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ִޣصЦԣ㳤ټ뺫常һңָµô
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ǵģ콫Ļ˵ûԬǸеµˣܾǾĺáƺ̾˿
ƺҲ̾˿ǣҲΪԬЩ˽㡣
ԳɫҲôȥɡ
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Ц˵ĶһλҲûʲôźˡҲóưΪ常Ŷԡ
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˵ͷһʱ˻䡣ǰǸ˵ߵĸᣬ˵ǴʱĺǼ̳ѪĹϵɣǸս½
Ȩ׿ʱԳɳ̫صڳƽԪַ׿ʱ׿кܶ࣬붭׿Ĳӽսģֻ֧ܲӡ
ڴʱ˼¡ɱ˹ͬľݴʷıΪˣ̫ɣǾݵĿڵأʳᣬŭɱɣȻת³Ͷʱפ³Ԭĵ͸ԬԬԼһ𷴶
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׿ᣬ÷ƣԬᣬͣ˾ԼԬԬ˵࣬ʮֲڴӦһʵԮᡣ
û˺֮ǣȻ˸ʤ׿ĴͺôܡҲһ׿µúܣһѻyӵ˳
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Ϊ˱ԬܰĶ飬Ҳȥ
Уֻһλл˶ЩڷǺ͵رܺ󣬻ڰ;·׷ᡣ
ûᣬԬԵУͷʵʱİգԬѹεûаˮˣԬˣǨפڳľܲԬԬܡ
ⳡսõʱܶ˶ΪԾΪʱܲٵı٣Ԭ࣬һкɽ൳ˣūǽȴһսʤǿƵһ
ܲٴ׷˼Ԭû뵽ܲٵıʵ࣬һսܺ󣬸ĲٴսУӼԱԽԽ࣬һ·ӵ˲³ڵľŽڵĽŽһطŶŰ˲ܲٵ׷פھŽءء





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͵ܣ͵ܣ
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ŶŶعǸеˡ˵˵
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ԭһֹͣżҲ档





ڰ 

ǽɱļʸúܿ࣬ڱ˴ͳһֻͻת˲Ϳ߰˸ˡ
ŷɵջǺǿ½ԼˣҪҲء⴬ϲʮˣƽϣܻʤ㣬ڱ裬ûɶԴսľͨ±ȫҲпܵġ
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룬⻰ˣ̫ϲǰҲᵽôԶ®бʲôԵʡ





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Χļ˶ҡͷ˵֪һЦúأǶ֪˰ɣ֪µġȢ޵̫ɩӵˣ˵ǵĳɳ̫Ů

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ͷһηԭԼҲͦռ˵˹ȥ˵עȥˣԼһ򣬵ɡ
̫صֶ褣Ҷܡ
߽Լ͵꣬ȴһӭ׵˴̸˹ȥ
ΪЩźֲֵܶȥıӰҪ׷ȥʣҲ̫ʧ񡪡˼Ҳ˼Ҫæ¡
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ˣν顣ֻǾͦвŵģƼˡ
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ɿ֣ǰ׽ס褵󣺡ġܴôҲ
褱ܿ⣺ˣҪһȥϲ
ǻҪȥͲȥϲˡԺǻȥӻط˵ġ
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ҡ
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û뵽褾Ȼ̹ס
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ҲûжԡǸˣͨ⼸ĽӴѾ̵˽һܹԼԱҲǼѵ¡ϾûдġĽӴҪȫܿҲǼ̫ܵ£˴Ҫӽ¡
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仰Ҫ˵Ļȫѹ˻ȥ࿴Цŵ㣬ͷҲŭ졪СѾͷôͲ֪æ
̾˿
ʵҲ֪Ҳﲻʲôæ
ֻεĿԼĵ˷󣬸褽˫˷





ʮ ͬŮ

˷ţ褼䣬ȴҲɡѾˣ˵ʲôԼŮ֮Ļδ̫顣
ҪԡôЦࡣ
һ죺ˡ
ҲϷ
ˣԼܸоȣҪܣ
ЦԽ򿪴¥ºһõµĻƸˮ
ϴͷɣ˳ڵСҲͰˮϴԡȻǻԷɡ
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褿΢΢һЦĲϴ
ŭݺݵһۣ˯ȥ
һо΢֪褹µ¿ӵԼĴߣиޡڲϴҪѿд⣬褽Ҷһָһú
ʱŭѼﻹ˵ߵ棡аס˽ר褵Ȼ
ȴֻ褵ͳϸţȴʤգżˮϴԼˬһයŪ
褻˵֧ڵʱ̲סתвУҪ˯
δ䣬ȴԡͰվ൐ǰ
ֻеһͷĿѣ褵Ŀɿڴؿš찡֪Ǹ亱еûǣǰţʲôȻС˵㣬˵㣬ȷʵȷȷʵʵǸý鷿Ķɣ
褿ӣȻһЦʩʩؿԡͰԹԵëϸϸؿϵˮ顣ֱʱžû
㡭㡭
ôˣ
Ҳ纷ǳɢ߲࣬Ჽߵߣһָֻ°ͣܳԾʲôŵ㣿
ȫѹһѴֻ֣һѰγһңָ褣㣡㡭ôŮģ
һǧ֮Խ˵Խʱѱƽ˵ҪС
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褲ױܿңָʺнһ㣬һԾ˵
ҡҡ
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褴ս࣬רעش·˿ԼĴй
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ڣ໹ԡͰ۾褶Լ粲İĦ
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Ҳ֪ԼôˣȻ褵ŮӸ˵ˣԹԵؽ˻ˮԡһؽӴԼ壬ԷҲǸŮӣҲǲʶˣΪԼҲΪءҲ褺һǸ˷ĵļһ԰ɣ
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߼һӣȴҲ޷ܲ˵ԷϷԼȻڹʱŮӲ֮ҲжţܲԴʦԷԼ뷿ˣϷѡ˵⼸Լò֮£ҲԼӡ
ǸϲԼˡԼǷ˱˵飬һҪģǷԼ飬ҲһҪֻܱ˶Է࿴ֻǷԼܻðġңڱǷԼ飬Щϲռ˱˵ĸо
褵仰ǻߣһǻŭȴԼռЩС˰մմϲ
̧ͷȥֻ褰̹أ¶µķ⣬һֳ̫Ѩڴϣ΢ؿԼĴǱߴǳɫһĨΣͬѬѬȻ㣬һеƤתŵķţɢ
ٶȺҪˣתȥ
ЦתУҲǣˡ
ŭ˵ұ㡭ұý
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Цŵͷǰ褿Ѵӱݹȥһ˫ӣǰ֪˰Ϊһܽˮҿ
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ȴֹһЦЮ˲˵ݵȴ֪ӣȴΪΣ
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Ǣӣһɷ֮ȻҵȥʱǵأҵĻô
ȴ죬׽ſĲˣ岻صҲܡҪġ
⻰һС罥ţҡҷš





ʮ ۶ķ

ϳǹһޣͱת۶
۶ȻҪȥ۶ˡ
۶Բǧӿǧ治µһƵתһ⾰͸͸Ȼתȥ۶سǡ
ȵ۶ģ˵ԥ̫ȢףȥǱ߿׿Ƭ褶͵
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ǣһȥеء໹ҪȡЦһ
ô̧ͷ˿ɫɲСȻǸҺˣɲʲôѾܲˡΪΪ˧ֻҪѡ
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ŷӦĽԥ̫ɩӵˡ
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΢΢˼һ£Ǹ󽥽ǽʲô褵İɣ
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ûɶ˵ˣЦģ㲻ȥһպΪУ֮ӡ
褹ЦҹӦ֮Ǹֻԣ֪Ӧ˵̫Ҷϲ±عף³پͿɿļıɼ϶һˡȥҲز֮ࡣʮǰˣʮ꣡
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֪ܹͬȥΪԼνġɡΪʿסڽԿߵļС褲ԼͬȥΪϾԼ常жȥ߾˾⾰ĵ̫֮λ˵ǳԬ֮⣬ϵײÿ
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պڳԺڣ˼СëȴǴҵҲûãǵɣֿٶȱʲô˶ϣǻؼҰɣȥ¡㣬̫ˣ£ͽ˰ɣ˵ţһݴ󹦵¸ࡣ
½ǰǱϱģʮСõ˫ֻ۾µµתţˣһ㶼ҡر׵ǸЦЦ¶ձߵѣһɰֵƤӡ





ʮ Ͻ

ҷûߵȥˣǻؼôõ£øඣ࿿褣ļСдص
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Ҳ𻰣ѾŵϵŮʵλС㣬֪סηϣ˭
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СŮޱλӡ
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ֻһƣһ毺ãѩ㼡Ůӳȣװϸ̲סҪ뻳С





ʮ ٴ

ս㣬ұ㲽࣬㣬մ硣`Žܡ
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`ĻæصͷȻ`Ҳ̫ˣ׳ʿʵǵ
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`ⲻҪѲԼĵƣµĻҲòԼֵһΡ
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㶣ô죿е˶ߣԬܲˣɱ׷İɣ
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΢΢һ㶣Լã
Цȴࡣü褰Σ˵ζԲδȫǹΪ֮
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Ҳòѽѽ˵̫ˣȻת褵ԬɹԼȥǹʹɶ㶯֣Ҫȥһ㸸µһǧٱϼӿܡûԬΪ£һҪŲһȫġʱԬܻиͼı
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˵ߵɫѾˣҪΪ
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һû׼ʣµһһȦߡǸѡԵУôҲܳһԼܹͬæȦ߱Ļֱٶǲ̫Զˣʧȥ˶ֵĻᣬһꪴ߲
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Ǳ߱ΧҲ˾񣬳ĶλҿʼһͻΧʱ¶мˡһòŮȻŴ۾Ĵţȴ˿ңҲǸмʶŮӡŮڵĵطǿ˹ʿæԮȴ׷ױ
Ŀ˵Ҳ⼸ƥΪֻҪͻһǣһȥȦһ
࿴˿ǾҪߣǸոܳûסȥ·ǶԷʹˣ
ϧʵ̫ԶҾ鲻㣬ȻԶһȻûѡǰй˫ս༸ʹȥһ̣졣
ǱߵˣԱһӱɵ֮һ˭ҲܲˡԶʣµһѷسΪ׵ôֹ⻹Ǹո齨ɵŻҲǿ
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ϳɳصģ˵ֻƵȷǲˡ
صصĵ죬ھҪȥˡ





ڶʮ 

Ҫô
Ůֱ㶵ʵŮ档
⼸һֱңûгȥΪϾѫ棬棬ҲΡһ͸ǲãĽҪͷһ»һ°ɣһòҪ˶˽Ӵ˵档
ǸɰŮŮӣǸΪֱӣҲǸΪȣӵһ쿪ʼͶԵİ⡣
ܿգȷؾܾˣ沢⡣ֲܰô˼ߵֶŮԼҲҪһԴСҲɡ
Ҳܣʲôǵģҵģǵıݱҳȥ
浹ǲںЩ಻ܲں׼ȷ˵ûбĽڿԵֵ档༸˵ԼŮˡҲô֪ˣҲںһӲסˣǽ˵㣬һ»һ°
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㲻㣬ҪߵһӵˣһȺּΣֶֻһ
ӵշתһҹֱڶʱŲһӡӵĳӣ֮ǰӵ˼ȡΪΪҳҵ
ǣɲɵģһ졣Ϊɺ޵ǣԬӳӵǰءˣƫƫԬ
Ϊɺ޵ǣԬʱͥ潣ʵҲǽ̣ҪѧҪΪʦһʼĻûӲҲûüܣͱγԼĽˡ
Ľʵܲֻվĵطáǻϡôխĵطֲ棬ǲҪع֪಻ֿȭһʱҲæҡ
һҵʱԬأǰûа취ӲͷƤ죬ֿࡣ
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һʡԼľٶǶôĲ񣬶ô
ԬЦЦΣҲֻöͷΪ񣬿ȥͥ
ۿԬߵԶˣعͷݺһ棬ȴѾˡ಻ɵðп࣬ȥԼҪһ࣬˵ҪԼԱ𡪡ͷʹ
һת˰죬ǾȥͥȥԬʲôҲˣѻ˵ᣬжʲô벻ıʡ
ո߽ͥԬѾˡ࣬ԬҲƳһۣʲôҲû˵಻֪ΪⲻԼ˵أ̫࣬Ҳֻñܿһߡ
Ԭ߽ʱȻһһʶǰһסڻȴԼûӦʱԬԼü͵ٵ˵һ䣺
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죬һ׷˳յˡպһۣҲû˵ʲôȴʵд֮⡣֪ٽҲãҲֻһԲͷ·
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ϵפصʱҹ䡣£ȻƣҲǲϢˡΨһǡӣܼܲʱϣɱ
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ȴĻᣬһУ漴ԶݡҲɽһ硣ΧôãҲȷεġ





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һ̴úƯʮḻѴ󲿷ֵɽˣаɱɱ˵ĺɥʧ־ġ
Ȼ±ҲˣͶɽȻ˽ǧˣ֮ϲˡ
ˣǿذɡһأ˵ҿǴӦŷҪǽ뽭ġ
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൱ȻҲʲôͬ±ͬȥǽߣȥˡԼиǰ;
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࿴ԶСϲŭٵеͷĵط·ʲôݺһ£ֺʲôظоţеָо־ָоΣգҪ롣
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ΪöеԲɡ
಻òҰοšҰοڼһ˲䱻÷顪ΪȷеԼĸ鲻ģǸӽڶĶģڱȶߵĻҪǿңҪ̡
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໹ΪȨò̫ܣɿһȴǸ֮⣬Ԥ֮еˡ
һ࣬͸һ˿ϲɫ͵ܣΪֽ㣬ȴڴˣעҶԵ
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Цǰҵı־档
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ģһģ㼱Ž
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ʲôҲŲʲôɰСǸˡ㿴ЦеˣȻŹ˵㣬ȴҲƵǴüĿ⵨ˣе
Ȼ֮ʧˡС㣬ܷҸƧ֮Ƕɣ
صͷһ֧첲Ƕ쵽ͥߵһСͤ
ʲô˵ɣ
һƨͤһʩ
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վҪи͹˽ȴҪˣҪ̸Щȥɡ
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˺ˣʧˣ˵ôʱѾ˷Ѳˣ
࣬ŬƽϢŭ𣺡ִʵ档ǫȻأǰԾܲܲ١ܲܣԬҲͼ֮⣬ݽΪ̽أԱΪ¼ɡݣҲ⡣ٻƽԭ಻ɵãΨڴͼһҵҡܱǫĸڲܱ֣֮ʤܱȻԬвܲ٣ҲòֱԴ֮«ΪʵΪֵܱ֮΢޴á
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㶣͵ܲҪᡣֻǽһ֧֪֮
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ɫһ䣺ҽסһй¶ȥģ
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࿴Һݣ˵ĵǲ滰Ҳֻùˡ̾˿ðɡҾΪ£ҵҪߣǾݵҾ֡Ҫ֤˵İȫ
޷֧ձ˿ȥ·ϱΣգ͵ܵİȫҲһе
ʱˣһһݺݵصһۡЦŰһۺһ趼ЦˣȻЦеظ˸ǡ
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إ 

ſڣһ£ʲΪһ۾ϳ
Ц͵ܲҲһ۾ϳôȴ֪Ҷ˺ʱ
ƽҵʱǶӻƽ䲻ʶңȴϵ㡣ҲҵĶء
ֵܣĪ˵ֻ
㻹û˵ôʶҵأ
ٺһЦӻһΪ
չһһˣϸȥòȴһֻһװһΪŮģü˿۲תαСڣ˭
Ǻ಻ɵʵ֪¬ֲǲ滭ģдᵽԼıֶѣȴܸĻ
ΪҲЦϴŵ֮ɫ
Ҳ֪ԼŮѽҲ¬ֲˡֻû뵽ŷɻ˾ڻ
ε̾һһԵȴιһ˼Ů˵Ļ̫ʧ˰ɣ콻
ЦŨСҪô
һ˵ֻǰ
ȴⶺҿɲ˶ˣҪüС
죬Ŵӻһذ׵˹ȥҶǰҵģˣǰأ
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ȴҲС£Ҳˣ
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һˣЦСԼҲգұ¡ǰذףѻݸ㡣𻭣ڻ
ŷһֱûг֣ƺе㲻ͬ
һԽˣ
չĿתؿţеĲɵӡ
ߣȴ졣
ôˣ
ɻȥţؽȴȨˡǸղȨźȴȴϡ˵ϵȨȴܿ
࣬˶Ǳߵ߻ɵ´˵һ飬ȻǸϽ̣Ȼᱻء
ߣһ衣
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㵱УҪһߣ
СɵϣûϵģĶͷ˵Ǿʶ޷һ𣬵ʱЩ˵¡ߣҪȥأȥһᾡǵġ
㻹ǲģһҪһߡһ߳һһߣͶҲˡܸܵͥ࣬ˣǰ˲ٷֱĻ
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Ҳȥ֪СһҪͨ뿿ԼٹĽͺͿҲõġǱȨ˽£ȥʰװ
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Ц㻹ôﰡƳңͲ³£
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ȻܳʮͿһԼ˵޺ŵĶ鱼۶Ϊһˣףִ󵶣糤ף˫Ŀŭ
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Զ
ЦӯӯϱȭΪߵ
˼࣬Ҳ˫ü壬˫գ˰βűȭɼ
ƺһʱʧ·һʱ⡣
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Ҫԣ
һ֣»ûж˵ô
ü˸־ȻﲻԸһȥĳҲơֻǽΪסĳȥ·
΢΢һЦյΪ
üʵǰʵΪר׽
һ㶣ڻĵһԵߣֻ»ΪҪ׽ˣвΪǫɣ
⡭ɲ֪˭һʱҲûзһµǫȷд⣬ȻȴΪĿġ
һֻû£
ɼŴγԣЩŭºˣ
һ
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һǾ仰Ȱ뿪Ƿ֮ءܱҲδʤܲپսɽ֮ѳɱȻ˳Σ갰ԸѼáڣذܡαڴΣ֮ٽԹʹ˶ȥҲպҲ
ɳĬһǫѲأܱ֮ˣǫĶӸǲãݳ֣֮Ŀǰ΢οʻˮ
ҵܱ֮֮ܲ˶ȥɳ
΢һҪ˵ȴһԹЦû뵽㻹Ǹ֮ҲգұӦ㣬ֻҪܱľٶĹࡣ
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һָ
ӶƳ
ɿ𣬵Ҳû˵ʲôǶ๰˹֣ϣԻܺ
Աϰתȥʱõָָ
ֻζؿɡ
࿴ˣҲ˻ͦģܴӳϻǸ˵ĸоϣ˶ơֻǹƺûɳȣ̫һ㡣룬ΪɾԲûķݰɣ˭Ҳûôģ
뵽˵Ŀӣ̲סЦֻǣݿڿҲֻ˳Цˡν־֪֮ɣ
ǣһȭȥ
࿴ıӰ룬Ŀ֮ˣʵҲûжôҲһ·˼ɵȥ
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һ··ͷһȣһֵĸоͷȼ𣬻ں󾱣̲סۿָож೤ʱûйأ
Сһﰡ
ǰҡͷ̾Ϣ
㵽ҲĻôĲһС
ֻǺٺЦŲ˵ȴ͸¶ġ
ˣҲǺް취ˣ͵Լôú͵ܵܰɣ
߰ɣһȥذɣ
Ц˵
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﷢£Ҫ˵һɡ񴿪ڵ
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࿴񴣬û뵽ѭ浸صĺӣȻҲôҲֻƽʱصܳȨһʱܳɡ
˶ǺˡôȨڡǺǡ
ֻǣӽأҲҪߺܶأ·ϴӣ治ɰ
һ·棬һҲż
Ԭôߵģĺúɣ
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ʵûʲô£Ļ˵Ҳ˵˼Ļˡ
ǱߵǺܾʡͳ˾УѼͶԬ˸˳ȫɱһӵԬУ߾ȻԳȥ׽ɱȥԬԬʲôҲû˵ֻ˵
ӱﶼУ׽סɱӦõġ»˵ʲôлĻأҪӱŶ԰
仰úܶ˶أҲˡ
ҲлϢ
ߴԬȻ˳ưһǧٱߣȴԸߡ˵ҪϱΪŽ̫ءǰЩȴŽ̫صλ˳¼͡
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ϵѩֻǲ֪ⳡѩǲҲԤ
Цҡҡͷһˣȣֻˡ½ɡѡ
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ЦǰСӵĹѣȴТĿģԶԶ԰
ҲЦô˵ǸӦԴĺӣ֪ôˡҪȥ®ɵ鰡ҪôɰСһˡ
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ЦһôСҲҪǺޣ
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ЦЦҿƽǱȽʵһġ
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һı㿪Ԭ֣ԬСãԬС㡣
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ҲǴС㣬ҽǡѾ޵ԥˣ
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ûã
ֻ޺޵ˣһ߸̾Լʱ˲á
ŮˣһŻ£һˤһ˱ˣһͷùԼ




إ 

չȻòôϣıȴȻǺüء
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ҿɣҲ˰ɡ
ƸҲ˵
ߵĸϣǶǹߵĲˣҲ±Ԭ¼ˡȻԬٻǻв¼ɵİɣֻѾԲٹˡ
˵褣൹Լһװʾ˵˶
ֻ褣Ѿ常ж˰ɡԬ֮ôЧҵʸأ
褾ô˵
Ҳܻ®֮ĵط˰ɣ
ԼȴĪسߵĿ䣬Ȼǲ˿ǺҲ˶١ʼδˣ
Թ԰šһʧǧźްȻԹžشӦˡ
Ԭ񿴵ǧȴĻˡȥ®̫½ȻˡμλۣҲΪǴ¡
һξŽ̫ص£Ҵ˳¼ͣΥҳԵġһΣ®®̫صλӾһˣ
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½ı٣Ҳûʲô͵Ͳȥ˰ɡ
ȥ®֮ǰһСʿפأԷʲôʡ
ʵҲǲæɡ
Ȼ飬ҾҪ뿪ġ
żô˵
Ϊܶסһӣ߻ǲ໹ġʵ֪᲻뿪СѾͷʱã͵һ»ѱȳǳ˲٣ҲˡһеһֶǵĿ
ȻˣߴȷʵܺáȻ׽Լ˶ֵúѺãƺֻ褺ͬΪ֪
ðɣҾͲȥˡϣտЦŵȰòҪԬŵԱʲôϣ
ҵȻס
ߴЦȥйһʳԣͻеڶΡ
սȻǺɵġ
½ǸˣսȻӵռϷ磬ߵָӲԶԶ½ġ
߳®гա︨ˣȥ
ΪԬ®ضɼɡ½ΪˣػȡΧκ֮͹Լ®ѹĸ׵ܵܶټԬ½ɻȥνݴʷȥǯľ˸ˡΪ˰ȫðļǨȽϰȫһ㡣
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ͱһСʲôѽ
Ȼ⻰˽˵Ϸ˿ɲˡ˵˵ҲС棬һʱȻɹҲڡֻоʱһ𣬸Скĥʱ⡣ŮӶʱѾӳ죬ϱңȥˡ
Ǹúӣϳɣʮֶ£һߵֿһͻϲѧҲ񴶡֮Ҫ죬˵Ůˡսߡ
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ȴֻգԱȤ
˳ǴͶ£ֻҪͿˣҿûǸ˼ű죡
Ļ𶡷СҲ˵ͬĻˣǴĺӣôأȻӾѵõڹȥˣܿӵ˼ұ˵ء
߻صز֮ԬȻԤϵûа®̫صλӸߣһѫľɲȥ®̫ء
̫ɶѽ
ûҿھ˰ɣ
Ϣŭòˡ
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ԬгƵ۵˼
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һʱĬȻ
ߣͿ仰Ԭʲôϵ
Ƹ̲סʵ
ԬԳǴʱԯͿĺˣӦˡͿ֡Լֹ·ҲͿͨҰʼ˵ǻ£ģӦµĴ˴ĺˣԯͿ˴ĺᡣ
˽ԵĿࣺ⡭̫ǣǿ˵ɣ
ֻҪԬеͨǾûʲôǣǿġ
ֶĬ
ǲԣԼŪİɣСʵ
ҡҡͷСԬûҲûǻۡ
ȴеƵ︨ۡ̾Ϣš





إ ս

ƸһԳԵǿҪߣȻɴߵͬıɾһӢһˡ
ɲܾ߰ɣԬС˵Ҫߣ˵֮ġճԵ
ȻܾߡЦò®̫أʵӵأܵǲڵ⾰˺ڽܣԬĵ̫صȴл֮⣬ʱҪҲˡȥԬ˵Ըйһȥġ
룬Ц͵ܹȻıڣϾȥ
˵ʱǧҪ˵㲻Ҫݵĵ̣ҪݴʷͳϽ֮¡
ֵ
㶣Цδ̫˵ɣԬɵġ
ֻųƵۣĻ˼붫ôһ˵һɣ
һƣãҾ͵ģȥһδĻ
ĻȻȷġ
ԬߵĻƭø˷ǷȥϱΪ۳Уξܽ
⽫ľ·Σ֮ʮ;ͳ˽Ȼǡܽе˼ݴǹٳϸǳõĹʱڵţʵһټˡ
ǣ߾شԼĲӿ
ԭֻвǧ˵ģߵѾ®֮ս˿ȥкܶͶ
صĶ̶̼·ϣߵĶ鲻ӣټǰʱɵıͣʱѾ˽ǧ˵Ĳӡȫ߸˵£һģһֻ־
͵ܣʶߴӶһ·ϲϵνʿ룬Ҳò뿪оȥЩνʿҲֻдҡͷΣʲôֵýܸ࿴һġ
͵ܣܡλǳ䣬ңˡδ½ʱʶģǸ͵أͶ̫ˣλ̩ƽ²ˡոҹأǿŶ
洺磬ϡ䱦һȻˣ׵ãһԱĵĴ󽫣ֵø˵ġ
ֵø˵ǣ
Ȼ࣬ҲнƥҲʮƥ
ͨɵս߸ᵽŶ󣬾ٵҲҪܲþٺʿһȶɣ
ϰƥҲԽߵȼü֮
ѴӺ󷽻رǰߣΪѾȫ£ں⾰ò˵൱ʱжǶôȷ
ΣðλϷ˺ҾתƵȫĵطȥˡ
ȥɡȽȵ
λϴεȼֻ֮ͨ·ʱССһ¡Ϊʮܵ£ҲҪһ£ĸ׵²ò·
ˣҳһȥ㣡ƽȥģ̫õģ
һֱ߳أĻ֪˵˼
ֻǲٱʱ໳ݺಱҧһڣ
סһڣŻס˵Ļ
ĻҲֻԶˡֻĿ⣬ᵽʲôʲôˡ
֮ˣ߿ʼʽб׼һս
ˣֻ֪ƾһǻΪȡ½Ҳǿ治֪ľ˸ôģ̴ܰҲ˲ˡ
̲סڱ˵
֪˵ʵȻһԼˣҲû취ֻڨڨЦš
Ҫ֪ϵĵڿȻҪȻ׵ضȥˣ඼е˼顣
Ϊ˱ֻһбһߵȴʱ
ʱһպӰͶˡ⿤١
ǸΪ׳ˣֻ˸ŲĹâ˲֪ʲôȨĹϵΪʱͶʱ߲ӪУӴȨĹϵɡ
ʱ࣬ǵ档
Ͳ±˵лô
Ҳʱ˵ߡ
ߵǲںıڣʲôµġŽˣҸ
ʼ磺Ҫнȡĵˡ
߹ЦҲá
㲻ȥıô಻޵ĵصֵ¿ɲ٣ԬԬֵܣԼԬܵǼӣɶͷѪġ
ǺܺðҿٷѺܶˣ
߻ЦӣҲֻз⡣
ĵҪæļڣǶĺʱʳΪؼǣе¶׼׵ʱ򣬵ֶ̫褴һʿһЩսϵ߻ϡ褣ҲǼŶñˡ
ΪҪأľ²ޣӦ֮زŶ԰ɡ
褶˵
Ͼ;˷ΪӪţ侣ʯķ׼Ӫ̡
ڳķºλ춼Ǳƽˣ߶ɽ֮ʱȻûڽϰȵ߹˽ȴּس߾
ڲ෽һɱзУѷܺͳºôܡ
ڴܷܺͳӢ󣬽ҪԵľصڵӺӢڿǸɳƵҪҪ֮߾Ǵһ·֮ǰ⾰ڵںţ԰̣Դ࣬ˮսҲ뱸ԴҵţһЩսߣȥӢӾս
಻ͬ
ӢǻȫˮҾɺʱ壬ҷͺܲˡôפأҿֻðһ«έ֯ˮսٶܣڻľʿԶɽֻҪ˽ҾսӢ֮
褺ܾȵؿ࣬ΪҲΪӦʤʤ׷зԴϢĻᡣ«έˮܣҲû뵽ġ
սõߺ褵֧֣һоͶֻһС־κţ侣һʾ׷
֮أΪٵĶͳȻѾһƬòֺȻҲսֻںһա
ȻǰЩѾΪ˹̵µʽʽΪεĶӡ
ҪǣһΪϳһΪ͵أҲܹΪĵ׷ӱ׷طȻλӺӢ˽Ӵս
Ҫ֪ߵɽʱǧˣ󲿷±ټ⾰Լ褴ıҲˣ׷ʿȫģҲԼ߰ǧˣ滹൱ֵ±ӺӢݴͣй˵ʿȻ򲻹ߡ
ҵڻǸ̵ܼҪӺӢȻһͰӵɢɢԼ⡣
ĻɫȻܰ⾰ڴýڽڰˣҲֻ޻˵ˡٶҡͷ̾Ϣ
ĻֻװûȴЦ˵
ҲԷ𲮷йذɡң«έܵսŶԷҲû뵽ɣ
ȷʮͷ꣬˭Ҳµİɡ֮£൹Լļıгڡ£룬˭˭İɣ
ǶԼļıţΪ֮ǰľЩսϵ
һսеջʮὫ䡣սӢ·սڵомƣҲʿ
ºǳͳ䣬Ϊ˾ΪԼߵš
ʵҲ褵˼
աƸǵȽȻӢ£Ͼ²ˣӦҪԼŰӵʱˡ
ֻ̩оȨ񴣬ûнóĵͻҲߵ˼ǰֳܵܵȻõܵ˿Σա
ںţ侱ռҲ΢ȫĿߴˡ





إ ս

ڵںţʧݺľӼʧ˶߾Ķ־߼ûʲôսˡ
ʱڱݷһ¡
Ĵܲڻ˳֮ʱռݸƽˡھҰܲٻܺһ·УͶݳӭĳ̫㣬ȴΪ˺ֵųΧתȥԬȡ
ΪʲôûݵĵȣԶȥԬأ
ڽӵϢķӦǣųԭ꿤̫أΪϰù궯ڲǫľ˻ˣųûʲôøУ²ᷢȥųΪķУ޷ݴȥ͸òʧˡ
ҪҪûȥһأ
ʱߵߡ
ôܣ
褶֮Աǡ
ʱἱŶֵġһδȣһ;Ͷȴû̫ࡣֻ֣˵ǲܲٺԬǶɵϣʱֻ֣ԹۣȴԼ𲢲õİ취˵ʿľʵףڽĺá
οսұϷҪö࣬õһֵأҲδܺúõչԣǰĵڽչĺá
ȥɱɡ
Ȼ֣ͦϵġ
Ȩ
ҾȻʱռϷ磬һԬݣпϮԬĺ󷽡͵̫Ѹ٣ǲġӦóעԥʱץʱƽ
ֶͲϵɦԥ®һѫͷۡҲǸһأ
ȨҲõ˲˵ֻ֧֣ʵǲԸְɱֻǶԴΪҲֻĬˣ
ɱǣԼҲôңܲǼһҲɱ׿أ
ֻԳš
ְɱ²ȥµģ˱ϾԳݣԸȥ£һˡ
ʱ褵Ľ飬ȥ꣬ȴΪӦȥ졢ˡСسǡ
褵ǣǮ࣬ؽڲǸˣûʲôµġ꣬ؾ᲻սԽ
ȴַԵı£Ǽᣬ֮Թ£ܵеĻͲˡ
ڷȨ󣬻ܲͻЩǮջ󣬽褵Ľ飬ϵꡣ
ҲһսҪԣеľӢ춼˹ǧ˿ʼꡣ
͵ܣûвǲˡ
߿
ûУֻе㵣Ķѡ
ǲġ
ߴЦ
ܹˬʵЦҲܹڶ˲ΪЧԭ֮һɡ
Ҫ˵ݣʤʤأ
»¼汸ĸռЩưɡ
߾ͽǽ
ھδͲЩ
ֻһˣûʲô¿ԲǲбҲݲϲ
Ϊء
ǰųƵ
ܲپӣȴҪҾս̫˲ѽ
һԵЦĸǣһʱỹɣһأ˵Ҳˡ
˵Ļмֵġ
ЦŴ
Թ誵սʲô
ҪǶսĻȵ˵ѽ
ƺЩȲ
ĿȥЩЩء
ҲĿԶзȻЩɧӡ
Ҳж˰ɡ
һԵĳյ
Ȼ߾ʼԷ
ͳǺͳ˧ǻƸǡ
϶ڻͻƵսػصսǣƶԷ
мĳǹ͹ҲվǰС
ڵȻһ仯·ҲʼһΪʼƶ
ǴĿԣķӦȫѽЦһ
ڵҪƶʱһ·ĹͻȻеĹγߺһٶͻ
Ȼûϵļƻæָ·ΧƷ˴ҡƸ뺫ָҲʼͶ
ߵ죬ѾһͻڵС
ڣﲮֶˣ
߻ųǹ󣬺ܶбҽ
ͭ׵ڱߵ壬潻棬ָֻ±Χס
·ھǲߵ٣Ϻս϶ھɱġŵھߺĲӸͻ£˸һسɱɾڶףǱӻǡ
һ̴Լɱھˣɻ˲ٵľеʵ˺һӡ
һڸ֪Ҿ˰ɡ
Щ⡣
֪˷Ѵɡ
ˮ
ǵġ褽紹µͷ££һսЩˣһսػСĶ˰ɡ
ƾʵСҲĶְɣߺЦš
һĴ۾գգӦ˵Ŷ԰ɣ˧ֻѡ
ԺһǶҵѣôԽ׼أ͵ҵĿ䣬ҵˡ
Цǰһһ㶼ûѽ
Ȼˣһıˡ
˵ŶЦ
ʱ࣬˵ҪһڣмԵò̫͸ҪһࡣҲȥҲûʲô˼һ뿪
֪Ůİɣ褿ıӰͻȻһ֮ǰĿߵ
˵˭װɵ
᲻֪
򴽱߸ոշѿĶ룺֪Σ
ûУǸˣȢҲֻңܵŶб۾ߡƺ߶Ȥ»治࣬ѵĻᣬúýƿɲС
ٺ˵ˣҿûô
ɷαôŤŤģЦ
̾˿˵һҪ뿪ġ
һҲǰ֮İɣ
ߵ۾ģ
̫ˡ
˶Цֻ褵ЦߵĴͬˡ
డ࣬Ǵ󰡣ҶѲϽŮǰˣȴǣ㰡
ˬʵЦݣ褵Цȴɬ
һߵ࣬ԼǰǹӣǰǰӢˡкһҲ緢ô
⼸õúָʲôġ
˵ţŶߣǸأһֱˣõʽʹˡ
ҡҡͷȻѾӦսһҪס/ЩʽսϰĶɲˣġˣھͻؼȥ
սȭͷ֪ô˵źá
ӣ̾˿߽ͷ㲻ǲµôôôսˣ
񴿴ģþòŵ㲻ϲҴô
һ㶣ٴϳʱ˲ʱԼôһ˲Ķİɡֻǡ
ǰСˣԶ㣬ɵô˵ֻ¸ֵĸò֪롭





إ 

ڴһ֮󣬹Ȼʵ࣬һֱܾ߾սֻǲͣɳСɲɦš
ײڳǿ֮ս
ʱڵͬ飬ǰѦҲڵ׳ּʳвϵָ֮ӷΧס
ڱһսӴܵ˵ġ褵ļıԸǴ´ˣҲİţʤʱһ֧ʸߵҼѡ
ȻûҲ޷սˡ
ϲǰĽ죬ں涽Ըǰ˻ǰɱ
ͳա褵ȰüΣǴЦԡ
һмʵ褵һǻʧɫӺһӾȥ
ھмһʿǣڽڰˡ
ҿͳ³ɱŰѰס˱ʮӪ
û뵽͵ôá
߶Ц
ǲܹ⿿µġ
Ҳ˵Һ˲أȻ͵òʧˡ
ȻЦов˵ġʬҲұ˵Ըɡ
ˣ˭չĸ͵ܵܣ
褵Ļһ㶣ǻжܺĵ𣿡
褷ߵĻŪЦû취
һսġӦսôߵ
߶˶粲ЩƺҲ¡նҪڣȡ꣡
˴֮ôźͺƣߵڴ˰ɣ
Ȼԣڶһ磬ھսˡ
һΣһһԶ׼оս
ɳһֲι߾Գì͹סء
ڼҹΪһˣǵΣȫ档
߾Ҳڵȴһ̡
ȵԷȫ棬쵼˶ԲӵӰ˳
оˣȻɳָм乥ַھоΧɽΪھ·վź󣬷ֳٿѾңϾɢ֮С
߳ƻӾõ褺ͳҲڶʧȥƵĲûκΰ취ֻаӻسǡ
;ƹھڹǵβӣڹ·ɱһ󣬾Ȼسȥ
ΪѦפҳУֹһǣƣҲֻ˱
ꪷеѽҺ￴
սƷʱ߶ߵԵ
ʹꪵˣǲİɡ൭ص
⵹ҲءЦҶˡ
ģ㻳ʲôƺЩŭھߺˡ
Ҳ˼ګګתƻ⣬һսɱһǧˣúܿȡ˰ɡ
ҿ¸պ෴֪תƻ⣬Ҳȥһ̣ĵȫĥˣҲҳս˰ɡǳǼẾǺùġ
תͷȥ褣ɫصص˵ͷ
ðɣȥսҳǾȥ졢˺ͺꡣûκεĲ֮ɫȻһŵӡ
Ȼ褵Ļˡ
һսɱڵͽһǧˣڴľսҲҳӭսֻݣҰ
ҪǳյΪȡ˴ʤͳʿˣΧΧʮųߡ
ǣﲮģ߶ԶʧҰеǸߺš
ˣܵĹԶͽأü
˿Ϊ裺ҿûдŶ˵ڼҾʿͬʱҲڴڵʿѽ
İɣ
ٺˡ
ˣٺѽ


졢ͽȻطҲʲôսҪأȴʵز߾ҪıԱݡֻҪ˳ĺڱϣȫڻ¡
طҲȷʵߺܿ߾ʱȴûţǶԥ̫֡
ѽȫսȥԥ£ô︨ǵһԴ˾ٶемˡ
ȷǸ֪ˣʱ־ٶҲʵᱻȡЦİɡ
Ҫ֪ĽһΪʮݲֱġࡢԥ졢ʮݣԼһ˾Уξ
ܹһݵĴʷǾͼֱ˵һλڹеľһ㡪Ϊܵ͢طϵڵĵԭݴʷ᷵ĵܵܣݶĲƽˡʮʱüıȳ˱˰ܵ壬ԴҲ˾ٹТïš
ڱΪïź󻹵һسΪϵġ¡ල٣ηȨƣʱμϹһλг̡һúܶ˶Ŀ࿴
бĴܲ׵۵Ϊ٣ȴΪܲٲǺҵҳξܾˡܲٵҲûϱΪݴʷ
ʱԬºΣգԬ㵽ءߵľ˸⾰ĵ̣ԺȻ⾰𾴣Ϊ⾰Ԭˣּ϶ԬһֱĴͳ䲻س⾰ڡ
һֱԬΪеĲܲٺܸˣٱΪ佫
ͿɣݴУȻ
߾ռ졢ͽ֮߾֮ʣȻȥԶԥ£ǲ֪ʲô⡣
ϧ課ڣȻҲ߲źص
ǰЩʱգ褽ӵ常еš
˵常вҪһҲεص
ûйϵģںѾе˲ٱͻȥˡƾЩ㹻ˡߺܴ󷽵ȥ
ҿʲôء褴ǧߺߵ
ʲôЩ֣˵ƭң
ǣҿһ⡣
ôܣҲǸСѽü
ָԬЩͷ
룺ԬҪô
пܡ⣬ϱһԬ̫ҳеĵ̫֮λ褻ر̫֮λ
Щż׶༪٣ɻɣ
ЦЦɿɲô򵥵ܿĹƣȻϻȥ˵ΪһûΣա
ôһ˵߲ŷ
ҵǾãδôȡء٩ߡ
߹ЦͿɨƽİɡ
˵˵ȴǲģͣɳϸȥ̽ܿǱ߾˻ر˵ԭ˵˵ͽȻ׼ȥʰ߶Կġʱĺӽ˵ʵ̰ȻͼҾûʱһشһǣ֮ƣҲȥԥ£ﱱԥӾݡպǲʹףܲٵăţԬ·䣬˲ǣܾҲϵ¡ȼá
ӽǸˣƷεҲмأͱˣԲŻɱȥԥµͼʱ֪͢ʲô뷨Ҳǵ뷨ɡȻ˸ԥ̫ء
ûнȥԥ£Ϊȥ˵ĵ̣ʽϸһǶԳ͢ˣġ֮ǰ⾰ڶ֣ҲΪԬв֮١𩲻ҵίԬֻͶ˽ԥµĽڡ
ֱˣǸûѽ
˶˷ܣĺûᡣ
ʱյһšǴԥġ
Ȼѽ
ȨѶ˹
Ҳ̾˿ҲȫǺ°ѽšǷȥԥ¡
Ҫɨƽᰡпȥԥ£
ߺΪѡ
룬ȥһ˰ɣԲս֮أ
ôһҪô
ֵܳĶСྪȵػعͷվ󣬵һ˫۾ĹĵĿ





إ 

һ˲䣬·һӸйٳԽ壬ȫǶĽϵͳһеһУĸǶĸλͨκһëκһλܡر㣬һ壬ϿУϵ´ǰﵽذǰС￴˸ͨͨ͸͸
㡭
㣬Ȼ˵
ΪҪôЦ˵Ѿƽڸ곳ֵýҾͰĸ״ǶһҺܿƽġ
ߵ£ڻظ񽥽ƽŶϣҪʲôźá
˵ż߹ȥˣһܡԼľ˾ٶ֮ǰҲԼģȻᵱô˵棬һСܿȥֱҪ˽һǴѽ
ܳȥŷһ⡪õȥȥûоܹͣúһ˼֮ĵط
ԼУʱ˴ģ
˾ȥɶȨкҲʹм޲ðνɱ
ž;еԲˡֻʮСһֱôܡһۣԽ
ߣ
˵ϽӪȦԼǣȥһѰ㱧ڻţȻߡ
ҪȥĶ
̲סһ䡪ղŶǵԹ粻֪ɵĶȥˡ֮ģǵɬ˿˿ۣůӭųķ磬ȣֻˬֻþԶȥҪͣ
°Ͳͷң㹲һĥЩӣӭʱһ絭˳ŷķ˿գǶˣ͸ķΡ㣬ƺ֮ǰе㲻ͬȴ˵ʲôֻͬǾø˳ԡ
˵ʲô
ղڻķִһûĻ
˵ҪȥĶ
㳶ǰ󣬰ϴսŴֻյĺ༸ܸܵƬССĺ촽ڿţ쨶ţʹеҡء
ǲ˼ĸо
಻δµŮȻָоʲôΪʲôָо
ôԷǸŮġңǸֻʮС
ûзӦŴһ顣
ڻع񣺡ûĿģֻ̫ˣԳһܡҪҲҵĿ֣
§ľӣôô
һ˲еʧ񣬵κܿعǰ̫ˣ
ЦſţȻϣڴսĶߣҲܸ˰
౻ϢĻңƲסƥϤòϤ
ѽˣ
еԵʱȻ˵ôһ䣬Ѹٻظ
ͷȥȻߴʮں׷
⡪Լƥ˵ǧıԣҲѵһĺôô׾ͱ׷ˣһȻԼ֣ûֱߣһ˫磬ٶ˲Ӱġ
ȻˣͲװ֪ټںԼ֣ҲһӶͳ˧ҲĴ磬ԼܵѣҪġȻಢȫߵܣжٲͬ
ؽͣź׷Цʵô˲ΪҪմô
ȴԴŵص˵ӽ˶ߺѲߣΣգԲ׷㡣
࿴ֻгպٵȼˣʿǶûҲȷǼææͳˡ
ܵĹػҲӿһůллˡʹЩ˳㲻ôֻС䣬ͳ˧
߹Цҿ¿ûʲô㱻˷ˣѵô
뷴˵ѵҾͲ㣿ٿԼ㣬Ҳֻ̾Լȷ޷սġ
˵òĲУûʲôսĽģڵԵϵĹƶûС
ЦЦ˵Ǿͻȥɣȴһ졣
΢΢һ㶡ôɰɣ
ͷȥȴһ׵Ľ죬һִӺ
ߣȻ˽̽ҵ򣬻־͸
ϼһ߾Ȼţ˶еԾ
ȱŭˣҪѵһȴֹˡ
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һôȥҲǰ취һ㲻֪ٳֿɲǱ͵Ϯһ¾̵ġ㷴пܱԷһɵ





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̫ʷһսĲ¾Ȱ̫ʷܵСȴλͬ磬ѵһΪӽ˻Цҵġ
˵˵̫ʷȴΣ֮ʱѶȥһҪӭֻӴ˽øѲڵҲˡ
ûǸִκĳϢȻûյ鱨ȻκĳҲˡ





ʮ ԥ

Ȼ̫ʷȣߵҲ̫ܵӰ졣ҲͿ԰ĵȥԥ¡
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ٻ񴣬ڵԣȴһХƺûа·Եĸ
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ٵжҲ˵Ǵʲôܹۼƥأ֮ܣҲ֮
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һ·ңܿ忪ƽǶ
ȺǸʮˣ͸²ɵҲûоţֻǷֳ˼ʮȥΧǣٶţ赲ǵĹơΪ߼ȫǲ䣬аĿܡԼ߷Ǽǿ˶оĽ
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żֳꪾ˳ȥøǱҲǼʮ˷棬һɱ֧ӵξȻɢˡ
ʱоҲֳ·ɱȫıˡ
ʱĲҲźƣ֧Ҫ뱻ӸӦ˻ȥüʸסšһսʱһ䡣





ئһ Ȱ

Ǹ͵Ķɣ
褡
褵ͷȷͣԥ£̫ʮͷʹǹӣҵΣӡ
ʱҲǰ͸ǰǰնλ治֪α𡣲֪Ӹմ
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䣬ͼüͷһ壬˿࣬Ҳü¶֮ɫԵʲô˰ô񣿡
ҲǴΪȸղųɱ٣ˣڶԼ͸ߵ£ԼߺҲˣˣƾʲôô˵
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һۣ뱾԰ѸıϣЩˣǲˣǳ²㣬ļһֻʵʵ˵ĿǰԽʱȰǵ̫ġ
ȴ֪͸ٵ̬ȣֱӰһˣ߼ϵӡ󻵵˼㡪˾褵Ķܡ
ŵǰһҪǷϲ
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Цܹȥϵ֬ҪĨʴ󼱣ô˯ңҲ
ע⣬ʲ֪ʱŮװΪһ·Ϸ糾װղԼһʱʧ죬㵽լĻ˷Σԭõܵ˯Ůװȴڸ֬ʱˡ
ĸܣȻҲôģ˫̥ˡᵽ˫̥Ͻã̶褡뿪һ˿褵ϢҲòˣҲ֪Ůװļһôˣ
ĸ첲ôˣҵܵôң̫Ծˣ
Ц˵ǰû뵽ܻܵô񡣲Ҳˣܵȥ·ɡ
ɿ֣ʻӻ֣ˣˣȥɡ
ɴ⣬ȹӾˡȻܵúܿ죬ԴȹӺϰһѵһ·Ͼð֮ģ
̲סЦ





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סࣺ㿴ʲôĶˣ˼һǸأ
ྪؿ㡪ôôС;֪ˣ㲻һǸô
˵ΪաԼ˵⻰˵ԼֻʮŮ޶ˣæֵҾǶģҲǶ簡
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Ȼ˵ˣԶ
˽֣ҿȫͬġ簲ȴһģһҡҡ
˵Ǻ˵ȥ
ﰵЦԭҲ˺ߵʱ򰡣
ȻġȫͬĴڣе˶ȫͬǵԼƵʱǷ𾪺ͺЦ󣬾ǶԼĺ¡ԼΪҵ˺һӶת顣
ǣʲôأҪ֮ڿڣ֮أҶ֪ʲô飬ܶ٣ڻС̫٣Ժ㳤ˣôЩأ˵Ҳ⵱ɳеһСβˣ
վϧ㣬§ڻСɵϣҲǲһģκ˶ǲͬģ
ŻССůϣմ磡
Զ߽˼ܾٶѾϰΪˣ̫Ѿ̸ˣ
ЦЦſ㣺ɡͿ벻ͨˡʱпҪһ˾ˡ
һ㶣㵽˵Щʲô
Ϊ֪еĽ׻ôԼһֱڣ˳ΣҲһֱûʡ˵ҪȥݣǿһֱҲ̫Ѻõĵط񴵱ȻҪˡ
Ѷ˵Ļ񴣬Ҳãʱûսˡ
˵ͷ˵ǲӵ£Ҫ䵽ͷϡȻƽͷ֮ѽ
˵ҲСһ·ϼδ֪Ҳͬȥ
Ц˵£ǢɹôҲð£￴ô͸
Ҫ
һָҡҡЦ˫ֻۣҪóϲפԥ£ٸǿи̫ʷڵֻҪԼá
۾ˣմþǱԶҽȥ
˵Żߡ߳ͣͷղǲ۸簲ˣɱ̫ݰ
ЦǰĶͷ֪ˣܵܵĺø磡
˵ɵеĵãƺñԼҪҪˣҪпһƬأҲΪء
˵ȨòϣȻǱߣʺһ䣬ΪܳסҲӦõĶȨ߸ʺһĽһι䡣ֻʱڣҪܹµͽһ˵ᢵ͡
죬Ȩ˾ȻôòŵǹģǱʲôԭһĲӿɾͰȫΧѽ
ǲԸȥô룬ÿÿ̲סҪ롪ôãȨôõĲã
Ǿ˼Դ˵Ҳϰˣֻؿϵζһ˵ģǺܺţİζ

һʮ죬ڵʮ죬ڳϲתȥǡ
֮ǰѾͲܲٷֱȥţ˶ĳϣҸ͢ϱлԬָԬв֮١
õǵĻţҲŵģ
˵ֻԶϲ֮٣ȻֻΪӡ
ֻ֮פء
פϲ
ֵ죬𩲢δǵ׷ֻһЩҪľ¾䣬ΧسҲûдĵȥ̲һʱ֮䣬ȻмЧҵ˼ϾĿǰڱϻԬˣ͢ϵıҲûи˿֪Ҳǵõŵļ˶ѣԬҲɵ˾ַԶԥµ
ҲԽԽҡʱĲ뺫ʧͣԳ̫أ뺫컥๥ڳһҲڷڳòʰʵ۵ҲԽԽù˵Ӫ쵣£ɵӪеҲȫ
yΪܲ˹ԴȻַƽֻʣһʸˡ
Դ˺ǸпˣǼģϾ¬ֲʦyǸǳֱˣΪΡȥΪ٣ܶ˶ȰҪȥȴΪ¶һԼˡȥӪУҲǱ뷨ɣϧζˡ
ʱԬΪסƣǰעŵ˱һҲòʱעҲŵ˱ΪǾݵ׿ǣ͢ίɵʷʱûиǲԬֻõ֮ϵϿνԱ˴ʷ칫뾣ݺϵסţԬΪв£Ͷ˵ѩ̿ͱʾϿɣֶ͸֧֡
Ǹ׼֧֣ڶļƻһʼĲòӣת
ֶиȻֶףȥͶｫԲ֪սܷȥһ˾ݣҵݣ
־ξݴʷĳƺڼ֮Ҳеҡ
һ⣬ҲûжУֻΪźһȥ˲ٿࡣ
֮УգСһ°ˡˣгǰȥ𲻱Ҫ鷳
ȴǲ˵ô֪
ǲܱ֤ȥﶼǶĲѽ
ͷ
Ȼ޿κΣͨЩദ֪ļ֣ζವصĻǲκεĶҡˡ󲻼ҲֻдͷɥظˡͬеĻǵĸϣԼɷ򸾺ʡ
ԼĽ׵һ·
˵ԭи㣬ֻǰ겻һȥˣڵλ泣С㣬ʮ꣬׵ֻʮ꣬Ľ̵ء
಻ɵø֮̾ļûа취ģһʮҪսˣ顣ѵΪô
Ͷʮһ·Уɳ򱱷ƹ󽫻صĽĿʡЩҪ鷳ֱϿ
ʵ֪κĳĽҲ֪ط˵󲻴˵СҲСȻ֪˶ҪͶҪҵǣֻҲǲס˼µһطҪһӵģҪϸͨе˼ҡҲֻ룬ȥѰ˵Ϣ
ɳ̫صĵط·ɳʱش˺Ǹпһ
ǸпģǾȷһΪģҰĵĻƬȫǿɹʩչ̨ӵ˾ݣͼȡ񣬶ݣϿȡݣ֮ͨءʱȫעȫڶ׿ϣʱڽϷչڿ۰һİˣòߴһȺ˱
ĻҲ˵ֻһӸɣ࣬Ҳֻ֪飬̸ֽĹӸɡ





ئ ҹ̸

ʲô
࿴Լ˼ӣ̲סʵ
һ·϶˵Ҳ̸ٹڱսԼñԵ£ֻಢ˵ˡΪųϵĴಢ߽һǿ֡òп֪ЧڶⲢȤ
ΪʲôȻ˵Ѿȥ뷨ԼȥҲǸŴĽŲ߰ˣûʲô˼
濴ӵǸ־ˡ
ҲһֱԸԼ֪ľ棬ֻżļˣ˵һ䡣
ᡣ̾װ׷˾ôõĵطȥΪ͢Ѫȴ˽
Ҫأǵֻ֮ҲΪжҪסҲǲأ
Ȼ˵ֻЩԾȻˣҲȥɡڱֵսңߴʱܵþݣ봨У²㶨Ҳ˫۲ܲԬܵĶԾֻҲԶ˰ɣȷڽϵ춨ҵĻأ
С˵⻰ȴҲʧƫأ
·ͻȻһ
һȥֻһ׳˴һһ·ţϢӡ
˲廰ҲЩ죬ǰ൹һʲôˣʲôԼⲻȥҲǰǰеĶͣһͣͬʱҲʾ⼸ٽݣСЩĺá
䣬ԭǾݺϵˣ곤Ǹӵ¹߶ˣĶɽǸδڵͳֶΪҪȥ·ɳڴЪϢ
䣬ĸġ۾ݵĵΣԼպķչӰˡΪӵĸеղǷǷǸԼЦġ⼸ȻԼʱ̸Ҳ˵ͨȡȻ󻮽ΣϸԽ֣ٳݶƽķԡԭս꣬ΣֻҪϿС硢ꡢŽȵɳСɲǰɦţ꣬ԭɶӣԭ°
Ҳܴûа⼸๲ֵͬ̽Ķ˵̸ֻЩСľƣԼԸ·ۡ
ϣӽΪʱҲһЩţʦ¬ֲҲһʱĿܣʱҲ̸Щ¼ںܶڲͬĹ۵㣬ܵӰ죬Ҳ¼ƺȫµĿǼһ̸£Ȼ̸Ȼ죬һ˳
رɽ񣬶ʲôⶼȤ˵ϲӣһʿɡĸӵ¹żҲ䣬ǽĻòؿѧʡֻͳǱǲڵġǻһڣ
࿴̸𾢣յ磬ҲΪΡֲȥߣֻ÷Ը췹
ˣ泽˹ȥ˳һ͡
泳ǲףɽֵഺ٣ȻĿתſûꡣЩһ˵Щ÷ɣ껹Ҫ·
λǡ
ӵ¹࣬¶һ˿ɻ
ЦЦ֮Ϊš
ӵ¹಻ӣҲΪ⣬ֻ˵ԼҲҪ£ڴ˾ʲ̸һʱʱ䣬ҲԷˣҪʹ˰ݱ
ӵ¹˲ѺãҲûжҲˡ
ȥݣѴȥͶҺѻƳ塣뾣׹ϵ
ӵ¹ӻȡһiݸҲûж˴ǣлˡΪʵ˵иǺõġ
Σ˺ࡣ
࿴⻰ʵ˼ղ̸ôãҿһ仰û˵㻹Ҫң
Ц
ҲЦԶʧ
ͷЦţȻԶʧ
˳ɳһ·Ͼ͵ֻɫһҿջס׼
ΪʲôϿĿνʷأ
ɻ
Ϊûеΰ̡
Ŀǣһڽ֮ʾԼȨηԬӣڶݵĺܶʿͺ嶼һΪУԾͽȡŵ֧֣סԼھݵš
㲻ҲЩϵôҿɽƺС⣬ʱС޸Ҳи֮ء뿪Цض˵ǻƳ׹ϵɵúúðգʶЩ֮ˣԺھݵкܴӰ졣
ҹΪˣڷеҲ̸˲ٻ⡣
ЦأҪϽôȻ˿¡޵Ŀջʲô͵ġѹߣ
һԼôˣ
ٴθ̾Լ̫ģ
㲻سԾ׽Ȼ֪ŮӡȻС˵ҿС㣬ܲһأô֪Ůô
΢΢һûϵô̵ʱ䣬ܿԼ֮漴㡪Ҳ֪Сôˣһ;Ŀйɱסĸо
վýģ
ֻǲ֪᲻ҲԼ
سȴ߻иڿԼĳҲû˵ֻҡҷ£ഹǰһͷӵ
һԵţֻҹڵ¶ޣҹ£ŵҴһҴӡҹ¹ϴȴĶ֪ȻǸŮӡ
һǿࡪԭǱ⣬Ƕ˰
ЦЦ˵δڣҲѳ꣬־ٶĪҪĺá
ĻֻǿԭҲ룬ҲǸŮӲźáȻ֮ء
棺ûҲ˵Ļ
ҲǸô
಻ذѱͷӹĶһе飬ʲôһ¡ղŸûԼֻǷǳȷְͷ˶󡣵ָоȴһ磬ߡ
̫ӣֵ˾ļ̳˰ô˵ҲǸﰡ
Ц˵
ҴŻǰ常ҵȵȷξȻһҲͦϵġ
̾˿ܶҲǲѰɡһŽȫԥ¡
˵ͷתε㲻סôҵһ￴
һ㶣һʱ㲻˼ҲֻиոʮӣӦòͶŮɣ
Ȼ˶Լ˵
ĻֻҪϵˣᱻİɣ
ٿеһƬҲЩ룬వľȻܵǱܲô
׷еƣۡΪԼŶ˲Ӧеĸ飿
ЩȻߣȴԽԽ뵽֮¡֮ǰһʱȴǹܿ뷨ֻǵùҹģһѡ
ԭԼҲʱ򰡣ûʲôϣﵽĿ꣬ȴûа취ƣֻصùҹš
ɲǼֶѵĸоһǿֻǿվЦݣҪصԼķ䡣
ȵȣղźͻ㻹ûлشأ
סࡣ
һᣬţһ˵ǸšӦǲ֪İɣ





ئ ¡

ǸòõΰɷʽˣΪȴҪϺܶࡣһֱΪ䲻ϡ˿ƺţΪʵ̫ûнȡģϲɼɡ
Ͻףû취ھݴȥɡ
ʱӲҲ࣬ΪӡҲ˵ǷЭ£˵ڽӴ˻ʹʱüҾڳܲ˵һӡ˵ü޵Ľ飬ҲӦڴºòŶԡ
ǽĺô
ҲΪҸɣջǾȱݣΪһˣ˵ߣӣҲ֮ϵġ
ҿ֮ǰȰݷ˻Ƴ塣
ԭƳ󣬻Ƴ޲ϵĴ㡣ԭѾͶϣҲѣ˻ƳĵǸûˡ
ôҪȥ¡а
µĳ룺úܣסˡ
л⡣ֻѾӦϲס¡еıլȥº紺һ㡣
΢΢ͷţɵȷпСũȻõʶǱȥǱȻЩҲһ԰֮Ȥ
ȻԶҲܾʱйһ˿죬ĲϾֳ˳ӣϾʹӦҪ
Ȼ˵㣬һ˵ҲʧΪһ¡
еҪЦֲЦֻøϽͷȥ
ִһôѻ˵ˣһǰȥȴƳǰԶ֡
ƳǸˣһӴ֪ǸߵˣΣֻɽˮ
˾ȻȢ̷ŮΪޣֺӵ¹ĺӵܽ
ȻˣβԳأڼУΪۣ
ܣȢ˸ųӣҲһʹɡ
಻ɵ뵽褲֪ϽãǸ࣬׷չˡ֪Ȣ˸ŵӻôǲίԼġȻȢĻǣҲǺųˣӦòʲô̫Ѵߣƾ׳ƣǶƽϽкܴİ
ˣǲܸЩĻ־԰ġԣһ֪Ȥرȥֵĺá
಻֪ΪʲôȻ߲뷨Լ˶СôôԼҲ̰ĵʱ
̾˿ģôԭԼҲǸδ׵ģ
˼Ǳ߻Ƴ̸߱˵ʮˡ
չӣ˵㲻סǱô

࿴ߡǻƳŮӢ
ȥƳʱŵľǻӢӢʮ꣬㻹Сһ꣬ͬ꣬ǿȥҪȶ˶ࡣֻǻӢĸףǸ׼ˡʵĳҲᣬȴһ۵ӢһӢŮҲմ˹⣬ҲҲ·ӡܺҲǱӢɣǷϾܸе֮Ũ顣Ȣ磬ҲȫεҪѽ
ͷзƣҲΪݣէһȷûʲôɳ֮ΪĶҲ˫۾鶯ţٿҲͦΣ˫Ȼ˵㣬ȴʱʱźʱ΢΢ǣ֮ԽԽΡ
ԭԽԽпͷŮӵġˣø鶯İɡ
ţһԼҪæȻ͵¡Ҿˡ࿴ǰ˵
ǲûֱȥ¡УǵһҾ¥ƳҪˡ
˾¥ȴ򡪡һ˴ֻεȷǺӡһԼʮ꣬һԼ붡¡ǣ곤ǸӣüоȻаë
Ҳɣ
¬ֲҲѧһЩϿȻвļȴز֮࣬ǿϧˡ
ʵಢܾǿԼյģŬȥܻиı˵һ졣ߡ񴡢ӡ桢褵ˣǳ֮࣬ԬǺ֮ࡣһȫǶ֮ˣҲ̫˼˰ɣڽܣ֮𡣿ߵһɨ֮Ѳת˰˵ԬԬܣҲڻŮģ꼰ðˡѵΪļ޸ߣҵĸһȥŰ˵ŵĵطҲĿǰ»ҰĿܡ
ΣգҲҪȥһȣԳءΪ飬ҲԹ۵İɡĻ֮࣬Ҳǲɸıİɡ
òʱ̸úȺȴǲûвʲôһ˼ԱߵĻӢʱ˵һ䡣
ǵ̸֪ǾһϵˡҲû˼ȥǾ̸Щʲôֻ֪ǻƳϵϺӣһ̸֮£֪Ƴǰһģʴһò϶ķҲǴΪȣȻʹһ̸ֱ߱¡С
ν¡УʮһƬСɽεĵطϿء羰ӦòʲôսһᲨֲûƳһȻֻǼ®֮ⷿأȻҲǾġСˮֹʯȷǸȥ
ƳǺܼлҪǮľٶ˵طסҲǵˡ
ǿףһڷǰתţ׼ȻƳˣԼҲͿԹˡ
¡ʱѹʱתһȷǲȻǾǱҲýˣȥȴӢ˽
ôˣҪô
Цղھ¥˵ˣߵĻһ
ӢҡҡͷҪΪֵˣһȥ񡣡
һΪֵܣ˭˭
ͼ
ǸüС֣ĴĸĸҲȷպΪһš
ΪֵôҲǸύķأ
Ȼ뵽褺߸ôãȴûнΪֵܣֻðĸѡĸţĸҲԥ£Ҳַֻ˰ɡ
ŻӢ򹩰Ѿ뱸дֵҲѷźã࿴¡Ȼġ
չӣմ˾ˣͶһݰɣ
ͻȻһùֵҪ󡪡ôô
ʶؿӢӢ¶һ˿ɻͲҡҡͷȻֳֿһ˿ЦõСļ򡪡ͯ޼ɵһʱ죬ԥµı˵˳˽ύ֮ġ
ȻһһˣպҲöһ
žϵ̬ɡ
ȴ̫Ը⡣
һдڵжԹϵԼĺཻңԼȻϲ꣬ҲУܲѵҪΪֵܵĵز
Ҫݣ褵Ǹѡ
뵽ǸͬŮװ毺ȴһıļһ
ҪǣԼȴΪ˵ƶ󣬾ݵĻֱ˵ĸоָоϲ
ôܾˣ
ŻƳϿı棬»еССļ֡





ئ 

һתһߵĻӢȻ˵λŵڣӵܣֻǸС䣬ôܸλֵۣ
ɫ̫ÿߵӢǰɽҰʿˡСҲһʣɲ˻С㵱ðɣ
һĴ㵣Ӣǵɴ˫ۣ֪ôźãɵùȥһӢͷӢСͶԵܵһ磬Ұ
ƳϻǹҲסҲֻóԲСŮɽۣãô᲻Ӧ
˵ŶԻӢĿ֮Ӣᣬ¶ӯӯ°ݣ˶硣
æ𡪡ԭĹл˶ֻӢ֪ıֻˡǱֵİɣȻҲô׾ͶԱ˵ԼŮı֡Ҳ˵ŮֵĻ治Լ֣Ҳ֮ġƳ壬ԼŮǳ谮ôСҲˡ
룬ֵܶδھ˱֣ǵ͵ĺŴѽ
´ԬϽãҲûб֣
ͷͻȻðͷ
ȴͣЪӢòض񡣡˿ˣɽҰˣҲʲôڣҲͲذʲô˰ɣ
ǰӹһֽٴһ֧дԼֵȣӢӴԺҵˣ
Ӣ࣬һΣȻҲǽޡ
ϼˣҲٶ˵ʲôֻε
ȻݣߵſڣӢ֣Сл˵
˶һʱڲ֪ʲôµĵ״̬УӢ˹ȥ
ˣȥ֮ǰЩҪõ˵¡
ƳȻոոպתĵٰŪ㣬ºЦͷսлСŮ˵޷
ٴЦŶ˵˱ȻӢ֡
Ӣ㶵ؾ͸˹ȥۼýЦӯӯطſԼ֡
ամ硭Сʲôô
ӢܵеϾֻǸʮĺӣʮָմˮˣ⼸Ѿòˡ㣬ôҲˡ
ЦصˣͿʼ½Ӣһߺ˼ȴûдʲô
һ£һȥ׽Ӣ֡Ȼǲż棬˵Сȴܵϲ׽סС֡ԵĲƣССͣҲࡣ㣬䣬Ҳʲôϼ롪˵òҪţҲ޶⡣һ±֪
Ӣ˵ϣҲģֻǵ˫۾ࡣ
వЦһСҼҵģֲã˭Ȥ
ţҲЦøˣСӢһ㶣ȴ⿪׺£¶һڶǶ¹ĹĵĶ
Ӣȴֻһã˰˵ԭŮ˰
û뵽Ӣһ㶼Ծ⾿ǳأǷӦٶأ
̾˿ǰӢӡӴԺֻǶ˵ʱ˽Խҽ㣬ڣ㻹ǽҴĺá
Ӣ࣬˵ͷ֪ˡҲ˵ġҲ
·ã֪Ǹµĺӣ¾ˣԼ֪ͺáˣҲ֪£Ҳ֪ˣҪ̸£ⱻȥ
Ӣ˵ͷӢסھҪô
ഩƤףӢȻе㲻ᡣ̶̵ദȴӢλµĽøС
˵ͷһ£¶ҵĸذ
Ӣ飬ȥǴӦһģҲֻˡʲŶв֮ɫһ뿪ĺáҶѰ㡣
Ӣͷףһ·˳硣
һ®ͣĵطóһ֧ͨī̵͸ӢҲûʲôöǽ㵱ڹµʱõʹͣ͸㣬ǽļ񡣡
ӢȴҲ󷽣Ҳû˵ʲôĻӹ˾лл㡣С֮ǽ㲻Ҳ¡
˵ŵݹһҡ
ӹһȴҲһǳɫ£ѰҪһ滹иС񣬿ԲһСʯͷԲ飬ȴҲɫģէһϸȴСʯͷ
ʱʰ֮һʱϲһֱߡýЦˡӢεǺ
ƯĶҲһ˽Σ
ֻҪ㻶ϲֻȥ
ңӢԼϲŮˣɵԼҲ
һҲʱұڽʲôΣѣߴң
ģӢԻչԼǽ㣬ҲҪǧء
޶ȥҲģǶµġ
ԶȥķӢسһ񣬸תͼվš
ڻǾôȥѽһΪһȣҳأ
Ӣ˳Ŀٴתѽƻ裬ѽӽƽߵϦų譹âһ಻ƲʣͬһԶȥķչԼý
ԶˣҲ̲סͷȥĻͬҲӳУɵ뵽ͨϵѧʶɳԽԽ죬ԽԽ϶Ǹ֮СˣҲɵٴλҹ̸
ô֪ŮˣְСŮһ˿治ֱ֪̫ˬ̫״ġ
ԲŵʲôҪֻʮ껹治ףôΪ㲻ţֻǸرͶԵˡ
ôǿҶˡɱ̫ͷʱѲĲźá
֪ŮΣͬòô
ֻ´鲢ǽ֮顣
ػعֻʮô
仰ҴҲ˵ġ
࿴ǿڿЦ⣬ջεҡҡͷ˳ȥֻڻϷŵһ˲䣬Ȼ׼ȷشĶ䣺
ҲǿЦҲֵֹܶ顣ȸ̩ɽةϣҲռ鼮ġ
û뵽Լĸ飬ԼǵСȻǱôһոദֻмģư㵭µС˵һֵġ
ǣҲΪ⣬ж˼ˡǣΪСӣԼӣǿѹֵģøˣ
û˼㣬һֱøõģȴû˼޲ɵߡ
һΣ೯һ·УûרϡΪ϶ն࣬罭˵ע˹ȥ˶ݵƽǾϡ߮ȻƹأȡϷʣٵִ
һ·ϵܶϢͬʱ⿤ļسǣһֹ̫ʷȳսͬӽĽ飬˵ͽǨ𩻥Ϊ֮ƣҺӦ
ҲȻӽϵģû׷ʹ򣬶ǰȶļƻƽᡣ
֮ǰ߲ȡĲһһصش򣬶ͬʱ򼸸أҲȥǰĽ顣
Ϊ⿤˵ȱϵţֻҪɱһһͻøصĵֿ־ɢ
Ȼ֮߳Щسֿңؾһɢ߲ʲô͹˼⿤
⡣
Ϊߺ⿤һûзأû뵽⿤ĶξȻ翹ΪЩ죬û뵽࣬Բ㣬ֻһսͱߴɾֻʮȥˡ
ˣ⿤ߵʱߵıѾ͵ˣҲһǧƥڿһ֧ľ߹ģˡ





ئ 

࣡
յû˵ϼ仰ҵࡣ
ֱչӵ䣡
ڲ֪˵Ĺϵе㡣
ЦŰ˰֣޷Ц˵ġ
Ȼվļ磬ڵʱȥ⿤ˣɵȡӦúѣ͵аɡ˸˵һ˵ҰȫذֶֶŮ͵Ҳȫػˡ
Ȼ˹Сӣˣأ
ѾȲڻػܣҪһЩӵ˼֮࣬ȴҲһͷײ˹࣬Ҳһֻ֣˵ҪϽЩŮ죬һȥ
ŭҪӮȴఴȥ
ո·ʹ㻹ҶϢһ°ɡǲϽΣ
֮ǰ̸ҵ˵ĽΪ˶ں󷽣ûǰ࣬꽥ϷҲ棬ӲѧŮ졪˵Ҳܵ°ɡ
ڣȴҸڡŮþߣҲλСǰȥģѾҲˣҲһҽڣԼҲҸȥˡҪ֪˽죬໹֪ĶأҪҵ棬ȷҲǼ¡
ΣȴֲʣԼףȴòһĸ㣬ֲ֪˵Щʲôֻǲվһ߲ҲÿߣֻǾС˶ԴԼǼޱͷʹ¡
Ůӵ¸
ڷ࿴Զȥ汳Ӱ̲Ÿп
Уܣ֪ԽԽã
ϵط
ྪȵؿ㣬ȴͶ뵽ﱧҺ޲ãȫֻһ֪ܡеܣҲֻһ֪
ԭֻΪôСô
һֶȻַŴֱȫ֫ٺ
Сɵϣʲôܡ
Ժȥߵ
죺ҵ㶼֪ˣһ㶼֪˵ʲôûܡ
Ҫٺοһܴеȴ
͵ܣ
žϲȻߡ
ô
Ҳ־档
߿첽˹ץֽסҪȥɰҸĻˣ
ʲôҲǺδػˣ
Ȼ˫ֱţȴҲûʲôӶ֮飬ֻǸܵߵĹػҲһůʡ
ֶֶ٣ɿȻ΢һ£Ϣ˵Ѧ𲢣Ѧɱڻңǹȡĺʱ״һ֧ˡ
㻹Ǹأ
̲סȡЦһ䣬ֵ˵ѦԳǹ࣬Ҫ뿪ģôֱɱˣ
Ц̰ôѦֵôһôߣ
˵ͷ˵Ǹȡĺûᡣ
ߴ֣ûж֣󲿷־Ӷ⿤ɶͳšû뵽ȴûȥ⿤Ƕ˿ԵǱҲ
Ц˵ﲮҸոջûϢҪҸȥƴɱģǺİ
߲˼ͷ⣬⵹ҵĲˡҾ죬ҲСö漸졣
Ťͷ㡪ֻ죬һĵӣ֪Ϊܾþ۶ˣЦȥ֡ţֻСֻĸодӲͦôУ٣޲ܳϦΪҶ顣ұһˡ
ߴϲ͵ҵģȥ׼
˵תߣȴԸеסֻС鶯ţҪֳȥС˰
㣬֮䣬ʲôҪģ
㡭
˼£ûִܹѳ㡭Ҵ磡
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ߣֵܡ֮࣬˵ΪģҲǡ㣬ȴҪӵڻ˵ӵڻõģԶģſԼǻ飬ҵһĿڡ
㿴سΪԼ˵£ŭһתߡ
ȴһסˣѵ㲻֪ϵĽɽСŮ鳤ΪҪô
û㣬ҴӮô
СС§ȻССһΣҴһȥôסҵӪΣ
СˣΣ
ӦĸףһȥУĵҲһ㡣
֪ҲʼѧŮˡЩߣھиʺƢɡ
ȻƽȴִЩʵֵһҲøҵ°ҹ˾ģҵ˼·Ҳһ㣬ҲܸõػЩ£Ҳصĸȥޡ
ôôڱ˵ˡ
ЦˡһУʵĸо㲻ǹ߻͵ܵôڣ㡣
˦࣬ŤͷȥͷвҪǸƲȥҶ㣡
൫ЦȵԶˣƲȥߡ
λȷʵûٱҲûǰֻһȫģʮΪߵĻˡ
ȫĸȫǻξ⿤֪Ҳסߣʲȹ齵ˡ˵ȫ׸ʱһĵ¡һΣȫȫЯǧسۣȫȴȫɢһգȼƶȫŭȫȴ˵Ϊ׻ǮǼ£ʿȼü֮ɢˡȫеʮ־죬֮ԭʿ˱ҽϣȫ˶Դʿ򣬶ȫȫҵſʹˡȫ߾ʸȼãͬʹ࣬ǡ
Ǻǣø׵ôҲǸ֮ʿȫ۵ǲ񽭶ʿôߣֻˣô㣿
ոߣȫȻʾλΪ˸׻ġֻԼѣƽĶۣҲȫ䲻㡣
ֻʮ갡ôҪ
ȴֻȡȫıȫȥˣȽƸ񶩻λȴΪȫ
㶣˭
ЦЦԴȻȥһһɷꡣ
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أ
һ˲䣬Ȼ֮ģͷһʶվҪ˵İɡ
ڽϵĻҵ춨ҲҪ½֧֡
֮ԼվҲֻӢöѰɡ





ئ ս

߻ǰõġ
ڽ½ѷʶڼ䣬һҲûᵽ׵¡һݼĸʱҲûҪ½ҽ׵¡
㾿Ҹɾֻ½ҽף
֮ĸǰ໹ʹߡʱߵĻشǣ
ΪΪѰֵܽõô
ĸǰҲûһУһз·֮ղܡ
ٿ㣬ʶ½ѷҲͽʶˣûбֳʲôͬ룬ּɷС˵½ѷȫг
½ѷƺҲֻǶ߽ðĸڸежûжʲôע⡣߶½ѷҲû˵ʲôöദɡ
оҪߡߵһֱһЩգҲѧò֮ǰһֱҪҴȥսһܾΣաɢҲʲôΣգȥҲáҲѾʮˣҲҪֻ֪ҵס
߳һ£´ΰɣξ½ѷˡ
Ȼ뷨ѽ
వ̾˿½ѷҲȥаɣҿǲǸеĿ֮ġҲ񣬻бķŵ㡣ԵĻҲܽ̽һЩս֮Ķ
룬ҲãҿҲǸ֮ˣһиõĳɳ
ЦЦǰȴ˼ˣڽ㣬Ҳ뿪ˣܵʲô㶫Ҳû֮顣
߱˵һ㶣ôҪô
Ȼһ˿֮СԭߵУԼҲվҪߵ˰ϧȴʼյȲһȰĻ
ЦЦҲǽհɡֻҵҲˣĽҵҲָտɳɡҲսˣõĵó޵ĳޣһǹµ߰ɡҲùˡ
߶˶ǣƺֹվǿڣ뵽ȥ
Цϵرﲻҵȥ
ûĿأǲԸ˵أü
ʼ磺أ
߶۾Ҿһͳ£޴ӡ
һû뵽߻˵Ļһֱ߾һֳһѣǾܹǰԼκ£˵Լκ˵ĻԲȥԼ£˵Լ˵ĻΪܹԼ⣬ԼҪ¡ֱڣȻԭֻԼԡ
жˣԼѾôˣֻңԶŶԸĸһζͽݣ·ԣ֮ҲûйڿһֱԼϣԼҲûԴ߰ġ
ԭǸʱԼʵûԼ㳨ô
ߡȻǰûйģֱĵĿ⿴Լ಻ɵ̾˿Ȼ˽⣬Ҳܸмʻûнݸ׼ңԼȥȥĵطǱ߼ʹͳһ£Ҳǲȥĵط
ԣǻǣЩεİɣ
ǿߣȻԸʧ̾һͳһ£Ҳûʲôò˰ɡ
վҪ˵ЩģɵĻôû뵽ԼҲбƵֵزһأ
ߵзųһ˿⣬Ȼ˷ܵص㻹ô
Ц˵Ҳ˵ˣĿǰأҪεһ֮󡣡
߶࿴˺þãתȥãȥ½ѷ˵һһȥ꣡
ֻЦţ˵
ֻǿԶȥˣԭվ˺ܾãʰ˰죬Ű齥شҪ޵ĵ
һתȥѰ㡪һߵϢС￪İİɣ

һαϣ;Ϳжսʤˡ
ʴǰϢڵĲû˶־ӱԽԽࡣ;ҪֱͶӪеľ֮࣬ߵ־뵡ȻһսˣһɵؾͻӮⳡʤȴҲԳƵĵط
㱻һ˴һȭ뱨ʱȴֶԷһʤνȫµ˶ΪʤκοԿҫĵطģҲΪһεʧܶЦ㣬һǶôѹԵʤ
ڱΧʱڶ칥ǵսòãȫȥܡֻӪп½ѷ۱ս¡
棬ԽԽˡһ壬û뵽գҲ˵áļҴҲûġҪԶ߰ҾͺˡЩҿҲ˰ɡ
˵ɣ൹𣺡ˣʲôϢô
߹һЦǰЩһţ˵ԬҪһɽͷΣȴܾˡԬ˵ʵɵľٸԬЧԬҲˬ죬˵Ǹ滰ٻŵˡȻ˾ӳصس
Ҳ̲סЦˣǰɲþͻԬͶˡ
ߵ˵ƽ˽Ͷֻǲ֪ʱ常ô졣
޷޷ֻҪｫƽ˽Ԭϵ̫ء
β廰ģȻ½ѷ
࿴ȴҲþ졪ͨ½ѷ̸½ѷ֮ģԲ˲Ķֿݵġ
ֻ±Ҳأ
Ψһϧǣ½Ǻ壬ƺ½ֵܶ鼮Ȥûĸ𫕴½ѷڵһЩͨģ洦ɼ飬ļʶҲЩԡյĽУ½ѷһǳͿԱʾġ
ȴǺܾؿ½ѷΪ߽Ӫʿʼֻϲظ½ѷڽ½ѷһĻߵ½ѷǸԾı˿ͨˣȻ½ѷ˵⻰ɵóһ
߳Ծı飬Ц߹ȥǼ񵽱ˣǿϵȵ˵ҽĽɽͿأ
ҡҡͷ͵ܣȻ˲Ķҵͨˡ
ĵҲİǸҸ飿ǲף
ߣҲô˵úõضԴԣ½ҵĶԹҲʹ˰ɣ
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ԵԲض½̫֮Ҷ½ҡ⿤Եȫ
½ѷҲǺܼӣʱͰ㵹ܳϡ⼸ദ֪½ѷǸ侲ˣԴӸǶ⣬ܺ侲жϣȴû뵽ߵһ仰ȴôķӦ
½ѷǸױ򶯣ȶڼ״̬ˡҪⷽúöаһ˵飬ǺѸıİɣ
̾˿ԼǴҪߵôôҪúö½ѷĻ˵Լ㣿˵Ļ
Ҳܣǲ˵ģ˭˵޾ͲޣҪǱƼˣҾ͸ߣҲŲҪ޸˾ʹڷӣ
ǣǸˣƽӹ֮½ѷ֮бɫӢ۳ˣ㻹˵ȥ˼ô
Ǹ֪˼伲ĽС㣬ĺ׳мֿأ
ȻԼûȻҪȥһʮСĻ⻰ĿЦĳ嶯
ô˵ĻһҪһôҪأꣿˣҾܴô
Щͷʹ£Ҳֻε̾Ϣ
Ҹøл½ѷĽڣ˼ߵĽڣ





ئ 

⣬Ե⡣
ھȻˡ
ΧһսĳʶȴΪ̫УΪھĻɢ϶ûսˣԷĴ󵨵ذǸΧ˸ˮйͨھȻľʹӶŸͻΧˡ
ҲǴ⡪˼½ѷϣټһ·ϵĺϢҲûˡѡĶţߺûȥǵġ
Ϸ·ƫƫѡ˶ţܳ˶ţ׼׵ĴϣȻؽ£˺ȥˡ
һȥ˻֮ǰȥˡ
޺޵صʵ̫ɺޣ޳֮ͽ
ûӣɱţɱѦϾͿԿǸһҲļһξȻˣʵǽ˱ƣ
ڻҲ̫ã˵Ѿԥȥˡ
ߵûôߺޡ˵ϴΰܸھѾˣβôҲˣҲУΪĹϵʱȥûϱлܵеĿա
Ȼˣ͸Ͽص⿤ʤƣѻƽ˰ɣ㿴Щ¶Ȳˣ
˵⻰Ϊȫĸǰ꣬Ȱٻ⿤Żδһ»
ߵȻ飬ΪУ˵Ҫ꣬½ѷһ
Ϊȫ˵ξȫһꡣЩӦòʲôˣҲͰĵذݱˣ½ѷһ⿤
棬һҪһ
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㿴࣬һʱ֪˵ʲôã̾˿ȥ˵ʱӵһ䣺ǣô
˭ü
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ֻȻ飬Ц˵ˣҪǲĻʮӦÿһͳϣ֮󻮽Σ谵Ĵ񣬿ͼ֮˾ݣȡУ³ܣбزܾء
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ЦĿڣƬ۵СƬ΢΢ƶţʱҵʦ¬ֲҪһɱģΪȱûӹӦң¬ʦȻʿƽܺãǶҵ˿²ġãϵ¹ңҡ
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࿴㣬ֻüе㲻˵ӣɵý§ýЩСһʲôѽֻо꣬˿ҵģ
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࿴¹ϴһ˼ʱҲʹΪʲôҪҡ˵Ȼ˵ңúСʱ顣
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룺֮ûʲôˣϵ¹Σ˺ܶˡ͢θССɡôˣôȥ׸Ծʹǹٻ磬һǼꡣҲ飬ѧϰ衭
ϰ䣿ܲٽô
Цˣﰡôõգҵģֵ裬ȻҲɡ





ئ 

裿ɣ

һָĨһıСͷҿɲû㿴ġ
ֳʧ֮飺Ϊʲô뿴
ȴķҵУΪҴӦһˣӴ˺ٵΪһ˶衣ԣ͵ȻɡҲ죬Ҳòʱ򡣡
˭ܲôʡ
ǳЦҡҡͷǣϵ¹Ȼϰ裬ȴǳڸɫ֮ˣô˵ֻ
˭㲻ġ
Ǿ˵ˣ
೤̾һϵ¹ʱһţˣƽꡭ԰Уξϵ¹ҲΪУξԭ˵νܣкκģȥزܳ£ȴһҪңԡңҲֻһȥԭǲԸȥģ˵ǾǶ䣬磬ȴһҪҡ治֪ңҺ
˭Ҫңܲô˵ö϶ģֲôϣֻóۻʱ
۵˵ͷƺ˲ܲǰԴ˶顪棬ʱпĹϿ̡󽫾֮ĹԸӣ
˼Ʈ˿ȥƺǸĲߣȴΰˣĸǰ˵գʲô֣
ôûôͽɡôƽƫһϵ˿ͷϣۡȴҲϡšͽˣţԣͽ桭
ָûӪڼĲܲ٣ۣˣʶô
ССҡҡͷƺЩûжϵ
Ҳˣʶ˴඼ˣҲ˰ɡ
ʶʶ֣Լʲôأ
ţܲոĶ룬ôӽ󣬾ˡ
ʱԼһֱѽȻԼһֱΪϵ¹Ůǣϵ¹һֱôΪ
Һ֣˵ҵȷǰ㵱һѡȻܴҲһֱڽ̵㣬Ĳҵһʦһҵˡ
ÿϵ¹˵ʱԼ׵ؾͺ顣ڻϵ¹ԼʦѣԼѧģд붼Ľ̻塣УԼľһ꽻ɣֻԼƺֽʦȸ֮ĸ顣
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ѽʣҴδġǵɳĮ֪ʶˮһ㣬ͱˣ
ʱգ໹˲ܲ˵⻰ʱľ̾
סҪԼжϺ⣬˵ģֻҵģ㲻ҪңҲң
飬顣Ҷ˵ܶˡãӦ˽ܹر仯ˮһķܸıˮ
תۼһ꣬Ҳˡиõȥ
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ȫ˵ͷյ鱨ǺףҲ˵ԬϡΪң˻๥ǰЩಿı࣬ȴйܱƣӳһ֧ƴռƱΪ͹֮ľơżʱӺũ뾩³ҡԬ岻֪ҪϣҪֻ¡
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ȥһŶСѾͷ͵ҵĶܵõǿ죡
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ǿҲҪΪͷһˡ
ȴͬ褵ҿδأΪˣڲգ·
̾˿ҲգҲڴ˶ȥһ֮ĺá





ʮһ 

ƽᣬҪȥ̫С˰ɣе⡣
Цҿػԥƽ˻Ȱ⾳⾳դԱĺǿɲ١
һСҲ벮ô
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һһɣ˲ʱӣȥߣҸҰһҲͰˡ
ǣ׮ǳɹˣ
ڶһ̬Ҫȥ⿤ʱľȲһǰ֮ǰ˵ȥˣȻ͸̬ȣⲻܲ˵Ǹ顣
Ҫģһȥ
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ǣڰݱȫӺһ·褻˾ӳȥ⿤





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ȫӱͲΪʲô£֮ǰһЩ飬ȫǿߵϣҪߣû˿ֻǲ֪Ϊس֪º󣬻θˡ
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ԭ໹סһлסһʹãջסһ𡪡ϾСסһҲעĿ
Ǽܽڣ㶼ôˣ
УšСӡ
ǰ㿴⼸춼ң˵ţһ
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סԼͷ֣ôô
˵ͷǰǸʱ߾ֻ˵Ψһˡ
ַŵԼϣأ
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ķ֮ʣִ
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յʱ֣ܲˣֻۣС޶ô˯ˣջҪ·
Ҿ˯ţѺٸ˵˵Ȼ˯ţ
Σֵֻ˵˵ˣɲҪ
ȻæشӦһһ˵ɡ
̾һͷϵĴᣣ׿Ĵҳճüչʱʱ̽ңҸڶ׿߻ΣգҪգǣҾ͸͵͵ؿʼ䡣ҴС裬Ȼʹ˵㣬ֻݣȽҵģҲѧᡣʱһȾ͸ıҵķʽΪҵʹ似Ǻѵģ˴񣬴˺ܶʺʹõ·ӽҡǸʱ򣬴ȸõʱɡ
񣬽Щʱ뿪ϵ¹еʹױȵġȵĳ֣ҶԣֱıһҺǻ磬ϵ¹һҲͬؽ̵ңգԼһЩµƺʱʶҵһýãߵŮѼΪĸϵ¹ĺѣҺĸҲٵѼ÷ȣ뿪׿Ȼȥϵ¹ƫƫôɣ뿪׿֮µʱ򣬾Ȼ׿ˣΪ˽ͨӳꪽȾߡ֮󣬷ΪԱòʵﶭ֮ơǶʱ䣬Ѽڶ׿ұΪҽ±׿ȴԵɺʶ˼ڼĺ͡һһ֡
˵ţȴߴɵЦСѾͷڻ˯˹ȥȻǸӣԼ˵ô࣬ȴôӣ˯˹ȥ
ЦŰѱӳȥǺãԼҲɺã˯գȴ֣θ˵ЩûԼ˵֮ǰĵôѹġտʼʱԼΪҪޣҲģ˵衣ڿˣԼһ·˵һҲû谭Ҳûж޵ĸоȻЩ˸УģֻǶǶµһЩ廳
ԭҵľѾı˰
뵽ո뿪ʱԼô˸УǴһʱһʱҲ
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˯ӣྐྵЩ᲻ñ˯ȥ





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дذβסǷе⣬ˮȻûκ׵أͻع䡪ͬػ汼ȥ





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˵뻪짴ԭѵϣ˴ʱһһǴһ̡짱ʾԣȴ˵ͦģҶҲôĿλʹɡ
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ζߵҲе㷦ˣǣҲúϢ졣ǣһգ۾͵ĩ࣬ҲӭںΪӿƽ꣬Ҳ֮ĽԪ꣡





ʮ Ӣ

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ߵĺУԭΪɲµ³ΪԼε谱ʾӣ谣ڳɶʵĸ׺ͼԱɱ³һŭ֮ʽѣ谡³ɵϳΪ嶷׵ģʿԸΪУ̴谺ͷʹ
ݵϢСפȴСбͨԬȴΪԬⲻµļһй¶֮еסĸо
֮ǾݱϢϲĳɳĿ̫أʾģĵǲƵĶȻ
Ϣ಻ɵǰЩڳɳˣЩĹ˳ǲйأ
˵ʱֻһˣ





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࿴Ӣ˵ֱ룬ҪӢܺ϶ΪһǸж
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ԭһʱʧûӢĻֳ˳
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ƳڼҲǴΪ죬һ֮£Ż֪Եɡ
ԭµиı䣬ԻƳ˼죬̸֮ơ
Ϊ򵥣ܲƽų֮תӱȵأȹռԬռƽԬó¹ԬͶܲٵܿͻϷչϾ۾ݱԬܵʵ̫ǿչ
Ĺ趣䣬߱ɱݺ̲ݺ󣬲˼ȡֻ֪֡ݵĲڸܡ˹Ϊ˾ʱȱˣº֮ɱõ̫޵֮ԬܲҲʱǧϱųʮ֮ڹ趣ܹڱǣϹȡұƽɱ˹õĳ٣ڸͱϣλܹ趣ֻӻ׾ء
ģ׺ʮսսڶߴɵӪݡսߣߴʮɣס棬Ϊţϵ˽룬ֻס档ڻѡ˼ɤŵĸ⺰Ҳ¶棬ʹԭȵЩıͽԶ
ֵСıֲϧʿýˣôܹԶԬһͳҲָտɴˣ
ʱҲϢżã޴ӳ룬ٶȶܻٽ߱ƽ
ҲڻԤеʤ̫սʧܺɱعꡣǿȴŹˡʱǰͶ常ﾲڵؾסԵصĵνΪԽɱӹʮĲƹϮǨ߲Ľ飬ʿ֮ΪɱȻ־ϮǨ͡
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Ǹ˵ⲻһ֮ԣҪΣҪıȥҪɣ´ţҪһչҸùȥˡʵڲУͽŻƳھݳˣŻ˾ݡʵ̫ã
Ȼ˳˵һ䣺ﲮΣ
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˵Ȥ̲סЦȴ֪Լյһպ˴̵ġé®





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˵һ¡סʵҲΪϾֻһ˳ֵĴ඼ڸԵĿ飬ŮŮ졣
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꿴Ƕ⣬ǰǸкȥĽ㣬һȥǰ죬Ҳ¶档
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ļ򣺡˵ǿС梶ҲҲн⣬Ȼҿɲˣ
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Ȼ󿿽ģԼŮҲ̸պ޸ǳ
ȴǻΣֲֻòˣʲô鷳ģ
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ӢĻ˼Ҫգ೤һ
һУ뿪ջʼ·һ·ȻʱΣգѵľḻܹס
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ÿһЩ֪СˣҪЩ̾
ӢҲ壬ǣܻ쳣ɫ
֪ΪʲôôڣôأҲֻȥˡԼձ㽫뿪ʱ䳤ˣЩ⣬ܻġ
ȴ˵ǵؽ磬ЪȴȴżЩҲָǣɵôЪϢͷӿҪƹǣЩ˰ݱ
м䣬ȴסһָŲ෽ս㣬۾ã㿴ʲô
Դ֪Ӣ֪ԱģһֱΪ㣬˵˼ҲЧҲֻȥˡô˵Ҳ˳ָķȥȴԶʮɱ
˵ǲǿܿĺãȴһƥϵˣСңܱ߻żֻϧѣȥ䵹һˡ
ãº󱻺漸ƥ̤ۼҲǻˣȴ෽һٶٳ죬ۼñҪˡҪʮǰлˡ
üͷǶ㿪ɣǶ޸֮˲źá
ȴԴŵصǰ㿴ˣǲС㰡
һϸȥʱܵýˣȴüĿ续飬ȻȴʧӢ֮ͦȴ˭





ʮ ɱ

¼棬ζ벻ġ
ݲ룬ΪӲƹȥһۿҪ㣬ͷסˡ죬Ҳȥˡ
༸ǲ˼ؾʹóһµСʸȴͨĹе㲻ȴ־һ֧ǸӲҪл˵ľӦ
һ̧ͷʱǰ϶ʱֳϲɫ
Ҳ׷ýתͷ˸ǳб׷롣
ó֧ŵȥǼ鷢Щ׷˷׷׵ײϾǰѾ˲٣Ѿװʸ䵹˺һӣժꪾͳȥ
Щֻͨĵˣһȥ͸ɵټ֮ǰ䵹ĸʣµǼȫһսĿܣȻôˣҲǱ⡣
ǱߵΣգȻ˵ӣҿз׼ƲȥסӢҲһ߽סòֹס˽Ų
࿴㾪δӣȥҪȴ˲ϸ˵תǰһ䵹ȥ
һ㶣Ҳȥ
ܵǰȥ˿˶סˡں棬֪ôˣæ½ǣ㣬ôˣô˽ţ
̧ͷҲ̫³çˣҵģ
һ㶣˵ʲô
ʱӢҲϵˣ⻰Ҳסˡ
ұȺ׷ϣȼ䣬˴Űʮǰȣܾײһ·˿ȥƥѾнʱҲˣԺȺ˻Ǽ׷ᡣ˱ײңٶȲҪסҵ˭֪㲻׾һ¿Ǵɱˣ
ҲǳԾСҪϸʣǱаʮ˱ƽһҲԶԶˣӿٶȣǰһ˾мضں常ʬʹޡ
֪Ǻá
аΣǰʮҲŽֹס̧ͷλС㣬常Ϊȴ
̾˿常ü⼸λҵĹʽϣȴһûо常ҲΪ˳ɱ˼ˡ
ĵ⼸˵䲻ԲҲƭһʱˣͲ֪಻š
˶˹ֳҾ壬常ӹ뾣㣬ǰΧǣƾڵϦȴ£ʿҲ
಻ɵðľ֪ԭոԼģȻݱ֮һżá
ҲǴΪȣܿ͵޷ҵһ֮ԵΪ˵ͨݣȾ
һ㶣ϲˣǶлλˣ֮ӪڲԶλӪƬ̡
е죬ղŵĶԻвûʲôٿ飬ҲϲɫڰɫҲ͵ͷӦˡ
ظĲӣһ·㶼ݺݵص࣬üѣֲõӢϸʣֻԼôᵽ˴ġ
ȴֱ˵ػش𣺡Ϊ㣡
һ仰ҭڵβŵôᵽң
࿴һӢҲҪǶ翴ҽֱУ߲Զᱻ׷ϣֻߣٴȥ
಻ɵּӶģ⵨ΪСѾͷ֪жôô˺һ㶼ϧԼô
ͦԷâСظѾʮˣŲʲôСѾͷģҲһܹ
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Ҳ࣬˶ŶԷ鶼رˡޡϾŮ˰ҲֻǸչʮŮӣǱµͣ㣬ǲ˵ˡȻһֱֵöܼǿֻΪжᣬȴΪίѰʱ˾ǰЩŭܾꡢǡңȫһӿͷ޾ίҪۿǰԼʹοԼһС
ʱݿҪ̵Сݹһ֧С󹭣֣ôûǾѽ
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ӹ֧С󣬿˿̾˿Ż档
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Ӣһĵģôõһǵһμ
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ֻǼֱþߵͼѡҸкܶ飬оЩͼʱҲῴ
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е㶵ӣЦ֮бסȻ󷢲ȴѾˡͨǷҲֻǰĶ֦׼ͷҵıУܳʱ̧С󵹲⡣
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ЦǽֵҲ̹ģϧǶֻעؼɡ
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ӢЦ˵öԣһҪúÿЩͼƸµ
ЦʱͽҲ£
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Ӣ۾һˣմ˵öԣҲý
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ҲûأҪΪⶫָݣ̫çײˣ
çײ˾Ȼ˵Լ̫çײ̲סЦʱѾԶԶǣżõӪҲѾӳĸҲֹͣ˵Цӿ첽ǰ塣
һҲ벻ǣպӢľ󣬶ҲӢ⣬Ϊ󡱡
ֻΪΪ˼ʲôˣǾͲö֪ˡֻʱѾ£ҲҪôԼˡ





ʮ 

żõӪΪżûжӣȻسΪ֧ѾƣĲӵͳ˧
Ӣסһ޺һٶʿһʹߣһȥˡ
Ϊ壬һ𹥴ǡ
֮ǰҲѾǿ֮ĩûôǣѾָʿ湥򣬰Ǹ
˼Ҫǽһգȥĵطӡȴ˵Ѿɳʹպ֮ر㡣ٽǻԼպ㣿
ȴ˵ѾôˣٸҲˡٸɼƱȻڸˡ
Ļþͻ̵Ĳӣ֮£ΪĲ£Ϊ˵Ĳ¡໹ǶȰΪɱżöΣͲˣϻ
˵˭Ͷڱȥ
ҡͷ;ȥͶû˻ῴġҪԼĵ̣ԼʵͶˣҲܵõ˵ء
廹еԥѾӹسˣٸĳɻߣô
常ѾȥôŤתĻѽ
Ȼ򣺡˵úܶԣʹ½Ͻ²ӣΥ
ż֮ǰѾ˲ʣȻ֣ͣݵѹҲһġ
ǺȻԼ£ǵľ޷ǵϰնΪ졣
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ΪʲôҪ˵׷أ
û˵ĴţҲڿʳԼвõ⣡
㱾Դ࣬ͻԹǹ죬ԹҲк˲٣Ϊûȫѽ
Ϊ
಻
ȴһ֡վ㡭㡭㲻Ҫ̫
⻰еЦô۸ˣ
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вɵһʹദôˣȴûᣬᣬеǴ۵ĵط·ˮ˰㡣
˺ˣ˵ˣ߿ҲΪ㣡
ȴҧΪңΪʲô
̾˿ȻҪ˵ôǲҪôͰѻ˵ףңҪߵģһֱڽ㡣պѹ㻹СֿԴҶãҲ̫ѹ
Ѿѹˣ
ͻĳ֣Īؽӽңϲ㣬ȴҪһ뿪ҵĸô
һ㶣ֻԼðŵ㻹СʲôϲֻǺýöѡ
ԣǺýãΪʲôҪ뿪ңǾͲԶĺýôĻǼһ㡣
౻һһ㶵ãðҲûع˵ЩοĻȴһѱס
㡭㡭뿪Һ㲻ҵ𡭡һĵҪѰ㣬ȴһ·εû뵽û뵽ȴЩЩʱ򡭡ΪԼˡǸʱ򡭡Ǹʱ򡭡뵽ĲǴ硭ĸסȥĵ㡭㣡
౻һ˵ͬһˮͷӽ£ؿȴһŻգֻľͷһ㱧ţҡš
ұȷʵֻΪֻҵĺý㣬ڲͬĽ㣬ܵĽ㣬Լ׽㻹Ҫܡǡ졭ҡͻȻ֡ҶԵ鲻
㣡
ʵ̲סƿ㣬Ļ̲ס˵ˣ֪Լ˵ʲôʮ꣡㲻
㿴࣬ˮ䣺ΪʲôҲֻΪҲˣΪʲôҪ½ѷңΪҲ֪ôΪҪߣ
ͬ󴸻ؿڣҲ˵ʲôѽ
ȴˡ
ѵ˵Ĳô
Ҳ߽࣬ٴαס˵ϲ㡣Ů֮飬ǽ֮顭
̾˿Ļִ֣۾㣬Ҳ֪Ů֮ôǶŮӣôָ飿ֻĴˣϾСʲôվҪ˵ģҲվҪȥô˵ֻΪҲǶһʱ嶯ѡ
㷴ֽס֣ҺǲǴȻ˵СҲҾ͸뿪ңҪңҳֻҪꡭֻҪ꣡Ҿ͹˼ǣʱҾҪ֪ǲǴǲһʱ嶯
ӦףȻѻ˵ϣպֻΣѰңŮӼָ飬ж⣿Ͽɣպض׽ôԼһԼǱȻҪߵġԭң֪жҪսҺͼģֻ뿪طҵһԿ㣬Լôô˽Լ˼ģѰǲ֪ںδν
ѽǹԹԵشֵǵ߱ȽϺð
뵽ҡҡͷվҪߵģ㲻ˡ߼ҵĸûб仯ҲֻΪûע˶ѡ
ע˾㣡
ееͷʹ֪ôȰִŮٿȻѳˣ˲١ҲǣϾʮĴˣе˼ңѾǳˡ
룬ûǸúĳעȴ㣡
㱻˵һ㶣ϳ˲ţҡͷܣһҲһģȻΪʲôһ½ѷˣ
̾˿Ǵһ⿤ߵģɲǼ½ѷߵġ½ѷ˺ִֺܲѧȷǿɳƵǼأ
˵ָ˵´μ½ѷɱ
֪Ƣ֪˵Ļп´μ½ѷν򣬵ʱɾ鷳úˡתԵô
ɫ䣺ȻȻǴô
㶣֪ˣ롪˰ɣȥɣͷǰо֮ȺףұҲǺ°
ɫֱ䣬ҧŴɬãããԸ㵱ҵĴɩҲҪ뿪ң
ֻܿЦҡҡͷȻǸѽԼ֮ģҪõѣ𾴵Ĵ磬ԣȻҵģֻСӶһԼеĶռֻһǿŵ˼жϣ־ٶѽ
ǣһҹ˶ֹŤŤޱȵعȥˡ
˼죬˼ղδԽֻ֡ǶˣԶǹһҲ⡣ȴԵ
Сѳҹӡ뽫Ůͬס
ǳԾҲûжʲôֻ˵á޽ڱԺסСҲȥͬסˡ
ϣһ֣Ȼǲ鲻Ըס˹ȥΪԼ뿪в㲻ò
ãһҪ벻ң
ݺݵһ仰תȥ
벻
ֻпЦڵԼ˵ٲ뿪Ҫ벻أ





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ڷڵ顪¬ֲʦԼ¿ǺѵģŪÿɵõԴڶ׿ıڹⶼҵúܣһᣬҲǲɣֻҪСĵˡ
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Ȼ׿üͷҴ˰죬Ż˾仰ǣн飿
仰˵֮˽飬ǿ˲õ£ҪɲǲܲһССУξԵ˵ġ
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ҲգҰ¬ʦ˵ģһʣ
Լ˵ģТʵ۵ĵɽʤʤ½ۣͤ꣬룬벻ˣ¡
ʦеãеĸоصԼסĵطȴԼŪûĶ
ʲô
кʲĶ
ݹеĶҸŪģǺкա
ӹ˿ֻףƬԴ˴ҪñԾȻǺ˵Ķ
ҼǵڹкҲֶ
಻ǹŮ٣ƽʱҲûô⣬¬ֲ£ȥܱˡ
Ц平ʹģвͬ«έġ
˵ͷʫģϲϲġ
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ֹ˼죬˵Ԭܱ׿ˣ׿׿˳е㵣Ĳܲ٣뵽ΪˣӦòʲôҲûʲôڲܲٵĻϢ׿ǿأཥҲͷרĵѧϰһ־˵شģĿǰѴʧһֻױֻױܰԼøҲܰԼһ˱һŮ
ҸԱһ㣿
ղܲܲ˵µģܲȴʾԡ
Ҳκ۵Ķ
Ҳֻεط
Ӧң档ܲٶ࣬һĳϿҡ
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ԶҲҪֶԼϣǱǱգĶ͡
Ųܲٵƺ֮ǰӦģҪΪĳ˶Ūֵ¡
ԭϵ¹ҲСӰռŶʱ򰡣
еЦҲежջǴӦ
Ǻܿ죬ͺˣΪ׿ȥĸй





ʮ ҹ̸

ɳı˻ڱݵļǿڶ֧ˣҲϿͬ˵
żҽռΪɽ֮Ԭ֮š
ýĻȻϾͬͬ󣬲һɳһ֧ͬʹ߻صǣʱӦݣƽء
ǳ͢ľ֧֣ټ֮ǰرżøýͷöԿľͿͶˡܿƽأҲѴ֮ˡ
ԬôôûãҪϣ԰ѱôôôһ
Դ˴Ϊ⡣
֮Ϣɻ󡪡Ԭɳȥݵˣͻһ
Ϊʲôȥأ
еԼԬ뷨ԽԽˡȻҺԬ˰뷨ôҲŪ׵ģ
⼸ȻһˣǰȴճøȸеͷۣҲͷеһ˿ۡٿҲǽһȶأǵ˴ӪΪһء
Ҫ뿪ȴ˵Լδȶ棬һʱգԼѾȫߡ
ﰵЦ嵹ͦе֪֪֮Լû˳ıߣҪԼΪЧϧҪ˵㣬ߣԼҲû˼ҪĲ¡ôãֻΪżõĹϵԲŰż㡣
չӣ
˽࣬ݸһš
һȻǼڼдġ˵ڻдò⣬ҪͶ壬žΡ
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ϲдһ壬岻֪α𡣡
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˶Ĭú̧ͷࣺңҴ磬ô죿
ЦЦϧû
Ҳֻסĵļ尾š㰡֮䣬ҲֻǣҲֻǣ֮Ĺϵ˰ɣ





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ôĵӣ
ͻȻ䣬׿һ˶𡭡

һʺıɱ˶׿ȴʤͷԣɱ䡣
㣬ҸҽںӶٵΪޡޱͣҶһ⣬һҪպã
ᣬһμࡪ߱ɱβڳȥˡ
ӹǼŹžɵƤͼ
شĵͼϣպܰﵽ㡣޴ȥҲЩطп㰲ӵĵط
µģֻ⼸仰⼸ŵͼѡ
ԶȥӰһθеԭԼУȻôҪĴڡ
ûôɹЩеôɹڶȦ
Ѽһ治֪ղˣ





ʮһ ټ

ںũżֶפعڼҲżòֶԵˡ
ڻڶеԵþжũҵķֲͶԾڵɳƵһʱ֮ѡ
˵ڼǸ˲ģܰһϴֶиôá
б㣺㲻Ȱȥɣ
Ҳͬбࣺ۹⿴ңͲñ۹⿴ң
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һ㶣֪֮
ڼ΢΢һЦڼصУɥ֮˾漺ԲʤܣؽǲݷؼТѶݷ漺ѣТʹػƽԻݷȻߡ
ƲƲ죺˵ݷ鹢ֱûͶɣ
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ŷںֺһ࿴ŷһۣЦҲƫ̻ȶ㶯֣ҲǰΪ飬㿴Σ
ֵ͵ˣ͵ܴȥ̱ܽػݣд
˰֣Ҳؿ֪ǿҵϡ£ҲΡε£ɣ





ʮ 

µģȴһҪȥ⣬ΪӦ֪ԼĹϵǲܼӺԼġԼҲ򲻻֮˵ģӦûӦӪвŶԣôҪԼܣ
ʱΪǸոյʳĲҾ£һ룬û㲻Լ
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ֻ꣡Ҫ꣡һҵģʵģģ





ʮ 

﷢ݵض˰죬ȴΪ;Ͷ٣֧˯ȥȻݣȴҲһҲûоıŤʱһһɲ˯ˡ
࣬ڻۼ㱻֫ſڣȻ˯ˣҲʧЦǲ̫ˣô
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Ĭڼֵ˵ȻΪֶǲ֪νĶֻгɰԣλ˳ѡЩûкõĸ飬õİˣ˵Ҫһ㣬˭㲻жأ
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Сﻹͦġ
ţҲڷͷңܱˣԼ
ʱбѾֻۡˣȻΪ棬Ǽӽ˶Ĺײľˣһʿ̧ײľײȥֻҪײȱڣһӿϣ˾Ҫսˡ
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һסࣺˣȫǵˣ
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˵תһ˳˳ȥżǹһӿײľȫ̵Ȼ޷˵سһӿײľˡһεз˷һΧס
һԶ£޼θǾǺġ
Ҫ֪ǲչ˵Լģο˷ˣɲʲôƽһһϣһ𹥻ͷۣȻǱɵġ
㣬Ϊһʱ䣬ҲΪ°ɣϣܹȥһҪȥ





ʮ ֮

۰ûôģ
һһͬȵ㡣
ٷۿȥҶҲѵб˿˼ȵбΧʱѾص˷ڡ
һУһۿľ㡪ȴڵϣ˫Ŀա
㣡
ʧɫǹҪ˹ȥһס̫żһҪȥסֻû¡
˦֣ȥϸһ£мƤˣȷʵ£·ˡæ˺½˿ڣܣղǳһ£ñѾٵٴ룬ʣµģѾʮˡ
̣û뵽Ҫһ𰡡ңҲĿˣĵбţ
วӣ㰡ҿɻ
㶣ȻȻЦǰҲ
̧ͷ㣺ϸԶĺɱǲǱˣ
һ㶣Щͬˡɱˡ
˵ͷЦ˵ǴˣҸɢˡ
Զĺɱü˵
˵ţǰĵбɱԭԮˡžǵصΧСݵĵбʱҡ
ЦЦҲô˰ɡ
Ҳ³һ̣źģ
źʲô
ܸ̫ͬͬͬźˣ
СѾͷһ£ҿ˵Ц
죺ҲűС꣬ǿң
࿴ˮܵе۵ȥѽҲ¶Ƿˣ
ѽǿǲˣЦ׳˵Ҫ㻹飬һȥǷ飬ҿɵıˡ
ȴתȥڻе㣺ڿɲˣѾȴӦ˱ˣҪ˼ꡣ
Ŷ㶣˭ôӣǷô飿
ЦЦûʲôǿ쿴˰ɡ
ٿ棬滢ĵбѾɢɱ߰˰˲ˡ
࿴ҲûʲôΣˣŪ㡣۾࣬һѱס棡㻹ô㻹ţ
ǰǰ
㣺Ҫôסҿɲͨˣ
ЦŴһ£棺ôˣ
Ҳ˿桪սѾˣȳسһãȻ֪Ǻ췴ô˵أ
࿴Ĵ󺹣Цû֤ݰܲϹ˵ɡһǣʧ˾ģ
̾˿ȸôʱ䣬Ȼ£벻
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ҡҡͷӳȥˣø˳ȥ׷ˡ
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˵˳֮ģζˡ
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Ȼȥó¹Ȼ֪ͨĺɵȽ죬Ƕ׼һȥȡ
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ٿ㣬ҡҡͷʾҪԡɻ󣬵˸ղһսΪΣ±Ҳտڲԡ
ֱʱԺŻ踮ã˶˴ޣڸСر㣬һҹֲ֧ס˯ȥˡ
లٺ㣬ջصǰڲΧ֮£˵䣬˳ˡ
һ㶣ѿڶô죿ǰ˰ɣӪҾ񣬽ɥ֮֮Ҳ
ų¹͹ŭ⡣
֮䣬˳Ѵ룬ʱҲ£˳ֹʱֵʢģ˺ˮҲʲôѪۡ˳󻹸һˣһۣǵĲԡ
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˳
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һۣسˣ֮ڳ⣬ɡ
Դһȴ˵Ⱦ潫ңʵΪԬ֮ıҲ
һԬҾô
Ե˵ͷų¹¹̨ͬı
¹ʱ࣬Ҫԣȴ˶ŭĿӣ̣һ˵
Ĭ˰죬ʵ֮ھ񣿡
ЦЦʵң߲ࡣ¶Ҫ֮⣬ҾȰȴԽԽΪԬԽԽ޼ɵ
̾˿罡֮Ҳ
Ȼһ۳¹תŲԵھе˱ۣ㰲ˣڣ͹ָˡ
һʱȥȥˣȻ˳֮άΰ
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Ϊ¹ɽ֮ô
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Ԭͼ֮⣬ӭأפС棬֮ƣɿܲ٣ɵԬɱ
룺Ȼˣȥ׷أʹ˳黽
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룬⻰ҲԡȻǰӦòʲôΣ
վС⼸Ͱˡ
Цþҵãĺˡ
ǣٴֱ
һ·ϻڡˣҲôŧһסɣ
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Ȼݷѡ
һתݼȥС棬˼±ϣҪꡣ
ǿһƬ⣬˵˴Լ裬ܾвᡣټҲȭȭԴСˣ֮ȣ˿ڰȬҲͶסЩӡ





ʮ ԯ

ݱǸ֮أ֮ǰδʲôսңƽº󣬺ܿͻָ֮ǰķݵʿ̿Ҳս࣬ʱҲϢ
ȵȻǽϢ
ʵҲϢΪصسûоܾʣɽԽšղǿˣͬսߺ٣תұʱȴڶұ߶סܡ
һҲûа취ߣҲûа취սˡ
ߴʱֻǵ٩䣬ͷȥסƣҲɡ
˼ǣʶΪʲôôִŵʱȴ˵˷Ļ˵Լͨ񣬱ʿҺֻĸԼһͬɺϣܷŹĸ
ˣҲһЦ֮ˡ
ĵΪʲôһ֪ʵǸݷһֱ׷ʵߣֱʰ٣ܡݷðǣ˵ΪЧ˱
ԴҲͷʹҽɽԽ֮Ըˣ֮ȴ˴
ڱںߵ˵ѹ֮ܲأѸ͢ȫС¶ֻܿԼһˣ֧ž档
ʵɳʹڱľԬܣԬܴʱҲ˼ֵ£û˼룬ټϴӭʵۺ󴦴⣬ҲͲӦʵ֮ӭӡ
ԬϵʵҲԼ
ȥųܲΧӺ𣬱ǿֳ¹һµģ֮ԿӺΪԼĺѣԬõĶ̫갺飬һԼġ
νĶԭݣܲٺԬܶ˶̫ءܲٵĶ̫أʱѾѱĳ¹ԬܵĶ̫ؾ갺飬ڶǡʵܲٱҲ̫أԬܡ
갺˵ųӺҪȥȣϱԬܣԬܼԮ˭֪ԬܷǵϼɱȥųյӺƣųȫ屻ɱ갺ŭ췴ԬܡԬɱȥȴΪ갺鼫ľģڴռ˵Ƹߵ㣬һʱ֮ȡʤԬʮͷۡ
ԴҲֻи̾ϣֿɵõӵ֮ȻΪʧۣ֮Ⱑ
˿ڽãʹ˸ǣԬȻɱС档
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֪ԼĸѲǰҲֻȻ
ȣ¹֮ǲҪ̫ٱ֮ʣ໹Զĸһ
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ʮ ?

ڼ˵ĲݷȻʽ֮ͱǲ˻ƽغݷҲְ
ǸͲţҪúòǡȰߡ
ߵ˵ͷȻٶұ֮ȫ𣬵ҲȷǸɶõ˲ģһƴġ
࿴ˣ̲ס̾˿ԼôҪӿ֮أӿϵˣȴתһȦǻصߣ֪˰
ʱʰһУصߣ֣ҶŪˣھͳô
ЦŵͷȻĿߣȻҲŵһϽȥˡ
ڹȻһɷָЩֵԵ̵˴óǳأϧǫʶƽ˽˴Ϊɻҵ֮ء
ߵЦȴҼܻʶԿΪΣƸ֮ġ
ҲֻаЦˣɰ
̲סС֡ԴӾݺ֮¾Ҫˡ
ԼΪҪһ˲䣬Լźģлں޵ġ
źݻںޣȫ㡣
ںԼûлӦôûļеźеںôҲ˵ֻ֪ǷݻӵԼҲ˵ĸоԼܸԼġ
еԻĻͲҪģѡԻ·ԻֱУͿԿҵıġʱҲ⿪Իʱ򡣡
Ȼʦ¬ֲԼ˵Ļλѧң˵ĻȻڼǼһ֮ͬ
ˣɣ㣬㣬ֱҪҵʱҲźлںޣͺá
Ҳӯӯʮˣ㼰֮ʱڽķչҲճ˰ɣʱҲǣҵȥˣ
ĸ˰ǹ˸飬ʱЯؼҡո˵ǮͭѺϱһˣҲֻƲ¶ᣬ׼һͻǰȥ
׼Ȼֱ˵пãУξԬ
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˵Ԭ߻ǺòؽӼ
ԬУξʲôôרôһȥҲô
ԬԳе㲻˼ӣһСѣ˽µһСηҼУ򽫾顣
һ㶣ҳϣȲϣֻպꡣ
ԬɫⲢھУСҲȷȡ֮һ档
üҰѴϸϸ˵һ
ԬϲСǺӪ˾˵޵ܣֻһӣ˵ҲչȴһҪսս
ȵȣһԵֹ˵ǵ˵⿤˵˵
Ԭ۵˵ͷǰƼĺӪ˾רЩǮ֮¡˴ζұ̨֮ﾲʲɨɽԽ֮ڣ˵ҲСС͵Ž˾ӪҲ¸ңɱ˼б˵£ǿѺȥȴĸ˵ƶý˹ѫд󸻹󡣶Ҳ̽Ѩûӣ
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Ԭ۵⻰ʱؼҵˣܿ촫˳ȥееȴЦǸɱСһٳͲסŶɱġ
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Ҳ̲סЦû뵽˵ôˣСӵͦеʶġˣСӽʲô֣ˣ
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еôңҿɲǸѧģ
߶ЦЦձҪȥ⿤ˣҿǲǸ֮ģǿԽ̵ͽ̡̽㲻Ը⣬Ҳ޷ҵױսԼ򡣡
ҡͷ̾Ϣܲ㡣ɵ˵ãҿɲһ̵İ
ЦŲתԬ̸
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൹ֻʼ磺ʲôܡɱźѦ񣬾һɱ𩡣
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ǵڶ죬߾⿤񴵹Ĵˣ
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ʱùˣڵ߻һˣͶදֶţȥҧԪƵĶʱ񴣬ͻתȥʲôû
ԭȻڳе˼Ҳûֳپȣ˵ʲô֮ɫˣҲŶĸм֮飬ҲͲô̫ܻˡ
˶㣬ҲԶһİɣ
棬Զô
ڸۡУѾͬ齶ˡ
⿪Լ纺õĳҲ۵飺ԣһġ
̾˿ߣӲ˵ҪµĻ
Цתȥ
ȴִذתûϵһ㣬ߣ
ɲɣܲסԸ
һ̣Ѿԭһֱͷı뷨ȫȫظ׵Ժ
Լ˫ּѹеε΢΢ſ˫̲סִȥ͵˸㣬Сһ£Ȼе뿪Լǣӵ˫ȻЦ࣬е㲻ص
㻹ǰҵɸӡ
Ц㱾Ǹӡ
΢ŭִչȥ˱סԼ˫ѹƶŵĴҧס˱ͷԼĶ־죬Ȼɿ࣬۾
Ҳ΢΢ϸţеɺ죬˫е룬ȴ㣬ԳЦŵСʲôô׶ôɵķйѵСӣ
һ¾йȥߣʱ仹磬һ᳤ģ
ŽߵıӰƽ¸ոѾò÷ӿĳЦ̾˿ǰʱ仹磡꣬





ʮ 

꣬μ񴡣
Ȼһɣʵǲģˡ
ദ̸ĸо˵Ǹеˡг徢ߴµĺð֡سɵľ£δؿáΪɶڹѫִţΪԼٷƣܻһЩҪսһЩҪðա
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ⲻ˵ŭʦ㳶սġֹΪľ̫ڿǰлΣա
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వ̾һ֪ǸΪҵˣҲֻȥˣպ£ҲԼܹԤϣܹҵ˵ġ
һʮü죬Խ̸Щϵĳʶ
Ҳû취ɲʶ֣û˼ѧҲû˼̡Ǹе³çִֺܹˣ֪ԼͷʹҲȥˡ
ȻֺǵսݵսǮͭɵ˶ˣʱҲòĺǮͭ壬ɣΪü֮߷һʵҲˣȼ˶Ҿбɱˣֻ׽
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˵ͷֻ˻ˡҲɣ
㶣ϸ룬ľã֪˹һЩҲûʲôǱ˵ͷϸһ¡˭ԼԷķԼԷأ
ȻҲʲô˲ľʲô׵£ǣԼЩ˰̣Ըó˿
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أԺһӰȨΪʲô뵽
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һĻ࣬ȻֿڼһסٴθҲҪᣬڼȻңҲûк֮⣬ϵ¹Ĺϵݱһʱ֮ˡ֮ƣȻȥҶǰѰ㡣
㻹ǿ࣬˵
ӣԼڼ˻СȥݱܣպҸؽˡ
ڼ˵ͷȻ࣬ȴûж
̾˿Ƕȥɣ޷Ҳ̧ȥϵ¹ǰýʲô˵
ڼϲؿࣺ棬Ӧˣ
˵ͷ̾ȻôأܲɿȥѰ·
ڼæȥǰӭӲܹ˵ڴ򡣡
ȻƴذߣͷһҾף棬ҶԲ㣬պұػᱨ㡣С֮ҷģȥ
൭ȻһЦȻʲô֣
żڼһһͷȥ㣬ʧԶţһ˰󣬿Űϲǰϵ֮·֮ĳ٣ȻԼڼûкޣҲûŭ̸Թ
еģֻǶϵϧԼټܲٵĿ
ϵ¹겻㣬ǷȻ
ܾǰϵ¹ԼǰԼٵӣޱ͵صҳΪҵһҶ޲ʤ֮
ϵ¹˷ҾΪ㵯һȴֻ£ܵȴˣ
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˫ְϣǰΪܲӡ

Уֻ֮һƬ˭Ҳ뵽ССԺȻʮеıңЩһûУֻһֻ̧ڰе֡
ֻ޾ħҳ
ˡ
ţֻԾ֣ƿˡ
һģòȴд޾Ϻ;ˣأ˽
ϵ¹겻񣡡
̧ͷǰԼϦദ˶꣬ԼɹͯʱֱԼˣԼԼ̵ԼˣΪԼŭˣΪԼȨ֮䣬ΪԼɱȨΪԼ˱ˡ
桭㡭
ܲٵУȻҲ⣬Ҳ
ңϵ¹ǣּˣ

棬û뵽Ȼżõļҡ
ܲԼУǰ࣬пص
żõĺޣ
࿴Ųܲ٣΢΢֮ǰѾ֪ǸںſԼˣǲܲٵĲ£ܲٱԼòֻǣԼϡܲڣȻҲͶԼż֮ޣˣ
ϵ¹ģģܼįɣԣҪôǣҪԴ˼Ĳ֮
£ȴֻܲһЦܺ궭׿ŵȽɱ볤ɱӱԬ㱻żãҲпܰ
ҡͷЦȻ˵ô֮䣬ǲŵġ
ƾʲô˵㲻ǣȻܰҳǻҵҪܲٸЦҲǿˡϣҲɱǡ
Ц˵㻹û䣬һҲǸǵˡ
ܲɫ΢΢һ䣺棬Ҳĺô
ҲɫΨǳ֮˷зǳ֮£й֮٣Ҳֻжˡɹ̵֮ôЩ֮
ܲ̾˿㻹ǹҵİ
΢΢һЦҲ磬ֻ˴ϵ¹ǰǣǷƽϱٱԿԬܣ
ܲ̾˿֪Ҳ֮ˣȴսҲȳ֮Ϊ󻼡
֪ܲԲ飬Ԭҿսʹ岻ڼҲӲ
룬ֵСˣԼԬﲮֽΣ
ܲҲƬ̣Ȼ˾֮ͼ֮ҿɽۻԬ˵Ϳȡ·ˣ֮أƽ˵ɣڣҲôɵġֱزãⱱϣӵ֮ǿгҲŹҲеúôأ
̾˿ϵ¹ǣ侲ؽ´ƷҲֻѽ
ܲЦ棬˵Щ´ƣͷ۲ѣ겻ȴԴ²ЩҲı˲ٰ
ЦЦϵ¹ңˣ
ܲüĬãŵǰԶֻѣԶ䡣
ΪһߣǲвԴġȻԷڣ
ܲٴЦ棬˵úãǵҶ˵ĻܼǵãҸ˼ˣǣΪһǿߣҿֻҪ˵ɣҾͿ
㵱ɲô˵ġ̲סЦ
ܲ㶣˰βſЦ˵öԣǶˡ
̾ǰ˶ǻġ
ܲٿ࣬棬ǰ֮ҴӾʱİɣ
˵ͷǰû뵽Ļھ
棬ӽ͸ҰɣҲҪֿˡܲע࣬
һ㶡ǰϵ¹ɴû˵ֻһŵϵ¹Ҽǵǰ˵һҵ֮ҾͿԸǶȥġ
ܲҲһ㶣ǰ˵⻰ʹˣЩأ
ϵ¹ֵ׳꣬γƵһ֣
ܲٿࣺ棬ҵõ֮ô
һ˿֮ǰȫͬЦ⣺㲻úû򲻺ãֻǣеĶˡ
ܲ˫ۿܾ࣬ò̾˿ô
һŲܲ١
ܲЦЦңҲֻǲµġʲϷȺۣΨߣδֱǽı֡ǵĵĹϵɣ
пЦҲգɣǰĿǰڽšǣֻǻԵɺϰˡ
ܲ¶һ˿⣺ôڽ
ֻ㣬г飬עܲٵɫֻЦŵ˵ͷȴ֪ЦݣĻΪպĳ֮սȼ˵һѻ





ʮ Uˮҹ

ڲܲУһ죬ܲȻǰһԴ̸Щ֮ƣҹҲ֮ñлһ˿ɻ࣬׷
ϵ¹֮ңǼʦѣȸһأ
ÿ뵽黳̲סп֡û㣬Լһʹϵ¹ȥ˰ɣڣҲֻп̾Ūˣ
ڼҲһΣ˵ԮҲռһձɡ
֪ڼҲƭԼȻպɾˡ
׼ô죬ڼ˵׼彫ڱƳܾо⣬ʱƲܾо༸Ȼܡ
ĬȻ֪ܲٲôϵˣҲֻðһˡΪԮսһвذ¶ذӣ
ˣҲΪǾˣϵ¹˴Ҷûаʵ棬ٰܣҲˣ
ڼ˺ĬȻãܲٽ˶֪
տɷΪһ
һܲʱֻܲЦ⣬ƺ֪ڼѾ׼ͣˡ
ϵ¹ãԵһԺ֮
ܲٴЦ棬֪оɣҸ㣬岻Ѱ·
వľǿЦʵϵ¹γԣ
ܲƺǷЦ˵ƾо⣬͵ϮҾͨ߸ҼΧ֮
üΪβҹͺΧ
ܲЦҵõϢһ֧ƫʦǶϷҹ֣ѱӳˣϢ¶ͱն֣ҲΪԾ֮ʵΣ
ЩǸ˸ģЦúζŲܲ١
ܲЦŵͷҿɲֹһˣ˵ƷױȽϸ߰ˡҵϢҲͨȽ׼ȷ˵ôʶģ
ЦЦϵ¹ϵ¹ʧܣ̫ˣ
ǳ˽ڼԴʶ˵޲޲Сܲߵĸڼ־ϸˣô֪ܲôܲõ鱨ǼڼųģҲǾ˼ڼαװġ
ղżڼ˵ձ㵽ܲȴȷ˵ǲ룬϶ٽǰϵ壬ҲضڽҹͷͻϮ
ϵ¹ҹǰ֣ʤһģ
Ųܲ۽Ȼϸƣ̲סҪѲܲ٣ȻʡΪμڼʲҪԼĪʵδڼڼУ
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ȻΪڼûƭԼǣһֻһ
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ܲٿΣ̾һ棬˵Ϊ㣬Ƴٰն֣ô
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ֳܲ̾һҵȷ˵˺ȥҶȥ뿪֮գֻ¾ҷֱ֮ʱɣҹֻ֣ձߡңһٹһҹ
ظеʲôˣԭһֱԼαŵģΧסǸɲǼˣһԵĶӿͷٳͷ̼˿ڱǣ̼۶ԼںֻϣȻ֪ǻȣȶĶ˳ն£ߣ򥡪˲䣬ʲô༸жص
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Ҫһи߲ܲеĽһ̴˵һýˡ
ܲٿ࣬Ҳ˿ڣֱֱֻضŲܲ١˲䣬ᵽܲٶԼģƺѲǶǰֳױĹػǽ˱һ㾳硭
˽ɣ
̴ܲӰʳ˽ܹݣܷʢ֮ǰ춼ʢң൱갮ԵĶЩˣ༸
棬Ҳ˸ˡܲЦ뿪ʱҲδᰡ
ȥˮƮþˣˣȻ׶顣
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ܲٳĬã˿Ϊʲôǲϰҵһأ
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棬ЩˣǿԷɡҪˣⶼ㰮Եأ
ܲȴݳĬ
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ЦÿΪ㵯ô⣿
ܲҡͷЩӣЩֱûѧô
룬Ҳգѧ֧һϣܲϵ¹Ķ䣡
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ЦЦΪ˼żӣĶ
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ܲ˫ü΢壺£
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ܲһҲţȫ֮УҶΧƹоӪʣȥȡǡ
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ĸȻ˶л졣
ף߰ɣǰӪƣоѽоˣƺŲܲĳӲܰ
Τأ
佫оկǰֵо

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ܰƿţ¶ܵĻ⡣ǲܲٻǻͷеࡪ
Ұӱ𣬾δѰ
ܰͷһܲ٣ȴһۿ࣬һʱˡ
һ˲ҫȸƣ飬ǰˣƻ裬飬һһܰ՜Uˮͷꡭ
桭
ܰȻ˸ףֱֱرǰ
棡
ܰһѰס٣ס˫֡
̧ԼֻһˣչһЦÑþò
ܰȻ֮Уô㣿⼸оУô
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ܲٺȶĻ˹ÑоǰȥΤ
ף
ܰٴδһףסˣ߰ɣӪǰһդǳô˿߰ɣ
ܲٵ࣬٣֪Щʲôȴ̾һվϵ¹ȥɣһΣˣ
ܲǰһ˫ֽץס˫磺棡֪ĶԲԣ֪ģ𣡡
˫ۣȴֻǿ
һ˳˽һѰγ࣬˫ۡɣһϵ¹һˣֻ㣬ҡ
һеĽܰ䡪
񣬸˾մǰ䣡
ָࣺ
ܰǰһǶϣ˵ʲôȥǣ
˿һ࣬˶ţȥˡ
ף߰ɣ
ܰס׵󣬼еص
ܲٶ࣬ڽɿ˫磬̾һ棬Ҿ֮Уۣ㻹ȥɡ





ʮ ֮ܰ

ЦŶԲܲҡҡͷң㲻ٸΣô
ܲټ棬ղһʱʧԣһǿȥɡ
ϵ¹ҡҡͷȷ֪ҹбʣû㣬֮ҲȥҾڴӪУڷ˰ˡ縺˺µĴΣյأȥɣ
棡
ܲٴκһ
ϵ¹ҲѾ㲻˷ʱˣҲ޸֮Ůˣ㲻ΪҵġڼоɣΪң
ܲ࣬Ҳ
߰ɣ
ղǣ
ܲٶ˶ţ棡㲻һģ
˵ճȥ
ܰһۣ棬ң
һ㶣Ҫ˵Щʲôܰѿ첽վ⣬ŲܲԶȥˡ
˰ΣҲصڣӡ
أɱѱƽӪʡ
а̾ɱģ˭أ
ıı
ЦšԭԼǲİϣıĻԼҲܺ˵ĻȥС˰ɣ
ţһ߿ˣһԡѪꪵ׳ų˽
࿴˰죬ŷѪĺǲܲٵĽӳΤ
˾մѾӪˣҲ߰ɡ
Τ࣬δӿ³һ
ȻһһܹΤסһƺΪ⣬һֵҲб˹һٴζһꪡ
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޴еùû뵽ȽľȻˣҲżе㲻ȥӪţҾʲô
û뵽ΤҲֻ׷ɱ౻ɱһ亹Σ֡͵ؿǱߵвܰղŻһѽҪȥý̸ס
౻ΤһһֱƵ䣬֪ٱȥֻ·һֻðһᣬΤǰ˫֮ǰҸյȥʰǰѽõĻӳȥǧҲһҪá
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ÑΪôôɵΪʲôҪô

Ȼ֮ǰսϣڻҰУ࿴ָˣΪڶ࣬ǣȴûôۿԼȥ
ܰкȻ࣬ȫһס֣棬߰ɡΣաܾȳ㣬Ҳ޺ˡ
ΪʲôҪԼңô죡
棬ϲ㣡
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ܰԳһ˿Цݣ棬ԴӿĵһۣҾϲ㡣ֻ꣬ʮꡣɣֻʮһСкȻͶһֻʮһһˡ
ֻǵͷŲܰе𾪼ֱ޷ݡܰϲԼԼû뵽ġ
ǰԼͲֻܰѣżһѧѧѧѧ黭֮ġһʮ죬ʮֻҴһѡ
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紺ЦŵӣȻϲԼôȻϲԼô
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һߴһϸ۲죬ΤϾȻˡܲٵоǰӪţֻܹﲢ߹ģԵΤվӪſڣǿһ򵱹أĪˡҲ֪˭ҿ˿ڣߴģǱǾ˵ҲǴӱĵطͻ˺Ƶȥġ
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ǵΤꪣһȫֻķݣûκλֵء
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Ϊұ۱ꪼУнűصġ
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еһ䡪װʤˣҲôͰʱıΤͱˡ
⼸ڲܲУԼǴų䳤ȹŮװûһΪжΤסˡ
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κĳһһ϶һΤһһ߷˳ȥ





ʮ Τ

߳һٶὣϡ°ȹڸ˺˺øĸҲˬ˲٣Ȼұ۴ˣɵΤղκĳһ򶷣ֹˣҲķ˲٣һʱȻ൲Ľ
ڵΤƣཥִ·֮ʱκĳִ߹ϣȻռλ˳ƷμйΤ
ΤҲǻȥˣǿֵΧԷ˷жֱࡣ
һִˣҪǣκĳ͸ֻҪΣգ˲˵Уࡣ
ɱеæҡʱҪҲˣΤҪһࡪܲ٣Ƚѡֹ˴ӣԼɱӡԼҪһлˣǰôҲҪ
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ղŵΤһɱ࣬ƴɱĹ㣬ҪȥĻͱΤɵˡ󡪡ΪȥӵҲûʲôԷŲµˡ߷ŲµĶ̫࣬зŲµĶּȻй˼ɣ֣޹ء
κĳ֣Ȼκβһ˶ദ˵ĵΤַűΤ򵹣õΤı˼ţͨ򵹵ֻǱߵײ಻Ǹˣû֮ݡ
ĸ˴ڴ⣬ѾǴ𣬸ʿڸӪнѰҵˣѰսƷܲٵоúΣӪи߼죬߼޵Ĵ˭֪ܲʣޡԸʿæ׷Ѱܲ٣ûע⵽ߵļս
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ĸ˶һԼ߹ˣκĳҲòȥʵΤ˸أɾǲаˣ
ʱһûսȦΤվֲ֧סΪһ˵Ѫչ޵ġԭȾˣֵòôãѪҲòˣȫǿһɾ֧š
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һƤⱻ˺УüеѪڷɽȴûежôʹࡪĸоôôʹ࣬ΪһƵ£
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һϤУӺ˼ۿȥȻ񴣡

ྪ֣ٿΤ沿һ룬ͣɽѪԼԭԼѪڷɽ
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κĳһֱûҪĹܵᣬҲȸָÿ죬ʱѾ˹´һ۾
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񴿴һۣ൲󣺡
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ʱû취ˣֻԼܣһѪȣȴеһַӡ
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Ŷôˡ໹ǿϵǡÑÑû뵽ټȻ龰ء
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ðɡչһЦݣҼǵ߲þиСׯˣҸطЪһЪɡ
˵ĲѾԼǰиСׯ¹յе۾̵ۣеᡣ
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ĬŴ˵Ļҧšһ뵽ˣһ뵽ʱΣգһ뵽ʹü̲סҪᡣ
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ܰĻྪ֡
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ӻãããл֮־պسɴҵܲٸ˵ذѲاڻԼĶӡ
ҵô
еп
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ܺð˵ǲܼպҲһǰ;
ǣŶ԰ɣ
ȻܰҲΪҵĶûкӣܰǾ͵ǵճǶ¶ӡֿʵ̫С
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֮˼ٳǰˣҲһһѣӲ˵һ仰
ĸףĺܺáܰ˵ûһֱҵӿҲһԼĸס
ǵģҲΪˣ˶ԱĽġǸұ˵ĲǱҲ֪ǽûôģǱֵ÷ǳ˳˵λ˳Ǹ輿Ҳֻ˵λǸܶ˵ˡ
൱ʱͿŲܰͲӵĵλ
ܰ۾ࣺãһںǸô
ЦЦǰ㲻ںûпںĶ
ܰһ㶣ô֪ûںĶ
ΪЦúܺÿԴЦݵˣӦòʲôŲµĶİɡ
ܰ࿴ã̾˿ǰ˵Ҳе
˵žת뿪ˡ
ʱһ䣺ʲôǷŲµô
౻˵һ㶣ϸ롪Ҳֻϵ¹Լµ˰ɡ
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Ҫ㻻ŮװôܲٿǰգװǱ˰
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ܲȻʧЦҲҡҡͷ棬ϴŮװض޾£
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֮¶øˣҲһӼƽĶۣϣʵǶ˸ʤһһ񵭵Ϣߵ˲ʱɣܰ᲻Ǳ˵ĺӣǱģ
ֲ뵽ǸԼδ棬ȴԼĳϵҲǲܰĸ
һϧ
֪ܲٵ鷿Ļ񣬵޷ݵ°ɣôҪأֻû飬ڲܸšżǻ̸̸ܰ죬˵˵ء֪ģ֮ĸңɢˡ
ֹһ꣬ת꣬ܲٽӵȥУξ
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ǣŲܲһ·ˡ
ͬеģбˡڲاȻͲܰһܶ˵Ľ̻ˡ
ȻϲاΪ˻ֱ̫ŰСاһܲٺ඼ܷġܰѾʮѾǸˣȻδڣҲܵˡŲܲô꣬ɲǰ׸ġ
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ͱʱ򣬲ֹܰ࣬
һᱣصģҲһҪذ
³ܰҪ˵Ļȴֳܰһ˿Цǰ棬ǶҪءǲΪѵģͺúøŸװɡ
˵ͷа仰ϣ˺ܶ󣬻һĻָ֪ܰʱ࣬ȴֻĻϲظŲܲٸȥˡ





ʮ 

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ϴˣһ·ߵٶҲ죬ϵ¡ʱҲλˡ
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ȥķȴǿͷ
ո߽ŭ
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̲סҪЦȴֲܿƵģҪ
һ߹ȥĴߣôסˣ
ȴֻǶ࿴˫ǲ˵
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һۣ˵ҽţ㲻ôõıʣԼնˣ
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һ̾Ϣ˴ֻһȥʱǣסԼ֣ԼչնЦ

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ʮӲùΪ˱ԼȥǵĳԼԼĺޣûһ˿УùǺ
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갺鱻˸жأȡ
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ǣҲһӢٶ̤˶ĵ·
вơ
ոߵ®ԬȻƵˡ
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Ϊ
Ҳֻ̾ڷӵ˼޷ġ
Ҳˣ®ˡ®пܱԬ°ȥвߡֻ£׼ԥȥ
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ʮ 

誼࣬ȻҲǺܸˣֽٴ
㲵ӣе㲡ףΪǸԽԽ࣬ɵĸ¶ҲԴҲûʲô취ȫ⣬ҲѡԥˡԼ°һѣҲ೤ʱ䣬ԼչҪߵģ
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Ϲףۣ˰ôأǰҪԬ֮ͶҪڷ˹ףûӡ
ͶߣǲܵġͶһαͶߣߡΪ߲ǳ͢ݵġԬôǳ͢ʽݵ󽫾ҲݴʷǾֻǹԬٵһܽѡ
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ҡͷ޷ֻǾõҲδǶԵġ
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ǣڻ⼸ٴγжյĿֿ֡¡ʱһġԼˣϳɣԼͷҲҪЩһжʲôҲߵţ˶úܣ߻涫֡
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Щţ߰ͻ





ʮ ٻ

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ߵȻʣˣ˸ˣ̫ʷȲձؽΪ񣡡

һϸ֮²֪ԭ̫ʷأɼսʤǾԴڶȱϾݱΪˣĴӡνֺ̫ʷϽ֮ҲԽԽ١ֻҪû֣̫ʷȻڻ£
ڣշɣ㻹ʲô¬r
߶ЦЦ˵òֻһûãȴɣȴ̫ʷȡ
Ѿ˼ƽϣȴҪڲң
ЦЦ˶ղʼת˻⡣





ʮһ 

һ£߿Ĳƾԭԥ̫ػ짼ΣȴΪΪȶλ˳֮Ծܾˡ
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Ŀ˸һĸо
ˣһҪ㣡ߴӻóһݸࡣ
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еæƫȥŪʹˣ
Ҳۣ
߳ǺһΣڻҺĽ֪ôʱԸԼһҪ飬ֻҪĵ㣡
ǵģ
ĪģȻڴʱ˲ܲ٣һҹһ
ΪʧŮǵ⳼־ĺ檸ף
̾˿վǳ۳µӢۣңȴ
棡
ߴŴĻ
磬ôˣ
һ
߼ܵܣԸΣɿ˫֣ղ̸۽ַ¬r£ЩϣЩ嶯ãȰȰ档
ЦˡֵܣȻ㣬ˡ˵ģȽɱˣ
߶ЦЦˣұԴǰȥҪúñأ
Աתȥ
񴲻ߵıӰֱβŵú졪Ҳأ
౻һ˵ˣֻôŹأ⽭ϵȣ
Ҳ
еؿ
һۣתݣ⡣

ûе߻ֱ·Ȼһ·Ļе˵ޣԼ˵ճĺӵ˸
֪ʱѾǮҲͲӱߡǻ·ԥɳתҰ
ߵ;Ѿ߽ǮĽѱһ֧ӣѴ֮ƽˡ
·ԥʱʵȥ®꿴誣˼ڵ״̬δػỶӭԼҲͰˡ߻ԽԽС̳ӡζԽԽŨ಻ܸлǸŮֻҪֳһģһֻèһѻë
нɳʱ˵ɵ˳ɳ볤ɳ̫۵Ĳ»һء
ĬĬ롪ţǶ۲̫ĵԵʰɡǣ˵ĻӦðɵɳŶԣôɵأ
ѵңʲôصĵطô
㿴ĬĬӣ͹࣬仰ҲЦ֮ǰĬȻһʱ񡣵֮ȴ׷ͰԼ뷨Ҷ˵
Ϊߣֻֻ뵽ǰģüĵطҪΪԺ㣬ҪѼһпܵ鱨Щ鱨еóԼҪģһмֵĶ
ƵƵͷӣҲ֪ȥ˶٣ס˶١
ˣҲһѧӡȻǸʶֵĴϴ֣Ǿ̽ɣѧ٣ͿԼˡҲǶȥĵ˵һС
·¡еʱɻ˳ȥ˳ɸС𵮵ĽŹϵûȥ꿴ʵҲûǸʱ䣬һһأߵĻɵҪء
㲢ûһˣΪٱϾĵؽˡ಻ٳʲôϵԾһϣԼ¡Сסգɻߡ
ңҲͨ˻Ƴ壬Ұĵϼкõ˵޺С˸԰Ұס¡
˼죬ɴҰˣ˱ٸ̻ؽԴеΣҲ޿Ρ
常̬ҲôʣܽһύݵĺţǶ˵ٺòˡ
һĿģ䡣
ЦЦеЦζ棺ҲǸСɱɱң˵ûʲôҪαصأֻҪһ¡УһǰȫġһҰᵽȥסǵп˵ֳҡ̫ϧϱ˵ģ
룬˵ҲеֻԼһӢŬٴ
Ҳֻ̾˿ԼСİ
Ц¡УŴֻȫˡ㣬ﲮսҪСİ
֪Ǻ⣬ܾлҲʣֻڨڨЦŸǡһŭǱһֱţֻӲˡ
ɵıӰЦСҲʮ˰ɣҲͿԼأңȻҲ᲻ΪҸɣ
üʲô˼лֱ˵
գգ۾ΪѾ˵úֱˣ
˰죬űһ䣺㻹Լɣ
˵һ㶣ң
̶ȻʧЦ˵Ӣһֱֻÿġ
෴༥Ҳһ㿴õģ
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еŭˣҲǷ༥ҲֻӢ㵱翴
࣬ǹ΢Ц֪Ҳû㵱㿴
һֻһӿɵ࣬һʱڲԣ˵ʲôѽҲһû㵱ܵܿģ
һڣ֪ԣҲѾղˡ
ǺЦôˣһԵܵأ
ǿȻˣҵĵӣҵԼѧԼһ
ɫһ䣺ɱô˵ҿûйʦҵʦˮɲ㡣ô˵˿ɷǵð˲ɣ
һ㶣ɵЦðֲôǰһֱϰΪʦȴˡԭΪа
ֵɱˣҰˮΪʦȫΪи߽ࡣ
ֻǿȻЦ
״ɵ̾˿̧ͷ˿Զţһֱͷߵ㣬Ȼ࣬ľǶԵôһô
౻˵£Ҳɵؿ㡪˶ 
㣬ͷǳĸоʱһɣûнҪ˲֪ңҲҲûʲôʧȥôʲôµأ
˵ţȻһЦȥֻһԭؿ˵ıӰԲȥ





ʮ ټ

첽ɵ࣬ȻֹסһĻҡҪͷ￴Լֱ߳ԶŸ̲סͷһۡƣһ޼ʣĻаӰ
㿴ζУ淺΢Ц࿴˿΢ЦҲ΢Ц΢ЦеİȻȻϲʱʱطƢʹʹӣҲԽԽˡø죬ҲеʱҲ̲ס롪⾿ǲǸʮĵĺӡ
ؽ߽۶Ȼٵʱû®꣬ȥʱȴ̲סȥôˡû뵽®һȦȴûҵκϢ
룬̾˿֪ԼĶˣ
Ǹʵӣһȥˣ׼ˣô޶ԣ
誣ȷǸеˣ
пһһŻ
·ϵõϢѾͬͻϮ˳¬rѳ¬rôܡ¬rĴ󽫳ս¬rǧʿӶŮһ˷²¬rӱͶԬȥˡ
̲ס̾һԬôºһ˵ǶԬܱȽôϵ¹ڱҲܳԽأ
ʵܲٻǿ˷ָġ
ǳǵİ˰ɣǾ˵ɢ׷ˡ
ңкϣҲһʱǸ㲻ԬܵôŹġ갺鳸⣬Ҳòһаѻʵץ˵վԬģ٣ԬǲˣȻʱƵ۳Ƶۣ˸ӵʵ۵ϵ¹ȥֲǿлŵľҲ˽󺵣Ƿӣ
һ·صɽ˵Ѿ⿤Ϊս£ҲҪȥ⿤˵Ǻܾûˡ
ҲǣϴȥҴң붡½ѷ˳ȥˣҲûһ档Ҳʹȥء
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нһ·ϣϵأȴ֪ȥɽԽȥˡ
˵δɽԽͿ԰һˡ
ࡣ
Ҳ֪սݣʢԶҲҶ֮١
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Ҳܵи׷ɣ˭ģôӽġ
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Цȱ֣ǽҿ˵
롪Ҫ֣ϣ˲˵ģҪӸڲȥˡ
Ȼǣתȥһʹˡ
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ǵ֣ڵĺӽиӤɫוĽߡ
񴿴࣬ɫѯǶӣ񴲢ûոǴϵ˻һ𣬶Ҳ˽⣬ֻ࣬ձʲôۡ
Ȼ֪˵ʵֲȥܹܾ֮£ҲˡʱһЩ£ġ˵ñֻȻҲǿǵ
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Цֲǵһأʲôġ
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ߵǰԺȴײһӤŮ棬ȴ˭
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վſڣҲе㲻˼ֻЦ߹ȥ˸ãȻȥС𵮡
ð
ܰ˵ôҧгݣ໹ǵһ
һѽ໳УȻݺݵؿࣺһȥ꣬涼ңȻҸӣ
࿴еС𵮣ȻôһȴҲֻǵ۾ԼЦ⺢ӿҲǸأ
תƻ⣡һץסӡ
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һĨеƭ˭ÿγȥֻһ𣬵Ҳ֪ô
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ŭѽմֻҪȥ棬ӵɾͲԶˣ
˵ŰһѴ໳ֶȥʾʽһһ°͡
㱻仰סˣȻ͹ЦЦĪ
Цˣֱ࣬ˣҲ˵ˡȥʲô¶Լ
Ȼһ̶ؾˣڵ
࿴棬Ҳֱࡪͷ
Ҫ˲а
ǳ̾һ߽棬ִ֣۾֪֪ңʵǸŮӣ





ʮ 

֣㶼ȱԬΪݣ¹
س¹ģǳ¹濡ϵĹǳ衣
濡ǸĵˣԬɳ̿ͣɱ濡ڱ˼䣬Ԭ˵ҪΪ濡׽֣ɱ衣һʱԬڳµشӣٵ㹻ݣ˵ض顣
߶ϢǣҾȱԬôݣһ
Цſο£Ԭ̰ز¹ϵ¹ԳΪŻԬڳ¹ŰձȻַǾ͵ſϷɣ
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һ㶣Ƕһǰˣô᣿
ߺٺһЦҾǲ֪ʲôӰȰ
Цô֪Ů£
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֪ԼԱַӦҲӦõİɣ
ȴЦǺܺð˵ҲΪҸżҵ·أҲΪ·ˣ
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ʱ磻ĽŲԼ˵磳ԵĶԻ
Сұˣ˯һ
磺Ȼðһ䣬ľ֮࣬ò½ѷȼ֮
ȻСȴҲǸˡ¸˵ˡ
뵽ЩŵصǿɲУСطȥ˯ɡ
ȻǲϣһҪϴŭ磣Ҫߣ磴޴¡ҲǸ˾֣Ҳû½ѷαΪ¿֣
£Ӹϣٳӣ֣ҾҲ˯ã
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磶طȥ˯ɡ
ܿһܵԶԶģŴ
ֲ˯ˣȥԺˣ





ʮ ӳ

ԶȥıӰ˶Ц
ȥţعͷࣺأ
½ѷӴЦҪɣü簡
Ц˵óڣ㵹˽úܣôˣ
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֪½ѷղű任ԭһԭ˵˵磵ĵƤͺʱһ˵ʱӾ֪СʱҲǸʡ͵ĵơҪȻ½ѷһʼô˵˭Ҳǲ磣
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౻˵һԼûúÿǹ⣬һʱҲ˳˼ȴһԵŪýֻǳճյ࡭

ڵڶ뿪أ򱱶ȥ
Ȼǽ棬ֻû뵽ǣҲӺ׷˵Ҫˡ
ǲģ
ʣҡҡͷԼҪģĿǰңһ˳¡Ҳû¿һˣҲǱϴνҽĺˣ
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δӳǰʹԬܳµصϢ
Ԭؽ˳µصĴݺ󣬲ðܵôġֻһ˻¡
Ԭڵõµصݺ󣬷ʮ׸ȻԼӦΪӦȴЩɢ˼ԬŭΧҪնӦӦǰԬ˵֪Լôһǹôģһ֮ȰͿ֮̿СԬǣ֣˵Ӧµһ˶һֵô
Ԭôؼʱ򣬾ȻְϧˣҲ֪֮ǰĳƵ֮ٵôġȻӦ֮ǰ˵ģѾɷӵԬ뷨ζ׵ģ
ΪȱԬûסԲܲٵĴʱѫިȽǰߣԼޭأȷǲܲٶ֣һսܡިᡢ١־͵Ƚֻѫӻٴ
Ԭһ̣۽ַ꺵֣ټ룬ʵΪܴ졣
һ·һֱ񣬲йϴڹļЩ棬Ӧϴκ˺ܶࡣȻҲĳ棬Ҳûʲô̫ķӦ
Ǻģ˾ӳڣȻûпһ
ôŪˣ
˶Ϊȣӱ޵ؽ˾ӳ褡
褼࣬ȻǸ˷ǷȻɲ죬Ҳһдˡ
дԼľϯܷʢ̲ס㷢ʲôưɶӻˣ
ЦʳֻԼãȲñˣҲԼ
ʳ
Цġ
ģ˭
褿üͷ΢ӣЦֹȥüһࣺüˡûԬ裬Ҳû衣˲Զٻһ³࣬ӾΪʩʵȥףȻָһһǧףҾ͵ҹס
³ࣿҵû˵ģǸ˲õģûкúýһô
ЦˣܷŹҺ޲Ϊֵܣ
Ǿȥᰡ
褿һֿۣһۣЦ
֪лɵ治̫˵ҲͲ׷ʣֻЮ˸ԡ
׵ȵϣɲڣҹ̸֧㣬žɻᡣ
ɫ³Ȼ֮磬ҲǴɷеˣȴԺ˥ΪΣֻͷءǴǴǵ⣬Ҳֵ۽ѣǲ
ජ褿˰Σû뵽Ҳ˹ִˡ
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誣
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ҲеŭˣһѳԼ·ΪҲһŮװô
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㶵ؿࣺôΪȴΪβܹأǸ㣬һҪܸͨô
࿴褣ҡҡͷ㲻ͬ





ʮ С

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ʮ ɱ

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룬Ƿưϣ˸ˣԶҲԼŸҪˣ
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ݺӼҵˣҲӷ˵ãȻһ㣬ȴܶ
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ƽ³谾壬ϵ¹ڿ԰˼ԭˣ
ڲܲٵĽչο
ĺߣӵݺΪɱһ֮ء





ʮ ٢

С涺ţڼȥţƽҲ˳ȥŸɣ˵ˣԼ׼ؽˡ¡ʱڣȴȺȾ˷纮Բһæµ
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üͷбࣺô֪һУǰ˳սһʱˡҽȥܸ˳
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ʮ ؽ

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룬СѾͷ˵Σһ㡣
¹ССȴǽߺ˳Ըǿϵ¹أؿͬʥϡԹ֮𣬱ΪɱⵯСأܸ·ǿϱƵҪõöˡ
˼Ƭ̣ȴһҾ͵ܴǣᵱǡ
ֵΣʵ
ʵʵڲԸˮǲܲٻʱǡ
͵ﻰ֮û
ջ뿪С棬Ȼǵȵ˲ܲǱߵĻߵġ
ܲٹȻǰ˴ĺʱǧ
֪ĺЩҲǸ˳Ķ֣ҲʲôΣգܸĺԼ˵ĺáһϵ¹ĺʲôָʾһҪԼȥʲôģԼǻѰġǾʹǱһ·϶ȥ
˳ûΧǣڳ˽ҲΪ⣬Ҳƽµ뿪С档
һ·нûʲô衪ʵԴӵͻֺ֮󣬽ܰڳ¬rҲ֣֮ɽЩդԱ˧˺ܶࡣ
ȵأѽӭ֮ʡ
ȱůͣҲ캮ض龰£Ҳֻҵլ½ѷˣϷ
ݵϢȻϵĲֺĺǰҲһǸ˳Ķ֣ôܡΣֻС棬ĺһȥø˳飬԰޶
Ǻ˵δȥǽءפĵط˳ͷȥ˲ܲ١
֮ȻȥôȴҲΪˣ
٩
ôˣ½ѷе㲻ס
Цϵ¹Ϊˣôأ绹ҪȥЩʲô˼





ʮ ľ

֮󣬴˲ܲٶϢ
ϵ¹Ҫѽ
ϣŸӱһܴƽˣܹܲİ
ǣϵ¹ҲҪ˱Ƶ̫ˣ
̶̵һʱ֣ѼڼļһƼˣɲʲô£
˵ˣǰûɳֻƫʦȻиκͽʵǲõģһֻа˰ٱһǸСǣѾ·ˣܲٶȽƣǱһս
ԬڱѾѹ׾ʱпڳ͵Ϯʱϱйϵ¹ͳԲˣ
಻ɵΪܲٵ
Ҳ޿κΣϾԼҲûʲô취Ԭ˹ԸԼʱԬϷӦԬܣܲٵӸùҲֻðճô˻ƽϷ˵
סصʱҹ࣬żɽĵһ仰ǣ֪Ůô
ûֻõͷǡ
һֺܽ鿴ࣺҲһܹ
仰྽ùǺβ˵С棬ɲǶ£
˵ʲô£
仰ٴΰһ·ľءܲ˵Լðɣ
Ȳ˵ǲãҲ˵

ٴͷˣ
ϵĴ죬һԡڽѾ֪ˣĴ죬Ҳذˡ
תůٱҪˣũҸæģҲæˣļҲʱˡ
γ߲Ϊչ̶ѡ
һ֮£ŵ֪Ԭ̺ʵСʹߵдŸɣɽԽϣߡ֧֡
ҵżյ棬û뵽ȴҪأǺ
̾
֪˵ûˣʱȷ˵ʢܡ֪к֧ܶʢܣʢܵŷԼȴʢɱġ
˵úĵʱ򣬾һҪġҲѴڽҵóȻɱʿֻ˷顣֮ǰɱ˸ᷣѾߵ٣Ҫһ㡣
㲻ȥԬɣ
٩
ȻԬ˼̣ʵûе˭۸ĵزʱԬͻ˵Ȼϰ׻֮Ҫǣԭפڳɳֹ̬ͣȣƵƵɦŰءڽֻһʱûиǿʵߣɳСɲӲͣɦţĵطƽĵԥµȵأڴﵽƣ߾ĿġпܳԵԥ£®ҲԬڵܱס϶ѡ
߱辡ƽܵСɵжһ˼ԸЦȻˣҪȰɸɵ
˵ͷ̫ʷȺɶҲвʱˣ˫Ҳƣˣʱһµĺʱ
㻹Ҫע׺Ѱ
ඣߡ
ߵȻǵáȰΧļСկٻɢɽԽɾ޴ȥˡɣȥת̫ʷȣѴҪں򣡡
˵ס֣棬ȥȻʤ顣ʱ֣ҿɹһΰˡʱɷ񡭡
æĻô˵ֻ㲻ΪΣҪҵô
ߵĻϣϲԳһʧ֮ɫҲһᣬ־еֻõҳҪȥģ㲻ΪҶı־ҳܲ𣬶㣬ҲǶŮ鳤ˣ
߿ãų̾ʱҲĽԳʱ㣬ԲҪȴС
ˣҲֻаˡ֪֮⣬治֪أ
ˣǺȻʲôǰЩӸҪȥ˵ҪΪλ
ȥˣһ
ߵûУҾܺá
̾˿ȥĻĿĲһܴﵽԼȴδܻˣ
ߴһܲٻӺ
࿴һۣǡǡ෴ģ
߳˰ΣˬȻЦΪ볯͢ãȻǱȸƫһΪã
࿴ߣЦҲõŵ°ҵδɣȥ׽ݣǲԣسǰȥǵȫƽ˽ǿһ⡣Ȱ˰Ӹ׷ǰ
룬Ц͵ԣǲģһհ죡

߽ಢûи档
ԸǿʴǰȥһٳܵĻδҲ̫ˣ
ɹȻߵĶָ֣Ӽ·Χ︨ܻ׽
˵ߺǿɣֵľٶѵɿ˵˵Ƕ
Ϣ̲סЦҲֻ߻ôľٶô룬˿δػô룬˵ΪԼǺأ
ɣûϻؾǼ̫ʷȡ
̫ʷȱ٣֧ٴδɽȴƾŵθڸ翹׼Ͷ
һʱγ״̬
಻ģ˵ⳡʤߵģ̫ʷֻǰӣֻҪ߾ٴõ̫ʷȱض
е㣬ʱãֻҪ㣬ͻܵñ˭죬ܹ˼ӡ
㻹ǴֵģһҲû÷൹Ǿе㲻Ծˡ
ϸ룬ڱܻ俴˼ܣҲͷģٶ롣
꽥Ҳǰ˱˵ĿˣȻҲǼµʱ䣬СǶҲ˲٣Ҳǰضˣǰ̫Щľٶˡ
ҲԽԽһӣȻﻹеŲ£ҲΪպˡ
±˵ǰ㲻̫ˣǲǹˣ
û˵ʲô㵹ˡ
Ҳû⣬ϾСͽˣʱпܺԼ¡ֻǿ㣬ӣվΪҪһ£ٶ࿴һʱաˣҲҪߣٳһ㡣
սӾˮ㲨ǰţżᷭһС˻һȦС
˻дС˵褣Ƕ˻˵һˡ
Ϊʽ˾ӳسְλżҽҶԼһЩʹӣӾӳȡؽߵõϢǰߵսʱȥӭ褣ϢȻҲͬǰȴأΪҪȥҲҪͬȥֻ
˵С˻
Ǳࡣ
ӱϾཻģ಻ϣҲҪںӵϣܲһֱ
ʱҲͦ˼˵е㱧ǸԿ档֪˵
ò¿˶ȥˣ㶼Ҫ޸ô
ĬֵѵΪһܷô
仰һûΪ㣬˭ǲܷأ
ֻÿǰҲ˵Եģֻ˵Щӵ£ȰҪǰˣҲû취˿ڡ





ڰʮ 

һ·ϣ褣˶ǴϲΪڰԬߣΪĴ󽫡Ȼ˵ܹԷദ£Ҳһܿĵ¾ˡ
棬ӴԺǾܳϦദˣ
˸˵Ļᣬñ˲ע⣬褴յĶߵ
࿴һۣûصֻǲܵİɡǴ󽫣ֻǸ԰ʳʳͣ㵽ʱǾæпտ׶
褳ԳЦ⻰˼Ҫʱʱ㣿
üͷôԽԽϲˣ֪Ҳ˼˼ô
һ֣Ȼ˵㲻ϲҾͻһ֡ʵҵĹҲ󣬲˸ɽ㲻ʲô󽫡˵Ӳã֮Ѿȫ߶ͣѾҲһƸҿԼҲûʲôɣ
б۾ô㻹ӹС 
Цſ࣬Ȼһִ֧ļ򣬰һϽ˿Χûʲôˡȴֻ褵ҵ˼ˣҵ˼ǡڹְҲûʽκͽӾ˿Ҫú׽׽˷ʱ⣡
ࡰһڣǻˣ죡ˣˣ常ô죿
ϵɫһ˴ǰ常ȰҵġĿǰȾ˲Ϊȥ֮ղԶӡȰЯһͶ
ҲȻ̾˿еûдȵˣԬͻ¼֮ģ褵ʱҪôһ˶飬ѶȿɾͱҪöˡ
ǻصغ㡢࣬ڻ棬ദõҲǢ
ڶӴ褼κ󣬾Ȼ褵ԱʣŮ˶ͷ۲ѡ
Ƶû취ֻһ̸Уװ˵®ҽףֻǲ֪ҪĸŮ޸ң
治֪ǳȻΪ档
൹ǰľ˽ϸʣ褵
`Ͳܣ˲żҲ̽ҡҲͷ۰
˵⻰ʲô˼
褿࣬ЦЦûʲô˼ȰСɻȥ˵
̫褲ʤţ뿪أҪȥǰ߿Ƕ࣬һܵǰȥˡ
֪˰ɣ
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褶ԴҲֻܳ̾û뵽Ů˲ŵĸоȻģ
褺治ͬӸսϢеһΪһЩڲͬĸд
ܲսúܶ˶е˼顣
˵ܲٵʧܲ˼飬̫֮˼顣
ܲٵıɨΧǳɣڽƵǺȻֿܵ
ʱͻȻԬҪɱӵ۵ϢԬܵʵ̫ǿ۶ڲܲ˵ǾԾԲܷģԲֻܲгˣ׼ԬܵĶԾ
Ƶعһ󣬲ܾʼˣ˼¾ʱˡ
Ҫ׷˵ĲܾڼȰҪȥ˵ʤܣҲûб˺ռǣĺá
һʱﱻܲٴΣôʵ£ýڼĻǰĲܾٷ⧲屻ôܡ
ܵ;ڼ·ߵȺˡܻڼվ۰ܱȥ׷
԰ܻʤؿɴʤ顣
ֱԼĶ䣬뵽ղŲڼĻ˸ξͶһѰɣҲٰһΰˡ
ٶ׷ϲܲپ⧲ֵܾˡ
һ̴òܾܣɻ˴սƷʤ
ܾǰδܶȥթɽ¡ǰ׷ܲٱرںûֲܽ׷Ǻ󷽳£ҪϽϻȥڻ˽׷ǹƼһзҲһں棬׷һʤ
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½ѷԼڼĿ͸̾
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ǱȴǳٳûϢơڣôò̫ʷأһڱռоƵ£
ѵ̫ʷǸҿˣ
еɻ
ĸķگȴˡķΪ潫
Ľˣͷεǰ棬ûСС֣ҲûСȨ֣ʽĽλǿʲôغ֮ĶҪ󣬸Ҫ˵ʲô֮ͤˡ
ºһ˺ܺõĽڿʱ뿪أȥΪ˶ı֮ƣҲֻˡ
Ұѳ͢ݵȥ֪ͨɣҲȥ̫ʷȵһսôˣ
Ȩ˵󣬾ʹһ·ˡ
Ȼ˿һҪȥ˭ûа취£СܵϺߵĳ谮˭Ҳǲ
һ·ضȥȻΪܹ滹еظعͷ룬ʵҲǸŮӣгֹ࣬ңҺһֱӡ
뵽ͲɵЦһĵЦֻе㣬һĿʱ΢ЦŻ֡
㲻֪ΪʲôЦֻԼٴζ˶ĳУ࿪ĵЦġ
ǰУƵŹȥȴߵòҲ졣
ߵ̫ˣ߷ȵأս¶ˣʱô죡
ѵ㡣
ƲƲ죺ʲôҪ£һ֪һ֪ʲôϵ
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һҪ죬һҪȵصؽ磬̫ʷѾ߻׽ˡ׽ˣ
Ϣ¶˻ĵ΢ЦȷкܾûмˡĹϵһֱƹһ֧飬Ҳһֱߡ
ǵڸΪദҲ˵ıͨĻܻ׽̫ʷȣԼĻ
ûܸϻ׽̫ʷȵĺϷҲûΪ߳һȫһ·ĥĥµġ䣬ȴúǺǺǵĺЦ˹ȥ
ߵӪУʶһ̫ʷȵķɡ
һ·ȥʶģϾҪȥͨߣȴһʼӪſһֹˡ
ʵӪŵʿʶ㣬Ȼǵͨˡ
̧߽Уȴ̫ʷȱ˫֣һԣ˧λϵ˫ۿһЦȻţ͸ǹţ˼ˣô˫֣
ѵǾ̫ʷȵ䣿߲ôûðɣ
Ц˴̫ͣʷʲӣ
߼࣬һ㶣Цݣɣֲϸӡ͵ãȰȰְɣ
ףԭ̫ʷȲ߸ɰ룬ЦȱæҸ˶ȿ





ڰʮһ 

˵Ű潫ӡŴĲ˳ݸߣһЦ͢گΪ潫ӽɾƹ֮ˣ
㶣ϴϲɫӹӡţ򿪿˿ЦһţһΪܵõͥϿɣٺҲûˣ
۽һֱ̫ʷȣ̫ʷ˳ͥߵķݺϵˣһԥɫ̫ʷȵϣʹ˸ɫ̫ʷŬŬ졣⣬ȥ̫ʷ
̫ʷȱⲢͶٲԸͶΪֻǸﶼξڳغҲǸΣΪڳڻϰ׻У߸Բڳ̵ٺַͣѣû˼˵ûеõͥʽϡ
ڿɾͲͬˣʹ˵һ潫ͷս㲻ʲôͲһˣǸϷ⣬ɾˣ󺺳ûģ˵ǵõ˳ͥʽݵ߽׾λˣ
ղǰɰˣ̫ʷͷײü綥ȫĲǰɰǸС̫ʷܲöһСﶯְɣҲ̫û˷ˣ
̫ʷ˰
̫ʷĦԼ󣬿ߣû˵
еΣЦɻǵң
̫ʷȶ´˼ۣüհĳµǸ
һʱᡪֱܲܵ˵Լʵûаܰɣ
ۿɫˣϽǰԲ壡㻹ǵõѽҲһҲûأ
̫ʷȻûʲôķӦֵʱұ׽סˣô죿
̫ʷȶʻӣͷߣЦһǣ˵úأ
߹ЦҵĴҵҪҹ֮
̫ʷҲֺΪе޿κɾͶƺֵϹҲס
ԥ䣬֣˰ѵµ̫ʷȵͷ˳壬ҿһֱûأÿοҾͻ㣡Ҷνǳ˼ĺ룬շתడ
̫ʷ㶣Ȼ̲סЦЦúͣͣס
ҲЦ˶һʱ֪ǵ˼ȴ֪̫ʷȱߵĻЦˡǻĵЦΪ⻰˵òʱˡǰԼΪģ˵ֻǺױΪһֱǺԼġ˵ֻȻеģ̫ʷ֪ԼûκεĽ١
ǣҲֻ̫ʷܶɣ֮ǰɣҲһһУɣȴδ̫ʷôˣ
ܵ˵ߵ̫һ˿»ǽܲˡ
Ǻôշ̫ʷȣߺ־س̵ʱ̫ʷһͷǰ·һյЧܺãһ·Ͽİն߾ѫ𺳡
صأȻ̫ʷȺɵ
ɽǷųȥֻԿƣǷߵĺá̫ʷȣҳ϶ǲҪǵģǲ֪ǸţǸ˧ţܹطͲš
̫ʷȺ
ߵͷҲô롣ǣĿǰֲ̣ôһ̫ʷأ
Цľ²ӹɵģȻҲҵǰôáֻǲ֪ܹܲõطȥԻͣ
ߵûĲҲû⣬ɸµİˡͰȫȥˡ
귢չòȫȫ˳һط߾뵽ȫᡣҵƬطչ黹Ҫ⾰ģϾԬ⾰طģȴ⾰⾰ǺģҲ̫ˣ
üȫˣߣ̫ʷȺϲȿ̫ʷȵɡ
ǰȫദϺǢ˭Ҳ˭ʵȫȴǿġԸ˵ûʲô±Ͳ̫أ̫ʷȾͲһˡһȥ˱ɻƺ⣬ǻһ㣬ɻ೸⣬ǿɾͲˣʾ˷ԡֻǲ˵Ūתˡ
褺߶ǴˣȻ˼ߵ鷿̫ʷȱȥಿ
ܶٶΪʲôҪǿڷŻɽ̫ʷȥಿв̫ʷпΪ޷ߣڸͲȥֱߡ˵ӵȥе˱̫ʷȲҪʼʩɽλ
ΪƽϢ˵ۣصص˵̫ʷΪ۳ɽ˵ΪԬַ®ңݹվסŵġΪȸ±ǧˣԬ־ҵòԬֻΪҪɲһٿ󣬲ŵõǧˡԬȴȻҹȡ®ʱڵ£òͷԬ񳼽ڣԸʶаԽ֮£֮ӡӺɷཻΨһ֣ڳıʣҲò뿪ԬԬĽ;ľɥֻûŵʱ빲̸´¡Ķԥ£Ҳ֪ԴôĹǷŻ㣿Ҳˣܲһˣ̽һĶӣҰҵĸղ˵˼Ĳ£ĲԸͶҵıǹԸģҲƼҸο㻹˳ҹ۲һ»Ʒܡ־Σܹܲһػģ®ꡢ۶Ƿ׸㣿Ҫٱٸȥ㣡
һƪ̫ʷȸж͹Ŀصв֮ｫĶͬģЩĴǳ˵ָֻ֮оΪѡڼȻѾƽϢ˱£˶ֻ࣬ҪʮˣҰȫˣ
һҲ˵ƣߺܸˣΪУһֱͳӪźԶ
̫ʷԶȥıӰܶ˿ʼ۷׷ף߲òӵĵز
⻰˾١
̫ʷȥһȥģ
ȻָǱڡ
߿˿٣ƵЦң˭ֵЧأѵ¼仹бҸõô
ţˬʣݺ飬еΪ֮۷
壡ʱ
ߺȻ̫ʷȵıӰȻ
̫ʷ˳ŷƮȥعͷøʮգؿɹ
࿴һĻֻек¡ô̫ʷҲߴȾɵˣ
շ̫ʷɣ߽ҪԸģһɳεϰ׻
ϰ׻ųӵʮ򣬳ȥսģһϣҲòһʱҲ
ʱ౻նɱϢ
նɱģԶΪ׵һЩڳĽ졣ֵĽڣǻʵ۵ʥּҲǲܲƵͥ˼
˻ʵۺͳôãҲǽΪ˾¡ܲ٣ּһͷ֮ĲԣҲյԽԽõЧԬܣ뵽ԼԵʵ۵֮ҲǺڲѰɣ





ڰʮ 

ɱ࣬ΪϽ־Ŷ׿˾ݾʵѾȫɢȻǻ塢ݻҲû˵硣ֻҪ˵ȡܱܲס֮ضܳ⡣ʵģʵʹǵ궡ԭıǶ׿ıɸ˳Ĵ󽫣ҲԭȶԭĲ
Ԭܻڹܲô߿ʵ
ҡҡͷδԬǲµġϵ¹ĻᣬֻҪܹһƽԬ壬ܹڳԬһۡ
ʱ˹һݸ࣬ڴԣ¶ãȻߣĿ˸ؿࡪ㶣ʱΪԼ۹⽻ĻɣͷЦ͵ϮȰ㻹ʵһ㣬űδƽݸɣڲֻһɽԽ֮δǲҪ̫̰ĵĺá
ߺǺЦ˵òϧҲ֪ʵȻ뷢ϣԲܲٵж
ʱҲֻеȻô뱱ϣ͸㣬ɸȥΪЧǰ˵ȥ׽ôȥɣ
룬ӸѾصأЪһЪʱȥֻ̫ʷǰȥҲ֪ܰжáŴνţȴֻԥҽ֮óȻֻಿǣǼ֡
˵ͷֻ̾˿ȴû˵
ܲ٣˶ϵˣһҪڽζ뿴ģȴ޿κεġ
ˣһ죬Ҿ˰ɣ
뵽ؿ㡣Ҳ࣬͸ɫһʱȻң֪οڡ
ȻȻȥˣ߶뺺ҲʱֻзһţעŵеʱϡܲٴǼӾ·һõ˻ʵ۵ĳϣ֮¡һ䲻ܲ١࿹⣬Ҳݺӵʱ
ڻص󣬲ܲҪټԽϵ˽⣬ڿڵĽ£볯šʱѾ볯ΪıڽԪĩԬܵĳԬ̷ȡڶŮӵɽ
ˣ֮Ȼվ־裬ֻܰѱ񰲾ҵȴκεĽȡҲͲסջҪΪɥ֮Ȯ
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ڰʮ Զ߸߷

ǲܲˮϾóе˵ˡԾԴ˿˵ԬȱΪԬǺ޵ڻ¡ȰŮ͹ȥԬͻᷢȱģ
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ںԺͤ࿴ЦЦģ޸Ԭd
࿴˰Σڳ̾һãǷԽԽˣ
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һЦȶ֮ܲңٽǲܲٲɱҲͬԣֻܰߣ
ü㻹͵Ԭȥ
ҡҡͷֻ㣡

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಻˼ؿǷڶҽô
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ΪȰ˵ô
̾˿վ׼Լ³ȥҵԵĶȵ油һ¡
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˻ŶԷ˰죬ŶЦ
ô
Ҳһͷš
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ЦЦ֪㸸ĸȰߣȴ֪һС㣬ôԼʳԡ
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ЦøˣֲǸӣ̸СļҲУ
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̾˿ѾˣٲúöԴԼҪ껪ˡ
Цһ䣬ɫӦøô
ѵΪһ㸸һô
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Ȼа취ϧЩ飬ܹҵġ
࣬ʹ۾ɵͬһͭ壺˵Ҹ
ࡰһҲ˵ֻԸͶֻһʹʹս
˶ţôİܲٴΧǣǱ٣ôսֻع³Ƕѣ
ˣ㸸ҲԸͶ
㿴ࣺأҪôô
ҡҡͷҲߣ㸸ȴиңҲܾܾ
ƾ㣿ܰҴΧ
˵ͷһĻû⡪ߣĸһĻҲԡ
Ȼĸǲᶪ¸׵ġ
Ҳ˵ͷǰԣһҪߣȻ㸸ĸôܰأ
ƫƫͷһ뿪ҵĸĸ
˵һ٣ֵи˳ô
ֻȥ˵οġһԼһ˸оİ⣬ûκ˻еˡΪԼһ˵İô˶ʹô
üͷۣβų̾һðɣ˵Ҹߣ





ڰʮ 

ʱŮ඼Ѿ׼ͣһŮð㣬עġ
ǰҶɽͳǣɸ˳ӦйεжرȻܡСǧ֮˭ҵΣֻнԻͣҿϣ

Ϊ⻹ǳڳ¹⡣
¹̨ŻǣȻڳⰲһӪΪ֮ưɡ
ص
ʵ֮ǰ۹ڳ¹¡
γ¹Լļ⣺û¹ڰһЩҸײҺͲ顣ҸһֱŵӭĶ飬ټһҶΪ˶Ҹ׶ԴҲһֱݣһֱһ۱һۡܲȷΪжԣڲܾѹ֮ʱʲôֽţ
Գ¹ĳҲֻûǸŮǸŮڱ󣬴Ŷٶȥˡ
ʵϲܲҲһֱԬȣԬԮһֱŵķͺܣر֮ǰͻΧڷûǰôˡΪԬȻ컴߾±һǸ߲ܲԼˡҪֻоұ٣Ƶģ
Ҫ˵ԬԴΪɱؽǿôҲԬôñˡĲ£ҲҲôˡ
ΪǣƲܾĵسȥ
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Ȼã֪˳֮ĸ飬˵ҲΪˣŶԸ˳ĻϾнʮꡣ
ţ˳û˿ʵ˼ֱӾµı¿ŷˡ
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ǰڣʲô˵أ
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Ǳƿúܴ󣬻ûӪԶԶһҵŻѾͳӪȥȥǱĺ·ڳȥǡ
ȥĻӦȷѡΪܲٵıռоԵƣԶٵǣҪԮʱȥǣûҲ͵ûĹ³ǣ׾ͻᱻ²Ŷԡ
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һ죺ʲŲϵǰҪЭӭУԹؽȥǲˡ
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ͷŷɵ£ʿ͵ܴӺߡ
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бһۣйô
ŷЦЦĹϵҲ֪ҲջҪΪ顣
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УŷڿһֻۣǻǺΪѡ
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ŷɺٺЦţҲ±䣬ֱӸɣǲ⿴ͲֵܲģôҲһһ
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ŷɵıӰࡣ
һ´ǣ˵أ





ڰʮ ³

ҪؽġȻصܷתߣʱֻҪڣͲߡȥ͵͵ţҲһȥġ
ǣܹҸһߡ
뵽еûд㣬񴡣ҲðֻҪܿ㣬С
Ҳˣֻһرޱ飬Ҳࡣ
⵽ıʣϾܵˣģҲûжǿŮйİοֻĬĬ
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ǰ·ߣһֱԬ̵ı߾Ҫת֮ʣȴԶ棬һѶ
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ǸģˣͦкΪ֡
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೶һ㣬յϸ˵ңҲģ
˿֣˭˵ˣ
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˵ͷȥϵ㣬һ㰲ٺõġһܾȳһһ
࿴˰죬Ｗһ䣺ҪǷǸһȥأ
ЦЦһˣѶȾʹһ֣㲻᲻֪ɣ
ҧ촽ãڵͷðɡȥǡ
ɱ͵͵
˵Ŷ³ЦƤһɾ͵ˡӾֵиˣҵ
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Цգ࣬棬ӾֻеС¶ѣӾֹһƤ´ȥǳ鷳鷳ҪӾտһˡ
³࿴һ㣬Цԭ氡誾ᵽ㣬ȴڴ˴ȻУȻĵġһᰲȫġ
Ȼܹ˵ʺ֮ˣǾӦôˡи㣬ӦҲʲôءҲģŴ˺һΣһֱߵϣ³
̣ʵڲУҲҪǿ˰죬ڷǰ˵ҲҪװ״
еؿ㣬һͷİɣҲô׾ҲһһҪúûȥʲô¡
㺬ͷӣᣬϽȥȻֻԼҪ̲סһᡣ
ҾȲ㸸ĸҲһҪѸ˳ȳ
﷢ԣݺݵشȥֻһ·ԭشš





ڰʮ ٻ

ĬĬ㣬ȴӱ޵ԽԽԶʶĵһΡ
࿪ʼԼûдһΪӣʱǶ϶ϲԼȥġԼһȥΪ˾пܾҪϵ¹һ𱱻ˡ
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λֵܣҾǺԵ
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˲ܲ٣Ҳûʲô̫ķӦ,ֻǶЦЦαذôأôҲˣһкη
ܲٹһЦܲ
ʱ˳ҲѺܲ䣬˳Ատڲ𡣲ܲΣֻȥնס
һѺ͸˳ǹױæ˳ǰŷɡŷ㲻øߴ󣬵ܱ׳ЩΪ±ܲٿһֱŷɵ󡪡˳Ǿȶˣȥ˵һ취͵
ŷЩԻ󲻽ػͷһۣһۣԺٸͣȥˡ
ŷɿһ۴̨µĸ˳ô죿Ǳ׼ġ
·ʵúˣҪֻ¾ˣ޷ǵھ͵ˡǰ߳ɹԼΪ㣬ȻҲܲ٣ɹļȴǰҪ󡣵µܲһŹȸ˳ǿԼϣܲҲһ۱һˡ
ȻⶼڶĲȻѾľ򣬲ҿղǸӶѾȤβȫֻǸ˳Ϊ㣬һҪġ
ŷض࣬·ȥһûʲôϵĸ˳
ˣȥɡҪǾȲҿɸƴ
ŷŵ˵ͷ˼ȻӶ˳ȥ
ŷ͵͵ؽӽ˸˳Ǳߣһһ뷨ϵ¹Ϊ˲ԼģΪ˱ԼĿе͵λΪɱ
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ܲٵֱô
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¹һֻۣԣƴӣδرܡ
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ܲų¹ȻȦһʱʣ˵¹һ˹֣ת¥ܲͣ¹ȴعˡ
ܲٶҵ͹̨ĸ޶ߣն
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뵽Ȼϣ֮ġǲܲҪʺһ棬˵ĻŹ˵۾ضϣܹ

ģԼ߿һۣԼʾ
ʱʿ˰¥Ǹ˳׼׸ܲٹĿġ
ܲҲûϸɨһ۾ͻȥˡڶս󣬸˳˵ϾѪˣټʱĿŤ˭ϸġŷ˵׼нģھ˸˳һһУֻ»˿Ͼ̵Ҳû⵨һ٣ܲٵռ˾˭Ҳܱ֤һٹء
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ʱ˳Ŀ⿴ȥȻҲ࣬˫һһȵӡ࿴һЦ˵ͷ˼ġ
ȴȻǻ⣬˼Ƭ̺󣬳ŲܲٻĿͳ¹˵ʲôֻǵͷȴûпڡҲΪԼ˵ɡ
ʱ¹Ѿף׼ѳ¹׼ϣܲȴֹס˵ĽŲ˽¹׼ʬһᡣ
ܲһУعͷ¶һ˿׽ЦݣɨһۣȻʲôҪ˵ô
ܲƺһɨͷһһ̲סǱ߿ȥջסˡʱ࣬Ǻױܲٷֵġ
ԲܲЦ˵ԸΪΪ󽫣֮²ѶҲ
仰˵úܴ˶ˣȴǰвá
˵⻰һܲΪѾû֮ģ˵һ˵ĻܲٵĲ¼ɡϵ¹˼˽ĳ̶˵ڶǾǵһ˵ܲԼԼ˽⣬Ȳ˽⡣
ȻܲζЦЦͷ¹ΪΣ
ȴܲ˱飬һݣɲǼ˼ת߳ҧһһٵصԭ׿֮º
ܲٵٴһ˿ĪЦƳס
ǺǴЦȻĿһһٵصţ
ԭղȷΪԼ˵ģղŵͷӦȴ⵱Ȼߡ
ʱȴѺɵԭҲסˡɼƥξ֮У
һۣȴ˵Ѻȥȥ֮ǰؿһۣ΢Цתȥ
ȥһӲͣаȥҲ˵仰ѡȲҲǰϵ¹ļκΪѰˡ
֪֮ǰȣʵԼġԼվУΪԼ˵⻰϶ΪԼ˵ûԼҪ̫ҪһۡԼǲϣˣҲµʲôˣҲóûЦһͲܲ٣ȴ˷Чòܲٶûκһ뷨
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ܲЦԭҲǵð
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˿һʱɵʱһֱ⸱װ磬һ۾Ϳ˳
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࿴߸ӣ˵жǼٵġ˼ĵֻһֻܵΪ
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Ҳ֪ģȴ޷侲شȥǹˡе׵ģ˻صϵ¹ߣһȥһ,ҪߵĻҲһסУһҪһߵģҪ߾Ҫ硣
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ˣܲ
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㿴ϵɫ֪ȻѾбʹ̲ס֪ʱ˵ز鱯˵ʱ̣ǿ񣬴ߴ·
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ƽʱ˴ķԸֻΪʾһµǣҲûж˵ʲôһ£˵ҪһߣҪһ
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߹ЦԬѾ;ĩ·ǰЩѾٴȥͶǱɽױȥˣһճǡϾжȡٴˡ
һϸ֮²֪ԭԬݼѱͲԣٴΧصķһգַ֣ӣôأǰЩӳ±ŻŻܲ٣ܲɳһ֧ƫʦͰԬıˡһʵۣӣҲǹŽһ˰ɣ
ΪβȥͶѫ
ʡΪ®ѫƺԬεӣԬԸߣҲҪ®ѫ
ҡҡͷҲ֪ѫȻԬҲױͳͶ׳¶ˣȥͶѫҲ֪Ԭôġ
˼һ£Ԭ뱱ϡ
ϣ˶һ
వɨһ۸˳㣬ȻȻʹҲЩ֮ģ˵ЩҲתһǵעԼ֮ɣǵһ뱱ȥͶԬܣԲŻȥͶױ
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ԺٺЦ˼¼ͣѾԹ˲Ͼˡ
һ㶣ϷӦ¼ͻʵԬͲ뿪ٴ
ԬĩգͿѽ





ھʮ һ

һ·Уһ·е꣬ڻصߵĵ̡
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ھķǾһϴһ˶ͬһ·ϵЩӣദҲČУıʾҲʽദʽĻӦ
棬֪֪Һÿġ
˯ӪʱȻסһӪģǸʱ򣬾Ƕ˻ԳʱһҹǰϦҲȨǰһ졣
۾̲סȥȥ
ֻЦţһģ㸧šľ硢Լ
СɵϣֲǵһΡ֮ǰҲսµģҲҲƽƽػˣ۾ܰϢ
ǣһβͬ
㶯˶ѹϣĶصвܲ١ġĺ¡һȥˡ
۲رڻģô㡭
ʵһ˲䣬Ҳ֪ʱܲٷԼԼľ㣬˲ܲٵߡһܺ£Ҳġ֪Լôֻģһϵ¹;᲻
㵱ȻǺĻģʱҲۣ૵صֻҪߣǾͺãǾͺá
㣬һ죬뿪˽һô
ʱԼһҪ뿪ģԸԼߣǾһߣԸĻԼҲֻܵһΰˡԭȻڽයЩӣ͸˳ǵǶսûȤˡԼΪǿǡȻ˳ó˳ڽˡ
͵̧ͷضࣺҪߣ
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Լ£Ŷ߲ʱʹСС̲סַȥеճճյؿ˯̡

صˣӭ˽ꡣֵܺ࣬ټ͸˳ˣڻúõعһꡣ
ڼ䣬ȻҲµһЩϢ
ʿⱻ̫ػɱ
ܲԸɱʿ֮ټԾʿƣʼʱȷҲã̬಻ɱʿ֪̫֮ػ鼱꣬ʹȥĿͶ档֮򲻿⵱裬ɱ
ϢȻΪҵģɴ˿ڶԻҲˡԻȫεĻǲûɱľٶģȥԼһµǼ¡
Ҫ棬ֻҪսپӦòϾɳԮġ
Ľ顣
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ңţеСС˽ĵġԼպҪ뿪ȥٲҪ褺͸˳˵İæദһ£һ¸飬ҲǶպһֺܺõİš
ңһҲ̫ڴڣԼҪ´һ£ҲһţȤ١ȥĺá
棬ǺİôҪߣ
ȥ֮ǰ׽ԹţлЩԹ
ǰװ׵˺ʱ⣬ȥײġ
˵⻰Ϊ֮ǰ褸֪ϵΪôöȢޣǲġ˻ݡΪ硢ĸеĵλҲҪʼѰҽˡ
`Ϊһö󣬿ƫƫ`һֱ褵ɲ࣬ôҰԼŮ͸¶`®ѫϵĹϵΪ΢ҲԴΪƣеΪԼ`ǣߵ뷨;ٶ
ԣҲϣܼ޸ԼʱģٵģҲȡһʱ䡣





ھʮ ѵõ

ؾܾ褵һ顣
ĲǣûбķαҪǣȥأ
ҲֻÿЦ㿴ô
˵ɫһǣΪ㣿
䴽ǣЩ飬ǲҪ˵̫׵ĺá
ǣҲֻдЩΣЩźЩĲʣˡ
誣һֱҵģôһֱôѣȻûʲôԲĵطҲ˵ʲôԲ֮Ļϣ㲻ҪΪҶòġ
ȥǰҲ˵Ļ褣ֻǿЦҡͷȥˡһԹµӰе˵УҲ
Ҹңû̫ʽأ
ԳšһﱣмϣҲܹɣ
ǣ㲻һҿǻ᲻ֶεġ¶ԷǲҲã
ﰵؼƽţԶѸŵ͸˳˦úԶԶ
褺˳࣬ҲڻǵСӡ
ȻⲢֻǶ˵Ķ硣
ͷ۵ģĪ档ȲҶԶס̫׽᣻̫ԶĻһģһֽعĹϵǿɲˣģ
ᵽʲôС֮ѷԶ֮Թˣ
۰ҵ״̬£úõش˼£ԼŪĿֵģҲս
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Ĵ죬ܶ࣬µ˿ټ򻯵ľ޴ƶ
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ʱӱҲڴ˹趱ԬΧ׾Ϣ˼ĶͳһսҪβҲֲ֧˶ˡ趼Ƽȣӹɽȡ̶ʴͻΧɽϮԬܼݡĳʷؾΪ׾ʹĻɢսԹ־شԮ
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һ죬Ѿ˹趱ԬܳϢ
׾Ԯɽ빫ʱʮ򣬷·ȡ֪ǲܸ湫ԼлԬܡűԬʿػԬܽƾͼƣڳ·Լھٻ𡣹趼Ϊȱʾǣзܶ飬ֻþع³ǡԬʿھصڸ¥£ݻľ¥趼ȥɱãԷ١ǣҲΪԬռݣԬһͳݣΪľ
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ܲʷ򸧹У֮ǣȫԸԬܡ齨˾ξιУΪ֮֮ܲʹ˾УξԭκũԱ
ʱͶԬܵԬ;ʱĲסͻ޷ͻ赲ֻٴλؾٴ
߶Դ˴Ϊпһʱ޵ԬҲǵͷˡ
ʱܲʹֶŮߵ׵ΪӲȢ֮ŮΪ֮ȨΪ
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غѵΪң
⻰ֲʣֻ޺޵롪˵Σ˵Ѿεúˣ
ФߵĲȻ򡪡ԭģֹһ




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Ҫˣ½ǲҪô·Сӵġ벻ʲôӴСһֻҰţлĻȥһ¡Уˣ
ͷɽǣȻöеΡ֪ˣαضô䵭
ٿ㣬̾Ϣϧȡǰ˰ɣ





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ƾ飬Ҳ߹ѶѫֻҲֱӷ°ա
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಻`ǸԼˡΪ`㲻һˣҲǺƵģֲԼˡ
Ǿ£ҹζ࣬ǳʲô
ԵȥԬʱʵѾ㲻⣬ԼҲҪסԬߡżңԬסĵطӦøȫŶԡ벻뵽ߵʹߣȻԬļʲôϸ𡣶ѫʱѾ뿪®˾ʲô뷨ҲԬļˡ
ԬѼֻǱ֣ԬԳӭˡ
Ԭ࣬侲úܣһҲûоñطļֻǶ㻳е𵮶࿴ۡ룬ɥ֮룬ҲǐˣܶԺܶ鶼йӦ˰ɡ
̾˿Ԭȥȴһȥº͵档
ҴԬd
΢΢һû뵽ԬĳӣǸûʲôҰĵˡ
ʵϣĻǲҪʲôҰĵĺãֻԼ
Ҳû̫ľͰ˼˵˳ȻԬdȻ಻ֱӶ˵ѫǱƭȥģֻ㵽ֹԬdǲܷӦѡ
Ԭdʲô֮û֮⣬ֻǵ˵ͷȻ˵ѫЧĶӦһͳΪΡ
ජ˰죬뿴ǲǹô˵ȷԼжѫһµɻ





һһ Ԭ

ԬĻʡ
磬չӵ˼ѫֻ»׶༪ٰɣ
ԬϾ໰ﰵָ˼Ҳģûӣ˵ֻ
Ԭdֻͷȴû¶ΣЦЦԭղ˵Ļأ
һ£ϸ֮²֪ʲѫм۷֮£ΨһһԵˡ
СǼףʱڹˡʱҾƣ⣬ʹڿ顣ʱϮң󷽲ܶءǸʱ򣬽ڵУ顣ҿҾĻӡ
ʵʱѫȰɡ
ϧЩѵĻܻѫ̰ԶѫҲûκεá
ѫγô
ԬdҡҡͷѫΪԼʤֻһ˳˽һıǣµĽҲûд
ǷЧأ
వ̾˿ڵĻǱȽͷ۵İɡ
öһ⡪ѫһߣȥݷʡã˵ǲ˵ҲҪŪߣ
㣬סԬҵ£ӦҲˡڵ⣬ǸôȥȰ˵ʣ
ѫܿͳ뿪ǣ࣬Ҳͳݷʡ
ܹȡ
Ϊһ˼ѫߣһգ߾ҪˡһܹĻĺá
㣬ȻԬԬˡȻϣһ֣ǵȫ⣬ҲֻˡϾ಻ԻָŮװҡڵϽ֡
ҵʵסûʲôۣͻʵĽӼ
ǸȥܳϿҵˣż¶һĨ׽ɫӦҲǸĻǸˡ
ˣͨҲܻΪԼ㣬ԣ˵Ҳʲôܵ¡
Եʺָߵġơʱ෴ЦӯӯصϧѫҪȦҲûа취ﲮʱʯ٣Ͳÿϧ
ʺһҹˣɳ־áֻҪϼգʦй߱ذܡ
࿴ЦΪѫ˿ػô
üͷ࿴˰죬ŵˣΣǾΪҲ
ЦѫɲʲôֵľЧˡһԼȵˣ޵¿ԣֺα˹
һʱֵ¼仹кֵͶЧﲮ
˵һԴڽࡣ
˼룬ʱȥߵߣǼرĵ£ϵ·˷ҲţÿȥͶ
һ£Ȼû뵽ƼԼȥͶˣһӦǻ᲻̽ԼҪ·ϰԼȻ룬ҪԼƺԼҲһαضһ٣ϸ룬ܲԼҲûʲôͻȻʹߣԼºҲܴӡȥͶǲʲô֮ݣϾָܲԼ̵˶̣ʲôǲ̵ģȻܹõãԼѫҲͬòãβһط
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ѹһݣݡһУˮһ㣬һͬȥͶܲٵţΪдһƼš
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໰ָģȻ𵮡
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ֻǣԼǶϵ¹Ƕ£ȴȥϵ¹Լǲ̫Դ̫˽أ
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ʿ࣬˼һ£ڻص˵ͷ
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ܷĵ߳ʵĸۡû߳ԶͿԬǰվš
࣬Ԭæǰôϻйϵô
һ£֮Եѣ̸ʲô飬ôˣ
ԬüҲûʲô£ֻżҵĶС㡣һͺܾôûߡ䡣
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ҪȥɣԽԽ鷳ȥֻȸԬȥҲǸˣӦ֪ءҸԼôãܸñ`ǿ㣬ԸСѾͷӦûɣ
Сĵӡ
Ԭһࡣ
࿴һԬԬϴһ˿΢ЦָһüҵѧȻ
Ԭ˶촽˵Щʲôɫ䣬ĿڵҴӺͶڻô
һ㶡ߣǵģΪʲôȨ
ٿԬϷɺ죬һɨ޵С˳ΪСʢӢۣ˭Ϊۣ
Ԭˣˣֵǡأ
వ̾˿ԭԲ׼ԬǲԼķѡԲߵ̽ԬԬȻϵԼ⣬ȴȨǹȨΣǾⱾȨҿԬ飬ɬңǺˡǲףļһΪʲôҲõŮԵҺ죬ֻ֪ǱҲһ֮£֮ϵġܵ˰ҰɣģȹЩʱգȥ˽Լֽ̱ˡ
⻰˵ΪѷԬûʲôֻǲͷǳճյʲô





һ ܾ

еƣҲ޼ƿʩֻԬţһߵ
ã㵽˰ʱ֣ǻˡ
ùù
࣬󵹿ˮ
㣬ΪĵҲһɨˣЦʵôŶСѲô
ȹӿ첽ߵѲ
һ࣬治֪Ҫʲôǲܴ¡治֪ǿһˣ
һ룬ԬպҲǶʵģһϣﵽǺ񡣲`Լһ뷨ûСԼֻΣ۽飬»档
棬ҲһꡪǿСֻܵ˰ɣ
ٿһߵԬһӣҲֻ̾и˵ԵԼαزġԼ㣬Ҳһӵķأ
`Ĵڣ಻òǲҪǰ뿪һֱȵ߱ٳ£ȻһȥġȥģҲûʲô˼ѫĻţԬdĸȥˡ
ڶ죬ʹȻټҰǣ𵮣ҲҹһȥѫڳУҲûʣҲһ׼ģȻҲô׵ؾʹӦ顣
࿼һջǾǡߴǺⲻ˻Ҫ뵱صĴ򽻵޿ɱģټϽ褵Ľ飬ˣԺ̫Σ Ի°ɣʱҸֻǺܷ¡ֻҪ˵֪սڼΪɶ˾СֻҪϵ̫ˣϵ̫ãպ`ʱȻҲе㲻ڡ
Ҳûʧ˱ǡ
ǵıȻ࣬ʵһ󲿷ԬdľɲѫԼȫȥ˺衣Ǽûʲôֿͱߴ
һڳԳɸӡѫǰʱԬƣбڶ±߲Լ۾Ȼʮ˵Ľ
ȴ߻ǷЩ˻ؼҸ֮󣬻ҪԻָΪءЩ˶ѫǿģ®ȻѾȡЩ±ҲûмڵıҪˡ
Ҫģȶ®ġѫҲǾӪ˲ˣȻͣҲһǳġԱصĺ壬ѫǺġ
ԣڽǺĵһҪ£ͨ褼
ȻǲҸȥġȻҪ`ģɡǾͼƻһȥϢ
ǿɲУһ®̫صλأ
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ǿߵɫ֪ģɵﰵ̾һԭҲȨ̫ѽҪ֮һôϧԼ֮ģζûȤ
뵽಻ɵеȻ߶Լĸ飬վǵвµĿȻôԼ®̫أ
Ȼ߲ûʲôŮ֮飬ϾԼĶӣڼԼĸʣлⲻ̾һµġ
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һʧˣǵͨ죬űһ䣺Ͳô
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ƽȵߵĸΪܣ˰ŵϣǴ壬ֻʱǵ
ðù誺żҲЩ飬ΪǴš
ನص
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һ˵Ϊʲô⣬ַң
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б褣Ц㻹ǲϳԿ
ЦЦеįӣǣϳ˴
౻˵һʱ㡭
褰˰֣ҲˣıԽԽ۰ãҲ¡ֻǣϾıҲûбĳļԣҪһ⡣δ®˳Ҳ۶ܵĵж׼طҵģиһҵĳЩϽԹۣҲܾڲ֮ء
ϣ˵úԼĲΪһڼ·䱼Լ۵ùǺҪĵ®̫أҪӦڲ£Ҫȥȡ£˵Ҫϵ¹ΪС಻õģϵ¹ԼѻУҪԼϵ¹ΪУǲܵģ
ԣкɣҲ®̫ءһӹλܶǾɼˡΪԼδܱĺá
ںݺһٺ󣬾;ȥ㡣
ңʧ֮أ
ıӰ̲ס̾һ





һ ¡йũ

뿪褺㣬˵˸ղŵ¡Լϵܵ㣬಻Ϊʲôڸ鷽ıҪҸ㣬ԼҪȥ¡ɢɢģҪҪͬȥ
ȻҪŵģҲСӵǴ˿Ҫˡ٣ȥʧȥ磬ȴᵣʧȥࡪϾСӣҲǸʡ͵ĵƣϾСûʲô̫ķ佥֮ʱͻ붫رǰʱ಻ߵʱ򣬾ͻһֱһʱ⡣¡еʱ⣬ȻҲص㡣Ѿ㣬ʱ̸ֹȻΪС֮ġ
ؽԾȥɡ
˵ú赭д֪ҪǲӦǽŶĿ϶ǿꡪȻϵģǾϵġ
Լֿ˫ħֵĵֿԽԽûģҲûоܾҪŵ
һţ·Ҳ߻׷Ŀǰ˵æ¶ȥˣ׷ֻ»˶֮ġ
һ·еͬʱݴƲܾϢ
ԭܲΪɳԱƫȥһ̶˵Գ˷²λܾ˵ǲܲĻԣ·ɫҲˣ
ӻߣ
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ʱǳ֮ҪȥģֹһûбҪűˣ·Ҳ˵㣬ҲǸһϲȻ˵ԼԼеĵλǣȷʵôġ
ĿУҲҪΪܵı̫࣬һʱû˿ߣԣһһ¡㣬ܵİˣǣȴһܹߵˡ褣ԳΪˣǣҲཥнԶˡ
ȥƺҲֻһԳ
űеĲ裬ţصĻ
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ܲǰ׳ôǣôȥˣ
˵ţȻǶԲܲٵľٶΪȻ
˵ͷҲšϵ¹Ҳǲò˵ٰ֮ɣ
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ЩؿΪʲô
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룬˵úܶԣ˵òҪ齵ϵ¹ˡ
ؿһࣺôȻô۹ô
ЦûУУ
˵ž˼ڼΪˡ֣ࣺԭˣһΪ֮ǰǴܲܲ٣ļıأ¼˲ٰҲǾ֮ܰˣ
ǻȻתϴηֱԵļϡڼѾ׼һʽȥ˾յļסһӣ˾պúѧϰұϾǾ֮ܰ
Ļ˾ģ׿ȥʽ˾̡
Ϊʱ¶Ϊ̾˭Լɫһ棬ӹţʵһټģÿ˶óһ档ԣΪԼܸһ֮ǰľ





һ Ӣ

һ·˵˵ЦЦ˰ʱ֣ǸϵŶӢļСŵǸϼˣȻˣҪС㣬ҲûжʲôͰӢ˳Ӣǻϲ֡
㣬ôʱ䶼ңҶˣ
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֮ǰæһЩæˣⲻô
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ӢҲû⣬ֻǸ˵ȻҪд˽ȥȴҡҡֵȻúܣҾ¥úóһپƵģҿǲͷ㸸ˡУҲһȥɡ
Ӣ룬ȥ˵һǵһ¡
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褣ĳ̶ֳĺ
ʵģ׼¡סáϧΪˣֻ̫ʧӢĻʵĿȥˡ
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˵ŵһ࿴ЦӢ֮Ҳȫûпܰ
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˵Żȥ½˽֡
వԺЦԴӺܽӴĳԴΪ֮ơѳֱָỮţӢҵ޷ֻ㲻СϾҪؽģҲ˳ǡ
˵Ű߹Ϯ®¸˶ˡ
ѫ֮ﲮĶ֡Ԭܣֻ˶֡ϵ¿ɲǺöԸġ
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üҪ˵ʲôȴȥˣαΪֶ֪᲻ִᷢأ
ҲֻЦЦδ˵ʲôֻкŮԷڵĴ¥˵ζȷʵ
¡һססʮ졣ڼ䣬ȻͶ˲ܲ٣ԼΪ®̫صϢ
ϢҲ̾˿Ҳ߿ˣָ꣬®̫ظԼһɣ
ؼʱ̵ͶȻòܲٴΪˣΪ佫ΪŮ׼ҡڵ֪齵ǳԼڼ󣬲ܲٸǱڼΪִᣬͤ
֣ԽԽ˰
Ϣ̲ס˾ɧɧ޲޵Ĺֻ
Ҳǣڼһ͸һȴˣǾ޽еġ
ƽϷĸزܲ٣Ϊ˼ߣݴʷԷں͵Ϯ
ˣôߵĶأ࿴ⲻǰװˡˡ
ߴʱȴǹ˲֮ˣǼ׼ϰ׻ѫ֮Ҳһĸ֮ڳúýѵһ°ϰ׻ڵľںˡ
ܲ٣ս갰֮Ҳڰеĺ֮ǶˡѾҽףֽߵܵܶТҲǰ㹻˰ɣ
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ʴӼ磺ҲΪáҪȥҲµ˾İ





һ а

ද˶촽˵Ӣŷ˽Ȼƾ֣⿿ӢһӦ
Եűö͵ĺζʱ಻صֻٷĹͣǵùӢͷϰɡҿҲǴְˡ
Цͦڴϣññࡣ
ߣĸûûСԽĲˡ
ָࣺ㻹˵ңͿֵֹģҲһ㣬ô
㶣ŷӦϸһ£Լȷڷϻе㲻Ȼģе΢ȴеһ۾ܿȻֵļһﶼˣӢҲ翴ˡ
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һۣҲһָ˴ô㻳ң
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û˵ֲҲû˳Ƶȥǰ
࣬ոգ˵ԬѾ˰ɣ
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Ѿǵ־壬ֻǵͷӦȷӦѾˡ
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˭һѽ

Цé®дһϮ۵ճյվԺУ·ؼʱš





һ Ұ

¡ǣȴҪȾҰ
һ౾˵ˣȴ㾭Ұʱˡ
㱾סһ󣬾뿪Ұȴڳʱ·ΧһȦ۸һΪ׵ĺӡ
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̾˿ҡҡͷ״عȥЩĺɢﻹЩһ١
ЦǰôôĻ𣬼Ӷѡ
Ҳ۸С˻˵ã˵һΪ㡭졣
СֳȻû˸ҶôʵϺܶͨ˼ҵĺӣʱٵرĺ۸һ¡ҲǡֻҪҪ̫ݣӵ£òҪصĸ桭ס
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Ǹô
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Сһ￴ˣе㾪ŵص˵ͷ
̾˿ԼҰиˡȻ˵޲Ǻ죬Ȼˣݷһ£Ҳıһ¶Թ˵Ļ֮顣
˵޲ʲô壬ҲֻǸƶŮӣȻ˿ڻƳյķϣûΪǣҲʲôŴ
Ե˸ĵĸòãסĵطҲֻһݶѡ
㲢ûжʲô࣬õ˸Ƕǰȥˡı£ȡһСӵΣǲѴ֮ġ
ʵϵ˸ļҾ֮Զʮľ롪Ͼ˸ֻ꣬˵ղȺӣȻ۸ʵҲڴֻף׽ŪöЩˡȻ˸ĵĸ˵ϣҲһˣ
ϣڽϴԭһֱ˽ϴ첹ЩС֮ģЩá
ϼãȻ⣬ҲûбֳʲôִٺͲܴ󷽵д˶ˡȻԵĶֻЩֲ赭ȴֳ˲ڴ˼ĸķ緶వԾ֮ǰദֻңңʾһ£಻һĺβ֮̽һ£û뵽ȴǸ˲Ůˡ
Ƕлдˣʲôܰæģҡ
ڵڶ峿ʱЩȴϾܾˡΪǿ֣ȴϵпڼ֮ĳֹâԣ仰
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û뵽ִ𰸣಻ɵóһ
ҲȻҲȷĹѪһҵȫѪȥԴ
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뿪Ϻ͵˸̲ס˵㶼ôѧˣҪյѽǲǶԵʦİã
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ǵʱ䣬ǴµϢǾߺ褣ֱӭȢޱ`
Ⲣе⣬еǣȨȻȢл֮󲻾ãȢ®岽ϵŮӲࡣ
ҲԸ·ô
̾˿ôԣȨĲ¼֮ģ벽ӣҲǸˣ֪Ȩô
ѫϳǱϮƣæлʦ븴ǣڰ·ϱ︨˷ܿ䣬ʣ֮ǲʹеĽ̫ػȡ
ԬǴڵж״̬ģѫǰЩԬѾټϻҲѫǣߣ˶ӻˮǧȡ
ȴʾ͹ѫڻȱ֮ǰͻѫʹѫͶܲ١ѫѰܣҲֻʱ顣߻ѫȴʦǴ®һڳһʱҪת̬
࣬ȴ뵽ʦѵʱ͵Ϯ˵ֻң
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ʱѾǰĩ
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ಢΪܲǸͶܵˣΪܲǸСõˡֻԬܽսĹؼʱ̣ܲһոͶ˰ɣ
ʸˣмʵϵģȻƷôУҲǸĻϲСˣǾڴȱļһˡսڼȥͶԬܣȥˣߣԬܵӦԬҲδؿûңԬܸͲҲС٣ͶɢˡŲܲ٣ʤˣ٣ˣΪһ͢ĹԱԬֵĳ͢£ҲȻܹյعӡ





һ 

ˣһһϵ¹˵ġһƬģϵ¹һ֪ġ
򷢵ʣûа˼ȥҪȥ˽òʩչҲõܡ
ҿͦӵġ㶵ص
ӣʧЦǰȻпαթģǱϾоӵɺ£Ҳǲˡ
ҿٱӵö࣡
Ȥ
üô˵
һЦǾӣôһֱͬģһܻ˼ҲûС
౻˵һ졪ȷȻֵ֪ܶԼԱ⣬ԼƺҲ̫һ㡣֮ǰ˵ףڣȻͬݶޣڲ˽˿ڿͻ˰ɣ
뵽Ȼ˸ѵԼŮ£Ͷ֪ˣ
ϸ룬Ҳĸ֪İɣȻôһֱԼһȻͬ޵һֱûж߶ҲһֱŸָµľңܸ˰Լܵ״ͨϲŶԵİ
һʱ䣬˼ǧ⣬ֱҡѡ
ôˣ˵ѵˣ
㻹ڴȤࡣ
ЦҡҡͷѸղԼĸ㡣ȴЦ˵Ͼ֪ŮˣΪ檡
еȻʧЦҲΪʲôһֱԼˡ
֪ԼΪκһ˵檵ģϣȴܹһŮӣΪԼӵޡԣԼΪ®̫أҲԼߵһֶΡԼǴߡߣҲΣŻַӵİɡ褣ʱ򣬿Ҳ޿κεİɡ
ȴָ쾡ͷĻƣ쿴
ȸԾӣ·δѣֻǣԼѾ޷Ļ˰ɡʲôĿԣʲô֮ǱʲôΪϰ˾Ǵˡʲôԭʲôɣߺ褶ԼʱѾһǰشԼĸ飬ֱӣңûΣȴҷܾġ
ǲǹ誣ǻôأԼĸﵽһ֮ǰԼֱӽأ
£ǲеİɣ㡭Ͼֻѽ
ң˵ûʲôġеģֻڡڣԼһģ㡣ԣαȥЩתأ
ŻڻЦŵ㣬̲סǰ§ס㣬ˣǾ뿪ô
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Զ߸߷ɣ
عͷࣺȥô
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ЦŴս㣺İɣȥ򱾾ͲȥĵطҲϲǾ߱·
·ġ
ɻתЦӯӯб·ô
ССɻĺ촽бڻˡ
öһķָߡ
ܲھ³ǰ߰ʦֻڽڻƺϰԬܾĶ
ܶ˲Ϊʲôôؼʱ򣬲ܲپȻǰ߻ȴ֪ΪԼ
ԲܲߣܻԼºԵ
Լѧ˿Ըıò
ȻǸԼõģǸõġΪҪǣ͸˳Ҳˡ
褺֪ܲԬܼսº֪пҪѰǡѡ˺ܾãڻ͸˳
Ƕ˲ҵˣ಻ʲôɻ䣬ﱻչ˵úܺãҲǷһ飬࣬Ҳǻһ飬֮˾ȥҵطˡಢûԼߣǰȻסڼڼլûլۡסʱ࣬ȥѰ˼ڼˡ
ȻҺɱܲΪҸױ𣬵˳˵öԣ˽𣬶Ҿɱ˲ܲ٣ֻԼҲûٻȥǹҸ׶ҵһˡ˵Ȼе㲻ģòϣûа취𡣡
˵ǣȴû뿪
еҪȥɣǻǰҵæɡ
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໨˺üĹ򣬰ѵܲٽһЩսԼԼĸЩĶд׼˸Ҳ֪СӵôǣдЩսսɣⶼˣҲԼԵˡ
дһʱ򣬲ܲٴǰ߻ص
ܿģͼ˲ܲʹߡ
չô˾մŹڴˣʤϲ빫ӹһ𡣡
ʹߵĻϵģڶ͸˳һ󣬾ʹȥܲˡ
û뵽ǣûмԲܲ٣ȴȼʡ
ʵȼǲا뿪ʱĺӣѾǸʮĴˣеɫвܲٵص㣬бϵɡ
ا˵࣬Ϊһ£Ҳûж˵ʲôʣا˵ʱ̬֮ǰ®ʱȫͬһĹ˳ǫ
еԾؿһʣȻԲا񡪡Ͼ˾մ˵ĹӣȻԼֻһԼ񲻿ɷϰֻʣƺе˰ɡôͽֺòاֻ·ϵ¹»ӡ
Ҳ֣Լϵ¹Сô࣬Ҳȷǰϵ¹ǶӦúԼͬĲاڸǲԾذԼܣΪԼǿʱǸеĺӵԵʰɣ
ȻֶģǣȴǵҰ˵Ͳ֪ô˴أ
Ц̾һ¡
ϵǣاȻͷΣҵı֣ô
³ԾģˣҲһ
ͨв˼ңҪ֣ǳԺ󣬵ǹٻ֮ңȴӵʱʱͰѱָˡاʮַǾõģǾ˵ܲٵĹϵŽʮĽ飬ôܲʳԾ
֪ͲܲʮϵĽ飬Ծ
ɨһʣһ￴Ǹܶˣֻǲ֪ûмڼôͨ¹ʡ
ȻԲا˵ͷԭϵҵѽҾ档
اһ㾫âȻҸ׵İɣ棬Ҵȥɡ
⻰ҲʶȤظˡ
ʵıӰȻãҲܿΪһûĻҹ壬ҪָֻǺˣҪͶأĨȥԼԸӭλߣҲǲ˰ɡ





һ ܲٵĶŮ

ڲا棬鲻ԽܰÑ㻹ڵĻӦ㸸׵ĵ˰ɣӻȴûĶأ
Դ˵ظ̾ţܿŲا˲ܲڵ鷿
ףˡ
اûнȥԸʩ
ܲٿһ۲ا˻֣ȻЦ棬ôҲҿˡ֮αûˡ
ЦЦֱ߽ȥģֻǲاԼ߽ȥҲ̫اӡҲվڲاҲûֻ΢ЦſŲܲ١ϵ¹֮ǰһء
֪ϵ¹ԼϴεĲǶʲôѣȻҲЩ׵ĸоһϵ¹򸸱ĸоȻԼҲеЦԼѾʮˣôһ
اȴе㾪ȵؿһ࣬ΪȻŲƵ׵鷿ڣû˿˼ɵôΪȡŮ˹ɫ㣬Ǹ׵ˣҲ̫˼ˣҪ֪ԼĸױϣʱҲҪġ
ڲاھк˼֮ʣߴ˸һŭߣعʩһȥɫдһ˿ңȴȥԼɫɫ糣ȥ
ȻûзŹاһ仯Բܲٵϵ¹ƺӻ⣿
ܲЦЦ֮Ñв㣬Ǳ֮ӽҲδܸ߳һ
֪ӽǲܲӲֲĵıֲ֣겻꣬ȻܵõܲٵʶҲǺֵİ
棬ҵĶǶŶ
ܲ˵⻰¶ɫ
ӻȹι֮ţˣΪ½ӽʴӱɳ֮ţТ˫ȫǰ֮ģɰǲ棬ң
࿴Ųܲٵӣֻ΢Ц⼸ֻ֣ĺӽǲܲӲúӲֲı֣Ҳֻδ档
ܲټɫ֪Լ˸ȤĻ⣬ЦЦתԵ˴ǰкμ̣
Цϵ¹˵Ļ̫ǫˡֻǰ֮壬ϵ¹ʧˡϵ¹Ԭܼսڼ
˿ܲٵɫֵȻһ˵ǿһЩֽҪͷʲôҲ𲻵ԣҲǿԵġ
ܲٶ࿴ãŵ棬Σ㲻뿪˰ɣ
̾һ¡ȷʵһ֪ϵ¹һ仰ġǣȻѾ⣬µͷ̲סҡ
ϵ¹۲ŴԣĻ£αСϹڻÿζķţ´οɲأ
װٵؿЦ
ܲٵɲǼ£漴ɫ棬˴ǰԬܾս
˵ͷϵ¹ı˫ԭòֻ֮ҲֻúƤˡ
ܲٹһЦ棬Ϊʱգ㻹Щأ
൭һЦôϵ¹ϣЩô
ܲһʱȻֵ棬ԬڹٶɾսΣ
Ųܲ٣ϵ¹Ȼһٶеֻ֮Ҫڴ˴Ͳ±ԬܰΧԾԬ֮ڡԬոջܹ趣սʿѾƣټϺɽಢûбշĸ֮ҾֻҪ֣һģ
ܲҲ˵ͷֻǣԬɣҪԬԬܵٶ
ʣԬͳ˧˭

΢΢ü㣣ԬôˣҪɴܵΣAҲðĴսӦΪϣȻʹԷսǵĻˡ
ܲζؿ࣬гͺ˷ܣ۹⣬ǣɱȥԬܱضԮȣһγ֣޷ﵽյٶɵĿģ
࿴ŲܲٵӣһϤĸоӿͷ·һůůؿڡ·ֻص˶ǰϵ¹Ľ̵ѧϰӣϵ¹С»ѵסֻҪɳһ֧ƫʦߵӽɿڳڳϮ̬ԬܱضɱԮӽֻҪɳһ֧ҹϮضҾһĿ࣡
ܲ۾ã̾˿棬ڿ㣬ǸоԼˣ
һ¡ײܲ˵⻰⣬ϵ¹ʢ꣬ô˵Ļ
ܲҡͷ̾ζòŶµıȻ͵ˣǻûð
΢΢һЦ಻ƽѣϵ¹ƽİ
ܲٹһЦղ̸ЩҴȥҵĶǡӽ棬㶼ûмɣ
ͷ΢Цŵǰϵ¹÷ïǿϲ
ܲȴࣺϧǶȲ㣡
˰֣ϵ¹˵ŮȶӹЩѵϵ¹⼸ûŮ
ԼҲǲܲٵŮˣͿܲôӦ
ܲüͷŮôǺǡ
Ųܲٵӣ²ʲôֲ֮ϸʣװڵǱŮҲһɣһʱãҿǸ˵úܣҿǳÑҲûģ
ܲɫһ䣬ʱʧԣһʱګګز֪˵ʲôá
ҪǸʱ򣬲ܲһ˿ڣһӣŵ˲Ҫġ˵ֻлţҪô
ȻֻΨΨŵŵ
ٰܲң;ȥѼλӺС㶼뵽ȥȻһ·໺УúʱѾվкŮ
һ֮£֪ˣǸǲܲٵӲãģͬ˶Ҫøߴ㣻ߵǸϺģǲܲٵӲֲӽںǸԼֻ⾰ģǲܲٵӲܣСĲܳ壬ֲ꣬棬ǿȥġ
ŮĽвܣꣻСĽвܽڣ꣬Ҳ˵ġ
⼸Ů˲ܳ壬Ǳ
˺ܻӰ
š
ǣܲ۰ģȴСǸɻĲܳ塣Ӳܲٿоܿ
һֱú֡
ܲٵļӣ඼ǲǿ񶼺֡
اǺһ㣬ʮĴкȻе㲻⣬ܹġһкӳɳˣŮеɧҲġεòҲһǴҲûдڹһ㡣Ҫ֪ڳӲܰ󣬲اɾǲܲٵĳˣδاü̴ͳĿȻǴСֱ˺ǻĻ³ɳģǱ䱾£ܵԼΣѾܲˡ
Ҫ֪ԴЩܰƵģ治اɫȨҪ峺ࡣ
ǲܲٵӣŮȫһˡ
ǿ࣬ǿһǶںĶһ࿪ʼô⣬˵£Ȥ
ΪҪȥܲٵҵİɣԲŻ㡣
౾ԲܲٶԼĸ仯һĸоģǲԸȥ롣˵Ļǲ޶Եġ





һ ͽ

ֱӸϵ¹˵
ܵģ̫ӣһת徵ضûС
ǣҶ˰ɡ
ȻӴ඼ǱǶ˺ôޣ»˵ȽϺá
һ֮²ŷ֣ԭѾҡܰöȻȻػңܲپѡܲΣȴ벻ضˣҲֻաѹˣǲٰܲ顣
ٴᵽܰһ㱡ÑȻ˲ĸĸ飬ȴֿأ
ಢΪܲٵľѣЩ˵ȫΪԲܲ鲻רʹޡȻܲ٣ܲʲôˣӦۣżñˣٵԼҲôһֱԶ˺ܹ˳ҲͿ͸ˡе˼Ӳܰϣȴû뵽ܲΪ̰ɫŭ壬˲ܰĴö޷ܣܲپǳ¡Ըǿڰ鶼ʧȥڴڲܲˡ
̰ɫǲܲٵһ㡣ڲܲٿǿߣӵмŮӦġң֪ǵڼλϣǻؼо֮ʱǻصεУξʱܲٵѹܴ󣬴ͷʹѣλϣͷʹëŮΪԼѹҲǲܲٵһּоķӣЩѹʱ򰮺ȾһֻǾ£ܲٺٺȾƣľ໹Ůתơ
̾˿򷢵ˡɫ˵ߵ֮£ŰԼ֪¶˵˳ಢûɫȥʲôҲЩɫգֻģҲûа취
Ʋȥ˱ˡ˻浾ֲʧ֡еƶʱУֲʧ˾ͽ˵ĸ߰˵ģ֪Ҳ޷ֻ˵ڣҲֻ˼䵱۱ĻְѲܲٵҲ˹һһ
עǣûκε쳣λˣ˼ӡ֣ϸ˵һЩŮ̴ӣɫе졣ϸ룬ةฮ˿Լ񣬶е֡ǶǴһһʼΪԼò⣬ڿô¡
ϸ룬ϵ¹ļλС㣬ԼҲԡاͲܳ˲ͬ
ôأȥ˭أ
˰죬ȥʲاϾǸͽϴĺӣ̫ܳСˣʲôҲ˵
ǣԼͲاֲ죬˸ֶѣôֵܼȥ˼أǸӣ֪ĺˣתĨǵʣ붼Ҫġ
Ĳɵ˼͸ˣʱȴײܲ١
ܲȻǵ֪ǰϢģԼ࣬Ҳû̫ĳԾ棬Ҫô
˵ͷǰ̸ˣҿҲˣˡ
ܲ١Ŷһȥ鷿ңһ㡣
һ¡ȥģںԽԽ벻СѾͷˣһʱû롣ģһֻèǸָϻȦȦһһµģչ˫֣ȴҲӲţץֻǴţɦš
ǣϵ¹ҪôԵһ£ҲǿԵģ
Ǳᳵ·ϵ¹鷿ȻΪ˾գΪ󺺳ʵϵȨߣǲܲٵĸۡǷǳĸûʣľϼҲֻͬǾϸڶѡ֮ǰֻһ·࣬Ǻܿؾ˲ܲٵ鷿
ϵ¹鷿طϵһЩĺżֱĽŲ͵ʡԼѾǸǰһֱϵ¹ߵС޼ɵطеֻżˡ
ɿϹģվҪһԣȴֽĲǲܲ٣ǲا
اԼ׵鷿һ˿죬û˵ʲôֻɨһϵļվһȥ
˵仰ɣԷǺԸԼģҲͰˡԲاûȤġ
һáֲܡܳ嶼ˣЩ֣֪Ϊʲôܲٻ⼸ϲĶӺԼһе鷿
һܲҲˣ˶ڣ¶Цݣͷ˶ǵļҲǰִҲֶȴֹܲˡ
Īд˴ҽսǶǵʦúý̵ǡ
˲ܲٵĻһ㶣˼صԵȻǿԣǣϵ¹ĴţôԽأڵĵλһλҸʦ׾ٵİ
˲㡣
赭дһ仰޻˵
ǿܲٵĶǣȴ죬νģԾԾԵģüģ¶ʽЦݵġ
ϸ˿νǲܣԾԾԵǲܳͲãüǲֲ¶֮Цǲا
౾ô鷳£Ҵֶ˵ӣϵ¹˿ڣܲһҲϵ¹ղǻҪȥٶôһأʤԬܣ̸аɡ
û뵽ܲٴϣǺðɣȰѰʦ˰ɣ
һͲ˰ɣϵ¹λӣƽ۽أαд˴񣡡
ܲȴǺܼ֣һҪĶǰʦҲΣϵ¹λӸó밮ãҿɲͨģǿĿĵ˭İԵ˵ɡദһʱ䣬Ǵӹٶɻд˴ɡ
ܲټβϣҲֻüþգüӶ£Ȼ۱ϿԬ¡
ʵЩܲļıʿ꾡ۣ࣬ҲǾЩ۵Ľ̽һҲûȫָ໹ܿʲôʲôõĽ顣
ԴҲ֪ҲܲµıʿҲǲ򵥵ҲûʲôͬĽ顣ֻҪԼҲһǰٶɡ
ȻģһֱսսʵʵӦ䡣̸ֽɲʲô÷ӡ
ţôٴϼˡ
ܲüŶʲôˣ
ҵŮһˡ
Ҳųѽ
Цҡҡͷʡ
ʣ
ܲüͷ
˵ͷԱɶõͳıʿϵ¹ôὫͶɢأ
ܲü£ұмƽϣ治ԡ
ϵ¹ͽαһ˼أ
ܲбۿࣺû뵽ȻҲйϵҺⰡ
ҡҡͷҲΪ˵ˡȷҲʱ򰵵ͶԬܡҪǣͶԬܣ˼Ҳδؿֻһ˼ΪЧҾˣҲܵʲôǣֻǸոմӽͶģ˼ɣҪġϵ¹ûǰߣʲôҲһ
ܲٱ˫룬ðɣ֪ˣȻȥɣ
࿴˿̬ܲǰһʢأΪĴսô





һһ ӵĵط

వ̾˿ʵиԼҲûȥˡ⼸Ϊϵ¹£еСӣɱ˲źá
ȴֵܲϴʴǸСѾ׵ˣҪҪȥҿ԰һ¡
һ£С𵮵¡
Ƕлϵ¹ˣĶӣҲǸ󺺵ҳ
ܲٵҲŻᰲ˻˼ңʱ䣬ˣҪϯ
ӯӯʩһǷˡС𵮵£Ӧûʲô󰭣ǻȥˡ
߳ܲٵ˾ոֱȥ˿ջܲסԼĸۡģҲסԼΪ׼Ĺ䡣඼һһܾˡϾ㡢˳˶Ǽùģ˵ԼܻСΪϡԣȻסڿջֻջϰҲķǮˣ
߽Լķ䣬ֱֻ§סĲӡ
ôæܲȥȥʱҲһдддģʲôʱæ갡
Դ治ܷ
ļһ£˿ˣæˡʱҾͳ㣬ô
Цɿ֣ˣ˳㵽ô죿
ЦЦ㲻ǲԸȥôҵҸطȥǰվôҪеĻҺȥ
۾ģʲôط
ҡҡͷǺƮĵطҲ֪ܲҵͷȥҪһȥǾȥޡ
ޣ
е㲻ס
˵ͷӺٻԶһ·ϣޡ
ҡҡͷû˵ֲ˵ƮĵطǸôǲë֮ô
룬ӦòᡣѼҺüӵĵط˴Įū޺֮ء˵ڽϣҲֻͻǺܺˡ
ɴ۾ôĶ̵ĹŹֵط
Ц§ֵطôܱܿҵԭūֻҪһƽˣֻطҲûܵùˡ
㴹۾룬ҲȷˣǴͳһ˱Լ㵽ūҲδܶѽ
ˣȥֵطǻԺܴĿŶ
Сң
˫Ĳһںס˫صҳԶĿࣿҲţ
̾˿ûԼôԿࣿˣҲֻÿ͸˳ȥԿ£ɣԼ㣬ֻƤһ㣬ЩֳɵĶˡ
žû˼ȫĿ֮ˡļɣԽԽˡ
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ϵ¹Լĸ飬ȻǱˡֻǣĽǸô˵ˣˣ
Ҳһ˵λú󣬶ıİɡ
˵ߡ
̾һƵؿ㣺㣬˵һ죬Ҳ˸λҲô
۾ؿࣺôˣࣿ
ȻʧЦǰδ֪£θɣαظ˵Щеûġ
شĻѳ͸ߴأ
Ϊ±ȥ̸ǻ˳ߴ硣㣬С㣬ǣ㼫Ϊ֣Ҳֻ÷ˡ
ƲƲ죺Ͻֹȥˡ治֪˼ˣʲôùġ
Цŵ㲻֣Ҳ
ҲúЦŮӣƫֵҲͰˣֵŮӣȻҲԴӸԼϵһϰҲˣʱŪŪŮ֮ģԾС
ѵ޸ңԲ
żҲͷԺг֣Цҡͷ񶨵뷨ȵʱ򣬺񣬼޵ǸӦԼŶ԰ɡȻ˵Ůˣǣʱı֣Ǹһеλߣ
еʱҲ룬ԽԽǿƵı֣ƺԼȥɽϵһҲܹİɣ
ǣվһعˡ
ܲҲ˳ӡڹ󣬶ʱҲûбֻ˲ܲٵѧûʽʦˡӲϰ䣬Ӳܳѧϰս
اͲԸѧϰֲССͣȴֻʫԸԹǷƽʱ໹пӽ̵һڵ£ûôõˡѧѡܲҲΪ⣬Ҳûйݵش߱ƣȫ˼˿Ԭ֮ϡ
ȻںܾǰܲپͿʼ˳ﻮҪµͷǻкܶҪ׼ġԱĵ䣬ĵмڸǱв塣ֳﱸ£һŪŪ˼£ʱܿ͹ȥˡ
ʱƽϰ׻Ϣ
ϰ׻ϰ׻ɵܵʹ̸Уȴûɱˣϰ׻Ľԩ֮˺ϰ׻ʿܴһսƣϰ׻ӱʿѼбܻȥˡ
ߵĲ¶Ȱ߰ϰ׻ץΪѵڻʢܵԼʢܺ͸֮ǸΣȻŹϰ׻߿Ҳϰ׻֮ɡ
նʹﲮ˾٣ǾΪҲ
Ļ
˳ȴֻЦʵϣ˳඼ףֻҪܴӮʲôֶζǿԵġӱĵһǡߣҲзȡõ·ߣȥѴ·ߵġ
ִ֮нѵ¡ԭѼƲɵµĵطҲܰھͶͶϰ׻Ҳһˡ
ʱдС˸Ҳˣд˷ţǰ˸Ŵظ褡Ҳд˷飬Ǵȥֳ
ǽҪģﻹһңҰϸдˣǿŰ졣Ը⣬ŽǾͿ뿪ˡҪԸ⣬Ͱдİ졣
͸˳ӹšͽң࿴һۣȻˣǻῴŰġ
Ȼʩһ񣬾ȥˡ
ôǻĸԴȻʰϸŹͿԳˡ
ǣʱ򣬾ͷ´گ¼
µǳｫƫˮУξּˣԺ۵گΪɣıܲ٣ȴй
ȻҲΪЩνĺҳ̾ϢҲ֪ζˣܲĻľǲܲˡǳβǾͻ᲻ϵ˼֮Щ˱Ҳûа취¡һڸڸλܶɲˡҲϳ˵ԭ֮һ





һһһ Ϯ

ͬܲٵıϣȻ֡
ǣܲپˡ
ξԸȥ
ǲܲٶ֮ǰԼƫ˵ĻĻӦ
Ȼ֮ǰ˵һܲϺԬԮԬܵıʿҲΪǳ˻ԬȻ˵СвĻ㱣ܳĻ
ҲֻأȥҲѡԬܶȥ˵ȻܾԮܵĻǰȥͶ
Դ֮Աǡʲô¼ԦҪͶôǸԬôˣ±ڲܲߴʱ仹Ҫ٣
βܲ¶˾ĵģͻȻرѷ־ںͳĹȺȻս˹𣬰ʦسȥˡ
⵹༫Ϊ⡪ôҲ벻ȻͶΪӦĲŶԣУһʲô顣
ܲγʣҲ뿴ʵʲôʵѧɡʵʲôãǾͲ֪ˡûⷽĴԴĶС
ڲܲʤʦ֮һ˾ˡǹ
ô
ǳԾȻ֪ڻеΪҥİɡԹҲǰһ̬࣬Ҳǳһ
۾㶼ڣΪʲôڣ
Ҳ̰֮
˵ͷҲô룬㣬ôͶϵ¹ģ
¿˿ģĽֵϣģȷʺ̸ʲô˽ܵ¡
ȥլ̸ɡ
顣
࿴ߵ㡪ǶǵĽֵģڲܲٵ£׶䷱̶ȻȲδսҵҲǰĳȼˡҲ˵ͷԼҲûʲôвҲʹȥˡ
ʵΪĸ
ڵ˹Уº󣬹ŰԼͶܲٵɸࡣ
ԭΪڳⱻΪ˳޶ŲͶġ֤ɱļˣǹͶ֮һ
ǡ֪˵ʲôð
εҡҡͷ
ụ̂ҲûԼ޶йκεһҲܲپһӴˡԬ̷Ԭı߽ʱͲԼ޶
൱ʱЩϸڵʱҲǰ̾ⷽ棬ڸһΣգ
ΪأΪԼҸȻĽأ
ⶼ޹أ֪ģϺͲϵ䡣ԴߺҲûеõλ˵κϢ
ǣһüͷˡ˵ģ;вˡ
Ȼ׼ĻشͷȻˡ
ĵס֣һ£ҡҡ˼ǰοࡣȻףЦЦȻԹϵ¹һӱɣ
Цһ£ҡҡͷģģ
ȫ׹˵ʲôҲֻĸһ¡
ԭͶʱһǾպ֪δҾȥȻĳ˹ٻһʱܲٲֹǰȥѰҡǣҪΪܲٿԼ֮Ĺܹͣȥ
أôҲ
ҲǺܲӡ
ûаܲ¸߹
һжϡ
ȻҲͶԹʵϵ¹Ǿʶ˴ǰΪԬҲ
ۿһ֪ۡԼǺӣԲԼʲôԲܲˣԼҲûжԹ𱧹ʲôúദ˼
ǺܿظǣҲͶ˳լۡ
Ҽĸ֮
ڳǰָһСͨ԰С԰űš
΢΢üΪ˱֣֮Խ԰ס
࿴˿𡪡ûϵȻôԼҲԼİ˵ˣҪ˵ĻܹҥԵġ
Ȼ˵Ǹαӣÿ¶ҪڸҲͦ۵İɣһ˲䣬ȻԼеͬˡ
һܲٵĻòܲٱϴŹ󡪡
ûж˵ʲôûʲô顣ֻҾûҪһûõˡսܲԴкôô
ܲڿ˺ܾԺ󣬲ŵһͷǸһ϶Ļش
˹飬ùǷԼһ飬¶͸ŽˣԼǰòͷоǿ⡣
ʱ಻Ϣ®̫ɱݴʷ
¼ϢʱѾȥһˡ
Ϣģ׼ڲܲٱϺͻϮĴš
ź̾һڱһȥô
Դϴλص֮ܲϵе£Ѿͨ˽⵽ˣڲ˵жϡ
ǾԲԸֹܲؼʱ̣⵽ƵġҪܲٴУǿ϶ᱻ˵ܲٻٶ£ôô˵ɲռ˸ݵɱȵģռгյߣпܲγɽ֣Ԭһ£ܲپˡ
ԣֻвǶ
ȥʱдһţйԼߺڶܲ١ǰ˹ӣù⣬ͽǡϸһҲûʰȫڿջҲû˷⼸ֻҪһûע⣬ͻᱻ˸߲ܲ٣ԼǾ߲ɵˡףܲһ˿ջϰ壬ԼһһӲϵ¹۾
Ȼվ뿪һ·£ûֱ꣬·ߣȡȻ˳£⡣
ܲٵǷţ˵Լֹ߳⣬ɳһнˣζϷĴԱҲǣһߡ
ԭʳΣû뵽λξתη̫صģȴȻı⣬Ҳò˵ȻֿȥѵĻᣬ˽ⶼǺˡ
ȵصǺѾ紺ˡԬܵĴѾչ˶פذĶ̫ӵĽ
Ԭ֮ܲⳡ˵սʽĻ
ǵ㣬ȴܵһ̶ϵ
ѵֳˣ
е㲻⡣
ȴ֪ȫ׼͵ϮӣԼǰȥֻǲ֪Լģġ
ġ
ԼΪҲֻΪΪԼƲЩֶΣ褣ԼһΪȫ˲ȻΪ͵ϮǶȡµĺûᣬŹ᲻ôʱ»һˣ
ԣڻصǵĵ죬ȥϵʱȥߡ
͵ϮԼô
ȻˣܲѾã
వ̾һνӣǲ̸ܲӢʱֻ˵ԼӢۣ˽Բۡᵽʱֻܲ˵Ǽ֮Ӣ۶ѡ
˵Щʲôأ





һһ ߵ

㱱ϮδһĶ¡鶫õΣ
˵ߣȻ߲ܡ
ԬΣߺȻת˻⡣
룬ҡͷ硣
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㶣룬ʵʵ˵Ҳ硣
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Ҳɫⲻ˲ôٰܲˣʲôôԬͳһ˱ȴԬٵ֮
ЦЦԬܱȲܲΣ
Ȼˣ
ΪʲôҪһǿȥһͳһͳһ˱Ƕ
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ȵļĦţֻܿҲʼƽ̹̣ʼԲСɽӶĹ
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Ƶ̶ѹϵ࣬иеڽԼĿÿһζջַתע࣬һȴûκεĶֻԼ˫ȥѰ㣬ȴ㻵رܿĴԼǰϣʼһľȡ
СȴһΪһȫҲʼ˫ֺʹѰк֮һɻһɹһ·£Աӿ̬籡մʪѩɼ㣬ʪ˱ȵ桭





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డϵһжҵôأ
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ٴΪıֳԾһЩԽڴڼƽʱȫͬࡣ
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㣬Ҳ·õжųδй
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ںˮӳҫ۵ĹâɢϢ̲ס̾





һһ вȵ

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ԶҲİ
ЦӣѺʪӹסһȻḧ壬һĶߵ
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㻹û˵أ˵ȥˣôûȥ
ʵҲһߵͷʾͬʡ
褶`ʹ˸ɫ`ضޱ㣬ˣǻȥɣ㡣
ޱҲʶȤл񣬷`ˡ㣬Ҳ׷ȥϽһˡ಻ģ֪ºˣαͽΡ
ŮԶȥǰ̾˿ˣɲϲ˲ô
ƲƲ죺ƭ˭ѽ
ЦЦҲûָƭ˭ʵҲȥҲΪ˲롣
㶣ʲô˼
ѵ֪ݵ˼۾
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ˣʲô˼ѵҪ˵ȫΪң
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Цһ㲻ǸӦ㣬ȥѹô
褿ࣺ㲻˽Ⲯѽ
໹û׹л˵ڵģ





һһ ټ

Ƕ˶Ȼһӣǹϣһǣ浽ˣǣҵˣͻѶϣûʧ
࿴褣üͷһǲ˼
褶¶һЦı飺ʵҺᲮĸܡҾͶ˵˰ɡİѹˣǰǰģǲŹĻġһû˶ԼûӦҪ󡣡
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ֻǣҪڻؾҲȷ˵ԼŲءã֪ģΪҰ

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ðɣ˵ɡҲ˿ϾҲǷ̫飬̵
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ЦЦĴɲأ㵽ǴŪ촬ͼֽ
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ǿ̱˵˵ͷȥȨȽ˽ȥֲȥʡ





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̾˿Ҳ֪ʱԼˣΪĸ׵ϣʧȥӺŮȷġԼҲӦҪȨֱȶ֡Ȼ˵꣬࿴Ȩȶ治Ҫô꣬ȨܰѾȶġ
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ʱ׾ҶһסԷǸ׹ʽ֮ŮҲʶǿȥǸŮӡţǸŮӡ
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ԶҲǳʱ龰˼Ǻ˿ڣȴΪûмʱ߶赹ǲ԰ûѪɫǹ㲣޷ס˵ޡ
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ЦЦ˰˺ǿܣһЩɽԽڣϼҴڵģսĲǧˣо׳ģǧࡣ
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ҲиþγսȻûǳ˳Ϯûܹȴ෢ʱ׼һƥɫߡ
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Ҫǣ˿һֻſţûü˾һ̣ǰ͸󱳡һȻ׵ˡ
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һ ٶ

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˶ûйΣսһֱͣʣҲ֮ƣݵͬʱԬܵľӪ˴ģĺ
νһʯװãԸźԶΪʯͷ޴ƻ͹Զ֡Ϊʯʱ죬ԱΪ
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ʵĹͣǲܲ٣ȴݹͷϡ
û࣬ôĻأ
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һ ڳ

Ԫ200꣬꣬ܲپݹٶԿԬܣԬΪ˽䣬Ҳֻͱٶɱܲٶš
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һжѾˣܾԬµĻڰܱнڳӪӦϣӪţŻֻһ߷ֱȻһУñͻ֧Ԭ֯Чķء
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ܲҲԣɱ˴





һ ʤ

൱رġԼ˲ܣպڴǰ̧ͷαˣȣԼ봾޽飬Ҫ뿪ϵ¹ˣαػҪϵ¹һһԼˣտڲˡ
ʵҲһ˽ˡڸԼûʲôϵˣûгϰߵġ
ǲô˵ڳˣԬò״յʳ֮һ档¿¾ĽĶҪˣܲٵʤҲָտɴˡ
ڴڳؾ·ϣһֳˡ
мСɵľԮڳľӣڳ𣬶һе򶼲ֱӵͷˡ
صٶɲܾӪʱȻ֧ڹٶɴӪҲе⡣ϸһԬдһġš֡
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Ȼȥڳ˷ʱ䡣ѵ֪ڳҪôΪ̶ֳȵΧκܹ֮Ч
Ҳˡ
ڿܲپ˳شڳأAҲʧȥ˹Ȥʼ󳷡
ٶɴӪĲܲ٣ոտʼ׼ףʱ򣬾ʹAĸͶϢ
AԬҲʧȥѽ
ΪԬĳAȫ⣬Ԭ˵ǸڳĴ
ܲٺܸ˵ؽAͶ˵㲻ʹվôȵ΢ȥ󡢺Ź麺أ
ǰA΢Ӻͺˣ˵ҲȲAİAôм㣡
ܲٲҵAΪƫͤ
Ҫ֪ȥǰΪܲĴ󹦣ҲܷƫͤѡAķͣνˡ
˵࣬ҲǷһЩġԭҪԬܺ󣬾һAءϾAҲŹһ
֮AĽ̸УҲȷӡ֤뷨ԬܹȻΧκ֮AҪȥڳ˵ܲһڴӪرм䲻¡˭֪ԬܾȻA˵
ҲرȥܾӪΣ
Ϊ佫A˵еĻֻӲͷƤνġرܾĹٶɴӪ֮һУҲˡA˱ǿҽԬΧκ֮Ƶıʿͼ±AѣԬܽ˵AԬܲӼƣܾӪͲȫԬ֮Ʋɡ
A壬ûа취ֻý˲ܲ١
A֮Ķ̶̼ڣԬӱ𣬾Ẓ̇ܲץᣬԬӪԬȫ߱Ԭܽ䳤Ԭ̷ʰ˰ﱱɻƺӶӣڽͶ
󣬲ܲټһ
һϵľϻϵġ
ΪܾҲݣƾնİˣô죿ǳûʳԣô죿ܾҲˣҪ۵ݵ갰Ծڵһʿߣǲƽ׵Ԭܣ
ھһ֮󣬲ܲ˾ġȫɱ
ԼսĲпɣ
ܲߵһǲʲô֮ʵġ
Ҳһ㣬ûпΪǰ顣˵ʱҲȷһ˽ˣ޹صˣͲȥȡ
˵ʱµע⡣ڴɨԬܾʱ˴ܲߵˣԼдԬܵšͨеĺ֤ݣǲܲȴû׷Щȫˡ˵Ԭǿˣ̲Ա˺
ģ¹ûй˵ؽҲǺġ
ڹٶȡ˾Եʤ󣬲ܲҲͼþյ˱ǲʤ׷Ǽʵ̫ҲԴȱľУôȥһ̵ݣ
˱࿪ʼһҪ뿪ܲ١
ߵˣȻԬܵʵڣǿĶԱѾ˸Եת䡣ܲһͳѾʱˡ
ʱӾݷ洫ϢѾո˳ɳȨҲȫȶµĵ̡ݷ棬ͳµǾϺѹϷһӪù
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ΪܲסԼڣҿܵúϣûа취ȥ༸οȥܲԶܡ
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Ǹϰĺ֣ڱսȤֻϲϰ䡣Ҳøߴĵĸȫһֵܼ䣬Ҳûߴġϰյĺòϣ࣬Ȼϰһ·գǶĹȴ˽ġԲõգܿ͵õ˴
ڲܳ壬һŵŶͯ˵ʲôһͨһܹĿֱһĲܲ١
֮ԳΪΪȲܲҪʺССͣѾΪ˵롣Ϊòܲٵҧ˶ܳˣ㽫Լ·Ū˲ܲ٣αǱҧˣ˵ǲ֮סܲЦⶼţص档ʱǸǰȥŲܳ棬ܲôʳԴˣֻЦ£˵Ҷ֮бҧοڿе
൱ʱڲܲ࣬һ۾Ϳ˲ܳСϷֻû˵ѡҲ֪ܲһʱһԼʶļı߾ˡ
ڼǸһе֡
Ǹı󶯵ߣͨ˿˵δ֪ˡ
褣Ǹռ鱨µͷʱõѡжϵˣţܳƵһ·֪ɡ
ڲܲ٣ȴΪմ󣬷Ӧ뾫֮ʱʱֻܼвУʱϵҪº侲ᵽԼʧҲֻܳƵϺ֪ɣ
ı֮ʿֻһҲѵóһȻһðô࣬治֪һǲҡֻһߣƽˣﻹôսң
ûǣ˵У˻ࡣ
Ҳĵط֮һɣ
ڲܳϲҲΪǰǰ¼Ӵࡣ
ǣڲܳĽ̵Ҳܳ壬Ҳܣƺ൱ĸһ㡣⵹ġǲܲݵģǷĲԸȥ룬ҲԸ⿿Ըʵ
ֻǣܸˣͲܳߵԽԽеǽֻҪܸ࣬ͻù졣࿴ǺܿЦ¡ѵԼѲܳ˲ɣܲ˵Լ˵ѧ¬ֲĵӣԼɲܲٱˣ
ɺܲٵļŮԼҲеԡ
֮ǰϵ¹ĸʱ˶ԼҲйַӦֻʱԼ񣬸Ϊֱӣȴеˡ
ǣҪȥǣȴ֪ǲܸԼҪʲܲ٣Ǹܵ¡ݷһ²ܲٵļǣȴöֻбΣȴòҶ
һ죬ץסᣬ׽˴Ӹ鷿гĲا





һ ƵŮ

اϲ࣬ࡣֻݣʲô˼ɣʲôֵİˡ
Ҳ۲ا֪ǸԻ㴿ĺӣ˵ϲЦʱе硣ݵ⣬ذԸĥˡΪܰȥاΪܲʵϵĳӣܲټ˹һһУԼвԸҲδӵݣֳӣȻ뵱Ȩеơͬ˵ǹ
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࣬ҲץסʱʱԲܲӵĲاͼõԼ֪⡣
ʱ֪̫࣬һ£
اУһϷʣҲһͲм
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ܲٴԼĻֻǿһ࣬㲻ٶ˵֮





һ 

꣬ġ
ܲٴŮһ㣬ԼһҲμ硣ֻûϯߣŶǰƲ˵ĹͬʱԼʳһ֮ˡ
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˼£㣬øҸƼһ˲ţźزõӰɣ
룬㸸ǰʱ䵹Ǹ˵ҪʿĻţ֪˾ô





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اһ£û֡
ԭ򣴨̫˾yĶӣǸвܵˡ
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Ͼϵ¹Ĳ£׷Լģܲ˼ʹɱ֡ҶԷҲȻʮ˴һԲֻȥֻ»и˹ʱԼôҲܲˡ
ЩʱһŰ˳˹䲻ǹ䣬ĸ
һ㶣æпһˡǸòӢΰˣԼĪʮ꣬Լʶ
ʮΧһ˶û£ټһͻʩ͵Ϯһ˽룬ʣµһû˶־ʱɢȥ
൹һԲϵ¹ıȻˣ
ĿͼȥϸһִǹˣҲٴȷԼʶ˺󣬶˹֣λ̨ε¸ж
˺ǺһЦûʲôֻΪЩǲܲٵıҵܲΪУ̲ס˶ѡ
һȻܲΪУȴָڲܲٵĵϳֹܲٵıǸ򵥵ء
ݵʸںδ߾ͣմ
˿˿࣬ЦƼˮ꣬ҳݡ
û뵽ƽʵòľȻ˵ľˣ࣬棬ʽ
֣һ´һ࣬ϯϴࣿ
Ҳǳһ£˾Ȼ֪˼ת֮£뵽ղ˵Ļѿڵ£
üֱе֣һۣŵ¹£ɽ
һ㶡֣
ϸһ£ʱȷˡ
ǳɽˣڿõڳƽͶ˹趡ǡҲһ꣬ҲͶ˹趴ǳʶƣȷǳҲΪ֪趶ƵҲΪʶΪʱԬܷͷʢΪʿ˶฽ԬܶеǣƴʱͶеʮָˡ
ƣ˵ݵ˶ҪԬܣôΨͶأ
ƴ´ң֪˭е֮ΣݾۣҪ׷ڣΪǸԶԬܶƫڽ
Ļ˹趵ĹǣҲ
ֻǾսƶԹ趵ıԸе⣬е޴־ʶ壬ֻԼǿˣɥؼɥ
֪ٻˣᡣ
Ʊڸʱ˵ᱳѺ͹ҵĶ塣
֪̫ȫƴȥδ˵׼ȥԬܷӦܲ١üԬ°ܣңԬæƽ£пǡʱݴܣôᷢ
ƵҲûбİ취
㲻Ҫȥˣһϣȥ¹·
ԼҪӾȥ˳Ҳã





һئ 

´һ࣬õҼǲͶܲٵģ
Ц֪Ҳϵ¹ģ
Ͳܲ٣ܹˣ֮ͨǰദͿˣ˻֮Ҳһһ㡣ȻҲðϮȡˡ
ưŰɵصкμأ
˴ϸ˵֮ǿ߰ɣȻӲܱˣɾ鷳ˡ
Ƴһ£Ҳ֪˴Ǿ֮أ֪ͶԬı֮٣ȻԼȴ˽⣬ŷɹʱǶģĵ˵ͷһϷ۷ȥˡ
ǱϾϿǱвܲٵĴڣΣգССģоյض˲ܾ̲飬ϿӪС
˵ͬӪӭ
Ƽȹ˵ԼûзǰӱԻΥ˾𷣡
ЦûмԬܣҴ͵ܣ˹ԬܷҪ󰡣
వЦˣ֪ԬҲǷģЩùʤްˣԼת֣Ȼǲˡ
ȻнҰɣ
صоʣֱżɽʵ
ŽǰӱԬܷд£
д⣬Σ
ͬαذƴ
ูһ䣬ҿϾԬܣ
˼һ£ͬڣǰȥͶǡֻǣǲܲٵؽ磬Ͷ֮κΣ
Ц¼ףоɣʱ·ˡֻǣڱڣֻ岻ҷȥҲ¼֮ġ
͵Σ
㾫ѡ˻ǧˣҹȥͶͬС˶ϺֻҪϹһʱ䣬㽵˲ܹҲ޷
Ƭ̣ͬ㣬ʿҲǸҶʱǳһ
ƲƲ졪һŶʱܷܵ
Ҳӣɷ򵱶ϣڴ֮¹ʵΪѣֵܹΣ
ôΣյ£ŶУϺֵɫĲʿ£
ʵϷֻǴĿ
ԣǰزʱǰС
룬ΣֻӦУȴһһͬǰȥ
ȥ·ϰΣ֪ᣬһʧɢ̱İ涨ҪҴ粽룬һͬǰ
࿴ڶֻúЦӲûȥ˿ԼĿ⣬Ҫֽʣд¸ţݸһ;ʧɢҲƾţ忴Ϸȥ
һ죬ŵˣֲǴ⡣
Ц¹⣬Ե֪
ЦЩڨڨģæк¾磬ࡣ
ǵ¾磬㶼Щ⣬˼˯ȥ뵽þܼ㣬Ҳ಻ס
ڶ컳ֱͲҪȥȴ֪ҹŶǿйˣ
һЦû뵽Ȼʲô£
ϸʣӴܣֻ˸ӶˣǹǿҪϵġ
һЦѵǹλվ飬᲻£
ֺֺЦ࣬±ֻߡҹԼǧ庮Ҫ٣Ϊ˻ʲôˡ
ȻˣҲöţٲ飬ҲĹٴʮӣȥ׷űȥˡ
ҲûȥԼҲû飬Լȥ׷Ӧġ
Ҳ׼ߡֵطʲô˼ǷԸȥıɢˣͶ˭ȥͶ˭ȻԼҲνžߡȴûϵߣоƹʴɢˣŮôá
һ㶣ȥһŮӪ۴ޣ
һɵۡ
µ鷳ˣ
ûȥ׷ˣ
ѷԼһߣһȫɢ뷽Ӫ̣ٹܾһͶġСԼô죿ģǳԶԼΪ޹СŮòܲٴɱһǴźȥ׷Ӫһɢܱһɱֻµʱɳ£˭ˡ
ûа취ֻԱСȥܲٵӪͬʱֻǣԼǺգ
Цҡҡͷֻ˳·һȥģû뵽ȻԼһᵽܲ˵ӢۣΨʹٶ˶ȻУ
Ȼһݾ˰
ؾЦĸо
޿κΣƤӲͷƤӪ⣬Ȼдţȥܲ١
ʱܲپʹӪǰ
ľȻ̲ܲסЦ棬ĺô󹦰ҲѴ֮սô
ֻԳδιöԷϵ¹ȻҲġ
ս˺üǧʿܲٵҲ㡣Ҳ֪׷װӵԲȥЩˣͻһһˣôܲţҪһ·׷ȥһıӴս֮ģһңô죡޴־ݳԼģʲô
Ů׼ô죿
ܲٿ϶ŪСŮ࣬гЦ⡪㶼ܲעҪߵİ
һĴŮµСԹϣϵ¹øôźأ
ܲٺǺһ֣ĸҸ˼ңǹͨ˼ҵաˣϴ˴Ǹ𵮣ҲòҪҪȥ԰ŮҲһ͹ȥǻ˼չ˸ӵı£Ҳһͬˡ
룬ǺܾûȥСˣϾҲһӣҲȥպҲи˵ʡ˵¹ѣǵ𵮸鲻ȥţҲĿġ
ͷӦˣֻȻȥ
ϻҲʲôʱգֻǻ·ʱʹϢ˵ǳפҰͳʡ
ֻ˲̫ǿպ
ܲϢֻ赭д˵һ䣬ûġҲû˵ΪҲֹϵɡ˵Ұһӡ˸Ҳ֪СôˣҲԼѧأ
Ȼ֣Լô뺢ԵӵСڵŮԼѵԼӣ
еЦҲеȻҲΪҺһԶҲкӣĴһֱиĺô
ԼҲеΣҲֻǿѹͷǵ㯣ѰЩСЩͷ֮
ֻǻƵģ˼֮ԽԽǳҡ
ʴǵ˼Уڻص
Ĳا¶һ˿⣬˲ȥֻǴŵǰݼ˲ܲ٣ȥˡ
ܲҲûж˵ʲôҲȥϢȻȥ˺ص鳯ȥˡ





һһ ػ

ڶ죬ܲٱȥ𵮡
úܺãˣҲֻǸͨ˼ңΪ𵮣ԴԼ˲ܲٲʹͣҲ˱ȽƯլӡֻƶ˼ҵϰԣǻǱǷƽʵҲǳ谮з
ʵǶԷޱҲʿֻ֮սмҵû䣬ֻƮ;Ҳ̫ʺ;ԣѺӽǣҲеˣ
ڻȥ·ϣܲٵ˵
ȴǲΪ𵮵£ǴӲܲٵĻһսҶʧȥĹˣп̲ڹͶԲܲٵϵ¹ǵòߣ
ܲһ£Цô֪֮ҵʦѰ
ŮҵĹأ
ܲüСֺǽкͼǰɣǱū²ȥأš֪ˣһᾡӻģ
˵ͷҲҪˣɷˣֻʣ²ôıʵǲ̣
Ҳ벻ĵĻʷļ麺Ĵ桪Ȼδı󣬻һĸ׵ĵ׵Ѫ亢ͯᡣȻҲǲԼѡڶŮ֮䣬ѡ˺ߣ
ǲܲȻҲǱĻ˵Ļ䣬һʱҲеٸнʱĲܲ٣Ҳɬأ
ص˸УһʱûдԳƵл˵ʱнŮӽϰ質Ѿѡһλˡ
Ȼ׸ܲ٣˵̶ֳֹܹˡֻǴӲܲٽȥҲ²ȻѾѡ˽ŮȲܲԭ´ÿʮҪһ࣬ʵᵽʲôкߣɣ
Ŷ
ܲζؿһۣȥ
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ûгֻͷĲʣŲܲǰС
λ½ѡĸ輧ҲǸˣ֮ԭȵһλв㡣
ĸ質ȻЩɬҲóֻҪʱգһܳǸԸƢõĸ輧
ٿܲٵɫȻûʲô飬ȴһһɱ
̾˿飬ǲڲܲϣҲɣ
ҹǼ磬اŮͶŮǶμ磬Ϊܲٽӷϴףʤ
ƹѲ֮󣬲ܲٺȻø輧
ңָҪǸӵŮӵ
Ҳֻ̾ԭΪܲٻٵȵȵģ͵ȵµĸ輧ˣȲ輧Ҳòܲٺ޵˹
ضʿ˱Ⱥסڻ˽룬Сʹûޡϵܳƺţڱt׹¶Ұǧ޼һ֮˳
ǲܲǰ֮ʫΪСΪл׿ԬıݼԬƵ۵£Լսаյʹࡣ輧ˣʹޱȣܹ֮ͬգ
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ʫȻл׳ϾǲܲԼģ²֮ʫԴ˷ŭԻ
ܲ裬ɫһ£׵òһװɣҹҸˣҲˣ
Ǹ輧üֳסޯ¶Сױ˵ʫ裬ǲܲ²ܲٸŭˣû꣬³ϲЩ
һ֪輧ˣ
ȻϣǸ輧ֽףϲܲٵ⣬;ϡǸ輧ڲܲһδԼĸ裬Ҫ³ʱһ
Сǰ΢䲡˾ƣ⼸ףʵ֧Ϊ˾մ˵Ķ䣬澸ˣ
ܲٺһӣܸ輧ģ
ʱһλ긾˾ͳ˵ǰ
Щ輧ô
˾մ˻ǵġ
⼸вָܲǸ輧
⸾˿˼Ǹ輧Ǹ輧ɫе԰ףվúֱû˿Ķҡ
ûУ⼸նܺá˻عͷԲܲٵ
ô˵Ǹ輧Ҳûʲôŭı飬ֻǴ
ֺܲһǸ輧ôĵӣңˣȥնˣ
˽һǱϵ輧Ҫ·Ҳû̫ĶΨбԶҪվΪ˵飬ֻǲܲһԱ˵˲ٳּҲʱһͣЩϢȥɣ
ΣҲֻôż檺Ůȥ
࿴Ǹ輧ӣȻ飬Ĳ飬ǰЩЩֺαҪأѹһ£߸ϳȥһֻ֣ɱð
Ǿ֮ġ
ԼǲܳȵˡǱɫܳ塪ǸʺˣһԲߡ
˵ǣһֱüȥСһʱǱŻĺһŸһҲҶͲ߿
వ̾һˣҲ㣬иþ
һٺúõļˣЩΣֳ˼ƣ㶼ɢˡ
ܲҪԼȥ鷿ԥҲȥˡǲţϵ¹Լ
տǹĺݣխһССĸ輧Ҳݲã
ܲЩѾЦࡣ
౾ϵģ뻹ѡʵʵ˵ϵ¹ƺɱࣿ
ȷݵٶɣɱ˺ֹʮˣȻǴֻƽʱֱӺͼڲܲϵҪа֮ˣǽܲҲȷɱЩ
ܲЦЦˣʵǲడ棬һŶ
ͷлϵ¹񰮣ҵ
ֻܲЦβŵ棬ɻǵ»
㶣»֮޵£Ǽǵãʱֽ˰ɣϵ¹ɱɣ
ܲٺٺЦûɱ㺦
һô£ܲٸûɱ»Ϊسŷȴ߷»»ѴӦܲٹϵǳ뷴ڣŷ֮֡
ˮŷɣһסģһ»һӵģ
ܲǿ뷨Ц㲻ضʲô»ĳĶȥ
һ㶣жӣ
ܲЦŵ˵ͷ»иƯӣðҲû㣡ֻĶӻףʣ׼ӣ
һֻǲٰܲݼڣæл
ܲټ˴ȴǲáΪˣҪдлңǽǵĹϵӵˣ
룬Ҳãңα񣬿
˵űȥ
Ҳ֪Ƿ˾ƣܲȥȴûзĸ첲ִ˫֡
ỬϸĴУòܲͷһȣ˫΢ﺹҲ˳ҲЦԼŮӣûľɫҲٱˣô֣ͻʧ̬
ܲɫԣæ򸣵ϵ¹ʱ䲻ˣһǷ˯°ɡҲˣҲûȥ˯ˡ
ܲҲ֪ղʧ̬ţҲͲȡˮϴˣ鷿˯ˡȥʱܲٻ˵һ䣺
ɣ⣡
°ֻ¶ģҲҹϵ¹





һ Ѱ

ڲܸ˼еӣòֲֵ̻ܳ죬ؾŲܲҪ檣һλ
һλǰ󽫾νϱϣһλ»׶ϡ
ܲٵĸм檺ܶ࣬ڲܲɶңûй뷨˵ȴò룬ǲǲܲΪԼס£ַʽԼʾԼ⣿
ҡͷ̾Ϣȴ֪ôźáӦ߰ɣصߣԴ˵õİɣ
ǣڵĲܲ٣ԼĿԽԽܣҪߣûлˡҲاǸǲܣ
Ȼֻ檣Բܲٵݣǹߵؾٰʽⳡһ檵ʽģǺܴе˼ȷλңԼǰĺӼ˽
ϵĺӽк̣Ǹ۵޶է֮£ȫǸкӡֻŮӣҲδôÿءڲܲٵŮУҲֻвܳòƯкϾܳĸ׻ˣŮĶȻҲȥ
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ˣ˭ܸøһЩأ
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˵Ϊܲ檣⼸ܲпԼôҲҪһŶ԰ɣǲܲƫƫֻҲҹһ죬ҲҪˡ
Ƿϲ棿
һܲʱ
һ£ڵܿɰҲܴҺϲôˣ
ܲЦԽԽˣ
㶣ϸһ£ЦֲҶԲԭϿԼӰӡϧһжңȻģǵΰˣ
ܲЦ㲻Ҳװߣҿߵһ㾴㣬ûʲôͬ
Ϊһۣ̫֮
֪ܲٶԲܳΪƫƵܳΪ֮⡣Ȼاûʲôʧʧľٶֵܲ͵£ֻԱ⡣Գô˻ᣬòȰܲٲҪϳ׵ĺá
ܲٿһ࣬ζصҪģÿడ
һ죬֪Լ˵˻ϵ¹Ӣۣ˫ġ
ܲٵҲΪ裺ģȱҲǸźҿҵĶŮǶǵĸ׶ЩǿҲȥɣ
еڨڨģýӻ
ҺòܲҲûжΪ˵˼䣬Ъˡ
ƽʱܲٲô׵طŹΪ֪ˣΪµ檶תƵľֻ߼֮أ
ȥ룬ģ뿪صȥ
ûʲôսأ
ԬΪûٽ˫ЩСӴܲٵҪҲڲ߷Ԭܺ󷽵ĿϣΨһе㲨ģǴС³ʽ谾ѺݴҲңµױݱ֮谷˹
൹Ҳйš
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Ȼ͸ееʱʼԼȻôϵ¹أ
Ϊô
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Ȼʱ䣬һعȥҲ类ڲܸƲ֡ڼỹǰʾԼ뿪ĻҲܲͬŻŵķʽܾ
ܳϾףҲǱߵĺӣĽȸУѧϰҲôģ˺µĻˣڵѧϰҲͲôˡֲͲõһֱģֻǵ˽̵òôİˡҲƫֻǲܳ岻ڣ̲סʱͱ
οܳͺһˣ̲סҪǶһԼѧϰս£ҲʲôȤҲδ̫ҲͰ֡
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΢ȣŲܳȥ
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ƽ壨̵ı֣Ǻ⣿
ǼģҲûжףʡ
̼࣬ûбƯһı飬ָָµĻȦӵǺμҵķӣ
һ㶣˼ˣܹ֪ģ
ˣ๰˹֣Ȧվһ뿪ˡ
ܳ忴ıӰֿ˿࣬еԥЦЦȥ׷ɣǲô
ܳչһЦת˺̣ǣһԶˡ
һֱһߵȴô£Сࡣ
Ѿɢȥû˵˾մӵ˼
ܲΪӵ£Ҳ촫ģȻǴԣԲܲٵΪˣû˼ǲִԵġĴԣҲֻиӦڵĹ̰ˡ
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µҲȥ˵ʲôȻܿͻᴫܲٵĶ̼ʻȥǸɺϡĸеݵʣȥģֻҪݵµ۾УĻ˺̵ݣҲܵ¾һܲٵĶС
ֻСϾϲ˴̨档ˣֱԣԾӦǸӢ˸¡
ⷽʵʸأ
̲סӷһȽϡ
ķչҲ֤ġ
ܲٺܿͰѺͳ˾ոһլӸҲĸ͹ܼչֻǿСĺӣҪĸ׷ֱ𣬶Գˡ
ϣܺúõĳɳҪʲôӰĲźã
ҲֻȥһݳƲףССػѣ
ʣȴȻ˾ոſǵĿ
еʱҲûûһ㣬ø֣
ÿʣͻ̲ס롣
ܲٺҲʹ¶ò뷨ȴǹҶѻ˹ȥ
Ȼ̺ܿɰһǾñȲϲ档вĶӣѵʲôźô
ܲȴζһЦһźʲôģ





һ ܳ

Ҳ֪ܲٶڲܳĴӻʲôźġҲֻźǳӣǵӰɣĻΪӣҲ˳ϧǣ
֮뵽Ȩֵܣǵȫǵճȴϵ¹ĶͲ٣ֻǴ໹δꡪܳͬĸģͻвܾݺͲֵܶˣľ͸ö˵ˣƣպֻ»Ҫ࣬ϵ¹ܳڣԴöǵ£֮أڶֻ࣬Ҫӡ
ֲֻȥԲܲ˵˵ˣֻ»ġȻ֪ϵ¹Լôϵ¹Ϊѵ£໹Ծ˸ᣬذ˼͸пܼ̳ӵλĳӲا
ʱ߹֮ңҲΪެ̫ǿʢԭɡ
ضֻ࣬Ҫ̸¶һڷ磬ԲاУһע⵽ġ
اȻҲûйϣܿ˼ȻҲʾ֮࣬׾ͻٶȱʱһٴζӻؽ
ҺõˣһǵãҲõˣҲˣҲŹ
ǲا˵ĻҲѲاøΪ
ʵϲܲҲûϾͱԬȫ󷽴ˣܲҲȫ͹̹ٶ֮սʤʵԭȲܲԥӺԼ˾УξռĲݵԬܻҪ̹󣬵ʵϲܲµֻݺ˾ȫģӺƽԪݺ˾һﻮֳģǺܲи˳ûҲһֱܵΣвԬܣܹܲЩطȫʵ£
׶δӹٶ֮սٵϰٵշϹ̺ڷߡԼݷߣҪŪϺü¡Ҫҵ뿪Ҳô׵ġ
ǶڲܲٵźǺܿľ;һ֪ˡ
ҹ˼ķңַʢģиȣһȥԺߣ봵Щ磬ҲԼƽЩ
ߵ˾ոڸʱܳڳֻ߳Сߴţһɰģ̲סȥ׽һ
ôţŲѾ˹ȥ
ܳ忴¹⣬Ų֪С䲻ɵȴǺܺ龳ŵҲһĿ
ôǹôΪҪܿ
ǰʱԼزܲٵլۡʱԼҲյҹˮĵӿһ˿ܰĸо
ܳ󣬿ıֻ¹£ͬһһ̲ס̾һ
û뵽̾ϢȴѲܳһһһʣͻˮˡ
һҪȣȴֲܳǻˮģҲܳҲ࣬һֻֻˮһָֻʳָڴߣ˸ơ
ҲúЦҲҹҲʲô¡ܳߣͽ
ùݣȻң
ܳԭǰܲٵҪΪģȴЩãֻܳԼأҲĿڽ
ԼͻȻĳ˲ܳ壬ȡЦôҲµô
ҹôˣͻȻôһȻˣܳ忴˿ϣȻʪ͸ЦȴӰɡȥⲻþˣҪˣ
֪ܳеַָ֣ܲˣڲܳ壬ܲٳ谮Ļ֣
Ҳǣҹʪ·ǲףټϵ¹ҪɸԼѾԼܾˣǴܳȥҲᾪʲôˡ˵ǸĺӣԼҲģ
Ǳط
һ·󷽣ܳ嵹Ƕܺµӡ
ص෿Уܳ˷žͿʼ·൥ڴˣвкӵҺ죬б̺мġ
ùһܳӣȴܳѾѵùˡ
˳ܳǲʱȴ֣֮ܳһƽƺ˵ʲô
ΪԼۻʶطֲܳ˫ȿ¡ȻƽģûʲôԵ
һֱȵŮ˻Ҫ׻ʶؾ̽ȥƽ̹΢¡ĵطȷһСڸ࣬ˣĵȷȷǸŮӣ
֡桭㡭ǡ
ѾҲ˵ˡ
Ůӣɱ߱Ŷ
ඨ˶˿ڿˮǿţǣ⾿ô£ôĸ׵ģ
ʵ벻ͨϵ¹ôˣôᱻס
ܳȴЦǸҪװѽҲҪ㲻Ҫ߱ˣȻһɱڵģ
һͷ亹ŶĺӰѾ֪һ˵ˣ
Ҿ˯ˣһȥҪЩʹŮǡһ࣬ܳЦ룬һкܶ໰Ҫ˵
ŲܳСС͵ϼüŪ۵ӣҲһ㣬ҲЦ
ܳҲǹԾûʣ͸࣬Լװʵǲܲٵ˼ֻԼҲΪʲôˡȻͶ˵˺ܶڸ׺ĸ׵£
ȴᣬҲʼˡ
ǲܲ뻷˵жˣֻΪϵ¹еᡣ
ϵ˵źԼڴ˰ɣ
ϵ¹վİѻ˵ҵӰӰɡԸǿҲ޷ԼķڱԼʱűˣ˵Լɱ˵Ʒɣ
Ȼϵ¹ڶļ檣ÿ檶ϣԼһʱһһԼİɡ˵ǰԼһ˵ǸôǿŮӣ˵Ǹֻ֪ϵ¹ĵŮӣҲôİɣƫƫԸ񣬶ֽôǾܲ˲ܲԴԼġ
ϵ¹˵˳˳࣬ƢԸ񶼿Фҡֻ£ˡ֪ΪʲôҲΪ˸еǸκͲȴϳϡ
ˣΪζأ
ܳͬĸܾܲݺͲֱȲܳС꣬ˣȥȥġȻвָã˳ԵʣֻҲԭ
ʲôأ
ܳ壬ǴСͱжġԻ˵ֻ³ʱΪǲܲٶĸŮĹذǣ֮󣬲ܳĳ࣬ԽԽңֻ´عˣЩԷˣֻҲǽ֪˴£ԲŻա
ԽԽ࣬ԽԽᣬԽԽòϵ¹ߴȥȻ˯Ĳܳ壬ҲһΣ·ԼĸסҲܲٵӣовܾݺͲǳȻȴܲ٣̳ܳĸ׵ò
ϾŮѽ
̾˿ҲֻܿûʲôᲹˣ
֮λ
ôܣŮӰ˴λǸΣգ˵ӣҲĺػ־ˣ
ϵ¹źҲڵİɣӣĻ̳ϧǣ
ȻˣҲֻȰȰϵ¹۰һˡԭǼİң̫谮Ļֻ»𲻱Ҫ鷳أ
ظŮĺãȻòͨŮӵҸҲùϵ¹ĶӲ뵽µķȥ
ķңֱ춼˶û˯⣬ֳһ󺹣
Ѳܳ壬ȴ·ҿ죬±ɵúܿ졪лȥˡֻԼһˣڴϣҹһУһ





һ 

תűȨԽһֻܲ٣Բܲ˵֤Լ£ȻǸ˷Ƿ
ĵⶫֻǴӽϵĵطŪģȨҲǽ߲ܲ٣Ѿ˽ҪϷչԱ⣬òٰܲġ
ܲ¶ûмȻǾ̾ѡ
ܲٺȻǷֻֻ֪֪ķҲǿ֪֮
˵ҪӵģҲ˵ҪСģ˿Цá
ܳȺ˫ü֪ҲΪѣȥôˣ
ûˣܳ˼ϣûж˵
ЦӾ˭ѧģܲܻˮĸֻҪϢúãص˶ˮ︡أ
ܳ⻰Ȼһ˿â˿࣬Ц⻹Ǻ÷أ
֪ѾӣЦˡ
ܳ͹ȥķӸ˲ܲ٣òٰܲ봬ˮϵĵطϿ̶ȣȻװͬʹǿ̶ȵطʯ飬ʯֱӾˡ
ܲ˶ԲܳķͲѣȴاһ˿ʵ
棬ңСĺأ
ǣҸᣬϵ¹ʹظŮĺã
ܲȻǳϲ֮УûйעŮ˼ӻСʲôλ˼ɡǣĵλûʶҲʶˣκʱ򶼲ٵġ
ԵܲòָܳŮʱ򣬲ܲٲûж˵ʲôֻǿһۣ֪ˣԼĴ㣬㲻ᡣ
üҲûа취Ͼ˼ҵļ£ԼҲ̫ڸ档ȻܲһֱǰԼһˣԼĸѾˣͲˣ
Ͼ㣬Ұ㣡
ûа취Ȼ߲ˣҲֻ뷨ˡاûôĵӺ
֮ӣ˾ոƽ̲̽úͲܳ壬ȻԲֲȡ̬ȡ
ѲܳһȫŵģҪˡǲܳԱսûʲôȤ˵˺ܾòòܳ尲ѧϰս
֪ΪʲôԺɨݣȴ㸸׵Ķ֣ԬҲ򲻹ô
ŲܳЩãȻɫЦҲԸ񣬶ΪûϹľ¿γ̣ûнľѧУɢһЩƽӹ֮û⣬һ㸸ͨսԵˣͻһͿء
ֲ
ǲϵµĶӣ
ܳ忴࣬գգۣˣСҲӣ
̾˿Һγ֪㲻ԸЩĵ£ûȥ㸸ˣҲÿ˵
ϴܲòָܳŮܵ£ܳҲ֪ģҲɫ
Ǻôòܳ忪ʼĿʼѧϰսˣҲοе顣
ôɰĺӣʲôҲﲻˣһⲻȥġܲ٣ȴΪ࿪ʼʼĵؽ̵ĺӡòܲٺ⡣
òܲٿʼطſ˶ƣ߳˾ոϽˡȻҪ˷̸ġ
ĽֵԽԽˣ֮ǰһѾȫ˸ӣҲипҲǰ˵òһѺ֣ȴһС⿴ܲٶ̶̵ʱͰԭȲ۵ĶУ֪ܲٲڣʹ˲ϣҲȳҪࡣ
Ȩܹõôཫ֧֣ҲΪҲ˰ɣ
뵽Ȼе
ϵ¹һģڽ˰ɣǺֻ֣ڽˡı
Ҳ֪ΪʲôȨȻûķߺˣֻ̾ѡ
ûĿĵй˹䣬;úʲôڸԼо֣Ĵ˿ȻһӰӳɲǼͬػһ㣬˶԰
ǸϤӰǸ޳ͦӰǸαװҲӰǸֻһ۾סҪӰ㣡㣬˭أ
ǿѹװ߹ȥλ̨Ǻأ
ӵĳ£ȴûкܴĸйǰ棬Ӹϼһأ
ҿ졪Ѿ֪һûм˰ĸӺˣȻЩȴӢˬװԿΣȫһӢˡ
䣬Ҳʮˣװ޳ҲǸʮأ
˼˵Լĸˡ
˿ߵ̴ӺŮҲ֪ûϸ˵ˣһȻҲӦԣ˵¾Ȼֱһ࣬ǴϺʼ˵ľ˵Ҳԣй
עȻǷһֻ࣬㲻˵һڽǰѽ뷨ƵԼļϡ
˵Լָ̫ͥƽ֮ģҲ˵Ȩ£ʾȨҲ뿴ûдˣܹʲôá
ûж˵ŻȥҪúôܲ²ܲٵĻɡԼôöû棬һûʲô˽ҲΪ˱ӡϾǴӽģȥ˵ܲٵĲɣټ棬ҲһòܲԼǲǹȥԲȥܲɻҲֻΪ³ڱӣбʲôͼ
ô죿ôȥǸԵ֣
Щ뷨̸ţֻ˫еϾĸ飬Ķе鰮һеıֳֻþرˡ
㹲緹ҷֱһ·ص˾ոҲʱģȻ㣬Ҳû˵ϼ䣬ûеʲôʱ䡣Իص˾ո˯ʱΪϢһ£͵˸øֵܽѧʱ
ֵܸ˸ӣʱҲԼģ𣬵һ뵽ǰϵ¹Ҳ̵ԼģҲͻȻˡ죬ͻȻ뵽һӣȥȻʱ䳤Ҳп²ܲٵĻɣ֮ǰԼӦѾ뿪Ų˰ɣ
һǱйֲӽԴӴѧϰʫһֱĹĽ٣ûԹң
ֲЦЦԼʫĲ̫óԵʰɣ
ֲĻֱӣе㲻ӣҲֱָĵζйأϾĵλϣҪ˵𾴺ǫѷ˻ͽ
ǲõµֵ֧ģλĻܲʱֿǲʺڳ֮ϵġֻù˭̳ϵ¹λӣϵ¹һúαģ
ԲֲЦЦҶⷽǲ˵㣬ΪҲ̫ϲЩĸ׾ͶҺʧأӽӸĲɺܺãҿԴȥݷһ£
ֲ룬Цŵ˵ͷţӸ֮Ҳжšձ㷳ǰȥˣ
ǣȥݷɣ





һ Ѱһ

ôϾȥĻҲᱻʲô˿ȻҪɻ
ԣҲֻڱ޲¹˼죬ʩʩȻĳ󣬴Ųֲݷ
ʶȤشŲֲȥ鷿ŮͥԺתת⸮ۡľ¡ŮȻһλӢŮˣ
ͥһ԰ӣסڴ˴ÿһţܿ԰ĻľҲһܡֻǶ˵Ͳ֪ûˡ
ڵ㣬ȷûʲôˣ˷ž·
ֺЦֺôһʱ䲻˼ɫ
ʱգ׵ؾǲȻصһںס޵һؾ׽ţһﺬص˭㲻˵һһܵôԶĵط
ǰսһеѣϤоϮȫʶ״̬Һͬħһ㣬˫ֵĸ´Ӽʶ״̬У˱˷Χľء
ȵ߽ؾһʱѾȫʪ󣬼ֱȲĽˣ
еظܵнڵָʱ㼸ͬʱط˳ġġֵŶȻûеΪԼʧ̬Ľе˼Ѿڿʼԭʼĳ鶯
ھΥ˵ĵĸйٴ̼Уܿﵽ۷塣
棬ô͹ˣҿɻûأ
һεĳ鴤ͽ۵нһһָ
ཥڱ˼еӣʼӭĶʱ㷴ʼŻԼĶ
㡭
Ĵʻ̽У֭ͬ࣬
ӦңҪң
ȻȴԼĻұʾԼļ
һδڱĳһʱԼĸ͸й٣رס㣬ԼΪҵǻӦҪ
ǣһź󣬺Ȼؿʼ˷㡣
㲢ûκεĲʺɬⱾģİ˻ӵУеϵҸ
һô˳£֮ʱǳɬŮӵϢָֻһǡǵزôܹǰأ
ͷе˼벨ֻһ˲䣬Ͼ;Լ
̧һȣԼ˫ȽţԼϣԼشĻ꣬Ȼĥ
ĥᵽأɻȶؽϣģһʼĴ㵹ܿͳʴǵĿ֮С
Ҳ𽥱ĿȾҲʼоĴ̼Ȼ֪Ǹʵ໹ǵһΡҲİڶͻӦ֮С
һΣ˼ͬʱ˶壬ڸһУ˽ӵһ
Ұ㣬档
Ҳ㣬㣡
ѰҧŶԷĶ䣬˵ʵĸܡ
һ꣬˽ʱȴֲѰƽ࣬Ҳе顪ôһ㣬Լ侲Ϳ½ô죡

ֻ̾ѣȥҲֲֲȻͻȥˡ簲źˣֻҪֲ࣬˵˼棬ȥˡ
౾ǲֲʦֲǲܲٵȻЩʧ񣬵ֲҲû˵ʲôĸԣҲ̫ȥʲôΪҲ־Щʧľٶˡ
Բֲʱ֪ȻȥҲûж˵ʲô˹Ҳ͸ˡʱ࣬ŵϸ̸
Ȩ®¾Ͳ˵ˣȨûʲôƽеĲİȨơ
ȴڽ괺һո˳ɳꡢƴ
ȨҲȷܲʾãΪƽ֮󣬳ɳ뽭ңӦȨǺݴʷƽң͢ȴԭңԽֺ޳ĪʴһֱûǰȥȨ˽ݵ⡣ݵصֺ̫ʿƣڵ󣬾ϱƾʿҼ̫أεʿУǻһУ򲻳̫أʿϺ̫ء
һаʿϵĿˣټϽ߻ʵԶģ˵ʿƾǽݵʵۡ¶ϣ̫ʷȴ̫ʣȨ˵ǸϢԾϱ̽̽ԱԼһж
͢˽ӹܽݣȨϣģԼʿͻһǾȨĺûᡣһ˽ݣ˵±ݣͿԶԾͬʱԶʱñмơ
ʿˣţǲˣ壬丸ʿͣʱΪϿ̫ءóѧʱѧʦʿ棬Ρϴѧ衣
ƽ꣬ʿȥӾʦعűɥڼ֧¾ТɣȻűïţɽνֺ̫ءڶ׿ʱڣ´ңʿڽֺȴǺܺãʿ˶ͶģԭĵĽֺսʢ
ʿ丸ڽʮֵ꣬ģҪֱȾָ²Ǽ׵¡ⷽȨȷ
ֻ ֪ϵ¹ô
һССͷһ㣬ҲʲôӦһЦЦ
ʱһ·ܽ˵׼ȥ£ҿҲʲôȥҪǸ˽ݣǻǲܹڡ
Цŵһıӣˣа취ģֻܷĵعȥҿû˵һҪȥǱߵģ˵ôҪѽ˵ȥɾͲˣ
ϻ䣬ɫر˱䣬һѳס䣺ͷղΪʲôҪң
ЦŵôղŵĻ⣿
˺죬ҧҲָ
ʲôе⡣
һ㲻Ҫң޷ǶԼûģһҶȥһڣҪ⴦֮ô
һ㶣ĻȻȴͬһ׻ԭԼҲⷽ뷨ֻǻûôֱԼ˵˳ͬһԼԵģ
ɫ״ӣҲĳ˽ΣǾͲҪȥˣĴȥһתܽĴҲˣȥҶҪ㣡
¸жҲ㣺ţһٶ㣡
㣬ص˾ոܲȴڵ
ôȥӸȥˣܲһЦ⡣
˵ͷǵģϾǽˣҲһֱܶ
ܲٵ˵ͷǹˣҪģ²£˲ɰ
౻˵лңҲҿֻúҵӦˡ
ܲٲûоȥǸ࣬ԬͲסˡڶС֮ʱЩķƽˡΪһ󻼣Ԭܾĳһٻܲ٣㲻ܻҲҪȲܲһ£޷ٲ߷Լĺ󷽡





һ ߻

ʱԬܣᵽıʿ;ȰܲٴսȷԡֻԬܣҪһĻҲˡȻԼΪӪĴȴ򣬵ǲͣĴҲʵԬܲʤ䷳
ǣԼıȻܲ٣Ԭٶȳˣ
ܲյ鱨Ԭܳǰ׼һУ׼ԴϣٶԬܾһʤ
Ҳ˴㡪֮ǰļζԲܲٵ̽õķӦܲپǲٰںˣһỹߡһܲȥ˾ǰڲܲٵƤ£ûһߡ
εսܲѾı˺ܾãȥǰߣʵûжķֱ𡣿ǣ
Ǿãյķӣ
ǣҪӣΪģҲ˼ҩͳˣҪӰӴƣҲܿա
޾֮·Ϊһ˼ʱҵһչյˡ
Ե㸮м٢ʱֱҪ˵æûпһֿȥأܹһ֪֮ٵƫκõĲ
٢Ϊ̫سµ˶ĹֲԱµƼܲٵģˣȻ˵úܡ
٢֪ı£ƭ˵ܲҪǿΪ檣Ҫòⳡ£Ȼӳ
٢룬ұͶܲپһЩԵδҪòϾסʱֵʢģǵòҲȬҿƫ㣬ãϢңƶɫۡʱֻҪͣҩɽָ
㵹ŪеˣҪòȬ
٢ЦЦÿ˵ʲһҩʱҲһȬʱҲһҿչ彡ھͿʼҩĻЧʮͣҩҲֻͿɻָ
еֵصⲻǶҩɣ
٢ЦǶҩˣҲʲôĶҩҲСġ
ղ˵ϵ¹Եδǵģıˣιʳԣ໹֡
ҩֻԼùҲûԹԵʱʲôӦҲ˵ϾȫͬԶӽһʲôʧҸԣҲиӦ
Ĭ˰Ρʵϲ֮ԵˣȻΪԼ˵زаŮ֮ɫʮ꣬ҪǿԼɫϧǣͲǣ˵
ôֻΪǸҽ
һ˲еԻ󡪡ʵ벻ΪʲôĴ˵ҽԼﵽ̶ֳȡ
ѵΪѳϰߣԲһ̶ĵطΪϵ¹ЧôղԼҲ˵ģ
ʵ벻ͨϾʣҲֻȴлţȰס£Ȼôϻ٢ġ
˵ӸϣȻҵġ
ôӸģ
ʼ磺ȥ깥®̩ˣЩΣϻ٢֪ҽ߳Ϊ̩ҽΣκ̩ҶҲˣǮլۡϲһطסһ¾ˡ˵µǴ˸мʮͷӣµǰ˵ܲͷ֢֮ܳµܲٿɡ
̩ô
룬ƺֲӣҲȷôأ
ô˵Ȼ˻٢İæװûˡҪͨһ¹ؽڡؽھǲا
اϴûȥǰߣӦҲȥֻǲ֪ϴη࣬ܲûгǲǻеһΣ˵᲻һΣص㣡
Ƶı仯ȻԼĲһطչţ˿޹ߵ׼
ԬεȷǼܼебϴιٶ֮սûоȫ֧Ԯĸ߸Ҳ
ʵҲܺ⣬Ԭ۰ܲܺԼĶȣ߸ΪԬϵĵλһʵҲ֮顣һοԬʩѹ߸Ҳòɳر
һϾֲ֧סˣ˸漱š
ܲҲ˶Ӧ갰ȻԬĲʩѹͤˣԬܾ뼺İΧȦ
Ψһðң˵֮ͤǰͱԬδػᵽܻͤתƺӶɿֱȡӵ̫죬ԬҲתΪƵƹǱƵĲܾҲ޷ԬаΧˡ
ҲѡʱԼˡ
ܲٹȻϾǣֻҽһ¡ҽôܿ٢ֽţȻܲٱġ顱࣬ԿȬ
ܲ޷ֻܰඪڽһȥǰ
ɵǣηˡģǲا
Ҳ֪ϴεûдأǲܲٶԲاʰΣֻԴ˶Ͳا˸ٽһ̽ô˵βاٴθࡰ˵ˡ
ϵ¹۰أ
Ųا̽µص
اЦЦֻ꣬ѵһݵۣ
֪اΪܳԼܲҲϲˡ
ЦЦӢۣҲ֮
اһ£Ҳݡ
ϵ¹Ҳۣ
اĬ˺ܾãҸô죿ܲˣǲǺһô
ЦŴ⣺ϴƼ˾ʵ£ôˣ
ûʲô⣬Ķ˾ܲǿǸ˲õˣһΪ֮ĵġ
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ا˵ͷе˷ܣƼף˵ڲʱҾӦˣҲûʲôô
ʲô˼ϵ¹ܳ£
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اһ£û˵ֻǿ֪࣬滹лӡ
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˵ŵݹȥһţاϿ˿Ȼ̧ͷࣺôĺôҪʲô
̾˿ҪʲôȻǻؽˣѵ㲻֪
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˵Ŷգգۣߵʱһæʱһһ
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֪ǹô˵ԼʣҲã˳˼ʵϧʲô
ϧ㲻ܼ޸ңȻֺξ棡
һ֮ʣاЦȥ





һ 

عاԶˡֻúЦԼѾǶʮˣȻᱻһֻʮкϵϷǼ˹ˣ
Ҳ·ϣֻΪǲاڿ֮Цȥا̸еĽǡ
٢ҲĸϡԴӲܲߺͼû٢Լ
ôû°ɣ
ÿ㶼֣ʻ٢ͬĻ
٢µĺ룬ȻŮ֮岻ͬҩЧҲͬҲ̫ģȻзֻҪҵķӵʲô󻼵ġ
ҲЦŶÿζЩҲǻӷҪң粻ˣ
һۣң
ЦŲԻ٢˷һؽô
٢ͷҵԵȻڽϣڽ
񣬻٢ԪԣϷȻˡ
Ԫ˭
٢ЦǸʿȣԪţռУʱҲЩϷ֮ƭƭǮ
ˣȻǲǸĿ㣬׹£ųߣݹǍᾣͷװڵˣ
٢۾ôҲ
ЦЦǼһԣϧһҲ׼
٢ɣȻҺЩģ֪ԣûʧ
£ʲôԣ˵
౾Ը˵βסĥⱾǲܵ£˵һӶˣһ̫֮ȴ޵֮ˣҶӶ޳֮˵е֮࣬Ǻ˵
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Цһ룬ȻסڣŭӣҾ͡Ҿ͡
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Цģһһ㣬ٲˣ
Ļ˳ȥ
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Ҳżָ٢˵˼䣬Ȼųȥ㡣
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ڲܲߺĵ죬һж׵ɲاȥЧΪشǡ
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Υ˵ºĶУ˳ȥȴ誣
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Ԭˣ
ΪˣѶϣڣôϵضֵġ
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ǵصջͶ˵ɱ밡ҿװ׵ģ
ЦҲû˵ʲôѽ㼱Ʋʲô
̾˿ʲôѵһ᲻֪
Ȼ֪ôͣҸͲġ
̲סȥһ㻹󷽡
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֪ӣһԼһǶϲܽκ˵ġŮ
౻˵ůůģ̲סǽȥҲǣ˶ڳҵĻС





һ 

һ·ΣҲоյصء
ζžΥķ磬Լܲٶ˵Щ󰮵ĻһȻǼһޣϣǿ磬ϵƣȫߣ
ص˽صأص︮ٴһ
ȥ˺լȥԼĸף类ɴȥȨˣ٢˷֣ԵػصԼķʱȴδ齾㶼һȾһֱ˴ɨ
˭أ
ȨǲܵģҲ͵һԼ֪ġԼط֮ǰͻѾ֮ĸԼˣЩｫģ
ˣȴûʸԼҵСԺ
ԣֻһġ
ô
еůԭҲΪ˱˸жأ
Ҫһ¸м֮飬ȴ񴲢أһȥ˵
ಢΪ⣬ֻΪȥɣ˵ȨĥܵܣίһΣȥ
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㡭
أһֲõԤУò
ȨܷΣ˵ǱߵĴɱʱߣΪȨѳɣԼ˵£ûа취ȨƲãֻȨ˽ȨȨǵõǶпвԼλ񴣬޶ô
֪ΪʱԼѧĹϵͽڽ˵ǳ̫ʷȡ̩⣬˿ˡ
ʱд˵ߵĵܵܣһ²ɵһ¸ҹ㣬õĽӰˡ
ӵ£С˽ʮ񴣬ǽӰˣҲǺ¡ִֻȨУⲻǿĲľأҲΣա
ֻ࣬ȴԶ񴣬ûа취ıߡдŹȥҲ֪ǱߵûҪ㰡
¼ΪıﲡҲǺġԬ֮Աܲ׵ں󷽸صıѣܴԭɱ˹ѫ׿Ĵ塣
ǸԬϳҲĴ󽫣ڹǿʢʱڻܹ趣ԬΣ֮УԬȴûκ֤ݵ˵ѹ԰Ͱɱˡòڵңװ׵ɥʧѸٽ趵Ļᣬñƣڹٶ֮սвҰܡ
ȻԬܵʱ൳ңĵӰȴһ˷紵ݶͻٶ¡ԬΪ˺󷽵İҲֻٶðգܲپսˣ
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Դ˺ǻңΪһŮĸף˵ТġʵֵܣĸףТ˳ġܣΪɥĹϵɣΨһĸףΨκεĲ֮ġ
λĸףȴŪΪͷ۵
һڣҲûʲôָˣָΪҵһаŮԳмԼĻ¡ȥǰҪ˻ֵܵĶӣ
ֵܶǲûкöģرȨѾңֻǻûðˡ㣬Ϊ¶üչ
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಻ֹһ˵
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࿴ȨֻԽԽ᣺˵Щʲô˼أѵһʲô취ֹô
ʵҲ뿪£Ȼ褵Ĵûãǿѡ뽭պ뷨ϵ褣Ҳʱ뿪ĸס
ûУУȨһǣȥЦޱȡ





һ ƻ

࿴ȨȨֻЦݣȴͼ
ʶԷ˵ֻ»ҪԼɣߣȨѾ֪ԼĹϵҪԴԼô
ǼȻ˵ĻԼİɡ
ܲ뿪Ȩ󣬶룬ȨȻԼʵҲԼԸְæȻΪˣǲ˵Ļġ仰˵ԼǲǿȨæȨ֡
Ƿô
Ȩ΢ЦӣеԻ޷ȷһЩʲôһʼһͶ˾Զ֮Ϊ֪ǸԼ޷յˣʶؾҪԶ
ĳ̶ֳ˵ȨѹҪϵ¹
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ǸжˣûֱӳֶԸ磬ΪԴаԴʵ̫η塣֪ı£ֱӳʧ˵Ļȴʲô³Ҳס⽭Ͼģжܸıʵ
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Ҳף˼ǰڲ̨ģΪ㣬Ը˵˵ڲΪϵĻҵֻġļӺŮԼΪأһֻҪʹϷģҲϧҲΪˣǰŻ˵ȨεĻɡǻһˣֻƴһҲҪΪԼȻҸ˲ģĵܻܵӵİɣ
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ʱߵ仰ֻҲǶȨĲ°ɣȻԸô׵ˣ
Ҳϲ㣡
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ûϵ
ȨشƵᡣ
ü
֪Ȩ˵ϲʲô˼ǰԼòǰԼˣǾԼƽ£
ʵΪԼûôı¿Ըĳλʶ£ǼĿأòˡԭԼҲǸ֮ˡ뷨
㣬ӦðԼ˰ɣţԼòûôƯҲ뿪ԼģòһҲ˵Ȼ̫ªĻҲһܽܰˣϾʱòҲǺҪġ
ڱˣֻ¿ϵģԼ⸱ƤҰɣ
뵽ĺг嶯ҪԼ
Ȩ˵ûϵʲô˼أ
ǶԼϲ̬νֻҪõԼ˾Ϳԣ˵Լڼ޸





һ 褵ı

ҡҡͷЩν£಻˼ǣȼһ㣬ô
Ȩ࣬һȻ޸ҺȻܼ
һʱûԼԭΪĸףΪλô
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ɾͲˣҪʧȥ㣬Ҫʧȥ磬źѽܰɣ
ȨĻŭüʧȥƣǰһЦŵĲҪˣ⽭ڽ˭
ȨҲЦŵǻôǲǾǸõļô
࿴ȨɭȻһݡԭҲڲ¼ɵģ
ʵģƵʵԼԼεĴԣ඼õȨôԴһ֪
ԣŻȥɣ
ֻǲ֪ԸȥĵǱȨȥġ
һ˲䣬طԼǵ񴡪ȨܹߣѵôϲƣǾʹ˹ȥֻȨԵֶܵܵλ˼ɡ
˲˼ƽϣȻ̧ͷȨ㲻ҴӦ֮󷴻ô
ȨЦ֪Ŀǰ㻹ûʳԶʹسŵⷽ棬ƺñһ˶Ҫá
ȷǸŵˣһܲҲûа취ܲ˵Ҫ̫ѳŵϣ¡ȴ޷ϵ¹˵ɴ߲Сڵֵز
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һݣ֮ǰԼҪҪأֲë֮أȨҲŹô
Ȩ㲻ҪһߣӦģ
ǰϲƣôܶԼĸأıǻư
ޱݣȨһתȥȨıӰǾԼûһˣ޹һˣƫƫĸ磬ԼҲÿǵĸܡ
ǡѰ
Ҳֻ̾Ϣ
죬ǰݷõˣȴ㣬񴡣
Ȩδ˼࣬Ϊֻ֪ҪڣͲܡΪ㣬һûܵκ谭ҵࡣ
ǳԾ㲻ȥô
֪ǳ£Ծͻˡ
ԭȨֻסжȴ취˴ųȥֻԭǴ褵ģΪڵԼó֣Ҳû֣ԾͰѴµдŸ񴣬취
һһȥģ·ʱѾ˲٣ȨѾʲô׼ˡ
˵ѾҪ檵¡
ͷȷˡе˶֪Ҫˡֻǣû˵Ǹ㡪ƽʱװ磬ͻȻ˵ŮˣŻܴķ졣ʱѧҪЩⷽ׼ø˽ܣҲ˴֮ĹϵĹǡϾкܶΪӣһȻһЩ飬Ҳһ˫ɡܵõ㣬ܴЩҥԣ
˪Цһǲҥԣʵ
֪ԼҲ֪ģԶڿ˵
Ĭ˰Σ¾ͲҪٶ˵ˡ涯ĵģ׵طŹ㡣
ô죿޸񴣬ҿɳ˵ǰ棬ʱƾҵֻ֣ҪһҾҪɱΪ²֣¾Һ޼ҪյУͶˡ
ֳĬ˰ΣźΨ֮ƣֻȶ˶ȢĲСֻҪ֪ûȢˣŻġ£Ҳɻͼ֮ˡϾĸײأҪԶޣͲǽڵ¡ڽǱߣùȥһʿƴҼͷ
õǲȢأ
۾죬³֣޸ң
ྪòˤȥ
㡭㡭֪Լ˵ʲô𣿡
ֱţԼһֱСܵܵĴкȻҲԼ뷨
˫ֵҡ֪£Ҳ㡭Ҷ㡭ûʲô뷨ֻǡֻڣҲֻСҡšҲ˵Ҳᣬʲôģ޸ңܸȥȻ󡭡ţȻһӳߡ
ʱҲ侲ྰͰ͵ذѻ˵꣬侲룬Ȼе쿪е˵ҲֻӿС
ղ˵ʲôߣߵȥ
ȻĻе֡
˵ˣΪ촬һˣǳǣȥôҾ뽻̫Ҫܿ磬ǸԶһĺá
а̾Ҳûж˵ֻǵ˵ͷס˵Ǵʱô
Թ誵Ĳ¼ҲС誾вǶȥģҲ̫ԣ촬ĽҲ
Цŵھˣôأ
͹˵ֻҪŹĿǰעͻᱻݺͽǱȥӦûôྫעˣʱ취ӳ
롪޸񴣬ܸһߡȨܻΪ¾񴵱ӵݶߣֻȨ¸ҪˣûܡתȥǱߣҲûӲԼҪǾʹԶ߸߷ɣ¡ڽȨԼղܣΪ˲ԼöʲôݵľٶƺҲֻм޸С
ٺ٣û뵽Ȩû檵Ķϵȥ㷴Լһӣ
ϸ룬ʵڵǱߣĸ
֮⣬ûڵֲԼ
ֳΪ֮ɫȥΪӣô뷨
̾˿˵
æ˸Ӥߣ½һбߺ̡Ϊ˺ܻ飬ҲҲܶҶȥ죬ҵĸˡ
Ҫ£ЩصУˣǼɶǺݶˣ
˵ͷΪǵİȫһڵġ
˵ͷ˵ҲˣһʱҲʲôȹǰɡ֪ô
֪һˣ
һ£Ҹμ޸أ¸ɣ
Ŷ°æġһ˿Ρ
ྪغһ¸ʲôϵ
취˵ֽţðһ㣬ҰƸȢޡҶ벻һȢģ
ע񴣺檾Ϳˣ޵ġ
֮ǡ֪Ҫ뿪ģٷޣαҿյ޵ݣ
桭Ҳע࣬ôҲίҵ檡ҪȢ㣬һҵޣ
࿴񴣬ҪƫתĿ⣬ȴһʱ޷ƿСԼкȻҲԼ޷ӵĹâ
һָжůĵ׿ʼӡ




һһ ֮ǰ

֪Ҷĸ顭˺ˣò˺ΪԼѾ㣬Ҳ޷ܱˣֻܾȻǾסܣ˷ˡ
棬ǵġڣĻԶǡ
һ֣ҲֹĻҰѻ˵꣡
˵ţ񴣬᳦תȻһʱʣ˵
һºҲһŻصҲ֪ô֪Һ֮µģҲԸȥ⡣ôҺ֮£⣬ܹǣã㱧ʲô˼ǣ룬ʹĽԼ
񴼱æһͷſԣȴֱֹҲضʲôҲûб˼ֻô飬޷ر㣬ֺαԼ
ĸֻǶԵܵһ㣬Ȼ˵һҹҲֻһʱļ¶ѡԶԴ񴣬ȻԴ½ѷвͬҲ漰Ů֮飬̶ֳȵ
ĶҲ㲻ϡڿӣоԼĸ飬಻ǸɵϾǸӱܵų֮
˵һӦܵˣҪԶھϣҪصöࡣ
һ˿ʹ֮ɫܿͻָ˳̬棬֪ġ£һ֪ġİɣһǵģֻҪǺúõģǾϣ
ЦЦ֪£˵¾ܷµģοǵŮӾԼԣ޸Լµ񣬲ô죬໹벻ʲôõķӡ
̾˿֪ô
ҡҡͷ¶Ҳ˵Լ˵ĺá
üҵǾãΪܵܣӦø˵һЩҺĹϵӦñȽ΢ɡ
Цöڵ˵ֵĴڣǰһȫȫô
ǳ˳飬˵Ҳȷеֻ̾˿ðɣ⼸Ӧûһ棬ʱһ˵ġ
ΪȨô
뵽Ѱֵǣȴߺʧ֪Ĵ˵˵ǶôشҲʼʹ㣡ң׸ôأ
֮ǣ죬 ż㡣
֮Ȩı֣ӦǼеرҲӦö˼棬Ȼ޸ԼŶԡǺȻ֮Ƶع죬Ҳ֪Ȩڸʲô
ŪȨ뷨ЩšûŹǼߵڵϣҲû˻ŹֻңеϾˣڵʼ˼ԲߣĽԭЩת㿪ʼʴǵ˼
û뵽̶̵һʱ䣬Ҳ˼˵׶ʴǡ
ѵȨϵԼĸ仯ԹԼʱ䣿
Ҳ뷨ǺܿԳҡͷˡȨҲϵԼϵı仯ɣ
ڿ漣ûбֳͬĵڵǹɸ飬侲ǣֽԼķ䡣
١ڱŮڷһ෿Ĵ㡣
һ뷿䣬һѽرס࣬ݺݵĴϣȫ˾ȡòйůۡ
ղŬѹסУȫҲȫӭϻӦ㣬ֱΪѶòֿ
൲סҪ·ڵ֣ô
ѹȥ͵ô
໹˵ȴ죬һ˵һ䣺עˣ
ӣ
񣬵ȷÿζԼȽϴ
ܹô
ÿζ˼Ĵ֮ȴÿζȫԸҵȻᱻԵģ
ԺЩͷܿͳ˫ֺͿ֮¡
ļԽԽ죬ཻ֮ʣͬʱĦ˫壬ͬһʱ̽ĹȣͬʱĹɾ
һرķ˿˼ɷ⻹и̩ڿʼʱ㷣ܿͱӿǵصġû
㡭㡭
㼤ҵĳ鶯дﵽ˸߷塪ҾȻڵﶥһ˲䣬ӿ˴ҺطνСʤ»飬֮ôõĽӲҪá籡˾ˡܲö࣡
ǿҵľоУܿסԼûм˻ҲǺܲ׵ˣ
࣬ҲҪ
ſĽͦϣһ˱Сһູ޵Ľϸţ
໹ڶζгţĻеĻٶȼһѱס㣬Ȼѹ£ݺݵؽĴҧ
˫ָļͷǰصĸʣ֫ͦʢΣȻ̧һȡ

ѹסҪȥȣ֧§סĲӣҲҪҪ㡭Ҫң
һ㶣ҧסĶѵµ㻹Ҫȥ޸˲ɣ
౻仰ǣֻе´ӳлȴؽֱ
࣬ѾǵĴˣѵؿ޸ô
һ˵Ȩ֮ƣȴһ󼱷ȡഭ
һҪҪңȻôܰģݺݵ׽ס֣Լܴ֪Ǹһ¾ͻḺˣ㲻Ҫңʱһһݲȥ
ûϵ˵Ļֻе̣һƬʪ󣬾żһȻһ½һָڡ
ʱе˷вعסԼǽԴڵһָ
ĺҵ飬ҲͲס˻һһѽƵָһָ˳ͬʱؽխܵ
㷢һ̴ٶͳĺ˫ץסȫɫѪĹɼ
༤ûָŵش֮Уֱ㿪ʼ̧βӭϡ
ǿʼ鶯ʼ˱ʼ£ʼ˺ĥֱţӿԼе顣
㣬һḺ㡭
ӵ㣬գĶĶߡ
Ҳࡪһ仰׵˶ãڴ˶ãֻԼҲ˵ˡ
ǴӺʱʼԼǵŮӣȻֵȱ㣬ԽǽӽԽԳֵسԣݣ
ӣһŵһĽ飬඼ᾡظԼȫȫؽ࣬ҲԼˡʣµģÿǵġ
Ĵǣһа취Լ뿪ԣԼֻҪˡ
Ҽ޸ĻпܻὫԶ޵ݡ
ԼȨȨпʳԣⱾĵģĹǣҪҸĸ˵ˣĸױҲԶޡֻǶ˵Ϊ˸ĸ׳ϲ˸ģʲôڼģ˵ҴϷֻԶϷܴ󸻴󡣡





һĶ ӻ

˵ͷ뷨ڼȻҺĻ¸ĸ׳ϲһʱӦҲӦԵķӲŶԡ
ֻҪһʱգܽӦþҵӰɡ
ô鷳ҹҲǸϴֻ֮·˲˼ھݳֻҪٶֽţҲס
ô죿۾ʵ
ЦЦ˵ˣϵ¹Ԭսڲͤ󣬲ûлؾǽһʳԬܵأԹԼʤơڲһлĺѾȷͳϵ¹ֻ²սٶ°ɡ붫̫زgоɣʱgȻϵ¹ֻԹ˼档ʱӦһ棬綼ʧһᷢϹݡۿСúܣϴǱݣȻɵıһµǲǵ֮ԴȥҲһӮˡһ⣬Ǿлˣ
һأ
һģЦפһϣݣɾͲðˣ
еȻӣ࿵㡭
һ˿ĸоЦ§㣺ǲңǲ
Ƴ࣬˫зų˵Ҷţ
ЦİСҲģ
һңҾȥ޸ͷӣ
һ㶣Ϊʲô
ػѣؽڣûص
Цû뵽㻹ǸҸأ
ûش֣ҪҶûԴȥأ
һıӣôôô粻ǰȥһͳ˧ʱֱսôܵˣ
ͷȥȻ̧ͷˣô죿
һ㶣˵񴲻ģʶָĲǰæ£ָԺԸԼô졣
УʵһֱŲġֻ಻Ըȥ룬ΪУߵߡôƣòϵģڱĵط
µ಻ܻΪԼֻѻ֮飬Լ޸񴣬Լ˵ʵҲһ塣񴷴ڣԼߵĻԼֻǿնһҵҲѾȥο񴻹޵ȢԼ
̾˿գҪ룬ˣǲѾҪȢ޵ʽߴˣ
˵ͷǵģѾ¸ĸ׺Ͷˣ˵һϲ£Ϊĸ׳ϲ
绹ûжĸ˵Ȣô
û˵ֻ˵ȢһƶŮӣȻŻԣǺͻ֮
Цһôĸ׷Ȣô
ҲЦһ£ɲ˵ĸ״ŻΪ㲻ǸܰҵŮӣԲϲɡ
⵹ҲǣͨŮӣ˭ĵܰ
ЦһɫȰȥţȴԶɫŹֵվŶ˵ɫе㲻Ȼ
Ҳùű˷
Ȩļࡣ
ˣ
˵ͷǵģòǺܺá
ҵĵӣô
˿޵ȥҲ
ȨЦЦûŮŮһ޵ģ
ŮֻҪޡ
ȨһʱĬȻ㣬˼Σ
䴽ǣУҿԳޡǣҪ檣Ҳ񣬲ң
ȨЦҲ֪㻹ôˡ
֪ǰԼ֮£΢΢һ죬ŭңαң
ȨЦΪáҵޣǽĸôһӣںǱˣ
ŭЦһöлˣ
Ȩ˹֣ؿܺһսҲҵԸأ

֮ҹΣǹҡ
Ȩ̫ţҲп̫ˣԶļȻûзɣҲûĻɣݷҲûܵȨӦ£һİɡңϲô
ʵಢûشӦҪ޸Ȩֻ˵Գޣû˵޸˭Ȩֻ뵱ȻΪǸһԼѣȵԼ˵ӭȢʱϵı飬һܾʰɡ
뵽ĵҲ̲סĿС
ҲôȨļӳ֮ģǾҪʲôСУӭȢ죬˴صˡ
סĵطԭƫԺΪȨĻ£Ȩ뵽˹סԼסĵطӭȢǲġ
⵹Ҳ࣬ʱֱˡ
ҪǣôõʱŭĵȨһŭ֮Զȥݡ
ҪЩ׼Щ׼Ҫģʱ䡣
Ȩҹζ࣬ҪӭȢࡣ
ֻҪһʱĻ壬ԶƢԣͲἱż޵㡪ǱҪЮҵһֶΣҼ޸Ѿ޷أҲδػ޵㡣ʱһҲͻϾҲá
ƺԼĶ˽⡣
ȨԸûж˽⣬Ҳֻ񴣬һȨԼõİж
ƶĲʽ˵Ȩ˵˵Ǻܲġûʱ򣬵ĿǰΪֹ¶ɴһյġͻȻıʣҲûвȫղԼ˵ĸо
㾡ϸ죬ʹ޵ˣҲüڲҪڽڡ
ձУҲõļı
ʵеƵģ֪Ϊʲô褻ذæȻǸжܾãе㿴Ϸ˵ҪˮøϷĸо
Ҷô
뵽ԴЦݣ;ԼĵҲǿѨġ
Ҳ֪ǲẦԼģǴʵССЦ׽ŪһԼˡ
ӵ褣Ҳֻ̾ѡ֪Լܾ褵ĸ飬Ȼϲ˵еġЩʱ̲סҪ׽ŪΪһԼԼ˵ȻûǿǸһֱͷơ褵СС׽ŪҲȥˡ
ȶȨ˵ԼȻܳΪޣǳ޵ʱϣһ㣬ŪƵձҪġ
ģɵĻܳΪȨޣȨΪҪΪңʵȴҪ޸񴡣û˵ѣȴȨƫϵİϷǰͺóǸѧġ
Сﵱ꾭ĸײϵϷҲĿȾ˲١
ȨЦ˵˼Ȣĺӣһô
࿴ȨֳһֵɫҪô
ôô뷴ڣ
Ȩеš
ֻǣһĻŲܺ㶴
˵ֻееģе㷭ڵĸо
ȨĻŪһ㶣ΪΣ

һΪɬƺҹˮʱ򡭡
͵ۿȥȨƺҲ⻰Ūסˡ




һ 

ֻѼֱһֺ޲һɱȨȻɱĳ嶯ȥʵûʲôýȨƳٻ񡣶Ҽ˵ֻȨҲδػмƣпܻ벻Ȣ˵̸ˡ
ȨĬȻӣֻöƤ޳ܵصȻҵҲСˣǽϾ¡ܳΪѾҵһźˣҲҵĶ֮ҹҲ²ź
Ȩ죬ŵ˵ͷãһӵġ
˵ǰһ§뻳Уض࿴˰죬Ȼ͵صͷס˫
ֱֱִӵǣȫͬǰ׿ִйҲͬȵ Ķ׿еĺͻҡѾܾûԵϢˣ
ƿȨϣϰ໹ҪʤȨǺͷҡû׼áôļô
˵⻰ĵҪŻ
Ȩı֣⣬Ц˵û뵽㾭սϴɱɱģôߡ֪ˣһܿ⼸ġ
˵ͷǲ̧ͷȨӣҲڰԷǸӣʱ붼ûУԼô࣬Ȼ飬Ǽˣ
Ȩһʱûߵ˼Ҳе㷢ëѻתȤȥıôˣ
¼ƣȨȻȤŨϵԬǳˣͤһܣҲûʵˡ˵ǣܲôܻĻʱ䣡ҿ꣬ͽȫڲܲˡƽ֮ң³ֵòɿóô˻ṥȡģֻҪȡ˽ģ޺֮ǻʦ£ȡþĿȻȡݣԶ湥ݣڱؿɵþȫ
Ȩ־ӣʵڲΪôôôγɳ̫پǸؾ̫֮ػɲǸġһýǱԻԮǸκӣֻƸôҲ벻Ȩڶڹ½ĵĿܡ
ϲĿôŵ֣Ҫ˵Ȩһ£ʵ˲šǾ仰˵ûٽ֮ڣ֮䣬⣬䲻ҡս֮£Ȩߣɲһǰ㡣
Ȩܷȥܻһ㣬ɿӣȨǾİ۶ǱˡһҲ̣Ȼ»ܰ۶񽭶ϲȫ޹Ƶġ
ԣģҲֻаɱ֮İɣ
뵽ǰʱ۵̲ס̾Ϣ˭أҲ˺ܾ˰ɣɶûеֵĻᡣ˵۵ķһǿݹ۽ߵĽ죬õµģˣֻ̫ʷȺ̩˶ѡٺͳ¶ȴµϣҲûµǻۡ
ɫòȨűgңƲСܲҲ޷Ԭܽ׷ʹˡͳһĽŲҵĻҲһЩģΪ檣ҲûʽȢޣǰȢļҲǲҡгһλ˳ܳΪ޵ˣֻѣ
ȨĻ˵üΪϿңҲֿҲֻâڱĸоѡ
Ҳûʲô취ҲֻôЦί߰ˡ
ȨȥʱҲ͡ΪȨɶУ̩ٶҲֻԶԶţûǰ
ҲҪҪЮȨԼߡȥأ˵Ϊĸ׵ĹϵԸߣˣǱߴûò˵ˣȨֻǱҲˣȥҲҪ鷳
Ȩȷʵܵúܽˣ촬ٶȱ֮ǰһ˺ܶ࣬ŵˣһҪȨļӡ
褵ӣҲܿడ
ȻԼǰ֪˵褺߶ǳ֮࣬ڹȻѾȥˣѻֻ³ᣬҲðɡҿ`Ȼֻ»ࡣ
Ȼ뵽񴣬¼ɷӣֻ¹ñ褻Ҫѣû`飬Ҳǿ
󣬵Ҫúÿǣ
񴣬̲ס̾˿
Ȩɫ䣬ôǲô
೶ЦûСֻǻеˡ
ȨΣǻڶˣһ㡣
ҲҪñ˵ģԼӺս飬Ҳ񷨡˵ҲǶ˵룬Ҳһõˣ
ֻǲ룬ȨԤϲˡ
ֹ죬Ȼһˡ
Ӷˣ̾˿ʮ
˵ͷתͷ׼ô죿
Ǽúܣеֲ
ôˣ
е㲻˼ӣұҲҸյģܲײհɣĺǺ죬ǺҪȢޣĸҴٴ죬붨Զһ㣬Ҳó졣
죺Ҫһƴˡ
Цһ£Ȼµ񣬹˲ˡҪȺ죬ô˵ģһΪĹϵҲǨԴ˻صɻ飬ĸ׻жķ
ЦȻǴΪġбĽڡ
ʲôڣ
ҴʵһŮ糣磶ҪСֻ꣬ΪʧɢˡɩѲʵ磶糶ʱȥġΪڱˣԴҲͱ̸ܶĸӱ˵ҵˣҵĸۡСĸ׶Դ֮ҲǱأֻҪϢ͸ȥȻԴΪڻصȻڴ˵ؾɻɡ
һе㲻죬ǳɻ飬Ǽɻ飡
һЦǰǰǼɻ顣ˣʲôʱˣڵۡ
Ҫܸһȥأ
Ц޸ңȻһȥˣ㻹Ҷǿϱɣ
ȴ̾˿ãԶԶĿȥ˰һܿ࣡
Цܿ࣬ҾƴҲҪģĺˣ
һۣ֮أ㻹ܷʲôɣ
Һģǻص󣬾ͳս£һûа취ְĻµġƢԣֻҪһӣҲˡϾĸڣֲãҲԶ޵ġ
죺ͬҼ˵ģ
Ц˵Ϊ˸ϲ
Ϊ˳ϲǰŮԶԶؼ޵ô㻹еô׸һ
Ц˭ԸأһĲԸ⣬׸븮ɹ٣ñ
ҲЦǾǣЩѾֻ˭ҽ·ˣ
ʲôѾ
ʱڸУûгţҲûʲôϢûеõ
񴿴Цô㻹֪ĵúܣЩѾʿǽ




һ ǰϦ

಻ɵȻʧЦЩŤƾèĽ
е죬ͦͦأҵĽôˣԸЩһ˻Ǵ´İΪжֵİ
ЦȴҲֺµ紫ȥֻҲŵ׵˰ɣ
ŷӳ⣡̾ȴ㣬Ҳ˵ġ
ЦҲǺûϵġ
Ҳһ˵ļЩ£ǻ㣬ڣӦûͶЩİɡ
ԣһʱ䶼˳Ĭ
ȷպչˣܻù࣬һ뵽Ҳͺ˺ܶࡣ
˵ƺ̶˽Ӧ䣬Ҹǣ£Ѿĸ֪ͨ褣ӦӦҲһЩ
ҪߣҪȥȥô
֮ǰʶˡ
࿴Ϊʲô뵽ǹ˵ģ
ҡҡͷֻǸ촬ѡǲʣȥаɣǳҲˡ
˲ÿɷɫ̾˿˵ô
Ҳ̾˿αҪ֪أ֮£ǲܱܵģ㣬ҲܸһߣαҪ֪ЩءǶǺʹ¡֪ԷڶȥǣʹҲԡ
üô£ʲôط
ִţҲֻεװơ
಻ԼҲֻøˡ
ǵæͲ͸¶һ
е
һۣô㻹ǵ²ô
ʼ磺Ҳֻ˵˵ʵҲ֪ңҲһ˵Ķ滰Ҳ͸ûж˵ʲôȥ޵¡
ЦѽЩ²ģʱȻָ·ֻܿĵعӡ
Ц§ס࣬Ĵ̫ûûˣ
ҲȥѰĶĴСûĵģҿǷ㲻ˡǷˣҲҪߣ
ð󡭡һᱧ෿ȥһԶģ
๴Ĳӣз֣Ȼһ
һ߿ķţٷϣȻڴϣȲȥ·ԵǸæҵĺӣ̲סЦ
ÿһ㶼һ㳤ҲûСɫ㣬̲סȥȥϲ
ฺߡ
ؼ⴦ʪĸо˹رӣ鲻Խطһ
ڲУС
һ˶Ǽ£ȫȡöԷŶԷԼҲϸ߷壬ĵ׵޿ɱġĵ͸ô˵Ҫˣһӵ֪ں¡񴲻˵ĹϵֻҲ˵һһġֻ²뿪һ죬˶лӵˡ
㣬Ҿ㣡
Ϣδ࣬ͬڴϢеĻУͬСŮһɬ
Ūɢҵ˿⻰Ѿ˵Ӵ
۾Ϣƽ񣺡ǰ˵ˡǣ˵һҴûָоְ
Ҳ̾˵ǰҲ˵Ļһֻһֱ㣬㡭
Ŀӣ̲סֵһΣİմô
ûյ£Ҳġ
൭ص
ʵа仰û˵Ϊ㣬ûգҲƴһƴǼַУˡ
㱧࣬ȻҪĸо࣬Ǵ治֮£Ҫķ룬ʵִûйкͶδĿ־塣
֮ǰ뿪ԶǶã֪һֻҪȥңһܰԼߣܹһ𡣿βһҪˡ
ʹ֪ǼٵģֿŰ˳޵ıǲġҵģҪޣҲֻܼң
⻰ֻΪѡ
ԣǰĵߣʲôȥܣֻȫȫࡣ
棬һܴߵģ
жطֻǸеı仯еĻţΪ೤أҲֻ뿪
ĸ׵ӣֻҲѻ괺ˡ
㰵һ٢ȷġʱڣȻֺԸĸסĸײˣԼпܻĸװɣĸײأԼȻĵһ˿ҡԭ˵ĲТô
ֻеͷıԽԽأǱȵҲ޷ɢͷǴʹ
һֱൽձɽشĻ
һˡ
㵭ػֹҪһȥࡣ
һ£ЦôˣҲ˰ЩԵȥˡ翴ҺýͳʳѾҲˣҪԼȥŪԵġ
𡭡
Ȼе
סˡûӡ
棬ҡңһ߰ɣ
㻺ش·˵Ҳ˵Ļ
㡭
Ҫ˵Щʲôߣȴֲ֪˵Щʲôźãİɣǲµġ㡭Ҫúñأ
˵ڵģҲ޹ʹĻѡ
ڴϣ޷ؿԼȥһΣҲûлͷ
عͷĻ˶̲סİɣ
ԭҲȻǸѾ֧ѽ
ؿŴᣣͷԽԽ
ЩĶӣеĳ£ȻҲһ޵ľء
ͷвϵظֳЩȥ£ӵһ·ȥתԥ¡֮һȥ¡Сǣ®⡢ɽأһĻһĻ·ǰһ㡣
㣬㣬һҹĹ򣬾Ȼȥˡ·Ҳֻ˼㣬ɢͷǵ㲻ɡ
ò׵ȵڶˣŷԼȻһҹδߡ
ԭ㻹伢Ĺܣ
ԳЦЦʼ
ţȻײȨ
Ȩһ筺ɫѣȥúܣȴΡ
ôһҪô
Ȩ࣬Ц˵
ȻûڳڵжɣȴٳţһȨҲ֪ԼôͳţЩ΢Ȼ
࿴һۣûصû˸ŪԵģٲţҪˡ
Ȩһ£Цҵˣһġ
סϵıԺЩרŹкģ뿪һ࣬λүˡλֺܵ͵ԵõҲԼˡշʳ֮ģ³³ĻͻǮȥ򣬷Ǯ⡣ԡϴʲôģҲǲУźܲʱҲһѺ֣Ȼкܳʱ䲻ˣҲھӡ
࿴Ȩ⸱ҲʵøƽϣֻҪʲôģվˡ
ôȥԷΣ
Ȩ롣࿴˿ڵ£ҪǾܾҲ񻰣͵˵ͷչһЦݣǺðһû˵Թأ




һ ½ѷ

࿴Ȩһ۵ô㻹ǶΪ²ٵĵĺáƫһҲɾġ
Ȩ̧죺ǰԣҲܾ״취²
ȨȻĆ̾ҲߡֵܣΪεˡֻǣȨУƺ߸Щʲô
Ұģ

Ǳʲô
಻ȥ룬ֻôӿȨ
ȨͣһȨĻ»˱Ժ
ȨȻ̩Ļ»ȥȥˡȻѣǸҪԼյģǲܼ˵ģرȨȨųѰˡ
ܻٶҲá
Ȩ뿪󲻾ã͹ˡ
ȨȻڰм࣬񴲢ЩĹϵһֱܺãȨɻҲỳɵȥ
Ѿĸ׺Ͷ˵ˣҪȥ԰糶͵˵ſЦְΪĸ׵ĲŻ㱻סʹľأҲΪĸײˣҹش뿪
ȴе֣һ˼ﰡôң֮ǰ˵ĻµôŪģôģ
ʼ磺һֱͶĹϵ̫ãϲһ㡪ΪұȽɣ
˼ǣ֧λ
ֻǺǰ±ͱܵҶ¼ɰˣԲŻҵġ
˵úɣ֪ǲ£ΪԼе㲻һˡҪ˵ԼȫûŮ֮飬һԼҲ޷˵Լˡôأֱܲӵ˵ʲôҲϲģİɡΪԷûжԼʲôֵҪҲֻܵȻˡ
಻˵ֻγǵ£Цҹҽ̣ͬȥ˰ҹڼ㣬ҶҲҹŰɣ
ͻȻҹǣ˻ô
ᰡЦ˭ңҽʱֻҡ˼ӣҲȥ磬ϾҹȵӵϢѳǡһͳɻ飬Ҳûа취ˡ
룬ֵӵ̫صϳӦöŶԣô֧㣿
ЦҴҪԼһȥĵģǲѽ
ε£Ầô
Ҫ뱱սˣ֮нĺ;ϣеıôöġǰι®ıϴóˣȻ治ô򣡡
֣еȻǵ˵ͷȻ̧ͷ񴣺㣬ټһô
üǿҪҲǲСֻѾ˼Σ۵ˣûǲҪټˡһʱɣʱ䣬Ǿټġ
ΣҲֻõͷ
ļ̾˿תȥ
ıӰȻе꣬ѾǸʮĴˣ
ʱ䣬Ժĥʱѡʱ䣬ֿʼû٢ҩˡ
֮ǰõҩúã٢Ҫ˵㡣ҲˡȨȾ΢޷ŵġͨҩʹãҲҩҪö٣ôãԼöءõÿԼе԰ԳڼҲûɡ
ţҹҪߣȨҲûзİɣ
Ȼ򵽣ȨľСϷ˵ǺģȴȻĵزΪȨ̫ԼˣΪԵõԼ˵Σ
ҲеȨȷܿɶ񣬵ȴû뵽ԼҲһ㡣
ôЩҵòˣвͬô
̾˿ϧȨվˣһ㲻ΪԼĸı䡣
ȻߺȨһΣļȷһ£ȻְЩµĳ˶˵ˡ
ҰЩ¶ȥˣºУֺȥ
һȷǸʺЩµˡֻǣⳡεİɣΪﲻˡ
еǸ⡪ǸˣҲֻжԲˣ
ȨҲеˡȻô£ƽʱɶеúܵġȻԼеϰˡ
аҪٵģһ𣬻кܶҪ
వԾȴȨ֮ӭ½ѷİݷá
Һܲģ
½ѷе׽ı
ҡҡͷֻеˡ
½ѷ̾˿Ҳ㣬ʵǡҲ֪ʱǼԶһ㣬ԴҶкô
Ȼ֪½ѷ˼ϵԶܴȨĲ¼ɣҲպǸõİ
ֻЦЦǣָ˭
½ѷͷԼҲҺгԨ⡣
һ£ɺͶԼе⣬ȻҲȦӣʵеˡ
½ѷ񿴳˼ЦҲ̫⡣ƽʱ˵㣬ĵػǺܺõġǼϵҲպʲô£ǡţ˭һǶģ
࿴½ѷежϾҪ޸ıˣʲôҪǰæģ
½ѷЦǵ㼼ùｫҰ
һ½ѷ½ѷһʲô֪ӣգգۡ
వ̾һ½ѷСӣ˾ܿһѽ
Ƕ½ѷһЦ㻹治Ľ̵أ
½ѷҲЦҪѿ޹ص£뵽һҲȷ㵱Ľ̻أ
Цں磶ôˣ
½ѷһ㶣϶ʱǸܾûأ
ȻϽ⣺ʲôʱߣǽɣ
Ĭ½ѷֵҿɲ̽ʲôģҪ㣬ֱӾͶｫ˵ˡ
໹ǽŴ½ѷЦôŰ߰ɣɣȻһУҪսپҹζࡣҲ㵱̹ҵأ
̾˿Ҫҹߵģô
½ѷЦ˵ѽôôͲأ֪һ˷ӵģҲþһסｫ£뷨Ӻˡ
뷨ӣʲôӣ
½ѷЦҿĽ̵ˣĻô׵ȥΣյ°ĺˣ
½ѷһŵӣҪ׷ʵ˼Ҳˡ
պǻ鷳벻Ҫң
½ѷȥǰµĻССĸжһ¡ԭѧʱҲкôģ
ɵٴעһ½ѷһƬûκε
ţ½ѷȻˡȴƫƫ͸ĸоֻ˵̫Լ
಻ҡͷԴӷϵ¹ȨԼʾõºֱҽκ˵ĺˡŮҲҪԶ֮
ԼҲһҧʮ¾˰ɣ
½ѷȷҲǸ˲ˣֲ˲˶ᱻԼ
ҲԴ˰ɣ
಻ɵԳЦЦ
½ѷѾδʱѼŪЩԵģط¶ˡ





һ ɻ

֪ҹ£ȻǺúõزһǵһʱѧϰġ
ΪսʿսϺ;УҪץһеʱϢΪ֪ʱͻеϮһҪʱ侫
Ȼڴƺսû۹⣬ΪһսʿȴǼΪġ
൱ϰʱ˯ʱߵĹ򣬿ǻ˲ٹġֱ죬ΪķҶʧ˲ӡһΣǴҪúõزһġ
ʱҹʱҰ׼õʳ͵Ժȴĵ
¹ˮ
ʢĵˬķ磬Ҳȷǽ泩
վԺŹʵ£ʱ䣬ѾʱȴԲǰЩѵ½ѷڻǳԼ
ţԺƫ˼¡
ڣô
߹ȥš¹Ե俢
߰ɣ
һ֮˵֡
ӵˣѾˡʵȨôҲΪ񴷭ң𹥻ȨʿȢ˲Ǹðɣ
ڣҲûʲô˵ˣֻһȥܽʲôĥѡ
˰һӦҲɣ
سǵʿȻûĵҲûɣһװУܿͳ˳ǰ
㣬Ӧûû°ɣ
Ȼ֪Ҳǰʣ̲סҪڡ
񴿴һۣɫе̾Ͼǵã粻ôġ
˵һ䡪Ҳһĸ磬ڻסûڡ
ȴ֪ʲôһԶİҵûκεв粻ʲô˼ġ಻Զްˣ
˵ͷֻҪ֮ǰȨעתͿˡ
ͷһۣѾҹɫȥΣҪٿһڵĵطͷ˿ա
İɣԺͳԨǻ뷨סġ
ΪǵȨ׷
ЦЦǵô
½ѷͶסȨһֱ벻
ԳһЦҡͷⲻǸ÷ӣҲûа취õġ
һݣæʵʲôӣ
֮ǰһֱڱߵƲ̫˽⣬ԴӸᷱɱʢܳΣܲ١һֱɱֻ²ġǣ뷨öĶѣ
룬õȷˡɱᷣȷúܶ཭ʿļ£ʢΪ᷵˾ѣΣУǺġȨߵо֮УǳҪʢֵܶġ
ʢҲһ㣬òͨܲ٣ΪԼĽ㡣
½ѷǣֻҪһƼãһȨǰʢ֣֮һϵк¶ˣͻȨ޷ڳ
ϸ룬ҲõķӣҲֻ÷ģһޣԶȥˡ
صӱޣҹ·ػصפء
ص˵Ŀ꣬ĲܣϾֲٰĻ£ֻϵŮӣ
糣˸߻ȥءҲϣܹȨæµһ£ʷϾ׷
°úܼȴʡ׼һУ¡صĻлص˵޸׿ʱĴ
ĸ״ˣһҵİɣ
Ȣ޶֪ͨĸף˵ʵǲТ֮١
ˣ
ҲֻñǸ⡣
ЦЦҿµʱĸ׻Ҵȥء㲻£ҼȻѳ˻飬Ҳһٶ֡
룬ͷҲáҲȷ֪ǱߵĶ
ȻǱ߹ע̬ķչЩܱȲԼǰȥĺá
Ȼڶ׼ȥصʱȨȴꡣ
ûзӣΪȨµܸܲȥݼġ
ҲֻӲűƤƤһȥȨ
½ѷǱùãȻȨŹ¶񶼰첻ɡ
ܣΪδҴҳɻ飬ĸҲһ̫ɻ˰ɣ
ȨŭŶˡ
˽е֣ʾصģЦǰЩżˣʹ˲һԡ˵Ҫĸ׳ɻ飬òĸ׵ĹȲӶΪĸ׳ϲƳ׶򡣡
Ȩ񴣬òŻηˣ
ڼ
Ȩһ£ڼ
˵ͷȷڼʱ簲Ҳڳ
⻰಻ɵÿ˿񴡪Ҳһʼõô
ǣбˣһıأ
жǲ֪ЩġıĻ˵Ƕ磬˵ͬһӪġĻȨһͷˡ֤𲻵κεЧΪ£ͬһߵʱ¶ˣҲ̫ıˣ
ҿȨɫȫûϵʵֵӡ
ȨҲȷЩԾӣ񴣬ܾòҧܺãܺãȻֵز
һ䡰ⶼƵġǹ˼ɵ˼ҵĵϣȨĶ磬ȻŸɣҲ϶ѣպҲԱܶȨʲôɱĵġ
һϣȷ߿˵һģһֵܵѰԣǱģ
ȴǺõȨţ磬˵ʲôλҵӣýǰһֱڽǰĽǲϴˣ
Ȩ񴣬òŵһͷãܺãǹϲˣ
ȻתࣺǶܺãȻôãٺ١ҴˣǲҪڣ
ֻǿȨʲôҪڵأôҲȲϼ޸Ȩɣ޿κΣҲԸ޸ȨǼ޸񴣡
Ȼ˵޸ˣʹģʹҲзֱģ
ȨջΪģҲصغһȥ
װ׵Զ·Ϊ˷йһͷŭʲôҲ޷õֵòʧ£ֻΪ⡪ԭΪȨΪһֱ׷ģܳ嵽ԼǰֱֱָԼ
ǣ˷磿Ǳģ
ȨıӰȻе㱯αأοأòңҲƼ˲޵ˣҶʹ࣬βúõĴҶలµعȥ
ַԭԼǿȨţʧ˷ˣ
һĸоͷ𡭡
棬ôˣ㺦ˣ
ʼ磺ôܣ
Ȼתȥλأͬаɣ
ЦǿϣҲϰ
ҲԣȨӣ̵ܻһ·Ǻƽദϸ켸ҹ
Ҳ̫ģȨĿܺãʱһҲͻѹȥ¹滮ˡֻǸʱԼѾԶ߸߷˰ɡ񴣬һߣҲǲԣֻǣȴδܷһиԼ߰ɣ
Ȼ䣬ǰһ죬׵񴣬Լ˵ĻֲҪʲô£ֻҪһ𿪿ĵľͺá
һůصѾԳһꡣ
ȻãǲԼһߵġΪŲ£ҲΪŲϼ塪ΪԼ㡣





һ 

һ˲䣬Լָ飬ԼܻرܵġӶȴ֪
öԼԼ㣬˵Լһʹɣ㣬ӦҲвԼĸ顣
Լ޸ľʱ飡
ôĻô
಻ö֪ȴװ׵ظܵʹǹ׶Ĵ̹ǵʹ
ߵ񴣬ɢӣҲŲͬ
Ȼ޸񴣬Ҳȷ֮ǰԼûжκεַԾٶÿ˯ڵϣȴʼ񴸡ֳһǸ⡪Ͳ飬עһҪĿǷأ
Ŵ£㡪㣬ڻô
Ȼ֪пѾȨܻǾãȨֱӶ֡£Ϊ͵ҰĺǣȻûֱӶ֡Сһ㣬ȨҲµһȨѡ
Զ㣬ҲȷϵסԺ
ʵԴصصͱȨˡ
ǾҪʲô
ǰЩ֪õشȴԺܲĵʵ
ЩҲȻֻǿһۣûֻͷĵͷ˵һ䣺ⶼｫķԸС㲻ҪΪ£
ҲֻεصȴȴȨĳ֡
Ȼ֪϶ǳʲôˣʲô£ȴ²ȻԼԼĸоеǷݲȴԸȥ룡
һֱǼǿģڱϿǼǿġ
ܲǿΪô
ǹָϺ;ϵģָϡ
İˣ࣬ڱϿܵĴʽŮӣ֪ºͶġǻΪûжϵ˶е˶ܹĶݣȴȻһС
Դȴǲ⡪Ӧ˵ǲġģƺֻԼܷİöѡ
ֻҪԼܹİãô⡣İãô˾ᡣ
ʱĥԼ
Ϊʱ˵볤ʹྭߵʹ࣬һ̵ּ׼ҪԼԭΪԵܿ췢ǲǡֻŰ·ֻܴʹĹȥų
ΪԼĹȥǲġԼǰȴ
α˻ԼĹȥ
Щʹ࣬ɵӰ죬ǳĴ
ܣֻ֪Ҳֻ
һжҵģñҲŵܣֻңߣ
ڼֻһ
ϲˣúأ㲻ʱΪԼĸ鷳ҲףԼԶдڽ
㿪ʼҹʼȥȨ
ȨҲڽҪȥҵĻҵġֻ֮ǰҪˡ
֪Щǲô׷ԼȥŶģӺûκεĳɣȥ
ûϵ⼸һֱֺͺ˳СȻ͵ع˹һӦѾнҺһ
һ˸հѽγһ󵨣һ㶡ǰıϾӣ߳ȺĶһͣȻ͸еһĽѾʺ
ȨҲûϵһ
Ҳûɺܶ㣬˸٣ĸ˶ѡΪϲţǲܵģҪļ֣Ȩڸ⣬סıԺǱߡһַŵñԶٸʱﻹü
ҴҿһۡǾнۼǲܻˡаֺȴҲǰܡȨǲΥģȻ³ɲһĲҡ
¶һǴʮ־ԸͲôˡ
ҪǴĻҲӮҪһʱ䣬ĻһʱһпΪȨԶһ֣ǿɾûʲô˼ˡ
㱾ҲûŽһжͳɹǵȴˡ
ģȨڶ컹ûг֣Ͳϡ
ȥ̽Լĸףί˵Լ
ϹȻŭȻأǻ޷Ȩ
ȨҲûа취ĸ׽˵ɱֻŪ㣬ֻü˳ˮۣʣµҲɱˣȻ֮زز
ܵ⡪Ҫģ
ǼֵܽôСܻ֮ٴ֣ĸǰụΣĸ϶Ȩĸ׽ֻͣɱù
һϣٶȳȥȨʱΧܿͱˡ
ｫһҲáǵңҾǵҪ֮أ
˰ùǰ֮Ȼܿȥ
Ȩҡﻹеƹ⣬Ȩû˯
ţ磬㻹û˯ô
ȨûжĳԾϵŶôҵþˣ
磬Ϊʲôҳţ
˷䣬Ȩǰ
Ȩۣм飬̫֪ġ
üʲô£
Ȩҡҡͷ㻹ǲ֪ĺãʱ䣬Իȥ
һ£̽ŵǲΪ棿
Ȩһ£ȻµˣǾͲ˵ˡ
ĴϢؼ磬׷ʲô£ң
Ȩ㣬ĨĨӣšҲûʲô¡ǡҪˡ
۾ĵһӦȨƭȻ뵽¿϶Σ룬ȻҪ޵ģɣ
Ȩ۾ҡ
㵹һԵ޹ʵشӦˣǼ޸һĶȨ
ȨƭΪԼࣿΪԼ̫˽ˣ
ף߾ԼԼ⼸һֱţýֺҲ֪Ȩʲôвࡣ

ȨЦݣ֪ʱûκεãֻѾŪø㡣ֻǿƳһЦҪϲˣ硣
ȨٺһЦллʱҾһˣ
㳶һǣ˶ȥ
һʼԼҲŲԼ֪µɣ
̾һ֪£ΪķչѾɲô
ǣǲܶ˶޶Եġ
ֻûа취ʲôȻšȻǲҶôҲȫ㣬ҲףûȨɣԼȥ˱ԺҲ޷࣬ԼֻǱҲһȻԼӲ޶˼ŭȨҲֻ޲ŭȨҲȫпܱϽ飬Լ޲ߡ
˵ǣȨĻ˻ûгɻ顪棬Ҳһʱİɣ





һİ ½ѷı

ôԼһǲɵģҲָϣָģֻܽѡߣټһ
褺⣬Լô᲻֪Ѿ`ɻ飬˸ҲƣȴȻһˣڵȴʲô˵ڴʲô
ԲǷǵ飬մ
棬͹ڻģǷ˵顣
ǣûа취Ψ֮ƣֹʣҲֻðһˣ
̽ĸʱӳʱ䣬ڼҪˡ磡
˵ŮҵĻһ㣬Ѵ˹ȥ磰ԼдһŴ褡
ǣϽѽ
磵ı̲ס̾
磬½ѷ̽㣬Ҹ㣬磴ţѾȫ˳ȥ
ı磰Ŵ½ѷǸʮĺӣҹϵе½ѷİæʲôӣ벻½ѷҲġ
һʮĺӣ
㲢ôΪ磶½ѷһֱһһ㡣Ϊ߳ȨǺټҲԼ£ԼС˶ٵֶŮ˵Ǹ磬Ǹס
½ѷĸ鲻ö֪ȴһֱҸֽڽӽ½ѷΣҲǸṩһȥ½ѷĽڶѡ
дţõİô
ʼ磬½ѷû
½ѷҲѧʼ磺ʵ£ҲеµһΣ֮£˵Ҳʲô̫Ѳµ¡ԣ㻹ʲôҪҰæô
ʵϣеõϢҪȢأ
½ѷ㡪ϺƽƺûжĲ
ŮӣùȻͶ½ѷҲûʲôɴСֵġ
½ѷûʲô̫ķӦӼ֮鷢չҴҲƶϳһЩһܰһæġ
㿴½ѷһۣæʲôæôæ
һֱ֪½ѷ磵ĹϵܺãԼ磵ĸҲܺãټʱ֮࣬ҲһֱõĹϵ
½ѷæҪе⣬Ҳû̫ľ档
ʵ㲢ֻǺܶʱΪһֱߵ⣬Ҳȥ˼಻ߣҲûɿ֮Ĵߣòúÿһ¡
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ȻȨԼô͸취Ρ
½ѷп֣ߣȻȨΪĵΧԱдԼľ棬Ѱ֧֡ΪߵŮ㽫ˣӦҲϵĺȦеˣ㷴ܽӽϵڲ
½ѷпܵͼǣµһչԼ壬ӶȨ͡
ֻķղСпܷȨĲ¼ɡ½ѷΪˣûаյ¡ңĶΣܸǰԼĲŶԡΪԼܼ࣬ȨĿеķп𵽷ЧΪ½ѷ̩ǣǺ͸Ȩġ½ѷԭһȦӵˣͻȻʾúͶЧֻ²Զɵеġ
һ֮ǰпǵԲŻõȥǷŸ褡
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ΪǸµȥҲ׷
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Ϊܸ½ѷκγ̶ȵĻӦԾͲܸκһϣ
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ȥȥˡ
ԣ½ѷΪǰæ֪½ѷҲԼĴ㣬ҲкܴĳɷΪԼȻ½ѷҪ˵øλ·ӶǣαһԼЩ鷳
ʱΪϣ˵ԼϣҪǵģԼŻᰮôһŮˣôһðˡ½ѷĳ֣϶Լġԭǿһݸ飬һݲôеĸ飬ԼΧݸȾԼġ
仰˵ĸ飬İְԶһеУһеǡ
ɴҲȽϡĸ׺һѡ˭أ
ΪĸײأǻĸףԶ߸߷ɵİɣΪĸ׵ĲأԣĸƽŰĸ׺һȽϣǵصġǱߵ׼ûɣ˵Լһڡ
Ϊ࣬һУ
ԣел½ѷΪ½ѷԼġλ˼ûΪڿռϵĽӽ٣ٸˡʼԼѾŮϰ䣬Գ嵭Լ˼
ǲԸ˼嵭룬ᵱԼʱĸоʱЩСѾӣͻͷӿһůҲؿҵİɣ
˾ͻͻϺһӡ
誣Ӧûºɡĳ½ѷеΣͷԼɲó档ڵĴҲأ
㿴½ѷ½ѷҪʲô
½ѷԼᱻ־߰ɡԶ߸߷ɣܻȥɡֻҪ˵а취סԣܰģǾסĽŲܾ׷ֺ
е㶯ݣʲôӣ
½ѷЦʢܣ
㲻̫ˣ½ѷֵʢܲ԰ӡһ⣬ʢܵȥѿڰæһ취ʢܵȥʱֻҪ±һעŵʢȥ͹˲Ϲֺˡ
ʢһ绹
½ѷЦȥٻ짣ȥȴڽ˺ܶ࣬ڽҵҲûжİȥڳͥΪЧȥӸȴϢ˵ܲƽıΪջ𣬶ԱȥߴӲɡʢܱһֱɣ٣οϷȥ
˼ص˵ͷǿڡ
İɣТ֮ܶʢܼȵġ





һľ ½ѷ

˵ţ˽½ѷڣҵѰ㲻ţԭڹùȥˣ
½ѷеεض̯̯֣磳ȥˡ
磱ϾߵŮЩ½ѷҲͲʲôлȥرʱǾͲлˡ
Ȼͻĵ½ѷǱߵϢ
ҲףĿǰ½ѷԼӴΪá½ѷĴҲû¾Լܡ
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ʱһЩȻĽĴǣ㣬Ȼ½ѷ˵񴡣
ļƻ޸񴣬ȶһ˵
ǲԸģôأܲؿ޸ı
Ҫ˵ûκεŮ֮飬ǴҲŵġֲǿ褰ӹȥȻͬΪŮֽ˻褱񴰲ȫҪö࣬Ŀǰ϶Ȩѣң⳸⣬Ҳ˺ţھĪذеƶĺá
ϾĿǰ̬褵ʵҪԶԶ񴡣
棬Ӧô
ͬҲ٣֪ľٴ롣
ӦĻľҪ޸ô
ǴӦҪ޸
˵޸˭ʵûжĲ𡣲Ҳûк⣬Ϊ㿴ֻҪûб䣬һʱʧ㹢ڻֻǻʹһӰˡ֮£޸ȨζԼһ𣬶޸񴣬ôϣ
ҪΪϣȥô
ѡԸԼġǣԼôأ
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һʱײҲ˲࣬ͳȥһֱߵ̩û֪ͨ
ȨԼţԼȻΪһŮʵ¡ܱ߻硣





һ ٴλ

Ȩأ½ѷ㡢ɵҲ滮˽ĲãһЩ֮ǰ¶ĨƽĶĨƽˡ
ΪʱһԤϺõ£ʵʩʱЩ벻ıʡ˵εΧˣ
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һһ Ȩ

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Ϊ޸½УȻΪ˼޸Ȩô
룬ԼȢǲǻһ㣡
ˣ޸Ҷ磬Ҳһĸˣͨ˲ŶҲأ
ǿ˼ս˵
˵μĻһμ尾Ψһùһģڻϼ㡣ڻΪӣϵŮһޱұ㡣ԭҲ࣬ȴ磻λӣࡣ
ԭԼ̫׽Ȩ죬ǿ˼ɣҲԲܲˡ
ޱɫˬûѻӣЩİϾߵӣй㽻ģȻϣòáȻǿԵޱǸǣӣǱϾ˻Ҫģܸļ޵ĻҪ뷨ԼÿֵǺõġ
ܲǴܣܰսŭ߲ܲѣ߳ŭ½ǲͻؼҡŻһ¶ˣû뵽Ҳܲ١ܲټŬض˵ģֻöȰ˸ļޡǵʱܲٹٶɴʤ´ڲܲ٣˲һͨ˼ңö˸ļޣҲһֱˡ
ʵ϶жԲܲģܲҲһֱԸᡣϾǽᷢӣӲܲСʱˡԶ˵飬ܲ˵ĻΪˡ
˵˱ȶҪãֻǶ˵鲻ͬˡ˱ﲻɳӵˣԲܲ޶֮һֱʹûܲٷѣѾǺίԼˡĶӲֲܰܲŭաңѱ䣬Ϊܲϡܲ޷ͣǽģʵϡ
ǡ෴ŵԼݣκ˶ºͣԶ˵Ҳûɫ̴ܵӺŮ֮ġڲܲٵΪҲӲһʣܴһŮӣΪܲٵ檣ѾһˣĻʲôҪġ
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һ Ԭ

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Ȩ檱ȲȢޣҲΪλĹϵ˺ü졣ΪȨ곤ĵܵܣȻҲȫͬ˵ʵһԵʹࡪǾ޸Ȩεġ
ֱϲΪһȥݷ¼ʱͷǷڼʱա
ҲҪ룬ʲôˣѵվҪΪһġܴԶ߸߷ɡ
еģƺѾǸѵСˡ㿴Ҳֻв˶ףǲܴߵġУĵλʵҪûҪԲĸܶһߡ
˲䣬еʧ룬Ըһߣһ뿪ôô룿
һʱû⣬еĻҡ
òɫ̾˿Ĳعⲻȥ˵ܸһ˭һʲôֱأҲΪԷڱϱҸһ;öģٸΪϵµġ
ˣҲֻ̾޸½кȨʲôͬأϲˡ
½жҲδػȨһ㡣ȨȢȻбǱңҲǱࡪǣϾҺұףȨĹϵ˵϶ãҲǺ裬ҲصȨʲôݵľٶ
ԣɣȻܴߣҲֻˡҺҲǸܷŵµˣȻ࿴ʹ࣬ԼҲܡ
ȴ֪濴һʹĪ֮Եġ
ǣ˵ʲôأ˵ҲܸıʲôʹˡԣԼһ˿ˡ
뿪ľӴֿͬòԬȥʱҲԬˡ
ԬҲױʶģԬΪȨ⣬ԶҵҲһֱչˣ磵ĹϵҲܺáֻԬ֮ǰΪԬŮߵ̫ѡ޸Ȩ̽һ£Ҳ
Ԭ۽üҶ͸¶ҸȻףȨʾġ
û뵽ȨС£ĸ⡣ԬϲСԼȨе˼顣˵ϲϱԼж಻˼飬ֻǵԬȨʱȨʮ꣬Ҳ֪Ԭ׿Ȩһ㡣
ѵΪȨв
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ǣԵԬԬҲþҲ˼ңαذѱѺһûĺϡ
ΪԬǶȨмӲŶԡ
ԬҲǺܾûмˣҲܸˣǰѸ⼸˵һ顣ȥ˺ܶ࣬Ԭʲô˵ʲôҲԼݣܻ¼ɵİɡ
ԬҲǶʮˣΪԬĵʩͼ˰ɡֻݣҲˡȻ˵㣬ܼ޸ԼİˣҲø˰ɡֻǣ֪Ȩǲǻ谮ˡ
ԬӣֻҪܼ޸ȨʲôҲںˡϸ룬ڽݣܼ޸ԼİˣʲôɱԹģңԬ֮ǰĸԬdѾˣĳޣԬϵһ¡УమȨĻҲһǼдϵġ
һԬһ·һ˶ĬȻȻ֪Ӧõģ뵽ԼĴҲⲻбݵĸо
ĬĬֱһ˻ص︮ǰķУѾˡ
档
æеӭԴӳ˻飬ҲΪմ磬Ǻıˡ
˵ͷȥĸˣ
Ȼ񴲢޷֮ʵҲ˿ڳΪĸסĹϵһĸҲΪ
Ҳ˵ͷǰѾУվͻص
˵ͷطΣ
һ£ʲô˼
ЦЦֻǾطʺǡϿԱϣչŲطǲɶõҪء
񴿴࣬˺ܾòŵĿǰΪֹһûйԱϵ뷨
ʼ磺֪û˼еʱ̬ķչǵ־Ϊ׼򡣡
̾˿⣺ղּ½ԣһ£ҲûǾ뿪ΪãҲΪЩ׼ǻǿ߰ɡ
񴲻ԸǸ⣬Ҳǿֻͷ
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½ѷⷢ˺ܶգɿԸڼȨͶڼģֻһʱûнڳץסᣬɿºԽڼ׽û뵽һ׽ڼڶİգ׷ҪͷڼȻеʿһЩͼСҲԸĶ顣ȨĲ¼֮ģǸܷŹڼˡ
ȨԳڼĽڸеЩͷۣϾô˵ӵѰһԻڲܷڡȨϾ̨ãҪһĵģ
½ѷס˻ᣬȨߵڼϿ˵ߵϮ˲أΪӺڼʴڼߵƣء²ʹߵҲʹȨɱڼ˸õĽڣڼڵͱն
½ѷҲýԼȨ˸ӡ˳Ҳ˱ġȻ֮˴£ߵЩ½ѷҲǰװײ͵ˣҴ¶Ҳ̫ĨڣҲͰˡ
ոջص꾳ڣĽߺѾӡ
ǵһμߺ飬֮ǰֻ˵ˣǸһѺ֡
ϸһˣЩ㣬ҲʧΪһˡ
ô˵˵ĵؽ磬бǰȫˡ
ñߺô
صңȡϵ
ע⿴۾ô
೤;棬Щۣ⵹û̫⣬ôˣ
˵ߵ౳򣺡˵ƫҪ˰ɡ
ಢûоľٶжԽһ˱ͺ죬ϵҲܺãϾǷޣǼٵģҲ̫Į֮䣬ʲôģҲΪʧģα̫ƽϣԺԼСǼһֱ֮ġ
΢΢۾ҿʱҶӣĿ棬Ǹֱˬˡ͵ۿʱɫƣҿӦǸڷӭαˡ
ͷôҵûء
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Ŷ
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֧ģȻϣΪ˾ƵȶȨֳ޵ҳϡһʵҲ֪ȨֻǲԸȥƣҲƾԼתĵЧԼ
ȨҲ֪½ѷͶѧϰȻҲЩ飬˵θളˡǳջƸǵͽսҪȥģ̩ճٵˣܶһĴ֮ġΨһĽ̫ʷȺΨһ˧褣ҲΪ߹ϵУȨá
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ɺͳա̩һﵤʱѾ붬ʱˣȻʪůɽİܱ˵ǺѰġ
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ⳡģĽˣҲ˹ȥʹӱ˾λƽξֵ˹س
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٢㣬֪޵꣬Բ˳ġ
٢꿪ҽݣ̩ܵƺ󣬶Ի٢ͣһҪȥأƼȨ಻ǿȨɣҲû٢̩ȥˡ
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üһ࣬Ͳ̫Լŵذյİҵҵˡ
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½ѷѽɴ߲СڡģɲʲôС¡ʲôİҵ
㱻˵ЩãȻֻܵͷǡҲ֪˲ẦҲȥ룬Ŷ˵ȥˡ
ʱ佭ңҲ˲ĵطѾȫסշľĲܲ٣Ҳͣ˶ԬܵĽ׼꿪սԬܣƺȾ˲Ҳ֮ˡеҼನҲȫƽҲһƺ⽨ĩذȻⰲҲпǸΪҵķĿˡ
ô˵꣬ʱĺȥˣ꣬ҲʱĽŲȻ١
ڵص㣬ֱɹ˸Եꡣĸ׺ޱ磡桢Ԭ飬ȻͷЩᣬҲǿջЦڵȻʽ黹ûֻܺһʵѾˣҪĸݳϯĺܶе㲻ʤţҲۡ
ǾƣۣͲҪȥˣڼˡ
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аЦ̬Ѿ֪ΣֻδϵԼѮȻ
кип֪ԼȻʮˣԼˣഺ껪ѵҲҪ˶ô
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