһҹ
峿һδ˯ѣѩˡӰҶҲδ˯
˭֪Ȼץҵĸ첲ҡѩɣɫˡ
ҼԸ۾Ӱôʦһ֪ҾͲסͬһˡ
乫˺ܾˡӰͷҿϵı顣
ʦ棿ҽŽɵ⣬ȻǸƮƮʱվҵԺʡҾˣʲôÿģûµʱƺڿ졣
εҡҡͷϴ׵Ժҿ˳ȥͷö̽Ŀ⡣
ѩôôˣĸҡ
ε̾Ҳô𴲣˲Ը⣬û취ֻˣʦ֣ôʲô𣿡
ʵҲûʲô£ղң˵ļУҪҪȥ֡
̫ˣ˸߲ҵĸ첲ȥϿɡ
û緹أ㲻𣿡ɻ
ȱˣȻ緹һ԰ɡұ˵
ѩ乫ӡһỽѭȥֻһǳɫɴµҹӰվ⺬Цǣǳɫ·ҹӰԭӳĵĸǳɫ·ȻҵǼѩɴϵġҲ̾ҹӰʶ
ҹӰǰǰе㺦ߵĿڣѩ乫ӣҪȥ𣿡
ŵգգ۾ʶǸҹӰôڵǸߴӵĴҹ㣬һҲΪһɱӦþ߱顭
ѩôˣߴԽ
ʲôˣηѰ㣬ãȻſסҵ˫ҡε硣
ѩû°ɣ絣ǵҡ
û°ҲԵҡҡͷǸղ˵ʲôˣ
̾һջ˿˫֣ղҹ˵һȥ֣ͬͬ⡣
°ҲΪȻĵͷȻˣ˶˲˵ţһҹӰһȥ
ոߵſڣȻǰѯʵܣһʶŮ⸡ա
״磬λҹӰҵĺѣӰλõܡҼæΪܡ
ҹҹӰеϬ
Ӱͷװ֪
ˣǾͲҪٿˣɿҹӰ֣ĸ첲ȥаɣӦÿʼ˰ɡҹӰһҲţҵǲԾ¶һĨƵóѵЦݡ
ѩڶԽ˰ɣԴŵĴһ飬ͷҹӰȻûʲôӦôܶ˵
гһ漴ôв磺ϲҹӰĻҲԽǴճһԣ֪ʦΣ
粻ҪΪҿҹӰϲ㣬ҲͬԿ㲢ϲʦֵķϣҰһΣڴڼ䣬ҵҵĻߺߣҪ˵Ҳ˼ôʦݡ
ţ͵ȥ磬ԽԽڵеĵʢϵЦŨ
һڴϣ˷׷פĿ˸߲ҵǰ棬ҹӰں档
ţܸ硱һỽͣ˽Ųˣȴ룺Ҫùˡ
Ծһ£ѩļֻǺ˵ҹӰȣȴԵ˰ǰҹӰλǣ
ҹӰ˵ȴȴһڣλµδҹӰ
²ֻңҲȵܣҹӰǳԾҲ˵ˡһ˫Ŀֱֱܣ죬ȴʲôҲû˵
಻ȻЦЦ򶨵Ŀڣʲôʱ򶨵ףô֪
ܾǰǾͶˣܺЦͣӰһҷһʣʧɢˣǰԵɺϣˡǼУϽΪһЩƷΪ˶ǾҪˡ
һҿǳˣܡҹӰڽ糿֮ǰǰ˸Ӵŵİ·ˣŹһʱʱ䣬ȻͿҪˣ˵ֻҹӰƣĿֻΪҪľǵڶֿܵĻܵЦǿˡǿһӣҲڿЦ⵽ô°
磬ϣԸԭ˭֪һĪ񣬺˵ҪңҲ֪





ʮ          Ūٳ

һ·޻ջصãҾȲĿʼѯʣ״磬ӰǸʲôأ
ӰһۣûȷʵǿҪˡȿ
ʲôҾȲѣҪ׵Ļ᲻̫ˣϾǲʶһ춼Ա˴˸Ͳ˽Ⱑ
һ飬ҪԶԷ˽⡣ܵ
ҽĿתӰ뿴ô˵ϾϲĿ磬˭֪ӰҵĿ⣬ᶨĿڡûһ顭
ôܣϲǡҵĻ˵һ룬㱻סֻܷ
ѩһˣҲˣȻȥϢɡ˵ţ㲻ҵĿ飬ҵСԺȥ
ҵСԺУҷ磬Ŀڣʦ֣Ϊʲô
΢΢һЦΪ㻹ܹʵûܺҹӰѾһ𣿡
ΪʲôҪôأǲʶ˼СʱҪ̸ۼˣһ͸оһɻ󲻽
ѩһ飿΢Цѯ
ҵͷ֮£Ҹվ飬ҾİŸһЩ
һ顢վ顭
ʦ֣ǲһĶˣҺգգ۾ʵ硣
۵һ˿ң漴ָֻƽûаѩôôأѵѩϣһˣ
ҴʵĿڣʦ֣״ɣ˼ҶҪˣʦ׼ʲôʱװ
ѩϣҳ𣿡΢Ц
ҵͷҪȢ˭أ
ͻȻ۾һѩ
˼ΣҡҡͷûС
ѩ޸ҿɺã״ĵĵҵĻش
á۾һת绹ûü֮ǰ˵°䣺еŮȫˣʦҲҲŵʱҾͼ޸㡣
˫˰˵˲û˵
ҵЦ磬ʦ֣Ȼ״ҹӰҪˣҪʲôźð
ѩ乫ӣ˼ˡҹӰ֪ʱ˽
ζĿҹӰһۣѩҹİɣһе¾ˡ
ߺҼæҹӰҷУӰô°ôͻȻҪ޸ܰ
ҹӰ˵ڣѵѩܲ𣿡
ǰҼæҡͷϣ״㡣
ѩʲôõĵģҵһùޣѵ㲻ΪҸе𣿡Ӱɻ
̾һӰϲ״磬޸ҸģôҲףǣ㲻ϲ״磬ͲҪǿԼҪܱ˵ЩʲôӦ¸ҵȥ׷ԼҸ
ҹӰ۵׵ɫ˱䣬˫ƺ֮ǿջЦĿڣѩҪᵽԺȥסˣµĻ͵Ұɡ
Ҵ𻰣ҹӰԹԵĽ˵ǶһˣҲЩˣȻȥϢһ£ʱټ˵ٵ˳ȥ
ҹӰֻȥıӰӰҿó㲢ϲ״磬״Ҳϲ㣬ȻҲ֪ΪʲôҪôȻףǿҸͷϡ
ѩ㿴ʲô𣿡ҶߴһͷЦһ磬ɻ󲻽⣺ʦ֣㲻ôֵֻģ
̾һѩֻдߣҶ˴ˣ㾹Ȼû
𣿡Ҹɻˣ˵ҵҲ̫ôǱ޲أ˵ṦѾ˳뻯ĵزˣ
ţͷ˵һ£ʲôأô񣿡һ
롭ĵĽһľУôʹһ١˵ţҷɿĻӳľк
ѩѩҽܱ߽͡Ŀ
ʵǰ㻹ʲôý͵ġұ׷߿
ͻȻһֱֱҷеľǰһһ֧ڱ㶤ľУҸȥ׷Ҫ׷ˣ˺ܾˣڲų֣ӦòǵģȿдЩʲôɡЦݣ
εóеСʹ괬
ʲô˼ʵ
Ҫˡɫʣʹԭ޵Ʈ졣




ʮ         ҹ

ҡ硢ҹӰסһʱ䣬ʱÿ죬ҹӰںæ׼ˣµĶ䣬Ʒʳ
ԭΪҹӰƣ˭֪ԴڽҲ֪ҪҹӰ쿪ʼȻһҲûãҲʼƣķˣ
ҹӰܳ׵ˣ֪ΪʲôǸоʲôҵҪ𣿻нʱ򣬿ҹӰӣһҲǿҪ׵ˣ治ףڸʲôమҲû˱ȣȴƫƫҪס
εҡҡͷҷ䵽һôϣվϾǰó˼
ͻȻ˱һ󲼴Ҵææȥŵգգ۾һȻûȷ˱˶ȥ
ǸղųĵطҹӰסĵطһǸղǱߵǸӡϸ룬ҷɿźʧķȥ
˵ṦþȫҲֻܱǲԶľ룬ҪǾҹӰûܡ
֪˶ãͣ䵽һԺеĿյϣ䵽һ֦ϣ͸ïܵҶۿǷ֡
ԺյϣһŮӱվѾߡ˽ӷŵϴ򿪣ʱԲѵҹӰ㱻Ӵе˳
ŮתϾȻһ㱡ɴֻĿһ۵ϵҹӰǳ⣺Ū
ֻһһСƿŵҹӰ·Ƭ֮ҹӰתѡ
Ͼɱ֣ѺҹӰ̸е˲ԣ۾δǰ˷˽Ů˫ۻǰµ֮ҹӰ
ҹӰֱͲ̫ãټԵһЩ֣Ƭ̣ҹӰ㱻ٴס
ҹӰĺŮӣΪʲôץң
Ϊʲôץ㣿ŮЦһΪԭҵĶ
ʲôܲ˵׵㣿ҹӰɻ󲻽źŮ
ŮɵЦҹӰ˫ȴ⣺㲻ֻ֪̫࣬Ҫ֪ҵĶҶ˶Ҫ㲻⣬㻹ʲôҪ˵𣿡
ҹӰʼ磬ûʲô˵ˣ㶯ְɡ
ֵǺŮסˣķӦҲ죬˲ָֻȻôҾͳȫ㡣
ԱϣһҹӰϴȥһæö룬Ůӵ
ֻǺŮһ㱻ʲôˣǺŮӴһ֪زסˣԴ֦Ϸ䵽ǰ
ѩǺŮһ漴ߣӦôȥɱأû뵽㾹ȻԼˡ
ʲôˣΪʲôҪɱң֮г𣿡ҶŮӣѯʡ
ǺŮӱҿе飬ȻĽ𴦣֮䲢ûʲôޣҪ־͹˲Ӧõˣ飬㵽ȥɣ
ҹз֮ʱ˵⣬ٳǧ齣Ĺƣ˳ٸһ
ֿ˵Ǹǧ£һʱ䣬ֻһһӰشķɻ衣
ȻԶַһɫӰҹӰ߲ˣ˭֪ǺɫӰȻסҹӰ˽֡
ҶһǸ˾ȻǶôҲˣ̫ɻ󣬵֪ڿɲѯʵʱֻȴӿ˶ǺŮӵĽ
Ƭ֮һɫӰȻʦ磬ļ룬Ѿ߲Ƭ̱㱻ƷǺŮӼ鲻Ҳһȥ
ɢǺŮѲӰĸסˣȫԾˡ
ôɻ󲻽ѯ
ҹӰһۣ㽫ĿתϣղŻ˲ҹӰģǰɸ봫ҸϿһˣû뵽ȻΪ¡
ʲô°
ղŮǰٻĶѵѩ֪𣿡ȵ
ҡҡͷȷʵ֪Ҹ֪ΪʲôҪɱңҵӡУûʲôٻ˰
ٻǰǴӲ¶Լݵġӹ˻⣺ѩǵ˰ٻҪˡ





ʮ          

εҡҡͷҿ࣬ΪֹҶ֪Ҿ˭ˣȻĪһ·׷ɱ
ѩ֪𣿡̽ѯ
֪ӰˡҲŶʲôˣѵ֪ʦһ𣿡
ζĿһۣ˼ηſڣ֪һģѩʱȥһ˶ɽׯְɣҿ״̫á
ðɣпһȥġҵͷǽô죿
ذҹ󡣡
ӰҲһȥ𣿡Ҽæ
ǰʲô𣿡
ӰҪܳô죿λҲ
ʵֻǷ곡ϷҪǵĵ˶ѣⳡ־ǲõģĿľҪһ档ҹӰţǵĿĴﵽˣҲûҪˡ
Ҿ˵㲻ϲΪʲôҪ޸ԭô¡漴һһת׼ʲôʱȥ
ڡնĻش
ôܵ𣿡̽ſ
ܵˣҳ⣬ҹȺף»˳ô˻ҹѡһƽĽ
ȻСһ㡣еʧŶҹӰ
ˣѩ㱣ء˵꣬е㲻һۣȥ
ѩҲҪˣԼչ˺ԼҹӰǰţпҹҡ
֪ˣСһ㡣е㵣ǵҹӰ
һСĵģڡҹӰҵһۣʢ벻ᣬʲôûһҹӰӶҹӰ̾һʧȥ
ŶҹӰʧķҾþòܻ񣬡ѩҹˣǻȥɡе㵣ǵҶ
ջĿ⣬ðɣǻȥɡ
صúҲû˯⣬۾ֱڶһҾˣ챾ҹӰ׵ӣˣҲͳɲˡ
ƲֵǸСԺţѩ鲻ð絭Ц˽
֪ΪʲôҾýܷ
̫ˣҴȥɡӧ
ðɡĻش
ĴҲ֣֪ΪʲôȴһҲ᲻ҽȷʵãȥ
һУҾ˵㣬ʦ֣ôʱҲˣҪȥﰡ
˼Ƭ̣ѩȥ
Ҳ֪ʦ㿴ŰɣãǾȥĶɡ
ȥɽôľɫ˳ɢɢġ
ðȥɽɰɡ˵ţͻȻǰ·߹һϤӰ飬ôҲˣ
飬ҿĵĺȥֻǰܣ˹۲ܵĶͻȻ罹УѩСġ
ͣ˽Ųתʲô£ֻһʹűǵصĺڰϮǰֻ罹ĺ
ԺУҸоУҺ˱ҡԸ۾ӳ㲵ʱұڻϸ
¶һ˿ϲɫѩˣͷʹʹ
ҡҡͷȴȫûһ˿ʦ֣ղŵ׷ʲôˣ
ЦһǸղţһǰˡ
һǰҾһһôã׷ʲôˣ
̾һǰܵʱ򣬲֪ʲôطð˼ˣҷֵʱѾ㲻ˣҺǵֲ̫ߣҽǻ֮󣬾ϴ·ˣûһãֻ˴˸Ÿܣ»ٴй¶ǵ١
ҵͷٴοڣѩ˾˯ɣЩȵһСʱǾͣϢָߡ
ҵͷðɣʦѹĸ첲һˣĸ첲˰ɡһ¸첲ɡ
絭Цң޷һá
Ȱ˵ЧֻţǵһµСʱһҪңȥ
ãȵСʱһ㣬ڱ۾˯ɡ绰дŨŨĳ硣
ҳЦЦٴα۾һȴҲ˯ˣһԵ˵𣿿ΪʲôܾòأֻǱˣΪʲôڻȫأپһԺַʲôˣһһͷˣȲˣһһɡţҲֽ֪硣





ʮ          ŭ֮

УҲ֪ֻǰԶһϤİɫӰҶʦ֣𣿡̽ѯ
תЦң顱Ҿһ
ɲǼع飬оҵֱȻһϤϢǵصϮҵĴѾסȵϢ߶ְԵ˱ǣһʱӦ
ƶ壬˳ôȫסãһæҡͷҪǣ˭֪һֻֽסҵĺԣɵҵıݣǿҵĶС衣
ŬҪ۾ȴ֪ΪΣƤصǦһҷֻҷеĿҪˣҵĺԽԽѣʶҲһʧ
Ҽڰʱȴſң΢ָҵӣƬ֮һˮεϣϤԴں޵ҶУԲѩԲ𡭡
¶Լ۾ǲ֪ΪΣ˯ȴʱϮʼ䣬ֳ˯ȥ
ٴʱѲ֪Լںδϸ۲Լֻ֮ʱ˯һʻĴϣдеľŻһ壬֮ǰָ˺ܶࡣɻܡ
ʱһϤĽŲѩˣоõûУе
ԣ罫ִҶͷϣѾˣ˲ˡ
ʦ֣˯Ժַʲôˣɻѯ
ʲôҲûѩպͿ˰ɡЦ
𣿡ٴɻĿѯ
Ȼˡ絭һЦ˯Ժ󣬲֪ΪʲôͻȻ˸գԭСΪҵĴ򣬿ǳҩ֮ϵĸȴþòˣ֮£ֻôɽеȪΪˣڸоõ𣿡
ҵͷоöˡȴ̫ĻѵϷ鶼ڷʱ𣬿ΪʲôܸоǲΣҾӦһأ
ѩʲôأô񣿡ԴҶ
˲񣬡ûʲôʦ֣ǽҪȥĶ
ѩȥɽǾȥɽˡ˵߽һöӨ͸ĹӷŵС
ʲôҲѯ
ˮ絭ڣֹӲ𣬻ҩãĸվκõġ
ֹӲң֪ɽôеġ
ɻĳһڣȻ𣬡Σڴѯ
ұ߳Ա˵ͻȻ뵽˪¶ʱҲʹңֻǲ֪ôˣǰ˵״ܲãǲӦȥɽׯء
ѩ㵽׳ʲôˣôˣ絣ǵʵ
ʦ֣м㡣˼Ų֪ο
ʲô°ʰɡĵĿ
ǹڡ̧ͷ۾ֻ۾иɾûһ˿ʣ죬ȴʲôҲû˵
ѵڳʱҷղ˻þ𣿿Ϊʲôȴǲǻþ
ѩôˣ˵Ҫ𣿵ʲô°һҡ
ҡҡͷ˸ղʲôˣ
ЦһѩһԽԽˣôͰˡ
ʦ֣ʲôʱȥɽɰҼæתƻ
õ߰ɣڵ״ʺϳ;档
һ쵽һᱻġҲĿ
ȴ⸽ߣƬֺܴĴɡѯҵ
ðɣġҼԸĵͷ˴סĸ첲߰ɣˣһԼˣ
һ˼˰ɡ
һôðҿҪʱ
ʱҪô粻
֪˰ɡҵ磺벻֪
ͷȻ밡
ҶЦЦƫ㣬ԼȥɡԱǰȥ
еѩСǰ棬Ǳ塣




ʮ          

һ·ɽˮǰɽ֪ӺʱҲڰиǣҲֻڰиǣûʲôǲ£Ҳȥǡ
һ죬˷ǣĳУһ죬ʱ֣絽ǿջͶޡ
Ҹոսһ㴫ˣˡҲͷı߱˵ʦ֣㲻˵һȥԷôô졭Ȼţվ⣬ɫ㲵飬Ҿȵ˵
ѩǰһҽӵ뻳Уҵˡ
ô֪ģ黳мѿ
ЦһҶɽׯ鱨Աҵ㲢£ʱ䶼ȥˣ֪֪Һ㡭
ѩϢûУǸȥԷˡҼæ뽫ƿұĺܽôҲƲֻýĿڣ飬ſҡ
ţΪʲôҪ֡
ѩѩȻֹ
ʹȫƿʦ֣ҽ͡
ѩҵĹϵղֿûʲôɽ͵˰ɡһֱֻסҵļƵ硣
һѲҼϵֱۣ첽ԣʦ֣ҡ
ס΢΢һЦҶ֪㲻ýͣ㡣
𣿡ŵ̧ͷ۾ֻ۾гŨŨĳ
Ȼˣʲôʱƭ㡣絭ЦŽϵһͷ۵
ȿȿȡȼѩ֣ǻû÷ɣѾ׼˷ˣǹȥɡ
Ϊ׼һż䣬װεĺܺҲϵĺܿ죬ҿջķĺܲұ߳Ա߿䣺˵¥˵㣬ǱĿջҪõĶˡ
ѩҷ˲Ļһĸȥ鵭Цſ
ȵȣ˵Ϊģѵҿջ㿪ģҲѯ
ûҿջҿġϵЦδ䡣
ֿ¥ֿջʲôɽׯûģҺĿѯ
˼Ƭ̣Ҳ֪ҶɽׯʲôûˣҼǵѩϲ˪¶ǡҲУΪһ̳
˵ţֻ˼֣һһСͶһ̳˪¶˽
Ϊҵһʱżڷ磬һڣȻһĿڳ㡣ţֽѩҪ̫ˣȶ˻ġһȰ裬һΪҲˡ
ûµģҾҵľ˵ֺһ˪¶ΪҲĲˣио⡣
ͻȻҾһѪڣ಻סһѪ
ѩ
ѩ
ֻεתǰľɫڡ
ѩѩѣôˣ罹ڶ
ҽ绳УǿƤ߶ֽѳʦ֣Һܡ
ѩ齹
һԵķˣΪʲôûȴˣԭ򶨵ǽѵ̳˪¶
˵ţ齫һö˾̳УƬ̺ȡ˺ɫ
ǰҪ鿴ҵƣ籧Ȼһ㲻ҪΪűġ
ׯǶɽׯڲˣ벻ҪǣѩϣΪ޹ġг˽䱸ׯȥɽׯ°ɣҴѩȥҴ򡣡
˵ţ罫ᱧתȥȵȡ齹
𣿡ͷҲδأĿ
ǰ̬ȱ̾һ֣ң飬ұѹʶһλⲻԶȥȰѩͻطɡ
û˵뿪Ǽż䡣
һ·ϣ綼ƵҵĺĴԴԴϵҵڡ
ѩѣȲҪ˯ˣ˵˵ɡҼѵ˫ֻۣ˿ջĴϣڴߣҵֵĴ΢Ĳ
ʦ֣潹磬Ŀڣһ᲻





ʮ          ʮ׷

ҵȻһģһµġ
ǡںܣ롭˯һ˵ţ˵ţҵԽԽСʶҲԽԽģ
ѩ羪һٽҷ΢΢ҺϣֻһůɲǼ㵽ҵ֫ٺ
ҵ˲٣ʦ֡͸ҵ
Ҫ˵о񡭡˵ţ˫ƶҺϡ
Ѧҽ롭ŷű㱻˼еƿһʮҳźӵϴ˽Ϊ˹ƶ˱㾲վһԹۿ
֪˶ãջ˹£ϸĵΪҸǺñӣѩôˣ鼱æѯ
ҡҡͷҲ֪ʲôֵֶùȻƲ
λѦҽǰڴߣΪҰƬ֮ջ֣ôͬѯʡ
λѦҽѾ׵ĺӡλеǶʮ׷ɢùǱƲģʮ֮ҲҩͻûʱӣԵʱҲԽԽʮʱͻȫ״̬Ҳֻ״̬ȥ
¶˭֪ôȥҽҩ鼱ѯ
Ѧҽվ˼Ƭ̣ҩһѪ磬ɽٶﵽҩӱ޵ĻʮʱҲֻ࣬Ѫ쳣ҩҲֻã֪ǻ᲻
δ䣬ѱҴߣűӽұ֣ʲô鲻ѯ
ȻǴѩȥҩˡͷҲδأǰȥ
֡֡鼱æ׷磺Һһȥɣ·ҲиӦ
ͣ˽Ųͷ飺ׯҿ¶ǳŶɽׯģǵ⣬һɽׯΣˣԵ֮ҪϿȥɽׯִ֡
ͷԥ̾һׯ֪˴ǰȥҩ֣ԲпɥȪΪѩĸԸҵĿг磺ʮûдѩҩȣ鷳·ǣҵǵʬ壬㽫ǺᣬһԶѩػܵһ˿˺
ȵȡʦ˵Щʲô˼ҶͿˣ˵Ҫһᣬѵ˵ϲҡ۾ȴԼκ
Ĭ˺ܾ÷ųصĿڣðɣϻضɽׯһ·ǣѷԸ˱ɡ˵űȥ
ջţһ籧ֻԸ磬Ҫǵҩȣ¾ȥСȥС
ʱ嶼ڱУֻʣһԴ档ͷĿתЦЦѩң
죬ȴûзκֻðյ硣
˵˵ͨģʱЦѩǰˣ벻ҲбʱôоΣ
ԭôһ˵ҵ͸ˣֻ˵ֻñս
֪ΪΣȻЦݣһң۾˸ҿɫţͷȵĺϣЩ˫ۣԼԽԽ촽ŵĵɴ˫ۣĴҪҵӣʱ򣬡֣ѾԸˡ˽
缱æֱ壬Ҳһ
ͬʱ̣һضɽׯѩȥҩȣѷɸ봫ежɽׯӣ;˰бǵġ
֣лл㣡Եĵл
ЦһҺѩģСһ㣬ѩͲжҲȥðôķա
絭һЦ֪ѩ㣬Զѩǳ飬ֲ̫𡣡
̾һվҺѩ
ߵǰḧҵͷѩ㣿
գգ۾ҡҡͷ
鵭һЦѩȥҩȣҴɽׯͻȥǣ˵ʱǶˣҲһȥģҪ£õһ㡭
һﶼ˰ɣȥģúýһ٣κڸ˵֮£ֻǣûпһԹԵ˵
֣Ǽ̰ɣأ
أص顣
һۣŨŨĲΣҺ밲οοκʲôҲ˵ֻĿįıӰʧ⡣




ʮ    ·ɱϣ

ڷʻţҿ绳л˯
ѩѣԵ㶫ɡеʣҼԸ˫ۣҲ
ʱһʦ֣ҿ˵ˣ̫ˡҿĵĴ绳𣬡ʦ֣ʲôʱˣ
ƿˡ
ȥߣǴơ
ѩȥҩȵ·ϣϵĶܵ飬ȵҩȣΪ˶˵òã
ȥߣһСͺãʦ֡ҡĸ첲
úúá类Ҳʵû취ˣֻȥһ
šʹͷһͺá
ҡҡͷ磬ͣ
ĵطһ֣һô£۾΢紵ޱ泩
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ǵĴ˲Զ磬Ƭ֮Ҳ˴򶷡Щ˵ȷʵ˵Ҳϵȸ֣˽ʱ仹δֳʤ
ͻȻһóɫԲѩСġֿ죬һ½˵ֻһҲԶըһӡ
ɢվֻϵʬ壬Щԭŵĺ˴˿ȴȫӰ乫ӣǿ߰ɣӦȥȱˣ˶ãǾͻġ罹ǡ
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û£С˶ѡǰڰ֣ȥ
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һΣҶʱ಻סһѪ³
ѩ羪һæסҡҡ׹ңͬʱһֵֻҺϣΪоô˵ţһֻΪҲȥǵѪ
Ŀ绳Уҡҡͷû£Ǹղùˡ
ϢƬ̣ʦ֣ǲưոݵģǿ߰ɡ
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ϣ绳Уʱо˯ǵصϮʦ֣˯һ£Ȼǵýҡһļš
ѩѣҡңȻ˯Ҫ˵
뿪ѯʣ죬ȴԼַκˣ֮£ǿ۾̧ͷͷϷ磬ѯʲôҪҡ
ůָḧҵգϧѩǿ԰ȫҩȣⶾ֮ǾͻɽӴ˲ٹʽϵǷǷǣɺã
ǲ⣬ʦΪʲôʱ˵Щɻ硣
ɻ󲻽Цˣҵˣ˯ɡ˵Ŵָҵ˫ۣ뽫ҵ˫ۺϡ
ҶƵĽ۾ĸ󣬡ѩǲʲôŻԹԱ۾гв·Ϊ˵Ļһ㣬ͷ
ʱľٶŵĸϽ۾ֻƬ֮̾һҸıסκ罫ұ̫ҺЩѣ˵ڣֲҶֻһĬĬܣȴԽԹ˼ʮ顣
ʱû˯⣬粻עʱ۾磬ֻԭӢϲ֪ʱһ˿Σһݲɣʦ֣㾿ôˡ
·еҵעһ㣬ͷҵһЦѩôû˯ţ
Ȼɫһ䣬̧һƽ𿪣漴ҷճֻ
һֱңһֻӿǵƬ֮ǵûˣΧȴĺˡʱǺҹǶһýһָ߾Żѡ
ǵͱǧ԰ٿף粻֪ȥЩֻǽΧм䣬ȴûж֣ڵʲôˡ





ʮһ    ·ɱУ

ȻϣһֻеĺȥһϮĿĺȻҾĿһȻ̫
ڿҵʱҲһ㶣ѩô
Ҫ˵ŷԼκͻȻ佫ұĸһʹ硣ȴʲôûһ
ѩôˣô˵Ц硣
ѩ˶˵ӽհôųӭѩ֪кιɣ粻ѯ
ԾɺЦ磺ձ׽ó͢շģû뵽̨ѩ̨մ
磬ѩʦ֣ѩ˾޶Ҫȥⶾи㣬ѩȥ
˼Ƭ̣乫ѩڴסһʱ߿ɺã̽͢շڽ˴ΪλİΣ乫˼
лӺ⡣ʱг˽䱸ѩϵĶݵ飬ൢһ֣ѩͻΣһ֣ԽǱȥ֮Ӻ
⡭һεͷ˼Ұ̾һ֪ΪΣͻȻ䣬ҸоѪڣжʱĸоһѵϵĶˡ
ţһѪ³ѩ羪һƿٵҺϣΪʱҲ˵֪硣
ѩôˣ罹ҡҡͷ˭֪һѪ³ڰǵصϮѩҪ˯ǧҪ˯šҺϵ΢΢
ʦ֣ҺܣĺܣҺ˯ҵ۾һʦ֣ˣ㲻ҪѹҺ˯һɡ
ͻȻˮ촽סҵ죬Ȼ˫ۣɲǼ˯ȫޣߵĿһʱ˷Ӧ
ʱЩҲȵ磬ҵ˲ͨ죬ҪƿȴôҲƲ֮£ֻڴ֮ͥҡ
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ͨҡҡͷ漴ԼͨСǰңһֻҵͷӣѩо޶˰ɣ
˼Σðɣ߰ɡʱһǰҪ˵Щʲôȴһֹˡ
ᱧңҽǰ̧ͷȻ͸СЦǰȥھʱվס˽Ųлл㣬ӡԱϱ㱧ǰȥ
乫ӣúչѩĽŲ˶٣ǰȥ
ǵѱǧ԰ٿ׵ˣ֪ΪǵȻȻֻ粻֪ȥһֱңֳֽۡ
֪˶ãֱҿҪ绳˯֮ʱߴѩ˯𣿡
绳̧ͷգգ۾ͻȻĿһ˻űµȥ˽Ҫ֮ʣλεĵӭ濳¡
ӳһϮǵĵͬʱڿһתءī˿ѩİ΢ɡ
ù治ɽšɱּ˸߾Ĺ򣬲ɵĳޡ
΢΢һЦһֱңһӭС
ΧĵԽԽ࣬һʦ֣ſңڿ԰æġҾȻֿ˵ˣʮ׷ɢֻڶʱʧûˡ
ߴ˵޷ѩѩһֱɵʮҸʾһ£㿴ˡ
Ȼվԭزˣֻңеĺ˶ͻȻһָֻԭտյϾһһ
ͻȻָһӣֻһǿƵĽɢƬ̹󣬷ǽĺ˾Ȼȫȥ
ûĺ˼״һɢȥ
ʦ֣Ѿѩʮأ˽һˡһݵ硣
΢΢һЦǰѩѾھʮҲԶ˰ɡ
ҡҡͷھؾͷ˺ܴľʮؾ͸ˡ
ģѩôһԵġǹ
ãȻĵͷԸ˰ɡ





ʮ        ·ɱ£

ҹͣĸ·ֻر۵ʱŻͣϢһҵûʲô£Ϊÿ춼ᶾԣʱҲԿ绳Ϣ
ȫһˣۺʱεأҪ߾裬ֹ˵͵ϮҪҵİȫʮʱÿ춼Ϯǣú㲣ȫû˵ķʣס
ۿҩԽԽͬģʮҲԽԽˣŶӣҵҲԽԽѾһ书һˡ
ʦ֣Ҫ˶þ͵ҩˣͣϢһɡ㲲ڲ۵磬Ҳ̵ĿȰ⡣
ͷҵһЦ޷ѾǵʮˣǱ뾡ϵҩȣѩ˾˯һ°ɣȵҩٽ㡣
ʦ֣ɫò԰ף㻹ͣϢһ°ɣҿɲҵĶˣʦȴˡҵĵ
Цѩģһûô
ͻȻƿնɫһ䣬ڿնɲǼƥѱǧ԰ٿס
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籧ȻأҾĿһֻǰվʮˣûٶ˵ϻǱǷ˽
ʮ˵ԵȫǾӢ籧ǽ־Ȼֲ˿ıˡ
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ʦ֡ҵۿ΢죬жʱӯˮж˵
絭Цңû£صġ
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Щ˴ʱֹͣ˽磬ѩǾͷߡ
ңҵԲҪһҪȫѩ
ȻˣǾݹĺˡ
Աϣٴǹ
ѩ𣿡ͻȻ俪ѯ
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̧ͷһȻʧʮˡһϲ뿪ڽһӿϺд󾪣Ϊ֪Ҷˡ
ɫ˲ĲҰף磬ｻˣȴѩȥⶾ
ᱧңǰȥѩѣȻ˯ϾҪˡ籧ҵ΢΢͸Ž
۾Ҫû£ŷִʱԼѾ˵ûˡ
ǿԼ۾ʶȴһɢ
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ʦ֣ԲѾˣ㲻ҪҡʶʧǰģģпһɫӰɿǷţһѪ³ҳޱߵĺڰ֮Уǰ߳罹ĺ
ٴʱΧһƬİɫɫı죬ɢһɵҩ㡣⾿
ˣеڶ
ѭȥǰվӣһϮɫĳ˳˿ڼһɫ˿纣£üīĿǣ˫绪һӢŵ˭
ǿҵɻȻһЦĽԽ˴ҩȣϵĶѾˡ
ȻҩȽⶾҼǵʱˣʦأҾһ
ģˣĪҪġ
ȥҼǵΪ˺صˡ
ĽԽ˼Ƭ̣ðɣ
վڴߣڻ˯ɫ԰ף˫ʧѪɫʦ˵𣿡
ûʲô󰭣ֻǳʱûϢټ۹ȣԲŻԡ
ҵͷʲôʱѣ
ĽԽͷ˿硰Ӧúܿͻˡ




ʮ      Īҩ

ͻȻҵֱסҵͷһЦҡʦ֣ˡҿĵľһ
ѩϵĶˣ
šҵͷѾˡ
漴ĿתĽԽĽ֣лл㡣
ĽԽһЦ֣֮仹Ҫ˵л𣬲ϵĶǽˣһ֮Ṧȫʧڴڼ䣬òҪܣ˿ɳ֮
֪ʦϵû֮ǰҲȥġ
̾һϵҲòһ°ɡ
òˣҲӦڴźúϢ˭ʮ첻ϢģҼװĿѵ
뿪ڷĽԽȿڣֵڻȽȳȥɣҪϢˡ
ðɡͷֱŻر֮Уʦ֣ȳȥˣúϢȡ
á絭ЦңͻȻҵĿоȻŨŨĲᡣ
߳ķ䣬ΪţĽԽֹ
ꡭҶһĶԶȥߵ緿Զ֮ʱͣ˽ŲĽݹʲô˵ľֱ˵ɣղſʱ»ᳳʦ֡
Һͬ꣬ȻֵʦãֱӻԽɡ
ðҲҪҷˣʦһѩɡ
ĽԽͻȻЦݣѩ֪ǺҪ㣿
֪ҡҡͷһֱҪأҲŸոɽûãҲûʲôˣͷ۵⡣
ѩ֪ΪλһڹȫʧĽԽɫ
ѵǶʮ׷ɢĺ֢𣿡ֵҲ
ĽԽҡҡͷжʮ׷ɢ֮ǰѾжˣֶֻȽ⣬һ²ֻᷢ˵Ĺڲ֪ʧǻɢһ
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ʲôһ˭ôңҪַɱҡ
ѩû°ɣĽԽǵ
ҿЦҡҡͷû£ֶûУ
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Խ磬лл㣬㣬һԼôĶ֪
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ϹղʲôˣĿѯ
Ϲеɫ˱䣬аȵЦȻϣѩֵʲôˣȻ˼ùȫʧʱ֮ʲôطҲȥˡ
ҧгݵϹϹǲٰʮŸİ
ϹЦһѩΪڻܴӮ𣿡
㡭Ҷʱ˵
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Խ磬ǲǸܶ鷳εĽԽ
ôأĽԽЦŰοңˣôɵֶأ˵ö֮ҲأҩȾ͸ˣٻʱȥǡ
ҶĽԽмЦЦԽ磬Ϲ¾İɣһе£һˡ˵겻˴𻰣ȥ
ҩеľɫȴû͵¡һ˰ţ֪˶ãֻ֪ߵЩˡ̧ͷǰһͤӣ˽ȥһϣԶˮ
ֻת˲䣬Աһˣ̾һÿҲ֪˭
Ϲǲ˾ú᣿ãȻԶ
ϹȻûϵһôʣιϹɻŴʣѩԴҩˣΪʲôͻȻôʣ
ҿɬЦЦȻĻΪʲôôϣأңǻҺúõȥҲĺᰡ





ʮ        ֮

ѩʵҲһǴģϹε̾һƢһͳһӶһԸһͷԼһ⣬ϻûʲôȱġ
ϹǿһأŭĻͷϹ
Ϲʼ磬ֻʵʵ˵ѣûпʡ
𡭡ҴǺЦ˵Ϲ
ѩʲôϹվֽҡ
ϵЦδ䣬ƽϹѩҾ㣬ǧҪٴʲô⣬ȻĻұ֤ùǸ϶㡣Ϲ˱˵
𣿡ҵɫȻһ䣬ѸٳֹϹϹֵסϮֱۣѩ㲻ǹʧ𣿡
ûǹʧˡұߴ߿
ô书Ϲ߲б߿
һмĿڣ㻹ټ֣ҹʧָʧֲָ书ʽ
ֻϹһ˿ţþȫһһҴһæȥûԶϷʵĿڣѩҹеĻ׷˵ԱϣṦȥ
ϹվסϹԶȥıӰܻĿڡ
ԶϹĴЦѩԼıˡ
ҺݺݵĵһԶѾСһڵϹתȥ
ţţҾ֪Լںδ֪Լëַˣ·ˡôأʦֻ𣿿ˣҵ
һضĿĵţͻȻǰһƬɫĻ׷䣬ƯԵ̾ţ˹ȥ
ԡ̺ĻУҽס裬ͻȻһ§סҵҷһĿһȻ硣
Ƭ̹䵽ǰԶľɫǰ࣬ʦ֣ôˣϵ˺𣿡ҵǵ翪ѯʡ
Ѿûˣѩôֵܣ֪֪ղϹּææ㲻ʱжż𱸵͸ŨŨĹġ
Բʦ֣Ҳ˼ЦЦұֻ뵽ߣû뵽žԶˣֻһΣ²ΪʦͲҪˡ˵ţҡĸ첲
ðɣðɡε̾һһΣ֪𣿡
ãҾԼ֣ЦſڣҷģԲһˡ
ͻȻԼ֣Ҿʮָ۵һЦݣһ磬ֻһֻסҵһֻסҵĺԣһĻСɫĻ׷ĴƮ䡣
ͻȻˮĴѵˮӹҵӣҴæͷ£Ƭ֮˫ҵĴϣҵĴշת˱ɵ˿ҵ˫ҵĿС
һһæƿң˰Ҳδƶֱ֡˫糺죬Ҫʱſҡ
ȫĿϣڵĴסҵ˫磬һ룬Ҳ硣
ʱ˫һ̶Ҫʳȥѩ޸Һòã
ԣŵһڴ磬죬ȴ֪Ӧ˵Щʲô
Ҳ֪Цѩòôţ֪㻹û׼ҿԵȣȵ˵Ը޸ҵ졣
ʦ֣Բʵҡ
ף΢΢һЦҵĻʲô֪˵ţֽҽӵ뻳Уһȵ˵Ը޸ҵ졣
绳Уŵ㣬жʱ˼ǧô찡˭̽ңҵӦô
һ飬پһһ磬ɷϵģǶһ÷ˣܼ޸һˣӡҲ֪Լϲ˭
붫һֱǺѣ磬һ÷ĳһֱһλһңչң谮ңֻҪһ£ҵһ뵽ľΪΪҰƽҸ㲻顣
ҶȷʵǺδϣһû׼
˶ļҪȢΪޣӦô죿ӦôӦ˭Ӧþܾ˭ģ˭ܸңҾӦôѡ





ʮ        ֮

ʱ֣ҪµϦȾ˴գһǰһľڻȥ·ϡʱҵֱǣš
ͻȻҵĶͷһ壬ʹһȥͷȴ˱ҸḧҵĶͷ
𣿡ΪŶͷ
ҡҡͷԲʦ֣ղײˡ
Сɵϡңѩôˣôһصӣ
ʦ֣ʵҡ
֣ѩԭ˰졭ϤϷ֮ҵĻ
εƲƲ죬תϹղܵȥˣ
Ϲæڰ֣ѩҿҪ֡
ϹһصӣҲĿѯʣʲô°ǳҪ𣿡
ϹͷǳҪ
ǣ𣿡
Ϲҡҡͷܡ
Ҿ֪Աϣǰȥˣġ
߳һξ֮ϹṦңѩʱ䲻ˣǻȥԷɡƽʱһǣҵ֣ʾƵĵϹһۣǰȥ
飬ֻͷ綷ù֮Ҿ岻ΪɻطϢˡ۾ڴϣɽ֮飬һĻһĻԺŬҪҳ֮ˣȴκεͷ
ͻȻһԴʣѩ˯𣿡
ε̾һûءΪ򿪷ţʦ֣𣿡
ѩ˵ţҵȥ
ʦ֣ҪȥﰡҲѯ
֪ˡ絭Ʋסϲ֮顣
û˵ɻ󲻽ǰȥһǱһյϡ
ܿյĿյأҲѯʣʦ֣ҵʲô
絭һЦû˵ֻǰ˼һһɽֱҸ뿪ѯʣֻ֧ڿն˲ɢɲǼ䣬ԭɫУȻˡѩտ֡ɫĴ֡
Ҿȵųڰе֣һʱ˷Ӧֱ߹סҵ֣ѩտ֡
ҸмŶǳЦ磬ʦ֣лл㻹ǵҵգԼأ
һҵıǼ⣬Сɵϣ֮仹Ҫ˵ллǰһʱ˶ҹ·˵㣬Ҳʱˣ첻Ϲٹһ¾͵ϦҲǲˡ
˵ţվĽͻȻһȦҶһЩȻһΣΧм䡣
ѩ첻գҲļ֮գ͸ļ֮ɡ绰δ䣬ͻȻȼɲǼҹա
ΪҾ׼һУ̲סӯʵĿڣʦ֣лл㣬ĺлл㡭
ΪҲȥϵˮѩ첻ԿޣҪĵ֪֪
šͷ֪Ҳٿˡ˵ţһõЦݡ
ŶϵЦδ䣬Ὣӵ뻳С
һҹҺܿģĵʱ䣬˵ص㣬еķգǰֻЦ貵𣬴ʱߣҲٵĻ˶¶ҲٵĻд̿ͻȻ֣ɱҡ
绳УҸоܰȫ֪УҰĵ绳г˯ȥ
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ͻȻֻǰӰһһɫӰգۼǰѩȻ
ҶһȻʱûյķɣ˿ңɫ԰׵ûһ˿ѪɫǰƸոձˣѪ
ôɻ󲻽Ǳ
Ҫڣֻİ죬ȥǱңǧҪˡ
ɫ˲һ䣬ǰһץסҵ󣺡ңһлlifang1979͸СʯСһٽдϲĵģ





ʮ      ׹

ץˣ֣ҹȫʧץסҪȴģֻߵŭ
ԲҲôʧ̬æɿץҵ֣ϵҵǸ
ˣҲС֮ˡűץϵ
ǱûСȥߡİٴδɫĸѿ
ε̾һ뿴ҲԼɡ˵ţתȥ
ոֻ߳һŨҵѪζֱǶˣҸͷʲô£ȴ§סŷ
ҲĿһұĿսߣٶ̫ˣᱻ׷ϵġ
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Լһӣ˺ɽɽľɫܺãһյϴһéݣӦĽԽƽʱ֮ʱס֮
§䵽˵ϣҶָָǼéݣһ㲻ģ˰ɡ
Աϣұȥ
ȵȡϵƷǳأ𣿡üͷ΢壬治õ
ȻǰһδӦ֮ʣѱ§Ŵéڡ
Ҫʲôſҡһֻֽ§ңҷѣСһĵ˿ϡ
ʹһɿ˽§ҵ֣ŵĸϽѩҪ£Ҳ˺ġ
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Ҳ֪ӣЦҡҡͷվ˵򴲱ȥһ¡ЩįıӰҲ̵Ľס
ѵתԽ԰׵ǿһ˿Цݣʲô°
ϡҩ𣿡Сѯʣϵ˺أҪҩ˿ھͻ񻯵ġ
ѩģϺõҩ
ǣҪҰæ𣿡
ǰΪ˴˿𣿡µ
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ƿԣɫ΢΢ģεҡҡͷЦҵĻȥҴˮɣҺϴһ˿ڡ
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ҩкܶСϪûþͿһСҿĵܵߣȡˮȻñһصĻңҺ޷һʱ侹վȣͨһˮС
ҴСɽ󣬸ûѧˮҴʱʧĻ˴Ǿסĵط̫Զûˣңǲܵġ˼£ȴͽͣʱҸûˮ档ֻԼ׳ȥ
ģҵʶԽԽģк§סҵҿٸˮ档˽ϰϤҶУѩѩѣô
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˵·ݣ˴ҩȴոչһ㣬һ΢紵ȫеҶ罫ҽУвѯʣѩôģ
ȫ֫绳УҼѵĿڣʦ֣ôô֪ҵģ
̾һóһӣҵģȥ㷿ʱ㲻ڣ·ԾͳĴҿû뵽ߵʱ򣬾Ȼ˺ߣвҲŻ֪˺С
ҾĿһȻҵֻӣ俴ˣû뵽һ





ʮ        ͬ

ѩû°ɣӷ絣ǵѯʣҵֱ۲ֽ˽
ɲǼ񣬽˼ʦ֣䣬ǻȥɡ
áᱧվѩһ£ǺܿͿԻصסġ
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֪˶ãڻصҵķУ罫ڴϣתȥΪҪԼ䣬˭֪ߵ¹ԣһ·ֻصҴߡ
罫·ŵ˴ͷΪȥϵʪ·
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һ㶣ϾȾһ㵭ĺΣηſڣѩԼ·𣿡
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ҵ˫۲ıס磬˶ѽ绳У֮Уϴů
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Ŷ˶壬Ȼûˣҿĵ𴲣ϴһһɫ·ȥ硣֪ΪΣ˺öطûҵ磬֪ܵȥˣ
ͻȻںɽéأˮˣû˵֪ôˣҲû£ȥɡ
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ѩ㻹Ǻܹҵġ
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ұųһĨζЦݣҾν£
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𣿡˵ұƽֻһȥһúõĻţǲǺʧ
ұЦݣһʱ֪λشһ򶨵Ŀڣʱ䲻ˣҲûʲô£Ȼȥˡ
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ϵЦδ䣬Ƕɽׯ㣬ʦ粻㣬ǹ㣬ΪʲôҲһ
һʱηſڣΪǲһ
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ļٵģҲѯʣΪʲôҰʱûأ
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Ӧô죿ҵǵ磬ϣΪð취
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ʦ֣㲻˵İɣ
˵أ˵ţͷһ㶣Ͻתƻ⣺ʦ֣һûأںöȥɡ





ʮ      Ѱһҹ

Ӿƽ޲ĹţԴԺ֪ȥҲûֹĽԽϹӹ˿ţ˵˵£ҪŻһҩֻʣˡ
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һϣһ˯֪ΪΣʱů֮УɢϤŵһʱ侹ȫû˯⡣
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һʣַ˱Ժѩûȥˣɳǧ鹬Ĵ󻤷ȥȻҲȥͻȻˣҾһֱվڱԺſڵȣһҹȥˣѩǲӰ
ѩ㵽ȥˣ֪֪Һõ㣿ҴδĽĵȴһˣ֪ʲôǶˡ
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ֱһҲ֪ѩУѲֻҳ谮Сʦô򵥣ʵ˸ҵѲû޷޸˱ˣһܻܲȥ
ϴǼ͵ѩɴ·Ƿ޶Իĵ٩Ҿվȣ쳣ɬѩڸҰ㣬Ƿ񻹻ңǷѾסУ
ѩԸһطϢڴڼҶѩ֪̽ʱҳһǿʯͷ˵أڿ԰ĵ˯ˡ
²ã㴫˴Ҷʱ˯ȫޣŲ鿴ȴԺме˶ڣѩ
Ҽæ׷˳ȥĿĵĵңڻ첻ˣڿѩʱеĿϲ޷ݣҿٷɹȥסһգֲۣˡ
ѩĽ϶еܰ㣬ͻȻһһҲֿ
֪Ϊѩ֮ϰΪѩңͬʱն֮δǣ˿һ󵨵ľϴѩ뿪뿪顣





ʮ    緬⣨

ҴѩөɽʱĵľһֻľһƬ֮ȴʲôʱȥһʹѩѵϲˣʱʱ̿ŻȥһҲֿһҲûˣ
ѩΪǵʱаһ˴ϣϢʱȻͻҪҵ˯
˯Ժҽӵ뻳У˯գа˼ÿ˯Ҳһָֻǲ֪Ƿָ
ڶ컹ûҾѾˣȻǰһҼһҹδ˯һ뵽ʱѩһ˯ҾͻῪĵ˯š
Ҽ۽΢ҪϽ۾װ˯ͬʱ۾΢΢һ죬ϸ۲һһ
ȻΪʲôһиеʮֲ⣬Ժƶ壬Ҫһ˳ôԸҼװ˯ʵĸıס˰֡
ղѵĿɰģҲ͵ЦЦ֮Ҳŷ֣ԭҲ֪ʱĺѩһˣֻ˳ۣˣֻ
өɽصһҿջǼЩˣҸѩǲȥˣҲû̫ŵһˡΪҪȥĻһû취
ҿʼдţҸҪдŵʱѩͻȻ˵ȥ֪ͨһ飬ѾѩˣԼľѩߴˡ
ѩ֪ϵݣдǼٰѩһߣ飬ƽʱܲϵھͲһˣϾԼ˺ͱһˣ˭᷽ҵġ治ѩ֪ʲôӦ
ѩһ·ɽˮȥ;УѩҶһ˹ȥŵҲҳˡǱҲ˺Ϣϵˣȥһȫ෴ķԽԽԶˡ
һ·̾Ҫˣû뵽Ȼ˵صڣѩϲ֣ȻѾǳСˣѩɢˣҷһСϸѰңҹʱ֣һСӱҵ
ҽڻУҺҪ뿪ң޸ңҺúʧȥŻԥ䣬ܵȻʡ
ұܶļ䣬ѩӲǳҪȥϢֻ֮Լġصջȥ˸˿š
ȷѩ˯ԺԼص㣬һ㱨ʱľٶԼȡĴʩʱԶһ΢춯
Ȼ֪Ƿȥ۶һ֦֦˵ĺ󱳣ٴȥʱĿıӰϤıӰѩҾԲῴ
Ҳ֪ѩ˶٣Ѿҵ˼Χ֮ˣֻϵջֻ֪ѩû뿪ѩٴʧǰһᷢģҴ֪һ˵ĸǿҡ
ϵǣȻڷмװ˯򶨵ֻЦ֪˻ɣǰôˡ
壬ɱѩЩˣ˭Ҳû뵽Щ˾ȻƾͼƵܣûѩʹɱ֣Һҷֵ磬Ҹȥѩʱˡ
õӹĻԣȻ̽࣬Ȼ˸ҹӰȻĺܿġҹӰϲң֪Ҳ֪ѩϲңÿÿ뵽Ҷ룬ѩǲǿϲˣȻô᲻ҹӰϲأ
ҹӰ׵ǰһ죬ҹӰˣǶǶҵĿ֪ӦþͿҪˡֻû뵽ٶȻô졣
ҹӰߺĵڶ죬ѩ鲻ãҴȥɢԶԶ飬Ҹҽڴѩȥ˭֪ѩѾĵĺȥ
һʹʶĳֻѩҲǼ棬齫ѩߴߡûãֻ˴˸Ÿܣ˵мҪˡ





ʮ    緬⣨ģ

Ϊ˷ֹѩѺܻ飬ҷһǸ·̫ˣһѩתѡ׷ԭҽȱõĻѻһ飬ȻȫţҲû̫ʡ
Ұѹʱѩ˯оȻг֡
ͻȻȼĪŭҽסѩͷԵĺݺӣҪסҵζҪ˯ֻܽҵ֡
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ѩٴ˹վڲԶһӣЩԡҼװոոϻԵһЩζ
ѩԭʱȻ˻ѻѩȻšѩ˺ܴľһҪ֪ΪΣȴڹ̧ͷ֮󣬽ԼҪʵĻʽ˶
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һ·ȷʵ˲ɱ֣ײУҪѩء벻̫ȻҲʶѩλҾˣ治ѩŸոɽ£ôʶôȨ˵ġ
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ѩҪޣȻҲˣҵĻǻữΪǣϿ㣬Զػ㣬ܵκ˺
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ɽ
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λǣлһֱС֧֣쿪ʼѩ顷ͽڶˣǻῴһȫһķѩ͢ҲչĶǣթʼ֪Σעڶ˭





һ     ҹ̽ʹ

ջǾĿջʱҹǰͶ޵Ŀ˼ѽ磬ȥջһƬ
ͻȻһػƵĹâڵҹԵĸҫ֪ۡλ˵Լе
УһλһϮѩ˿ī֬ƣǳԣ꣬εľŮڶԾױ
û伣µķѩ
ǰ̩ɽ֮һսսʬ屻һصİ˴ߣѩӵĹȴ˲ͷӴԺңһֻΪ籨
ս֮Ψᷴˣӻ̫Ӷ֮УѩѰ£ڵ֪һϢ󣬱ٸǣ˼Žɱİ취ڴڼ䣬Ϊ˱ⲻҪ鷳ѩԼͷҩˮȾ˺ɫ
顢ϹɣȫѰѩ䣬Ϊ˷ѩҹӰһ˺֪⣬˾֪¡
֪ΪΣҹӰͬﾹûн¶ѩֹԼ٣ٽΪֹûܹҵǡ
ֻ֪ѩ̩ɽ֮Ժ󣬾ʧӰˣԭ֪˵˽жթһˣҲ˵̩ɽ֮һɣһȥˡ֮˵硣˵⣬˭Ҳֲ徿ģǼٵġ
ʵڷѩѰʱҲѰĶɽׯɵˣֻǷѩһֻɱΪ籨𣬶Щ˸ûᣬЩǧҪѰҵķѩǰԽԽԶ
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ѩֳľᣬԼ˳ī˿̧ͷϻ۵Ĵ۾žԽԽԼ˼ȴѲ֪ɵ˺δʦ֣û̩ɽ֮һսѾˣһὫҵɹ屦һʱҲһΪͷɡ
㱼䣬һѩµŴЦݣƾճӹеľᣬǻһ䱦һ㣬ī˿
žһ촫ѩɲǼأеĻȫʧԭӦеľᣬ֪ʱ˵ϣУ֪ʱˮۿϣһԡ
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䱸ɭϵĻʹУһɫӰ֮ĴĴУֱ̫סĶȥ
̫ӵĶУѩ䵽˵ϣĵųȿǰߡ
ҹôˣ϶ѾϢˣֻǲ֪ϢѾüˣȴһζûмطĳס
ͻȻԶŮŵѩæ㵽Ӻ棬Ů߱ģ
̫ӵĺأɽѩ˼伫Ʒ˵̫̫ӵҪ̫ӵӲûû뵽쾹Ȼ͸ӡ
Ȼˣ㿴ӣ˳Ư˵ֶ೤գĿˣκ˼˶ϲġ
Ƕɽѩѣôôһ̫ѵ⣺ȼˣǻ㣬̫ӵϾҪˣɽѩʱ䣬ҪԴġ
ǣǣǡŮսսĻشţǰȥ
ߺ󣬷ѩӺ˳̤Ьٴȫѹڡ޺޵ţѩŮʧķ׷ȥ





ڶ      ݾߣϣ

ѩ͵͵ŮһУʱҹȴǵƻͨΧľȻȫǹ͢еһ
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ŴʱѩСȻսüһԭƽ޲ߺޣѪĿ⡣
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оԼеʱЦտ̬Ҳ˲٣ŸҰɣҸ͹ȥ˵ţ߷ѩеš
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ЩԶʥתԷѩϣѩһվȲԵڵء
ѩôˣʥæסҡҡ׹ķѩг˽˷ѩϵѪ
ˣʥɫ΢˭㣿Ȼ䣬к֡
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лл㡣ѩ֪ԼһᰲȫӳʹҲû˺֮ǣ񾭶ʱһɣֻһ˯Ϯ㰲ĵı۾
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֪Լ˯˶ãѩתѣ˫ḧһ˿ڴ˿ѱҩˣ˻Щ΢ʹ֮⣬޴󰭣
ѩϸϸԼס֮ɫңɴʹ̺񻨴ľľΣ񱭣̨ͭһûʣɫɷ䡣
ӵסȻǷ
̾һѩ´ױ̨ԾȻһϴõˮѩ˼һת첽¹¹һӵȫǵɫ͵ɫŮ·
ѩȻʧЦѵʥΪֻϲϺ͵·ʥϸģȻеƷȫˡ
ϴ󣬷ѩһɫ·˳ȥɲǼ䣬ĵůġ
ˡϤԴе
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үһ𽫷ӻʹ˴ġ
۷ѩʲô⣬ǻشʱ򣬱ƽϸûκα飬ʼնƽƽƽ
һߵķѩҪץһŬƽԼʱˣȥԷˣĻһȥɣ㡭˵ţѩȥ
ȵȡֻǻԻΣգۼѩǰסȥ·
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Ҳѩ治ɫѣɽʱʦʦֶڵʱԼģǽҲ֪ôˣҪȥ
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ȥ˼㶼߳Ժӡ
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Ҫٿˣǻ꣬ʲôʱҲôˣѩͷĴǻĻҿɲҪȥԷˣ±۵ĻͲҪ
ԱϣѩֱԽǻȥһǻ꾹ȻûѩȻое֣Ҳδ롣
߳ôһξ֮󣬷ѩͷȥֻǻ껹վԭأһ̽ѩѩһʥסҿûôףôһ±ۡȵȣ±ۣд㣬صţѩתͷҲصĴǰȥ
ǻ˵ѱرأϰӦñŲŶԣڣȫֻͨϰգͲٱӰӣǻӲѣѵΣѩСڴϣʱĴΧȺ
ÿÿһ󼱴ٵĽŲѩͷһֻһλģһƥͷӲеĹٱ۶
Ƭ֮ЩڷѩԶ̫ͣ˵ȲŮףһɼۣԶֿеվһߣŮվһߡһ£ӹٱɢŮͬĵط
ѩ΢ȺŮһߡһᣬ߹ٱǵۡ





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λҾеǷ׵ۿǼٱҪǰˣѩǣ顣
ɲǼ䣬˵Ŀȫе˷ѩϣĿͬ飬ĽʼɣǾޡ
ܶڿѩ̾һͬҡҡͷЩٱɲʲôöƽ˼ҵŮΨֱ֮ɹ㵹ãȻǽ㳤һҲͻˣƫƫֳɣǾԲŹġ
һ㶣벻˸оúЦԼո̫˴Ҳйû뵽ȴҵģֲҡ
Цһתѭȥǣѩʱеŭȫʧȡ֮һľޣɴûŮӣȻʹеҲƯǺǰλɰŮȣǻǲһء
ôˣԵһȽϴĹٱŷѩǸԵģ̾ҡҡͷ
Ȼѣ򶨵һΪ׿ɾЦݣ֪кβף
ѩЦȴװǳģȺ˵лкܶδС㣬İ˿Լ۵ļǲеǷ׵
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ѩ΢΢һЦԴӹҼŵùĹŮ飬ͱȽϺˡȴ룬ŮʱܵĲӰˡ
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һҲֻĲͣڻп໥ųġѩ˿۸ӣȻ
ѩôҲ￴ѩĽȻЩȣѩǰ
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ǰǰλ˵ûһʱ䣬Ⱥ˶͡
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ѩŤһߣƴѹԼ޵ŬƽԼѾˣҿ𣿡
ԣԣȻԡеܳѩȥ
ĺѩˣֻѩһһߣһȫһ˵ǱУ˲ܾ̾
ԱϣѩκˣֱתȥеˣٴעĿ
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뵽ڻЩٱ飬һˮ㣬ûռұˣʱҵ˿ڷǵ¶ڲɣǣ컯գĿ֮£ĽƵٴҲѣ˵ڶģȷʵǶӮˡһĨƵóѵЦݸϷѩգϻ۵˫Уʱէ֣ĽƣһһὫʬΣѩ֮衭
ѩһ¡Ϥѩ





        ߵǷ

ѩһѵʲôˣӦðû¶κġȲôˣ°ɡѩԼϵĺ⣬һģ
װŭĿ첽ǰߣ˿ĽԽԽĺ
ͻȻһ󼱷紵ѩ֪Ľ׷ˣȴװ֪ļǰȥǰƾճһˣѩҲûײȥ
ѩʹһḧűײʹĶͷߵŭվԼǰˣĽƣﵲҵ·
ѩҽͣ鲻˵ţĽḧϷѩײĶͷ
ѩߵĻִĽ֣ʵǰ㻹ʲôý͵ģѿѩתһߣ΢ۿв֪ʱˮƬ֮Ļ䡣
Ľ̾һסѩ˫罫תѩƵֽת˹ȥĽע˷ѩƬ̣ȻתͬʱǿԼӡ
Ľſ޵涵ķѩ̲סѩôʵΪá
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ĽƵĽƱ磬ѩЦΪҺãţҵǺ֪ôǿʶߵǷǵġȴɫԾһģ
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ѩжĽƵ˵֮Աǣոոϵûҵʱں̽ţǣ㿴վǰ֮ʼնǱ̽ģ㶼֪̽ҶɫģѵļѾﵽ¯ľˣһ硭
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ѩƾճһɫӰѩδͷǻ꣬ȥʥĺˣܱԼͲͷˡ
үߵʱԸұ㣬үû뿪֮ǰһһֱִүҵ񡣡
ǻƽִĻķѩȫǿҪԴ˿ǲȫľĳ嶯һ첽ǰȥ





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ԭǻṦôãز¶һֱ̫͹ˡѩþȫʩչṦҪ˦ǻ꣬ѩṦãǻṦҲѩ죬Ҳ죬ѩҲ˾Ƿѩβһŷѩô˦˦
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ѩ˽ĵͷȻȥɣõˣҲ֪ʲôʱ·ҲһˣȥϢɡ
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ѩվסŷѩȥıӰϹһһѩ׷ȥ





ھ	      Ķ鶯

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ԣϹܣĽԽ˶һۣһҡҡͷ
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ǻųԼ˼޷԰εķѩҡҡͷˡ
䣬ѩѱǻ뱧ŷɳ˿ջĴӣֱǴԺȥ





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ʮ      

ĵأһԺĺԷڣһǳЦڴߣʧڴ˯ľŮӡ˯Ӥ㴿࣬˯գ̲סָžµС⻬ϸ壬ĸо᲻ָ֣ͣṴü۾ӣ˵ĺ촽
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ţѩԱ𣿡еڷѩȴһ飬һȥɡ





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ʮ        

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ѩԣ˼һתأ˵ҲʮңĴεΥ˵ңǲ֤Ҳϲˣ





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һ㶣״Ŀڣ˵ǣϲң޸𣿡
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Ժе˶£ҲҪ²УȻ˻ɵġ
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ˣһ˸ոԺſھѷ˱ԺеһԺȥ
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ԣЦãѩҿǸջûãû˯ôܻѹĺ󾱡
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Ϊ𱨽Ƶ˺˼ѩǾƭ飬ȻȷǷѾ֪࣬Ҫһġ
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·ϰΪһ㣬ѩûʲôرķӦǰѷ˵ǰɣš
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ѩü΢壬ˮ˫⣬ǿҺʹ˳ī˿ҵķޱߵɱӡһ꼴١





ڶʮ      м

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ڶʮ          

Ϲѩв⣺ϹīǺϹҿϹīȨҪϹҵֱ֧֣ϹīˣΪʲôҪȥ˵Ϲأ
ѩԲӣʥҡҡͷϹϹīȨûϹȴһ֧֧Ȼ࣬ǣһа١
ԣڷʱϹ֧ѩȻ
ûʥ΢΢ףֻ֧ϹָӣңҲֻ֪֧ʲôط
ȵȣȵȡѩ˰֣˼㲻֪֧ʲôطֻν𣿻˵Ҳֻǵ;˵ģ
ʥ΢΢һЦϹôһ֧ĴڣǵְǱϹңҲֻϹΣʱǲŻ֣ƽʱǾͨһ֮䣬Ƕϰһ书ϹҳµʱǾͻᱻмΪϹͦ
Ϲÿһһר쵼ǣһǵ쵼߾Ϲ
Ϲɱﵣ˼δػӦ˸㣿ѩ˼Ƭ̣ʵʵ˵
£һڻؾˣҲȥ˵Ϲġʥɫ΢䣬۵һ˿һţڵͷ˼ķѩδ
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ι󣬷ѩ̧ͷҿԿҲұ֤һ˵Ϲ
ûϵʥЦδ䣺˵ϹȻã˵Ļ취
ѩ˵ͷֻˡˣҳʱѾˣΪⱻ˷֣ҪȥˣסӦҵ
ѩģҴӦС
á˵ţѩһԾʥֻԼǰһ紵翴ʱȴֻδصĴصİڶţﻹзѩӰӡ
ʥǰſһ˵Ժӣһ˿ЦݸӢӣѩ̫ˡ
ѩصڻȥ·ϣҪôϹ˵أ˵Ǻѣ˼һὫϣóʹáôأ
ѩѩϤĺ𣬷ѩε̾˿а̾ԩ·խ
תǸɾЦݣׯ㻹ھأ
ǰѩϴ˵̽ףڻס𣿡ĽǰЦݡ
ǰѩͷʵ̽ףʵ׵ģ˶ãҺδҪˣ
ҪףĽƴһ޵ʲôˣ
ǿ¥ģѩѿڶҲ˾¥Ҳ˵ѡ
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ԣҾ˳۵ģҶҲܺáѩһģȴ룺ɱˣֻڻܸ࡭
Ľƻ˵ЩʲôѩæڣׯϾҪˣԻкöҪ죬Ҿһˣ˵ţĽ˵ѩǰȥܳܳһ·󣬷ѩȻܸоĽ˵
ĽƣǧҪңٲţͻȻǰԶһǰһģ·ʿмһΣƺĳҪ
ѩЩͨϰһʿһߣѩвõһʲô˲𡭡
Ƕѩǰʱ΢ᴵɴһߣѩһʱŭգΪǶŵľʧĸ֮õҹӰ
ʱҹӰһۺɫ·ˣԭϾȻȫ֮ɫ˿ɱֵģ
ֱֱȻԵõҹӰҪٴǿѹסҪǰɱҹӰĳ嶯ѩСֽճȭָǶУȴ޲
ڴɱҹӰֻ֮ҹӰڴ˳ֿ϶ԭĿģУҹӰָܺʹɱ磬̩ɽ֮۾˭ΪʲôûнϢɢϣһеһУԣֻȥҹӰһжû֮ǰҹӰ
ԽԽԶΣѩеĺ֣ҹӰ죬һ죬Ƿҵģһӱֻ





ڶʮ          

һ죬һȥǵѲˣѩһ˰ڱԺȥʵ֮ˣѩһ˼أǻ꣬ɣ
䣬ǻ㲻֪ð˳ߵ˷ѩǰǻ꣬ɽׯļϸôˣ
Ǹһֱδ֣ʱһûʲôͷǻƽ޲˲²﾿Щʲô
˼ҪŲĳˣѩƽдĲ
ǻ·ûһ˼Ƭ̣ô˵
ѩǿѹסҪǰȭĳ嶯㵹˵˵Ҫɱң
ʳ鶼ר˸Ѿˣһ쵽ǴԺУﰲవ㣬Ҫɱˡ
Ҫ˵ôûõķϻֱ˵ص㣡ѩ
ǻҲգҪϸͱҪɱ㣬֣㲻Ҫһ쵽ǴӦõߣɱĻᡭ
˼˵߳ѩ˼һתѿڶ
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ѩͷðɣҲеģҾȥ䣬˳
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ǻ꣬ϲʶҹҹӰûǻ𻰣ѩԹԵĿڣǰȥʥʱڻ·ϿԵʱųǸҪ
ǻ˼Ƭ̣ǰҵ˵˸̫ӹһŮҲǺҿ԰鿴
ллѩʶĿڵл
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ѩ漴Լ뷨һôܣϲʦ֣ôϲ飿Ǹո˵жʱΪʲôô
ҵôˣ





ڶʮ      ʵ

Ϊɽׯļϸһ죬ѩǸһȥѲ龩еӣģжɽׯĲҵ֪ѩǶɽׯŮˡ
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ҲûãǸͨˣӮģѩתĽƣ֮ܣĽƣǧҪңٲ
ƭңƭҵģԲԡʹ
ѩһνǸҪ𣿡
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𣿡ѩмһˣ˵İѱʲô
ĸǰ̩ɽ֮ˣΪ籨ƭ˵ȥɱˣѩ֪ƭȢ𣿡





ڶʮ      ǰ

顱ѩмһеȵϧڿеĶϲȴ㡭
Ϊ㣬ˣһϲˡƽ·˵һϡƽ顭
𣿡ѩΪȻ֪Ϊ˽ӽɱ˵᲻ϲ㡭
΢Ƭ̣ĪȻԵõķѩųһĨЦݣѩ㻹ԽԽˣϧ˻ᱻϲᱻᣬȻѾȫ֪ˣҲûʲôˣ˵ûɱģҵŲҰҲģΪľңͬʱñϳǼٵ
ЦһңԶʣĳֻ䵱У꣬ҲֻǸСŮÿʦѧѧ壬ӹޱ⣬ΪһӾͻôȹֱһ죬
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ʱҾͱסˣƲߣʱҾͰģⱲӣһҪ޸Ҷ෽֪ȻǶɽׯׯ顭
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ҶԶɽׯָƣЩȤҳأ³ȣ㣬ͷԼ򵥣һԵСƢɣҲҵһȲ㣬Ϊʲôϲң
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ڶʮ     Ѳ

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Ѳ⣬ʥӦñף߰ɣϹ飬һ֪ͨģУɽׯļϸȻѾҳˣǻͲˣ߰ɣӦþͿҪˡѩٿʥ
ʥ˵ŷѩѩ㱣أŲԽԽԽԽ٣ʥ˷ѩһۣȥ





ڶʮ      ֪

ѩһŬԼЩһɫӰƮƮڷѩԶѩ
ѩһ㶣漴ͷȥԽ磬ô
ѩˣĽԽǰϷѩΪûµġ͸˷ѩ
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أʲôطдϹϢ֪𣿡ѩһҪ뿪ŨŨĲᡣ
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Ҳ𣿡ѩõĿڣʱ䲻ˣ߰ɣҿɲԽٵˡ˵ţѩҪ
ͻȻٴνѩѹ£ѩ󾪣ʲô
ڷѩĻһŲͺ񫣬ԶҲҪһٴס˷ѩĴѩ뽫ƿȴǯƣԼ˸ܵĽϣ֪ΪΣͻȻֻķѩȴûв
ѩȻŤͷ㿪ǣȴ뵽Ĵ˳ѩ׵Ĳ





ʮ       ¶

֪֪ԼڸʲôĶԽԽѩ˾ţ֮ҲѲǯƣĴѵ⡣
ѩھͼ޸Һòáȵĺڷѩѩ׵ľϣȻƵڷѩ𣬷ѩѾʶʱе㲻ԾʶȤֹ֪ͣʱ¶˳𣬷ᵹùǸҲǲмֻҪ㶼쵽ˣҾʹӦ޸òã
һ㶣ͣеĶ̧ͷζĿ⣬Ŀתŷѩ·ҪѩЩ飺ңû°ɣ
ѩû˸㣬ѵʱϲգ۾
ѩһ㶣ûӦ
˵޷ʱ䣬ʵ㲢޸Ҷ԰ɣ
ǵģˡѩæͣΨʲôʵ뿼鿼㣬뿴㳤ôӢ϶кܶƯŮϲģɽãŮҲǺܶ࣬ոռôһʣԴΪԼϲˣļ޸ˣ˱ҸƯԵŮӣʱָô죿ȢöԲңǣǿһȴŮϣĽǲ̫ˣ
˼ʲô
ѩҪͨˣǰһ˿˼ܼ򵥣ǿѣأҲ˳ڽһ£ϱߣ첻䣬ͻŮӡ
ѩĵȰ˵ţʱŷ֣ԭԼȻôвţֻҪԸ⣬ٲҵ鵽˺£ٺõ鵽ȴ͸ѩв̾ԭߵڰ׾ס
ѩҲ㲻Լ˵Щʲô֮ڲ޸ȫΪ룬Ϊáʱʱĵͷֻ۵ײʱһ˿ζЦ⡭
ѩ֪Լ˵˶ãֻԼڸеˣоԼ˵ĹˣѩԹԱͣķӦ
˵ˣ̲һ䡣
ѩ˵ͷˣ
Щ
㻹ٰҸٸ˵ɣʱ䲻ˣǸϿȥ°ɣѩǧټƵҪתע
˵ô໰ǲǸоڸģеѯʡ
ȻˣȻ˵ô໰ԣѩûĻش𣺻Ϊ㣬ȻҪ˵ôϻ
費ҪҰ㻺һ£ЦĲ⡣
ѩ֪ǼƣǺãľкôһξ룬ȥȡˮٷĻᵢܶʱģôˣ»ᵢ£˰ɣǿ߰ɣҪﵢʱˡ
ѩ˵⻰ǼˣʵΪ㻺ڸܼ򵥵ģҲ˶೤ʱġ
ĨƵóѵЦݣԼԽԽĿѩʱνļ򵥷ʲôæܾûˣæˣллĺ⡭
ѩģҲǿģҪԹԵǹ˲УȻһƲԼ
ѩ뿪磬ȴһסһûԼ˵ƲԼֻ챣ܹ˵㻰
֪˶ãѩֻԼеĿȫˣȫѵûһ˿ˣĽѩǡ
վ𽫷ѩᱧڻУѩѵ῿У΢΢С촭ѩһҲϲκˣһϲҲ޸ҵģ
ѩĵһۣ˼˵Ҳϲ㣬޸㣬ġ
ȴ˼㲻ţǺãϣڴ˷ģֻѩһˣҵҲֻһλǷѩ⣬ҲٰκˣҲȢκˣΥԣ׺䶥ú
ѩûļֹѷ¶ģʵûҪΪôģҲֵá
ֵãĿѩ峺۾УֵΪУ
ǣһӶᰮô죿
ûϵҿԵȣⱲ㲻ᰮңҾ͵±ӣ±ӣһᰮҡ
ԲҺ㡭ѩĻΡ
ǳЦҡҡͷⱲ£һжĸԸģ㲻ĻΡ
Ψַѩٰ񣺡ʱ䲻ˣΪ˲Խ絣ģǸϿȥϹұԺɣ˵ţŷѩڿն𣬿ǰȥ





ʮ      

ȿȿȡŷѩոշɳƬ֣ѩͿʼԲֹȵСͨ죬촽ȴܲ԰ס
ƮƮ䵽˵ϣһᱧŷѩһְĺĴΪģѩֹͣ˿ԣ῿
Ƭ֮󣺡ѩôˣ͸һ˿ǣǸղŵĽշˣ
ûˣлл𣡡ѩϵĵлʱ䲻ˣǿ·ɣ
̾һѩҷȰһ䣬ǵϹҵıԺòҪȥ˳󣬱˵ûѹ㰡
ѩ̧ͷ峺ͷϷ𣺡Ϊʲô
𲻺˼ЦЦΪ촽׵ģ׵ĻأȥĽԽǣʱҪô˵
ѩСֽŽɵḧԼӣȻ׵ĲᣬʱһΪ㣬㣬ô
˵ţѩΪȭţֿ켱æץס˷ѩֵС֣вѩٶֵĻҾ촽һ
ѩ߲ѣȴ޿κΣ˭Լأһʱ벻ʲôð취ȥֻ˦֣Ӧô죿
ʵܼ򵥣ĵĻش𣺡дŸǣҰ͹ȥˣ
Уѩһڻؾʦֳĺǰ㵱ʦ֣ûûô죿
ֻ˵ȥţû˵һҪǣʲôҰн͹ȥǷңܿ˰ɣ
Ƭ֮۵һ˿⣬СĵĽʹյѩߣѩղôţǲҺĽԽˣɷģ˭ҲԲġ
ٳˣҵϣ԰ĸɸɾģҲò۸ˡ
ѩ⻰ɾͲˣôֻǵҰ㣬ȴǵ۸㣿װͿ
ողҵ촽ڻأѩ
ǿԸģ˵۸㣡Ʊ
ոǿҵģҿûԸǣ
˽ĵ˵ͷҼǵҵʱ˵һԹԵǹˣǾȥϹұԺҿƲסԼ㵱ʱͼ޸ңԭΪѡǵһڿƺˡ
˵ţźۼĽѩУŷӦٶ۵ķѩ
ԽԽĿԼЩ˫ۺȵĺѩȻӦááãҳҴˣҸոѡľǵһû۸ңһжԼԸģ޹ء
ŷѩ޿κεİģЦղǺ㿪ЦģҪ氡ʱ䲻ˣ߰ɣ
ѩתȥ𣬾ֱǰȥѩҪҺ㿪ЦġƬ֮󣬷ѩֱṦԶȥ
ϹұԺǰѩдһƽţ뽫ͽȥתһͣ˽Ųѩ㲻ŵʱ͵ܰɣ
ôܣ𣿡ѩʧڷϣȴ룺һôôʲôȻܲµ
𽫷ѩ´һҲѩ㲻ˣΪ˰ȫҾһһЩá
δ䣬ѩϼѨ¹һ£ѩɵһôϣѩһ֦֦ϣԼϵ¸˷ѩϣѩϢһһͻ
ѩֻԼǰһιѲӰѩֻ֦ĵۣ𲻽ĶѨѨľҲһסˣͲ˹Ѩˣɶ𣬻治һĴ챣ӣҪ䵽Уҽʬж˿顭
ڷѩʱѾˣʱĿҪץķѩЦֽ̧⿪˷ѩϵѨѩҪȥ
ѩѨոձ⣬һʱ̫Ӧ˼㣬ûѩûĻشȥﻹ˵㣬˵Ҫȥ飬ȥ𡭡
뿪ڣͻȻԶһѩоһϹҵıԺƫƧûʲô˻⸽ȻдѵϹҪ鷳ˡ
˻һۣɻ󲻽⣬˼Ƭ̣ѩķȥ





ʮ       

ѩϵʱֹͣ˴򶷣ֻһѪȺͼ߻µʬ塭
ȿȡѪζһ̼ѩȻҿæַڷѩΪɻ޲ѩԵ֢״ûмᡭ
ͻȻѩӿһ𣬡ۡһ³һѪ
ѩ𾪺һæ˷ѩϵĴѨֹѪΪȥǵѪѩôˣһΪѩһ߹еѯʡ
ѩ῿Уû£ʲô˰
˿ϵЩʬҲ֪ǽĸɵ˰ɣˣǸϿȥɣҲΪˣ
ѩ˵ͷѩǰȥѩһʱʧɫǡǻˡˣ
ѩ˵ʲôأɻ󲻽⡣
Щˡǻˡѩæ͡
һתȥֻԭڵϵʬȫվѩ׷
Ļ𣿡ѩе㺦£Ͼ˸˭Ҳû
ҡҡͷûл˿ǵʬ壬ǾǸеĿܣǸʲôǶȫȥңɱġ
ǿ߰ɣѩߴ
ˣǵѾǸҪߵǶҵǵġ
Ӧô죿ѩˡ
ĽѩڵϣĿֱѩ峺񣺡ѩ𶯣ȥֹǡ
Ҫȥѩæס𣺡㲻˵ɱȥȥ
𵭵һЦģа취˵ţѩЩͷҪܣǻ˵㡭
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ֻŵķѩ˿ûע⵽иӰֱѩ㻹
ѩһȻתˣôģ
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Ľһֱŷѩһͣѩϵ̫أôҲѲĽơ
֪˶ãһƬ̲ݵĿյϣ֣ܶĽȻ˦ֽѩӵ˲ݵϣѩʹһŭ⣺Ľƣ㵽ʲô
Ľ䵽ϣƽѩѩ͸߹㣬Ҫѣ㣡
Σѩһڻؾȥ
ĽƶѩһҾͻ֪ǲΣ
ҪʲôѩˣĽѿץס˷ѩ˫罫˲ݵϣĽƣʲôſңѩһߴ󺰣һ
ѩһû˻ģҵģ˵ţĽȻѩѹ£Ϸѩӣ
ѩæҡͷĽƵǣĽƣһһӵġ
ѩԸһӣҲܺù㲻ǵҡ˵ţĽ˺˷ѩϵһƬ·
Ľƣңһɱģһɱġ
ѩ˵ʲôı䲻ҵľģҪȫȫֻһˡ
룬ҵģһģ
ĽһǸѱˣôܻ㣬ѩͲҪˣעҵġ˵ţĽһֻֽѩ˫ָ߾ٹͷһֻ⿪ѩ·
ҪҪ㣬ҪѩŰĽơ
ԲѩҵѶ˭Ҳı䲻ˡ˵ţĽֽ⿪˷ѩµŦ
ѩ֪ûãֹͣ˳۽ǻ䣺Բʦ֣Բ飬Բ𡭡𡭡
ڷѩѾʱһɫӰһƽĽƴһߣѩû°ɣ𽫷ѩᱧڻУԼڷѩϡ
𣿡ѩ̧ͷǰϤݣֹס䡭
ѩҪޣҪޡûˣûˡš
ءѩУ





ʮ      ʶ

ѩҪޣҪޡ㰲ȫˣûˡš
֪˶ãǿˣѩĿСȥֱʧֻǽСӻ΢΢
㻹󣬾ȻҵԦˡĽҧгݡ
ĽƣҷȰһ䣬ԺҪʹЩٲģҪٴѩ⣬ȻݹҶ㲻
ĽЦһԦһϰڷѩԭӦҵģǾԲֵģ˵ţĽҫʽóѣҾˣѩҲһõǺڡδ䣬ĽѲӰ
ѩҪˣǻȥɣѯŷѩΨ˻ŵ
ѩ峺۾дʱˮĻ˵ͷã
Լ½ѩסֻʣһСԴ棬վᱧѩѩ˾˯ɣǺܿͻᵽҵģ
ѩӦһУĵı۾
ŷѩȲڻȥ·ϣṦ»ᾪ˷ѩԴ㲽лȥ
ͻȻ˷Ļѣĺ˸߾ŻѽѩΧм䣬ǵѩȻ˯ûκļаһ
ô˲֪ڴкιɣЩԶóһʥȺ˳˯ķѩ˾һͬڣѩ
첽ǰϲ֮Աȴڿѩ״˵ۣȻˣǿĳ׵Ĵ꣬һ˵·͸·Լɼҵ˶⾿ô¡
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Ľƣ˼˵ʵѾˣ
ḧϷѩ˯ȻŲСԲѩûб㡭
Ұɣһúչܵκ˺ģĵĿڣͲ췢ˡ
˼Ƭ̣ὫѩУΨֶ˻ᾪѷѩǰѩһʱĴε͵ܳ飬ѩϲľ˰ɣƽʱԲô񡭡ҲѩҪľİο
˭֪սѩϣѩиоһ˹ҪҪ㲻ҪңҪҡѩһĴ顭
ѩôˣ鰡ŷѩƾѩô򣬾ǲ֣вϽţɷѩʲôûһȻء
ͻȻѩһ𣬡ۡһ³һѪ
ѩæ黳нӹѩƵĺĴΪοѩҪ¡ûˡǻؼˡ𽫷ѩڻУΪȥǵѪģѩƽ۾˯״̬
ׯصģѩǰ˺صˣټϸո˺ܴĴ̼еǲ壬ղӦˣԲŻѪģڵѾȶˣҿȴȥˣ˺õĲˣٴׯׯΣ
˯İȻķѩղŷѩԼеΣҲòӦ΢΢Ĵ֣СḧϷѩСǿеĲ᣺úչҪܵκ˺ˡ
ׯģѩҵҲᱣס˵ţ𣬱ŷѩԽǰȥھʥʱ۵һ˿Īʥ˼ͷѩʥĺԶóһ·
ѩԽԽԶıӰʹ絶ʣѩǲǴû߽Զֻһ磬£ҲֻǸһģһ㣬˸޷㣬ҲڣܽȴԽԽԶѵ֮ûн𣿿ҵֻһ㣬ҲٰκˣѩһιƽĻᣬҪô̺𡭡





ʮһ      нԶ

ŷѩƬУۿҪˣȴϣ·ٳһЩ౧ѩһԣϣ·ûоͷͿһֱŷѩȥˡ
ʦ֡ѩ߽Ŀڡ
῿У˿һ˫׵Ĵ۾Ͱ͵ķѩųɬЦݣѩʲô°ʦء
ʦ֣ǻɽɣҺթҾɽµʺңûɽǶӣǻɽòãѩͬ硯ţΨ֡硯ܾ
ðѩȥĶʦֶġͻȻ۵һ˿⣺ѩӦҪ޸ʦֵģ׼ʲôʱʵŵ԰
ҼʦֺҾ̼޸
ʦأǲ̼޸ʦְȤ
㲻ʦ֣ѩΣǿĿڣ𣬲ʦ硭
һһģһҵ粻ˡ
̫һѩʦǳң¶˳ңһ쵽֪۸ҡ
۸ôǵãװͿ
̫ˣеʱ͵Ѩ֪֪ѨܵģѩԹš
ááãұ֤´ξԲѨˣѩôûԹǿ㰡е㲻⡣
ҡҡѩСͨ죬ݣһʱ䲻֪ӦôӺ˵
ôˣƫƫ𻹲飬Ȼ׷ʡ
ңÿʱǺܳʱ䣬ҡҴѩСˡ
ŷѩʧӣЦѩҷԽԽɰˣ˵ʵĺ㡭·ΪĻһ㣬ͷȵĺڷѩ͸Сϣ˼룡ѩֻСһסߵգѵš
ʹʹʹ㣬ѩԹţӢΣɽׯׯɳ˹֣ûϲˣʱҪҸ𣡡
Ҷ㸺ûиѩһţ˼ȣҽѵںġ
ȵȣȵȣæ˷ѩĻոҲ˵ˣֻں˼룬ûиж԰ɡ
жˣֻûеóѡѩæ
ûеóѣǾͲжһûжѾѵˣ˵ǷһΡȻˣƤ
ˣѩ޻˵ˡ
Ҳˣֻھ¡
˽нԶֱʧֻڷвʱƮһģĻ
ʧһɫӰƾճ֣ʧķȫɢεݶĹâħȵصУѩҵģǰǽ㶼Ӳҵġ
յȭͷȻһߣһǺ״ֵĴӦϣĻþòɢһ㲻ú
һԺͤкƾƣҪþԼȴԽԽѣѩѵ֮ûнѵֻеһͨͣҴҴҷ룬Ժǵôһڹߡ
ǣȴҿ̹ĵİˣʮ⣬ҲκˣԺҲٰκˣΪ㣬Ϊʲôʼն߲
һɫӰֱ棬ƱƣͷҲδ̧ôôû˯
ʥһЦׯҲû˯ôһƾأҲûʲô˯⣬ׯһȺˡ
ɬһЦʵҲǺϲѩİɣֻڽɽ֮䣬ѡ˽ɽ
ʥû˵˼Ƭ̣ѩ£Ѳ֮ˣׯԸȢΪ𣿡
ѩԶ࣬ģֻҪԸ޸ңҾͻȢΪޡصʧиͷǣҾѩԽԽԶˣкܶУվҵǰȴôҲץ֮ǧɽˮһ㡭
үׯһӰƾճ֣Ļ
ôˣʥѯ
йĽƵһУѾȫˣ





ʮ      ʱ

ŷѩСľݣѩڴϣϸĵΪǺñӣתȴѩס䣺ȥﰡ
ȥˮȫۣƽʱѿˡ
ѩɿ䣬Ƭ֮ûһʪڴߣһŷѩĺԣרעϸΪѩרעĶһָ⴫ݸѩ
ѩСԴͷϣϸĵΪҴñǣѩѾĺˣȥΪ㰾ҩ
Ҫȥˣھúöˣ˵ˣ㶼æ˴ҹˣ𣿡ѩ³ҩˣһ˵ҪȥΪҩһ£Ȱ衣
𵭵һЦΪ㣬Ҳֵãˣ˯Һܿ˵ţοʽḧһ·ѩСǳЦתȥ
ߺ󣬷ѩҹз紵ľĹֽŵĸϽͷ·Щħ־Ͳˡ
ԺУѩڽ֣ĴӦһȲ붯Ҳ۾
̾һҡҡͷõҩ˴ߵϣڴߣƿ˷ѩͷϵıӣѩҩˣ
ŨҵҩζУѩüͷҲҪҩ˵ţѩ˸
ѩҩ˲źõĿ졭˵ţ𽫷ѩ῿ԼС
ҩÿ࣬ҲҪԣѩ۾˵㡣
ǲҩ˺õĺġš
ûϵҾǲҩѩˣƺǿйҩ˲٣ҲһǴ
ڷѩʱ򣬱Ǽĺ˲䱻ס÷ѩأ˫ḲڷѩϣһɺŨŨҩҺ廬ѩ䡣
ѩȻ˫ۣȵһɶ𣬾Ȼַιҳҩ
ѩţǯƣҩˣ˭֪Ȼһס˷ֺֻùԹԺҪҩ
ѩҩû̷ſĴɨĴݣ̽ĿУϿĶС֮裬ҩ˵Ĵ֮䡭
֪˶ãڷѩҪϢʱŷŹ˷ѩͲĴ꣬ѩڴϣѹ˷ѩϣë㣬Ļüۣϵÿһ缡̵ĺ룺ѩ֪˭𣿡
ֵ÷ѩȫѣȵĺ޵Ķ޷ܾκҪ󣬷ѩоһʧ
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ܽڣӰī˿һ𡭡
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ϸĵΪѩϱӣҴñǣŷѩڳ˯зźεСǸһ˿ǳЦڷѩͷӡһǣḧϷѩϸСѩһ
䣬ѲӰֻʣȼŵĻ򣬺ܽ˯ķѩ
ѩסƬⲻԶʥһȺ˰Χţ˵һҲΪΪѾûκˣֲͬһˣΪһʥ
˵ϻٵĶˣǰЩԭǴԸĽƵģɲ֪ΪεЩ˾Ȼȫˣֻʣ⻹㣬ЩȥƬ֮󣬾ȻһվǣǸеӲ˼Щ˾Ȼɱ
ͻȻе˶ֹͣ˹ԭأڵȴĳ˵ĵʥһۣ֪ҪˣƬ֮Щ˾ȻȫһɫӰүׯղɺã





ʮ        ħ֮

Ľƣʥͬʱһ
ĽƲ֪˸ʲôƣЩõһ㣬ȫվĽžȲѵʥЦЦүׯ϶ú֣Щôģ
ʥһۣû˵ĽƵģʵܼ򵥣ǰ·˶ֶ⣬źڣ֪丯ʴ˵֮ȴԲ֪佫Ƴ⣬λȻжȴͬʱöȷһ˵ڶѾˡ
֮ԻҵΪҶԦû˼룬û꣬ŵǣǲᱳѡ˵ţĽȻӳһѳʥһ㣬ഩֱֱһڣͨһ浹˵ϣ漴վڰγ󣬹ĵݸĽơ
ĽƵʥ죬ǵڡĽƲ֪˸ʲôƣЩ̼һˡ
Ͼ˫ȭѵ֣ټϸոЩսʱ˲οЩ˸ɱƬ̣ʥеġ
ŶԽԽٻʥˣĽǣˣͻȻһƮƮɰȻɢһ㵭Ľɫâ
Ľɫٱ䣬ͣеĶ޵Ŀת𽥽ʥ
˵Ҳ֣ЩƺܺǲɫâߵʥЩȫ˵֮⡣
㻹겻ɢоǣǻ꣬ѩϣմѩ𣿡
ĽƣȰ㣬Ҫֽٲġ
ĽЦһʼ壬ΪѩҲںѩҵģǰǽֻң
ѩϲ㣡
ֻҪϲ͹ˣ֪Ӯ㣬ڲõĽһᳬ㣡˵ţĽȻӳһƣֱȥ
ڿն˫ֺʮϵĽʢɲǼųɹâյȫŻΪһ̲ˮ
ĽЦһ׼ᣬȻֹʥֻһζĺڷһʱ䣬֪Ӧζ޲ߵʱһڷʧӰ٣ֻԭڰеȴȻ䵽˵ϣۡһ³һѪ
֣û°ɣʥæǰ鿴
˰֣û£
벻㾹ȻΪ˾һԸԼĽƻг˳㣬ԲôҵԦڲ߲㣬κβ㣬ҿħ֮Ҳֻ˵ڰ˲ɣһȥڼϰģҺܿͻģδ䣬ĽѲӰƮԵħȵòҪѩȻһ
Ľʧķε̾һĽ㻹Ѱ·
֣ѩôˣ˲ƣеѯŷѩ
û£˯Ժֳģ
һһʲôɵ¡
Ƭ̣ȻʵѩĽ֮ʲôҲûʱѩֻǱŻˡ
ʥһ㶣漴ָֻѩ鷳չˣ֣˭Ҳѩˡ
Ȼģһʱ䲻֪Ӧ˵Щʲô˵û˭Ҳ˷ѩֻǣ֪ܱ˷ѩãĽƵԦԽԽˣԼħ֮ȴһֱûʲôչ˵ĻȥڼϰڲõĽҲΪĽƵ°ܽɣʱ˭ѩĽƵ衭
Ľһΰ̣ټҲˣǲٳˣ𱾴ʥȥ˵ģ·ѩܴ̼лĺ⣬ֻ˳
صСľݵʱ򣬷ѩ˯㣬ڷѩ࣬סŷѩ񾲵˯գаģѩֻҪһһ죬Ҿͻᱣ㣬Բܵκ˺ģֻҪ֣ǵͺˡ





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ԺУѩҪȴԼˣѩԸ۾ȴڻ˯죬ݳӣ׵ʣʱߣƽʱʱķ裬ѩǴ֪˳ɫ֮ˣҲѹ֣ѩϲ˯ÿѲˣл˯źİȻģ
ͻȻѩԺгһΣһСʱͨ죬ѩæͷ鿴ڿԼ·ʱаһããûʲô£ôˣôô׾ͱջˣѵϲˡ
ѩ̱Լ뷨һôܣôܻϲһһ쵽ϲ۸ҵˣԺҵԶһ㣬ó¡
ѩĽֱÿ˭֪𱧵̫ټδòֱۣ֮£ֻҡ𣺡ѣѡ
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ѩոջָС϶ʱָƬΣæͷ˵Ҳôˣáá
Ȼѩ뵽ʲôһæ̧ͷĽǲǺϹЩ˾Ľ𣿡
˸Ʊŷѩѩֻ𰸣ûעЩСûĽԦҽ٣˶೤ʱͿھŲˣѩʱòҪܣƬҲǽģԼ֪һܱ೤ʱ䣡һᣬţȻѩҲû塣ֻ֪Լٵˡ
û˵ڵĻǣĽƵԦھŲʱѲĶֻ֣Ҫһһ죬Ҿ;ԲĽ˺㡭
˯ˣҪˣ鷳ֱÿɣ
ұһɣ˯ˣ𴲣˵ţŷѩֱ۲ֽ˽
У㿴죬ѾˣҺöҪȥԷѩͬĽ顣
̧ͷ˿죺ʲôóԵģǽδ顭˵ţͷѩ
ѩ֪Ȼ֣һȭţѩڻУϸò϶ⲻ̫صһȭƺһȫһҿ
ӿһһźۼȥû°ɣѩǵһ԰ֽǰǰһģǵһμ
ŬԼЦȻһЩû£Բѩ㵣ˡ
ˣѩԽ˴ɷ˵𰴵˴ϣӽ˶ǵ˱ӵ£ѩʲôıɱ׷򰡣æƿ¶ͷ
ٳˣǿ̫أúϢȥȻȥ㰾ҩѩıµ𣺡úϢСҽˣһ¸óԵģ
ѩ뿪ͻȻԼϵĽ˺Ƶ·ĵһѩܵƾȥ·ˡ
ʥڿϣǣǻʥǰү°²ʹС㱻ߣү
ˣҲ̹ĽƵˣ´ǣɣ
лү󹧾վԭء
ǰϿǣɻѯ
Ҳ֪ǻش𣺡ʱǻ˷СĽƲ֪ʹʲôԭȥЩ˾ȻȫվΧңЩַǳֲһɱҽеģоҪɱңȴ㲻ΪԼҪûʱһҾʲôҲ֪ˣֱղѹ
ǻ꣬أʥˡ
С˻ԺҸ뿪ĽȴЩɱ׷һ߱С㣬һߺǶ֣ܿʹ·磬Ҳǿһ⣬ǰһڣʲôҲ֪ˣֱղ
ʥһۣȻԲƽˣ
ʥ˵ͷӢͬ
ͻȻһֻŸ˽䵽ſڣǻǰȡŸϵֽĳʸʥ
ʥչһʱɫ䣺죬ȥʹ





ʮ     ̬

Ӿôƽ޲Ĺţ죬ѩҩںдգȻÿνʱǷѩ䣬Ȼִ˲ƣÿ춼Ҫһ
ѩĳղķҲɫζȫԵθڴ󿪣ʱʱƣ䲻Ȣѩ͵ĻǶ߷磬Ҷ
ѩˣһΰҩʱѩֻһ룬ûԼķݣʱҪЮѩҩˣҴԺ󣬻ҩˣÿζ᰾ҩԼҩʱͷܺ꣬ѩȴҪϴ죬ֲҲȣΪһθιҩʱιҩ
ҹΪ˱Լٴαջ󣬷ѩͬͬ˯һһ˯һ촲ģ˭֪Ȼ󷽵Ľø˷ѩԼ˯
ѩԭΪаˣ۸ˣϣѩÿ糿˯ѵʱ򣬶Ǳڻϸ촽Ҳģûʲô֪ˣվҲ֪϶׵Ĳķѩðȴ޿κΣ˭ԼأʲôʱܵĶ֪
һΣѩʵˣһ䣺Ϊʲôôϲ͵͵ң
˭֪ȻǳĻش𣺡ΪĴ㣬ҲôǶǲ
һηѩǳˣԴҲ벻ףĴϼûͿͣҲûĨۣôġû֤һ£ҲֻôݺѪ̣ϵùˡ
ʱȥһЩճƷÿηѩһȥʱֻҪһᵽĽƣԹԵѡϾﰲȫһЩ
ʱһһĹȥˣ˵ҲõĲˡһ죬ù󣬷ѩһܵȥ˯ˣԺУоҡѩѡѩõķ˸ҪҺ
ѩˣڴϣѩ῿ԼУѩҪ˯ˣкҪҪȥʥݺڱУʱҪնˣ˻ʵۣĽƾ޷ˣʱȵùǸ˿϶ˡ
ѩ˯˲ʧӰ٣Ȼ̧ͷɻͷϷ𣺡ô£
ε̾һ˵ˣǱ߱˵
ѩṦ򾩳Ƿȥ·ϣѩ˽ȥʥյɸ봫󣬴ǡǻٸϵУΪǷдͨ˹Ź¶Ҫ߱λ
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𵭵һЦԹң仰һҲû˵
ѩͬĵ˵ͷ仰ԣҪȥ
ȥһطһˣѩĽƲ˶Ը죬һ˯ź飬Щǲǵã
ѩҡҡͷǵˣֻǵ֮󣬲һҾ˯ˣֱƬ֮ǰǻ𣿡
ֻ㻹һأ
ļٵģôǵãѩеš
ǵʱǻδѰɣ
ѩ˽ĵ˵ͷȥ𣿡
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ļٵģ㲻Ҫң
ģѩԺǧҪһ˵ˣĽƣɾҪùˡ
ѩ˵ǵˣȥɣ
䵽һԺԺŷѩСȥѩһֱĽƵ£ЩСû⡣
УȺ˵ĵ֣ѩˣԶԶˣкڿѩյʱĪʹ
ǿסеʹѩǰǿסҪӵ뻳ĳ嶯ѩ㻹ðɣ
Һܺð飬˵ǲ壬һ٣û°ɣ
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黹˵ЩʲôȴĻ˻ȥ֣ѩǵʱ䲻ˣǻһôӪȳɣ
ǰ˻ʵۣĽƾͻ޷ˣʱֹǣŵùģѩҲ廰ˡ
ͻȻƮһŨҵѪζ⡱𾪺һǿߣĽƾڸ
λǣ˼˵£Եˣӽ쿪ʼĻָ£





ʮ      ܲ

ڲߣ̫ˣ˶УһɫӰ̱ǵѪζԽŨңѩüͷ
ʱĽƾȻǱ˸һͶߵĸ߹緶ԡ
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룡˵ţѩʶĶ㵽˭֪ѩһĵľٶŭĽơ
𣡡Ľҧгݵĺһ䣺һ㲻úɱ𣡡
ɲǼ˷ӿʮˣһѩҲսţԭһԵеģܿͱЩ˳ɢˣĽһеվڱϹۿ
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ۿҪѩˣͻȻķسһ˿϶Ľһ׼ᣬƹ𡭡
һĻǡɱѩˣҲû룬Ȼ˵ǰĽһҪ顱һһƽʵʵĴ˷ѩϡ
ѩ
ѩһһ顣
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һ̫ͷѩĽߵĵ˵ϣҺΪѩ棬ȻѩĲˡ
ĪΪԼΰ㣬ʱķѩĽƼæջ˹ƣٴ˵ѩĽɲǣȻֱ֣ĽƶȥĽƶʱѩһֿߣ
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ŻԲѵķѩһ·ɣ֣ҪѩȥŽ·̲סѯʡ
Ľֺݶѩ˵ĲᣬҪȥΪõĴˡ
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˵˲䣬ǰĽݹѩˣһ£
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ĽƣѸ߲ɲˡ
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֣ĽƵǲû̹ƾһ֮ǴӮģҲҽȥҲﲻʲôæһ°ˡ
黰δ䣬ϹҲ˿ڣȻĽôҲĽ֣ѩ㣬ĽƾͽˣǱһ£˭Ӯ




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ѪζԽԽŨ飬ϹվԺԴ˿и
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ͷ˼Ƭ̣ͻȻһãѩδѳĽԽ䣬ֻĽԽεڵϣһƬңԭӦڴϵķѩȴѲ֪ȥ򡭡
ýƻĽƣǶ̫˾ȻĵɽƣѩǱץˡϹ̾һεĿڡ
ѩ᲻ʲô£ܵ
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ԺУѩеΪǸ𣬲ͷĻ˻֣뽫ߣ𡭡ҪˡҺ
ĽƵĶȻһ˫ðʵĻ磬ŽסѩϷѩĴ
ʱѩѾ쵽ǰ˲Ȼ˫ۣŵŽߵĽƣιŷӦѩͣĴĽƣҪǯƣΣ̫ظò϶᲻
ͻȻĽʹһ˵ϣغһϤӰһҪľڷѩǰҹӰôѩȲѡ
ȲҪ˵ôˣ˵ţҹӰѩߣ˭֪ѩȴͨһˤ˵ϡ
ôˣҹӰеѯ
˺صˣڸûѩĴ۾ӯˮ
ұ㣡ҹӰ׵˷ѩǰѩ˼Ƭ̣ſҹӰϣĽƣԸҹӰС
ҹӰŷѩһ·ߣ;зѩѯǴ̩ɽ֮۵£ȴʲôҲû˵
˳ͨҹӰŷѩɽ·ȥķ˶ߴɼҹӰٶ֮졭
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ΪõѣҹӰᶨĻش
ǣ̩ɽ֮۵ʱѾˣѩ
ҹӰЦһ˵ȥ̩ɽҸܣºҲˣ֮ԻЩ飬ΪвѵĿԣ᲻ţ
ţƬ֮󣬷ѩĻشϡ
ΪʲôҹӰ⡣
ΪովңĺңղžͲĽоҡ
ҹӰһЦԷѩĻÿɷ
ۿҪɽˣһŨҵѪζ˵ɫһ䣬һɫӰ,ݵ˫ѪĹâҹӰ㾹ұң





ʮ      ͵컻գϣ

ĽƣԭԵ׵ģû㸩׳ƳԣҵΪ˵ƲǱѣҹӰ޾ɫԡ
ãããĽ˵֣ҲһķϣҿԷһ·
Ľڱصõ񣬷ѩʶĴ˸սڣĺҹӰӦ
ܣҹӰһڻؾҼȻ;ٽ㣡˵ţҹӰСĽѩŵ˵ϣѩҡ
ѩ֪ҹӰҪʲôæĻҹӰ㲻ҪȥĽƽˣ书ܸߣ򲻹ģȥҡ
ͻȻһǿĺڷ紵ҹӰɣֱֱɽ£ѩֻļҹӰĲҺҹӰѩʹһվȥ׷ҹӰȴĽס˫磺ԶֻǸǰҲΪҲһҪɱ𡭡
ĽѪĿ⣬ѩһ쵽֪ɱˣɱ⣬㻹ʲô
ĽаЦЦЦķѩ󱳷ѩ֪ҳ˻ɱ⻹Щʲôھ֤㿴ҳɱ⻹顭
˵ţĽƺݺϷѩĴĿҪĴƣѩƴţҪĽƣͻȻѩв֪ĽĽʹһſ˷ѩ
ѩŵļæˣһͻʯͷѩҺһˤ˵ϣټϴ˴Ǹб£ѩ˳б¹ɽ¡
ѩعĽƼæѩ׷ȥѩȴ˿ûͣļһֱ¹ֱײһͻĴϣͣ
Ľգۼ˷ѩǰᱧѺ֪ķѩѩͷϴĿѪʹĽƵۣѩ㲻µġһµġ
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飬ϹȫװȺУע̳ϵһһʱȥˣѺʥʻ̳ڡ
ɲǼ̳Уϰ۷׷ף
˵⳽¶Ҫն·˼׿
ô˵̫Ӹ¶Ǳ̫ݺأ·ҿ
ӦǳµİɣȻΪʲôҪնն̫أ·˱
ʥ˴Ѻ̨ϣ̫һٷŲʥǰܣһ·ߺã㵽ˣ
ʥһҪΪΪû֪߱λųģ
һʢ㳽Ҫ߱λ߼޻
ͻȻһȺ̳·ͷһλϺǰ˫ֺʵӷ֮ǰΪоУ̫ӵʩԷ㣡
˼Ƭ̣ðɣʱҪˣǿ㣡Աϣ̨ص˼ն̨¡
Ⱥߵʥ࣬ҡ壬ò֣̫һһգЩҲ˾̨
˿죺ʱѵ̣һöƱӵ˵ϣڹ־ٵʥ˲䣬һö˹еĵżɫӰɵ̨ϣʥߣ
д̫̿ͣӣһȺͦǰ嵽̨ϺǼ˽֡ɲǼ䣬̳ҳһ࣬ϰǷ׷׼ɢܡ
ЩĻǼ˵Ķ֣Ƭ֮Щȫȥˡ
ҪʥܵʱһŨҵѪζ˱Ук˵ɫԱ䣬һɫӰλȻˣͲҪˣȫºˣ̨ÿһ˵ġ
Ľƣѩأץȥˣһǰʡ
飬ѩҵģͲˣ㻹ǵһԼɣ֪һ㻹ܻܲ߳
ʥߵĽǰĽ㲻ҪΪŰˣڻͷü
ĽƿĴЦʥڶѾѱˣǶԼɣ˵ţĻ̌ʥ
ֻžһһ˽ʥƿˣԼĽƶһƣغ塢վ
벻Ҳ˲٣Ľƺ޵ҧгݡ죬˭Ҳ߳ɱǣһ
Ľһ£ԭڵϵЩȫվޱĹ̨ϵʥˡ





ʮ      ͵컻գ£

˽ʥм䣬Щչ˾ս书ǿûҲסô˵ĳս֪ս˶ã˶ѾƣˣɫҲԽԽˣϣЩ˾ͻʱǾˡ
һ۴ʱսȻ˰Уľ޴ĺɫ³ƣī˿Ƿɣ½˰ŻΪһ̲ˮ
ĽһЦڳסô
պһλñ˳ô˻ᡣĽȻӳһƣֱʥȥ˵ȫϣȷĽƵ;ѾһһҽйʥĽƵɵԶǽϣַͨһ䵽˵ϣƬ֮󣬵ϽһƬѪ
˾һ֪ʱĳ϶ѾһغˣˣԾ̧ʥʬ壬׷ȥ
Ϊʲôסǣ΢ŭ
ʥѾˣǰʬҲƲʲôˣĽ̫ӵ£ĴвĵλˣͿԵǻ֮ϵĻʵˣҪˣȥһˣҪһ𣡡
Ϊʲôң˽ɽ⣬ҪʲôҶԸ㣬Ĺ٣ͷĹ٣Ľ鱦Ҫپö١
л̧̫λ鱦ҶϣֻںһˣһңȴʱʱΪǣҶǵˣĽƵңԶʣ·𿴵ʲôõ飬һϾȻһ˿Цݡ
ɽĽɫĴߣϣѩڻ˯ͷϵ˿ѱˣĽ޳ĴḧϷѩСѩԸһӾ˯ţΪͻһֱң뿪ңΪ㣬Ҳһ񹲷ߵĶħ
ѾȫˣɫǶںɫĻУ飬ȥСľݵУĬĬţ˭Ҳûп˵Ƕ˼˵Ļ񣬿׼ϾɱˣǵıԺѱˣֻõܱܷͷˡ
֣ԶԶıһСľݣǰ·𿴵һǳɫ·ķѩסһվǰ潹ĵڿӰ󣬷ѩСų貵ЦݣڿлóԵĶʱѩһ˫ƯĴ۾ܻҫ۵Ĺâ
ѩԾĽг˾һ㶣һۣǰȥֻһѩµʥվǰЦӭǵĵ
飬⣬нһô£
˵ˣ̾Ϣһ˵ľԭΪʥоЩȰźõģʱ쵽ˣЩһ˲õ̫е˶۾ʱʥѾˣĽƴǸʥֻǸѡۿʥǲʹưոݵġ
ǽҪôһѯʡ
ܼ򵥣ʥһЦеⶼŹϣˣûκκ֮ˣԸһὫŹɱڵģֻҪ˶ŹͿˣ
ѩѾڴϻ˯ˣȴûһѹļĽһڴգѩٹ죬㻹ǲԸĻҾʹ뿪ʱǿȥһûзգûǳĵطƽƽĹӴԺ󲻻ѹҲһͬǰסҲһ𣬵ʱҲֻһС
ʹУŹȵĶڻȥ·ϣʱѵ°ҹŮ̫˯ˣż߹һѲߵ⣬·ϻûʲôˣղȥ˶ǮˣȻˣȻʮָˣϾԼ̫ӳ˳ģֻҪ̫һǻūҾҪٷˡ
ֻŸ˵ǧҲ벻ѾɱģԶдһŹΪ̫ûע⵽쳣
ͻȻƾճŹǰгʱˣһ˿ŹѲӰ
ߺƾճˣȥ߳Ҹȥ
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ԺУŹеһʹ۾δʶüͷָϺ󾱻ʹ
ŹɺðϤУŹһæ۾ȵŽߵұף̫̫ӵ£





ʮ      ̫ӱƹ

Ź֪ΪҪ𣿡
ū֪̫ӵʾŹսսѽĿĲµ˰˾ŷ֡
ǺǣŹüֵҲûˣбı֤ݣԱòɱڣ˵赭дŹȴĵսľ̫ӵūҲὫй¶ֵģ
ϣֻܱܵģֻˣ
̫ӵ£ˣѵ㲻±˻ɱ𣿡Źһ˿ϣԴ󷢴ȱŹ
˭֪ȴаЦˣͲ˻ɵϣֻΪʥΪɱ㡭
Źһ㶣漴У̫ӵūҲˡ
˻֣Źȥ˺ôһŹĲҽ
ˣŹĲҽʧɫһ䣺֪ͨȥҪƹҪΪһλʵۣ
ҹˣ˴ѽ˯Уʵ޹ڿһˣϻʵǷˣʱ֪Լ֮ʡ
УеעЩǵ˫ǰˣôӲϲģȴҲòΪ̫ӵģֻΪǵճӡ
ʣһ̣Ŀڡ
˵ʲôϻʵΪԼ⣬˻
һ̣ظһ飺ˣҲĻʵۣ
ϻʵ۾ȵı飬ԹԵ˵ʵҩеԶҩµģʥռЩ֤ҲģֻŹˣʥŻ䡣ʣ۰ĶӣܿͿȥˡ
Тӣϻʵһûҿ
ʣҵĽܿģ̫ʹģ˵ţγ˽ֱϻʵ۴
ϻʵ۾ı۾ֻһ죬ǽ˵ϣϻʵв⣬ɻ۾ֻѱסʥ˹ʣȼ٣ܾˣ
ʥôϻʵ۾Ȳѡ
ûǾ˶ģʥתЩѱȫһ
ʥʾ˽⿪Ѩô쵽ģ
ܼ򵥣ҵ뵽ľӵУЩ죬ȫҵˣұնûǾңΪľ׿ڳԼС
ѶŲ˳ɫĻǵ㣺ѩ
̫ӱʥΪ̫ӣ׼յǻⱾһ˵飬ȴ˲ѩ䲻˭ܸ˵
ʥ˺ܶ˰æѰҷѩѩǺϢѾҪĵʱһ벻˳ˣйطѩϢ
죬ϹһСľ˳ҪȥѰҷѩո߳Ƭ֣㿴ǰ治Զһˡ
ǰὫ˷˸뿴ûоȣ˭֪ȴ˵ѩѩߡȻ΢Ȼˡ
һҪ֪˿˵ѩǲǷѩ˷ãΪι۾
ҹӰδڿģʱһ乫ӣû
ε̾һ𣬲乫ӣ
𣡡ҹӰˣѩںɽĽƹˣȥɣ
˵ѩָѩ
ǵģѩȥģ
һϲϹ֣λͽˣȥѩ˵ţѲӰֻһĪҹӰͰϹ
ѾǵˣǷѩûѹĽһֱûгȥ벽Ȼ֪淢顣
ĽǰŻԲѵķѩѩ߰ɣ
ĽƱŷѩͷҲص˳ȥո߳ӭǰӪȷѩν˼ۺ죬˱˴˶ţ˭Ҳ䡣
ĿĽƻлԲѵķѩѩĽƣѩôӵģ





ʮһ      ǰ֣

㣡Ľƺ޵ҧгݣǰΪ㣬ѩŻҶȥҲΪ㣬ѩŻһ٣ٶľܾңˣѩͲپܾˣ
˵ţĽ˸Ƚϰȫĵطѩ˵ϣѩһ뿪
һڷæʮֵľӦս˿˵֣£һ磬һƮݣ仨һʱƱɫ޹⣬ɳʯ̻ҡ
˴ң˿ûע⵽ĿͻȻ֣㣡һɫӰƾճм䣬һԸĽơ
ƾһ˿϶һԿȥֻĽԽʱڷѩԱΪаһͻȻĽӳһƣ飬˲ѩǰĽԽһƺĽԽʮԶ
ĽƱѩѩҵģǰǽֻң˵ţĽƱŷѩ£Ҫ뿪ڣĽѷȥ
ͻȻһǿƵĽ˲䣬ѽѩ뻳С
ĽƸǰطѩϲ֪δӳһƣؿϣĽƺ˼³һѪ
ӷգһϺв֪ʱ˽ɻƶ㻹ǲϻͷô
Ľһ㼸ǰңѪԵ⣬ѾûκιϵˣҵҲֲܣ
Ϻг̾һƶΪôִԲʱУʱĪǿ󣬷ѩǰǽ㣬Ϊǿأ
ʷɴʦ⾿ô£˽ɻ󲻽⡣
Ϻһ̾һлҪǵǰǰ򣬺Ĺ⣬Ⱑ
ǰķѩһ֮󣬶Ľǵʱħʥӣ֮ϵģɽׯׯ磬ֻΪȷѩ˹ˣҽ㣬ɥʧ˽ļ䣬ȴǰɽǰļ䡣
ǰĽ̫ӽˣɱѩһڴǹٻ·ϱĽ׷ɱȫҶĽ֣֮һ飬ĽƲûɱѩĽҪ߷ѩʱɽ־˵ʱķѩ
Ľħ׷ɱ׷ɱѩز֧ʱǵʱʥ־ǵ
ʱ˶ѩֻĽƵֶ̫ɣΪ˵õѩȻ̫˾ȥ𽭺ŸɣѩΪ˲ˣ͵͵ȥĽƣϣһ档
˭֪Ľ˵һףȴһףԷѩ޸ΪӦ˷ѩٶԸ飬ȴ֣ϣճˣɷѩһв֪飬һֱΪĽƷŹ顣
Ľѩĵ죬ȫѪĳ˵Ļϣʱѩ֪ĽһֱƭĽҪأѩѲƴ壬ڶϣΪȷѩҲ̫أĽɱ
ʱѩңĽƲע⣬ԨĽͬھ
˽Աһİ¸Ⱦþûز񡭡
ɴʦҸոΪѩѹѩĲ֢´δȻʦ֪ǵǰǷҲ֪Ӧҽѩ˻δعĽԽȿڡ
ֻҪѺнʩħ֮ɻѷ
պãнϹ֮ǰȥˣʥֽǣѱѩģҲˣҲ˵ţϹóѺнС
÷ѩ῿Уγнֻ˽ȻֻнûнУͻȻһһǿֱƬ֮ǿʧϵĽɭĺİ׹⣡
ۣһѾýģ̲ס̾
Ǿȵ˲䣬ѾȻԶڿնУԶö
ֻӦУ˼ѵüģ
нҲԶ˰գӻʽһһڰнӳۻңȴ̲ס̾˼澰
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Ƭ֮󣬷ѩ۾ڿǰ˺ỽһҲΰɣ
΢΢һЦģ㲻Σ
ѩֻС֣ݺߵգ𣿡
޿κεһ޹ķѩȻˣԼ
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Ϻ飺飬ǰǵڶΪˣԣŻỹ飬㣡
ĽƣȻָǰļ䣬ע˻ٲȥ˼ɣĽƸ뷴ֻͷһʹ漴˻֮С
ӷƶͷбλʩƻãǰ;ɸǣ䣬ϺĽѲӰǴû
ѺнҲȫ䵽УϹ֣нϹ֮ԭ˵ţнӸϹ飺֣ѱѩģȻԵ֧Ѿ͸ɣ
ѩǰгˣѩҽԵһ㵽ҲȢκŮӣֻΪ˺֮Լ
飬ʵ
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ϹĽԽҲףͷѩ
֪˶ã˷ѩɽȥĿ뿪˽нԶӰһʧ䣬ˣҲϲѩˣ
ǰѩʲôŮҲǵˣ̾Ϣ
ŷѩɽ£Ӧýʦְ
㣬Һͬһˣ˱䣺ѩ˵ֻҪʦֳǰͻ̼޸ǲӦ̼޸Ұ
ô˵ôǵãλѩƤˡ
ǵˣ˼ĵ˵ͷбҪЩ˵ţͷ
ԽԽĿѩĴ󺰣Ҽˣˡ
˵ûˣֱӡ
Ȼǧ鹬ɣɽΪȥǧ鹬ģǵڻûȥء
Ǻãȥǧ鹬֮ǰҪȥһ顭
ʲô飿ѩв⡣
ҺװͲڽɫŮˣ
£ѩû˿ԥϲϱˣҾͰж˿飬ʬ
ҿ๫ôĶң
ã˭黨ǲݵġ
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