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ȴʧ


һ


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Ը֯Ůеһɣ˵ŴŮ򲶿졣
Ǳ׷ɵζߡ
棬ҵҪʱ⵹
ӦǶĸ׵̥ʱʶ䶯
õͣЩůǿҵĸһΡ
ΪȨƬ̵ůȥǸҶȥŮˣΪԵɡ
գ´ѡ񳤴Σһ棬ǧС
ڴḷ̌޴ӿֻģץЩĸоǣҷɱ¥ڴǵ룬屻һȻͺĽ̡̥
ҵǺ̰磬ЩʱůĵطһӴܻкĿռûСֱǰһʱ䣬ҶԼԼʱӱܣΪԼȡЩůůŮһ֮ãĴεĵڴѾõ衣
ĳһΪĸ׵Ů˺ѷεʹ񾭳ʹţԭһҪʹЩΪʹʹȥһ룬ƺҲ
̲סۣһפ۾Щ̴̵ĸоġ
۾ӦˣúɫαζľĵȴǸӽҵĴ
ƨϸо߻ۣ˹Ŵֳ͢˶ĺݺ
һĵţ忴Ҫذԡ
סһϰߣƺԽԽԽҲԽͣʹҲǲŵģ죬죬޳⡭ôܡѽް
ŲŽŵ߶룬ʹͷǷĽʹĳŸϽ
ԼôûʶأڴĲ̫ʱ٣򵥵ҽЩŻͨġ
һһæĿӸϽұáʱҲͨˣСھҲˡ
ĥҪ޶ǲʱһŶóңǽŵİɡ
ǰɾϲı仯ͷϰ߰ߴȰƣǰίֻӵĿ޿ޱգԾ龡˵Ŀ޸ġ
ԽԽұһתһкܺŵĵ㣬ҿתҵˡ
һ̽ȥΪ˵ˣҵĿʱûȥһʱӦôӦ
Ծ˵˾вŶе̨ʣׯǧ𣬸˳Ķ񰡣Ư
󲻾ãֻһϯ˾ȥ
ôһ˵һׯǰõ춯صˣҸ
˵׶ûĸȣһǰ˧ɵƣҸǾôʱ˿ԼǸˡ˲̫̰ģڵ״Ѿܺˣٲᱻ˽ţۡ
һ£ǵģӾҲֲʧȥüˬʣůü֮·̺ɷ磬ʹһ۶ӳ֮ڴеȥָͦվĺĻȾ֬һֱһ񹤣֮֮
ұǰʼ㡣
磬ǵ𣿡ǴӶλġϸֲ֣֮˵˵ϲ
װףǰհΪϲ
ұǸڸϹһŵŮߣһ̽ȥԶ
ϣĸƵ˼һ㣬һ˶ĿңʱůǰδеҸС
ǰŮӳˮӯһ˫覴õĿţ˭е̾ƾӲ֮ҲữΪһɹȪأ
һԣ˸˸߽֮֮࣬ͫޱ֮ԡ
ͬһãֵãżɡ
δо֮ϡʱԣ꿴ŵӾĳӴ֮֡ϡӡѹʱһԶ˵˶ɥʧīأ룬ֻûöϡ
ʱǲŸ˵Ƿ̨ʱû飬һ£ȻǾٶˡ
طǻϲˣǰܹʲô࣬˲ٺòˡ
ʮӶʮֵīתΪˡüˡ
Ҳīˡ³¯װ׵һˡ
ҾȻЦЦЦġ
Ц˻ĸĿ£һԵɷ̾Цˡ
˵ûϲãеȴǵǡ
ҲһЦʱǵкα˽黳أֻίⲻȥĻǡǷϵġ
 
 
ĸȻ£磬᲻ִ̫Ҫ˷ɽׯ״δйʧ㣬˵ͬһ㻳̥ʮ£һҪųô˷ɽׯҪɽׯֻһҲ 
ĿɷֿŻеӤȻҷʮ꣬ѵôһ¡硭 
ɷ򰲸ţֹ㣬Ҳ᲻ãҷʮ꣬ʣµС˷ɽׯǡȻҲһǸ챯֮ˣܺúûȥһ٣򣬲죬Ҳһ㡣 
Сӷʲô˼ѵҽ滮˼ɾǱŪļҾȻǴѪɱ¾ת 
ʲôP׵ģҼǵǸʱԽǳԽˣһǳ̨ʤߣӣŪ˾ͨ100ͺǮ֤һ 
ɿʷǷ֮ˣϧϧݵĵ顣Ҷʱû˵ҶˣʲôǲŵģرԵˣʱȽʿͷ߸˰ĵȥ 
ˣôҸô죿 
ʲô챯֮ˣеģֻһһεȥΪʲôû 
ʱҸоʹųڵӵСӤϢܣɼʹˣҳ˰Լ⣬ᣬһʲô 
ǺǣԭȴģһµּûõĹһ˦ˤȥ˿ɬ 
ǰ۰ΪһΪԼˣûѹֻۣҲһ㡣 
һδڱ̤ʱıѷ׷ƴû뵽Щľ֮졣 
죬㾹ݲһҸҶḶ́˳޻ʲô 
ĴɷӤôˣҵģҶ㻹СʲôҲԺҪĵĻߣΪԼΪ˶ʧȥ˻ŵ塣 
漴ֿɷ򣬡磬Ҫסǵǻޣ⻤˵ծһͬеԣǧҲˣҶ࡭ġȻʵıһڸ׵Ļ 
ɷԭʱԣ͸Ũɫ󣬡ģһҵġʹεҲãһҵƵġɷģղĽ٣Ժ󡣡ģʮģʮġȻĿӤ 
ЦԽƮˣ·ԶּһĨϼʹٶҡҲͣ 
磬ֻúûȥΨһϣˡУ磬ҪңҲȥңҵĻһֱ˵󣬸ǻӤҲġ·ʼɽϪȪѪɫ 
ɫϣɫǼµ̺죬Ӱһ㣬Ҳκζ˵ˣӤаЦ 
ɷӤڴ齲ԶҡȻ󣬵ϥڴߣóһֹϸذףĿڡ 
·϶ʱȾһһһİƽͿĨʺذȴǹ֮ģЩӵİ 
԰ůǳ㲽룬ɫδȴЩѪɫݺݵɷ˰ѻ 
һһͿұۣĿţɴװ˯ȥҲԸ 





ڶ


һˣһѣȴǸ벻Ľ׶Ρ
ӳҩζ֣ҲУоϤɸҾǣʱȻԼˣССӦʱӰɡ
ҿʼϰߵܱ顣
λǿշŵģ·λߣߵĲֺܼ򵥣ҩ¯ҩݣҩ֮ͶҩռһϯǡұߵİǼ򵥣ɫԲ׵ӣϰžµɰˮӡ
ģڵ齺ʲôҲûˡ
ȥ͸ɴʣЩǳǳԼ͸ûһᣬڰǺܿͶ˰ɡ
Ϊת֮䣬أֻĻţôˣЩʲô
Ͷʱֱƿˡ
ŶһʮСк̧ʱŵð뿪ϣ־ϲŨü»򾣬Ϊ
һʱ䣬̿ġ͡һ£Сƨȷ죬ɫҡæЦˣôˣʲô˼
ˣһΪѲأҾ˵ʦҩдģʹʦԼǻɵģҲţʦôأкڳһƨ˵ӣ֮ǰһһֳݺ
һͷˮĿǺӣʦҩ
Ҳ˵ּһ󳹴ı飬ˣ꣬ǺӤ㣬վѾܲˡ
һȥͻȻֲ˵ʲôˡ
вҲɿңҲɿ
ûһᣬǺӼһľȻͻȻЦȤ
Ǻǡ֪ʦ˵ֻĻҪƵĲݣҩЧɡֻɵĻᣬȻˣ˰ɣֻһŶ
ǰĺЦɷ棬žӣ˳Ⱦʥ࣬ʮֵꡣ
ôһ˵ҵǺ棬üҵĵһ٣ôӦ˯˺ܾáģʮģʮġһĨƮ춯˵Ժһ
˳ۿСѣپ̾ոյĻҲ̫ǿ˰ɣжʦˣ֪ѵǸӶҪ躹
ұµĿ죬к㾯Ĵңɫɻ
Ķ˵ʲô
ҵȻ֪ԼϢǰǸûᣬ٣ΪһʲôҲͲò˵ٻˡ
ͯһͷָŤ̬һȻľȻĿȻкص˿ϢҾ˵˼ݵøͺʶ
ꡯȻ֪Լ˯˺ܾãꡯ⾪ȡ
Ҽк漴ѧϴһڳϲΰı鿴ң˼ҵижʦǰ˷ɽׯʱҶ㲻Ӥô鷳ǵõʱʦ˵˷ɽׯǳʦҪɱģҪ㣬ܽʦ̡͡ǵ⣬ο˷ɽׯҲԶڣ³ҲǺͬôͬš
˶٣кֺĸпţûʲôã֣ܰһֱ˯Իʦģûߡʦ͵ƿõİƣ˸װͰӽȻʦǸ˹һţҩء
˵꣬⺢漴¶ˬʵЦҲ񻭾СжƯȻ˷ɽׯѾûˣ˷ɽׯҲѲˣʱҵﻹ֮ôһɽׯֻʣһ
֮ʣǰ¶һҲڵĻһжǱĺܺõġ
޲ʹģôһģʿ϶죬ʲôҲ鲻ɴ͸¡˼ݡȻƵĸҩԣȻһЩõҩϵıҾˡǣôʵأẰ޺ۡ
ʱŰҲܲˡôһ˽ķʽˣµĿͷӦǻ
ɼʹź־״֮£ܲô֪Եװȥˡ
ҶˣɫĶк˵ʦҩ£˵ȥǲܸң˷ɽׯŵһУҪʹǱҲҪЩʧȥõˡ
Ҳ޷һ磬һ۵Ͻ̬һСк˵侲˵Ļʲôоֻ֪Ҵ磬ҪѰЩѰЩҸˡ
кҪң㣬㡭ôˣ
ľȣʮ˵֪֪ģҾ͸֪ġ
ǺӣƯİƬ̣ڳ˼
ҲƬ̺ǰ⺢ӣٿƤ𪣬˼ʱ۽ëȵɷͯ棬ǸʹţûǰЩӦþʹͶ̥Խİɡ
ƬƬ̹󣬰ֻкӵ̾Ϣʵ벻ͨҲֻˡ
գǸбкҴΰĴϲ쵽ʦǰʦˣҩ̫ˡǰ󣬱۶һֱһĳݡ
Ҽװģ㶿ǰŮˣʮӣ˵η̴棬Ľ
ңҪһ㣬ģʦҲԸˡ
תڵӵʦҲ֮ˣлĳ˶ôãѲˡ꣬ҽѡšǸ׼ȥɣȻתָ˵תȥ
ʱλ˵ˣʻá
һšлĳϡĪǱеġʦ塱ҶԵŮӵĻûӦ˿æţʦȥ
ұ൱ðĵطҵʱȥþ;ȵһۣʲôԾʧȥһȻ
ľȻıʦǣ˽ȥŮ˵ֺʱ£һۣװʲôҲ֪㣬ҲֱҽȥҲĴֻ˳һ·š
Ǽʮׯϵʯңڿտֲ͸磬˸оɫϵİûʣ·Ǽׯϵ¡
ʦվǰʱʱᶨȫңһԵߣɷӵֵ
һᣬʼЩλԻ̸ˣֻǡ
֮Ҳ˳ǰѿȥϸ֮£ҷһѱиѺۼҲǾ棺ôأȻѵĲϿǳĽһҲò˶ǮɣǶ߲
ϸϸ£ѺǱϣȻǺܺûҲʲôѹ̣漴վſںŵıҲпﲻʲô˶İɣأҶԲ˻ᣬö֪ҲͲ֪ˡ
ʦ֪꣬ļǷԸˡ־ݵĺӷ˼ݡһΪ⺢ⱲѲˣ˺˷ɽׯǰԼãҽδɵġʰĵʮ֮ˡ
ܸоڿңȴ룺ݣǰԼѵ˷ɽׯʧΪ׼Ҳ̫Цˡ
괺ʱҾҪѡµˣõǣӰͱС괺ʮ꼴ԼգҲɲμѡˡȻԱӰЩӰ³˵ԸϲڵӣǷȱġʵ൱⣬ҽӰΡ
 
 
ȻŮֿңȻֿѣֿʼĶԻ̸ġ 
⺢ӣ뽫ɱչˣҲҵԸݣ˵˵ȥͬҲ֮ǰͬ˷ɽׯҲཻãȫׯϾҲͬųĻͽҲ֪꣬Ӳոͽ̣ΰġȻôҲ⺢һ˶Դ 
ţЩҴܲµ߰˷˷ɽׯĻǣǰЩռ֮˵ִӺε֪أĽһж׼ȷ 
Щ˵£ͻȻ֣鵽Σüͷĸˡ 
ŮԾȵĿҡ 
öģܸоĵǰ˷ɽׯһ֮ͨˡС;ˣµһкͺŮĺѿأֻһˣԺ󣬱úչ㣬Ȼ֣ܹ֮ˡῪĵģҲκ顣 
ŮĿҡ 
ģͽȻһ 
Һ¼飬ҡ͸ñͬһ㣬ǰ֣˷ɽׯϢĲʹĵǣ봽䣬ôһĨɬɢͷãҲϳ 
ʦ޾Ŀҡˣӡͬʮĺǲյģ˵ 
ͻȻһ䣬Ҫֻڸ֮󣬲徲ϣȻִҪ³ҽ°ɣʱڵ¡ 
Ůһ̾ÿң·ҵĻܱһ㡣 
֪ʲôӦұ򶨵˵ΪݵŮļᶨ뽾·һ㡣 
ŮüһȻӦ˹ԣҵĺӡ 
Ů˽Ҵʱţʱٽ硣ĴʦϽֵʱҶӲĸϸеĵһ 
ͻȻӡﻹԹκζʹǶӤʮҪĸ顣 
հʳҸû˼ԣһͱ˳ҲҪЩʲôԵġЩʳ˼̻Ԣ⡣ 
ƽĵһ;ôƽƽĳţ˵Ŵ󲿷ֶĲҩŪģҲгԷǳҩŶԣ׷жмҩ 
νˣԱ˾ͺáǣҾרҵĳԷҵ 
ң쿴ɫʦû˵ʲôʲôˣʦ˵ЩʲôУøôѣǻ󳬹ͬˣһҲСӣ 
ʦ˵ԺͰҽˣԺͰ㵱ʹһ֪ģҸʦˣʦʽиʱġ 
㡭㾹ҷңͲҽҩ֪û֪ǲһģ 
ȫСƢĴڸǻһŭҡֻ޶ãܲܺ͸СƢ֮ǰҲʶĻ˶ʮˡ 
׼뿪ʱͻȻоָǱʲôһ£̣ͬٳʴ㣬󶹰ĺȿֺܡ 
֪ҵ˰ɣͬ£ʦӰʦ֣˭ôҡ 
Ҳ֪ʦʱղˣꡭ 
˵СƢͦġ 
Ҳ̲סʹһ˹ȥԺ˵ˣôҩˡΣʦôôĵİҽأ 





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һһĴȻģ˿Ӱӭǳѹдʲô
ʹ˵ҺҲһĶ
ͷԴ򵽵ƽߵĵˣѾ͵ٵˡ
һҪȥˡ
ǰϦҿһɫͬʹʱϰһ
Ҳһϲ޲ˣʱֻܹˡʹ㹻оʱҾͻЦЩĵЦҲ㹻ŵֲܵĴһЩʹ
Ҳޣֻڸж͹ָ˵ʱ򣬼ҲôһΡֻǼǵʱ̫ˣӡֻʣʵһƬ
ʹҾţ濳Уյ̽Ĵɫһһͷţһ̱ƾɲĴשϡҸô죿ȥأȥģ
ƿڲͬĵײءˡ
졭ܡ׼ʱÿ졭ʱ
ֲң֪ˣԣǡ¼ˡ
ʼֻһ˵
ƾζţƤڲܽʹֻ̣ǲʺ϶ûϴϡһеİźϡ
ôһܡǲһģ֪ô˵㡭ҵȷܲˡ
ûûװʲôأҪȥѧУ𣿸߰ΣҰಡָˣľͿǻҺˣõļ٣£꣬һ껹֪֪꣡Ҫ߿ˣҪ߿ˣͬ˴ѧҵˣ˭ħΪʲôȥĵ˭뿪ҷˣھװɵɱǰˣ쵰ڵƷȻΪأ
ûͽıڵ÷ǰǰҹȥ˺ŵıκʱ䶼죬Ҳãһɣ
׼嵽ǰŴ򿪣δ֪İ˻ﲻеŭӺͿŵңǱ׼ǿһʱסˣΪҺ¡
 
 
ʲôһ˵ģ֪ᱻȥʲôطɣЦף·һУ 
Ƿͷˡ 
ҲҪҸǽѲˣҿ־壬ҷߺޣҡܣʲôҲҲһҲ᲻պŵơ 
ȻɵڵϣűߵԽԽֲ֪֧ͣ˶õģᣬﾡǵŮΪʲôҪҼ㲻Ȼб˼û˼ˣҲںáΪʲôôϲأŮˣôͲܷܷأΪʲôء 
ʲôҲ˵ôӦġһֵʱϣƵڻӻĵطȻұҲ۾Ը⶯ˡ 
ֻűˣǸثֵȺ׷ծǸҪҪǰȥǸ˹ͣٵװǺ˵ǵһҡȻŲҿǸ˺ߵһ˳ȥһҾҺɱǸ˾ڼĲ󰲾ϸĵһҴδ˺£Ҳ¡Ǹ˳ªʬһѹ 
һСʱԲҳֱұֳľԱ֡ 
ҴҶѵӻ䱻ʱЦЦĵĿŴƻͨͻȻ뵽дʱ·ϵĳ̯λڱһݻܳյķŹͨһеҹ 
ұ񾯼м䣬ЩʲôͻȻ䣬ĿһƮһƿҵˣǺܿĴԾ£̨²ѷ13¥ӦÿԳ׵Լ˽ɣض˵ݻİɡ 
ˣ٣ôһν֣һǺһʱƣʰ±ӣҲҪ㡣 








ʵʵվԱߣͷ׵С
ֱ֮ҲףСҲǻͷֻʦǰͷ
һάûڵı飬һ߶ݺݵţԼδʧ֣ѾͷŪҩˣʦعˣôʰ㣡
ʱŷԼ״
оԼǻ̱һƫƫָһ£۵һ㡣ѾˣǳʹĽ
ЩΪء
ʦһԵͽ˵Ӱȳȥһ¡
ǣʦ˵λ䵭Ȼ
ѹֱʦ˵ӰΪ˳ֻļ֣ܸһʵֵĸо
ӰʦֳźʦʼŭδĿԼϿǰʦ֪ˡʦڱ֮ϣҪˡʦ塭
ü֪ˣŭɫԻֵȻ֪Ϊʦ޿쵽ʦһ㣬Ը쵽
һһ󣬻ǿڣʲô£ʦ˵ֻҪʦУص߾ܵİ쵽
üʱӼ¾ͽˣúչԼһֱԸ⡣
ģѾͷͬΪǰԼգʦô
شüһʧĿűôԸ⣿ǴӦΪʦ𣿡
ʦ¶ʧɫϽش𣺡ûУʦͽԸ֮ǰչñ۸ʦġ
ƫƫʱҶˣʦͽһһ
СӵĻһʣ﷨©Ȳ˵չģñ۸Լ۸ҡ
Ȳ˵СССͲҩΣһ㶼һϯĵڶ죬Ѿôݵ֣ഺڵ궯̤һǵ÷
ѵɽһҪΪԶִܽѰȽϺ˼ң׳δ͹޳ܵ˼ͯϱɣ
׼飬֪ȴʹѵҲҪʹĻʹȥ֮ʣҸоͷ类ад̵ڹ̺
ʦһ̽ҵ磬ιһŵҩȻ϶ĴЩϢңסǹɱҲŶʱûôˣϱ鲼۵Ľ
Ŀ˫ݿ۽ָٴѪʵܣ
˼
Լ䣬ҸоʦٰҰ˰ĸоͽȻһŵĲҰѸոյʹϰһ顣
ҧгݣзȻһ˾Ҳˡ
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һᣬʦҵļѨλѵˮĵˣıĶ˵һɺã£ίˡ
˵ǴģűʦһܵӿңҲˣҸɴĿ񣬰۾
ҵҪסʱϱһסˣָ˻ȥ

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޶˵ְѾͷڹȥˡոտʹǻỹмӵģȻᶯһѾ鷳ˡ
㾹ȻܵлĳǸ˵ĸ͵ʴ֪
һδʦԼôĻǲ֪ˡʦ׽Ҳˣȷʵ˵ʦǻ᲻ˣҲȴ֪㡣
ǰʦʦ壬ݵĽ
˵üʹĵӰãȴӰʦ֣ǣӡʦֱ곤꣬ȴȵĺܣ֮Ϊʦ˶١㡭Ϊʦ֪ô˵á֪˽Ǳ븡͵ʴĺɣ
Դתķɿ죺ȥʦ͵ҩʦҩԼƵģȽʵڡȻԼⲻġ
ʦҩʦлĳͷģͽԼƵġͽҲǺԵģͽûѾͷϣŹ֡ͽ뿴ҩǷиݾķԽġ
˵ʵҲǰʱзģԼһʱ䣬׼Ѿͷҩġ
㡭лĳƽҩ˶ã
롱ܶ౨ʱͶ㣬ȻʦԼģҩʵҲͻµʱ䡣
㡭ȻǼ˻Ҫ۸
лüֻ˻Ȼʦ֪ʼߣοڻСˣʦҩҲñߡΪͬЧؽ֮ͬ
ңڱʦʦˡһлĳϺʦ壬ӦѾˡ
ԭʦʦҲǼϵģǸĲ˵ˣʦûҲ˻ҲҲڽշĿߣûһö
üôһ˵ɫһ˶òٰ~~~~æڸΪʦԡӽ㲻롮̡ϸ𣡸ñͬţΥģüʮ˲ܾ֮࣡
ʦһ˵һϽǣʦҷĲͬţͶͽֻǺʦйϸ⡣񰡣ҪȻһʲô֮˵ȥܻԼİЩ
ΥΣ
硭ΥģʦԼľͺãôҪ
˵
Υģʦȥʮ˲ܾ֮ࡣ
ЩüˣȥϢɣ׼ܳͷУס˵ĻˣʦȷҲѴ̡
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ã̾Ϣһ䣺ҪչͬǷģҲˣȥɡ
ͽף
㲻ףסʱüǵϾ
ʦôһ˵ɻ󣬵֪ʦԭģԼʾǣʡĸʦաοԼˣԺʦȥż
һɻ̲סˣʦͽסΪʲôѾͷڳ
ţ׽Ǿ䣺Ϊҵĺӡ
ҺΣҲѾ𣿳ѾͷУʦΪ˽ѾͷԼʵ벻ͨҲֻȻʦЩϢͽˡ
š
ٴαϣǱʷҳһ㡣һлüñҪЩԼԸо˸ɣЩҪĴˡ
գСµߵҴͷѾͷĴ
Ҷ֪ʲô£СܻӣЩֻ룺СҲн죬㣡Ҷ㣡
˵һûǰʹˣʱ޷ȷʵҲԣʮֲ
岻ˬŵ·Щѵ
СӻζһĶңҺܲϰ߱ôӸµĿŵģĿ˹ȥһ㶣Ҳʼɵˡ
ʵ˵ʵۿۣǰռĩһİ۴ģʦ˼ܵźңֲԼ
Ȼǲʺģ˲ˮٲģ鷳Ҳ¶鷳Ρ
պ󣬵ܽʱֵ֪һܾ£˽ȡҩδ꣬ҳ̰棬ؽ֮ǲ˼꣬˼䲻̤˼°벽
ĻȷͲμӲŵľѡʦˣް
ûдģÿˣر񱱺ڷͳСƨӦΪԼĹʧӦüԺһ𳤡
ұʦȻһ£Ҫȥ۹Ƶġһ֮չң˼ҿĵͦġ
жȫԿʱҾͱͱʦ˵˵ȥļ໤ǲǲ̫ɴʦȴƵڱչأκ˶ҲΣһذأػصģʹСҲյ
Զ뱱ʦϳҺҵڸȦúŷ֣̫ˣСʧˡ
ת֮ȷƳһӣӰϵе͵䡣ӣڴͬŵ֮䣬ͦȻ׿Ⱥһɫϵ⿴Ҳܸоǰ涨ǳ಻ȻݣȻһת˹忡ţǱǷ
ƶһƮתһ˲䣬·Ǳ紵üͷ䲻ĸ룬Ȼã˿һĨǳǳϣһǳǳϣȷʵԵ棬κθš
ڳĶƯıСãұʦܣҴȥɣ
ԲڵļʵϵģŮ˵ͬǣȣΪʱǰľܾţǰƽȵġ
ô˿ҳԼеʵû˦Ӱ֡
ͻȻ뵽ǰкܶ౻Сô˳ǣߵģôӰǸ˷
һ˹ţ˷ӿһ۱㺭ôȥѧúŪͯȡȺЧ¿ҶԣʱúЦҲͲԾľЦҲ֮
ЦƯǸɰĺӣ
ллܸоԼ죬ΪСӲһ㣬Ϊһġǣ룬ȴϵĿˣ
ԼҲʲô̹ľӣأ⻹ҵһΣôϸĵǣţ߹Ⱥͽֵ·ļͬŵʦֵܺͼС
ôòлʣӰһ£ϵ˵ɱЩҹ֪ڡɰĽ͵һЦݣīҲǵ˺һЦл˰ɡ
ҿǡƣЩĶЩϤСұ㲻ٶ˵ʲô֪˵档˼ҲͰѸոһգ۵㺣һգ۵
Ӱ͵סĵطº͵ĶһЦԺҪǼǲ·ˣͬŵʦʦǡ
ҵͷһЦҲûеģתˣȥ㵭Ȼʲôõӡ󡣷ţǣӦ˼ӦһЩġ
ʱ򣬸̸顣ǰī㶮ˣȥҪκζ˲ԼʹҲй޹ؽҪ塣
ٹգ汱˼£Ѩ̺õʯҩ鼮УƷȫ
Ҳ˱˹뷨ҿ罺ᣬӤų˵Ĺâңƻƺܰһͷ١
ƣСӲҪʲô뷨ʦ˵ҪúչҵģҪʦΪĲźãŽТͽ
Ȼ̾Ѿͷ֪ʦѹңݣ
һΣҲû취Һһʦ˼ҡԣҲʱ˿˼̷ţ˼Ұи㣬Ҳֻ˼ңҲ㿩ҲţǶϲʦʧǰġڿɲǵֻаүţ֮鶯֮
 
 
˭֪֮֮ԱǡѾͷټ̤ʦʦûаϸ𣡡 
ιǸ˭˭˭˵ôôòãҿԽ£ҪǲҲԽСŮʿʲôģҪѾͷѾͷĺȻСƴˣһĵĿңǸĲӴСͷѾˣ֪㣡 
ǰƴĺֲССͣгøһ㣬ǻЦǰ󷭡 
ôо֪ǻȡ˭ˣǣ̬ɤӣԺҪúദŶ 
Դҩˣ㡣 
ÿ죬Ͳ 
ֻӽȴͻȻˣҲǿʦ˼ҵϰɣҽҵţϸɣҸѰˡ 
Ҷȹ˺ü졣 
 
ÿ죬һԵ鼮ͷۣЩҸʶҲ֪ԼʲôʱȻͨģֲǹŴģ˱ʣ˭˭˵֪ңӣȢ˸ŷڼﲻܣ˼һ͸ĺڿӣŮС֮˵ֱŮԣҲ֡ǣȻһصĸ߱㣬ɱѧǣҺʦģ 
ÿҰʦһʱܻߵĽ˵˶ٱ飡ٰʦȥС㣡 
ÿʱ˾籩Ϯұֻ򱩷ͷĬһ·ȥ 
˭ǸûпûӣҲûǾٵľ֮˵ʱͬҲǸû͢ʱռʱ 
ӦʱղŶԣԲڵǸʱգҿ϶ֿ϶ĸԼҪǿ 
ֿʼÿսʶ֣ЩһԴͺһ㣬ϲˡѵĺʱϡ 
˵Һ㲻һʶֻҪһȹҾ̾ŽţҿĳʹҲô˵ܱСӰֺ͡ 
ºҰҽлֵֶ̻֮Ұȫ꣬浱ŰЩҿһʱֻܼסڶʱܶʲô˼Һ֮ǰһ㣬ˡ 
˵Щʱһȫ֪л۸֮ˣǱ⡣ 
ҼʹЩҲף򵥵ķֱҩҲᡣ 
죬ʱ뵱𣿡 
ûش𣬷ңأԴҲ䷳Ҫ֣ҪѾͷڱҳȥˣ˵Ժͽˡ 
ٿҲЧΪöҲᡣ 
ӴˣұĿЩ顣Աû 
Ҿ㲻ᣬΪ˼ֱ˼һֵڣ뱻ͬΪ㻹ͦεˣʦܹҲΣԸԸѡĽȥ˵öĻ 
ã˵һ䡰µ׼֪ʦڿɻã 
׾Թ϶ʱǶôġ 
ʱڣ紵᲻ˣҲϲӡ 
緹ʱͲ˵߱ʦѾˡҿѹһζˡĲ̡ʡ 
ûԷ֪ԼûûΣ㣬İõĳֻǲƽվ׽ǰǴ̼ĵĿš棬ͻȻת۵ң֪ʦúչңʼɡ 
ϣ֪ȥʦһۣҲ˸ۡߺ󲻾ãҲҿϵܺһ㣬ԺҶһ֮ǰǶ 
Ȼúͻˣ̫ܶãϾкܶ顣 
ʯͷϣղ룬Ӧûˮġ 
ô⣿еʡ 
֪ÿȥڰǵﶼΪǣЩҸ׺ĸ׻˷ɽׯˣôǡ㿴ʦ𣿡 
ǿ𣿡 
š 
㻹˵ɸĸ𣿡 
ÿ˿Ķһ֮ԼΪǿž֮ˡǻᾭһֱԼ˯Ŷȥģ֪ڶ̫ˣ˹η塣 
ʦ쿴𣿡 
ᰡΪʦϲ㣬֪㲻뱻ͬţûšֵĿԵɽˮտʼǺܲԸչ˵ģҲȽ³ç£˵ǸԵϲҸһ֣һЩ¡һ㣬Щұǿ˯ҲϣܻĿġһǶԼ˵ģһ־档 
ãûҲû 
һԣҲͷǣ֪ûīһšſţˣҲ˼ָ飬ֲո˵еĻǶԱ˵ĻǶԼ˵ġ 
ûô죿ʦǿˣáǿ˿ڡ 
ǡ죬עأôô£ٹһҪ˵ˣһû궼ǺӣʱҲСƨ𣿣 
ǡЩ֪ģôã 
˶ͨصѽ 
һм񿴹ʦ˼Ҷô˵ˣͱ˼ҵ˼ 
㻹˵ʦ 
˵ˡ 
Իȴ֮ҹҺܱ̥ĶЩʲô 








ԭΪԼĴһ㣬˭֪ͻȻö֮ɣʦ˼ʧ
ҸտʼֻĬϣҲûʲôõģǣһһڰЩҽˡֱ꣬ǳͷβ׹ʵֻصҵϱСʵƷ
Щνƺһҩҷֱ棬һһϸȻǷֿȴϻĶףҪֱ꣬˼Ҷ԰ͬ˶ˣ
ǣԺ涨ʱ񣬾ҪЩҩʳ£ȻԼɽҽҩ
֪ҩǾ綾ģüʱҲǰɺЩҩⶾеżǱˣ˭纬ҩô࣬󲿷ֶңÿһΣҾͱΪһΡ
ҲΪҵĵڶٵʱ仹ûܲЩҩ˺ѷεʹ࣬ҪһʻŮӵġ
òҪԸͷʱ¾͵ų֮Σ
˼Ͳһˡ
Ӧи˰ɣ㶼ôˡ
ʲô£
ΪҪȥҪиȫƵģȻƲġҽ£˼ҽ£϶ġʲôԲԣ˼ҽŮͲһˣ
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ǸѧãҾ޳ܸ㿴Ĳ㣡
ҶɵҩϣϵٶȲ䣬ҩӴ󣡡
ȻıӰڹᴩ
ԸǴӴ˵Խʵģѻʯ
Ѹٵ벻ʱڷֱ浥ҩĶ˵Ѿʲôأֻǻ쵰ԽԽ꣬ȻЩ͵ҩҷֱ档ֱ治ҪԷãԳҩĵʣȻԼȥҽҩ
ȻѾԼͬũ޴ĺѼǲʹùٴˡ
ǰīϰʹǱĪǾƿǵ׼ֻȥЩש͸־ƼּԱߵƤû£Щϼӣͺˡ
أЩʹ¸룬ʱҩһЩɬĻ뷴á
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Ҳǣʮָţһջɣ
ѾˣʮˣԼˣӦûʦͬհɣҲͦġ
㡱
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Ĳ£
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Ϊʲôȥˣ
һҪлʦ屨أͻȻɵɵһЦǿһǰˤ㻬ɫȥȴǺһҲܴ̼ˡ
ӻҾЦܣ˻ҲɱңҲ£ȫׯ˶ˣƵŹءڳһֻںʲôɱ˳֪УǹƨͨģȻ˷ɽׯһôˣؼʱôû˳ٺһѡǣھ͸㱱һҪɱģлĳϷɡԭȣ磬ұΪʲôˣҿԹҸ
ҲٺơƿʱһСĵͻҼ첻ܳȥˣƾĳͻҲһߺݺݵĳԼ۵ͶҪһߵ⽨Щ񹤻Ҷֶŵģõû賿ÿÿĹ󣬳ʱŮæЩҵͷڿ͵󼱼ææϵ̲ʱһζεӣȻҪʱʱܱͬ۹⡣뵽ʵû˻ҲҪȥѧУи۰ҵĸĸܰļңԽļͥƢкܶܶ࣬õҲȥлĳϣȴұӵеκãǵˣ޵԰Ҳûˣֻʣյһô죿įҲ˰ɣǣֻԼɷͼ԰ˣȻĵĻţôȥأʵĲ̣ܻ޹ؽҪϲ̵˵ţŬԿݵˡҲǿݵĶԴԼĹƨΪ˲ǣԲôҥһһȭʱų֮£Ż˵Щ۵ĻҲԼҲΪҪôһȭҼվһѡȵʹһԶĽٳ֡
۱ǷĶһҲںһ㡣
ȻĿ⿴ǰϤİˣôʩҵ̬ȶʼһľô
һǰֵô֣ʵǺģҸɱֻǣʹɱҲ̵ıۣûһ衣ԣǸӣ֪ۿ۵ķӣ
书ɣһ챣ҵġʱʦ㲻Ϊ˶ʦĳŵǿԼ֡٣ҲǰɱɱġҲôǰĿ̸š
ɱҰɣ
ᵣĻ߲
ʦдЩʲôʵҵʱͲ³Щġ֪һȥģ
㡭ҵĺӣʱú̸ʦһɶǶĽʦ˵Ķģʱ򣬵ġ˵ţ¶һֵĽ
Ľұ𣿶ộҽһµְɣԺֻҵĺӣ㿴öϲģʺϴѧ˵꣬ת뿪
ΪʲôܸоҵСӿ㱻ȥôСܲңΪʲô֪ʱȻ㴿ı顣
ҲСǰǿԺҰˡҲ㣬ΪұԼҲȥҲöֻ̫Ǳ˶ѡ
ôǽЩĪĻ
㶮ʲôһʲôûˣһеģȫʹ
ڶҽ̱֣ܱӵĶ˵ΪʲôҪѧ⣬һƲ
дֵʱͻȻЩ֣ԹԵд˼֣Ȼû˵ˣôǸ͵סͲأ
󣬼ʹöܽ⣬ܽʹúдšˡָδֻмΣЩ󡭡ôֱ˻
 
 
ѣ¶޺ӣڴ֮ʣʹֱ鵽 
ҡˡѾ¯ʱ򣬱װԸЭҪҽ֡ 
ɷϣȷȻǹĿ 
Ҫѧʱߺ޵ĵңҲãˣʡĺռһ㣡 
ҲмùȥסֻʦԸҲֻΪ˸õĹͨǱͲǷʲô 
գǳ֮ˣ˵ӰʦֻǣӴ˱㰴ʦұͬŵһδʮյĵӡ 
ҺЦףʣδۼ 
ֽ֪Щʲôۼأ 
գ֮գӰûͬҺͱʱһ䣺ʱ£ԷԸӭӡ 
ӭӣʲôӭӵģ˵˱ǸηҵùҲ˸ģǴʲôҫ֮سкκӭӵģһűͻʮס· 
գҽŽţҵڶοоǸӳˣÿģѾˡֶôǸıְ 
֮£ʢЩԺͻȻðͷձҪںӰʱǺָ룿漴ΪԼ뷨ҡͷЦ˵һȿǵԼȽϺá 
䣬ԽԽŰ֮ζЩаֻǣаͯ㣬˸оаڶ񶾡Ķ񶾣ֻ㾭֮˷ܿᣬ͸ˡ 
µ죬ұʽΪͬŵĵӣףӦһͬü֮⣺ɱԽڡ 
ÿϰ䣬˿ҵҲоѧ 
ѧĲ࣬Ҿͽ߿ǰ鱾еʫδȫ 
жʱ䱱ҲøӹŰ㣬żԣ˵ϲ׵Ǿ䣺Цȥұˡ֮׵ʫ䶼ܶθڡ 
һʱȻ;ң˵ҵȷҲ˲ŵģһοģҵǾû׹ߡһߴȥҪ 
ʶ˼£һһεʶˣˣᶮʫ֮ 
й书ҲͬնġȻҲ뱱ҩйأҼĶҩĵҩ˴塣 
ĵҩЧƵǲᲢ۵ġҰƵҩʱʣҩ 
ҿźԼĵӰҲǿϧˡ 
ҳЩΰ˹ֵҩʱżתЦʱѵҲἸʧ˵ģҵôһƵġ 








ʮʱ򣬼䣬ıͬҪ죬ʮŮһ㡣òҲѾǷ۵㾫µиɻˣҳ룬£ٴ㾿εأ
Ϊɱڵģԣ˱ġ糩ӡҲûҪȥʮǰ죬˵ҪҳΣֻǵ˸ͷ
ڶ죬ҴɴűҵڶιǰǺΰˣ룬꣬Ŷûڽٻʦиˡ
Һͱһ򵥵˸ΪüнĺĵӣͱͬźͬſҵӰƺЩԾǾҵĳɳѸٰɡ
һ˵󣬱Ĳ˼ӵҪߡ
ʱȴĿ˿ڣڽʢĺܣСʦóȥ²סʦʵϾŮбһ·ʦܲʱСʦһһиôǸʦ𣿡
ǰĿгˣȴе֮ˡ
ȱ˵ʲôҲһ޵Ĳ˵ŷģӲиÿ书ԱΪûġ
ʦãô򵥣˵ɱʦԴѧģϾֻж̶꣬ǳһСŮôͽЩħ̴򽻵οʦҲ̫ˣôܴɴأǡĺܣ֪ŮˣҺͱֱͬʱͲˬˡ
ҲǲҲᣡ˵棬Ҿͽӵʦͽ̣ᶯȥһޣ˵ձ
Ųʲôָʾ˵ʦãҲԴСֻǣֻ֪ôҼҡ
˵ϵľŽڱˤҿǱϬݣһֵضû޽֮߰鶯ǯңϢע벻ͨйڵġǰֻġжĸĶԣҲģоͽõøǳˣһ㶼Ůӡ
εǣһ׳˶һʹ󺺵ԷңԼְҵصĲء
Ӱҡҷ͵ĴɫŽڱ޽͵Ĵ쳣̶ȺĴ
ڳ˶ľգżһΪӣ΢Ĺۿűݡ
Цһ£ȻһУҾһС롱׼ŮֵľֻһССĽѵҺ֮ϡ
ܱһ̾˵ˣȥҩ꣬ͬųűҶˣʹҵ书ҲǱһˣοǰͬһʦ㡣
ҲΪ򱱺ȥ֮ϵǸţ£ĽĻʦˣ𷣡ͷҲ̧ĵ̨λ
ۣĻʦ˵ĽҲѾˣ˰ɣ
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ȥʱſͻȻͣסתҲתңֻʲô
Ļʦ˵Ķԣҽڲ֮ͬ䣬ɴˣ˱ʦֻ˭ϵͬŵأҽɴһЦϣҼסҡȻƮĻǱߣһ䣺¡
תʲôҺϵһΪ˰ɡҳǳıҵ⣬Ҳ֪ʲôʽйοŲ
ǰıȴһֲҡ
֪ջˮԺڽҪ鷳ˣʦ֡ҵһô˵޴һЦ
һ磬ϸ̤šҺͱ߳ӣ֮емλʦʦżſǳš
ɴɴװ˼ɴɫ˿ɴڽűߣɴ緭𣬺̤ƹȥˣݷǷȻûţŮĶеˡ
ݺ䣬߳ͬŵʱͷҲһۣһ·ҶҲһ㲻ͬŵ͵δԣԶҪٻ
һ·̣ڻ̲סͷͷһ̽ϧӰͬŵĴƶˡ
Ȼһ̾ԭҲһҲǵһ뿪ͬšֻͬǡевͬˡ
ô
 
 
庬һ·ҲܱҰȫ书ʱԵʧʲôϵأ 
Ҳʦͽ㳢ܰĲŪ֪ҩ˳вؿܾʹʴġ 
֪ԣҲͳ𣿺οҩҵĳ𣿡 
ߣôأһ书ʦô죿´Ҳҩˡ 
Ӧ֪ҩԼˣαأһ·Ҳ᲻ģҲ֪ҲܽЩҩò󡣡 
㡭ôô϶ÿ۵ȥ󶼻ҩأֻڴӦʦչѡ 
١㲻ᶾͬţʦ֣˵𣿡ͻ۵Цţʦ˵ЩҲֻƭƭ̫̫Һãüҵˣ֪гɾ͵һˡ 
ʵҾͦģһҪɱʦʦСҸˣʦҼҲڣοСʱҲǼõġұĿ㵱ʱǻǸӤãԺҲʹġ 
ʦ֣ܿЦвǷĶ˵һҹ֮䵽ʬԭܸů˾һƵľ嵹ڵϴӴ˾ôСܸܵôǿң㵹Ǻ赭дһεҿüˣҲοҸǷʲôͲó˰ɣ˵䣬ǰѵõļߣһ츺ίͳӣΪҪôãΪҶݰ֣һʦţδʦ壬ȴôţЦ 
뵽˷ɽׯŵ죬ԵǳĸĸǰǰʹĿҵˣصʱȥˣõһǣҸһҡ 
̽һͷѿҪĵ˻ȥ 
Ҳ޳Щδᣬһ㣬ҲЩۡ 
ϣģǰӼԼڵδᣬʹҲжı䱾δЧʵԼﵹżЩµģ˲ˡ 
ҲҪҲҪ̬ͬ顣ȥʦҲĳŵһ·ϱҾǡôԿޣοǰޡ 
һ·ȻģֻŵĶͳתۼԺﶺľǳ޹ĺۼһõİ̺ۣԶªȥ񾭿ʼҲŤʹ 
ԶƸϼǽ˰ɡ 
һҲƿʼܳۡ 








һһҹıʱ䳤ˡ
һֱϡ庬ڹҩҩЧܷЧãұĲԼһȻڼϢӿ𣬷Ǻصġ
̧ۣ𳵴۾̽ţղδ죬ҲûûεЦ
ţһֲţɻ󣬲⣬߲ţĲǰŮ״κǲǿʼˡ
ЦֲרְĸĹߣʣܿΪʲôģ֮ʱ˺ңΪԼЩںҵ˵ĻҶΪ֪ʱΪҺãԼĺá
οڻ뿪ͬţһжƾɣǱ޴ӿĿĵЦ
ԹԿСССҲԼһע
ʦ֣ǰּջǾ͵סȻ³ɣĲӦһǺܸ˵ģϾһγţļжҶǳġ
á
ѡϷ󣬱СǣȥιǴ³
ʱͦģ˽ͷ̯ˣ˶ܻǸջԵð
һ³ʱԱߵСҺͱǲزסľ档
ҴỹҪԷ뷴Ҳҫ԰ɴժСǴһĿҺͱ
ҲЦ㲻ǣȥιݣʲôѵҪԵĲ𣿡
ôһ˵ͬһͬȥЦ󣬳˶۵ķǾ׼ȥйȥˡ
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ŶʦأԭأشüˣǻǴɴĺá
ǸôɴˣȻҵԵҲԭ׺ݵϴϷʣ˵Ȼͣڣͷ˵Ժ󲻻ٶˡ
ҿ̼ˣϰѸģҲûָʲôҲԼòƽϢһʵĴɴʲôҲһ㣬һ̤Ժ
ҲҲ˸ûȤĸ˹
ΰˡԾίȫӣǱӣΪǰΪĲΪʦɥɱ޹ֲ
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ÿ¶ֲƽģ¼ʹ⣬ƽծĻӹ̫ƽҲֻһ֮һûκơ
ôȻҪģЩôŬϻŵˣôŬԼúֻǱһĪһʱ֮˸ˣеĶԹʧ㵽һǸ
ңˣΪһǸ⣬ΰļȥ
ô˻ţ˻ֻʲô壿
ˣֻвҩݱ˵Ķħͬôķӣֶʲôأ˹ͨû˲ࡣ
ʦ֣Ǯûһ롣ʵҪ󵽡
áʲôϲ𣿡
ҪУֲԼǮİãյҲ˼ô˵һǴúûǮģԺǰ;Ҷˡ
㻹Ҫһ롣
ӦõģҪܱȺҤӣŮ˺ƭ˺ãѲҪУͬŵȥҡײƭõĻ±õĻϰΪɽˮҿһ㶼ڴ
㡭֮ѧ֮㣬һû˵ҽԽҵģʹǰġޡҲضáҵһҽҡײƭĽУοұͬŵĽӣҪͬŵǲҡ˵󣬱ǶסˣεĿҡ
֪˵ʲô۰ɡ
˵ϰʮѸĵ˵ģǿͷĻΪϵģҲӦҲڵڰʲôҪ㻹ͬ躹޸ƨɴȥӰһƴ£ߵ㣬˶֪㡪ûʸţǲӦǹţµһҽĳƺŰٰӵʴʣƨƵģһɱûУƨѬ֮ȫϻ
ŮӼҵĲֻ
ʦܣ
ͬŵǲ̣ģοʦܸǲС
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ͣһᣬҺͱһ·İ죬ǻͷǰٷְٵ©֮㣬Ҳ˰ɫ浫Ǹǲסģһ·˳ɫĴСӣͬ츾ੲݣܲǹһ
ͷ׵Ĳɫݱµ͵űһ׵̯ӡ
㣬٣ұԼŵǻġ
ǮλϰԵͷҲ̧ĿڵȻ̧ͷҡ
㣬ΪҲʶɫһǷƵĴλǮīѵõĹŵ̳һҲֺּ۵ʱŮˡ
Ǹ˾ǿ˰ңҲҷŸ߰ͻȻһܱ˵ɫŷ֣ʱɴѾ
ǣ󷽵ĶǸЦЦתߣһԣһ·ҡŸһ۵ĵǡ
ؿջһ·ϣ·ʮֲͨģСľߴע⣬ʮ˷޵䡣
ʱǰŮӣЩŻٰŮ˳Ӧſŵ磬ҲһѰѵǷѾ˼֮
ʱǲΪνֵŮ˶ĻţǸ㺣ƵãŮ˻ҵľƵǸĸ￪ŵĹڼũ˽ϼ㡪ңҵ۾ˡ
ŮˣŮˣǰȫŮˣεҶȷԼǲŮˡ ֪ص˿ջǺЩģȻиֿտսס޵ģСҲһźڡ
ϲʱ򣬴Св֪ٹǡŮڡҲ൱ڹŴɽ֡
Ůڡǰ۳ŮӶڽϻεΪɫҲΪɫб˴ϲֱӱӣзɵס֮Ǹϰ׵Ĺ涨һ㣬Ҳѹ˻˿š˵лֹмҵŮӺδ˽飬ûۻİ飬ûʲôý
뿪ŵĳ·ٽʱɵˡǡĴ̳֮һ
죬Ůڡ
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ĺƺܿҲôһȥǶ챻ޱһ㣬䶯˵´档Ǽ䣬ͻȻ¶ȶҶֶҲô֪̰¶ȡرԱӣʱı飬Ѿȫƽˡ
˵һŮˣϲһӵ߼һֻޱƯСһ˲޷뿪ˡֻΪѧɶˤ˵ؼˣرһƯһһϸϣֱһƯСȫˣôײӶɲȥѾܾûչٷˡײʱǸŮ˿ʼۣΪ̫С˵ԵʣʹûײǣŮ˰ųӣʼŷɣ˴ƯĳŮ˿Ҳ˷ܣܷ֮ɵһôˣͻΪδ¿ʼѧɡŮ˿Ժǰ£Ϊ֪жĲԼȥ֪һ죬ˣһɾǺܸߣߵŮҲ׽Ůʧȥֻ񣬸ʧȥԼƽϲȤա
շȥԼһֱܣߵж飬Ů˵ֻܾԼ̫Թáֻмô֮ˣȥһܻЦ顣
 
 
ֻҲԤԼŮһˣΪĳ¶ȣҡ 
˳ӵǣ֣Ҳ߷ʲôҪȷˣ𣿲ҪĻرܣ׾ͺã׾ͺá 
ʱ֣һĵǿҡ 
ɳһľ󲿷ǡҺͱʱСǹһȺŮӡ 
ϲץסɺ϶ҵ󣬶Լһ˿Եķ 
˼ѽڳݲĴСڴˣĸķĲڻŮŮʱ̼Լľأ 
رһ£ʱŮӼұһ·Ļʱ˭ҲŲʿ黳˭ֻ᲻ôһϧܵܵĺˡ 
ñȥźţԶԶģʲôҲû˵һ˫˰۷ŻңΪмӲŵо 
ʵڱŮ˹ķˣűڶ¥תǡȣעĿӦעĿעĿ˲ʱһǳɡͷ׼طӲӣˤ䲻óɹ 
㿴ôûƯģ㻹徲㡣ʦ廹˵ǧŮ࣬һ㶼硣ôҳӲ 
Һݺݵĵһۣһվȱ𶯣ҡ 
ת󣬻ôվڱһߣס¥һƳһЩŮӿʼ½½뿪ˡмĵģűɫվһԣ˻Ҳ඼߹ˡ 
ۼڵŮȥĺʱһҲ棺ҺͱվһѵһԱ˰ǶЩŮߵĶͦɴģЧҪáֻ֪ȴִˡ 
ǡɱлĳ֮Ļɱ𣿻ԼҡˣأΪ֮ǰҩĥĽǡϾҺǵȼ۽Ҳûҵʱˤ֣飡οǷǸʵҲ֪Ȼ֪Сϻ治ôϽ 
ⲻҪġصǣлĳϣɱ㣬һġþǰż£һ١һҶܹ 
ȻˣѧҽģڻϢһǸоĳġ 
üôһʱۼ˶ĸ֣ȻԽΰԽûϣοͳ硣 
ôһ۾Ĵ£ҪĴ̳ǿһĿջ 
׼¥ʱһɽȪתϡĪߣλǹ֮ˡǱ¥ҲٴҪ뿪˵Ľ㡣 
˶̲סͷһ 
ʱǰһϷʵһЦ⡭Ŀɶˣ˺¶УֻʦϣҪȢǡ֪㡭޷񣿡 
ȻҴʱȴûȤת̽ȥαߡЩˣƽʱͷһºģ۸ߣõĽ֮ˣ 
Ҳ˵̤ط̬һֱϸ¥ǡ 
δ޺ô㣬ŮԴ֪˵ĺáǡҲʽ֮˲Ŷ 
סķ䣬ƿţȻ̧ȥš 
£Żһϣ̸Ц绨ѩ¡ʱľҹӦֻһ˵İˡ 
մ磬Ҳŷ˯쳣ĳʵҲЦԼǸ̥Խַݽϵĸá磬֮ǰԽ࣬˼ϵ˯ø㡣 
һϴϾȥñţȻһȥ緹˫Ǻϵδᡣ 
ʱҲѻװˣԼ飬ǳʱֻһװŮװҪװģôˡ 
һǳɫϵӣỺĶȻ͸һɵ崺ů⣬һȥʹͷ滺 
ܱ⼸۹ⶼϰΪˡǴǣö࣬ҲþҲգ࿴ϼۺ󣬱ҲԹԵģҧ˲š 
һòʱȫĺܣǺпõļֵ뵽ҲüԼԽԽˣзҲͰˣȻͷ 
Ůô绪òӶô𣿺ջˮ޻ĵˮܻأ磺ŮˮģǷˡˮģǺˮ 
ݹʷҰĵ˶ץסǮȨԼĻ֣ŮҲֻȨƷһ˼ʹ̰һŮˣҲټµĸƷ֮һʹŮǰпòҲֻһõĻӰѣο̻¶̿ɼ˭뵽˭һ޷Ǿ޵ֵزأ 
ʢ˥ԹǺջˮĽź 








ǶȺôôװų˿εİСأѲľͶδûʲôȤϲ𣿡
һģһոǻ͵θڶûˡ
ת׼ط䣬סˣǳԵɣỹҪϴϸأǰٶֵģһʲôҲûıȰ˵ҡ
룬ͷαΪǵȻɫӹȥأͱ˸λСڵ˹ʳЩʲôҲ˵㡣
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ɼǰͽȻһ˳ˡӵ˵ûθˣЩʹҲ֣Ҳ֪ʲôϡ
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Ҷͱ벻ҵģȴˣֻһǺȣվԼҵǰɹɹ̫ҲҪɹˣ滽һƸŰɡǣҲ̫鷳⣬ȵЩˡ
˵գҲһۡҶ͸оһңԽԽСĻȴǸԽԽ
˺һᣬ˳ǣ̾һ벻˵ܱĶ
רá庬㲻
·˸˿ԵĳЪˣȻЩǲҲǸС򡣱ϾĴֻ̳ĸ
һ£ͻȻ䣬³ǣ˷ɽׯͬŵ˼ºҩԺﾹһƬ塭һһĹӰһ㣬ת
ڿͣˣϳɰͰ͵ĸ˯һҹҰķģ֪ҾͲˡ
ȻǸɰͰ͵Ŀο治ǻвֹһ𣿡ȻûˣܲԹɫ·ϼɫ֪šҪţӦòֹһˡ
 
 
㲻û𣿼ʹҲδܶϤʮ֮Ⱑ 
µġ־;³ˡ 
㡭 
ʲôʱָֻˣһͱҪ˵ʲôҾ˳һ¡ 
۾ңǿ嶯ܳһķߺޡҵǣ۲Ϊ 
ԶǵһӡƱ־һź˵ǣź͹ҡˡ 
Һͱ߽¥ʱСڵдȴûöٲĿҵľһ˵µȥˡ 
ȺO͵Χ£ȻͿǽߵԡٽߣŮɢԴǵ崣þû˼Դʤġ 
Ҳġ¾ˣһ֮࣬󲻶İҲڽȴôһΣǿ֪걻̡Ѫϴġ˷ɽׯ¼ 
δһ˵ԡ֮ͨ񡯶µ˷ɽׯԼ֣֮ǲɢȫׯİˡׯΪ˺֮ʹһЩôδȥԸ˵һĨ˲ɫǻûڡ 
˼˱뵽ض͵ġ˷ɽׯǣԲ廰¶ɫĵա˷ɽׯǱˣЩǲɢˣоǡ˷ɽׯׯݵŮ졮̡ͷ֮һǰαͬŵļԺлĳϣ 
˵緢һɳޣּҲͬǰüׯ֮оеӤģüҲˣ˷ɽײûһƬ𺣣ҹͬҲ֮Ů缲˭ꡣ 
̡½Ǳͬͼɱ֮Ůÿζȥ޻ءֱǰã²ͬųǰԸ߳ڴڻͬʦ㣬ʦֱһˡʦֱϸĽ̹ܣƷ˫ĵҽҲʦ־ĴڵġΪɢʧˣҲͬʦֵһö֪ˡ 
Ȼ˼һķ׷ۡ 
⻰Һͱľ졣 
⣬ɨһۣɫƽ£ҲĸԱš˷ɽׯǶΣͬɣͬ£ʦǶŭģһֱʦû»ɱôˣʦ˸ǲ죬ʦŪģһֱΪΪŪģԵõģԼϸָΪͻȻ졣˵Ļܽǣֱһɺԣ 
תۼĿɿϢңɱ֮ˣ 
ʱҵƻԼһһŵʹЩ͸ֱĵ׵ʹʹĿڳ˿ֺ׼ 
ҾҪβĿ֣һ۾ͱѪܵС˷ɽׯҹȼǷһ簢һ׳ңЩʬܸо¶ 
ţţĽһѣһɫڣմգڳȾ¼ɽĶž飬˫ 
һֱĿޣҵһֱţ벻ĺãĻ 
ʱ򣬱ԺţһΪҽԼһˣŲŲͷܸоͷϵʪţҵ˶᣿ 
ֺۣţѰ˳ϢĪڶˣ庬õġҲ˺˵һͬʦȥ˵Ҫұ޻˵ 
ԭǴɱлĳϺһҲɱ˵ģ۳벻ɡ 
Ŷԭڣǲɱˡ 
֪ 
ôСΪܰѱ˵С㣬öעҪɱңˡ 
ǰôܶϰôӱأף̺侲Ķɣ˵ĸëСӵԼǰĶʮŹԸ 
ҲҺϢ뿪ˡűϵ̽˿ 
ЩǱͬɱҵضǱİɣǰʱʱԼЩĶҩЩҩδȫԼϡ뵽ԼҩǶӣԼʹԱϺ֣Ҳϲ 
Ǹ˵ˡߣͬڵģͽڼ飬ǺӰ𣿲Ȼ©Եո֮߳ˡǺ˶֪ģοǰնδͱ뿪ͬŵϢ긣ջм˫ĵķӦȻǲ֪˵Ϣʵͬһô֪ϢľΪҲĴæҺͱδ֮ǰͱһڴ˵֪ 
С˷ɽׯǲɺϣΪʲôأΪ˷ɽׯŹ£ѵѰļֵ 
ɷϵģϢ·һͬŴġһ㱱û뵽ǻ᲻ǺӰæųﻮʲôأʲôıʲôô飬ִ©ٳأ 
ⴲһɣǵڶգ߳ǰűܸо¥´Ĳİ 
¥ʱ˵Ľ㣬ͬһ̰Ҳֻһδ󺹶Цµһ¥ͣ³Ϯ˷ɽׯףܻòڵһ¥ߣƽ 
ȸ˼ΪʲôˣҲǺ֮ˣұһЦ֪ͬеλǶۣ 
һЦƮᣬɫˣǰ֦ͷİȻͬŮ˶ǵģ˿ĵüĿչ١ 
Ǵһ㣬ǼɫȻ֮Ҳδ뵽⡣Ȼ˵¥˵ǿ۵˵ѹȥͱضҪǯסʦ֣ԣڡȥǰȡʦ׼ټʮƽ𡣡 
ҺǺǵɵЦץǰһҲʮ¥λſ϶ץ 
һ֪˰ҵͷǿһ·ˣ 
ƽһܰˣǡǻأ 
׼ʮƽ˫֫˫ʮƽǵĻƽλٰ㡣˵ҺͱɪòЦġ 
Ǵ󺺣¶ɫǹôôһŮأ 
ⲻĲȫʬ𣿰˵˭ҲûҪһĹȥǱ˿Ѻ;ҲһЩ͵֮ǲܰȫٹȥҲǵȱ첲ȵģﻹǱ̬䣬ˬʵЦȴ˸άһĳš 
磬ƽҲ˺ڵĵһ죬Լ̰ģ¡庬ҲǵıᾡȫԵĽӽˡ 





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һ࣬Ӱһľޣս
ص¥ʱһ㶣漴ԷӦóԵıƴ
żϾҽϱķˣȻĽбǸûƵĸۻ
ǰҳһţջڵıǳĶ࣬Ǵոʤɡ
˲ʱ䣬ɴӱԺХȻǲգ۵Ĺ滨籩ǧ̬ΣԻ󣬵Ҳ
ôۻҴѸٵİ㳲ȺӥϬų۶
ɫ壬ԭǱ֣ܲƫȴܹȥˣӰںΣ˶δ塣
̾⻹͵ͷϮ˾ͲСꡣЩ汳ģϵԽ棬ҲԽԽ鷳ˡô㿼ǻˣġ
¾ոǰ״⽣ӰͷĴһš
ңⷬ龰ȻҪЩֵġЩоҲ䡣ԭԼҪɱģ治֪ʹԼܸ֮󣬻ֺܶ
Ʋ˼һЦý΢˵ʦ֣СŶôҲֵʮƽ
һø𾢣Щ⽣ӰĸǺʡ
æ֮УݺݵĻһ䡮ӡһæۺҸЦĻԲš
ȻͻһҹϸܵĶӣ˸˴ֻоһ
ʹʲôһȻתһ¶ˣӦˡ
ϷҪͺãнµģͺͳϷһ𣿡һ˵ţһ߷ƵԱߣֶ˾յһ
ֻҪһˮ׼߶УǧֻһɲǼ䣬ڣһرɱһߵޱðӱͷܹӴƣЩ˵Ƥ⡣
תһڻͷһĸоԸⱻ
ЩϵĶ룬ȾҩģԶһ¾ͻ˼
ǴǰֶֻܵҪסɣڡҵ΢úܡȻʱ֧סȻΪϼơ
ǿϢЩʹºʹȣָֻܻܷȫްдȶ
ٴΣֹٴľ޷ڰЩ˵ʱ˷Ҳһ˺ɱ
ףʵȥܴõȫˡҲңΪȫƬҪġ
ѾʼĻˡο־棬Ǹʼ
ȻԭزıҶסΪƣּԵУҵһĺ״˼ųû뵽Ļķӡ
ˤһ䣬ϸϸķ۳磬Ӵգ̽ȥһ㣬ֱ治Լﻹ⡣
˿ӣȻ󣬱ŷʮأһ;
ʱ΢΢ϢҵҲ޴ˡæ쿴һ±ƣⶾҺⶾⶾ̫Ϥ˲𣿵˭
ѸٵĽҩŽȻ󣬰ڴԡ
һǱϵĹӲİڲ˳֣Щۣݼ䷢Сĳʹ
תû°ɣɫ̫漴ЦԭжоأôҶۻ᣿ûˡ
ߣģĸ֣еǣҺαؼһʱˣƤӣ羡İ˵á
ô˵ôҲңȻΪ˵ģ̬ܲܶȺõ㣿
ϲҲнҩⶾ㲢οˣҲǸŲù㻹Ǻú˷Ұ졣ԭĽҩȴǾõģʵ̡
˵˵ɢһעûô
ƳһۣȻͷðָҲЩ漴ְƳǣЦ
ɷϣˣոյȷǽŵģǳڶԼΣĹǡ
˵ʲôʹһЦԭˬʵЦɢ֮£ȷʵǲô
һӰƯأǡ衯ҲǺ
Ͷ©ּïܵҶӿ϶䣬ǰ˵ϣֻϲ棬Ψ
ϸӣòͱ֮䣬ͬǣϲЦţ˵ͯˬʡ
Ȼͯһ㣬ЩĸоǴʱͻ²͸жֵ֮ˡ
֣龰ӣôõķȵһУ˸оǰҲòĴ·
׼֪óȻĳ֣˺õÿЩǣִļʶ𶯡ܳĿһۣû
ҪĻģȻʱáơǰһ˵ȶǯסˣҪֺֹһǰˡһɣ
˭ôɵĲҪҪٵأοҪ棬Ȼǻĺá
ǺãˣϢһᣬЩϺзˣٸߣʡöӲ徻
ǡȻǺõˡһ㶣û뵽ôˬĺȻһЦ
ǰӣԼ൱ŵģһҲһ㶼ҹӲţȻͱ˻
Ĭϣ˵ʲôĿϢʱﵹ˸µͷ
һӵʱ䣬ҵĽŲȻ˺ɱһӣƽϢˣֻʣһ˵ĽŲ
ԵϢֱӿһԵı˾˼ҩҩҲǷ֮ӳöػҪġ
ɫȻʱĺЩ޹⣬Ҳ֪Աġ
룬һǸ߰ɣ͵㼸١
ҲĳڲóȻˣҲԸо˵ĹҲԼ֮ͬ䡣
ԼˣٰӹοôױѺ𣿱ôʡĵš
׼˳ҲɷԾɱĿ漴Ц룺Ů״֮ܰصš庬ַʽȥֻ¾ͿԶ⿪˰ɣ
俴žЩȤˣŮҲǾĽҪˣǡŶοǸ˵ˣղҲδʲôرĸֵǳɷԼʱӵṦǲ׵ģһˣܡ
üԼ㹻ŵʱôʲô
䣬һЦҡ
һ̧ۣͷһڹߵ£ΪٻôϾЦɾ˲ţҾЩˡ
ǱֱӾͰǰյ֣εĳȴЦһĨ޺ˣﵹЩ˼ˣֻǱϲ¶ѡ
Һͱ˵˾䡰ˡĲذŪ˼ӣ·ͷҲûصľͬȥˣҵһ뿪
һƥѪ£ҿʼ˷ӦԹĽٳġ
ɻľΧɵĳڣϵ˿ƳɵĴͳȹʽ춥ԼϳľɻΣϲϺεϣһˣС
Ǹ˵ϣҡıɱ̣һ·ϣҲ൱ġ
ꡮ庬£Ҿٶһ£һ¥¡
һϴ棬ȴǿһĿң֪治֪̫ˣǸһ㱣̫ã
Һܴȵ˵ϲĸ𰸾ĸɡȴҧгݵӦõӵһܣֱҧԴƣռ˼̻ǡ
˵һ֮Ѽ񱦽ȡҪĴ𰸣ֻһ¥һ¥ͬ¥κβˮֻЩϢЩϢκΣɰռѺˣƸȵȸ󣬵ȻҲɱ͵ġ
ڵһ¥ͻϢʮֱܵģرʮƽϵϢԼҪ󣬲ȻʹǽµҲһ˭
Σڵһ¥ҪֻۣҪԸӵ׮ͲԺܿ˽ˡкܶ൥ӣǵһ¥Լɵģһ¥Խ˶Ǹա
ңνµһ¥ʵǸǣĴ̳֮סһ¥һгǣΪµһ¥ֻһһ¥Ҳֻһҵһ¥
һ¥ռµһ¥һλáòŵĺԺ͵Ĵŷ
Ĵ̳ǣûôģҲǵʱԼ庬̫Ͷˡ
 
 
һ·ϣҾ˵ȴƫƫǸͲסˣһüͷ˼ͻϲĸҽڵľƺͶ 
Ҳ˶ףûг͢ʱ֮ûеɱЩЩΪµȨޡ 
οһ书ѹһû书Ǽ޳ܵΪȨҲһģЩ̺ŻʱάһԼΰ̫ƽһЩ̺ŵĻ󲻷ߡ 
֮ǰԭͳߵģֻʮǰһ⻷ˣȨ֮伣 
ϷҪһЩݱ֮ĶˣĴŷλڶ˵ģͬ죬ݻû˴棬Ҳֻٵȼٮٮ֮ѡˣƿϷһЩá 
ʱ˱Ƚһ̺͹Źȣ±㶦ģĴ壬һ¥ҲƽƽģȻҲͬǸʵͬžǺкʵ֮һ 
׼̫ǿʱûԾʶĽìܲţǸԵĲƽ⡣ 
û¾ͺİοңģ֮Ķ࣬㿴ЩվȨƵˣûһǳ鷳ģȻֻ㣬ҲҲס 
Һ𣬡ҲҲûʲôΪЩȨƶ֮ˣÿһ֮ʿ壬ȫ 
𲻵һ޳ܵ˵ǰһ𣿡 
㡭·ңԶĺܣ󻹲۵οǲȥˡһ˵ 
ǣýӺģôҡ 
ʹ㸻֮Ҳƽ𿴵֮أҿǺɱۣȫʬˡ 
ʹ㿴ʦҲ𿴲ң䶨ܱȫʬڽԺǾˡʵôˣǺܿϧģһҪġ⻰ԼοϵĲ 
ǰҵˣڶٻнʱ䣬ﵽһ¥Ҳʮˣһ·⣬һ°ɡӦûʲôµģοбȫԼҲȫȻûҲǻж 
ķ㲻ˣҵġ庬ֻǼһšôЩҲ󡣡ҲܸоٶǺܿˡ 
ϧԼϣеϢȻҲˣұ˴Ÿ·ָϵô 
糣һ㣬·ϣ˺ɱԽԽˣʱ庬ʱҶܸоܱϾɱŨҵĳ̹ţЩϢŲ 
۵ʱ򣬾ЩҵӣߴЩƵĶϰԵЦ 
Ϊ˵ңѾǶԱ׵˵ˡע⵽ЩӶҵĴһ㣬޶ȵڡ 
ʱ򣬱ڷ˶ǰáӦͻȻϮ 
൱еģȻ࣬õǶõʵʵڵĹнöǿֻ׷ʱʰġ 
Ҳֱܹŵʱδ뵽־棬Ȳ˵ϵҩޣôöǴͶĻ 
տʼʱЧʮͻģÿȥЩ˵ʱԼһֱϡ庬ÿһۣǸ깦ģʹѲǺܹҲûһ㱻øץһҲֲ 
ֱһ¥·ʱһ谭һֱš庬֤ȷǸӣҲǲˡ 
ⶼδƽ̧һˣ˵Ĳᣬ˵ȷʵ 
ʹԵ˵һʣ϶ҲǳԺյļ塣Щһ·ĴɱɱҲǿƣˡҲˣ̫ҡҲ̫嶯ˡ 
һ³ڴеˣ̽⾪һƳʹЩ֫Ĵǹͷ˵ĵĶҲʼ 
һЦЦݵĸȾҲǴһĿңĬ±ȸΪ̸ 
ҵЩĵɰҲҵһЦ 
Ҳ𣬺ƾһ㣬ĴԶսÿһˡ溢ͯΧǴȦȦĹ۲죬һ˫۾ЦʵҪɱ𣿡 
ǴһЦ˼յͯ档ЦʹüеĳƵɢӤһҡɣԼžȻҸϽôԼһ˵ԹԵЦ 
Էھģôһʱ滺Ҳɳ˻ɫһǶ**֪Լڸʲô˵һö 
ѪʮĽɱ֣˿ҲʧڵĹ𣺡ԸߣǱӰ 
ҶǽЦøǹˣһ㶺㿪ʼ 
£ЦݣתҲһĶ˵߰ɡ 
˽ûӦʲô£׼ҵʱҲֻһУ֮һĲҽҲԶĵˡ 
֮ҲһЩ̶ 
ʱ룬´ҲҪЩǰ̫ʹҩôģűȥҲһҲΪһŰ 





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ұۼ庬ϣץʱȥ¶һָܻ
ʱѾʼˡ
̧Ƥʱֱ׵ĿңҶҲʲô˼ġʱװСұ񽿽ģûˡ
ڻΪܻȫ𣿡ȿ˿ڣʮֵ侲
㡭Ʋ𣿺ߣ֪ҵڵһ¥ǰʮˣҲͱͬĵӰѷһο·˺ɱֻͲݵģƣҲеġ
ôˮƽأöҶԣأң㱾ܲµһ·ϻ˵İɣ̫Ըֺαʱ㱧Թأ红ӰίȤǿסЦ⡣
ҲǸˣͱͬһġֻͱһ˼̫ǳˣӰ躹޵Ƿͬһģʷﲻӣô׾Ϊ侲סһ
ûбҸʵΪʹ㲻ڷ֣ܵõЩҩЩ໹ϰ֮㹻ۺǵġ
Ҷ֮ǰǲᣬģҲҪôǵڹͰﲻæʱĿƵЩмˡ
һ֧ҲЦҲ红һ㣬ҲǿɰŮӼҼƢĻ֡
Ц𲻵ûôЦЦˣˣƽŸǵ޵ͷһ˼ûС
ûлʲôϰƽɫǵȻɣʦһҲˣϰɡóĽҩݸ
ʾȤĿһۣȻͿҩ˳ҡ֪Ҵ򶷵ʲô𣿡
漴뵽ϵıǹꪡܺôãô֮ǰ˵ġɢǿɱаۺϵĵģ
ô׵ľͱҰƽˣҪɱ֣ǲҲǰéֻûô׷ɱɱ֡
Ҫ֪Ҵͬųҩ൫ܾ˵ݸƿҩʣĽҩĶҩˡ
ü³Ǽ֣ٺһЦӦͦ
ҵͷĬϡ
ͻȻüͷһץҵֱұ𶯣ҶһЦ䣬ѾҵЦͦõ
Ȼ󣬵Ϊ˲εգһԱŲŲӣʾⱱ
ʦϲæ͵ˣôڲЪϢ
ͻȻʶǰǰʱ˵ӲԼôҸղԼҲɸоģΪıԼȥˡ
ͷҲֵʮ𣿡һƵĿű
ʱԼչʰоֵӣʵǳǳһЦӻóһɫӣɣĵ
ϰɵӶóԵĲΪһᶷ㣡ûж˻ɡ
ȻôΪһ·Ͽ˺ɱǸ൱õĶ֣ҪҲʱ
ҽӹ֣Ц˰ɣ
Ҵʱ͵Լں庢Ӱ㣬ᣬЦҲǼİɣ
ɵ㶵죬û֣ҸɴȥǱȽҰЩЧõġ
ӦѾȥݺݵĵҡʱҲѾЦˣҲԼġ
ҹĻ֮ʱȻͨˣҩЧ̫ˣٿҲ翪ʼˡ
ֻ֪ȱСһ꣬ȻȤҪҪñͽܰҾʦˣҲͱЩʦΪһ¥Ĳ¥ʦʦྐྵӺȺȲ裬ɢʱ͸ˡ
񰵵ҡʵˡȻĬ
ҿһۣϢһùܶģǰ˼µʱһЩʦܾͻ͵͵дϵ£ʹ֮ǰҲ֪ٹڽϵ顣
ȻЦĴŷ֮һͬɣԼӴѪǰ֦ɢҶΪǿʢϼ壬ڼӴԷʮӣڸԼϰԴﵽһͨ˺ʮʱͱܼ󷽿ɽӹܼ徭á϶Ҫժȥǳ鵽һɣҸǮйء
һû˽ԵĵͷԱʾˡһԶңĵͷΪ֮ǰһֱڸʦԶΣԲƻ꿼ˡ鵽ĿڳＯʮƽ𡣡
ܸбǮİɣ㲻úһľͷҲǿǮģôˡȻҲ֪ͷԼ򵥣֫˵ʲôͷԣһǱȽϻѵһҵõ׷ҲûС
ǱǮҡԭжʮƽ𣬺˽ˡ
λɣƯŮһ˽Ǯòˡұ˵˵ȴĬȻĬϡ
ҺͱΡٿ񵹣
ɫŶԸңЩˣ뻢ΪֺһŮˡ
һ㡣˵ޱ̹ϡ
ȴ̹ޱȵ
ôб磬ӦÿԵİȻĵһ¥Ȼ塪ĸ쵰һˡ
ͻȻʹȻͱͷûԵŶЦţӲԾŲŲʱ־ӡ
ҺЦʣ״̬ҪӱϰҴߣֱ֤ǻģôмգ
ףʹ֣ǰŮһԼҩԼҲôģο˶ףԽһ¥Խǲ̫ƽˡ
ƽһξóȻ󣬺̹ҲεĿⱱһشɡ
ôǺͨο˿
ǣܼĵ
ɣЭǱô
ʲôЭ
ȻɱдΪҽϳֵֻкֱܶѹûҡ
ԼݴԼģҺͱ⣬Ȼһſº뾡ȫǷһ飬лһҪġȲɥȨֲȫԼ
һϸڱøˬ죬˿ûʲôԥͻӱһǩӡһǣ¾ôˡ
һһƾպúҵǾغˬġȻҴҵ֮ҲǮ˵ʲôҲ㣬ңܶ࣬ҲǺܶġ
һʱʹ죬˭뺦ңʹʧһʲƵĲƲȡֵģȻ˱ţϾˣþҾҵĽԶţ֮ҲԷЩ
һ·̾Ҫ˵һ¥ʱɱŨɱﲻסķҷһֱĿڣϢ
ȸ֮ʱҲǿҵ˻㣬ǾϺõĳҲԦסˡ󣬶ڻεò
ۺµڶĵɱζˣһȺ״ǲɢȥں֮ڡ
漴ñ룬ҲôֵģһƤͼεȥܹˡ
ܵԶԶĳֳֻʣˣҵĶű˵ִֻʹҲҲһʺŮӿģһȥˡ
δԷڣȴ˲ȷˡ䣬оܱ¶ȽЩˡ
Ҳ࿴ˣֺһǴƽһ
Է΢΢һ漴ø˵һˣһٶʮ
ԱߵһˣȴЦһЦӦøǿһЩġ
Ц̹ǲһԵ˵ҽúøдһ󣬱ȰڷӲȫֺαİΣһأ漴䲻һԵˣ룬˺ռĶ˹ȥ
űո˵ŵĻﻹипģһ·ȫȻҶɱ¾Ҳ޶ԵġΪͼŻңΪʦ֮ͬꡣ
 
 
ҲˣǰԱޣҲôǳЩľӲʵڲ 
ű룬ںǰ俪ڵǸö֣ȻҲʮ⡣ 
Ȼﲻ֣Ҳ˵ʲôֱӴȥս 
ʱ֮⣬ҵȻսǰ˵ĻǿģѾöĴˣ˵аϣһǺеġ 
ôûʲôս飬ҿɲԼðգƫƫôԶһ;ҪɱһҶûʲô֮ˡԣʱҳƽʱʹöֶΣҲ⡣ 
һֽЭ飬ʲôҲûСοЭϴǷǷҡ 
ǰ˶ʱˣտʼӦǵٶȣ˳ˣڵǿЩ 
ɱֳײУÿһеķųͷŵŭһݾÿһжҪֱҪȶ㲻أҿţһġ 
ǻһ·ɱӱƣ룬漴·硣漴ҲһǺ÷ת˸գֿʼƾС 
⵹Ҿ棬ƾҲˮȶôã£ųۣշżӭ磬侢ͶתƾļԴţȴûôõĽ̬ˡ 
൱ʵʹթվԿ 
ԽԽǷ֮䡪ΪʲôҪһأȥҪҪĸ° 
Ҳ̬ӯǰһҩ˿ãȻڴем䣬˿ܵǿҵĩ磬˽У漴һҽԡ 
һǸ⣬Ͻߵι½ҩߺ޵Ŀңֶܡ䲻ܣΪܣ 
ҽҩʹڵϵɱһʲô 
Դһ飬Ͻһգ۵Ĺ򣬾ͼ˯ڵϾʮ붤ˣݺݵĳ鴤һ£û˶ˣѪԴԴϵӿ 
ϸ붤֮ǰеǾһģһ 
ʲôģ龰ˣҼ˸Ǻ̹Ȼˡߣ㲻ɱ⵵£ԽԽ졣 
˵ͷǺˣűǱߣﵹЩˡ 
ԼҲеף״ȴĸ˻µĲᳬҶԷ˼ֻһߣȡͷ϶ɱǲҶġ 
ҶԱȻĵģϾһ·ûʲô¶ҩϿ϶ǲһЩûֵġ 
ɼôöûʲôӦѾбҲֻӵһᣬȻǱȻһХȻ󣬡ȻҲСĽʹæȥǴǰȥˡ 
ҸϵʱʹδϢ 
ţѾΪԼʩˣΪֲλ׼Ҷʮֵļѡ 
ǰʾģһеøǽеıǿʹ 
Աߵɱ֣ȻҲжԱֵûôܡ澿ô£ҸϽǰôˣҿֻʴ־ͻ˹ȥ 
֣һ˸ģַΪʩ롣ȻͳϽеһš㡯Ϊ¡еĲֹʴһ־綾ֻⶾǶǣȽϽܡ 
ڵڵϱԶǸɱֻҲʪ͸һ㣬ͻԭǲÿ֧תǱסһ³ȥ˻Ƴʹ 
ɱֵģƳ߬˫֣ʺѪʵָ䲻ϢŷԺͬĻ棬ǲ˼ĳȥҵģƿ֣һۣʶзִ硣 
˼ȥϰԵľ轲Ų£һȴǣƵϵʹʹ޷ʹٿҲһ㷴ӦҲûˡ 
ҸϽΪʩ룬ѾûС㡯ˣֻסѨס۳ת룬ᳵ·ϵҩһǺġڣҲһš㡯 
ҸɱַºЩҩ֪ôôĴͷΪ 
òǹģЩҩɡ 
תȥòûĿֻһ۴˫ӣһƬҲһɱҵʱҲѾʶˡ 
ֻǵޱȵʹŵ־ 





ʮ

ҹЦΪʲôأ㲻ɱģʦŪôأ
ϣʩ㶾ĸЩ𣿡˯ĺúãұڴ
һɱֲҲмһµĶ֮һȻֻһɱ֣ӲɱʹõЩΪԶسŵҲǸ֮ˣһֻҪԸǶǮӵġ
㿴ݵҲǶҵˣոǷ̣ǳԹٿͷģ֪ҸǷݶδػá
Լ̫ˣ˦ͷԳԼһ»ȥܱˡ
ֻǣһɱ֣ʧˣȴѡǿţʵڲɱ֣ԭǿԼŸϣġ
㲻ҪôɣʦˣǸٽһ¥ɣ
ڳǰҼջסˣǵȵǸȫˡʦֵˡձûʲôˡ
ǰĵɱֶˣǸһɱֶҲȤһмܵضûУúõֵѼӶˡ
٣µһ¥յһ¥Ĺǲ˸Ҷֵġ
á
ɱִϵʱ䲻ΪʲôôǸӡ
ʱ;ǻƻˣǸĴʱӦ·ߵĸ¥̨дҵȻ䵽һĨԡ
ʱҲ˵һ¥ĳǰ֪Ժ󻹻᲻ôˡ
ʱδ˲ɵҸڵϢͻõġ
ο⡮ʴԱ˵֪ˣġʴĶԺ͸˵ʹ࣬Ҳԭȵġʴɱġ٣ġ
֪ΪΣԼжʱôŵΪʩأܴĵﻹϣܶҺһģϣԺǾĳ˳ˡ
һദôõˣס֮󣬺֮ǰҲ޳˸顣
ҿɱ֣沿šΪ˵㡮ʴԻ񱱺һϢϾҩʣκ˶Ტ۵ġԣֻǰűĿ
תƵɫôѿһ㶼ûյĿŴʱôǱﾹоرƽ
籱˵лĳ϶ʱ԰ֵĲܡ֮ϱ䵽׻ķһ·ȫҵҲҲʧ£
ôһ죬ҪңһȻ㡣
նĿ˱ãŷһֱúܹҡתûаεҶӣʱȴǸһ䵭Ц
ڣˣأֹֻ
أϸ΢ȺԽԽԽԽ
һ¥·ϵ˸¹Թ·ʱʱĶٶм֮
ͬȻĹģȷ֮˶٣ȴδ·СĽ˴󲿷ֶһĽ뵭ȻӦ˵ķصġ
µһ¥ֻһΪһ¥ĵطỽһˡʱҿһλػ֡ͦġ
ϸϸ˿߹֯ñͷһۣñܱѹŵĺɫɴ£ĲеĴҹһĿʹ뻢ҲҪԼݵ
һ˳·̧һʱ֣Ļʲô¥ۿֱһĹҪ
˵öԣĵط֣̫ˣ˽׵ĵطһĸ¥ѹ¥ûʲôĹϵ
ΰǰܱ龡ǹһƽǺͼεˣϧˣҽĺܣ˭һٻӰ׶û塣
ɫɴ£û˿ЦŲǰͳһʵӣûעǴĸģס
ǰǸһ·ŵ˶ҪתˡҲֻһߴһ߷ɢ·ע
һܱĽһ¥Ľʮַģƫһ֮ǸᲢáܱ֮ѵüżòʹҲԶ֮ģư粻֮ƣҰʮֿƺǼѵ顣
һ·ƽضϡԺҩڴС·䣬һ£иһЩĻݽ亱ƷԶڵһ¥˵·ƽֵƽֲһôֵþ֡
ǰеλӣ·ԽԽֱʱļܱ·߼
ҵ߽ӽǰľͷʱұԱߵһŸ߸ߵ˸ˡ
𽲹Ǳ죬һĽǲģÿ궼ǲŵġ˳УĿǰ߽Ľװ棬Щ׵ص㡢˵һ㶼ڱġ
̲סͣ½ŲĿǰӭƮߵϹȡǣ¡ǧѰǣɣԼڡ
β氫һڵġǹµģȡؼ֣£ɷβˣζζ𡭡ҿƴЦģʵ֤ЦǺܵģԸǴˡ
һ飬ǰģѵͬһˣ
ǬЦע⵽ͣ˺ЦĿǱӸˣתЦ
ǰһֻ·Ӵ˿Ҳͣ˿죬ڲסѯԱߵӵҲͬһ𣿡
 
 
˵ȷͬһˡ 
ǵǲͬһˣ 
²֪ӻʲôʿȥû£ǻǿ׮Ӱɣ 
䣬ǲͬһ׮׶֪治֪ʲôʺôΪƱ 
ҺǧѰǰʱѯһܰ׳յĻҪʦֺõĲˣһȥ 
ҿǰҵȷûˣǰѽȥͨȥˣͺ˧ǰһֳ̧һǧѰ 
ͥԺ󣬻δǸӻرҾͱˡ 
һɽһе˼ҳ˹Ҳβż˶һʲôͱӵ뻳ͷñҲײ 
æƿͷ㶵Ŀһۣ̫ˣȻǺһ㣬£⹫ɡ 
𣿡תͷǰüĿϴȰ˼ҾȻԳ⹫Ϊһ·ϵ˺ɱԮ֣ 
˷ɽׯʧú⹫ĺɽׯҲͻȻڽʧһ㣬ȫׯһҹ֮˼ȫˡׯûҲδ򶷵ĺۼǰĻ񣬵ȷǰ˺󡣡 
ֻ𣿡ת˿ڵôȰѽ׽Ȱɣ 
˼δӦҶ˵ĵһȻЩȻ漴ֺϵʶԱߵӡ 
˵ʮ֮ǰض͵ϣµĶʮȡ 
Ե֧ͻȻ֪ʲô⣬δҪ뿪ķӦ˼ҵ¶εһԺš 
ӣ㲻Ҳˣ㲻Ҵɴȥͥȥһ֤α£ӣôίˡΪҪų˼Ʋߡһ¥;УҲ˰ǲϣܵκ˺˵Ƕ鱯Уݺᡣ 
ֻǲΪκɽׯ˻һҹ֮ʧ 
˵Ҫǽӵ㸸׵һţҪ̵ģ㸸׿һҪȵʱӻأʱ졣Ϊ㣬ǺɽׯֻȫׯǨơεˣΨһҪΪƺݱ𰡣Ϊ˼˵鴦ҲһĸѪڡ 
ôҸ߰ɣУʦ֡ 
ã£Ǳ·ǰѽ˰ɽׯˣһҲҪģĸ׵Ҳʱ޼ˣ͵Ҵȥһۡ 
̧ͷʱɫһƬ¶ǻƻ辰󣬡Ǿɣ 
Ҫ¼ˣлĳϵ¸ܷһ㳩ȻָѰĹ鴦ҲΪС 
ȱͻǣѺΣʱ˭ҡ 





ʮһ

ˬʳأչ棬̤Ƿۺ轣ŪīĺӣҺͱһ·ơ
޴󰭣ȴʮȻɱֽɱֵǲԸ˶һ㲻ɫƴǣҴĻѨһ֮ʱؾͿǰһ˹
ʱ˵ƣԭҪɱ֮ˣʮ־صģպǾˣõҵģܿھǣ
ҼҲ˵ʲôĵ΢Ц⣬룬ǿһ㣬ε˵պпյĻ͡Ȼ뵽ʲôƵ˵Ӧȥׯ㣬һŮӼҵġ
ǺĿɰЩֻΪûɱһʱ
ȻˣȻҪȵˣȻǰһСǲϲԼЩ˷֮١
˽⣬Ҳ˽⣬Ωī⡪κǶô˲ϲ
һ£ûǵģǹҵһûн
ɱ¾Ԥ֪ȾҪУƺ˻ƵԽԽˣҲǣβ⣬һһɽׯһЩС֮û֮ôܱ֤´λôõĻһٳأ
οɽׯŸسҪɽׯʱٺòˡ˷ɽׯȥֻҪǰǸٺòĻᡣ
ĶЩӹ֮ţֲǺܶ࣬ƺˣϺɽׯһ֣һҲñĸЩ
ʹɽׯĹʽյĽ顣
غɽׯ;УɽׯҲ˲ٺ֡ڴˣһ·ʬ徹ҵˮ߸࣬ҲΪʱѾϾҹš庬ˡ
ԭǳ֣ҲɼɽׯٵԱÿҪʱҶŲģ֪ѽˣҼţҲͲˡʹǳ֣Ҳȫ
غɽׯ·ϣȴɺϡĶ˸˼֮Уһ֮Եȴйһ㽻
ǵϴҺͱڹһСϵĿջһ˷ɽׯֵӡ˷ɽׯյĹܼ֮һ
ǴʱеĴš·˺ɱ뵶⽣ӰҶԣ紺ʱڵĻŲҰ֣һһ·ҹʱ
ĺɫҵһƬѪУȴҳġƵĿܣЩΪΪǮʬ壬ҿһۣƽϢۿľţᳶǵĿʽġĨʺİϷЩҲǼֵˡ
Ľһһѵ˲أΧǺ嫺ֱŵĿռ䣬ʹǳĴ˿ǳĶ࣬ҲֵǮĶˡ
Ҳѹˣн޳ֿ͢Ͻ£˶ֻƬ̣ĸƵ֮죬˭ֻں˭˭أռÿ˶ĵĮǳ
īڵпᣬûбûоԵʣ˭ֻһڴЩûȷӻԼ
ǰīǸֽԵĳУ۱۵ƶ򸻡µȴ˻۶
ǰڵײ㣬ζôٴνԼݵ˱΢
ҪǿǿܹκζԼвԼƻԼҸˣŻҸ㣬Ķ
ǲܻīΣѣֵֻܻ̿ĸһõĸ׶ˡ뵽ʮʱָȾһƬ죬ָѪ䶼ʹԼԲ
ǣһ·ĸɫԳɷٲ
컹΢Ĺɫɽׯʺ˸ׯص˿ʮ¡ϸһ£֪װûãʮ˴Ƿϵȥأʮ꣬ǶôӰ
һ³Ѿ߽쵽򵥵źϴһұ£һϰһˡ
 
 
Ĵϣպ۵۲˲䣬۵˲䣬Ϊ˵̡һҹĻˡ 
ֽŶᣬɸһɫ·СŽźϴǻ׼ͣµĹֽźһ˵ĸоᣬͬһ㡮浡һ㶼ϰ֮ˣƫǣһס 
浸ңǰҵ⹫˵Ҫȥˣұµ˭ˣֻǣôҲ벻ǸĸʵֻǸѧϰϵŮӾҲǴ˵еġŮ֮һ 
ʱʱܵĺ£ҹɫ躹ް·ĵƻֻܽյ¶죬̤תһԷ΢ĹߣԼĿС֣ǶʶֲȫҶԣһֻǿԵġ 
ҼʮŮˣҵˣԭˣʹŮӴڰԣǵʵɢ 
һͷͷϢȻŮˣҸǾ棬Ʋô䣬ôһǵûӰϸ˵ļ𣬸˾ϧϧһŮˣòţţȴǽȥźͶ˷ϣɼʱ֪ΣܺĸײơһҾǣԭ̽ߣûмᶨγųֵڣ 
⹫еǰһ˵̣ˡޣתҸϽ£ 
ߵǱ̵Ů˸ǰԥôƺֻԭɬɬͻȻ֣ɫ¹к£һŮ˵סʱԺһʣعⷵաٿգʱȴŮ֭ӯ󣬹ޣĿ 
ǡƵĺӣ£ĸ׸ 
񣬸йޱϤģ뵽ĵһ죬Ҳôһ˫ϧ񰮣Ҳһ㣬ҪҶȥͷһ˵ɬʹȱҩҪˡ 
ҾҲƲסۿķĵĳʪ񱻻ƿӵѪһӵı˳ 
ҶûôˣԹѾõĵмһͷؿǰһһͿҲϸϸĻҪĸһ׷Լ顣 
жû˱ϸˣҿ޵ɿУ֪ΪԼ޻ΪǰŮӿޣ֪ǲɺϣΣҾ˹ȥ 
ڶʱǸʱޱȵŮˣѾԶȥˣһƬˡͷ⣬̧ۣǻƮˣϡ裬޷顣 
ͷ㻨ƬһأһƬԺɣ 





ʮ

ĵڶ죬ںɽׯһƬ֮ʣȴ᲻ǹʹ
¾ҵɱִ֮жģҽⲻ塣ξǹǸ
׼ǰһ˳ˣ֮֮ĿˣҶͣĿȷپᱱ޹ҵʹȴֱĿС
һܿҶ͵ģȻڴűŸһԼ¡
ҾǽͲ˵췭ظ˵ĲðһĵģԽԽԼŰᡣ
䣬ǡ顣˿̣һΪԼûûζˣվûĵĶ
ȻȻѾ·ˣľȴǣȻ·ٵһؼҡҪһݾӵĵطˡ
ҫͥԺǰĻƽȻдɪɪҡǰһƬů۷۵ĺĻɫ̯ǰԽٴһۣӻ֮ɫҲĳ·ôĻ꣬ϬһɨȻһĻƬڵʱĦͷ·ĿھͱĥĵĲһ㡣
ֻߴͻȥú޾޺ۼ
ϼ޵£Ʋȥٻ뿪
ڱЩӭģˣһǰ˵ĻȫıһԣûһĽ͡˭˭Ի˭һʱȴκβʱĲ㣬õ˻øѣ
һ̾ɫֻ˲ȴԺ˼кƲһƬͷ̤ԽԽģԼеοҵģʲôܽ˳ģ˭˭ʧһӡ˭Ҳܡ
﾿Ҫʲôʵά֡лŵӣԽԽԼδץ͹֣ҲԽԽýĿԼȻζ
·;УԶͥԺֵŮϷ֮һʱ䣬ЦϢʤַ˿ֶ֮ڼ򵥵ĿּҵȤϣ
ŮɴԷۺɫŮһһ۵˵·мСģ̰ӺɲУȻҪִǰУҲֻȴ͵ˣʲôӣҪǽյľ
Ůɫ֣أʤԱ뵳´һ㡣
ۺɫСŮ٣Ϊׯص˵㣬㲻õģϴΪƯСڣ˼ӲŻʱɫŰ˰ףٵôδȥٲûУɫǿߣߣ˵ŮԽЦա
Ա߱΢ЩֵСӣ죬ĵŷۺɫСŮǸкݵɱˣҲ񰮹ŭɥȨͽЩ
СӴʱ˷ߺޣǡΪʶͬ
࣬ΪƢŮӣô̵˳İ׳աһúչģȻһЩ鷳ĻӷҺԸⵣʲôԽӷ˵ʱʼûڳһ½šƮϣ˵ǲмֱ׵ǿ
ѽֻҪӲŪЩŤװڮɫױɫһк
Ų˵Ů˵֬
ߣأ㲻˵ֻҪͻָԭ״ģڻƵģѵ㣬ɲҲҪӵˣ֮£
ҵļգвӣֻǶݵģٹͻõģԽӸúģھߡ
ҿſڶܸоɫƽŮӹǳš
׾ʱӣãΪβ飬ȴտʼ㽩֡
ʱλղеˣҲڲˡ
Ҳ微˵Щʲôֻ֪ſڲ֪ʱ˸ˣھ͵˭͵Ҳһ£ĸ˵
⺣ɽׯô׽Լ㹦𣿵ǸСŮ
΢΢ŭҪƺ곤£Ҫһ㡣
Ů¶ǰʱ̾ǲȱɫ۵ŮǺηɫŮ浫ţʵŮӱȻֻǲΪʲôԼԺڻ档
ʱһУҵȻʲôҲ֪ġ
ټɽׯҳ˱ĻϤģʹǸոձƻԺ𣬾ҹʣʣˡ䡣
ڶ֪ҽɽׯǶԣǴ
ɫŮ鶯ҿȻ󣬱һ£ţһΪƯģ˭㣿±㣿
 
 
ף㵥ɰŮ̲ס΢Ц 
ĺĻۺ⻨㱻˺˺ĵСƬСƬӦһ㣬Ĳʰ 
ҾĿǰˣǡǰ˾Ŀҡ 
֪ΪΣҺʶǣΪε·ҪиɣֻҸҵʱҵʱŹЩӲһĵˡ 
ȻعһᣬʶҽҲ˵ʲôͿȥ 
ԵķŮǸ΢ֵ˵ٿǿ׶ҪԱߵӦ 
ţһȺĺӡ 
ڼ£ĲþͺܷŮӵʡ 
ģһȺˣһֱڡֻǣҲϰ߿ڣҲԵ䳡ֻǵ֡һʱﾹõοһ㣬˲١ 
٩٩̸֮ѵõͣϰߣȻܿ챻Ǵˣٵ˵ϼ䡣 
ɫҲֻ֪ҺϲǽҲϲӦо֡ 
ϣұԽӸĴҾסĵطûϢǳЦһ䡮ȥϢĿǶȥ 
صĺĻʬҹʱһʰһ˴ţر䡣 
յ磬˼ʹϵĴ·ˡ 
Ů֮һҵĶŮǰλԱߵԽӸǹԽк֮ͽӣԭεӢˣȴΪʦָɵҪݣ160Ϻĺ֢ԭΪ¯ࡣ 
ҳȫ壬Ůˣɵ㶵ġѵ˼ˣô԰Լɵƣ£Ӧɫ˸˸ġ 
Ȼ󣬳գգ͵۾ˮҾǴˣǸ̫ױԻˣΪץסãԣǰһʱܻԡ 
޷˶Ư˲ױһ㣬ԻӾʹôãǵֿסʹҲôһ̬ȴоҵġ 
һȻȻףüĿңҾһʵSBһ 





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뿪ͬʮ졣
ӽɽׯһ̣ԼЩ˼ɵġ
ǰбңԼȫǺܷŵĵġʹ;סڿջͷҲǸ࿿һɽׯͱڿͷԼסĵطҲкܶЩľ롣
뿪ͬŵĵʮ죬ҵĹչˡȴԡ庬ˣ̫ðˡ
ʹԼ书ǻʮ㣬ʱԼܴһ£Ҳ޺
ȻԤ˵ĿǰǻģǣŪİѵĵһİţŽһ
Щҩ裬Ȼ确庬Чǲ򿪴⣬͸͸˳Լ⺣ɽׯЩʲô
ʱĻǿøܵʱ֦ͷĻƬͬ񶷳ϵū̵
ԵĻ裬ĻƬͬŮϱϸĻ£Ūصķ顣
۵ĻʱȴһղܡһĽˣͣһ½ëϷηŪĻ׺Ծһ󣬶ŶšͥԺûκζˡ
羲֧Ļɫδаʧݣ޹ͣڼϡ֮ижռͷΨ̴ζ
һ־˵ͷǣæҵܹҡ
ʱ϶ҵϢ֮ҪһҵĽŲȹͥԺĺĻʬܵǰ뿪
ҴӦģʱȥҲҽ飬ֻǣҷ֣ٴ·ʱѾ·ˡ
ô͸˵滨ʧɫ˵£ǹ뷿ˡ
·ϵɫʯשȫۺɫڲˣͫʵɵҪɢƤȥˡҺЦĿһЩʬѣ껹ǻ᳤ġ첻
誵ƤһЦҿǣֶûôݡ
ǱιëƵصģٿǰŮЦЩˣһûǳŮǿʲôǷϵС
û߹·ɣ绨һ㣬ʲôĸоҲЦǺǵĿǰķŮӣĵĲ԰סžǷۺģصɫӳ
ԣİڶ鶯ĴۣСĲʵĻʬţţ쵽¸ǰʱͻȻ˸߲ҵı
ͬҡҷżصĻƬҲ֮ңλãּ¡
ҷӦСѾͷѾҵֱˣ£ոյĸоá
Цţǰˡ߰ɣڵأ
ɫŹֵĿңȻ̾˿£ûİҺȥ޵ӣôûΪۣЩأ
еæûţһʱ֪ôôͻȻǼǵʲôһʱǲкܶǣ
Ȼ֪ʲôǺɵĵͷ
Ҽ˾˳ڴ˾䣺⣬˼ʲô㲻˼ʲô̹ʵˣױƭġ
һӣ͵Цˡ
¿ʼҪô䵭ѵһԻңЦɽͿ̿Ųأ
ҺǺһЦ֪һ仰֪ûСһЦǣЦЦġֻҪǱЦܴ򶯱˵ġ
˵Щ죬ĬĬıԼҲƭƭСӵİϷ仰ʲôʸ˵ôòȻأ
һ£֪ոҶˣ£úúЦġ
ֵˣһúӣĵĶҺáֺ£ͬСֹĹĻȻҪͲҪȥˣ沢Ǻ̫ƽ
ϻָѿڶҲŲҪأ£֪ѵ޿ĵطˣָеɧԼ̼ƼĺĵشкܶأҪüأҶĲˣôܲȥ
עⰲȫҺ;·ϱӸֵ̫໥ӦЩԸҶġ
棬˴γŲ֪Ϊ˺£֯һӺˣ⿴һ£ɽׯؼﶼˡ
 
 
ûУ˶ˣһԶƺҪȺУŮ죬ҲڣһܼҴ硣 
ǲˣ⹫ȥͥԺжķ䣬ʦܰ 
£Ůʼб𣬼ʹǴСʦ֣ҲҪŵ 
⹫ˣͬұͺʦסġľӡҶӣһֱҲྴֺ֮˵οʦѾУڣҵʦֻҵδ򡣡 
һͣ㸸׽ģԱҲʼ⹫˻ᣬ鷿һˡ 
鷿һ̧۴ɲ˵Ĳ˼µеһƴֻװ޵ĺһѡ̯ϻҺܶһ鷿Ҳܰ˺ܶ飬ûĹ顣 
ֱ룬£˵㸸ŸʦһЩ飿ʦֵ㸸׽ģ 
ǡϣ⹫ȫ˵⣬ʮޡ 
˱ã㸸˵ı㲻ˡ㸸׻˵ʲô𣿡 
һЩ£أһֱӵĿ⹫˳ڽӵ 
ס⹫Ҳ˳Žӿڣ˳˼ɫеΪأһ٣ֽӿڵ˷ɽׯĵ˵Ǿ洫ͳ콭Ϊ˵ˣΪ⡮סǰһЩ̫֮֮үүһС졯壬˷ɽׯһֱƣ˾ηһֱû˸ҼѧҲǴеѧ߶νëǵšܵõҲ뱨ԽԽˣͬʱҲ֮ʱ 
ڸ⹫ûἰ𣿡 
ֻҳ뺣ɽׯеһ⹫ٲܿˣ¡ԺҲܰίˡɫ֮޷ڵ붯ݡ 
ҰĵǳǳһЦ֪⹫ڣҲµġ 
˳ĺִһͥԺͷٿҵѾͬˣżֲζҾڹ 
ҲҪ˵ЩʲôɡģͬʱҲ˳˼£СҶŮͬ־Ҳһ˽˶֣ҲͲ³һЩֵ 
˵ģ뱱δ췹أ㻹лġСҶ˵뷨ȻҲıϡ 
ҵƤӦ˵֪ͺãýҲûϵֻŮ˵ļȻĶ˻ǺôҪԼ֣ȻĶǡ˵ϣһ˫˯Цеøϡ 
ҶĨɱңվǻǰ˹һ˱ϢļҲûУƽСļƺ͵ʮʮĴ˵ģʹı˳ֶˡ 





ʮ

ʱ֣ţû˷Ӧ󣬾ŵͽŶˡ
ڷ䲼ãϰԵ΢һܱߣѲӵεİڷŴͰ£ţӼҸŮôͻݵ
ã΢ЩһһŮŮԵ°ӵûôԾ
˼ǽˣ״ͬţΪģǲ֪ʲôӡԣʱҲŮӸڡ
ôλҺܳԾʦ֣л˵Ҷرһ£벻
Ҷ͹۾бңȻеִֵĿűЩЩġ
ұԽװԽˣСӲͦôܾһ˻ÿǸһյʱ䡣ͻȻǰһ˵ĻţŮţࡣԾЦ
˶Ŀң˳ڽţʦˣô˵ҳ֮ģҲ۸Сģã˵𣿡
ҶĿôЦĲᣬıǶŶһۣҲһεıʾҲûеĳ߹
գԭŮˣôƽϣ㲻ԼͷҪĶҲôŪԵġɼҶͻȷͦõġ
ŮҪעڣ㻹СҲעŵ㡣
Ǻǣ⻰治ζһϰСһ㣬ҽΪãʡ˯á
ʲô£
°˵ɣȴһĿҡ
ҼҾ֪ҲµĵȻ˵׼ʦȢҶԲԣŮڵ˵ģ㲻ʦЦġ㲻ԸĶҲǡ϶ıţҵԼϲˣø˽ܵԶԶֻһ޶ϵķ˭ˡҲ˿ٲиʦУԣ˵;ûҺһ飬ģʱԸȢңҾ㲻ӻҲʱϲҵһٰˣʡ÷鷳Ҷ֪һûлʮ˵ûеĻͳ˳ˡ
µĲɡʦ˵Ⲣиˣչһӣ˵ǷģȻҲ֪˼ǰĿˡദôãҿ̫͸ˣһ𣬴δǸһĺӣʱ̫ƫִˣһ㶼˰ġ˺˵š
֪ΪʲôᱻҶԵŮӶշ𣿳ӽҪĻһǸûУӰʦ־Ͳͬˣ˼ֻͨĿ߲ΪͶ㣬һ챻¶㶼ûȫУⱲǸˡ
˶ġ
һʦлнʲô𣿡
Ȼһ£ǻ̹ʵ˵ˣʦұлʦ֪ᱨʦҿԲʦ֣뱣ȫͣһ£˻ᣬ㸸׵ʦ֮ǰͷġ
ģֱ˵ͺˣص㣡
طȥ²¿
ȷҪһطӦλߴУÿ˶ȥģҲȥҿȥ
ֻЩɺ㲻òţ˵ұҲֻ˵Ҳô꣬ôɺϾ籾Ҳµõˡ
֪
ʦ뿪ʱһƳʦĶ𣿼ȻôΪʲôأҲܵ˼ҵأЩ뾡紦ˡ
ھлȥͷ㵹ͦڵġʵܲסһطˣ㳯ϦദǺġʱҶţ˵ˡ
¿԰Ҷôϰֲ⡣ˡֹһԽĳ嶯ûУ㣬ͦõġ˵꣬˳͵ĳͷ
˵ʲôϾֻͷһ䣺ȥˣʦ
ڶգʣ֮ǰΪ׼һ˳ûһɵ˽ľ
еġ
˵⣬࿴һᣬЩϸ΢꣺ҲҪ𣿡˵Ƕ˵ģ˵ǶǰĿ˵ģ۾ǳңȴһûнࡣ
ģֻҪ˶įرǽӴһβ֣ͷе΢΢Ĳᡣ
ȻͻȻһҲûֳԾӣʼհ֮أʼһһȥȥģʼǱ˵ġ
Ůһյ׾գʹٵȻҲ޷䷼һŮӣȻ֪޾ʲôγɳøƽ͵ʡ
ûٶ˵ʲôĵ¶΢Цء
ɴҲĻһ΢Ц
Ȼľףȴǵһܽƽܵˡ
 
 
ճµ·꣬Һ׵ֻصסԺӣҲ·֮ˣֻ⺣ɽׯ·ۣһ·ɫˣ·ֻ׾ٵ;еĳһžʧȻ**Щʲô·εķλҲǶûʲô־˶ԡ 
ҷԸ浴ȥ⹫붼û˳Ӧţ漴һɵ鷿м侹Ȼʡκεֻͨ鷿ǰſͣϢĴ˸ʾ 
ҲΪΣһɽׯǰջǺúõģʱΪλô䱸ɭϡ 
ҲҪˣҶ׼뿪ˣ¾޹ˡڳ˽ľЩĶνˡ 
⹫ܾ뿪ľҸҪΪȼϣ⹫һŬ˷ɽׯվҲҵõϢҲԺͱú÷⹫ߡ˵УûͬʱҲԼ˵ıˡ 
⹫ЭˣҴϽ·˵ǣԹȥһЩ״Ƚ˽⡣ 
ϣ㷹֮һݰٱ䣬ûھͣҾɫص⡣ 
ҪŮ˭ 
ʦ 
벻Ҷ· 
롣ͬûԥ 
һΪҪŮ˭ 
ʦ 
費ҪҶһ·У 
Ҫ 
ʦŮĸҪ 
ʦʦҲŮˣΪŮ˵ʦΪŮ˵ȫͬ 
㡭 
ûꣿٶȦȥˡͻȻȫˡ 
ˣһˣɲסˡ 
Һ򾲵Ĵӷ˳ǿյ˸ҹյɫӦǺúðɣ 





ʮ

ȱң֮˸˽·̡
룬ҩˣҶˣʹôķĿͫǷתգĴСƢ벻ֱ˶ѡ
Ȼǳʼ˲ķȴʤƴ⣬ļǸķ顣䲻ǰЩʱ䴵ѱ˳ԣҲˬʡ
ƫͷһЦŽʣһ¥һ׮Чû
΢΢һЦ͸һ¥ĽһΪޣһ󱻸߼𽥼ڵȼһ㽻״ȻʮЧġҪڵһ¥ɷѹɽףͽԻߡ
˷ɽׯͺɽׯнĶվߣʣµвҪԽƳĶеķӺɱ֡
ԣƶ˵ģСˣǱض̤Žʬ
Ҳ˼ҵĽ棬űʽ̶ǷӰɣ֪лĳϵ𣿡
ĻǾ൱̵ģҳͬţʼգ߳һʦһΪܶˣĻʲôվߣ
ͻȻ䣬Щɱ뵽лĳϻ᲻ֻǸߣ˷ɽׯôӣҲôǲȫׯʱҸоãˣĿֻлĳϻʵЩ̣ĸ޴ˣͬīЩҪǮҪ׷ծһ
ĻشһҲûȥͻȻˣˣȴҲˣҲڶɻغҾͻԼҲ£ī࣬ǰôǱ޷ƽˣΪʲôڲԷһԼã
ʵϣҵȷ£ƵĶǿҾעˣ޷ǵһůŮˣ޷һ˫ôҵ񣬸޷
ʹԸ񣬵Ϊ˷ɽׯµвڣǰɱҾвֱϢ
ҵİȫбٵĿһ˱Ʒ裬ԼȰԼƺˣɱħɱħǷˣҲضԼȫġ
ͻȻ뵽һ߯׵ĻñĸЩɣض£Ҳ·û˱Ҹ衣
иоЩúԤŵѪ̺ѤˣпʼΣǹȻζ
ҵأ˼Ȼһգǿհ֮ǰֻʲôɼƽϵģ
ͣЪˮȵòˣȥȡˮ뿪óһźɫҩݸ˵ʲôֻ˳һᣬüȥ
ȻҺͱֻǸɵŽ֮ûκλɥʧһʶţΡ
ȡˮ򴽣Ŀűʦ֣ȺȰɡ
ûһۣһӺȥˮӺ£һ󣬱һЩһᣬж˵꣬ɫʼ԰
ǿȻι˿ҩ衣ֿŽô£üǻɡ
һԩӡ
СȱţΣ˲֮ԻСһʱһС㲻Զġ侲ĺܣһ㶼˵
һͦߵģҪͻȻĳֱ˲ΡԶ㣬Ҳʦһ˺ὣʦǰ߳ɵĹѽ˼
 
 
Щ͵Ķ£͵ЦɡҲ벻ͷζԱҩȻԸ£ҲЦΨһв̫ˡ 
΢΢һ̹ԵСĹɱȽɽׯǰˡ 
ϻС庬ã书Ҳ͹Ʊ浺ЩʱɫԵĶűʦֵҰȫң٣ҹ˸ȫġô˵ҲŸһ򾲼Թһж߸еı֣Ҳġ 
ôڶѾˣ㻹߰ɣ 
С㣬ʹڵ书ں֮ڻԣ֣ҲδʲôЧģһ棬ȫġ˵Ĳ˭˶ᶯһ 
˲ᡣ 
ҧҧΪѵӣȻʦߡ 
ȻݳǺɽׯһӣıʣһʱҲ÷Ӧ漴˽һۡ 
ʶҵİţҶ˶٣ۣȻ 
һȽֵϣҶǸ˵ھȥ׵ģ⹫һιǡ˶٣ֵڴ֮ǰȴ⹫ 
ԥ˻ᣬӦȥˡ 
ɫ֪ûˣѡͬš 
һ˺ϲˣ˵ƢŤ˴죬˫֪˭ǿЭģг̿ʼǺ˹ȥ 
ڶ̾ڣû˸ܹɵĿռ䣬·Щеûĵķ羰ڸ·ĺӱ׷ɱǶԣҲٹȥˡ 





ʮ

һ·ϣкܽڵ϶ţֱһƬƽ̹ĲݵϣЪ
Ϧǳ죬ֹͣâ˸оĩ·İƽͣץϧ
ջʮƥҲ˵ƣ룬һƬ£Ĭһ
ԴƲ½Ӻ󣬱ȴΪʲôʵҲףǳڶҵΣԼ㹻ģͬʱҪԼƵĩ·ҵĿȷһԺӵʶ
ʱЩұ̯ˣҲǸĪ⣬ЩǱⲻԼ˼Ƿȱ޳֮ˡ
ҾǸ⣬ĵľǱʲôνףֱȻôĽ£Ҳֻʦ֪ԭȵֽǸ֮ǰΪȡġдŸ⹫ͲӦᵽ£ΪҸԼȡ֡
ƾ㣿˵꣬ɶԱ˵û̫ķӦ漴Ʋͷңʲôʱʼͷӵģ
ΪɵֱԲ䣬һЦһ¥ʱ򣬡˵ЩĪȻţ˵ҵĸһǿ̫ͬͬˣҳʱĸ׵ôһأƵдգҵʱ̵ִӲ
Ŀһۣû
̣Ҿ˱Ц׼ֻС˵
֣ҵûҵʱҲͬͣ㣬Ҹоǳ
ֲ漴ʧˣϿʮĶ˵š
Ϊʲô
˵ûһˡĵһҾ;㲻ˣһƯ֡
ЦΪֵЦһ磬ûãһǲɱ˵ģҵǣֻҪǮͬŵɽװֻҪʱɱǶʮͶ̥磬ǰļȻûҲ൱ڴԽˣǼܿյġȻ᲻ʷϵĿôá
һǶĸоξ̵̥ůʹԼһʿ󣬱ʱЩĶ
һĻһĻǰһ㡣
δɷϦһѾûˣǰŮӵĹֹͬԣֱձºĴ۹⻪ֹڴ۵ȣûص̹޷ֱӵġ
ݵԤԣϸܵѪĴǽڵȵʬ嵹ڱѹʵ̫˲ʱƺߵϢֻһ۾ϢĶʱٿ˵ߵͱ飬ȴʼһ
ĵͷ޷ֱǰŮӣʹôʻԼȥ
߹üЦĿǰӣʲôҪʵ𣿡
ңΪʲôǰҪɱ
ҵһθоҲģôΨһҲ԰⡣
ұ۾Ļش𣬡ûлȥˡ̫ˡ
ûм׷ʣҿʼԸչһͬ𣿡
ҷʣһҪŮ˭
ʦĻشɺܸɴࡣ
ҲңĪεһ׸Ǽֵľ̮ڣҲ
ɻǻܣֻҺܿųͬԼһˡûԸΪ֮Ϊ֮ϧˣʵⶼҺҪġ
кܶ˻ĺĳ˵ҲҪôΪҶĽҴûйǰǽҲĵȵĵʱûеȵһ˻ԸԼҵˣҲôмһ˵ĻʱʱصĴţҲҪȻԾΪʼһĺŵĸЩʲôĽ飬ҲΪ˳š
Լȴײˣкɵõġ
ĶűЦҲҪǿȫҵί
죬һ·ֺнڵţȵƬƽ̹Ĳݵصľͷ
 
 
ʱԱɵĬֻЦţǰīҪܶмֵͬ飬²Ҫ˳һ£īǰ֡ǿŮ˱һӵͬɣٲΪĻš 
Ȼͬź󣬺ɽׯͲҪˣҴȥʦ塣˵ȴѯʵĿһƽĳ 
һ˵󱱺˫һ˾ʹڵǰȥˡҵȴôϣװŴҹܣһĳ׷ǳĲˡ 
ҹ 
ֻɽͷ¶޽һˡ 
ǰյžĻ棬Żǲںɽׯģʱѡһ뿪ҲҪΪʦļ佻µԼԼҾøദЩҴûΪԼί˭Ҳû˭ΪҶί˵Ĳ鲻ԸġοһܵлĳȥŮƲͷԣòҪһиѪ˲ѰɣһӶѣȵʱͿףʵһӿԺܳҲԺ̡ܶԼߵ·Ҫߣʦֻ˼ҵİȫûίԼҾȻܴĺ˳жʱó졣 
Զ˶ļ⻰ʵҲЩģϾѻ˵ô̹˲Ҫ޵УֲǸʲô鷸Ƶ£ץһݶѣԼҲ̫ڡ 
οȻЩ˿ʼѧ᲻ű߼ʵĴΣûһֵþ϶ɡôֻڸԼѰ·ʱ򣬼һЩ·οȻθΪҶȶ 
Ƿ񻹻ǰһңʵĲţ˵Ļ̵һӲԣǱ˾ˣҺദôִδʾôʦأԡ 
˶٣ȷŴ󺰵ĻɢȥƲر¡ 
ڵգȼԽĻ棬һûӡ 
ãͻȻðôһ仰㲻½ĺͺɽׯûʲôϵô 
ʦ֣֪ģĲǣƶϳеľǣֻĴңǽġڰƲٲ̫⡣ 
ô⣿漴ֲ䣬ԭһǸĵ˰ 
ԣ㲻ںֻܻ˺Զѡ̹˵㹻ĻԭǿԸЩġȻҲ˲䣬ˣʱںǸɱֶԾʱ򡭡ûȥһµġ٣ıֻеģݿǲǻڶ 
ô߶ҿ͸ˣҲֻǵ˵˵棬ͬΪɱմĶȫǳͬŵĵ֮ʱ򻹲ǱӰˡ 
οʵҲ벻ӰʲôǣֻǾĹ£ͬŲû©ꡣ 
ͬԵĶܱǺܵľʹˡ֪еߣǲǻɻ䣬ɱҲ 





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ҿ˼ˣһ˻涵йʹһСǵģҲֻ룬Һ룬롭жһУԼܿġ
ǰī࣬ÿһǺ˱´Ƥ¶ʱ򣬶ǵԼǼȿĵӣһ˷ŷ跢һЦ
ʱԼһͨĺͯһ֪һ·ֻҪҸЦͺá
Ц̫ˣЩۣҲЩȻ
Ҳ۶ڿ׸һԸ֣Щȥ̴ʱǱԩĴ걣˳һο
ԭţʵҲδеϢվоһƬԻ󣬻һƳЦ̰ʲôĪĲҲδɲ֪
룬Ҳǰµ̫ѹˣһʱ̸쾹Ȼ컯Ůӣǧаŷ绪̶ʵľɫ
̤ҡҷˣݲýԼŸˬķҶУ߯׵ġǷɳġԴʱ˵˵Ķ⡣ڷ˷ˡ
̫£֫ÿϸɿȷԼȷʵǺ޽䱸ķԼ
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·;ҹ⽫ۼҷķУЩϸϸۼβڱܱߣƫЩӡ
գһ޿κεӮ˸ȡ
ϰÿֻ޵Ǵ͸Ҫ͸ʲôƵġ
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תҡ
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ȱŲֱԣʦ֣ȥɡҪǾ͸ǿŮҲҲٴոáȫȻһϷ̬
Ȼ֣ȥŮӣðȷ
һףɫɫȺУ˵ۡΣԭӵ²͸ݣźۼİӰ˹ȥȺǰˡ
۾ˣȴĥĿŲ֪ˡ
ƤľٲĹľŮҷɽ̻裬ɫδ봽ݣһƬ㣬顣
Ů޵ĽһƳĶȴһϰΪĶ÷֣ȴɬʤһִֻ
˿޲ԳŮͫת䣬Ƴһɫǰ˫м޾Ҳܿ
ƤϵŮһҲԼҪȵˣҹ϶ִʱٻˣȻԼҲôϹǣֲ˭Сô߹ݳޣų˻ǵҪϲУֱǻʺڼ԰ѰСƵġ
Աߵ϶յҼҹ뿪Τׯǡ˵ġٷֻ֮ҪҼҹԸ⣬˼ȿΤׯΥԼҼҹ뿪Ӵ棡ǽһЩŻдԣ
϶˵꣬ʶͣ£һˣλӡ˵գָڶָ֦򱱺
϶ܾͫƵǴ룺ôô֣½ˣôİԼ˸ˣҪ϶һɳȶµŲ˭ҹûûСĸڣӸϼƵģġĿͷŪˡ
Ȼֻһξ룬ûҲûǰ浽ʲôֻһָͷ˵Ŀⶼ򱱺㲻ɵҲȥ̽
һԴĪֲ֪ǺãᳶǣЦƣ绯һֹģأȼֳɵĸ˵
תߣɺʵʵ̹ʼع˼˵ĸܣԴʱһûжŮӣˣһӰľͲڴͥڵĶ棬ֻкܷȵĶһԵ˵鷳
磬ʹôȰԼҪţҪţǲɡվס
ˢˢĿűתĿŮӣԭֹᳶŸɤӽеôŮҲᣬѹȤġá
˵ԲϾԼûǰŮɫܲá룬¼ʦŮ˶ǲͬ鷳ˣˣһ͹ĵˡ
ת׼ʱѹ˿ЦĺתʹӣҲ𣿻ǣˮ鷳
鷳̹ϣ·ֶҡ鷳ɵӲſء
һˣΤׯǸѾ߶ǹɫ㣬ο̨ۡǵŮӣǰģֿӾȻ˱˻ԡʱģʼӼʾˣǰıǱһˡ
óƵĿЦӲ⣬Ա˹ӵġСϰ䣬Ȼ˵һϰҲͼʴӱôҲǸˡ
϶Щˡӣôôûôû˵ҲͲˣҲܶôһ̬ʮŮ޾ȱۣǣȱ۵Ůôλã
 
 
⵹ģԱߵŮȽΥԼ𣬵ֵÿǵġʦ֣ŮҪҪһЩҪһ˼ʹĲ˳֡ʱĲ廰˵Զܿһۣȴ羮ࡣ 
ǰûƯֻ书Ůӣջˮʵԩ 
ܱ߾޵ҳһűСѵ֣ԥĴԽݡ 
ɺĺ˶ĵˣǺαأǹԸ⣬ǻڹߵģԲκ鷳 
ͣתĿ书ԣ㲻κθ 
磬԰ĵ΢ЦȻգһһ֮ 
ɲô߰ԸЦȴ뵽ˣǸЦָɾ޿ɸƵŮӣҶ֪ͣôһǽץɡ 
ּ˵áȻ󣬶һЦ 
˵ҵЦҲԻŮˡôĺ˵Ļôܲأ 
棬Բˬ 
Ƭ˲䣬ͽǰһԸŮӵֽŽϣ˶㤵Ľġ 
˱ûֹ˶ȻĴӴڿȥ 
׽ʹùΣζ˽ģһͦǱʵġ 
㣬ΪԱ𣿡ԱߵŮ֣ȴ©ɫѨá 
㡭õüŮԴĽǡ£ 
Ȼ߲ơȱһȥͲһʱȴһӴƫЩ仮˸˿ڵҲѪ 
˲ٷ뵽˴˵ı滨룬ϧˣȴһƶӡ 
Ҳ㣬ǡƸûһŮӳһԵĵһӣ֮صԱߺƤϣһŮҡ 
ڣͻķһҲģʲôʽбмܡ 
ֻ룬ôһŵĶƤһʱһǷ绪Ĳˡ˭Ҳþ޲üбӵһߺ޵ŭҵŮӡ 
Цĵ⼫ˡ 





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϶ѹһŮĿȣʹȾҼӰɡ
˳ȥͷżӷ䣬˳ʱʮˡ
Ψһһӣ۵ڵϵŮӣüͷЩ塣ߵһλ信ӣĿһƳҲջջءһΪӳòǺɾĳ棬ƤҲܺãƽǱĺܺãһ˫һۼֱȣĻ̫ˣԶˣΪһҪ֮һ
ƤЦһֻǺǣƽ˼űˣҲЩϢ
ɣס죡ῴô㣡ȻֽŶͦ۵ģ˵ʺƵͦȶġ
Ǻǡҿ򱱺ʦ֣˵Ů˵ٵȥãĻԶĲзϡ
Ҫҽߵҽȥһǻָԭġһµ飬׼Ĵ
ôƯˣôһһȿڵ¶һ飬һһŮôص֣̫ɷ羰ˡɾӣһгһߣһֻ˵èۣҲܴˡ
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ҼʣǴҶôã²ֵģȻͬɣλ˵ͦȴȥΰɣ
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ûһػ޿̵Ĵ𡣡׳գ֪˭Ͻ뿪ҽΡ
л˾ڸ˲ǰӵԸҽĻû¡һ£ĵӡȻǸĿңĽеĶⰡ治˼ʹ﷼̨е죬ǲʹ
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£µģµ£µɣո˵ллĳ𣿡һϿҵĶԴʳɻ󣬶ԡлֱȽС
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ҲáתͷĳŮֲҪ̫ˡ
ģСǶ񶾵Ůˣ粻˼ԼһŮ˵˼ƣѣ̺ͲtingĵġȻݺݵĵһۣ㬵Ĵ߹뿪Ҳδ
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ǶӣҲűȥǣȥȻǺĵĲ䣬סҪȻеʹ
 
 
ûߵ߲һӳҺͱڰȴ类еĵֱ»̶ǰȥʣôˣ 
һͷߺޣƭˣһʹǺʹʹ˵꣬Ӿʹ˹ȥ 
˶ĿңЩףΪĶ˵ôз֮ʹ 
һᣬ֣µҽӽҰ˳ˡ 
ҺһЦһۡлĳϣͬʱ̡һᣬҪ˿ 
˵ֹ꣬ʹתλûҩˣ˶࣬·ҪˣåģȺŹҲ¡ 
ҲȲʲôӦҺͱڶȥʧһ˵ȵ 
Ϊ׷лʦĲ֮ 
ҲϴǸɱֵķӦ㹻ġȥ뻢ҲĶʱοģǸҪ״ˡ 
ôԹɫ𣿡 
СPʲôҽôʦ֣ʵһȴֳӱСӣǰ˶ʮ꣬ʵЩֻһϰ߶ѡ 
ϱӵ»ƽϣǸӡͬŸ 
ƾһ㰡οͬĺʱЦȻ 
ӰʦֵƤ½ŵãˮɣ 
ҿԭıӣԭ۾ӣÿʼҪ⡣ǻһҪ䣡 
ʲô 
ڲңöûһ뿴ĵоΣ 
ҵͦϲҵġʱ˵һԵ֡ 
ĳǸΨ²ҵˡ·Ҫǰȵͬš 
һ·ֻ̣ʣҹĺӰ 





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ͬŵ·ϣҺͱһ㶼ҵնͣĸϡ
·϶ľû
Ц̫ѹ˼ôĴġ
һۣƣսֻӻͬĵʱ䣬û׼ֶںˡ
ҿЦҪǱϰͼӣԺľͿŴ£һҩ庬ˡ
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أͷܹʮ
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ҶڨڨЦţϺãҹû
֪ΪΣ绨ɣһ˫ˮһۣһرζҲۡ
ңҲֻůµһۣö֮ЦûûοеůĿڡ
Ȼֻһ·棬Ҷӡʮּõġ
ЦŶˣȻ֪ЦϰϵĻëҾǿŸо
ܱļǵãҡ֪ǷһöԼĻᡣ
ͬкܶõĿռ䣬縡빬͵ʥأֱȽϽ֪ɹǷȥǰһ£δŮ𣿿Ѿ俲ˡ
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ˣǺܺ棬ԭΪδĻʤЩ
ҿ͸˱뷨ɵ˵ҩûٷţһ㶼ûȻлĳ϶ԣԼƵҩѽ⣬ɻָʱͲûǷʱģرǸ磬úʵҪһġ
Һ棬ΪɴʱǺúõģĪҲز¶ҩ֣ɼеĸоϸǸġ
ооС˹³ǵķλҿ΢΢ףĹܸоϢֱҡ
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ЦӯӯĿɣĿһôɫ£ǲƯŮ˴ɱɱġ
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أСҲ 
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ҾֺʶĶ˵ոƱȷۡ˼ǣɣپҲġ 
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ЦȵһּĻͬ֡ΪҪ˽ص빬ȥأ 
㲻ĶҶ֣Ķöǿ㣿 
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ǲͷ˭˭ģͳһƺʦ֣Щڸлĳϱţͬź˻ûأȻɫôˣҶϢɣˣ̫˯岻á 
 
ЦЦתһȦȦӵ˽нԶıӰͻȻǵôû£ѲӰ 
ڡʵ˺ɱǲҲܸϾɱ̵书൱Ĳף֪ĿֲŻﵽ׻жıӡ 
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ҲסڱĳˣǱŵ治Զĺ󣬶ҲͳΪͬסĶˡ 
ٴλȴûʲô롣 
ҹڴշת˼£ǻ˼ˣǵͬŵļҡ 





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ŪҲ糾͵ĺۼֱڶʱŰ˹ȥƣʹֻǣҵΣջİ˹Ǿ޽еˡ
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ϰֽ֮Ŷ˵ģ˼Ƭ̣ҲԶʧȥƿصĻᡣ
һСʦֶǹʱԵǳǳȣ漴һľš
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޷ıʱǶȿȥһӰҼǵõһμʱ
ͻȻϹڣ˳ɵİգɱӦò˰ɡ
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ӰοɣƮȻףȻƫƫôһƵˣ˸ģ˷Ҳûôԩ
ɷϣû˼ϸ壬ǸˣͬżǿҲûô졣
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̵֪֪񱱺ʱϵգЩϲ
ǺǣҲҲ֪ˣ϶ᷢʲô£ԲԣҾ˵ýô̱
ȥɡǵĽ黹ûõҪһԸΪʲôˣһ곡ϷŮӣ׵ģԼͲƫƫƫִʹӱʲôϷݣٲ
֪Ĵкбڣ棬ִţܣ硭ҺģЩʱȫģҲġĽҲ֡
㲻ҪɨˣҿǱǰ쵽ġСֹţ˲ˣ
Ǹȥˡ϶ʮֺãԾװûֹ
ҶҧгݰСֹĻ˳С
 
 
Ҷͱֻε˭ 
Ҷͣ˼һᣬĬɣǸݾһ˼úܣ˻õġ 
ˣ 
ҸԽһѧһգǹͽܣֻҪ㲻һŵģĵߡ㲻֪ܷϵϢ 
ȤҲԭˣֵ 
˶٣ҶͲ÷õͷ 
ʹ˴סҪˡϢȥıţƤϰ̺ˣˤѲˡ 
ɣ˭ùԼùӣûйʱοʱű˸лȥ߽ľǶǴ 
ı 
ҲĲιһͬŵˡЦȻ 
 
ȻǺ˯µģ 
˯šҶһÿҡ 
Ȼ˯ѣڲ˭ĹꡣϹʧ䣬ûòһ䣬˵ɣ 
ִٵֳҹȴ֪鴦 
תǴǰһưףڰƵɫİԵҲûʣ˺뿿 
£·𣿡һ**ǰǰЦôѳů顣 
ԭʹڣվһԣô 
ֻڷܣȴȴһܾ֮ǰҵ֣ĬĬԵĴߡ 
Ӱ뱱һʵֻ¶ȱȱԵͳЩ 
Ҵȥɣͬһ仰ȴҾûϵһôϸǣֵˣϸɣЩš 
һ֮ǰûģֻǵͷһ· 
ʵҲ˯ѡҪʱ鲻ÿģпաҶڳȻҪݺݵƤ޳£ֱŮ 
ðȻҲһЦ޻ǰĴͱĳһɲǣһޡ 
תת飬һ·šУЦֿˣոյñ飬С޲ǵĺͯ 
˼£еϣܾĸס 
ٴ̤⣬оȴǺܾúܾûһ㣬ҲǶһ˰ɡ 





ڶʮһ

ϰ֮˾ǲͬͨﵩĴѿԾȾ·
ڶ죬ӰͬﱲָߵͽμνĹŴıʽ
ͬͬʱŵľһֵģȫǰϵյŵģҲյͽԼ֧űԣͽҲʮصһ¡
磬ȻʦͬʱͬŵĻдڣΪϵյĵӣԾٴҲֻܺ뱱ƽֲϵĸߣΪǴƽӹ֮˲ŻĬĬšʤ̭ͬĻǺܵλġ
Ӳ쵼ͬŵĸ߲㣬üĸҲһȻûǸԾʶʵʵģҶһлĬɵŮӣŮӵȷкʱյֻǶ˷أƣ롪ҪСĲźá
ҺӰ̸ǰͱ˼µ飬ȻʡԵҩʦʱ͵ܳȥ顣ͼ򵥵ĺ˵˵ͬ״͹ڽ߶Ƚڷ֮ģ˳˾λŮ͡
֮һģ뺫ӰĹϵﺮǣ̸˵صģӰ޵ĺҵĹǷ̫ˡ
ΪʲôѵһţԼ֪ʰͶѡֻ͵ЦϹ͵ĵҩ
˵ЦҲͦġ
ϣȥҶʱ򣬾ȻһλŮҲҵĳƺǵ̸
ͬͬŵĿͣһӰǵʱ΢΢죬֪ʶҶͣĴԽṹҲѲ³Ȼ
󲿷˼ЭͬλŮݰ֮ʱֱӱֵһʧ񡣱ϾòڵŮмܿסӾﷴЩһ˱ǧƪһɵҪЩ
ͬŵıǱȽϵײƺƴУУǰīԼ
һΣѧУĹ㲥ҪװʾǴΣ̨ҪɷãѧУҪÿѧѧӽϰһҪÿͳһİɫףī˵ҪʡһݵͲܻһ˫΢ȥףʱ
īǾͬѧʦͬģƶʱ򷴶ܸһָǿҺк
ʱ֪ҪǮҪ˵ģٶƵʱƿԭΪѾµòˣ׺ʣǮȥơ
žƻȥʱī࿴Ű׾ףﲻ֪࿪ģڲΪˡ
˭֪ȥһ٣ѩ׸ɾʱ̤˺ĲòīڰͰɫ˺ƵһɲʼûԼһᣬ۵÷ֲǶbϵĻϵġ
Ŵīһ޹ؽҪӣЦϰ˷ҵ˼άԣʱһҲԼЩ
ֹˣҲ۵õʱĴӵϼƬԱµӡۼףЬ﷭һһߣϸĵá
ҹ̫ˣĺκˣһһߵķ첹ţôϣģϴɾһ
īΨһһΰ˳֮󡣵ֻΪϰߣ̫ҹˣԼϸϸЦ迪
ϰˣΪϰߣһж˵ûʲôرˡ
ڶ죬īѰʪƵİɫߵңλϡԵŮʼȻŲؽ۰Ƶİ׾ףǻȥ飬ŮˣŮһ
ʱ˹ıƽǰŮĵЦ̣īæҼˡŶ¥ʱȭקŰڰڵףһʧ¥ˤ
ʦͬѧİ£īŲϸߵױ̧ҽȥ
һһư߲ڵ̫̫ƣǱץĸ壬Ҳª
ʵǹģӱܵѿǳࡣ
ī΢ʣ޼ȫ
ڣҿߵıˣڽƮѪʱ򣬲ƽЩڱԼοЩûĶ֣еĽ׶ƽԸġ
Լܱģıīһӿܲˡǵ˵ǮǶǮ顣ڣٲúīһΪЩǶÿʱÿ̵Ķˡ
ڲˣҲīˣ˭Ҳٻزȥˣ˭Ҳȥˡ
һجֹˣԼŴȥһԶĸɸɾ
ڣҵġŮһ·ģڣ̫ѹֺ顣
ǺǣӴĹưͬŵպ᲻ҶһǮͬڵƿҪǹͬŵ˭Ҳ¸鷳ɡŮȵĿű
ҶŮһ㲻ġƣʱˡ
Ҷ⸱ǡܱܰʣ֪治֪Լݡ
£ЦŶ˼ϲңʲôװŮӵȷҪֵĺãȻңԺ׼ûк˼Ըʹ㡣Դ϶ǹ⽫Ҷ鷳Ƹھǰ˺ҽϾΪô˽⵽Ҵʱ˿̲ᷢ
Сչңһ縸˲ҵ¡ҶǴֱɰʦ䲻ҶСݵĻҵǺϲɩأʵ̫ˡĴȣ᲻˵΢ЦұϸʤЩ
ǵλʦ˵£Խᣬŷ˸һ
 
 
Ǻǣ˵أҶ˳ڵĴڲסĶ񶾿ҡ 
Ҳľ۵ĵңֻܵһЦз磬жʡ 
תҶԺӰһЦ٩ŵ÷Ը׼ϲˡ 
Ĵ˵ǣֱңúú˴ӡȻ¼˭衣 
ҺݺݵĵɱһۣҶЦˬʺ䣬ĬǳǳһЦӰĬ 
һȻͣҶҲµĻ⣬ҪǣҲԸ 
ãһԵĻĬ˵ĿڣںСʱҸ˵ʮ֮һͬ³Ҳ쵱֮һоǵ˷ɽׯڽӰŵĴպգ³ѾǶռͷܼˡɴ˿ͬŵ֮д裬Ǿʰɡ 
Ůˡ 
һŻĬɵĻ޵һۡ 
Ҳһ곡ֵЦ 
ʱЦһǿʾҲ̬̬ȶݣη 
ӰʺϵĿڣǾȥڵӵıְɣ˭˳·ߡ 
ҩıԡ 
ĬɣҲ㣬Ҷ԰ԶԱ¶һŵЦݣȻıȻ 
Цƺ̹ڿҩˣоôϤСɫҴӹȥ 
Ҳߵߣʵȷɫζ 
һҡҶͿҺͱôֺüĿ飬æҲ˹ 
һۻĬɣҶ͡ʶǳ 
Ҷɴۣ£㽲ԭҲô񶾵ֱס 
⣬̹״ӿ侲ĴĿţСѿˡ 
ǻ¥ãáǷӦҲ³¥˭û׼Ǵ˵Ķ󡣿ûϵմ״ʣʱҲûʲôýˡ 





ڶʮ

ҶͻĬǹ֮ͣҶʶ˵ǽŵġ
˰ԼĿζֲͬĲ衣
ϲʱðȲɿǼ⣬һζҷŵ쳣ľ滺
ֲϰ֮ˣ㣬ʱϸϸƷ֮Ը
ҲǣĳѰͨĲˮƺѡ
ϺҲɨһۻĬɵɫ
ˮǿ̣Ĭֻͫ΢΢һɫȻ
ȻŲʮ꣬ҩмңǸ̼ߵŮӡ
̨ԵʦֶԱһʾͽԼĿĽ
㿴˿ǰı׼ҲͶС
裬ǳЦλͬŵĹԲλʾӭһͬŵʦҲྴ
Ĭɿˣδ
ţô˻費ζ˷׷Ͷ
ǣƱǷѣʺƣǲ˴ҵӣ岻ǺܺãǴʲô״ɨ˴ҵˡ˵ô塣
ɣⱭĽƣһûءǲ⣬ǾͻһҲĿζ˵Ҳ󷽵ġ
ллͷˡЦҲô塣
лǿôŮˣӦôô죬Ͳ¶ҡҾ˵Ҳǿֵģ㶾˵Ҷе
һٲ豭հѱӴյʱĬɾѿʼŵ
һǲȻ΢ľж
ɫ
лĳϵġĲݡҰѱӴչȥӰš
˵꣬ĬѾʹأʹ˵һĻæȥһԽš
ˣƵģҩĻûô󶯾˵ôĴչȥ
ӰɫһѸٴӻͳҩ衣һᣬĬɿʼûôʹˣܿóܡ
ʱأأء
ҲŷӦĬͬŵһͣοʲôĵλ
˱һۣɵɫڣסϡǵ˵ԸίˣҲϡǵõʱҲô¡ͬڱﻹռһģϾʦľӪĵط
ǺеľٶȥһӵһǾʼչңǨͺ͹˼ҵĸˡ
ϸСơӰɫȻأɺܳȵķԸ
ʦŮбҿⶾҲ̫㣬һ˿ʤΡ漴ҲѧźӰĿԸ£ͽˡ
Ұסĵļûȥݺݵﱱݺݵİ£ԭпɰʱ
ʦСⶾ¡쵼ͷͷڣλֽĽĻŮ˲
ʦ㣬ǲٵȥҲֻһϹšҽӵļ˳ڣҲǼ̹Ȼ
ԨѻС㱧һͷȥʣµľ鷳ˡӰûǶãͷԸߵŮӡȻֿһۣ档
ҲɣҪæȥˣͲдˡҲһһЦҲϵİˢ˹ȥ
ĳϣܴһۣûûεЦůĳ־ҲĺǱ
ԨŻĬɷȥӰҲ֮뿪***Ҫʷһһ˫˫峯ѹƹȥ˺Ӱ뱱ǳһȥķ
ڴϵĻĬʹǳǳţĻǲԾš
ϸѸٵļ£ҵó˽ۣǸ൱սĿ⡣
æʮζҩԸ˸ϿȻóĵķԣҲû£οЧЩ
ҲǱҩһַ񣬳ýҩȻˡ
Ϊ̫ϤķԲеˣΪ˲ñɣһʱ䡣
ȵĬɵĶؽˣͬŵ쵼ɲһ̽Ĭ۸߹Ĳ
Ӱ϶Щûˣ˵ܽĶҶ졣
ĬһлҲ͸Ůˣ˵Ϊĵġ
֮ŮƽΪҵһ٣˵Ǵ󲡳ھεʱѾʵƷһڵôԪʵǼ̵顣
ܾãĬŮˣ̫ˣֻǸĪϢҸ󵨷ĵ֡
ʱҷĵĸˣЦô˵ţûϵû¾ͺã岻ʸһ˱裬ôҲΪҵһ١
 
 
Цڳ˶Ϊ֮ݡҶΪҳԴҩˣûҪôĵĹǾ˵Ķҷۡ 
ҾϲҶһûûεģʱǻһԡ 
ĬжôЩ죬Ҷֻ̽һΣһ۲ۣŵǻҴʶвҲҪػʱһ£ǺֱĶŲĻĬ˵֪ҲԲˣɴҲʡˡ 
Ҷʱ̾һ£ע壬˭ǲ˰СҶͬ־ 
ҲͦйǱôҹʱܾ񿺷ܵȱҩʱԵþʢ 
һһЦڱǶҽѧϵͣһЦ£ͰĻڴ׶˲ 
˵̹ĳ̶ȣҶԣĸоʵ̫ˣ뱱Ҳôõġ 
˵ĿϸЦȻ죬Դ˲ˣҲŻ˲ˡΪΪҹ߲ݵʱ񾭸ղ 
ЦȻΣҲûۼĺԵĳ˵λȭ߬ȴɹŮӡ 
ʹĬɲʲôԵģҲ뵽ҩҷŵıϾģԽĸͽŲҽĲˮ죬׷Ҳûʲô棺ˮ㲻֪⻹ͬһ 
º󣬵һԼס׼ú徻徻ʱӰ˸ӴһҾȤĻɷɷˣңͬžǰѱ޸ĹȫϣʹǿжʩҲɰڡ 
⻰Ȼû˵³ʲô֣Ҳͬŵ˶ȥǰͬŵƤʹҲǻ֮һ 
üǵӣǷǺþƺò˵ںš 
ǵӴ𣺡ǵڣͶӦ˵ȲҪ̫ˡ 
ҵЦǵӣǺã𣬲ͷˣͬ˵ի죬ûĻٿ顣 
ǵһȻһ㶣û뵽ˣųɻ漴ֵŷԸ 
ҴĻʾš⼸ʵ̫ˣ˼ŵ¡˵ұתŲӣоˡˡ 
ǵӳǣ׼ȥʱֲԹͬСͶһЩõҪ٣㶼 
ߣһۣɫ˯ˡֻڲŵߣֻǲԼ˯̫ãһ۾Ǻɫ 
ûһִǵӵĻػ˵һжʦ˵İ죬ʦúϢ֪ҪúϢǻôûпǵʱ 
嵭Ӧһ 
ߺͦӣʼϢ;ڹķ 
ֱҹҲͣϢЩ̱ǵĺζʵЩԼ 
ҹϣûй˼ɵİԼˬĳһӣȻͷɢһʪܵķ󡣾ƣĻ㱼䣬۽ƳһԵӰ 
·ŲԭĹУҾôŹŮĴ˵˯ڶյɹ˲ 





ڶʮ

ɽիĵ.ٽʱҴóŪóԵĸ͹ȥ
ЪϢƬ̺ӰҺͼ߲ͬȥɣȷʵһ㣬еĻҪõĶࡣ
ķ˿ɺθڡ˶ݲڣֻпž㷹ɹĵѯš
İ浣㲻飬㶼û
˭о鰡治ΣҲô޳ܵĳ顣
㲻֪ڼʱ򣬲Żʳǰ϶ûԹôôķ˰ɣݣʲôоҪһ£ŲŻǿҵĴڸУ𣬶µʹĺá󼸸ҧرҲЦҲƽġ
ӰĿһۣӭϣӣʱҵ̹ȻЦøʡ
ô˵죬ǾͻˡԹԵģһдˣ˸иҡ
ûʲôģһϰ֮ĿոŮ˷һˡɱǰԹ飬ĵһۻģģֱһҼɸơ
ô⣿һشҪҪ֪ģȻͱʣ졣
ֱֻҺһһԱߺӰҲû˿ڣӰʱҲ㿪ڡ
붼ûôͿ˵һ⣺˵ôû͸ͷˣǲҶˣ
һֻһ⣬һش֮֡ȣǶ㣬ǽիԳ㲻㣬Ըȴ죬ɼĿеĵλԡԣիһҲ㡣ΣͷΪҪѸٵͷ¼ڹʱÿڳݲ壬Ӱҵж
̹ϵĻشɵļһ롣
ɴʱƸղǰļҲеʣôϳģ
УôЩ޹ؽҪ⣿
۰һ˵òףѸı䣬οƼŮͷŹֺεһۡ۾һǼµġ
һ仰ʱֿʼˣܹĵң°ƽʱվʲôĸо
˶ĳ£ô֪Щ޹ʹ⡣
ʼ磬ЦҴӲվӡ
ˣúǵĹǲĻ̹֪ģǶһɺ衣ԣ㡣Ǻúýһȸˣ˶Ϲ˶ܺõģҲ˧ʹñһ˵ֻ꣬һʶδӰı̬˳ˡ
ʵҲûʲô£úŽҲڴпմڵİЧʸЩ
ڶӰҽȥ鷿ңԼͬһ֣ó̸һӰҪԵؽһڲ
ӰɵĻ
Ц˵ڿûʲôҶԷҲϡ
Ӱôһ˵ͻȻһٺòĺˣŮӵĳŵǶôõƷ°
֮ʣӰ䲻һ䣬Ƕй𣿡
һ񣬷ӦһĵʣڶȻһ㡣
٣ĬɻǱµҩ
Ҳһһϵķ˵лĳϵĶ䡣
ԭҲôɰġ
ټṩ٣ҵȷûʲôõģҲû˼
Ҫ޻˵ģĬɹԽĸͽǶҽζЩһű֪ùġǱжĲ衭ҲʵίˣԳͬĺ󣬾ûҪҵȷǻֵǮҪһĬɹͬĶûǸ£ǱһûûĲ裬ҵҪҺȥҵȻһ˵ʱ򡭡ĺıûʲôģ
˵ȡһģ΢ɷĩӰδˮУͷͺȣӰҲֹ
ҺӰץҵ󣬡£վǸӡŵϧ
Ҷ˺һᣬûûƭɣ
̫ˣҲ̫ˡǰЩ˼ǸҺ޽ٵ̸˵أЦ̫ˡ
ǸͲһˡôֻ˵ǸǼٵģǰ˼ʱԴз粻ŷѳĻӰ
ֻдڿʼı׼ʵĶҺá
ʹˣ뿪ʱһĵĳһƳȻ󲡳߶ﻹǱվ̫ãһ׵÷ġȻһĲңݺݵļһ䡣
뿪˳ǸĵŮĲݵĶΪһҲûУ
Ȼʤ΢ŮˣĻˡ
㵱ʱҲĺˮҲãҲ֮ࡣͬĮĻӰܿһһŮǾ䡣
ĬɱĿӰһۣԴһ֪ڳ˭
ӰĿŮʧӰķСʱĲʱ͵ģʱͺȻһСͬĺӣ¡
ʹûӰԸҲ˸Ҷȥġ
ӰһֱͬڰϵעͬŵĶ˳û˴ݾߡ
ӰСͺ˽ⱱʵü˽⣬ر³뿪ʱ򣬱һ·ϵҵսԾЩ⡣
ϵֻڳӸ죬ݺӰ˼˽һЩϢܲ³˲̫߼ѧҽҲǸйء
Ӱ벻üţʲôΪеɣϲСͺܴĺӡôɺϵôһòñʧɡ
һʱûôʹˣ漴˻ᣬҾͻָľ͡
нҩͻȻ뿿ԼˡҪģҲҪͻȻ֮䣬ҾֻͬбͳϤġ
ΪСҩƣһǰٶ֣ʴĲĶҲһĿƸá
ľӣˣϴҽݽⶾܻĻ˼һⱿⶾǶ𣿲ԼҩûԶҸʲô
 
 
ٴҾϤ̤ʵֻĸǽ֮϶һֲ©վſڵҶҲһһģͬǾڻᷢı 
ζϵʱ΢ЩҪǿ˹ʶһգϢǵ˹ڱİ¡ 
ѵתűЩԺҪڿ㣬ȻҪںӰ¡ûУǡ͵Һʦ֮˾·ȺŹɣ 
˵꣬ȺħʣԾúЦͱ߿ȱЦɱ·˰߰Ѫ㡣 
򵥵һ¡ 
һ˿˱ںӰ鷿һСԱߵҶʱƵĲǸĬСһǡ 
ҺͬĿҶ漴˵Ҳûݣô͸ԼĲˮôصĶأһҪװ˳ô죿 
Ц𣺡Ҿǿ׼ˣҵĶƸеˣôƶģΪ 
˵֮ʱֿȴûѪɫֻǾؿϢܡ 
Ҷ˵Щʲôɫ˲ҰףĴˡ 
룬ô죿ʱϿ϶ýҩ֮ϰߡ 
οҵʹʵ̫ľˣĬһʱо 
ҶΪҩ䣬ҲͲҩж඾ԭҲ͵ģɫȻ˵ҩʱģҩ˵׾١ 
ҲҶԱһһӣҲǿԲһеĹԼӡҲֻҶλܴ󣬵һ˼ģҲԾһαõ֮;ҲñȴϤͬ 
ҶԸҲкܶĥϵĵطһûı䣬ôһʱҲô塣 
Գ˺Ӱ鷿죬ҽ岻ʶݾӳӣҶҲԻͬչˡˣһһˡ 
Ҷ˵ֻҪӰνˡ 
ҶŮӱԻĬжʱһ޶Ե˵ʲôŮбĻֻһľ֮˵̹ 
ҲͬˣǰҪֻ뺴Ĵ󹫹ҶʲôãҺܸɴĸӰͻĬҪ̽ŷŹȻֹصЦЦ߹룬ǿʵҲûжǣһΪʡ˲¡ 
ǰǹĺ⡣ 
һӰŸԵ书ż໥дһ£ŮһеĶЩʱ򱱺᲻ȫӮҺҶҲûռϷ硣 
ÿȺ裬ɹɹ̫ϰһҽҶ˳ѧα涾ǵãҶֵĽŴ־ûĬɻʧɫӡ 
Ǹ˿ĵ伾ڡʱһȥʱ̽࣬ɴϺþƺ⡣ɱ˻ɢҰ֮ԾɿҵĹϵþúĹűСӡ 
ɸô߰˵뿴ͬź̹ʲôϵаͬʲôͬԼѧһȻƤ˵ңͬһҹ˵ͳԷһôϿҵġ 
ҰһۣͣԵĲͬŵķ󾭲ѳӵλøҲŲҪʱηء 
ǰһ£Ҷȥˣûȥϰ³״ɿ黭档ǱҹȥУϲôû¸ú¡صĻ档 
־ҶΪȡ֣ΪȷۣŮɫ֮ġҺͱһĳƪۺᶼЦˡ 
ҲΪһֱûԳɴ־⣬ΪҶ˵Ҫ־ҶңΪͻĬһģԿǵĴ־⵽ݱΪ־ҩ־ھǸˣռѪͻˡȻϸĵĸҲĽⶾϣȻȫȻΪΪ˱һСĵˡ 





ڶʮ


ǰͬȹϵһȻһС
ҺͱסĶȽƫûյӣҪǣǶǰڳһҵĵ̣лιۡļơԣҲԵðЩ
ҶͻĬɶҪظˡİûؼֱֵһˡ
˵ˣסӦеطڸɡ
ΪϰˣһֱסڱĳӣúҲţԣɼ˸ˡ
ֻҪһʱȥȥСʱںôôǰѷӲҲûϵҲҵ˽Ʋ
鷳鷳ңֻзԸȥһη治ףǷˣôǣűߡ
ܲ˵ĻʱƵԽԽʱԼˡ˭˭ˣ
ֻ֮ϲŻảʱͺҸЩеӹ
мɻұԹţͬŵ˶ϲٰ
ЦЦĳ֣Լĵ̶ûȫˡ
˵꣬ҵʱզһ㶣һ£ôˡ
һԵıҲҿűȻ̵˰ôų̣ôûбҸӴ򷭣
᣿æңţ
һۣתͷȥһʵڱﲻסתԴһ£ܸܲЩ
ϵˣŻġ
Ҫǲϲ̣ҿ˳ȻһȥԶ߸߷ɰ޹û˵š
Ұһۣҿ֪ǶŮ˴ӲƭġҪҪھͷɸ봫ǽҪ˽̣ΪиŮ˵ῼҪҪԶ߸߷ɡ
Ц˴ûûεһۣ˹ɵЦš
ʹӲῪЦûƭҡ
ҰްűרҩıӰȻ󣬾ͿһɪĶ˶
ɹЦƺʮ⿴űѵӡ
ϹַˣǾŵġɵʱȽŵɪһ¡
űǲǵĿϣǲǵŶȻ󣬸ָкһûµĴպһҸоԼӣһζͯꡣ
ɺͱԸҲͦģһŽ̵ĶȫཻҲôһһЦйȥж˵й˽
Ҷ
ɽׯʱҲ˷˵ţҸͳĸһź󣬾Ҫһȥһƴǡ
ԴǿС˷θΡԼˣһ԰ɣһشˮ
ѵУҶ֮ǰһ䡢ɹ̫裬Ҳûʲô£ҰѲϤֽ̻ȥ
дҩôһ˵۾ɴĿҡսսҵһҪѧʲôʱ
͸ʱȻ񿴹һҡ
ҶᵽȥʱҴһ֪ҿ϶ûʲôоΪϰ˾ûбҪˡ
Ӵ˽Ͼôʷͬҽ˵С㻨Ĭͬʱ̰о綾ͬ޲֮ʣֻشһ绨żΪοҹ߲վ˸ȻˣȻڹȺķ˽²ŻָԪҽ˾η۷Ϊ˵òʹþҲ޷ݡ˵˸µһŮҽĳƺźµһ˵ĳƺţڶƺҾûԣһʵ̫ˡ
лᵽ˴˵УĻסٶֵȮ־ºҶСҶ˽ܣĿǰȮѰڼҶҡҶؼҵ;ҶһιͼҶͺͻĬɲ챻Ȯ־ƷĶӣȮ־ἺΪЩˣĿǰҶС
أǻĬɺңĳ𶼼Űɡ
꣬ǶЦһˣҺͱΪ
һ棬Ͱǰʱ䷢¸Цıǲ֪Ŷ١ͬõشƫϷЩǨЯˣɢ
һüҺͱûУ˵ǿӰˡ
Դ־˺˽ͨ롯˳ˡ
Ӱ鷿ƺͦڿġ
ԭȱ˵Ҫȥüʦģ˫ֵ̫ڻûȥɡ
ʲô𣿡ԺӰֻ䵭㣬˼˵ЦģҾ;ԼɵһЦ
£Ϊ֮䡭Ҫأ
Ӱʱһ쵼ģȫȻû뵽ͻĬǱΪʱҾͶٺˡ
кι֮ʾ
ӰɲΪ֮飬ʱ̾˿
øδɣ
Ҫؼҹ꣬Ҫ͸ɴȥҪô϶αˣأû
ƺͦĵġ˵ʱûңʱתң׿ôͳ㣿Ҽǵϴ˼ϡദͦõģҾáɵһ졣
ʵ˵ʱ˻񣬵˵ʱҲŻعģܲµʲô
ǣҲͦᣬֻû뵽ôˡ
ʱһ뻨Ĭɵ¡
ŶԭҲ̧٣ðδŷˣȷͦõġһֵ˵š
Ӱһۣһ˵˾ȥɡ
˳ڽӵúϢһʱϣ㻹ǵҺͱʦ£ʦ֮ˡˡ
ʱ򣬱ǰĵطôģ룬Բ̻񣬰ӣԸ
ʧŶһ£ţҲûʲôر
ͻȻе뵽һꡣ
Ҳʱ̬ñΪ⣬ҲǺµİɣ뵽ﲻ̤ʵҵĽš
һѵֽܹźÿָһź־Ȼ˼ũȦĿʽ
ɶεĳҴЦ
˵ô˭תͷǡ
 
 
óʱĵѡȹСĸĸÿһɵһգЩ鴤 
鲻ɣһۣһףȥƬ̼䱱Ѿ뿪ˡ 
ɲ֪ƤЦļ׷űʣոʱָģ 
޿̵Ĵǰ 
ʧɫļӵֽƵĸؿڡ 
ʱϰҶƿƿ޹ޣ˵ľǱ˵ҩƫƫ˸֪ļ治֪ܵЦǣֻƿ㶯Щֽš 
һˣȻűţôԵŻɽٴλԼȥ 
ݵİɵôȻסɵѨ 
ɴǰʱҰ˱һۣݲȵͳһҩ裬ϣẬĿϵĽҩ 
ĸ˵ҲһôֽҩȻ󣬰ҩҿѨ 
ҩЧҲžˣ˭֪Ὣҩµôᣬķ 
˵һǼС·ߵģΪ޷ƵĴôģֻ 
ϣҺͱԵĳϯƺƴҹɰСͯϯϡΪͬĹ¶ҪãǺܶ࣬Իһѡؼҡʹˣͬǲʮ߳ؿǺȻһɲôͬţֻҪǵԼʱͬ˾ͺãԺǵĹ¶Ҳ̫ǿҡ 
ҾڳΨһһʮԾɴϵĵӣλ 
ĳ˼ں󣬺ӰͻĬɵĻ£Ҳϲ** 
ʱҡ˾Ȼ˳Цֺͷӭ 
ˣݶ꣬ûǺܶ࣬૵˵ţʦڿأ 
ЦЦ˼µϣǿп޹ı 
˵Ҳôˡȫʶѿڶˡ 
ûƺоղԣɵɵĶĵЦ£Ȼʣ᲻Ů濴Ұ 
ҺͱЦˡ 
ҹ˵㣬ӣֱ۸һסһůϮ 
ұ֪á 
ҲΪ̫ɿˣҺʶĿڱļҵĿ 
ʱɶ˵ˡ 
ˣҴſǻ˵ī࣬Բд˿ů˰飬ҾѾˡ飬ʱͱȱ˵õݳޣֻǰֻ䣬ӽ飬ľͺãЩʶˣ빻ˡҪˣҲ֪ˣīǳΡһƽͿűʱڻѧ֪ˡ 
˾˯ɣñĲһ£߹ˣΡ 
Ҫ꣡ҴϱĽ顣 
ٵʱΪܻһе꣬˷ܵĶǴУԸˣԸˣ 
ҹմ󺰣ҶͣɣࡢһӽҸһӡҡһԸڴףֲһ䣬Ҳף־ 
ҲͬŶõɣʱҲھĹάŵ᲻˶ͣᣬҲ֪ǻ᲻ᱻµһŮҽһ˵׸ŵ 
ֶֻһµһŮӵĳƺţ˭ںأֻҪҽʵҹúþͺá 





ڶʮ


һ˸磬ɼûô˯
ûû˵ĸţҺͱ£ջľһίСϱֹǵı˦ͷ̾
ҺͱȥҺӰʱûٸ֡
úҺͱﶼؼˡԵͬĻʦңΪǱ׶־첽ƽβĸо
ӰҺͱ廳ӣƽȼһ̴뿪ˡ
ŵһĿȻľʣҺͱ˵Ӱ
ȱЩʱҿʦλлȻֵ̧ԱߵͬʯλϸҲֲ޸ĺۼȷʦ֮ǰ޸õġ
ҿκ㿴򱱺
񣬻ĳҺλ
㿴ĳʲô𣿡
ҵĻȡһɫۼأƬ̺˫סλң
ŶȻ֪ʲôԭǾú棬ͬʱЩ棬ģʲô
ʦģ㸸ġְλոеĶһȡҡ
֣ȻûϢЩֲ
ȱλƻʱ᲻ӰҸ˵꣬ͲĶЦ£ȻͳһСɫۼϸϣȻڰ׻ϵķۼȫøɾ
Ҹо˿̾һ֣ǰһжôܣʰֳҲӦ֡
ǸӣǷ⼫ˡ
Ϊû˵£ţﻹЩʲôҲ
㵹ͦеģʦǰЦĳû
֪ģʦϣǿĵӡӣŵʼҪȥ
ҳٳɸȾ֢
Ҷ񺮵ĴŲھɵڶ
űı̲סЦıĻصЦڰڻϢ켫ˡ
ҰѶź·ͱصӣ˸ʦźףϸģⱾ鹲ᣬһѧһڡ׾İ飬Щ֣ɵЦƸ
һüëЩŤȻ˳˳ǿһüͷˡ
ȫǷ֣ҶԱ˵ǰĺ־Ǵ򻯳ġҰֿѧţһ
ԥһᣬˡ
ֻףʹôжͨ͸ҵҲԤ˵ģǰֺʱ
ϲѧҲҪѧҾӰʦֲô㡣ҪҲֵģúѧԼȡ
ᡣֻ˼֣ƶ
㲻֪вţСӣǲƿأԺضΪҰĵİʯο߻һ֮ҡ
ԼԼ뷨Ը磬ϾӰദԼһ֪ģԲŷǻ⡣
űΪӣ֪ûʲôĹۣѧĶڶڽ϶߶߶ͺá
ȥ˷ɽׯ
Ҳʶ
ǾҸʶ˴·ɣ

˸·СɰõĺܡҿЦãȥ廳˸еģҪ˴ȥ۹εġ
űߣǼСҲ˳ȸϣһصһۣЩˣĪ
ȥȥġǣʦ忴㳤ˮɰġ
һܼı鿴ң޶ԵϣɬСŮɵķĿռ䡣
㲻Ҫ˼ңÿ˶¾ܰڳһӡ
Ҫ˵һƵĺ޳ܾͺˣָھܹĸȨƵĴ˼ңٻ󲻱˵ˣѪҲˡ
˵Ļ˵㲻գ㲻޳ܣ
ָ˻òƷ¼еŮӣɼǸյĵ°ܻߡ
һ·ϣ͸ôȥʱ·֮ͬˣǴ˫ɹĻΨֶ֮ġ
ͬţҾԼôôǵŮӣ;мˣŪһί𣿱ҡ
ðݣ·ʣҲν֣Ƚ·ѹѹšͺˡ
Ϊʱ·ɳĮһϡˡ
˷ɽׯڶ
㻹ǰ·ȥˣȻûǰƣβų
һҸڵĽȫ˹⣬Ҳ֮˵ϡ
Һͱε·ϼ
õӣЩϵľ庮ųⲻ˵ġ
ղŶһһξ롣ʱһֻŴҼϣһֹֻܺ֡
ֶˣôô壿
ڣ𣿡
 
 
Ц·ղŵĶֻǹѡ 
ˡ 
ҿǰһյİеĴƬ棬Щɻʱȷ 
Ӧðɣôһĵأ˷ɽׯ˼Ҳ⶯֮⣬³ǾûĿˡ 
˵ҹôûꣿ 
ǻ 
ĵͷЦҡͷ⽭ԣΪԣ˷ɽׯһ棬ȻǴһıȽ˵θЩԸҲԸ񻰾ͨ˼ҵķŻһĶ̶̵վûˡ 
ǰͶĶˣѵһὲôࡣ 
ҪҪȥһѪʵ 
ҷ֣˿̵ЩսˣһЩĻԺڶĿ²һѹֵ 
ˡ 
ӱңŵ¶Ƚ޺ů⡣ 
һжȥˡ 
ǰһжȥˡǿ򶨣˵ںǲٵġϴ˻𣿡 
֪ܲҪʲô֮ǰǰ̹ӡ 
ҽӹеӣ͵ЩƹҲԣҪһ㡣 
֪ҪʲôһᣬǴҡ 
һĨӰܽһƬҹɫ̲һۼ 
ҲæŪšҰ̳ӾǰһӣܳӶ 
һȻƭʹ߶֣߱Թš 
ڳһѲĳ̬ѿˡӦ˵ϻʵ£ 
æãֶˡЩЩղȣЩڱϣֺǺǵĶӰܲһĳ˳ڷ 
һ߷ߵңڨڨЦţ˼Ҳ㱻һӣ׵˵֮ġ˵һƦƦЦ 
һصĿңҲ 
šҺͱɴȾ֢ˣѲ 
֮𣬿ȻëϯĶȷǰĿƬ죬ҲůԾƮĻҲϣ˰ɡܹůһΣȻĳף徻ܱȲƲĲײĺá 
һÿÿԼڣյҲ֪ûҾͶԱ˵ˣȥˡ 
ֱǻŷ֣ȷʵƽհĶˣ֪ɵȷôһûˡ 
ҩ¯ߣȼ֣롣ϵı飬Щûͱһ£໥һĸ 





ڶʮ


ⲽͬŵǰ˿
Ҳš
ԼЩԵζȻֶԱ˵ϸоԼַϻͯɡ
ҪǸĺţҲʱĹ죬ͻȻƢǨҡ
ҲŹȥ
Ҳǵǰ͵ʱп乷ҪһĿҡ
ҲҪ꣬ҪϷ
ţ
ֻڡǽȻϲǾǽɣҾ㲻飬ŮԿ⣡
ǸѵñҲбʱ
ҡûǽҲסķ
ţҲĳķʵıˡ
Ӻߺߵģ·ߣӲ⣡
Ǹš̱
һСεıŮƸʤȵǽȥ
˵ˣ˫ȵﳩߣͿҶԷٶҲ޷
˵ûʲôҪģΪһ½˵ѧڹɣݺòˮٺúƴӾС
˷ǽʱҺͱʾδɵȷǽʱҺͱͶûԡ
˽ĬͬʱṦգۼ͵˳ӡ
ǰŸŵء
ǹģΪûֻһ
ʼǶ߹ԼһԼһ˭ΥһǺṦҲΪΧǽǷġ
ûŵأһϡ
ɤӣˣǸΪµһ㣡ԣҾծȥ
˭ǷǮ㲻ҪǮͺá˶٣ֲ䣺ҲУҪƭĻЩ̱֡
˵һƻĶһСǳĶҽй
ˣұͺֵǮұֵǮʮ˵ǲǰ
Ҫȥ𣡣
ھķӦˣοЦЦ˳ծ˳ծ
ͳȥӰʦִаɣ
һ㶼ӰʲôϵٲߵǼҵĻ޹ʱһԺݷ򸾴պһˡ
ҪĽУҲûôأڶپȥҲҪ־
ֹˣûط˯ˡ
۽ǵһƳҩ¯ϳű
㣬ء±ĸĴ֣Ȼûһš
ѹʱûй쳹صһԭɡ
ڶ磬ӰС
ӰЩȣתۿңҵĵü
Щᣬ㺫ӰҺֹƻĵĻŮˣͼҪʦһҲͬŵĸ߲ɲòãλͬȡǽЭ̡
壬ҪΪʦԼмʽҪҪٶ죿Ȼֻ󱱺һ˵ҵͬŶɡ
ˣʦѾݼˡ
ȣȻôֱӵĻؾҲǣֻ߳ӶѣҪݵȷǼˡ
ʦΪ˴æм£
иԼһ˵
ξһȥˣȻѧ˹Ū˵ѡ
ʲôԼǵʱͷȥͶѡϵҲҰƫƫӰֲҵ¡
̼ǵãһʱӰֻ˵ȥˣþͲҪˡ
ͣݺݵĿһۣһ˼Цһ㣬ǺǣĻȻԡֻҪʦĶ飬Ҫţʦãͬų
ͣ²ӣתҺͺӰۣұ˴Ҵҵ뿪ͷҲصֳˡ
ʦʰö߰ɣɽְѼ
㣡
˼Իڣ
Һͱʼֶ
 
 
ԸְĻ죬ֻǡǰżţĻûԵֱʡ 
ȷʵòһ£ûһ񱱺ôɵģϵɼȫãͬŵһҲŵ 
ֻԺ󡭡ҲûʶʶҲֻû뽭һֱԻѡ 
ңͲʲôǴ֮ˣж͸أôһò㹻зģԼüһЩֻ᲻ײࡣ 
ұȱģֻױĶľʵĶʵĽӴˡ 
ˣǮ˵ҺͱȺúúƺƵĿʼծ;ͺá 
һ·Ӧ԰ȫİɣԾɽׯͬȷ˷ɽׯ֮ҽ˻ĬɣһŮҽͷһڵһ¥һ׮׾ͱȡˡ 
Ҳ֪ûٺúƤõңֻǻĹ˭֪أֻҪڰȫͦõ 
ɴ˿ɼڵҡ֣ʹôǣҲ϶ġ 
ֻǣͶȡɵûǲҪڮ˾УͶͽѹڶĳǮһÿȥҲ졣 
Ϊ˷㣬ҴԽӸѧļҺͱ϶Ŵֲڵһ·ҡųʻȥ 
һʼƤݵȷͦ㾻Ҳȴź߻߹컯ûɸɴʲôĺõĶĶˣҲûôˡ 
ֵǣ;л˰ѪӹһΣǻͦյģҺͱﱻ󲿶Ⱥɢˡ 
˺ͼʮɸøѧԣɶԷԵѵصˣֻùԹԵȫսȺȫƣսģϴϮͬһ· 
ȻڶɵӰվԱûһЩɫƺЩš 
ɲ԰˳ߣ 
°Ҳû취ûҵˣҵ˶ȥԸȥˣȽϾЩѾˡ˵൱ΪѺί 
ʲôһһ˵ֱۣ½ǲɱĵռЩѪеɣ쵰 
ģҲ˵ġ 
ôΧ£в˵˵ʲô˼ɱЪ˹˵øҧгݣ 
һǾúͱһȽϱЩ 
ѸٵĳȺЩۣͳ򶷵ķȥ 
̫ˣһȺ˳һɱۣһأһԵֵƺЩˡ 
ҸоϢǱģǼͬһ˾һѵԭǰɱ˽ȥ 
һŮˣæҵĶУϢңǰйʲôɼƵ֢Ƶġ 
ܵΣһǣǰסһǼģѸٸмĿһֳۣյƮһЩĩ 
ҼûʲôҪϽ򱱺ʱҳһˣŮһһѷۼʶҸϽߡ 





ڶʮ


֮ǰҼǰŮ˴æǲɿˡ
ֵŮȻأȫԼ¡ʶȵȣҳ嵽ŮߣԵ˰ҩ
ʱѾңһѣҿ㡣
Ҳŷ֣ܺ½ҶŮ˵˾䱣أȻѸ뿪
뿪ʱҿŮ˲֪µ˼һУæ־һΡ
ҶΪŮ˺һѣƽҲˣʱ򻹻θʲôʵˣǼķϣҲŲε๼ĵġ
ʱҵսУҵȻûҲΡһ£ȻҲ֪֪Ů˾лĳϡ
ҺͱƣܼƲʮƥ
˵ҺͱӢµ𱤵ģ׷ĽǣпܣΪǾһġȻǱȲͬŵ㡣
˵ҲãһˣǴǵֺɽˮ˵֤Լļ꣬ʱǵøʬ·Ҳͦġ
ʮƥɽˮǲġũŮҽڴϸԼͱôһ֮ˣĶæҵĸһȺʵ̫ˡ
һ·ϣҺͱ˵Цȫɱ¾˳ޣΣòڣ·̵ĸоյԽԶԽá
װһǾǰҺͱǱ𡣹ȻǮ˼ҵĴſ˾֪Ǯҳġ
˿ʯͷţȻûӦңȻЦҡҡͷҲ̫ʡˡ
Ȼôŵ̫һʧɫʵʵվԭزԸһ·ɱЩƣˣҲŵ
ԵǰţżһףһԳɡò˾䣺λӹգǰк£
кĶŵ΢Ц𡭡ӵģ
λӣⱤӲ١Ļشű벻ģ׿Ȼµʲôͣʡ
һȵңƺҲǵò̫ʵЦüۼŻȻʡȻһЦ䣬䡣˵ͬ˸˵ġ
ŵļλʲµĿͬŵˣǲҵ˵˾䣺ȥͨλԵȡȻԱһţȽͨȥˡ
һЩͷˣгˣһ֪Լȡأ
벻ԣҾձˡ
ãһΪʦա
¡ǲѾͷˣ
ѾͷˣͲͷˡ漴̾ôǷ˵ı˵Ļƣ
λˣҾúÿλڳˡ
ҺͱƫͷȥڳˡȻ֮һЦҴҪԹʲôʱ
ڵôôͣȥȥɡ˵ĴݵʼҲûŵһۡ
Ҳڵ̬ͦõģ˰ɣһ͸һƵġҲɣҲǰݵЦȴԡ
Ȼ¶ô˵ˣǾͼµǮɣһ£ô΢ЦĶ˵
ŵæĹлɣվΪ˿ˣ
ǰǵĿ㣬ҾծģҲôų
ЩƣԼԼİһ
 
 
ʱҺͱѾڣȻһжôĺ 
ȻɵЦ˾Ѱġ 
ҲҼҶεԵĻ¥棬ˣءжµءӢŴ󵨣ںĵĻǶ飬һ·ģԱɸԵ̬档 
;ֽôûȥ۳ңҿɶȥˡ 
ܲҲûȥ𣿡ô𱤵˶ϲЦ 
ⲻйҪӭ𣿡Ȼֻ۾Ư˹ǵӵǱֵʼչԹһԣûƮ 
λȻͲʲôˣɷĵʾˡڵʾ¥Цôɫ次 
Цˬɣ£Ҿ˵ļôɣԽӸҪ֪ļϮ˵㣬ʦȸƴƵأ 
ȨͶߣҺݺݵĵ 
ȻҺͱ˺ƤߣȻʾ޵񡣱Խʣڵĵһ仹ʤһҶڱߴŵ㣬˵ʱܳϮЦݣŻ¥Ͽˡ 
²ˣԽԽƺЩˡЦ 
ǰ˵ٳۣҵ۾ͲֹһƽˡҲ 
ȻǰദҲǺ룬ܸо˱Ǩܴ󡣴ӱոսʱܿҲоˣĸоһǺҩоһǲģرǶԵ׵оȻֻǶ̶̼ա 
̵Ļһ£ԴȥģȻԸ׼ͷ 
ҵĳӺͻ¥ʱܸоעӣҵĹҲǣһۣûòҵȷˣڵȷ񱱺ȫ 
Ů˵ֱâڱһֻԵĺȻĿһۣҺͱᳶ㲻״׳״ˡ صļw w w.2 7 t x t .c o m ( ȥ С ˵ )ṩÿС˵Ŷ
Щô˽⡭ûûεŮˣǱҶͬķεôܱö 
οһ֮˵侲壬ҽе¶ôϷ˵ϷУ 





ڶʮ

˻ᣬЩˣ׼ʱѾĳҿ˵ĻϢϻҪλծء
ɲҵʮۣ˵Щ
£ı˲٣ǰôûʱǮôģЩֵĴҡ
Ů˶Ʊ䣬ҪģֲɵôǮȥûɵôһ˵ҾȻЩģһʱ˳ȥ˯˴롣
һ飬ûʵû£ɵϾˡҽεȵλѵռʮıˡ
ǱͬҵΪʮоС񱻸ˣթǮƵء˼˻ᣬЩʱ˾ôһ仰
Що֮ͽûôô򷢡
ûĶűɣȴЦȻҿЦ貵ǳΪ֮ʧɫ˳˵ǿŮ͵꣬ض
ͱģЦЦ٩ţʲôǲˡֲԣȻƲͷ𣺡㲻ҲһûϢôˣŮɫδɣ
ֻ˵˵񰾹ĺ֭һһЦ͸͵ĸһǺ޷ı
ẬţȷЩۣ˿ұضҼġôŮأ
̹ȻҲǲŮɫ𣿡ȻһߣҲŮˣһʻһЦš
һһֵİһƣһ֡
𶨶վԭ㣬ҺݺݵĵɵЦ޹ĿңǿҪס𣿡
ֵˣ漴ЦֽһŮȥϢҸо𱣬סˡôһƽˣҲɵЦЦĸŮˣһɻ󣬱Ƕٲµ϶ȷ뷨ֵĸƯСŮȥ
ʱ֣һĻҸˡһʾ֪ŮϵķٲʮҵӣıģƵ
ŮֻɵЦҵɵϾʱ߲ȱɵЦˡ
Цˣϴˣٴȥͣòã滳ɣҾȻᶺˣԼоԼ˺ܶ࣬տʼҿʱ˵ĻɣԭҲĵġ
㲻˭𣿡СЩйҲǽʣͲһɱ㡣
⻰еٶˣŵģֻôһСĺӣɱִҲһͻôƽͣ𱤵ʲôط
ûһҪһȥ𣿡
Ůһм磬һȺʲôȥġ

ĵط֪ԭֹҺͱˣкüѾȵԼбһûкԹԵԱ¡߶ҺܱͶڨڨĶ˵ҾͲ
ҵû£ҺͱıҪֻƽһţ˿ڸ൱ĺãҲԵθڵġν磬磬ûпǲϯģֻ⿪û䣬һ֮ͣ˵һʵĸ˶ѣǼˡ
ȻЦЦ磬һΪǲأ
ܣʹΪô᲻أ
Ŀҿʼ׼ͷһ԰׾ٷԲˡ
ʱ˵ԱûʵĻش˵ûθˡԸûʲôı䣬ڵĸоȷǱǰˡǱǱе̬εģĹľʮɨ˵顣
ҲͬԭǴСһģѳôЩҪиˡ绹ճǲҴ㡣˵ִҵļ磬Ҫϯȥʱ򣬻¥Ŀ˿ڡ
ţóɹȣҲ˹۳ɼ
˵꣬ҴţδҶｲİɣҪл飬һȥϢģɲءŮб𣬻Ǳҵĺá
⻰ǷףѵλӾͲ𣿡¥ЦһΪӿҡ
һΪӣɽׯ˭֪ҺͱлԼοҶҵĺѣ˴ʲôĻҺҶҪΪһ˸飿Ļ¥ЩҲסˣٿһϷҼҪδҲһʶ
òеˣͬΪţ¥ڶƼҼ̳ˣĸҲᵡȴǱôһ̵ģϣȷʵǸЩӦ
 
 
һ𲻼ҺͱҪȥʱһòʮӹȵĴǰ֡ 
üͷ΢΢ߡ£ʵҲǣֻܼ΢Ц֪ǰкָ̣ 
ʶң 
СӰǰӸʱùӸ˵ʦܰʮˣֻʮͷʹϢĵˮ©Ѳ³˭ҲҵҲǹͣұ϶Ǵ򲻹ͷġֻаԽӸƣҲֻеǹԼʵˡ 
Ǻǣ֪˭Ҳ֪ɣǲǿң 
صӣ̹ףҵȷֻﲻû¶ֵʱ֪˭˭Һͱ͵ģֵ£ġ 
˻ͬĹһ¥͹ǰҲµĹ̸ͣ£䣿ֵĴ翪ˣоϷųһ 
Цţ·ˣ磬ЪϢȥɡҽΧ 
ֲɵҪӴ⼸ѵͲȵȣǰյĳٵ˳ڽһԭɡҺϴĲ·ôʱ䵢ǳһٷʱ䶼ˡֻⳡûƾУƣҵȻĬӰĽϣʤ֮١ 
ĳԴת𣬴ʱĿӣҴݵת 
Һͱһˣ˴˶һĬͬʱ׼뿪ˣһǰҶİɹˣûꡣ 
Ѿͷͦǵģˣ⴫еĵһŮҽǷʶһӳǰ 
Ҷ˶٣ҶˣûҪΪҸȥᣬ࣬ҩǰԹҾĸԾǰš 
׼ʳʱ򣬱Ѿҵ֡ףڹȥдģҩ˵úչҵģʹ֪ٶԵҩҴʹʲôͽȻĬĸж 
Щж΢ЦĿűһŲ㲻ӰĳǰеһߣӦҩѾĺ 
ǰһʹϵʽȻҲס 
Ƭ̣Ʋסƽ˳ȡһҩЩ۵ĸ̷ȥûһͽˡ 
Լڶ඾شˣΪ˱ЩҩԱʱ֮衣ҩһʱ䣬ͻȻô˻Щϧġ 
ҺͱٴҪ뿪ʱ˭ûɲӵˣֻĿˣʲô˸ҵʾҶܡȻһۣиˣҲһۣͬ뿪ˡ 





ڶʮ½

űҵĿͷȥ
ţȷûˡʱǱ׿Σ
˵һֻû͸ˡ
û̾ŰȷһĺҰһ׸ݺݵĽҪǰ챳ˡ
ҵʲôҲ֪㡣
˵ǰҪһ䣬ǶгϢĺӡ̲ס߶ȴһۡ
ͻȻ֪ᾡľıң˭Ը£طֻ߲ڷâ̫¶ǸΣգ֪ģһҵҪ㡣ҵķâΪΣ㰲ĵıǿͿˡ
Ĺ߶
ͻĳ챱ҶãĶ˵£ʵȢҲǺܻĴ㡣
˵ʼǸӣԭδ磬øĿڽ°ˡ
ʣô㲻Ǹڤڤ֮еϣ
ҺܱĵĶЦЦһ
ƤǲǺˣ㷢ûҵûоӣΪҲᱻԻҾңҲʡġ
꣬һЦһⱾģ˵òʵһģĿܱĸĸ죬ȰһǶĺôĶģ㲻Ϊ̻ݾסҵ۾ȹָһڻҳȰҿɣǱƤԻˣôֻҪ־˺һвʶΪ⸱ƤҶ֮£кβأΪֵֵ㰲֪֮֡οòʹżƬʧ񣬵һֱң𣿡
°ЩѾʣĻǴӱģ
ʧ̬ı飬һǵ˵ԸίΪ֮㹻ϤϤöԷھѹȡ
һ˵꣬ҲΪȻЦǣΪû
˵꣬漴ԺһҲᱻоǣ˰ɣǲģʱ֣
ǺǣҲ̰˱ܱĸо˰ɣʹ֪֮ǲŮ֮˷鰮ϵ

֪ҶǲǸϲ̽յŮˣѵÿɫ̩ȻһĵУôȤĽȴȻˣڹЩӦˣеˣôʬҾԼ߯޳ܡʵҴɻ꣬һֱֺǿԤ֪ʾԼܾһˡ
ҲȰΪ֪ҵ㲻ģƾֻһա֡οҵģܷ£ĵĹȻּɵġ
ҲΪʦУһЩΪΡԣΣʱҡ
Ȼ£ȴԼһҪˣһı䡣ԣôաһ죬ԸԼһˡ
ɻǵǰīʲôӵģ
ģˣǲˡ벻ˣīǱˮֽһƬ
ŶһѧԴһúøҼ£ȻҳҶͰװ׻ٵһֵҲûˡ
ûҹͨˣȫעĿףҲûҡ
ֱȷˣҾҳһӣˡǺǣֻʣˡ
ҡͷЦЦҶĽҽŪɷĩŪȻܿļʱϻ޿ɱһƬգڨڨЦţźһ׵ĹǻңۺܸߵģһҲ㡣͸ԺֵǮĶȴֻ̣ϡ
ĶŶ˵ĴһĻңҲЩϻһôÿȷż·˲
Щˣͷ˯
۵ĺڻ˵¢һӣԻ߶ԣ̻˵ͷʧ
۾Ծɵĺڣȴǽ˾ģ䵥ϹӣҲä˵ҲҲȺĶҲ𲻳һ
 
 
ҸоԼ߽һɽѨԽԽѴǰ·ҲŪˣͷԼˡʧȥеͬʱ֪Լ߲ǰĳڣȴͣƣͣ˼ԼĴӱִܵҼᶨ 
ԼնͣʵˣѹֵͷΣʹЪ˹źԼıˣ֧Ųô뵽ԼûûεЦʱֻоһһݳ޸䡣 
ȻĿֻżˣǰȷǳһˣī࣬ޱ飬δȴǴһ䲻ȴûȥˣվҪԭλġ 
һѣĴִδгʱ磬ãܱҰĲ١ 
ǲҲǾ棬վǶ㲻ġһأƿůƢķ绹Դģһһգܰ˵Ҫķɹµ˵ 
תñҲ決һ£˻ů飬ǲϰά 
˳ۿȥ䷿丽һС͵Ҳ֪ȥֽͱʣĥīʱմ˵ڣһãմȾĵطǴˣԺڤڤһ棬ǹīġ 
дΣī౻һͬСŮС©ī͵ˮմУСŮǸīС౾ʹһЩԱУֻº͵ЦЦûϵһֱĶǲԹɫԼ°ѱġ 
ī̫ܵˣ͸ɴܵԱߵˮرȥҲԶϴʱΪ·ϵģʮֲϴοĸˣͰ͵һѿˣʱϿˣضᵱȫ˵ٵ 
īƽһοΣΪѧУ¿ǰʮУǲŵģ鱾ڽˣ£У԰Ϲ䡣˾Ϳһţܰģ飬īȫɵž׵չԣ£ò⣬¸ղŵĸоһ㣬Ҳеû䡣 
һһĹգֻһŮӣڸ⣬оҸˡͼеȴôҲΪеŮѾůĸоٶһֻǻѡ 
Ż˺ܾã֪һ£˫һڵϣīࣿ 
ǰ㿴ҲǺůġЦе˵ 
һǳҸ֪̫㣬ů̫ƶˡŻиҶ̾ 
ŮѾȥˣ»ţıҪáĳĿű 
ȥ˵ľ͹ȥˣǰδôùֲڲҪ 
ʲô뷨 
պʣ뿪𱤣úùЦһɣȴޱȵĸд 





ʮ

ģҪЩ𴲸Ͻʰһͱ̡
ߵ岻ϣ߱ôһһģ˲ִٵľҲˡ
壡Щ㱣Ǹ˭ҵĺӡ
źûеõҵӦʾͽˣϵģһҵķʩõľˡ
ˣ𣿡
ˣϴˣã֮ǰ϶ǿģͬơ
ܸܵˣҳŸСƨ壬ǰһһιǿͨǶô¡
ŭɫҺԽģ
ʡԵǰŮϵɻҾòʲôң˵㲻ôƵģģͺ㶣ˡ
СѾͷüͷ΢΢ģģôͰݵ㣬Ǿ뿪𱤡
Ѿͷ˶٣ڲĿңΪУұضʬڻ¥ǰ
ģЩɫȻĵ˵̣СɳǲԵģҺҲ֮ˣôôҵ˸أ
ڣΪ㶯𣿡ҿɫЩ̣ݱҧŷ۴Ҳһǿĺӡ
һ˼£ӦжʱѾ֮ˡ
Ҳκ˵вҪɱңôչڻ¥ǰʬˡҲı飬ֻЦִƵЦ
΢΢ʧ֮ʣҪߵĻͿԡʵģҿծúɫĶҡ
˵ݡ飬жϲ˵ұˣһϲСûôõֶ߯Ĳҵıҡ
̶ʱҾش֣СͦСģ۾ܷͦŴġҪڶǰӡС֣
ǰӸΣô˵١
ߣŮҲһӡС˵ߺߵģϲιװƵҲǲӡ
һ֮ʣͱѾͷָƬεһ⡣
ֻʮĲСֺȴҲǺ񣬵ǺݵĳУûаֵء
ұŮССѲôƢŶ
˵Ҿɱ㡣С˵
˵ʲô˵ǡ
˵꣬漴ͳϸϸƬҷɵ
һƬŻһñǼһᣬŵŶأɾմϰŮζȻǸӡ
ʱһŮͨ˵Һͱ̤󣬻䣺ѾӦ
ô᣿ͱ˵õĽҪծ뿪ȥġ
΢΢֮ƬҵָǳǳϸƣѪ¶ĺۼ
󶣵¾ͺݺݵ˵˾䣺ⶾԵһŮҽӦûİɣȻ󣬺ݺݵ뿪
ƯָǱߵĺɫ˵ģЦЦҲԸ⵷Ūⶾߵİٶ֮һ֡
ȥұԭıΥԵľһкԭ
˵Ǳʣ˼ƴ򲻿ܵġһ߱ħһɣ˵ȷʵǺѸıģıԭĻϴݲ
ٶȽϰȫЩȻĶô˵Ȼѷ΢ȵĻŲҡ
һΪ͵طһˣϧ˷졣𱤺ôҲǹ˭Ҳ᷸ɵ£ܵḷ̌ڸ߶
ƥˣҲֻͷԹˣκƤҽòˡ
ɵԽԽƥˣǿԴһԣ˫ͷϲԱɼ˷θ֮ԡ
ɣǻ쵰ϴδһȺңһȰܣʱûѪ´οΪһĴ
ҲΪã㾭ҵʱѪоͽСɢѪˡǺ~
ĵңɣһҰܵĿЦͲӦӦ
 
 
絽¹˭𣿡 
ԣҲġ 
ҲǣȻԸͽҲͲˣԼรɡŻһתʵ˵ͦġ 
һʡ 
ԼﲻˣֺΪ˲أҲ˺ܶ࣬û¾ϲ̾ 
ȷǡһ£˵һ¡ʲô£˵ǵһγŵʱʵѪʵǸǣߡ 
˵˼ҲҵģεĵͷҲƣô͸ùҵͷǵĹأ 
˵ǸǣߣôأͲ𣿡Ҳỹǣɣ 
е㡣ЩǸκίĿҡ 
ʲôֵôǵ˵ģʲô¡ծǰ֪ģ 
ʵҲ뿴Ǳףһ 
ǱŻ̬ЩҪ֣Ҳüƽˡο߻һܿ׵ı 
ɱҵˡĸ㲻ġֻ֪ƶҵ񣬵ƶһˣͻῪʼķˡ΢΢üһһĨЦҵ˫׿ܻڡ˵꣬Ҹô죿 
űȻʧӣĲ̡ 
ôô죬һɣԸܾͽܡԸپһ㣬Ҳ͹ȥһ㣬Ҫĺܺõġ㿴ī಻Ҫˣø֡ҶϹպ㷢ѹ 
ֵʵںˡ 
ԭҪᶨ뿪ͷ㵹ǰѻ⳶Զˡ 
ǺǣģǳһԻԼ棬ǵɽǵˮȥߣҶĳģԺϹΣôС 
һ̺;᣺ע⣡Ůˣ 
ҺǺһЦԣҶģΣֹ 
쳤Х㾿ʲôο㣡 





ʮһ


ǴգСûѰˡ
ģǸȻһûһš
Һͱƥǰֱ˴סˡͲýַּȥ
ʶ࣬𱤵ĽǸʤأΧһ̤λأǶƱҲǺܿɹ۵İɣ
һ죬ԣòȵľҲȵĲˣϦػصбɽ£ƽͼˡ泩Цš
̹ɵЦ̣ȻԵĲ̸Щ̤޹صĻ⣬ôҵˣûбҪǣǿԼ
ǸˡҲǱͷΧԭҽԾ
ɫһ٣ЩȻĿңȻЩᣬΪʲôȻǿǵģ
ǸĻҽܣһ·ҲкչӣԣǣҲ໥ġ
Եһ£֪õĻܶࡣңҪǵİ
Ҳ۹ŲƣʾҵȷʲôĲ̵ġʵЩҾҪе鷳Ҳҿ϶ôûûΡ
񶨶Ŀ𣺡Ҹ᲻ñｭӡлǺڡ
ƣ͵ʱ˸ͺ׾ˣ׷ɱʱ»ҪۣΪϾעȴ屾Ȼƣ룬棬ɳڣҲǺ׽ġ
ϣ磬׼ұʱ;˻¥һõģڲȹĶʱ󷽵ĸ˸кȻͷҲŦˡ
ȫǼ򵥵ľϯˣһССԭá裬ҺΪСŮվһߣ׸ۺˡ
ɻЦţĸ׸ġСұȽϽ
𣿡

һ̵ͳԵϴεǺƽġӦôĲСȷǺٿڣż˵һ䣬Ҳľͷ
СֵĺûнһҲһµûǡɢʱò˵ЩЦЦ˵Ǹɵĺúӡ
ҲЦţ㲻Ҳ󲻵𣿡
ҺͱĬЦЦǮ׼ûҪƱҪŸܣȻš
һʶԱߵӾͳһƱ۾Ծľͻˡ
ǶʮһϢ
ҼǴɲأǰû˵Ϣģֻ˵Ҫʱȡͯ۵ġʵЩ
óһ룬һ뻹˳˵Ҫ븶ϢĻͰǰɣ
ƥʮƽ𽫽Ϣ˵һֵܲƥҲҺͱе֮˵ְɣȻϻûŶûӡ
ҾñĻе죬˳ĸ߱ҶˣƥҲˣҵƥвƣǽŵʾǵѽֿ˵Ѿ˾ͽС˵ʲôһҲûУһЭ
ѽвƽţһһΪĿĵصȥֱвƽѾȲͷĵͷˣҪ˷ܸС
ûûεı鱻𿴵һɣҲ˼ڨڨĶЦźڡ
 
 
Ȱڲ֪ͨ³֣ϲ١ 
ôôˡ֪ͨһºһĴ֪ҲĿͣȻһ𱤵Ŀ˾ҵĿһ̬ 
ѵġȻת𣬡úñŶ´лһٺú𡣡֪ߵλʿӵҡαծ֣ҾܹǳЦ˳̹˵Ȼ 
֪Ҫĸߣ 
򱱰ķϻҲûӵ˳ھͽӻ 
ǿˣ¥Ҳ򱱣ǴҶиӦˡ 
ǿȥŶЩҵĽš 
ˣҲǡ¥ﲻݡ 
ǺãǾͬаɣһ·ҲǸӦòЦ 
ĵЦˣģˣһ·Ҹֻ𣿺οֺ϶вٰ֡ 
ãˡЦĲõ¼ 
𱤸ȻǳͨĿʫ̸ģͦڵģ˴ల¡¥ȷʱѧţʶԶ󣬶յľ׼¼ 
ұ㸽ӹţڷܵġ̸ˣֻвҲӦ硣˫Ե˲úӣأԷʲô̶ҲȫȻеס 
ͷμ˶ģ޷̾ڶµ 
¥ıأ˲³Ǭ 
ȴܲźۼİԼʵöԷֻһЩѣʵһȴԲİ󡣼ʹʵͬ׵ĵʱΪ͸˱Ǹ͸˸˼֡ 





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Һͱ·ߣʼӦʺһ·͵ģ뿪ĵڶϣֻί·޽Ұˡ
յžģڧһ
ʱֵʱҶҲõġ
˽ҵģϾģôһҲأ
㿴ڴܡ˵⻰ú˲Զڽ档
ЦЦԻ¥˵һ·ϻ鷳ˡ
¥ϵһͣЦΪһЦֺΣ
񺮣ķҪһӿˡ
ҰٶֵڰָһˮҲþôһЦڳôĶҲЦĴݡ
ЦܽǣվſЦֱﵽϽŮ޳ǵ档
һŮ˴ЧӦ˳еġǲһŮӣʵǷϰԵĳеһֺη
˼ҿأҴȤԱԵˣ˸Ӧǳϵѧѧĵȷ̫ˡ
뵱ͬĳɫȴǻȫȻҳ˰ѷǸˡ
ûж¥ֺ̽ʣϾֻܵһϢ޵ģǹ졣
ڴţһݷȻôң
˳ڲһ䣬ΪôףҪѧĻҲһطת㡣
Ҳû˵ҵȷҪ
ֻͷƤ㻹ƤҩأⷽӿɱȹĺöˡٹҲ
ֻһܵĻжʱ͸˹޾
񶷵ĵҾͲµҹ¥϶ʧС͹һӹ֪ͨ
Ȼû˽ЩʲôԻ¥ķߵ˲ΪôС¾ͻͨġ
ֻЩƣôֻնݳԭ
ǡʲôԭ򣿱һǱһҲװ׵ģѵʲô֮գ
ԽԽ߰ģɴҲˡ
ӣʵ˵Ȼ̸ĲҺͱʼΪεġԼ£󻨹ӻس̵ʱ䣬ʹЭҲвʡ磬Ǿʹ˱ɣҺͱúùСأû׼ֻᵢʱա
㻨¥ҽڿȰˢˢˡ
¥һʵŵԭģһأҲһ֮£ݴ
˻ܲŸ߰˵ˣҶ̯ôһϹҲ֪һ߲ҡ
һʱ䣬¥ҺͱֺĹŽ֣ͦĵģȻһΣյʶҲûС
ҶЩˣҪǱڿ졣ԣұһİѰѷ硣
ߵ˭Ҳβ·˼ҡ
»¥ͬǾ件ӭҲһһˡ
ҽʰȻͱȥٽĳ䡣
ͷһûʲô顣ɱķӦҾûЩҪ
֮ǰŵһҿջʵ¥б治Զһջ˶ۿˣɸԵġ
¥״кûΪҿɣǱͻȻ֮ܵ
ЦܹȥϾӵĵطȥ
ҵˮһˮһۣίӦС
ôĪΪеģЦЦ
ɰˮݸңѵüûЦΪʲôú𱤴ţ
ɣ㻹ǺʹǰһƭŮ˵ĶԲԣ
ǵġ
㣬ɱңǱ˭µԲңֻס
֪ģҲʲôܡ
ɿһۣҲĿɣȥ
̵Ŀǣֻбһ
ľȺ˳
ԱδԱǴʼյġ׷ɱ磬ʹΪһҲ˳㡣
ҵһֻŮӾȻ
δʲô˼
ǰν˺֮ӡΪл˵¡ʱ󣬾ʹ常ϰΪл˵ʱҲˣ˲ĶԻˡʱл˻ûͬţ֪л˾ڳεлĳϡ
л˿Ҫٲʱ˰ˡ󵱽ʱôҲҲˣֻʬһЩѪȻл˾ʧ¡
ºлٴλʱ򣬽һӻ򿪣ɻĴһһŮӤʬ塣
ոճεСţʹñƤⲻֻܿˮһŤƤҡ
лЦţһ¾֪ôˣʱ
ʹ**ٵʱҴɣô֪ô
˵統ʱñټȥĵӣȻֲ˱ҴϵҪҪ
ͷԹԵı졣ƣôǽɫ
ʱлЦ˵ģһ̥ȻǵĺӣǾһһɣȻЦ뿪
һ뿪꣬ٻʱ򣬺˾ؾ綾ʹӱ̵Ĵڣл˵ӰȻ䡣
׼Ϊ˵Ѩһ¶صʱл統뿪ʱһЦ˵Ѩλֻú˸ʹ࣬
Ҵ˸ͬΪ˵ôôŤҲҲе㡭
Ϊлĳǿ֮˱пɺ֮ΪҺ
ʱ˾ʹл˼ˣȻҲŴЦ˵ǰûãл˽ˣ뵽лԺԶ޶ŮˣġЦžҲЦˡ˺˵Ļֿʹû鴤ӣҲʮֲܡʱɱûˡ
лЦ˵ڳûһ˻ᶯɱˣ˿ɱ
һȺӣҪǱһţ϶ں޵ˮ֯£ҴˣҴˣˡ£˰ҰɣҰɣ
һֵţ鲻ԽЦ龭ĿңֹԹЦȻΪûͲٽȥġ
һûסʣڳģǱټʱ֪µ˶಻ࣿ
Դ㱵˵ҸһʧˣѾˡ
ҿҪҪպŰοһɴ˿۵˸ʱָ˵һüʱʧɱ͵Ϯ̵ӣû˵ģΪǶǽڸøֶ**ˣҪᣬԴ֮ټڳĶ̵ĵλߵˣ˲ܶࡣ
󺫷ΣǶӦĸԿ϶ǿĲݡġ
ӴĵһֶǳлĳϵķԵ
 
 
лĳ϶պŮ˵ĳޣʱ϶Ǽ˺ܶģ˵ͱȱĻףʹģ׶֮ʹ֮ȽϡҲֻ̫̫ѡ 
ˡ 
֪ˣôģ˭ 
ʱʹѽˣֻǿ಻Ž·ɱôµ֣Ͼôķޣʹ˴£վġ 
˵ôô£ֱ⣡ 
ɱġɼ 
Щ𾪵ţʱĿлˣл˿ĶֳĶЦţֻȻ̾ɱ˺ˣǽٳ˲ð͸¶ȥ߾ͷš׷ɱ 
û˵ģҲֻл뿪ˡ󣬺˷ᡣ 
ǺлĳôֻأǸʲôģʼնû𣿡 
ΪԵɺлٴξ˽ʹԼλȻлģ˱ϾҲɱлˣҲͽʧˣлѾҲ޷ˡԣǼѾ˵˭Ƿ˭ˣϾҲˡ 
ǰлȰ˻лҲ˳׵ıʦˡ˵һֱڹ 
ʲôܽİɣ˳㽲İɣʡ˷ʱ¡ 
һ̾ʼ磬Ҫˣ˵Ҳɺϣ㸸׶ĵÿζ󣬹ʱˣʱҪˡʵڷˣһ䣺ģ˷ɽׯ󷨣ɱȥ 
֮£˵ڵǶΣں˱л¶°֮£˵ʵҲô¡ 
֪лĳϼԭֶŮλӣɱѾܲˣҪѺ˺ӽȥɫܺĹӣôͬ⣿ 
ʱͰ˸ˣȥһһһΣƽݵ֣뱻˴ˣ˵һ䣺ھһ䣬Ǹݺ˷ɽׯʧҪӡ 
ʹ˵ж˵һĹأֻҪҲ޻˵ 
ʹº󣬹ֻһʱʹظ˵ϲò 
ʵ֮ǰҲֻǵһ硣ֱ˲ǳ˽ʹ˭Ҳû 
˵ѻתעеһЩ 
ҰĴ˷ɽׯԭ򡣡 
Ҳ̫ˣΪ֮Ϸԣȫׯˣô޹ʬôʧˣ 
һ񺮣ô롭ߵ鶼ôĴϷԣ 
ʵºл˲ûֱӹϵʱҪѡһ˴ȥɱ˷ɽׯл˼ʹ֪ⱳ󾿾Ǻԭ򣬵ʱԸֵġ 
ǡʹ˵һܺĻлĳͬŵлˡ 
ʱ̺ܴģһɱ;;УҲΪ˷ɽׯġ 
ɼĿûн࣬ҲҾôˣּʱһ¸лѹرǰµţҲĬǵ֧֡лֻнܣΪֻҪһ˾ͺáɱ˷ɽׯʱָӵȷʵλʱл˾Լƭˣҽۡ˿ΪìܱȻִһʱʧִлˣл˲ԸҽΣ˵һʹĸЩΪѪ˺һӣֱԾ֢ 
Ĳô֪ô 
һΣ˵ˣײлԺңʱڿѪأǸӴˣʱǴ˹ȥġ 
ů¶ЦݣЦлĳϣ˭δ 
֪ǵһ˵ǺúӵˡûһҺõġ 
ԣңʹû˷ɽׯҲ޷ѵ𣿡 
ɽлĳʱУƭĲܲ 
ҡҡͷֵͷǸˣ֪ϴΧŮ˭𣿡 
صĳУʹоɼϢȺȹΣ̫ˡ 
ʵʱӦҲϳˡ 
䣬ҾˤŶˣޱȵķֱġ 





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һҵӰסңֲ𵽴ܡ
űܺӵļҳһҹĲҾ۾
ʹףʱʹǸŮӾлĳϣҲûǳյĽСοһԣοھȱ
ɾŻţҲǼٵÿ׽֮ˣΪǺҵжԵ˱У
ʱߵԱߣЦеôˣĿűȻתҡ
νҲˣҲʲô£ֻѰлġ
ˣһҲ
ǲôˣɡ
ɴʱƽЦУֻŮ̹ϣƯŮˡʡ˰ɣ
ֱԷʱһôڷš
ɺͱͬʱ˺ܾõš
ҲˣҲǺģԼЩˡίˣԼôίԼԼ
ڱ⣬һ˺ҲһɫĿţǶˬǣҲ֡
¥ʱҸо̫ˣֻһһʶ
˿ңûء
˱ϵһλӣȱʱٵˣһ㿪˵鶼ûˡ
޷һ˺ѹ񡣼ʹһĵҲͣˣ޷Ĵڡ
Ӧþ̵ͷͷɡȻ·ıȣƾǲһ
ɺͱʱҿɵı͸ȷˡԣҲɵɵȥʣɣҲ²£˵ǿ϶ʶĿ
һԿһۣվ߹ȥˡ
֪ԣһһ˺ɵĳνʱﻹǷǳ
ңƽһϸĵЩʲô
ҵ˰οһڶЦ˵һ
ãСĶ˼µСӣһ˳ԣͦġ
Ů˽Ҫ⴦ǲɣֻ罿Ŀڡ
ʲô
Ǻǣһ˽°
Ӧȥ˾ǸʷǷͷĿһֻǿԼŮ̾Ϣңңͷ
̺ɱ֣ҵֱһֻĸţҲʱƽһЩ
ǵ𣿡ʵǱңĶͰҼвˡ
·ϰèˣ˭ļǣòһ㣬ƤͦġȻǷͬһ㣬˼°ƣҾͳװѻ
㣡ãǽ³ɺһ㡣
Ҫ˵ǡ˵רʣרʡ֪ãҲʸ֦
һû˵꣬ͿʼѼҴ
бߣҶĶˡ
ȻߵʱѾ׼䵽ϱһˡ
ΪոŮҲȥˣԴʱʹݺݵĵһۣȻ󿪻ĶԱ˵ҵ۹ⲻװ˹򲻴
˼ôڶ׼ҪҪԣŮ˵£ò֡ҺĵĽ飬ڱԣɱ
֪ǲ̫ߺޣסֵȭͷԽ˼֡
ķߺޣЩæĲ䡰Ҫȫ˻Ҳϣ㣬úûΪұͺá
ʹǺݺݵĵһۣȻĿűãҾͿ㵽䲻ҵıŮ
ҺͱͷӶĶ翴ʮֵģеĻŭ
ҼЦţĹģҪˣ٣Ӧж԰Ҹ˵£ԼŮ˵ǲҲӦŮ֮˽⣿
ʧʱҹԱߵɿ޹ĵô죿ҾϰǵģҲûְ
ҿûЦ⻰Ƕ˵ġȷΪ˰Ը
ĵģҪߣð֣Ҳ̫Сˣõ㣿㲻ûܾͺá
ҹôˣܱ㳯ĺĵĵҲûҪĺáĲҪ˰æͺãʡȶû˴񲻸
漴תˣȷʱҪ𣿡
һľȻǸȹɱ̵˵ĻǶϷοһҪ
ĵЦҾ˵㲻֪ҡɣЦһûأͰڳôһΪɥר飬ӮҲҪô
Ҹ˵꣬˽ӹɱҲһʱʹѾ⡣Ϊʱ䣬Ҿϵġ롯ŲûӰӣͬƾʧһ㣬ֲǺܺ
أҾΧ㣡
ӰֵǸɱһԣûνǶϷ
ʱɱȻЩ޷ľȡ
ŲԣЦԣҶģ̫졣涼ûͷأһ̫ˣá
һ⻰Ǳŭˡ
ʱԱ䲻ĳһ仰磬侲Ǹͷͷ
ǰȻɥʧˮ׼ġٴκĵѡ
̹ȻЦԣллѣһʧġ
ܹܺõѵڵղǸ쭵Ұèνˡ
ҲãʱܸЩ
ֱϵʽ繦ҲףϴûͶȡɣҪӮҲҪЩʱİɡȻиʹĸףʹôѧҲѵºҪŰˡ
ҺԵģΣκһζ޷ڳ˶ĳҲǾѧı仯
һĺʱݼŵʧȴĴˣ˱֮һ˲ʱ
ֱӻѪŵһ̶ļְ˵ע˻
һһƳҴм䣬֮зԱǱĶ㿪ˡ
ʩչϡ롯վǵϵĲ죬֮ղ˷˲ļҿʼЩ
Σ֮ʱѾӴ˽һ
пڱϣҵϢŷѪæдŲİֹѪҩ
ʹأЩ΢Ľš
ʱֻǶЦ˵ˡ
˳һ𾪣ʱ㾡ȫˣ
Цŵͷ
ֳؿڻûȫֹסѪܵ²֡
бѹŵҪô㣬ȷǸ󻼡˵ĴݶȻ
ָʶģͦϤ𣿡Ҿʱ䣬˳ЩϢ
ۿңŵȷûá
Ȼ˭ͱϤģй
һ뵽ͱƵһߣһֿʼѪˡ
ҺܿҲУԼһ˿иרĺͱĬĺ϶Ȼ׵Щ
˿ʱ˫ɲʤҺͱ״ʼ½ˣرǱѾѪ֧ˡ
ʱ˭Ҳû뵽лĳ˹м
ͣĳϣںʲô
лĳ˵ĳϿУҪ˺ǡ
űԽԽصƣʱҾȻûè޺ӼٴȱĶ̬Ҵĵ仰
ܣɱʹ磬볥̵˵һҾȻɵһѱƸлĳϣ˵һ䣺ߣ
 
 
սζ治ܣһ죬ѶԷһҲǼķԼġû취ˣԸǰʵӣֻǿиɵúˡ 
⣬֮󱱺Ϊֻعѩ޵ģϧû˵˰ڲĵزƿлĳϣȻǰͬһ 
ҲʼĴ˸϶Ҫ˿ڴȥ붼ûͳǰʹȫҲɷӦĽסҡ 
ڵѪʱ˵ͬʱɾϵעۼֿǸɱҲվɵԱߡ 
ҰƵǱߣȻתͷɵɵĶЦ¡ 
鷳ǣһͺãлл 
лĳںڶԴ֮УûһᣬлĳϾͱ˦һȥˣӦٿһ㣬ѾѨ 
ʱջñ¾սˡ 
ͨ˵ʱѾվˡ 
ҪֿʱлĳϴţҪ 
˺ѷΣĻһ뵽˭ұлĳҪʵʶˣ⻹ʹǰһ㣬еȫȫĳȥǱһ̵ˡ 
Ǿ͹ˡ㹻ͣˡ 
ɹ鿴ҵƣҾͼҴҵ˼ѪγʱŻһš 
˵อбԼ絽ֵѪ۾ټ⣬Ҳĵǿˡ 
Цſɣ֮԰ٶΪѪдЩûд㶾ûϵڲܺܺõԴ 
ɺɱ֮⣬˴ʱĺлĳΪλôķӦҲҵһΣбӵˡ 
ҽɵĲ˱ߡ 
ҶлĳϣᣬڱѨܶͷҡˣֻҧŴֱѪҧšɵˡ 
ʱԺͻȻһϷԵľ飬ɵĲݺݵĵлĳϡ㲻ҪңǵǸǸûĺӡ 
лĳһȻ۾ᰲţҧø 
˵лĳϰģ˵лĳСʱܺã缺˵ģʱϡһҲܷϡ 
𾪵Ļǰ̽ȫȻ֪ӻţµ׷ɱ»ĺúãԶֵĻ 
ʱԺﻹһ𾪵ͷʦ˵Ƿҵġʦ֪ġ 
ͱϤģй뻨Ĭɿ˵ŸлϤ 
Ȼǡлĳ˺ѷε뵽˺ˡ 
ôǸǡӰͻȻ뿪ͬʱ˵˾òҪԭҲǱġ 
Ҳʦ˺Ӱڱǲ֪Ӱ 
лĳϵľڲᣬ˵ʦЭ̺˵ġǶñǣУ޹ģ޹ӦпֵȨ 
ôӰôִҪɱΪ֪ʦлĳϲ¶κ˽ıǡôݣ̾ôĺĻ˱ɱлĳϻʹ࣡ 
ʱԺͷһôݶĲ밡ԸǼٵġĲҶܽޣڱ˵ѡ 
ʱѾմѪŪЩʹˣڳ˰ڳһŵӿлĳϺͱȻ˿жֻƲסĲš 
˼ЩԾӷŵľл˼ǰлĳϽѨơ 
лĳһľȻĲϣڵϣεĿűáһ伸ԼġԲ 
˿̣ùƶЩվȵĿ˶ţһֻҪǾҪȫ䶯ļơ 
뺫˵ĶͬŵĺӰ𣿡ЩȷˣҪ֤ʵһ¡ 
˵⻰ʱڳ˶һȣֻǰӣвһ 
ĹίʵĲ 
Ҽ˵ţ֪ΪʲôִŵҪɱһ˰ɣô޵ľ;лĳϣĺӣлĳϲֵĻǸöӻܸ˵лĳϣ֪ʧȥ׵ζ˰ɣ˽¡ 
תȥ׵ƽűҸõأΪʦͬҲҪȥ˺𣿡 
ʼնлĳϣûдң̵˵ţ˵ܾܽͽܣҪǲϲĽǾ͵ȫĹƨˡ֮ңڵһˣʱʦԱΪĸĸԺ󻹿ҵģǵñҪעֻһˣֻа£檡 
̣Цˣڵ㻹Ҫö𣿡 
˵ĺݺݵĵһۡ 
漴ϵЦ߰ɣ 
ҵͷЦ˵á 





ʮ

ŨȾ÷Թ֮ӦǴʱͬﴦɼİɡ
룬뱱Ҳزȥˡ
˼·ƾɽһʼʢҲ콫ˡʱɽ֦ͷ߰ߵĺ죬ľ֮ҲȻ⣬һȻɫ
Һͱײ֮ôһ˵ɺ
ձ뿪вƽһԵĹԹԸں档ΪθſвƱ·;ĵ£Բźͱ·ţһƬ
ּĴϢ˴ʱ˲ʿԾ֧Ҫġ
ʱǽ˳ΣʱȫȻ̯άʦһѡȡ
űЦĳҷġ
бǡ
ҺͱվûʲôһദǵĽٺ
һϣôûûεģûмǹҵġ
ҲףôܣʹôڼЦˣᵽʱﶼţο곡Ϸˣ顣
һ·ϣűѵģҲԽԽû֪ݺݵİɸҵĻһת߸
Ȼܴ̼ҪѶˣҺͱǵñ˴һ·ô֧߹ġ
ڣ˲аڵ
һΣҾãԼҪŬĻȥ޹صģֻΪԼģԼͻȻˡ
һᣬҾͺܿˣʱߵĶ
˵ǽˡ
Ҳѧ۾ȻƬ̼·
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˼ҿͷˮ𣿡
̲ţ˳ôװ׾ģȻ˼Ҫԣ󻰡ǸҩĻԼڶЩˣȻ˻ҪҪ
һߡҪ뿪ʱҸæס˼ңֲǲ֪ж㣬ıȵ
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ھǵǷ˶УҲֻΪ⡣
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Ǻǣ˼˵϶ôΪʲôҪǰ
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··Ҳ٣Ⱳ˵мĺÿ𣿡ʵ൱һ
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ڵǾͲƽˣǿڱȽϺáʣ޶ѣǷ֮ܽ͵İûУҾԼ̬öԷоԴǣġ
ǿ϶ģҪǱ֪˭ôȱ£ҷǰéӿϣ
˼ЩˣæڣҺҵܵˣ˼ʩԾ֮ͣһЩʳˮ׻˵ˮ֮ؽӿȪ౨պлᣬܱܵصݻԱ˼Ƶµĵˮ֮
ҾűȽǵ֮ˣУȡ˼ͬ鰦ԭʩҲҪģ˭˵ؤҵ˾޲ˣ
˰ϵʳˮݺݵңҲգҲգٲҸ㼱ļơ
˼ҵһᶨʳˮʮֵĸлģҲ֪ˣ˼ضҲĲ͵㣬ڼǾͳԲ¶һɣ
ϲ⻰ǰƯĹĳûԼ֮͵Ķˡ
ʵ̫ˣ֪ʵҵġ˼ֻһԣ˿һ˳پ֮һΣסҡ
̻ǳԵĵģԴʧȥӺŮжûһԹˣһտҰĴ£ĸо
߳ԱЦղŷպ˵Ĺʵǿɼһߣպʳ䣬Լȥƭȥר˺ͯ֡
ƵĳԺúɫʱˣţ˼ɫЩȥϢɣ·ϲȫ
Щ͵ĿңССܵܺúñˡȻת뿪
⻰Щֱ̱׵۵ҡ
ЦЦԶụ̂ͱˡ
ŵ֡
ң⡣
ҷߺ޵ĵ˼Զĵط˦ȥ
ȻҡͷЦ
ݵҧгݣ
Ҳѧŵ֣˼ҵĲӸȥʵҲȫ߲ˣֻ˲ʡ
˺һЩ·ȷڸԼΪǰѾǾ·ˡ
˼ͣתĵָˣߴˡ
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ǾûߴοЦЦ
ҼҸʲôϵҺͱ޳ܼ̹ȻЦţ˼һѼʣǲסҼҰɣ
˼׿ʶǻۡԵ
ҸʳˮѾ御ˣƾʲôסҵĵط
ΪʳˮǲҪסĵط
һȻ˼ҺңΪʲô
ҲĳһŮθҵܵҲ˵Ĳᡣ˼ҳǽ¶޻ҰʲôΣգʱ˼ҵľ֮;ͱ˶һ٣˼ҲԼĺ֮Ҳ˷֮١οҼǵ˼ҸղŻҪúñأǱص̻ڣʵж֤ɫݶľܣοأǵȻѡõطŰ
 
 
ǰŮӵһƶ鶯ʵѰ˵ʣһеУԼӾĻںޡ 
֪̯̾Ǿû£ǰ˵ǵ˱ضǴͷġǣտʼȷǿ˳۵ģôھǺԶԶġ 
ԼʱҲǰŮһǾ֮⡣ 
ҺͱһԵ˼ңűΪ*̬Ĵ𸴡 
ã˼ƺЦŶ˵Լݣұһ 
ҺͱЩɺţѵҲд־ʾǵǰ棬ҶȮҲֹһ 
Һͱ˵طԭô¡аԶԱ˵ӦòѰɣ֪ǲǱ˵ӡһĥһͨһҹֱ 
ʱ˼ҳҺͱĶſڡЩЦˣ˼ҼҾһޱû㡣ûŰɣ 
Ƿˮѿ֮ձһ͵ͷ䡣 
˼ҵЦһȭվȵģҽˣҲˣ 
ѹ˼˵ŮżխˣҴʱѾȫȻľ֮ͣӦӿȪ౨ġرļ 
ҩıӰԽԽԶֱˡʱڿԽȥ 
ͷ 
Ҹűΰ˹յĴӣڵԺڡ 
滨ݴӦǼ򵥸ɾ 
ԺֵȫϡĲҩԱиСĲݷƾͬеľ飬Һͱһ϶ǿ϶ҩ 
ҩһЩƿƿ޹ޣҴţֱҩԣȻڱԵ㣬壬һ˼ҲԲôࡣæ˵ţԼҲ˺ü 
ʱҺͱս̫Ͼһʳ 
ǰҺͱ˵Ķ̫ˣ˱˵еҩȻȫȻǸˣʱҲԪˡ 
ñúϢһĥ󣬿ɲҰϵĴϢһϡ 
Ӧˣһ˯˺ 
Ҳҩ¯ߴ˸Ȼīļ㵷Ū˼Сˡ 
ԱʰɾˣҺͱ߳˼ҳ˽ 
濴һܴԴԣܱ鲻Ǻȷʵޡ 
Ƿ۵һ٣ǵĵ׺֦ͷ룬ʱʤա 
Ҿˣľˣ⣡ȹҵ 
˵쳣ͿܣǮܰѷӸǺá 
һ͵ı飺㡣 
Ȼ˱гۻʮļ۸һӶǺܴķӣĸǺˡ 
ͻȻ䳤ķӣġ 
Ӿ͸˼ҵĶ棬֮µԵ 
˳˼ҽһ£ԺҾھˣʱ仹ԴţŶ˼ûš 
ֵĿŹ˼ңߵһߣֿˣ˭㵱ʱҵʯһһԼҵĵض𣿣ϻҡ 
˲ȥһǫĺҪԺʲô鷳֮仹 





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ǮӾǺãڳﹺ˲ٵĲҩڽһµϸĵ£ѾĲˣҲָ߳ɵӡ
ҸˣճҩеĶ֣ҪǴвƽ̤棬ȻоǴھӵӡ
ӹҲǼҴҵ⡣
ҩڳ򲻵ģҺͱûǸȥɣҲֻеȥ͵ˡ
ݴھӼҵҩҺͱһ⣬˱ضͬйأݱ֪ģӦͬźǰġ׷̡ˣ˼ҶˣǱӦóΪʦġ
ҺͱѾٺͬŹҹʲôֻԼֻʣʮˣǾ͵֪͵ڲ֪Ļӹ
ۿҪʮƽʮ֮һû꣬Ǹġ
Һͱ鷿Ʊӳó̫ɹȻ۶۵ʣô죿ӹĻ̹ǮҲ̫ˣ
ʹûӦңҲ޷ֹжûֹˣ
һ˰ɣشĺһ˿Ļ
ãҾˡ
Ҫʲôе㲻ĵ鿴ңϾӺһлǲҪ̫ߵĺá
ˮϷϷȻͻȻǵʲôƵĲţǺͺ̵мڸӣھȥд
ȰʲôʱѾ鷿ĥīˡ
̲һÿ춼ţֻҪҩĵʱųȥһ磬Һõĵȵ˴Ҵҵĳ֣Ŀҡ
ЦеĿ˧ŮʢŶ
̽ӹӣɻĿţʲô
Ҿ֪ס˲顣ˮֿȵӣǳϷν
Ȥ˵꣬ŭĴң֣ôһ徻طôԸ
˼ûϵǵҪŶҵſڡ
ҼҡҡǺڵʱûһԼΪңڵĻں֮ԹԼˡ
ŷ߷߲ƽĺ̸ˤȥҵһζݺ֮ˣôĳµһҲһεıܾˣҶԷǸͷӡ
ֿʼоˣ̲סź̵һ󺰣ҾˣҾˣҾ;ˣߣ
Լɼһ˲١
ˣ޵ʱⴴ޵ļֵ
ҾвƱϣһ·糾͵ϣò˵ǺܴģҺܿľټһͶǰ̵סš
󣬻һ飬ҵˮİš
ҵϷ֮˵ҪȥϷһƵںεأҴŵĽһµλãԷ˻ᣬҳٹͽ˵ǧЩԥǹȥλñϾ̫ƫԶˡ
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µЦˡ
ǸǮǣ
˵ⲻϻ𣿵ȻۺƱ
ԷֺǺǵ˵̫вˣûϹһĶظˡ
ҸϻʱȺӶҲ͸յ
ЦеİѱһȺԱɺңôԵΡ
Ҽֱ˵˵ǽȥȻҪȫֲۼſڡ
Һ˵㡣
Ҷ˵ҽ͵ǼҵĿ
һ֣Ͳ˵ʲô߹ȥȺָ˧һϳԿ͵İͷ
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ҡͷվЦЦ̾Ϣðɡ
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˵˽ĺܣʼɡ
ȻźţΪ˭ôųô󶯸ɸꡣһǶô尡ճҺ͵ܵϣԺĺദϷҪǲǳˣʲôǻһ
˼ҵȷͦ¶ģôһ˵ЩˣҸϽһˮҼסȵĶֲ裬ֺõ˵ţϲϿζϿζҲϸ滹ʮֱѡأ
 
 
ẕ́˵ӣЩ˼Ŀҡ 
ߣ֪ҵ˰ɣԺſڵܻÿһ·ˣÿ˶ҪһŹע͹ذǻ 
ϷľתºͣϻĳҲװģ˶Ľ뾰ٵʮֺá 
Ϸ˾Ȼܿġ 
ҼͦõģһˣǮ 
̨ϵ˿ңǸмְвƵķֺ죬ھôһ£˸ֿˣǱʱҪ߸˵ԭء 
̨ӳˣ̼ԼΧ˸׮ԭĺɫЩҲסˡ 
ҿڣҪȽ׮ӺռɳǬ 
Ҳ֪Һ«ʲôҩҰЩ͹󣬵ʱҲָֻн˺󣬾ͻԼĵˣ֪ҵడ 
Ұ볶£ڿ翪˵һȻһж 
ǰ·һϣ֪̲ûСְԵ 
ȽڣʶûңͶű˵㲼󣿡 
ǫòӦţ㬵ȥȥ裬ǽĵûҶġ 
̫ǻģʰ÷䡣 
Ȼһ죬ȻδĸԺǳˡ 
̻ȥʱŷԭȵɺˡ 
֪£΢һ˵Ϊһëˣ̻ŴǴһ 
Թ˵סˣЩ𣿡Ǳţ̷һưĳɽɣ 
֮ǰ˼һǺܶ 
֪ǲЩˣԴǳһûָоޱϤȥˣùλˡ 
ЩãȻˣҸùģʮһ͵϶ǲˣѵǼīĻ 
ʮҵˣʱ̨ϷһѲˣҾǰˡ 
ѾѾˡֻҶˣΪɽׯǱ߲þţûͳֻһⱨƽ 
ǱߣѲˣ˵ɵʵѶˣ˶ǼðľͲ˵ˡ 
Ҳȥ˭ôһǮҵס 
ҵʱ;ҪʡŻġ 





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ɺҶͬʱˡ
ɴ󺰴еġ
ҶҲûʲôƢһŻñӶһҳ顣
һ۵ĿŴ˵һ֧ɢڵصһ꣬һҡͷ̾ΪǴ·
˲裬ЩԾĿҡҲǲ֪ͻݵ֪飬Ǻʣ˵Ӧøյһ죬ôôˣһģ
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˵Ǳɵˣ
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ЦЦҪĽĻҪԺҪദˡ
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ЦǱһҡͱ˳֮졣
˵ʿұ˵ԸΪãǾͲǱˡ
˶Ͼʲôֹͣ⡣
Һʣô֪ģ
Цԭµ˵ⷽԲǧĸ֪סλ绪ˣһ׷̡ˮһʱϷͻ˽ǧƽ𡣡
Щ£ּңѴֲֲ鷳ٿúֲ˼ǾȻʮĹӶǮһ㹤̵ʮǷӣЩӶĲʳǵ¥ģæͣҵ졣ܵˣҲֻˡ
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̻֮ԽԽƽˣűɺҶֵĳһԿϷƵı飬ʱů 
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֪ǲɣܾЩףҼǵ˵͸¶ʮǰ̵ڵߣԡ׷ɱ֮ȴңżҲǰһʹ书 
֪ʲôʱΣҲǲ˵Լ취á 
վ̫˽ⱱˣǼֵô 





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ĪĳһİϵĻֳݺݵĳԼ⣬֣Լ²֡
ðɣᰲԼҪѳֲס͵ԼΰɣԼҪ뿪ԼΣҪһȵҪѲƤƵġ
ŷڵĻƣлĳڻԴĲԶֳسŵأͼҪվһѷԼͳЦ
һ£ܿƵлĳߣѸٵĿƣͷϵһԶ϶´ġ
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ھУûĽµлĳϣлĳϽקűСȣڵϱûעý˺ü
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ļĿŻŵ͵ԽԽʢʱøջ߬ؽȣоȻһɡлĳȻѾԹȥˡ
һֱܱյ챻ӡѪɫһʺĻ硣
Լºͱ𱤵ѡʱʱôģ
ʱ붼û˵ǣǸʱƨɺ泤ģǸƨɺ泤ġ
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һʱ侹Ȼ޷ڡ
һֺܴЦ˵˳ҪЩСӾҪһĶȻһЩԼҪĶͻȻ䳤˻һ̫࣬ʱҪĶҲ᲻ӵûʱܻΪųĶ̫ˣҲҪˣܾһĲֵ
֮£ȻһĲֵΪλҪµЦһԻĵʱ뵽ʲô˵ʲô
õֵǮ𣿵ʱĻԼӦǸеġ壬κ£ʱܶ˶ƵĶΪ绤ΪûɶԴֺΪ磿У˻šܸòȫ¾һ˻ŵģʹӵĺܶ࣬Ҳ޷Ҳںܶࡣ
 
 
ʱרעڵϸлĳˣʱ̫ײˡ 
Ȼԥ׼ʱʱҪ˵ʲôʱٱѾһưܵŮӳˣһҲھȻ 
һ۾ܿǲ£ٱ龡۵ף¶ȵ˵ȥʱûκλ 
ĻȥٱûκӣҲ׼ֹΪűٱӰǲ˵Ĺȥ 
ӣŮڻвʱ䡭̣ܶ½ʱж硣ٱȻڱ֣˵顣 
Ŷ˼;𳡵ģԸģȤšѾµˣҶܿ͸һˣϣʧġҲæķԸԣάĵ壬ֻΪ˰Լġ 
²֪ 
˳̶ӦǸϵűյġлĳһԲְҵϰߵǰ̽ơ 
лĳѾָ߲㣬𲻾ϧԼõʱһţ˭ϢĽһ˴ӱƤ°ŪȥͬʱűлĳûбҪ˵ѣµȷЩ졣 
ʱ˼ΪлĳΪڴˣΪδɸβɲΪһȷɺϵͷ 
¾ȻǻҶҲˣôܣҲ²£ڱûϰǰ뷨 
ǳ޻ȽȽлĳûκξʵֻƬֻӴһ䣺¶ϣΪԼúûȥȻزȥֻпǰ档 
վڲıڱϷ·͸¶΢΢ΣȾǼԻɵĲ룬ƺһλǷˡ 
ȻӦµҪʦԱûĿڡûӦɣתĿƽͶ䣬ЩԾִ١ 
ҶûУԺӰھΣʱҿ԰㡣ǰһӣƽޱߵûǧİƣȴ쳣˼ᶨ仰ǳԽκκɽ˵ĳŵݲκβɵġ 





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ҹĺܣʱÿ˶Ӧ˯ĸһܳܳˡ
ɵסȥƿš
ɿڴߣңɫ԰ףִϢȫ޵ӣͷͻЩ滺ܿ
ɻ͸ˣ΢΢ŲͬѰ۰ɫڵӰ»Щɫȥʩȥûõӡ
ҲǸ뿪ûõİɡ
ƽôϲµɣʱȴۣһ㶯û
ɼңЦЦ̾˿Ǹˡ
ҵ˱ˮݸ꣬ѨƵڴϣƿδϺõѡ
Ϸĵطһڣ廹ôɳ̲ӵĸоҲ֪Щڵ㲻һʱͻʧ
Ϊһȷȷйˡ
̽һᣬȻ̾Ϣˣԭˣһ׷ɱֱҲֱӣҲпˡ
ЩȵĿңһش𣺡̫˽ⱱˡ
ʹǱȽϵĹƣڱҲǲڻµģֲĹơȴҪܹԼϣԼϢţֱϢʳֻһɽš
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һҧʿ׳ӡ
δȼԼŵߣЩɫһȻƤһЦԱ˽Ŷ
ʱδеʲôʣЩĵɣɫѿɣãżĪҡͷ͵ǹĺһЦ
ʱ˼һỹ˾䣺ˡ
ʹʱЩĪ񱱺һ̹ϵĻش𣬡ʮ
ͻԼķˣڶʱ򣬹ƶͻȻ̵Щܣɢأʹʰš
ôôĵ״ɼˣʰţñѹתȥɣʹҺˣҲʹ˵ġ
ˡȻɳȥӦһ£ҴŪˡ
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ñΪͽΪڵѾ߱κεֿǿƵĹЩִҾǼ֡
ǷģѾ¥òˣһǶǵġ
ҿʼҲҪһ˵Ľٺˡ
һһߣҪҪöûǣҡ
վճͽܣʹûĿڣԾɱĽš
ǽʦþζˣһ뱾ɿȴ񱱺ˣǶҲû
뿪ĳһӰƮУ׿ԽηãһԭǴӰôɾվɽ·ڣô᲻䣿
˵÷µĻҪŵġ
˵ﱧһԼƷôƢľͷ˵ˣûûȴů֮ˣ˵ˣΪͽٺʲˡ
˵뿪ʱӦǷĵġ
˵ҲԣʹпܣҲлúúõġ
˵ԣ˾ܺá
˵ٺòˡ
ȻһһУԣ޻
Ĵ磬һϣˮȻ۷۵ţŪģĸҲƴʡ
˸ˣڵʱûж½ңǽҪˡ
ġֲĹơͲ֪һ㣬ʹʱͲסˡ
ÿʹڵʱ򣬾ͻ󱱺º͵ĴڼϣüĿ龰滺Щ
ŴǰԹֻۡģ߻غϣȴܰĵںϡ
 
 
ΣʹˣϢִǿ֮ĩˣʹ̲סˣҲΪԼ̫ˡ 
ûһϤˣ˭˻Ƹ˭ģ 
ʱ䣬ջûˣҲǣѪƮ磬мܾ裬ʹУҲƽ֮ء 
Ŵɣջûа͵ġҲЩ޵˸ûĶˣȻĵõĶϦ۳ 
Ϊʼûǰĺˡ 
½ˣ뿪ʱлĳϢǰ£ʹûϦһɿ飬ԾߵĹ׵ġ 
˵˼ϲ䣬䲻٣ֻһ̯꣬ѡ˵ϻʲô 
˵һ䣬ллֲһ䣬Բ 
ʱҲҸô˵ģҲҸøԲ 
 
ĪĳһİϵĻֳݺݵĳԼ⣬֣Լ²֣һжģԼܵѾܲ˸ӵʹˡ 
ɽܱйţӦ׾ݺƤ廨ԺĸסѫϵɽԪɽӣúøһƱģ˭֪˵۾ؼ⣬͵һԵСʹ᯷ӡˡ 
һɺĹʲôơһչװǮǮ˭֪һ͵ĳ˻Ҳ飬ʶֻͷ۾һƬĻ֮С 
Ҳ̫˼ˣҪ˵ǱӦˬеҲֵѽ 
ðɣ͵ԼΰɣԼҪ뿪ΣҪһȵҪѲƤƵģᣬСϰ澳һ˳ԼҰο 
ʱɿŷڵĻ**ԾȻлĳڻԴĲԶֳسŵأƺվһѷԼͳЦ 
һ£ܿƵлĳߣѸٵĿƣͷϵһԶ϶ˣ»˭أ 
ڣֻʣлĳһˡ 
㱵˵˵һ仰Ҳɼ˵ӦҲֻлĳˡ 
ʹôⲻ¿鶼ҪԼģģǣñôѵľѡ 
һһ䣺ȥˣһ߸лĳˡ񻹲ȺħĻء 
漴олĳһŷҲһֱŻơ 
ͻȻԼ̹һ㣺ˣһͷڱӳɢĿ£ֿ֮;ĩ· 





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ıͬնˣôãߵҲֱǰԤС
߰ɣδǻȥлˣѾ֪ͨ͵ġ
ûӦʲôԭزһᣬǸеŮӣһϰɡлˡ
ǰȻӣɶԼǷʶǰĮĵı棬ĮȴԣȾЩɣֽ׵ĵһ㡣
Ȼ鷲ȴմš
ˣѿڶһ鲻Խ
´ʮꡣαӦǱǰЩ
һԣǱһ㡣
ԹԵ̸лýһԼռ䣬ЩΪζⳡԼֽİΣһ㶼ġ
ʵҲǺԼԺǣ˼ҵģָоûйģʹѵʱԼԾʱ
Լ󣬲ףԭѣ֮ѡ
ɸжΪƹƣϧǰͬºͱദĵΣ̺żദĻ棬ǻ᲻ԾЦǣ
ɴСŲѵûôʱ֮ѵʹְλΪԼ֣ڷ绨ѩ¡
ɲŷԽԼԽпУֿҲԽݼŵĿյĳס񡭡˵ԽԽûûˡ
δУɸڱߣȴֹУԼӦˡ
֮һ£űʹ涾ֻҪһЩʱ䣬ӭжġ
ϣȴ˵һ𾪵Ļ
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ΪֵĲǺܶ
ĿһɣҪȥúҪ͵
۽ǿʼЩ鴤ˣ֮صı飬ãһԼĴ㣬Լȷˣǰλϵʦȥúǡ
뿪ʱɡҶúôŵġ
Ҷϰûӱ˵ıιȻܽĳˣӦȥ뷨
¥ѾҶԺģˣѾԼûʶˡ
ѵԼִһȦӵһȦءҶµģǰǸȦԼʶ룬ΣӲˣԼԸˡ
ҲҶɵĴҹ԰̼ŶĴȤţĪ԰ʲôϷû͸ģѾͷӶŤתˣڻҡ
̾ͲҶͻݵ˭˵׼أ
ҶƫƫһŮӵĳԹ֪ˣҵûС˵أ̡
̰ڳһ̬룬ԹĵҲįҲģϷҡˡ
ҶһȺԩܿ໹Ť棬񺮲һƿʼӿЩ̣㶼һˣͲóЩӦеķ緶
ЩҶѾͷûװʲôţ˼񾭱Ƚϳ鴤Ѿͷã֪غ͹ذˡ
֪ˣ⼸ռʲôģûС
͵ңһƵļ
УûԺ̬ĥĥģﻹߴߴġ˲֪һҶû˼϶ֱʺûвڵ״Ρ
ƶ϶δˡĸôһ仰ĿԶǡ
Ҷǲ֮ͨˣЩ̵ĵԼŵģ־òìܡǰʱ䣬ܸоµȻԼµΪֹԵòķΧе֡
Ҷ뻹ǵȱ˵ɣҶʺ̵ģԼϣû˼ԼֻǿӲ㣬ţҸµأ
һɣҶЩµĿźˤߡֻæ׷ŵǸͷҲء
̵ҲǸСӼƽϡֻǱ뱾׷ǣڻû꣬ԲûӦ˵յҩҲĲˣҪȥǰ뱾оо
ɡлˡԼӻոջָòᾭ۵ڵĿĵء
ҶĵĽţˡת򱱺ϵλŮӣûһ¡ֵأ
𣬡Ҷл˺λȥϢ
ҶǵűҶûʹȴе˵ĸоΪûס
ʱ򣬱ҶѺ̽Ҷ·ѣҲԭ򣬾ȥˡҶ֣ںԼôôûϢ
лĳϺͺй֮Եģ̹Ľʦ壬˦˦֣ȻͬҲ͸һҺ̾ͺˡ
ҶͦȶľæǸһƲȻͷתԷһҶ֪ʱ߳ŭͷЦԺ˵Ϊġ
 
 
󣬱ɽȥķʾʽȻЩҩ裬ɺúϰ 
ǲҪȥ£ҡͷ˵ȥһЩѡ 
ڶ죬ɣ˭Ҳ֪ٴ뿪һ飬Цſ˵Сã˵ˣҪԸΪͽҪԸ⣬Ҳʲôѧ 
ɴ磬ȷô˵ģЩɺţ˶еЩ֡ 
ɣҴӲƭŮˡ 
ģԱߵлˣһ·ϱʼûƺһҲûһɰӴǻ 
ɲϲĲΣ£϶ѾԼˡת룬Լôˣϲ⽭дôãȻΪô㲻µ½š 
лЦŵͷ˵ŵͷԴӷӦԼԽˣһİĵռ;ҪץסһɽȻ˵ԭȾһ졣 
ڿʼҪʦ֣бʦˡ 
㣬ôû㺰ʦ 
Ҵӿ׵ģ㻹Сˣ 
ʮߡ 
ʦ֣ 
ǣʦ֡ 
زĵطǺûģ˼ʹ˼˵Ӧ 
л˺Ҷ൱ĳԾ˵Ƕ֪Ҳͬŵˡ 
л˽ɵģ֪뿪ҲͶͬŵģǱͬ˽ᣬͷ 
лˣԺһǼѧҽɣξҵרŶʦҪѧҲԡ 
ǲȥͬˡ 
һĻشţпܡȻ濪⣬ʦʲôְ 
ᡣ 
ɺ޳ٻĻشЦеĿֱܲˣл˺档 
ɼŴ˾ʼЩЩҶ侮ʯЦţ˿̣Ҷڳصһˡ 
Ҷ֪л˵ĹϵҲ֪ǰл˾ȻлĳϣΪǱģ֪ӰԱԱ̬ȡ 





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̣ͬһһӽҲԯޡ
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˷׷ǰ˵ˣŻ١Ե˼׵ı̾һ󣬶ΪشҪȻƮıˡ
ʦܣӲ֪к£֪ŴܸһɡӰŵʮƣһҲ̩
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δԸϣıˣҶΪȫԣҪ˷֮˵ˡ˵ĺܶԣ˷ѿɳܡ
΢ЦţʧӰʱڵƾ伣Ӱۣէ֡
֮ҲǻȻӰҲû˼ԼⱧˣЩ뿪˴
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һһıһ۵ĸоҲûС
ǵ˵˳ҪЩСӲҪһĶȻһЩԼҪĶͻȻ䳤˻һ̫࣬ʱҪĶҲ᲻ӵûʱܻΪųĶ̫ˣҲҪˣܾһĲֵ
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ȱʱѾʼʢӰˣԽŻġ
ʵⲢȫȻĲ٣;ֻкһ֣϶ķ䡣
˵ҪԹ壬һҲν¡
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һû˸Ҳģ˵壬ضѿ˼ԴҥԲ̬ӰҲͷз
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֪ţ˽ԾޱĻ
ҹʸͳ𣿡Ļһʮ˿УȻڶ**ÿЦɸոռʶ˱ʵټϱ׿Ȼʣ̩Ȼ飬ݵĳ嶯
 
 
ʹŽԼʵչֵǿڳıϾ**ԱĻǼǵĴڡ 
ԣ浱ȻͣһбֵһģȻ˵ʲôȻսȨҲ񻨳ռ˱Ůһ´ţ֧㣡Ա߻ҪݵţȷλԱȫ龰 
Ĺң 
ڰԼ 
ǵڿջǰѻйأΣ 
ʹ뷨Ļشǲɫһ£ѡл˸ңתֱӸңֻһֿܣΪǰȣ⳥ġǸܻƽϵˡ 
˵꣬绪ĵһЦ漴ֵȻο޹ء 
˼ˣϧˡʲôֻ⡣ 
Ϊһ仰ʹ಩භܷ£ 
Թ޸ı䲻ʲôʱ򣬶λȡֲŸмֵͶõ£ҶʮˣҲˡ 
ֻҪºִӱ 
Ҳ֤Ҳɱ˺Ӱ 
ˣǻ̵׷ɱյķ 
öжİɱңҲɱ󡭡˵⣬绪ŵ㵭ĮƮ˵Ļ̴ܸ룬Ҹ紫˵һ㣬𣿡 
ʹԼǺԼĻڳ˼ǰʽıͻȻ£ұ˿̵ľ֮ˡȥֻŵᲢˣڳ˶ڱĻ˴롣뱱ֵλְɱֵף˵츳ȫȻ׳⡣ 
ǣʱĿָ飬ܰġԣԸŴʱ컯һһˣʹְ 
һͷҶ֪л˾лĳϣ֪ǱĸףҲʶǱлĳϻʱ򣬸뿪ˡ 
Ҷ뿪ֻΪԼһĽڣȲҪȥˡ 
Ҷʷǰ뱾ԼҶС㣬ǧ˳ۣоʲôرģǰĿףɣҪôȥ 





ʮһ

;ĩ·ʱ򣬸Ĥ顣
磬ںɽׯ۶ԽӸôģʱ뵱ޣԽӸҲûЦˡ
ĶҹֽűģģӸҲϹЦС檻ױ
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ؿڸоѹĿ챻ϢˣͬʱһǰδеĳкͶĸУĭĴӿһ
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ɽ˲ҪڣȻٰɽһѻˡӸһ߶ıųһŭѹֵķԸ¡
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˼ǣһ֣ʹ㣬ҲȨġ仰ԽӸ
ǿһսǰ˵Ļͬҵ顣
аӮ𣿡
٣ûаջ䡣ʱʤ㲻󣬿񣬱˶Ժûգˡ
ãҵҪСжĵӡôȷ˵ɣ
䣬Ͷ״ûӮȻֱ˴˲뿪Բ֮⡣ɷ񣿡
״֪ʹ˫һԷҲش¥ѡԻһӰ졣
ЦķƵ׷κδһ㡣
Ӧ²ʹΣѣǰ´棬˵ҶһΣҸףҲҡЩЦСŮʣʲô
ٻЦ⣬ƲʵݼţùϧСĪͬ顣¶ʲôºЦ˵Ͷܻܲһ㶣ȻʶľΣ˵㣬ǻˣǰӦҵ˷ɽׯ£֣صһʹˣԶҪʹ಩
ףպӰٲ뱱ԼȷΪѡվǾЩԣȻóһҩ¸ҲʳȻϲףվǲͷ¡
 
 
֪Եʲô 
ҩܰٶҩֻպ󣬶ػһʳһ㳲 
±һһ𣿡 
ҵˣҪˣҵǲôġԡ˳·ͼˡ 
ҴӲһǸˡ˵ʱǳ 
Ҳ˵Լ֮ǰˣѡ䣬Ȩ 
ãҾͶģˣʧ١ 
һҪһŻһ˲˭ҳʱ϶һӡŮӰɣ 
ֺþƵϦҲĪиЩΣ 
ŮӦúĬɰɣ 
֪ģȻЩˡҲԼŮӣ֪Լ顣 
µġ 
ԹɵԺЦЦ 
Ҳµһ׼ҰʱҲ£ҲӦиŮӣȻҪɱǰû˻ôûӪĻ⡣˵˻Ĭɵʱ۽ŵûҪװġ 
˵֮ЦĸС˵־ĬĹεͺӰҲ³ġ 
ôһ仰˵񡣶ݺݵ˵ôȻ˦ȥ 
ʱȥֻǲôֱ뿪⣬ԽӸŲȷϺȷϣһ򲻷Ҳʦȴսˡ 
Ա಩¥֮λڹԼǲսˡ쵽һλҪοԽҲ 
ʱҲԵɣҲǰôˣκֻдʱ⡣ 
ػص׷䣬עĶ˵վǳ֮ҲȻǳ̲ 
Ҫμʮһִ᣿ 
ǡ 
ǣ㾿ҪǸȥѾ˳ͬˡ 
Ȼ뿪ȻŻˡ 
Ŷδжţ֪ 
ʱ֪ 
û˼ȥӰƺŲļûп˾ôƾʧˡ 
ԽӸ֪ⳡִվпͷġ 





ʮ

ִĹĦ˭μӶŲͷոУΪÿڻǰԲռһЩȽϺõλö˦ȥ
ԣʵ;λöȹϵġ
һ¥ĺѡ˿ͨݻڸʵݲμӣΪֻǶڲ߱һ¥ϵκ˶ԡ
ɵ᲻ͬգҪԼɡ
һϹҵϹԴġš˵Ĺ⻷ʮǰڿ壬Ϊݼ˷ɽׯĸ·ϣΪѲ۵ĵ·
ҲˣϢʮǻ
һսۣҴߣǣҲԶ޷ǡ
Դδˣأ»¶ݺݵĸɹҲûйٹִᡣ
ˣһ˵ݰʱֳնʱɰͰ˲١
ڳļҲʼΪԭϹ˵ЩطѾĴŷ̲ʳˣ˴ĬǸɽ֣ԼΪ̬
ͷ֣̽Ͳͬˣһ൱ֵġ
ڳĴĶǺѡ**ˣſͲ˵ˡ
Ĺ٣󲿷ҪǰĿͬŵĺӰ
Ӱǧ򻽰ﰲ֮أһǷ֮һĬһɫҲƽһ㣬˲ԵĵĮ
֪ĸװҲ֪˵ôһλȻҥֹھߣ̹ȻӣҥԲñǲơҲ֪ͬô־ȤͶйϸ𡣡
Сڳˣһֲ©˽ȥ
վǵȼˣ̵һõѸײڶ֮£ƬʵĴ̺꣬죬֮ʹҲС
¥ϸƬһɨ
˼ӳҲôðɣ
¥Цķ棬˭ҲûҪ׷ȥ
ʱʣʼɣ
ʼֻ̨ǲձݣ¶
ȥݵĲľߡ
ϹֶϹǳ屧ûμӣĺѡ˽ƾС
ЩԣԼҴƴպöѣͻʮֳԲ£Ҳֻǳϵд衣
ƴ۵Ӧ¥䣬ǵĸȫŻ
¥곤꣬վǲ࣬һ׷̨
ȻҲʱľĻ
һЩ֮սͲǴôĶţмѪġŸɵ书һһҵר
ǰ̨ģ֮һϸµģᳬ
Թۣһֱûгֵ˼
ʣµʮǿʱѾǴҹˣִûν;ϢʮﶼɾӢϰŲֵġ
΢ֻʣˣɫֻʣˣͬˣһˡ
˽£̨ϡ
˳ȻѧΪÿ޲̾ͻ¥۾˶̨һԵĳ嶯ʱֺӰϷ硣
ڴҶúӰʱһӰȻ䣬ʽû˾ͱ׵ķֻ
ⳡִ˵⻹ǲ٣ڳһ档
鷳áº
ǡͬŵı
ƺ̫ã뿪ͬˡ״̬ӮˣҲ档
ߣҪȥֻܰӳ̨ˡ
𣿡˫ˬЦ
ֻɲǣͽһҩ͵ĿУֱ
һ䣬һǳЦ
㵹糾Ůһģյ㰵㣬ҾҲ˾ɡ
仰мݵ壬Ҹʳҩ
޺ĶȰ⣬ɷϣʵȷҲа˿
ȻɣԾɰȻ粻٣ǱԼԭȵƺµͻơ
ֻάҩһʹҲܻѪͨ磬޲Ϣ
ллһǲ̨ڼ뺫д裬ƺֲƽһȻӡԸ⣬ʱн
 
 
ӰԱ̨󣬾һֱĬԹۡ 
Ҫʱ򣬻ǱˣӰˬġ 
ƺֲǵˣҲѾվ̨𣿺ӰϢҿһս 
ãǾͽ̡ 
ӰһαԣΣתҲתֱص⣬˲ʱԼԭȹĦλã˿޲̾һȻճȺ 
̨ڿûӰһۣܸоӰİԲˬ 
ǰ˼µʱôʮֵ鷳ΪһЩëƤС°ԼŪͷۣº󻹸ʲôսʱֻ¾һһķӡ 
ΪԼԸƽϵ£ܻỨЩ˼ȥġǱǺ޺Ӱ£ӰҲǸ֮ˡ 
񱱺ŵǣ֮ôıŤˡȻԸе̡һСҲΪ˺ӰãΪͬŵЩϸμĺá 
ġ 
¡ãλȻѡĻôӦû»صԼԭλãܸһµĳڡ 
ҲףʵΪвȫıѡ 
ԭ˾;֣һΪſѾѵһˡ 
ִҲףʲô 
˱͵ҩѾǹˣ룬ȴǸһһʱ㾡ȫ·磬ʱ̨ңȻ 
ޱЦһ仰Ǿȫ 
Ҷ̾Ϯˡ 
仰𾪲ǱΪ֪˵һսǴ̡ 
һξ͹ˣûﲻȷʺϲԸʮͷųȻĺըӰʼҵѪµ£ʹ˽˰ɡ 
ⳡִ˵ĳѹ̫ˣͻ¥˶֪жԹضǳ 
俪ʼףΪεձŵǺӰһĴܾ񵱳һ¥һǣ 
±лЩͱġ 
ͱ˱ϵǣȲ뺫ӰǣźӰԱľޣҲΪṩ١֮͡ԸԼ 
еľԽԽˡ 
ôһ˵ɫӰĽȥ 
֪ģԵһֱֻһˡӰ׷Ҳֻлĳˡ 





ʮ

ţӰ˵ˡԸ𣿡
ҪģҡҴδʧǰûУûУԺҲᡣ
Ȼ˫ãֵֻܽԽԽˡ
ԸһĶ֡
Ҳôá
Ӱ˵ʲôۿһ±ȥ
Ӱ֪ʹû˾ôãԼҲǰĶˣȻѾ˽ûҪ˷˹ۿˡ
ôһûͷһͷˮʮֲʹġ
ӰȥҲûģյִᣬӮȻǱɡ
񣬱ǽ̣Ӱ֮ģһЩǣߣһŸ߸ĽһĿռ䣬ŵģ˭Ҳû뵽ںӰĽžȻģôһƥɲĺճǸ̳ôһϵаĽ磬û׼ʲôó
û̶ͷһȻ貶ɫӰ̬ĳ̨ϡ
ϹγǸͷʹһҶ;뻨Ĭɲضãһɽһ¶ˮ
űлԼ֪
֪кδͽ̣
ôǫǫʵϹıߵ죬֪Щ֮
ϹشһʺĿԼѤȻ֣ϵʽҶҲѧһЩġ
Ϲ࣬Ĺ˼Ҫˡ
ҶҪעһŶеλ˶ڣ뻨¥лԼˡ
Σ
ñֵģ¥δ⿴ˡ
ֲҵĴ¥ȥմǲݣΪβοδŮδޣ¥ҪȢǻŮӣһҶ͡
˵ǺѣڵΪɲôŹŶ
ˣϹأ
˲ʱְ̨һһƵľʴ򶷣ǳϷһ㡣
ҶҺϹЩ̧ͷļƣȰģһᣬžŮӵһҲ̨̤һЩġ
öˣҾȿȥɡ
֮ǰҶϹѷһģһʱĶѵּء
ͬŵǶʱҶĶ࣬رЩϢҩ԰ǶӣȻ²ǰôڿˣżչһֹǣҲ͸һѧЩϵ书
ڳһЩȽϵˣûҶʹõĳ
ҶƾеĸϹ֣ϹλˣɰʱӣϹ԰ܡ
Ҷʤ̬վ̨ϣȴƽĸһȣʱһƽϵϹ˵һ仰¥ģαΪһˣ˽ꡯҾͰ仰ת͸㡣
ϹЩҶΪϵ߷߲ƽĵ£Σ
Լ˵ˣԼļ̳ˣҸˣʱԽ֡Ҷ˵껹ظǾ䣺αΪһˣ˽ꡣ
ھ׼ĳŵˡϹ޳˵
̫˽ˣ֪ҵĽȻ󣬲ϹǣҶϢĿ˵ǳ˵Ϲࡣ̨Ϊѣ˾ܾҸ̨¡ֱףˡ
ϹһȷĶݣҶ΢ԼʲôʱҲַԴսԼףͻȻ£һЩˡ
ʹ˿̣޷򶷶΢΢ҵϹಢ̨ǰɾٻЦһ޷顣
ҶҪҲˣһǻῼԱߵλġ
ȻٻӰʱ˵̨¡
ʱֻ̨ʣҶͱˣϮҶ޷̬ʱ֪»ղˣ϶˵ġ
ҶҳҶôʱԾƽһز֪ߵغӣ̲סŭ⣺Ͷ֣ɼ̣
Ҷֳôһ˵ޱ֪ô̵Ĺϵأ
ޱȻʮֻϲ˵ڴǽתҶ̽
ҶЦţǵȱڵ˼ǣڷİ̽Ҵˡ
ǵģĻ̵ĳŵ
ãһҪԶˣ𣿡
ǵģ̡
 
 
ɾ̵Ĵˡһֱδ𺦣ұ˽ӦǸ顣 
Ȼ֪Ҫ֪ôжǳ룬ޱûʲôɫģĻ̯ģҲ÷ֻա 
ֹޱڳ˶ʾȣҶ֪Щǲںġ 
˵һִ֮ѡĴţֱӹϵģȻɹϷһˡľˣ̲ûֱӹϵ 
ҲǴ̶šվ̨ϵľˡ 
֪ɺΣ 
ˡ˵һУԡ 
ˣ 
ңɣᡣҶҲҪ 
ҲŲҪҶǵĴϣ뵽һ¥ȥ£ 
ҶҾҪȥھܵİɣЦã˿òûûˡ 
εȷ绪֮ˣû˻˭Ǽɹ۵սۡ 
Ҷôһƣһ¥¥ݵһڴй 
Ӱͬźͻҵĺܣ֮ȣ𱤴ӵ̵֧֣ĻޱЭѾǷͬһˡ 
أһ¥¥ȻƵЩ̵ܹĴˡ𱤣˿֮鲻ǳͬлޱЭʵͬǲɺԡ 
˵Ľ֡ĻߣĳߣΩֲߣӵţڴҿٰ 
һ£ȽͻȻ£һһµʱ䣬ԭڴɱ̲ʳĵ̣һĶزѹλˡ 
ɴʽӹ̣Ϊʵˡ 
ɽׯׯͻȻţׯһλΡ 
۾˶ĳͬŵľٶƺĺîˡϷһڵһ¥Щ״󣬾ȻҶ˳洦ҶƺֻȻΪ˵һ¥һӡ 
˵Ҷαˣ 
Ҷ˵ҵġ 
ԻͳȫִﺣɽׯվѲ̵ľ 
ޱɵ·£˳԰Ӵ˺лĳϻ㲻ˣͬһ 





ʮ

ѡ
ɱڰɣ㸽֪įȫɵԼͿҶϸϸƮѩûһݵĺ˼롣
һ¥¥ϣʿۼһãλǱڻʱҲӦôһ棬ôĵȻһǬ¡ӡȴֲ֪ȡǬ¡Ȼ׳ǧ򱶡
ήҵɣЩǿƵĹڶͷģٶשǹӰɧʹ񣬶ҪһкڣҲֻһʱϵ©
ǰЩνһƵͷбԱ**͵ųԵԱһֲȾŢ֬ϢģȻճһվɵ׵Լ·׵˽ܱߵĽĻȥֱΪԼҵһڡ
˭񱱺Ϲǳͻôȷ̬ԼģԼҪġ
ҶĿӱѩصĴŲ˽ΡıһůĺƤźľΣԼ
ڱҶߵ⼸꣬ΣҶոձƤѰůһԼβ¶˵ߡȻǰһ·β棬ԼϰսԵԼ޾ǰǰʱǰʼ󣬲ǱˮһսϤһ־Ӹµ̬
Ҷͣβ汱һ·ƴĽ־ʿǣᵽһεԭӲ԰׵Ҫʱıӯ߾ǿǿһֳɳܳΪŵĻʯ
ҶһֺܰȫƽͶִ̼ĶҶĳԣԸԣҶҲȫûԼΪһµԼ
Ҷ˼ϵĶСѩʱܺĵȰããһءװȷҪɱ˰㡣
ľ棬ͬȴνϵѹĽӿڣȻƴȼսͳһ߾Եǿ߶š
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Ĵŷһ¥ͬţ̣ԭɢҵɶ֮¡һ⣬ź͹ȡǲ˵ˣŵˣûգҲûշˡ
ĳ򱱺¥ɷεıˣϹǳòְţҶϢȵĿԼҵӡԽڱߣӰ֮еģȱϯ
ҶԱһԹԵĴΣҲƿġ
ƶԱ΢ЩжµģѸɸ꣬ȻԼͽܰ**ߣԼЩ̫ɵλá
У¥ﻹЩģԼȫȻѾȫˣȻôһӶȫӮʡ
ʵײˣά˶ʮ˼⣬ǱżĶԱҲȥǼ֮ȾͶĸ˵Ϊôĸһūʲô
ʱĸ׻ɸֵĳһӣĸ׻ȻһЦ֮ƵʵȨ࣬Լ֮֮ӣ丸Ϊ˺·лʹżꡣ
񱱺ܸṩһбϵλ˭ֻ˻ˮ᲻壿ο𱤵š
Ҷͣᣬ䶼Ϊ˵һ¥ҪĴ֮һʣһȻɣ̾͹ڵˡ
ʣµһ£ǵһ¥¥ʱѾڵһ¥Э¥˳ᢵ¡һ
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䣬ڽҪͷǸ£ʹġ
ҲƳĻ쾫Ӣɹƭ͵ͨ³˹д⣬Ҫƫƫ˿ȻĴ֮ġ
Ѷͬһ¥ˣһڣΪʦĵʱ򣬱Ȼµһ¥·
׵ǱȻȻռɽΪȻˡ
ʱһ̹˵ǸͽʱһֱԼĶϰʦȾˡ
ᵹνϱˣʫ׵Ҵ򣬺οܿܿ
ֻǣῴʦҲҪԱۣΪֵã󱱺һ֮ˣû۵³Ρ
Ҳͬ죬ȻȻȥֻδֻƾղ֪Ĵļ¸
ºŹش٣ԼСӵ·һҾһ߽ۿۼҲɹ
Ȼʱ˵ǲΪ©֮ġ
۴ɽ˭Ϊ˭ŮռɽΪҪ١ȸסڣҲǴǮĿöѺ´·ٽǵʱƾ־ءˣŶӽǮˡ
ֵʱῴһ°ŵһߣ鳡ϸһ䣬ڵʱòˣ˲ʶ
֪кδͽ̣
ͻ¥ְɱУԼĴҲ䵽ͬɥ֮ȮĵزڶԼľȡҲûʲô˵ˡ
ڣ¥ҪһʱлָҲʲô£ֻҪ޳ǰԼټ¹˭ֻһأ
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˵ʱһ˫˫ţ
ЦУһĻ˵ɷЩЦˣ˳ٿȳЩѪȻ˳˹ȥ
Ǯƹˣ˾ˣ黹չġ
ҩ˰ºȫˡӴ˳ϦദҲͶһ԰ĳԹŮ
أص̣ϰԵԼԭȵסֱĸ绨ŮƺŽȻ˹ԼȷʵǱˣǮ겻ص֡
ܵһ¥ұʱѲӰҶʼæŵһ¥񣬿Ҷִ˲ƣΪ˸Ӵŵĵһ¥ʱ˵ıӣ֮࣬ȻĺҶһһæеǹս֮С
 
 
أ 
԰ȥʱѾˣӰҲȻĿŹƽǰµ󷨡 
һ̳Ϻõһ밵ϵĻһͬƲĳˮ˾ӡ 
£ôиޡűĵ޿κΣⳡֿɱˡ 
̫ʹ޵µĶԼʱﲻ߶ţ£Ĳʱ 
һΪ߱ǣΪԩԩ౨ʱ 
ĸ׵Ҫиᡣ 
ůһת 
ȻȲĸ׵νһ֮֮һҸ̥еáǱˣҪǼƽһ»ٺһΪѰ˼ң 
ߣлĳ**и֮ƻ˵ļңѵͲ𣿡 
ǺǣӰôСһ㡣 
ӺӰŭɣỺ˵Ҫ׷Σĸ׵壬Լ鷴ǱǸҪ޹ĳһУĸҲдԼȲסԼɷ򣬻˼־һʬ 
˶٣㰮ŮˣĬҪİ˺ͺأΣ 
ЦķƵӰʱ߳ŭ 
һᱱּ˵Լ޻˵οĸҲһһҪΪ˭͸ø߹١Ѱ˼֮оͲôĵ뵽ô޹֮˵ȥƽһ֮˵㲻ǣԣֵڡ 
ѺӰ˵ϧ۶ĺӣӰлĳϵҪˡ 
·¡ʴĲˮʱӦҲĲ̰ɣڻĬصҲǲ޳ɵİɣ²Խġʱǲ¶˵ġ 
ĬԸӦúͺӰĸһްɣһ۾ڲһɳӡӰҲҲĴ˵Իһʱ䡣 
ܻˣӰ΢ۿűЦķƵ 
ĸ׵һֹˣα˻ôѪծ 
㵹ǿĿµĳлĳϵֱʣΪôѪ޲ˣ㵽Ҳܻͦŵġ 
˵𵱳ǳׯ˭ոȥԽˣ㲻ʡ 
Խ뿪ӰҲѾûʤˣɱлĳϵ¡ֻԺ˵ 
ӰȥʱűĻ¿ǣ㣿Ҵ²Ұ֡ݼ˷ɽׯ֮ѵвֻ̣ǡһͱ̫ɱѡ 
ֻ׵˲֪ķҲԣǲƶΣƶ֮ԿΪҶˣԱɱ˶ԣһᷳ۵¡ 





ʮ

ɱʲôأЩϱڲԫʬѪȾ糺졭Ҷ˵ѾʲôСֵˡ
Ҷתһﾹ˲ƽˮȻһ㣬ӣ¾֮ţҶ֪Ҫʲô
վһգͲסʳڣҪʲô
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ΪҪһ½ţ
ѾûԼ֮ˡ
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˵ҲˡҲ˵ҵġ޻ڣȻҵˣ˽⣬Һͬࡣ
һЦǲͬǺͬҲԼסˣѾûԼͬࡣ
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ĬԸΪ֮ԸΪһ˼αһҪᵽŮ֮飿ҶűɫĪľϲĪĲ£˵ֻͻȻ䰮ϣҲҲôһ졣
ɡɣ컷ƣů飬ֻķ⣬ȷʵ͸ԼʵģȻɡ
׳󣬼ʹ˽֪ǱˣǱͽܣûͽԾʱɵͷʱ˿еùķһЦ
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µһɱ֣˭֪䣿ҶͼŵĶֲûô࡮󲿷ΪͬһĽǿǵһ¥¥ǸŻµɰΪʵϣֻҶһ£ɣҲǲŻݺˡ
Ļˣȥŵºͺֻ̣˺ҶˡǰΪ̵ֻһ롣ʮָˣ᲻ҪôĲŻ˭ĵӣҶɰȻЦЦ
ʦ˵ϻк൱𣿡
ϹǳһʦֲҲ𣿡
ɡǵСôҶҲӦǣұֵý֡
ҶͰԼˣɣ
ʦΪʲô㲻ĶңʦΪġ
ᣬڿ𣿡

ܺ˭Ҳ޷Ԥ⣬ѧ̫࣬ǺҪ**ҲԽ࣬Ϊ㻹̬ڵһ¥𣿡
ͷ˦ȥҡţûҶʹʱôһΡһӵԣһԣԼҶһææ⣬æ󶼲֪ԼΪ˭æûôŤ־
ʦҿһ𣿡
ԡ
ʦǲи˺ҳúԲΪͽܡ񣬶һģһīһֻص壬ֻװһ߻ǵĿտӣĲ磬ԣŻʧ
ôأķԣµıȻǳ֮⣬óġ
ǳ԰ʱɣ
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ǣˡѳɻƺȥǧؿơ
ʦ֪ʦ֪ҲĶ𣿡
ԭˣֻǴӲĵطˣͬʦﱻֲİٲݡ
һ˼΢΢ʦǹǲǻصҵȥˣһ᲻ٲһصֲʦһ뿪ˣ𣿡
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ʮ󡭡Һһˣüͳˡ
ЦЦǸֱԵĺӣīһԸ᲻øһЩ
 
 
ʦ˵ĶԣԺ˭Ҳ޷Ԥ⣬ܿľͿĵĹ͵񵽵ıˡ 
ҲиŮӣôһ仰ҽˣĻҪģܿĵĹ͵񵽱ˡȻһյ֮Цһһ㷺ͷ 
ϹǳվҶ͵ǰһҲ̬Ҷ֪ӺǰһԼ⼸ı仯ûһ㲻ʡ 
ҶæĺܣЩ 
Ǳ˽⻰ҶһôģϹǳһҶ֪ĵģһֱǡ뱱ƥƥеӣȱӦû覴ãΪȱů 
ҪİϹİϹȻǴ壬ϹͳѪѾˣϹǳ**ˡİҶɹ۵Ķࡣ 
ҪԻ֣ 
ϹǳҶûʲôϹҲеһ 
ɶô̹ʡǰΪѵΣֻΪ֪Ҷͼ 
㣬ҡΨһԳ飬̹ȻԵˡԲңô 
һ 
ллҵġ 
ҶҶοҡϹأΪ˳ȫһˣֻΪ˳ȫһŮ˶ѡ 
ϹǳûаѻôףӦҶܸĻϹǳǳǳһЦԭȵά־ĸҳ˷ƵĹȥͻ 
㲻ڣһˣҲӦٿǵġ 
ȫˣΪ˳ȫ££ֺαغڣҲ֮ˡϹǳ漴΢ɬһߣʹһ뱱ΪУ㡭ȴǲᣬ˱ȴ㣬ʲôأϹԱһΣһ־߳ĶǶΪԼţȴΪ˵ˡ 
ϹҲȫ𣿡 
㺰ҡǳҾͲôáѺ͹ȥμˡ 
ǻԻصȥ𣿡 
ϲǿԣҲǲԣֻҶϲͺá 





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ۼȵʵĿҪˡǷʹʵڲװģɼʹˣȻ̬ɡȻʶҺ졣
أôˣ
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Ҳǣ书˵ǺܺãĽ̻ѾԱˣοʱ棬˸ԺһȾȻŮ˵Ѿʹ˲ˮģǸ׳վȻ˶ʶűʹ𵽲Ź֡
ʲô
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׼н͵ʱ򣬳ȳ˵䡭ôأ಻ҵˡ
ȥɣ绹㣬ɩӡ
ԣǰһûмҵˣǰݶҲûмҵˣزȥˣûˣݶҲûˡ𣿡
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ʦ˵ҪȫģҪ˵ȼʶһ㡪ɸԱİʱ򡣵зȵͺ󡭡
䣡˵ȥ˺ʲô˼
ûʲôֵһ飬Ҫǡ
ͻȻһ̹ˡ
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ʦ˵ǽҪɱʱʶġ
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δްϧˡ
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ǣĲ񻰣ͱֱһԡֻܷ˵֪ǼʦģʹԸ½ȳġ
˺һһֱ޵ϧУֱʱûθڡЩʱҹɫʮ¶ҲԳʱǡþƲһݶ̾һΪʲô¾ͲеأУǸ䣬֪˶ٷʷǣһҪú̹ףֵһ覴ãЩð
̧ͷһ׵ݶϵɱӰͷȥ˳ŮӿƵĻ̾˿滹ܸˣôòŻعڻôʮָ˵
һݶŷһߵݶ⻨Բķϣ俪ʼ˹ҵ˸ƹҵ䣬Ծͱ밴չ涨ִге񣬶ҵҪڳＯʮƽԭжʮģȡ衯ˡ
ԭǸŮƭǮѹǸ̬ȣǮûУǸǮɷֵҵԴһ˻ҪǿҵС
ЦЦŮˡˣ˭Ȣ˸˵šûС
컹ô׵ߣɵ㣿
˵ǮҲûʲô˵ģ˵ҲһˣˣҰǮ㲻͵ڻˡ
 
 
ǻԼҺɰǮû˼˵ͨˣ 
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ʲôһƽʲôˣȵȡʦδްɣ 
ԣҲ 
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ıȻǳ֮Ȼʱղͬˡ 
Ҳ˳ۻҾͺˣΪʲôҪͣҪɱ㲻˵𣿡 
ҿɲҪǺһ߼ۻš֪Ϊ߽ɱΪıҪŻл͵Ҫǹصһ¥㷭ʷͻ֪ˡ 
ЩͷۣȻϲ飬żʿŪɨԾͷۿˡ 
񣬵һ¥ڣ¥ľǿһ˵ġɼϹǳԶЦ˳ 
ҪǵȺȲͺһҲܲ 
ôôй˵ѺӰߵ˶źˣ 
Ҽмʼջиûҳ 
ҶЦЦ֪֪ô˵𣿡 
ʦô˵ģ 
ĵҲôŮˣ˾·ϲ֪Ϊ檳ȺǵһȺԹŮȺħ裬ݡ 
ǰĻǰΣɾ;ʦ̫˽Լˡ˸ȫģʼЩ̱ˣĻҲȫûһġ 
ۼӰȻʧҶ̲סԼɻ󣬡ʲôȥҪˡ 
ҶԴȻǰЩŮ˶޳ȥһҪô죿 
Ҷô⸱ҪˮɵУаˡҶԵЦЦ̾룬ٹգҲҪ˰ɣоԼֿʼʵ 





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һ»ڲݵϣϸմϵĲмһ𰲾ĽĴ԰һ㶼زūÿһҰ
ÿϵʱԺܻḡֳ˵ǸʹôõĻҲ棬Ҳ˵ĸ⣬Ҳд˸ԽԽҪôůĶʹʵ͸Щ
ʹǰʵôҲڸܲԽԽƽôõ糿Ҳû̾ɱ湻ˣˡ
ÿȥػؾЩסǣҲˣǳǳ΢΢Цòк
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ɷӰָɹˣ뱱㵽ֹĽУս˲٣ȴɱ֮Ϊ
οõӡʣ㻪书ҶζܸһĨݵЦΪͬŰǣʹ֪ǶҲ뱧ľɱĿ꣬ǣһɱִǿԼȥɱˣôȱʽҲͬʢźĻɫѾ
һ˶ʮĥ³ҪһʱǺѵģɱȴǲ˼ľͲˣǲɱ¾
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ϸĿϸ΢һУֻô˲漴ѾʱһתϸĲмѾ֮Ȳ֪Ҫ׳ٵļʮ֧ءڼ֮ǰѾһƽ׿ȻվţԽʰķ绪û˿ûжһпһ㡣
Եһ˵ȿɲô룬ǽֵģڱͬ壬һ̬֮ǵʱ򣬸Ǿʥַˡ
׵أԵ˵ɱ¾ǲ˵ĶΪⲻɻǰͻһ£ʰ˼ſݲݣվһӣԷ˶ģɾôһȴԵƫ١
ߺӰҲǲɱˣֻǲɱѡУλȥʱòҪ·ڱȻѪ޻֮ˡ
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˫ڰѸȥӰӣ̾ˣԼЩ˼Ĵǣһȥ书ȫˣͬŵˣٲ
ʹ񱱺ž书ٶֵʣҩϰߣܾûҪϵҩ޴õЩģǲֵġ
ԼЩԣһ˿ºޱߣһȴǲŴǰͬͬŵԡҶԻԼҲò̫Լһֲֵı飬˼·ǣǸձ˻¥ĵҲûʲôֵģ˭˵ֻŮӱ䣬˶䡣
˵ԣʱ򻹿ҶһۣҸҴģ˸ߴǰڵεģ϶ҥͻȥȶˡҶôΪһ˶ıأ
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еƿֻһǰԼЦ˵ֲģܽһּʹĸȥշĿģҲ򵥵ĿˣƿڶɶԣֻҪܼάȥĿţһƽ⡣
 
 
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Ҷ˵һ¥ 
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˭֪Ƣȴ֪вƽȥ 
Ҷûңпӭҡ 
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ܳˡ֪Ҷʲôõİ취ͷ̰Եߣ 
㲻֪̰Ի̰ͼ˵ɫأ㿿վҵġ 
ЦЦѵвơһ·̰ɫ̫أҶˣͻûθڣҶαԷƱأ 
ͶԼŰɣ 
ҶϴĲҷصһ¥ôûȤһһأﰲݶˣ̶̵ıʲôԼһ֮£㲻ʲô 
ʱҶ룬ڵĻ֮ʲô𣿻ߡ 
ҶȥıӰ΢΢ķͬʱҲ˿ҶҸôǺãұӿκһˣδı棬㲻Уô֪һû㣬ҲһֱһֱķŲҪǸλá 





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Ӱ˼µĴʯϣЩ飬һЩйص顣
ǰ㹻ֵȥǰǸƯĺҲͬһʯͷɷĺ̸ǸĺӣڻԼĲ߻ʧȥ
һɳҲãʱ̡һԼĿģôȥɣִܹ˲ƣʲô
֣ԼˣڻǸɾ͸ĺӡֺγĺӣصֻԼٶ٣
Ӱôһ룬ֻùصĻֺ޹ҲǡڹȥʲôҲı֡ʹ֪ˣҲûʹ࣬ǸִôˣҲŲµˡžΪԼлĳˣȥ塭㻹ҵ𣿾ΪԼΪ˭ǸȻָǱ㡯ָľǺӰ
ӰܾͱĶʼƣ룬ʼԲԼһЩΡоܱߵ¶ȣµǣһ·һ¶ȣǰľڵѣʼЩˡ
񱱺֪ĸǻˣҲǲɱĸлĳϵˡΪΣ׷ɱ£ʧȥ׽Ǹӵʱαؼװ̹ܵȻƽ͡ľŻȨƣδһҶЦĸůʹ׽ǸӡѾԶߵ޼Ѱˡ
ܼǵǸƯĺǿͷ̬ʹһ̣Ҳûߵκ˴Ⱥ鷳־ʹ࣬ڵʱộȥʱȴƽ͡ȴΪһѣҲҸһ·ߺáڷ߻ʲôֵ벻ֵõأ
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ĬɣĿԶĺӰ˼³һƧ֮Ϊ֪Ӱϲһšȥ˵ģС£ǲ֪ǲôѡ
¥˵ٴ̫ŮˣǾԵģǼȴŮǾԲȾָġ˵Ĭģõġʹ׺ӰǸԺõˣɵȴǻĬ̫רעעУҪʱ򣬷ǲܣǲѡ磬Ҷ͡
ĬǸû֪ǻ¥ҲסĬɼǲԼǶʱͿʼǸȶʱƲкˣСС;ǸԳĵˡԼĸҲСС;ڴƻƵˣ棬Ļ٣ȴ˼ζ޳һĲУʹʱģƴȫ棬ʦ̵УӰ޿޵ˡ
Ӱһʵʣ̤ʵˣܵĴҵ֮ˡԼʹָô꣬ʹֻΪļνӴĬɵһ۾ϳӰ
ǵ˵ǿǿϵĻһŷıôⳡıǡǡǻĬԼԭȼǴ㽫ڲϹǳߣǣջ̣Ů̫Ҳһȫ̲ô¡
ҹˣ˼·ΧȻֻˣҲԾûʲô
ӰԸκ˲ôκҲĬɣĬɲûӿֻϰԸ
ͬڻҵԶȻõҪ࣬籱ŵһ¥ҶһĬɺҶһ档
ҹˣĬ̾˿ỺĲһǰǸɫһˡǸԼߵˣǸȴδԼˣʹÿ춼һԽԽƫ
ҹˣҹ˼ˣ񡣡
ʲô𣿡
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ҹϢȥɡӰȻ֪Ĭɲ·ѣԸԨκ˿ġ
šĬȲӣʲôҲû˵תس̵·
ӰҲ˲űĵҹЩˣ׽Ů˼ʱ򣬼ʹ캮ضҲǵαԼڵĻĬɣͲǴĺܺʵȴ֪ůһ£ټ˼³Ƿĵط
ӰŽס纮Щ΢΢ɪɪĻĬɣ̣һĲ·ԼҡڲģԨʱİ˻Ĭɵϡ
ĬɷӦԵһȻζ𷽲ŵķɵܺתԨЩʲôĺӰǡɺӰʱҲ˻Ĭɵŵ
ҲʵĶԼãϾԼߴδԳŵ֮Ů̬ҪʲôǰԼܶ࣬οӰףĬȻĳ֮ˣִ֮ˣ಻Ǹû֮ˡ
ȻһĬĻĬɡӰʡԻĬǷġѵԨδµʱһ䣺ӲǺܺãЩϢɣȴдٹȥ
 
 
ǿ׵ĻĬӰʲôǱҪȻԼЩʲôĬɶˣںӰԼĹĺԸͼ 
ĬĿŴԨȥĺӰҲѣݵģһʮһǰǸݵкѩļڣĬıܱһƬƬѩ˷ġ 
ԺӰ뻨Ĭɴ˼һͬȥһһĪ˺ü͵ѩ¥ɶʱŮ·黭ʿһҲܽůĿ޹ɫ 
˵ھ˶Իʱ䣬ɫͺڵûнججľôɫ 
ţһ£ٯƬ̺ȻͣЪ 
ŮӴ˳ˣƵ֬Ⱦ˵ޣζζ⣬վŵʢЩ 
ӡ 
ɡ 
ʱʼ𣬺һɳʵĻ¥ʲôӵĸ⸡ǻһˣͽһľˡ 
Ӱ¶𣿡 
ǡ 
ʲôһ˵˰ɣʡķҵˡ¥ǰʮĺӣһδӳı飬һϲȫͿǡ 
ҡ˵пվȥ̽һ·ˣ𣬷˼ҡ 
ŶǼһͻȻĬˣѵãѵá¥һߺŻƣһʵĿڣòڡ 
ŵȷôйҵģүûˡ 





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ߵտĪޱµɯϵԼһ̽ͷбԵһʴִ̰û˶Եģġż˵ķ̣һĿáʡ
þûּΨֲҵĺˣʤѩָƵһֻͨ͸è֫ϣĿ飬Ƴδһ顣ּ촽΢ۣԳɷ滺һ䣺ԶˣǴħһߣ½ΪΣ
ɫ״һľţѾ׺ûΪΣͨ廯Ϊк󣬰ɫèƿȻմ͸Ŀ˶ֻһ˫ĶЩ졣
ּЦ˶ԶȤȥ㡣ּƵָӭһɫƤ͸һǰŵèȻ״èġһּģԭˡ
ּûƥ׷ˣɴʱԭؽӲġּܷҪȸ߼ɢĳιԱ󰸣Ҫ꣬ãʱ乻Լֵˡ
䣬Բˣίһ㣬ǼλɶˣӦòôο嶼Ūûˡ
ּɽ£һŮɥǰıӤּЦЦٿԶһ㡪ͬš
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ֻû⵽ͷϣһȾŨǼѩŨһȦһ㣬һɫ壬Ҳֻ֮ǲ֪ôķһɢ󣬲֪ȥˡ

Ҷͷ
СҾͲԸŸƣҲϷӣ곡ϷѧᡣҶһࡣԼһߵģȴϲĶ㣬ìҹڣҵҸǿҲˡ
ҶҵĻǶ˵ģǿǿϵҲһԼĥһ¡Ȼ˷ʱͽ;顣
Ҫ޵ˣ޿ɺǵĺãСˣѡõļҵͷϡˣȷһѪԣһȼס˵֣¥
о֤ҲԸͻ¥ϣкܻΪ̫ˣײûΪԼǰһ˽ˣᰮҲзŮʲôοһŮǰЩʲôĵĵִԽΪǵĲԼκΰѱҺã˱ϲɵĸо
ԣˡˣȻ
ʱҴȺ׷϶֮ͣʵȻռϷ硣Ҷҵ飬˭ҶҷֺһСҲС
Ů죬ҲΪԼµĳڡʵˣͻؾ¥ȥϢβʱһŮ˳ˣȫԱߵӣӲҾ춯֮ġ
͵ģЩΣշִ磬ǶѵĲˡȻˣҲԼǸµŮӣ绪һеĴ廪ֻԵֵӹסȴ߰ѱΪ֪һܻԼˡ
ϡǵ̥żǲ˲ŸҶҵ⡣
ʱҾȻЩǸ£ôû覴õŮӣҰѾ׼ֵġɲһŮӣȴ˭ҲõģϡǵǶԹ̥ǰŤףԼڵЦݵİ֮ء
ȷˣŮһȡؼһõϲ֮ϧԤЩϧǱһ̵βˣǱѨˣϾˤӡ
һ¥˹µȴȻšûôزЩУοߡԭ벻书ôãҸᶨ֮ѡһܱԼˡ
ƿЩˣԭΪνɲеһףû뵽еǣԶԼô򵥡ֱںɽׯɺ覴õ£Ҿ֪ô˱ƲǺأ书Ϊ֪͸¶Žѡˡ
ںɽׯǶʱ䣬ʱ滳µʮĺȽ죬ֻϲԣԲûɽ¶ˮġܱܰߵĥ͸һԻ˵ŮӣʹͼԵƣοǶս
᲻¶ɫĺԺͣǷʥ񲻿ַ̬һȻһǿƵŮҲ㲻ʣ·ǹǿƱȦţʱ֮γͬһսݡһŮҲΪУر뱱ܡ
֪ŮǲмѵġֻҲףΪһŮӣʱԻôãȻУĪȻʱ˴ǰҲδɷοϲµĺ
µҸţȴˣҲԣΪ˽˽⵽⵽ܵĸܣ֣Ҳǿҡ
 
 
ҸоǳޣʱֻһӤǲܸоôģĳҲ顣ͻȻ䣬Լ˼·ӦǾ˲еģĴʹľŻеġȻȻͬҲô˵顣ʲôأ̽ÿʱ¿һ䱸Ѿˣ֪ҵĹģҲֽ䱸ɭϵκ˶ȥôųĽ䱸Ȼֻ̮Ҫҵĵȴ 
׹ĻԭҲãȻţҲǳޡƺɻ⣬Ҳٴ̽ȥӣֻǾ̲ʳһһԾȥٲ 
һֱֻԸΪԼҲֻԸһҪĹͣұһ´棬ҲԸⰮҵԸһһľվӿ˻¥ĻֻѲôһѪˣҾͿô϶ˡ 
µĽִ̼աҲͱһ㺣ֻٻƯļˡôԼԼһڣȷʵԼζˣӵһۣҾôá 
һʼͰԼͻ¥İ̫áôֻ֤̫õİ鶼ǻĵ 
ڱҪҰ򲻰ΪԼΪҪԼȥġֻһ˷İȥˡ 
ֻ֪ˣ̫ԼԼ˽ȥһݻΣյĶעһʼûעκεıǮȴվΪƾеԣԼʼΣˣΣռˡ 
ΪҪִʱЦһжַʽʵɡǺĻشңһ飬վ飬Ȼ󣬶˶ټֻͻȻ䰮ϵġ񻰵Ůӣ˵ôֱףοϴʧҵʱЦ˵˵İ죬ߴʱԽҲԽ󡣡ʵֻԼҲ濴ôִţΨһִԼĻš 
Ҳ׵ģǶ̫Լˡ 
µϢ֮ 
Ҷ͵ľѪ»ô£ȷҰ㰮޿ˡˣȻˡ֮ֻ˵ĿˡΣֻٵףҵķʽػˡҲʹ볡ǽһε·һ꣬Լ϶ԭ·κΣҶ֮㣬һ֧֣ԣҪָһὫϸɳִѪȡҲ״£ֻһܻϣҡΪҲ˾·ϵ̫ãҲسԼΣȥ 
ҶͷԼ֮ⳡעµ鲻Կˣֻȥ 
ʱıҲٲǰıˣһжǸʴ˵Ķľţһ˽ҵ߹ȥľͺʬµףϢˡĲעҪóˡ˵Ըһӣҵö࣬㿪ʼͣôҵĶĶˡ 
ҶûһôҡһĲ඼ʰͻŻȻ뿪ʧܵĶĳ 





ʮ

ԭǻյۣʼƤĲʵҿʼڻϿڻϵͰϼ塣
ʲô˵ۣҾȻҪ˹ȥлĳϵǵһƴȥнԶر롣ֻǡľôˣûи벻ģȴʵ᲻ˡ
һұȽϳ¾ɵҽԺҵ۾ȻģʿСܾСҲŵˣȻصԭԼʱһˣʧ
磬ûۣҲûҵˡһŷ淽صĹЦůڵĳǰһûû˵ļ
𽥲ףԭԭһʱյһģҩµʵƷ
ʱ¥˵һ٣ʱ򣬱¥øֹ̨ܴϣɹ谭ײһ·򣬵ˮ䡣ʿС˵㶼кüֻļġ
һЦˣţ͸úúûȥʵҺˣû׷ɱҲû׷ծûֽʱҽҩѡһҰŵһҹ¶Ժ
һң⺢ͯĹ¶ԺܶӤȻŮӱ൱ĴġżмӾԺͿȡĺӣЩһ㶼ǣϻ߾Ƚƫִꡣ
ʱҷ֣书ûˣڼ仹еġ͵ҽҵһҽԱѧҽߺٻܵûǰ;ĵطġ
Ժôһӣģۿ˭ϰ˦һ㶮ʲô߾˼ĺλı飬˵˾Ӳֵۡ
⺢ӱҸԺӣĻ˵ҸԪϣĬϣô˵Ϊұʹ·ϱôʱҺܻǸʳҰİɺûʽĹҧʱҷˡ
⺢ӽУûϣͬţδʮҲͬơ
ԺҪѡһԼϲϣһֱƫĵţԵڶûϻڣһڻԺһνӴԺСڵ˸٣Ҹӿٴ
ҺܻԺĵĵߣֺӣҪƴһıģôõġ
ҲûʲôøУǵãذĵӭСʱͻȻˡܵʪСƨһܵ⣬һҵĴڡ
ҺİʱӵĿ˵Ӿͻӵ¡
 
 
۾ѨλһǼסģҪŰͯɱ˻ͷءţҲϰšŵĽС 
ϸĵչˣһҧϻˣعⷵղŻô£һ䡮ô޳ѹ֣Ժһ䡮ţܲܽҪô 
ʵҲҲ˼һֻ24ʱȻóòͼƬο֤֤ 
Ѻ󣬾ͷ˥ϺһЩήļվʱǳһᣬԱµò뾵￴50ݸ˱ֹر 
ʱտҵλȽϺĵĻʿŮ˵ò˭ںǻ껪ڶ벻ߵͬ飬ڿǰܵҲͦģ磬ʿĵĿңЦ֮ġ 
񣬽¶ԺҵģģһˡڣܰģҿԾΪЩȺ¡һµĿʼҲôġ 
ʱһЩĸлʱῪģҿôһڿȺĵطȴĵ԰ãٵģÿ˶ûڲصıҪֻǾѰġ 
һѰ鷳УõˣûмģûʵϵĻҡ 
ʱ𱱺ǣԸŬĺúãǷů˴˶ǵãǾ͹ˡżҲڼǣһıҺá 





ʮһ

صһ¥ʱδҶֵӰһת
ʦʦһˡЦĻ
ЦҲյ
ЦڣһԼٽĺɴףûʲô£Լˣ
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ʦǵģܵθڣҳԲ·ġ
ԼŮһҲǻȻ֪ڱײʲôŶʲô£ѵͺӰˣ
Ц𣬷ʵҶأ
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ҡͷǸ˵ʦǰġ
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һȥھҷ˽һ´ֺһЩˣôϣ
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Ҷۻصһ¥̤һ¥ıţϹǳ͵Ų۵ҶС
һ·ֱʱϹһЦҶһμϹԼôû¶ȵЦͱһ·ˡ
ҶЦˣվǻѩز˵ˡҲţҲʹʧȥôһλ޽е֪޻ڣһѡվڱһ㡣
ҶļȻäĿԣΪԹҲûʲôһ죬ҪģһȫԸ㡣
ҶƿԣϹǳʳԣһ価ǲһСο֪ҪϹҡ
ҶôܲжϹǳһõһŲ̣ڱǵòůϹǳϺֹжû۾Ӧ
Ϲǳ̾ǰһóӷҶϣѲСʱϵһô
ҶѾͷСû޹Ϊ޵ʱ򣬿ǡʱ˸㲻ʧȥˣįᡣ
Ҷ߬
 
 
ҶѾͷĻ룬ܶҲ塣һᾡҵܵ͹ȥһġ 
ûҪô 
Ĵ屾Ǹ˵ĸҲı 
ĸĸͲšϹңĲʮĸ 
ҶѾͷ̫ˣôãӦóȫҵԼЩҪǶԶңҲġ 
ϹǳһĿȰһǰҶϹƷĵķ 
ǳΪʲôҰĲ㣿 
ϹǳεЦҶӡֿɺã 
ҪҪֵʱٴڣˡ 
ǺǣҶĻӵĺá 
ǳԶ𣿡 
ϹǳЦļµҶѾͷԶѣԶİ 
Ҷǣ˱ţȽ˵һ¥ĵһ¥ĩҶǰʵ³ҶŵĲ겻塣 
쵰˰ 
һ㶣Ҷ˵һֱµɵ 
ôˣҶĴɵˡ 
ɺ˵þû⸱ˣСŮ˿޹ۡҶʵʺ㣬ҲҲôá 
Ҷһ㶵ǳ棬ͻȻЩˡ 





ʮ

ҶֿһЦ㲻ȥЩŮ𣿡
ǺǣͻȻȥǣȥǺ˼ҡ
һ˲Ż뵽㣬ͶҪҩࡣ
ǺǣҶ̱˵ʱƽƵʱɰˡ
ȥģû˱̱ҶʱƢֵһѰƣͷҲصԼĵȥ
ȵõ˼ðӴѹֺҪˣӾǸĲˡҪЩһί㡣ɡ
Ҷͣ½Ų㻹ûǸݣôűʻ㡣ҶһЦǲҺͱһ𣬳ʦĸ㰫һѵ
ЦøƵģҶˣֻûһƲ£ô̹ܽȻţ̫ˡ
ɴҶѨˣ˶ˡǵһ¥ʷǰĸ߲ԼĵҰԾΧ۵ԽԽ࣬ɴ˵͡
һıСȰܣ˵˸û˵һû⸱ƣȻûǷĿϷ
ƾУûܿͷ˿ĻסҲݵĸֶԾǶѵõĳ棬͵־ͺá˲ϹǶǴ˸֣̾˿µ˼ǵռ⳥󣬾ͻطƷȥˡ
һӰֻƬ̾͵ˮ©İѶŹ˵˷ֿ
һ¥۾һѣ
˳ˣȥϢһᡣ
Ҷɰֵβ汱֮ҲȻĸɢһᣬ͵Ӧ䡣
䣬˵ʲôʦְҶʵ벻ͨͰ׸
ΨһпܵĲΪ˵¡
ǣǰʦֲҲ𣿺ͿҶһôᶯ
̾ϢҲһ֪ôߣһԭα¶¡

׼ı飬ÿüɲ԰Ķ⣿ǲ˵ˣ졭
 
 
ѵ𣿿Щ¿ϣҾûʲô˼ˣҸоЩƺҲ֪ЩҲ֪Ķǹܣ߲롣㣬ҲȫȻ˽⣬ָо֪ܲ𣿡 
һ̾Ϣ֪Щʲôʵ֪ھС 
ǺһʱȥЩο¥ļضǷʦ˭Ҳȥˡ͸ī£ 
īࣿ治֪ 
˵ŶҲ֪ҲţЩˡ 
Ĳ֪ 
ңԿ϶԰ʦ鷿źԼһĻдī࣬Ǻ֡ʵд̵ģ˭Ʒ 
ûУ֮üĬģ£ûһνīࡣ½Ҳ൱һ˺رǺӰû㡣ھҵİҵµСδ˽ʱĻˡ 
ôĽͣͷҲصھܡ̫һˣʱԣûҪó𰸡Ǻ뿴Ÿգʹһ⿪Ĳһкĵˣ״̬Ȼ˼ꡣ 
ڶھңһ·Ľ䱸ɭϺͳͨ衣ǰһī࣬ϸûôһˡҲû뵽ʲôΪĶͷϣûûι۵ģ໹͵ˡ 
ŻЩş̌ȥȻѸٵĲҡȻ˵ģûī࣬ɳһµĵɫʯϸϸ 





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ԴӻԺ˥ϵٶȣЩԺ̯ʱѪѹʹѧҲƲסˡ
ϳеʱеİţʵЩϵĳƺԾɰͬŵڹķǲΪ֤ҵĳ뾲һķ
ҵһμôĶЦţǼ洫ͦġ֪´ηǽʱǲǾͿֱӲǽϵĲˣ
·кܶһ۵ؤҹȻûв´ġ
еʱҿʼһЩʽʽüԱȻٲ˹Ե˽ǡˡȴûٽҰˡֻʱûõˤܲԹҽǺܺôԼϷë
ѽѾܱ߱ȽҽˡǣôˣԼưܵĲпصûҸ˵㣬Ĳˡ
ϴѧʱվеʱûȥ߲ôԶûϳܻҼۡ
ﲻңϲ˴򳵵ǮһôΪ㡭Ƚֱһˡ
ֲǼˣЩײıȫȥˣҲְú飬˾Ϳˡ
˾񣬵ʱҪˣ׷ʵûС
֪ˣúúÿԼ̫ˡ书ŵ㣬Ůǰˣ˧
Ҳǡһû̸Ϳ˧£Ƣõ˼һһٵġ
õģߡ
ټˣŮʿ
´οԴͬѧңҪǲԸ⺰ҰţԺ̣ԺˣǺǡ
ʼռŻ޵ĺӲỵȻֻ޹һΡһҪ̬ĵһ
Ҳɣŵ̫ˣôᣬ˵նĻֻñ˴šܰɣȥıӰһηѾǸˣʹ̧ͷ˵ʱҶûвѾʮˡ⺢ӣĺÿ죬ϵһ
 
 
֪УҲˡҺ⺢ӣһһΣƽˡԺҲôˡ 
ʲôʱʼôһϤˣֻ֪ÿһüҵ·Խ࣬ԽˡڣûǣҵˣԼһζԼϡ 
ҲҾ͸ôȥˣ鳾Ҳֶʱˡ 
ڽң£ī࣬ī࣬ī࡭һһ飬ԭҲǸж֣һξǺġ 
ƾңͷ֦Ȥ׷䣬¶Ȼ£ƶ顣 
꣬ɫૣȥʧɫ 
޹֣޹֣ܹȥҲɣҲգ𣬳顣 
̤緽˼䡣 
ߵһĻĻƣˣ˭ָұϰ΢ЦԶ硣 





ʮ



ǶǲǰȻƣʳ
෴ģһòǺȻѡսսŻƽ˵ˣʵһӱܺ
֮£߲ǿҲǿѾ¸ַ֮ơ˵һʱڵѪȾȺƣӿƷ
Ĭ̾һΪβţңͨ
ϲӰᴰ룬չһ׺ֹšǸŮӣ£棬һ˫۾嵭䣬˿һ۾޷ǡ
ȻʲôīüǰҲһ㣬ĺƿۡ
ȴ̩Ȼҡ
Ĭȣ
ǺİɣҲˡ㵹ںӰǰεĺܺá
˶ˣȻܹĴǻźúõ𣿺ޣڡ
ĬɣһЩۡŮӣӹӹΪȥǣȴǡĥһǶûˣԲȴֻܱǸƽӹˡԣ㻹޷ͻǰӰζµɡ֪ǸķŹˡ
Ϊ̫ɣ
ΪӰЩӦÿıͨ͸ĶࡣӰȫġ
ȡ˽ôһ죬ҵҲԼӰԼִʧĵȻԼĬתŮӣ֪ȴǶ飬֮𶼲ˣű
Ŷ˻
֪лĳϺܻڣ

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ŮӲȻĬɵԭǿԻŵģӦлĳϡȴΪ˾лĳϣԼݻ𺣡һˣ󻻵ûҽ
ŮЩţΪ˱ˣðգΪлĳϾԲܣնġ
ŶĬɵǰŮΪο϶
Ǹܶ˽
ǺǣԭིҲͨҵҪ˵ġ˽ҲǺİɡϾɱĸסʹ֪ʵˡ
Ҳ˵𣿡õȴҲû¶ȻŪк֢ǵҲ޹òܹ˽ůġ
 
 
˽ůģĻԽԽˡοһܳȫֲɼ֮£ο 
ת͸¶棬һҲҡͺһˣþһůҲеģȴ漣ļһĻ磬ĻЩҳĹ߰ԼͷŵˣԲס̾ȻƾԼϲõżȥȾһ±ˡΪճЩ⣬мʱֻԼûбˡ 
ĬЩüףֲǺܶһˡ 
ûĸദ㲻ס 
һˣҲȾˡ𣿡 
ҲɣΨһˣҲá 
Ǻǣǣ֪ķɵϣǺɽׯѾ֧ͬˡ 
¸£һ޸ԽӸġ 
ΪŵĻ𣿡 
ͺӰĻúòã 
Ĭɲ̧ǰһ洰۾￴㡣٣Ϊò׹һҪɷһӣҲܳΪм˰ɡ 
׼ˡҪǾˣǲ 
šĬԶૣллʹ͹ȥĲһԾлл㣬Ӱ٣ߣܸоһ¶ȡ 





ʮ



ǰûûΣȴ飬ֻֻװԼôһˡ
ȥ崺һֱûĿĵصЦŸԼ͸ЦôΪ
ǲǺӦƵĶžӣͻȻЦˣǵȲȴĻɫһ˫һԣֵǴæĶĿ
ɵ˵һ¥ڿ˽˿ռ䡣ʱõļµģʧɵǿ̳ǰѤֻ£ƮȻŮӷ˿ŵڵһ¥ңһôĵЭĳ˵Ʒζ
죬ôˣ
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˸˽ȥڵǰűı
ҶҲСҵĲ£ˡ
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Ҷ񲻱䣬λɵתƶһλơ
ñֳĬʱԶɵɫҲûʲôǹһ֪ȥˣĪ۸ˡ㿴˼ҵָˡ˵ɹͰڳһҼ˰״ָġ
ò㹷úӶ¡
ǼҴ־Ҳǹҧأ͸һӡɾԼڱķȣ⻰û˵
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Ƿ飡ִˡ
վἰ£һ˼˾϶дһϺ̴ľűĹ󣬱վع̾һæǰֹ
ɲվ󣬳һ˵ƢǵСʱϸ㣬Ҫ콫Ȼ֮û˻㡣
ߣ*ģ˵¥һ筴˳һ˫ǧ绨·֮޲
Ц۵ıűί㿴񶾣ƫ˽
ɲҪʲôಡȾ
ֲˣʲô£Ҹôõҩȫȥˣ㿴ڳ˶С㣬˺üˡҪҵ췹ˣҲûͷ֪Ƣɰڳһɸֵ
ڳҶһ⻰˵ߣǿǴķ˵һ֣ǰδеսʷ
ҶѿӣȰɰ֣˭֪֪ܵεҪǺԸȢ㣬Ҽͺʦĸñ˶Ϊû޳ȥ
Ҷ΢Цŵĺܶ񶾡
ǰǰԣǧԼ¿Ц˲û˻Ҹġ
һѧŵһ¥һıԶǵģ̲סЦЦüۺÿĿչš
ҶͿţһαЦ۵òܻ˵ֳ̡һѿУѹԼҪ̧ͷ
оҶϢƽŶѸٵţĵʵôˣ
ҶȻһ䣬ǶԼ̾Ϣ㲻ң㲻ᰮңôû뵽
ҶԼûãϹǳǰտûãڱǰˡ
 
 
ָΡһ£Ȼָղ 
СʱϹǳҶϲܶңɾϺýÿβúҶ϶ûв˼ЦǣϹǳûҶ֪ʵӵָᣬ¶õġôһĶҶίֱ˵ؿڣ޵ĸǶ棬Ⱥӿ޵Ļ棬Щĳѹֲ²һ㡣 
ҶҶݵĿšǸˡ 
ҶԸңҶĿϢº͵ʵ 
ԸԼ 
ҶӦˣ㡭ʲôʱģᰮ𣿡Ҷʱᰮ𣿶ǣ㰮Ƕ׵ġ 
΢Ц֪ĿǰΨһûյ¡٣ԷģҲȥҶҲõв 
֪ҶҡֻһдǶѡֻǾһֱȥ˴Ҫ̹Ȼԣ󣬾ͷҲֻֻиȴˡʱΪûаԲųȫҵİ𣿡ɲԼⲻҪ˭𡣡 
ɲ죬ǰȻתҶʵҲǸѡΪ㣬ҿٻġ 
ָƽͣǰĺ֣Щϧ֮ˣҶԸ⸺𡣺οأǶɵģԿǣһ죬ʮ꣬ʮ궼ԡ 
ɺҶĿű翰Ӱ·ưܵţǰʧʼ˶ûһ˼ 
ǿûҶһۣҲʧˡ 
ʵֻԼףʵһ仰ûвμӼĳɷݡ 
˼ 
ԾھǰЦţ˼ҲЦûºͱ֮ǰԭʼζˡ٣ԱЦʱҲˣҶҶҲЦ񣬾ǶԼҲЦ 
ɻۣЦȻ 
£лл㣬ҵġţá 





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īˣˣӺϤҶӺճڳ¶ʪʪصζ
ȻôãǼǵãǰСϪ
īಽߵЩˣһˮе֪ˮеӰ⸱壬˭߳ΣԸǧһΪ⸱ڵ֮УѸоκεϢ
һͨ޲ǳɫһͨٲͨƤ𪣬ɫеҲЩľ
īͻȻʲôӦƵĻع񣬷߻һӣϤζһҩû
ԼͶǸʵݺȦӵϰաֻԭȵǸŮǲһǰһλǸռȥˣˣ
һתīļǵУһеģˡ

绮ʱ£ֻԶΡ
䣬ȴּһģЧ˼䱻νʾڵķһ㳤;档ޱ޼ʣɲȥǼЩƲ
ǣּˣԶԶбŸʮ춴ǴѱͽĵطȻֻһԸ˵
˵⴦Ķˣ֮ɲȵظ϶٣ּ˵ģôҲȲˮɵԹס
ͺñһײ˵ıɱһﲩʿıɱ̶ʱһģ൱Ĳһġ˵ԹҪŨҵĶࡣ
ʱԹʱּǱī֭ϴ˰Ķǰɿ˵ʵҾǶûйÿŵﶼԼѡȨ㿴жΪɼ硢ħӻ߳ɼҵģǸʲôûֻΪĳͻ˶þⷭʱÿҪûйѷʹࡣο֮еȷģ죬Ҳ벻졭
ּɿʹ춴ԹԽԽˣǵģûйûһһݣǱ޼ʵĺɫн˱˴˶˴ˣֻ˴˵İ̾ΨһеҲֻǸտʼִͺ˼
ʵʱǲ֪˼ΪֻǿǺʹˡֻΪִ̫ˣΪŮ˵ίʵûּǰ鸡ʢ飬ȻֻһŮ˵ˡһУףϰԵļĬ
ּĻڽ˶ԣȴʹ˶ڵĲϧֻܿǶѨԹɫԽԽǶԣӲǳöˣΨһȻ۵ɫر
ֻüɫȴļҺܺáûԹ⻰ȴǽ۵ŨԹġ
ּЩˣǸлӵĿܴվţȻһһĽǰգæһȥѩˡΪÿȥˣģٶҪһ꣬ԿѨɳҪȫ**չǴβǧһεġ
ּ˵ûûΣҲǰţͷͬΪΪһ˱֣ǲô˽ôġ
ôȺּڶѨּ˵̲ס˵Сġ
ʵСĵӦ䣬İֱֻ֮俨춴ĺУĿּȻƽһ۱ڰû֣ûˡ
оӣּһۣ죡һټ꣬ٳһֱ۳
 
 
ŮӼҵģûֱۣѿ 
Լˡ 
ȵȡּͷԣ֣ͷ 
ѵʱԪѾ˼ƿ˵ͶȥˣּЦ۵˵һӲһǧ꣬춴һֻȴҪ꣬㡣 
Ƿˣ֪ΪʲôһֻҪ𣿡 
ΪǱ춴ߵѽȻֱӳһ͵ˡ 
Ҳ֪ߵӣҪǧ𣿡 
ǡ 
 
ּͰԪסһֻè״ĵĽŹԶһǧˣѹû̫޳ˡ 
ֱֺһΣʵ壬Ԫ˽è֮е뷲лûһ*ɳһΪ롭ͬĿռ㡣 
æ֮Уֱ𼷽һӤһ̥ŮӤУǸŮӤĻǾȻ仪ġ 
ּϾ˸ӤȥӤνȥ 





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ǵԭƺܴǡûдӵģͷҲ֪Сũᣬ촦
صʱĵص㣬ԭغúôţһŮӦѰİɡ
ôҵ磬и˰Լһؼҵĸоĺڴÿ˵Ҳϣʰͷģ
룺ּҲʼһµˣԺҲҲЦҵĽ顣
ȻɫȾʱѰˣ֪Ǹֵ˼ңݣ಻һۿľȻ
࣬ôˣôҺﶼˡ
࿴ǰˣʵܶĻȻͬģӣɫغϣȻЩϲˡ
˴ɫԵһСıƵĵǣŻؼˡ
һųıȽϿ̱಻֪ǲҲûÿڡũһÿԱߵȿ˿ڡ
ӻˣ´ο㣬ͱȥҩˣɽ¶͡
ˣˣҲ𣿡
Ӳ˵ֻеͷʾʾڲŮӵ״
ũȽϼ̡
£û̫ע⣬ͻȻôһ߳ȣһӶ¡̧ͷũüţǵǡ
߹ȥľʱũ͵İȻͷ
ªڣǵĳмʪˮͷϣͷʲôţۡһͷŷ֣մ࣬һ˺ôĿӣôմϪ߾ûأ̫ˡ
ô˳ɵӣҩкӵ£ôôأǼҲֲȥƴȥҩӾѾȥˣҲҪ뿪𣿡
ǸŮ˵Ŀʱ㱹϶˸ǣеˣȻšˡ
Ϫˮɽ󣬹߲Ǻ㣬Ž費ҹˮ棬൱ʱҲֻܴŵĿԼûԼ԰׵ɫ
룺嵱ʱǴϹģ̫Ѫɫ԰׵ҪġȻũһ۾Ϳˡ
Ů˱ôоԿ̱ŮˣȻ˵ůͺ񵱳ƶ̥һ㡣
Ժ֮ǰ಻ֻͷĲˡĲζԭҲ˺ŵģŵܾܳõĺΡ
ũĶŪһȻֱĿ
һѣǰǸ˻Ĺ
δôҪС̧ͷ̽ԵĶּеĺһһˣԼԼɿĲУˡ
 
 
ũ࣬˻ᡣϲ뼱нӵͽֵĸ޶˵ˣˡ 
ǰĸЦĻţǵĨЦԭҲͺܶŮһиŮĽ£Ҳĸ׶ԺӵĹذ 
죬ԭ׾ݵļЩģƺ˵ĺأʱ 
Ϊӵʱûоôһȴǳϵһ¡ 
ڵҲԼŮǹ̹ģǵĶӹ̸˱ˣ̸ǣȻһʼôһ¡СһЩЩˡⶼڵİϷɵĹ̽ˡ 
ڵּ̫֮ңԶˣ˵뱱̫Զˡ 
£ڻٺòˣ࣬ũΪƷ¹ 
˴Ҫˣڵһòƣһߣǰ·Ψֲ֮ 
ּɽң·ԶġҪǣһûϢͨˣ˳ĵһ¥һ̾Ϣ 
١໹һңƽ˹ػļҡ 
һҲκһҹʢ£ܸоҵҪһԱƴɼҵҪҲ治ϣô뿪뿪ҡ 
вòҵּ䣬˼ˣѾڲˡ 
λǶûλأʹּҲδλ 





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ʢʱŵ˼βδ
ʹԺյǵһ¥£ŵݸ˹עΪ˶ףŵϮ׷ֺֹһ¥̣ҶҶִ£Ͳֹͬŵˡ
ڽϵĴý£Ƨ֮ɫɫ·ʱϢҲһ㲻©ĵˡ
ûĴǺԶģΪһ޸֮ũŮǲŽ·ٸʵ׵׷ʣ
ԣ޴Ѱ⼸龿ΣȻ뱱йء
ֱҹ൹ڴĻӿе˵㲻ʹϢ
ԭȫ˶˯˵ģȴһǹûˣӲİһ˸ˡʮֵĲʹҪծģΪҲǿһֱǴ׵ġ
Դڲ˵ʱͿʼϰˣƾŷǲ̫ܵˣοҪȵ²ʵ֣ΨһľǺúôԼ塣
ǰڽеʱϰˣ˿ʼĩȫϤ£ȻûɶȦɵϢԣҲܿʼõǿˡ
ԣϵôһѺľ״̬Ҳ⡣
ӣȵ˴׼ȥšʱĵҲҲӶҳˡ
·ſʣ˭ѽ
ĸһǰİŭ߳˭ģһҵģȥ
ͻǼһ̣һɺͦʵѪζЩģѾ˺üˡ
ˣֻǿЦŵͷ
￴ŮصԼСʱ˿ıһģҲŵǹζɡ
հߴŮƿþſ˵·ءȻԷֺƾǰľ飬Կ϶˶ˣֻϢס˰ˡ
˼ôˡĸƴǵѾˣǱö֮һ߿ġ
Ȼŵ΢ƻѾոŵһˣڴֲķ϶һԾܷĿɫ԰ף˻԰ס
ĵ￿̫ҲܿǲҰ˵ɫǲԾ³˿ʶľҪ˳
Ԥгǲ԰ӵжĺס֣
ϸճһ㺮Ľг˻ᡣ̬Ĳ԰׳
һⶼţ˵ǶˡѾֱֱָüġ
లĿǰӣȻһЦ¥Ҳн죿
һܼһƬпЦƳֻǵĵ⣬ֵûһ㣬Цƽ˾ðȡ
Ľ˳æ˹Ůڻ𣬡С£¡ҪɱŮ
ԣĸҲ˹ӵǰ㣬޶һҸԸţ
ɱ֮£ȴһƽ廤ţ˵ɿ顣֡˼飬޺ĸоڻû׼
൭ƽķԼжȻǺ˺صˣʹΣҲ֪Σǿɱǣֻĸ졣
ķǺпϵģһ¥Ǹˡ
ɱˣȻ͵Ȼۣ¥޵ЦҼ㲻Ǻܺ𣿡
ɫɻ󣬲˼ȻϲĵɫҲҪǰɫ
¥յøϬݣ˭
˼һᣬڵǰͬš
¥ǳЦ㡭Ҫ
൭Ц󣬱û˵ҲԾ㡣
ĵҲûȫһĿ
ҲѧŻ¥ʼǳЦȻԹԵǰˡ
֮У෭е廨룬ЩüԾ²˳ٵĶ׼˻еĻ¥룬Ҫͷ豸ªҽͲ˶ҪЩܡǽͺܶࡣ
ǰǲġֻڣϵһǲȡ
˵ī壬Ժʱ䣬ǰ֮ʱԵ޹ʵĶһЩ֮顣࣬ǵĺúӣ˵˾ȻǾȵġ
οףʱǲȣºǲԼйأҵ˱ǲŹһҡǣӶڡ
ûпǰôɣֻż룬Ȼֽİź
ʱԵѹ˻¥ϵĶסͷ۵ǣҪĲҩܼģȴûС
ҲͷˣԴ˵һ¥չΣȻѵһֵƵ塣ľûʲôˡ
뵽ҪôԶйİƿıµĸǺáȻ߳ԼСѣóԼǰʱŪ׼õҩ
˳ֲﶼǣ΢⣬һ㣬ǵϵյĹ
֪Լ¶ˡ
ܽҪˣܻ״ȥҩҪв۾͸£ҩºͣЩû¶ٹˣȥŰѷϵĲ̺á
˭һ˵ｲôûл͵ͳϿݾֵû
īࡣʱʧȥеĵҲǵ³⼸֡
Ҽأڴֺµ̺ˮһ仰ȴǻָյϬ
ͷ֪һˡ
̫ˣﶼһ䣬ӹеҩʧƵСȥ
ȻΡҲ˵µĽǱֲС˵ħֵУԼֻܶһԿţԼСţ¥ôһǸܺõ
ڽͲʲôһΣͻȻҪһЩ̫ƽÿƽܰļͥǵƽĸҪƺƶ󸻶Ҫһֹޡʹǻ¥ˣڼ֮ʱҲİɡ
 
 
ˣûиŵȥǡδˣﰲĴڷ 
֪Щβȥġ 
̫յţŻ¥壬ߵһһµľ¥¥ĴСҲŵġ 
ҵֱʹȻƷǷôľ¥ӹͿͿԳƵһָˡ 
໹ṳ̂ȥС˹ƮĿۣȻ˾䣺ⲻŴӵġȻͻָˡ 
̧ͷͦأС䲻ȵĵҲӵģƹֶŮ;ˣͨȥȻǿֵֻ嵥ֵ˹ȥõóġ 
С࣬壬Űɵܡ 
Ƭ̡ 
ƹڲڣ룡ǰƵλߵˣҲòкղǸƮСͷ͵͵ģ̧ 
ˣҸ˽ƹɡУǵƥҲԸϾ¥ͦΣġ 
Ҳɣ̽ȥˡ 
Ѿܾûˣ࿪ʼЩ̫Ӧһҵһ˷ȥĸоǰȥʱҲû⣬ִûǮ쭳Լһַɳ۵ĿУ⣬໹ǿġ 
ǰͷ࣬;ƹһ˸ಢˡ 
ƹĳķŷɸԽԽǿңͽ·̣ƴȵٶ£ʱ͵ˡ 
һͰŻ࣬ȥˣ࣬Ҫ뿪ʶֱϵ̥ǣࡣ 
ЩʣҾࡣϣĸŮͱһˡ 
ƹ˵һԿ 
ſĸ׵ĻɫһƹһۣȻָڡӾ棬˲˵棬㻹˳ɡ 
ƹһԳԾһ߹Ȼͳ˼ˣҩ䶼ŵģҲƹһˡ 
ʱٽĵôǻŮӱһ𣬲˵ʲô࿪ڣˣҰ㵹ˮ 
ĵһٻǺһ¹ߣӹöĲ衣 
ӹ˿ձӣ˳ԼС뷿ȥϧ̫Сݲôˡ 
żʱĵﻹԺæţһǰȴŲý 
ص˾ûʲôǳǳ̾ϢЦ£Ȥȵռ𯳲ˡ 
ϢҲԭ򲻵Ϊж˹⽫ϵĶŴɢһϢǶܣ𻵣ûѾסܱߵĶҲһ֣ж̫ϢȽϱҸһĴע㣬Ӧˡ 
˵꣬תһߣֿʼˡ 
ǲ˽ȥֲߣվԭطվɣ 
Ƕе¡ҼҹΣλ򶼾Ϊ֣ȡܾȵǼҹӣұصлƹһǫ͵Щˣ˵žȻˡ 
ಢûֹƹΪЦۿŹڵϵˣ֮ܲǰӦˡǣȣ߾ȲɣǲҲ׼ˡ 
ӽſʼû©ƹϰԵľһƵˣûʲôøеġ 





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ڽӴִﳯ˼ĺҩģЩģȻЩҩڶûãѱòϡ
ȥˣ¥ɫŲˡ
գ¥΢´߶ˣཨɹɹ̫͸͸
ƹĿ̫ªˣ黨¥Ƽݣ¥վڼʵԺﲢδڣСһСĹԹס
ЩMDɶ˯ôˣҪʱôڳ⸱ļӣȴߣ
Ƹոպתǰֵĺá
ӣ農޴ˣҼϸ֮СźţͿƾӵjˣĻڻˡ֪ðˣ˵ôһȷе˵˾
ƹеľֿʼһĶ׵˵ãҼҹӿˣ
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Ϣûдˡ
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ˡ
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Ȼ˾ǻЦ
ˣ˳飬ˡ⣡Сһ۵ȥˣø˼ƽϣҽҽ߸ĸġ
ο໹Ǳвˣǲ˵ˣӲΣǽ֮£
ҵĲˣǣЩǮˡʱҪж˵һԼ͵ǵķ͹ҿûô
ܶԹлͳ£Ǹ*֮ˣҲûʲôüƽϵˡ
֣֪λҽõģ֪ڹȥ̽
λڡӢ˵Ĺ
Ȼܲͬ¥ʹõΪʣ໹οģСӲǰǣǵҾġ
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ţòˣղˡ
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ãˣͳǰ¥һɫ·Ϸһ룬ȻãɤĵʮӦ
ȻƹüҪС㣬ѸһҼҲԶũΪƹ˵ӲƶԱһ˸Ϲȥġ
˵ˣԼҵķӲס˼סôסϰߡҲ֪ʵҪǣҽλ¥ﲻŮһˣĻʲô¶ѡ̵Ҿøеġ
¾ɵľϣɫȻ嵭ЩĸĸŪҳ˵ĺ֣ԣĸ׵ҲҲǺɿڵġ
ԼֵĲˣһڣԸ㣬ֲ赭ӣԵʮƽͰݡ
ǻƹûúҼҺǰĲ˵¥ŲӵʱפҼԺˣ㹻üģɾΨ¥һ汻źĺúõġ
ֻǣԼֻϰԼҿ¥պȫƾǰӣҪʱٽῴ
ֻһԾɲķ࣬ƽʱȻҲ˼¶ԼҵʱʵǺ뷢ҲҶֽţߺôҲҽš
Ի¥ֽûһС֮ҵҲҪŲùο粡ãߣҲʡ˷
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Ҳ൱ʱı̫һˣ¥ĿһۣȻȻͬĵͷص˵Ĺ˵ǣлѡ˿϶ҲûٳŮ˵Ŀ
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¥һԣǸҲĬվţǸƹĲˡ
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ͣ˽ŲվһԺһʰԺӵĸҲûˡ
Ҫ𣿰˾С
Ҫ٣
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ҵֵֻһ
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¥ĿƵ΢ЦҵҪĶࡣ
Ҳ΢ЦƤЦⲻЦǷһɣ
˵겻໻һֱüģУôÿζָͷ˷ġ
һﲻˬ΢΢һü˳ƻƤֱüͷԽԽüĿʼһαѪ˳üǼ⡣
**վţûа㷴Ӧɻ¥ýָţɲɫǼһѪ䵽ʱžһˤӵȷõúȡ
ĸԱûȻûпԷ֣룬ӦǱѨˡ
 
 
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ĲŻ¥ô𱨣ǼΪֵƵļҵû 
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ǰϵĳԽԽԺӵľϣһŰ׾ƱһMD˵Ҫġ 





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˵ѾˣˮǴӱѸľģԾ͸˿˿ı֮ʱǷڵϵѾľˣоһ˿⣬ôһͰ꣬ѾʮˣΪλûѣ
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вƣ𣿡ЦһĨĴŰɫɶȻһ㣬¼з͸¶һĳЦУֺܽྻγһ˿˿۵欣ӯȻ 
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Ȼɽʯ׷ֵĻ档 
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ԣҿԽ㡣 
ǰӣЦĺǹ壬ǰ˼µԲһ㡣 
ߣ֮ǰǻûǮǶ٣ϢһǡҲʼݺǰ˼µŮӵƢһɲһ㡣 





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Уϲóɵ޲ʹģֻ΢һô˵ļֱͲ֪ߣ
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룬˶ּ˵Ǹζģ֮ǰʱǸкܺܽˡ 
Ҳſܶ࿪ĵĺͲĵ顣˵꣬ԼֲԾЦЦ 
Ц 
ڱҺ͹ȥȷЩͬˣĸˡԼֺǣǶʼûţ塣 
ֻڻǺףΪԼԼĵˣΪ˸˶š 
ڲ統춴ּǰ㻳оű֮顣Ҳڵ뵽ǰŵĿѡ 
صУǶû 
ĸ׿϶ȥżҰ﹤ˣĸ׶ҲǱȥҳˡ緹ҪԼˡ 
ʮֵĻɣͱô㰲ŵŴӣǲֵЩˡ 
ϴշϴշ 
㲻˵Զҳ𣿡 
Ҳ˵Ϊ˾Ӧе 
ǺðɣǵöŪЩˣп 
ŶˣҲǰɡ 





ʮ



һĽ󣬿˸ˣǱȽϿɵġ
Ǹϰߣʳԣ޲ÿ˶ĺϰߡ
һ߳Էһĭ硣
ԭһ磬ǺʳģͻȻ˲ˮĲˣ˿̾ѲûθˣĵȻ֪ˡ
ϱһĲֺҲûʲô˵ˡ
ǱӣһͼкһѲ˷šỹЦĿ׷ʵǺǷ顣
˱ۣԽԽﲻ˳ģյһ߶ȥ
С뿪ЩӣôġԸ񲻵û䣬䱾ˡ˶ݲȥУ
Ц𣬼˿ڿо׽Ȼһζӡ໹ûзʱʣô֪һ˹
ô֪Ϊ̫˽Ҷˣ֪ôһŮӲ䷳ճϢңڣʹ棬ҶĽǲġ
ˣҪҲҪڶʮĳ㷹ÿһ˶һðܵ˼ңһԵôİá
ʹģҧгû˵ֻң
ǰһľƽ˲伫¾ʱ˼ɻ¡緹Цˡ
ֻɺϵû絽ɵϣǷİ׵㡣
ҲɱܰһСֹͣ׵Ķ
Ȼ󣬱Ǳ˵һЦ
ʱ߳ŭʱֻ˼ڰ׷붼ûľͬ׻ıϰ׻һǣҲɺЦɵˣҲû㿪׼
ˣˮתҲֵЦը˹˰ɡڵصʱЦĸ졣
ͱôţ໥֣໥ǫúͿ
ֲţÿڷ
ֲŹˣַҲ
ضá
ãã
һԣɵЦɻôţޱܶԶ֮ĵƽûˣʱһҲǶʱЦˡ
뱱ҲʶЦһˣһٷҺڵģǵ˻͸ļһ㣬ӶáֻĳˣƽʱӦģ̣ʳҲͰˣҪ˵̣ڡ
ȻҶûʲô廹ǱȽϲζġĸ׾ȥ棬ȵס
״ȵðĸȻķụ́ˣĸĺܺðȵһ¥ĳӻصһѡ
𣿡￪ʼǰǰڸ۽СɣǺܴҵġ
һǺܾȣ˵ѻ𣿼ǵǰ԰ʱ³ǵζҵĳһ㳤ҲûС
ĲȫŪġСҪϲĸ´³ᱣġĸ˵󣬱ϲЦտȥҲûٸġ
һЩһԻŶ
ʱƢ
תۿȥǰĻǣǸŮӲأᣬŮƽƫһ׼񣬺ݺݵű֮޲졯һ㡣
ŭЦŮҲͳһƽ׵Ҳ䣬ûһͰ͵ˡʱֿʼŮ˾ˡ
ûһֱЦЦĺܿġǰͬһŮЩ򵥺£ȻܿġʹҶᣬҲûı
ԵĴɺͱҲйʱһµĺӣһĮĿţʱʱһ䡮ͦõģû´һһҲҲʱУȺħ裬ǻҵսָ׼ľ
ǰűϷɷֲһǲҡ˭ңֻ˭Ĳң
ĸװ˹ʱûٺ֣Ҳû˷ʳ˷ѳͶɹҶܰĳ档
һӣˣ˳û˶˵ʲôҶںܿĵĳ档
׿ŵĳҲЦһһڽſеʳЦǷĵ㡣
ĵظϢȥԺӰŪǰʱĻݲݣͱĸ׵ľѰֵԺϸŮ졣
˵ȹһл¥ɫһͻȻðͲǺ׼ķַָһʺȾȥ
ෳҪ·ȥϴϴˡ
˿ټһѪȻɾ˵ǰ⣿
ȴԱߵȥע⵽ʵ⿴һˡ
ʱɿָЩɵֱ־ٵͷϣڲŻع
˲Ǻˣô˵Ⱦ;أҿǻ˺ö˼ŰŪġЦЦĺᡣ
뻨¥ʱǸŲ԰׵Ҫȷϧǻ˺ܶ˼ġ
Ҳǻ˺ö˼ŰȻġҲЦЦĺ޹
һ㶣ȻЦĳ˺ܶ࣬һ˼ᣬ˵ġԣԺҪЩ
Ȼᣬ˵ʵֻҪ㲻ңͲˡ˵ȻƽֻŮƽƽҲڼȡҪʲô鷳ôҲǼҳ˲ͷҲȰɣллĵѣְٻմķȷ˵𣿡
ɾȻܺƤĵͷЦЦǣǡַֻʿ޹һ㣬ת˸⡣
 
 
ҽģ 
ѧġ 
ǡʦǣ 
ˡ 
ۼɴ̽ȥļƣæһ̾Ŀɣ˼ûӹҲôˡ 
Ҳ̲סЦģƴļ˳ȾԼȥ 
͵ڴϣȻ۾ǲԾбǸɻǸûûˡ 
ãһжϤģûб䵽İ 
ɿŮӱܵʱﲻ룺װҲ̫̫ˣôһҲȻ 
˱Լܵˣɸɴűڳһƽղ顣Ůʲôô֪ˣȻ¥ַҲʱõҩģĴַЩͬŵļ󡣡 
㲻ҲͬŵַֻǡѧѡҺܾúܾʶһѡȻûɣԼĿǣҲûʲôˡ 
ûģ˼̫ˡϸɵôû 
ǰǰ¡ǰ¥þƺò˵źһ󣬾ͺúõĹ黹˻ 
ʱһˣ*ű˸ɵ˰Ǩ㵽 
һȺֵĴһȺֵδŮˡƽϢĶƽϢˣô򷢵Ҳ򷢵ˡ 
ʱɻ˵ʲôſ˸˶źͨʳнˣͱЦɱ㲻˵ʲôƽЦС 
㰡ŵû 
ȥüЦûֱӻӦɣתһԵС亰࣬ˡ 
һϴӴϿ񱼹ȥϲɫĿȻ۷Źʣãȣȥȥ 
ŵЦ˵⺢ӣȻֿˣ죬ȳԣݵĶಹждˡ 
üЦճԹûá 
ɿ⸱δйģʳӣЩǿĶһЦ 
˻ϱȽòģԵĶɣҪҪҲֻЦҡͷ 
ЦͲҪЦǿûҸġҲɻǲЦ̵ĳ 
ҡͷͻȻ鲻Խһ䣺ȳˡ 
ֻڳԡ 
ϵ˵ŶѵҪˣֻݵġ 





ʮ


ʰȡ˵㶫ʳ뿪ˣĵֻطһᣬֶԼĻ
һʱԺʣˡ
֪ôģǰȻֳͬʱĳʱҲһԺӣˣʱʱĻĳ˵ĽͣͺѸ˸ˡʱȴûİ
ɴʱİ˵࣬ǱҲֵľ档
ˣ˭Ҳûڡ᯾ȴǱ̤ƥˡ
䣬ʦ𣿡
ȥȷ𣿡
Ժԭ;ſڷɳ·ʱȻܰ˵һʷ
̧ͷˣ˸һ£վû̫ķӦ
ûӦ˷Ӧôþ棿
Ҹȷʵһ񣬵ܲͷͷμˣͶ˼ҼаɣΪ˾Ҫƣܲ񡭡
˵һ仰˼ͻȻƮ˺ԶһžǿʱǲмУĿɺã뿪ʱҶʡ
࣬࡭ôˣԴڵͦõģӣôôòŻ񣿡һЦĿҡʱѾˡ
ʱˣڵġĻشиж
ˣúƽϣԩ˵ĹһǱй֮޲ġһӡ
ҿѧͦġ
ȱķʲôɷʵôҺ˽⣿
࿴һ۱˳һ˵;˵ˡ
һƤЦⲻЦĿң£൹Ҳʦͨ
һʵ޹Ŀɣϡ
һԵᵹЩˣԭʦҲôḻǵֻ˵ЦһƽʦһҲ䡣
˳ıȷʶʱ
Ǳ仯Ķ䣬Ҳ仯ģʹλãҲԼص峺´ˡοڵôıзƵĹ塣
䲻ɫĴ࣬ƽҲܵ㣬͸һ˵ƽƽ˲ų⣬˰ĵȴҲ̫뿿˼ʹǺܺãǷﲻòЭˣԼһԴݵĲ֣˾ʲôϸΪεһ¥Ҳ鲻ͷ
Ѱ˼ͻȻžԼǸŮ۹ˡ
ɾôһŮӣˣһ¥û¼Ҳʲôʿ֮һ˷·ھȻ¥ƾðġͻȻһóȻҲͬѰĽӽʮЩΣյġ
ɼĵһһģ¥ȵģ
Ծ𻨾¥֮Ļ٣ԲѵǶʱʹ˲ˣɱ˻¥һеκֶΡʹѾȫˣԻ¥ҲǱʹ̬ȡ
û뵽һ¥ȴһҹˡ౾˵Ц鲻ƵĿҲ˵Ҿ˵ʱǱȽѵģӵ۹ܲ𡣡
Ϊ𣿡
 
 
£ľҪ˰򵥡ֻ֪ʱҡһԣȫԶһļӣ˹İѻ˵ 
㡭⻰µһۡ˽ִȵȻһ˿Ȼתۿű㲻˵̬һ˺ѹ֡ѹ˶Ź¥ 
Ҳһ㶣û˵Ȼ鸡һĿࡣ 
ϹʣҲǰƽŮӣȻֿ䡣 
Ǳ̹ʣȷˡͺн 
⻰𣬾ҲԵĳԾ 
Ŷԭˡ 
ϣߵŶỹûʲô״ûļʲôʹıߡ 
ҽջᲢҸڵˣΪպֳͻֻ¶ڲ֮£ĻԴеһ£Ҳˣպ󡭡ҪҲʲô֦һָᱻôڵġ 
û£ỹͽܣֽһռοպҪˣҲûϵĵض 
ʱЦĵأ 
ЦԵãⲻ㣬ǲҲΪʡһѾߵĿ𣿡 
⻰*һɵʹȥϧñ׵ˡ 
ȥ㣡 
ɿЦȤȤʵҲûʲôЦģҲһǰĲºͣͻȻЦˡҲΪ뵽һˣһ⼸ֱղŲᵽŮˡ 
һʱ̫֮æˣЦɶԣٺòˡ 





ʮ



ͥԺǰˣá
Ҫȥһ¥𣿡
ôɲӭ𣿡
ǣŮһ𣬸˻ءЦüɫ衣
ţҲѧüɫ裬һڻŮҵȷܺãȻĿǰûһڶȥһ¥ǲҪһȥ
ɸЦһʱҲ֪Լжٹ׿ԼƵĻѻȥ
һԴЦȻһｵһ࣬ȻĲûյĺóԣҲȫô
ȥֻû˵ڣĵʹ˹˸࣬Ϊ·׼һЩԵġ
࿴ЩǿЦЩᣬѵֶ֮׵ļңҪ뿪ˣôãοһȥҪҲѻˡ
ĸ׿Ůһۺ첻ӣ¶˵߳ȥǺ£ӣû׼ᵢ£㶮£ԺҪúúĻҪϸҪ￴Щ÷Ӷʱóԣһα̫ˣҲ˵ʣҲ˵ȥˡ
һԣĸҲһĿŮ̾̾пοĶһЦ
ѴӹİһԵıһӣ˺һϥһ򡣻Ÿж飬¡صĴףлл
֮ǰЩǰǼǲˣ룬ߵۣδ˭¹޹ض䣬޹ڣֻһָжĻΪԼһӵĸԭҡһǣҵĸ顣
࣬ĸµǰΪŮŶͷĻңȻ΢ЦĿ촽΢ءصأĸҲһĶݵվһԡ
ƲסĿ˸ıϡĳʱҲ㶯ĿűϿţô顣
ʱͬţҲһվһԡʱͱһиңڶˣȴҪ뿪
֮ǰһ㣬ûиʲôο࿿š
ЩƵÿڵһѵģҲûǰȰ˵ʲô
ǰе㣬ꤶôǰУﷴʹ͵ġ
ϣ̲סƿͷ̽ͬһγͬŽͷ̽һʱԼɼԼĸڵĻޡ
нԶӰӶĨŰͷ̽ڡ
ģѾ˺úñɵˡ
΢΢򱱺ͷʾĵġ
ǸΪβѶҲӵһ¥ɺҡ
ƿӣ࿴ڷŻõƬĻݲƣͻȻеۣе滺⣬Ҳûľ
ףҲͣలᡣ
ſڣͷûˣ񡭡᲻áҲͺһ뿪ͬŵʱ򡣡
 
 
ϣҲû˽ӻ 
̧ͷ˿գڣһμʱҺܳԾӺīĸһģһģīʱҲҪа㽻ǵȵٴȥʱ򡭡ͻȻʵûʲôֵôίԼȥġΣһ㲻ɺأ 
ˣһ˿죬ѹҲûǰԾˡ 
ɱҲ״̬ǵĻһͷˮȴǽץһЩʵһ˲һˣһ뿪ͬšһμī塯λŮǷ𣿳˵һ⣬ĶʲôʲôѽΪеԶ֮ǿ޹ĵơ룺ԼûҲȻˡ 
ŴʱЩɵ㶵ɣʵǸ⣬΢ЦĽ͡ 
ǸƧĴӣ˵Ǹ԰ҵĵطǿǾҸĵطЩϴɱɱĶǡŪȨӹĶˡ 
ɲָ̾ţδػᶮΪҲûƽ˼ҵĿ֡˵ʱԾ۾һ˿ۣҲûɵü 
ɵȷǸЦòãһ·飬۵ˡ 
ֻ֪һͷˮ֪Щʲôνġƽ˼ҵĿֻ֡ҪھͺãǰƽŮᣬúõΪΡǰ¶ 
ͱ飬ġĺº񣬵Ҳֻѣûȡ¡ 
֪ѾûˣҲûǸĲ񻰵ĺӣǿֱףʱֻĲ񻰣Ҫǣǳл֮⣬ĵĶõˣΪˡ 
һ죬˲ľ⡣ 
˳˿ջ൹ͷ˯ˡɵڴϺֵǣƣۣôƤڰʱﵹĪһƬ徲ɢ 
룺ϴˣ˹֪ĺ֢ 





ʮ



˵ɵñȽ磬ʵ˯ʱҹѾǺˣԣڶղű¡
ϣҲûɹˣȻ
һо͸һۣһƣɢܸо
ʱϴϡ
緹ʱӵĿջ쳣٣ֻͬһһŹĵ긾Ƿ̴棬Ҳϰ֮ˣʧ֮ˡһСƵġ
Ҳûʲôʿ߶ҲΪⲻ̫ã˵ƺƼ˼طɫСˡ
ɫȻĲرˣδ˱ˣС˲Ѿ㹻ˡ
ǰλʿһֱŲˣԾûзӦ
࣬㲻ԣȶˡŮĻɿάķȽŮʿȣǰǸòŮӣͲίԼˡ
ɶͷһá֮ǰ౾ͺɲ磬ҲûͻȻˡͻˡ
ҲŮͲǨǰɣȻűһЦ԰ɣ
ȻˣݺݵŲûӡǰȻò͡
ɱජˣʵ̲סЩ˵㲻ԲˣŲܱ𣿿ܱ𣿡
Ҽʣܵ𣿡
ԭǸ׺Ůӣ㿴ԭα¶ˡ
ͱûɵĽõĻ׼Щ·ϴųԵĵģһͽͦóԵġ
Լʱ̽ͷȥŸϳ˵鷳ǲͣһᡣ
һСֹҿӲɺķӦЩ⣬ôѣһεģﵽⶼƯ
ྲųĶܰӦòġ
üͷҲÿԾЩ󣬡Ҳ˰ɣ
׼ǰ߳û¿˵ʱ򡣿зֱ治ıߴһſ·˷һ㣬ֲĸҲҹ̫ǳԭֻǣʵ˺
֣֣Ϲǳʧˡ²ûж⣬Ϊλһˣͷλһˡ
ǺǣȻûв´
˼һһЦҵҽڲˡȻҲϹǳһϢлϹ⣬½㣬պϹּλˡ
ôպٻᡣ
һƮϬȥں¥ϵıɢ̸¥̶δ
Ǹڸԭ֮أȾ֮µĸ߽֮ʿ
õĴǸϹǳһԱȻһ޳ָݺݵĵһŶӵĶͷŵһ˵ţѧ˻밮òãǶѾңԶˡ
ĺܺðϧˣϲҶ͵Ů㵹ǿźһ¥ʦݣԵԼ档
ŮͽǽУںͬʱޣƽĻز¶أֻ͸󣬿ʣʱ̫꣬ģһôҲûС
㴿ǶʼɣòЩСŵŮˡŮкβã˵ĺãŮ޲űҲǵ¡ɣͬĻǳǰһ֮˵£ɱȻЦܽȡȻĶ£뿪Ů֮һʱ䣬ֻм죬úܲܵõ
֮ɱҲһۡȻתۿϹǳôʱĪĳ֣ĪˣһҲͣʱΪǰ⵽ʲô
֪ɺԣŵִԼеܵġ
 
 
δֱӻشɣת࣬Ǻʱֵģ 
ʵǰҲùⷨӡ 
Ŷ 
ġһûܿ˵֮ǰǱͷһаĺ۸ǴͷΨһһӣΪ˱Сݱ۸û¾͵һЩƽĻݹ˻ϣƳûжʹʱʧ䷽ҲʱʱΪ 
Ǵǰǡɣ 
ǰѺ춹֭ȾȥȻɫϺ˻֭ˮܣպֻҪɫһġ޶ҲǿһɲĻɫʱŪŪ֪ġŲɫ㣬Լ㣬öҲôġ 
ʲôϹǳȻö쿴û£᲻ݰ 
ǰ꣬ģĿǰˡֻʱһϢġϲҩƽﲻҽαػôأ 
ô᣿ûоҵϢбơ 
ΪɢҩݵĹЧ 
˱ĻȻ˿Ĳ䣬 
ͷʱ˳һζҩҩɢȥһĶҩ 
һţЦ㲻ѾѪӦúͱһٶ֣һĶް 
ɴʱ쳣ǰ֪µѪܰٶ֣ѲҪˡҪǣ°ѪֻҲͱ֪ŮӾ˭ֻǸũŮӡ 
࣬㾿ʲôϸ 
࿴šǵ񣬶ʱĿ 
֪ôڣɡҪ䡢ε۹⿴࣬ 





ʮ



һ¥ʮ·̰ɣȻ¸ѾãﻹôЩӡģ˭ñ׷ɱô
ǿһĻǰһա
ǲʱ䡣еĻﴧʣ޼÷һ·ôʳšƵ÷ǺóԣʹۣҲ᲻÷Ż
ԴϹǳһǵաһ·ƽ뱱ɹҲֵڡ
࿴ĹӷҪҪʡЩ÷֮;ϼʳ
ʱЦеĴ˹һ̧ͷÿŴ鲻Խİѹӽıš
ɿһۣݼŵͣЦ˵ģһ·϶û˸𣿡
ͷʾΣʲôʱЦ࣬ǰȥһ¥
ֵͷ
ϲ𣿡
ᡣֱԵ˵
ĴǰĿϢʱȴתͷǣʲô
ûʲô಻ϰߵһ¥ϲϲһ¥
࣬Ц⣬תͷɡͺκεطܴ
ԣִʵ˼Ҫ˵ô㣬ҿɲϣ¡
Цתͷˬ˵һ䣺ίѽⲻҵù𣿡
ĻЦţں֮˵С۶
ɲһѵĻҪȥϹǳǿУһɾǷۺ졣ϴλĵأ
Դ뱱󣬾û鲻ù˵ʱЦŵģɣ֪ϹǳûжġǲǲȥԹԵľ͵Һ
ҲҪȥ
Ȼȷ
ɿ࣬Ȼüֻ˼һ⸱ơ˼ҵŮӦֵġ
һӣ˵żĻͱٺЦˣʱ͸ˡ
һȻĿ˵ʲôЦģһǵĵʱһƴ˼㣡
ĺЩлЩжġǣЩ˵ˣˡ
ߣʱñҴ£Ȼ㡣
һ¥ʮ·̰ɣȻ¸ѾãﻹôЩӡģ˭ñ׷ɱô
ǿһĻǰһա
ǲʱ䡣еĻﴧʣ޼÷һ·ôʳšƵ÷ǺóԣʹۣҲ᲻÷Ż
ԴϹǳһǵաһ·ƽ뱱ɹҲֵڡ
࿴ĹӷҪҪʡЩ÷֮;ϼʳ
ʱЦеĴ˹һ̧ͷÿŴ鲻Խİѹӽıš
ɿһۣݼŵͣЦ˵ģһ·϶û˸𣿡
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ûһᣬָҪķϢʱ䣬鲻һԿ̫ʱ䣬ݽϵĺܺ÷
һѵú󣬾ڻ԰Ϸ
ֵҲά죬ϹǳЩεҪؿ˵ıʱĽѧģ죬ûˡ
 
 
֮ĻΧܻһЩ½·ŮˣϹǳԸදˣҲһѡ 
ų¼ңдţšû鵽ɹʷΪŲΣǼƻ˱ɵĹϵ 
οӦûй̶ݣûй̶ġĶģʹཻǵˮ֮ˡ 
˵ҶĻƳٵ꣬һʱôѺõĽɡҶҪף˵áҲûǲǰҶǶںˣѾ˳ɻ飬ʲôһԷġ 
ô죬ڿԳˣڽϣϹһԣ˵ǵʱʱĹһȺߡ 
ĹΪζ̷һ··ˡ 
һһƣͣÿ쿴ȥôˣȰҰһȡ 
ϹǳЩֺЦĲ֪Լôġǰʱ䣬ϹǳݵԼıԺƷ裬û죬ǶıԺʱ 
ʱϹһ߶ţһ߿ڵĻƣﲻЩżǱеģӦʵǸԼһˣԼصУɺôҲ̵Ľôġ 
ɺߣһѷϹǳƽһξ޿κΡرǵһ񷿻ƵĴ»ңͷĴһŵŰܵԼǰֻһ˫۾˵ʧұҪȥ 
ϹǳԼ鷳ڰȫأϹǳʱͳ¼ң⻼ˣȻڳ¼˲ǡ 
ǳЦ¼ŮǸƢֻӵĳ¼С檣˼һҹŪøɽҰ帾ƵġǸҲûʲô⣬Լ˵ģ¼Ҳ˵ʲô 
¹ˣϹǳΪ󲡳ŮҲӦûðŵ㡣 
˭֪Ϲǳȴȥͳ¼ҵķӵĿãų¼ҵһȺڻ԰ѳ¼ҸüɹʱϹǳʵڿȥ̲סһȺŮǱͷҴ£˳ϼӷ 
ʱһעûע⵽ϹǳЩüܽ 
ģȻְ㽻иңҶỤȫԭΪ뵽ս˵¡ 
ˣĵĽ˵ǺǣҺܷġֻ붬ĺ᲻¼ҲиĻ滬ҲͦȤġ 
ϹǳܾòŶ࿪˵ǴôðɣֶڲĻһסģڳ¼ƺҲġ 
ᰡҪǸȺһĻҲͦȤġ 
ϴΡʵ 
Ǻǣ㲻Ϊǿ˾ò˼˵ʲôֱ˵ˡϴֻǸЩЩֲˣһЩֲ콻һĻ˾񿺷ܻþԼҪʵģҿûô顣 
ϹǳϴΣ԰һȺŮ鲻ʵıͷҴĳ㣬ˡ 





ʮһ


ˮƽȵϹǳĻڶһֲõѣ಻ǰĺˮһҵƽšû뿪Ҳƽ˵Ϊ˱ڵһи㲻ֵ̫𣿡
Ϲǳ˳Ŀ⣬͵ƽĺ棬ҪĲУҴӦ
Ҳ
Ϲǳûɫʣһŵźˮ
ϹǳŮ˵ĶϸϸʱСЩҲȫȻģܸܲңǰɱңɵ
Ϲǳûлشңңɣ
ϹǳǺԥĻش𣺡ȫֻҪں˶һ
Ϲǳûϵཻһ𰸣ƶûгɣЩüԸûǵĿҶҲ޷ôᶨ汱ش
ɢһЦ˵ȻҶԼ˵ҲᾡܵĻȫΪ˳ȫĳŵΪѡŵԼģҵģԱŻҰġڣȫҵС˰ģȷȷᾡȫȫ𣿡
ϹǳٶüĹﲻϹǳҵӦкã
˭֪ٶһЦ˵ǳȫҵС˰ֺαںһ϶أ
ϹǳһʱҲ֪θһС˵˾Ҵʱַϵһʵʵһܻǿ˵ˡ
ϹǳͷӦЩмĿʱȴЦЦ
ĹȥûУǻǼس¼Ұɣ
Ӧ֪ڴ˵صŴɣҪס
Ϲǳۿһ󣬱̾ԭ㷽ֻڸһѣһضҪȫѡ漴ϹǳʵȷҪȥ𣿡
ûзھȥ
ϹǳֿһԵĺ棬򴽲úٶȿڣҴȥɡ
ѡ㡣ǣ֪Һɵ鲻ͻһֱ㲻Ϣġ
룬Ϲǳһʱ˿̵Цܴۡ
Ҳͷ۵飬Ȼӻܹɶ˵Ǽͷ۵顣
մȾܶŮˣܶŮˡֻǵǶƯЩƯͺͨһûмеӡġ
ͬףԲںɽׯѾԽӸˣҲԲںŮӶԼֶ׵ǣµѡ
ĩʱԸϣܿ֡ɼǵڱҶĺС֡ԣɶ׽ųģһͶȥŮˡ
ҪȥòðʱƭĶԹˣǰŮɲΪ֮
ȥ֪ߣ
ûа϶ǺܵˣӸ磬ڿ϶ĵϣûȥǣʲô飬̸
ɣѾû·ˣѾܳˡڻȥҶѿҪΪңӦ㡣
װͿʲô㣬ǱȲü˵ĸҪġҪ漸죬õȥɣ
˵ʲô˹ɽˡ
Ϲǳˡ
ŶأɴʱѲǸղǰƤģ鿪ʼһο飬ԭʲôģʱѲˡ
ؽС
ߣǵ֪ͨҡ
ǣ¸ˡ
ˣɵıɻǸոǰ棬ԹԵĲһ࡯ƺǸŮӵ֣ǱСʵ˭
һҪˣαôȤء
˵ʱһҲûУһû¶ȵĻȴ˵оʮֱǰӣİЩ£ȫǰƤЦӡ
ϹǳסرԺڿһᣬ˻ûû£ͺϹǳгôƺ㣿´ҪټкĻȫ᲻òòҪͺϣ
㡣
Һ㡭ǳ᲻̫׽ˡһǽ㡮Ϲɣ
š
ϹҸո˵㡮ǳʱвΪΣ
˽ܾش
Ϲôü
Ȼﲻ£
Ϲ˵Ǽһĥôãǲ޵ȥˣ
֪Ϲ룬ҪҲ㣡
ҪҪӰ
áһֻشıȽʡ
 
 
ЩԾϹôôûĻشЩҡ 
ϹȻľٱƷʵ˵˾䣺֪ɽͬͬĽ飿 
ͷһèƶ·ôûģһЦò˵ã 
ЦĿŮӣôԼܹˡ 
ѧƽЦУԱ߲ǻһô˧𣿡 
תϹǳ㻹Ҫ 
ϹҪܱС 
üͷ˵ʲô 
ϹǳеĻش𣺡 
ûеߣǸָҲ֪ˡ 
ɿڣ˸Ȥ֣ϰͷһ飬ȷ֩ûУȻѧϹǳһ͡ 
ɻĿʲôýġ 
Ϊûн顣 
һͷĿ࣬ǱҴԲ˰ɣȻûн飬ûʲô˵ˡ 
Ϊûн飬ŲжԹαأ˭Ҳɣ 
㼸ʱ£ҪɱҪɵˡ 
࿴˿Ϲǳֿ˿ɣ漴̾˿˼룬ͲӦøűΪ˼ʹƽնиȨͱϣߵġȻΪлüΪһͬŵĻᶼΪ̫˽ⱱˡ 
ˣĿŮһۣ֮Աǣԣߣ̫ˣ򵥵ͬŶ֪˭ҲġôѾ˼ĽӽĿľʲô 
ǰɣƺЩƫˣʹǼշת֮ǰҲദġľУʱῴ˵̣أ 
ɣ棬ɣ㡭˸Ӧ侲һõġ 
ԣɵһС󣬽Ǿһŭҵ²ܣ졣 
һ信ǻæܵϹԱߣݺݵ˸ЦѽӶˣǸŮô˰ 
û˵һϹǳͱˡ˴ʱһӰӲﱻ˳Ȼ󱻻ɵ 
һ죬ٿʶʱҲڿʱ̹һЦҲǺܱ֪ĸš 
һ˵Цգȴ֪οˡһʱĻǰŮӵһЦЩֲ衣 





ʮ


ࣿһ˫ͻࡣ
Ц۳ϳȴ֪ʵĻ
ûһɵĵͷϡ
ԣЦô˼ʲôʹʲôã⣬ױģ֪𣿡
ɵĲͷǰŮӶеİһɵĵˣΪζԷ˵Щ
ɺϹǳ΢΢ԾıǶˣȷǣǰԲ࣬ûϵƺ˭˽⣬ʹԷʶ
ԣıټ򵥲ˣǰȻô򵥵ģ˽ܶ಻Ȧˡ
ȷǰûǰŮӡ·ʱʣɾƾԷôһż༸Ҳǵġɾһƽƫƫصʣһֺܻƽ͵Ȼ֮Ȼע⣬һۺ̲סӼ顣
ɷǰŮǸ˾úˣΪɻɱŮӣ¶һ¶ϧ
ڳ˵龡۵׺ԵЦֵˡ£ȴǲ֪µȦȥݴǰĽɫβǻˡ
ԽӸδޣԡûЦ꣬Ϲǳôδ֪ࡣ
һûڣ֪ٹѱǲ֪ˡһϧ֮ϹǳĬ̾˰
ϹǳĹԹԱʱЦۣ˳гһ䳡ա
֪࣬Ƕô޴𣿡
֪ٲǴ޲ɼҲǻλҪȫ𣿡
ֹףϹǳҲⲽߵжãһʱ嶯ֻ̲סĴңԼҲû취
Ϲǳɶ˼ɵģοһʱҲ˲Ҳףû´עʹǻ¥Ǻ޷ԵֵʮʿҲҲôǱҲ˵ģšԣøǰûжԹʵͬɲϹǳ
ΪϹǳ᲻ԼʲôۣʲôΣ
ɲмһ˵̬ȣϹǳɣС֮İɡ
ϹǳҲͬĵͷʾ֮ǰǳˡȻϸĶ˵ҴӦ˵һǲġ
ҿϹλһرȽϺã޹ص˽¡οҲˡ
Ϲǳ˵ƶЩĪǡ྿εºˣĹڻôҪȥһˡȻϣȷͦ鷳ģĵز
ڴʱ¾᲻֮ʱһɤƮ˹ɣҪˡ
˳۾ܿϹǳ΢΢һЦر¶ȵģֻǰһĨʺŮӡ
һĨȻأɿҶһľȣȻǲмĺҵ£ҾǿѾͷ˳ۣܡͱĻƺû׼ΪҲ֡
ҲҺͺ£޹ءܱһЩ˲ķӦҶͲϣǵ»йء
ҲҺǳѾͷ£ҲҲ޹ء
ǿˣ⺢ӡ˿Ȼ־ˡ
㶯ȫġ¡޹أϹǳ¡
Ҷͽӵһ¥̽ӸϢʱʮ𾪵ģ̵ġ¡ʹԸ¥ǴΣҲǷжδȫϵһȥɱһˣһûˡ
ɺȻһ伫Цһ¶ȵҶ˼Ҫǹͬ˿
 
 
ɵ˭˶ù죬û¶ȵûҲûб֮һҲûУƫһ˫һЦůķΡ 
ʱû˵Ľ£һҲ˴ůڵЦ˵ǳһԿɫЩҶѪɫŮҲͷҲʵһɡ 
ԼʱЩЦˡҶԣϹǳҪԼʲôأ˿̣۵׵ЦŨôı 
Ҷû˼ˣ㳳һǳˣҲˡɿҶưġ 
˿׵Ц⣬࿴ģЦ·˵һ̶֪ɱΪʲô¶ˣڲŻ᲻һей 
ʱɾǰһѹֵһʱɱˣķй⡭ܶƺصǰϤɱһԼò˳ĵˣ泩ˡɱǰ㡣֪ɱ᲻ 
һʶõģĽ̫һʧˣҲһľŤȥŵЦ飬̫ˡ 
ôһԵĳӯһˣȥʱ½Ƕû壬Ӱʧˡ 
һᣬʮէȻ֣֮ǰһȺɱʱʱеǰ㾢 
ʮ˵ĶᣬǱʱϻңȳ䶨ǲһ㡣 
ܸߵܺõṦϹüִһսˡ 
ʱҶԾֵλãӰͦһʺ죬߰ʼյƽӡ 
ԾǿйǳһԣƲãҲֻ˵Ҫǿ쿸סˣͰҽȥɣɷ죬ǧΪ˲ѵһ仰ͲԼ¡ҪˣҪͷʶʱġ 
Ϲǳһ棬ĬһȻصĵͷ 
ǿװ򶨺ʹȡ 
ʮ£Ѿˡ 
Ĭؼʱ̣һҪְ 





ʮ


·ΪֱҶ**Ϲǳɱ
Ƿִ綼úܺãҶһɫȹڷ裬һμҶɱʱ״̬ÿһ˵תÿһչƣôޡ
ɫһĨʺѣת鶯ӰϵĽţⲻɱ赸ҶÿһжǴɱĽ
¸һľӢҶԾɲĶԵȫΪֻǣҶѣǽյֻɱһ˶ѡ
ԣһ׵赸ÿ˶ܾޣ࣬ɣĿš
ϹһƳԷҲ֮ҲʼȫսΪɱ⡣
ûо޵ƣûɶأµÿһжǼֱӵɨϹǳһԵ࣬ʼϹ˵ķֻÿһеΧɱĸܲ͸磬ϹɱҲʢˡ
վϹǳһԣıأǰӰȴŵһɫϢζϢѪôȳ񣬽ڿһƺʵ*ʹξεϢ
Ƴһۺ󣬲ų࣬ǺеļһԡһĨ죬衣
˿̣ɵͫҲǰϴϢĺӰһ㣬ǳһֺܻҵᡣ
ʱ㻹˼񡣡ϹǳһУ
ϹǳĲܿİ˼ǳȻЩŵԾУڰսء
룬Ȼֲ˵оӵֶΣŮҲŮӵֶΡ
ȻҪϵķĩ׵ڴ򵽲˷ġ¡ϻѡȻǵȻֻܱܿϹǳиഭϢʱϾҲһֽҵϣˡ
ķĩһȻϹǳ·˿Ͻĺһȵȡ
ԼȻɶ⿴ҶǱߵġҲͣˡ
ɤŸ߻治ע
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ҿҲˣôϢһȺȲˮĿĹʲôġ
һ䣬£ͣ𣿡
ȵȣһлҪ˵ɽͽӿڴϡ
Ų׼ȥģٶȿڣȻһ
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͵ҽԺ𣿡ӿڣʱֹ˹ʱֻǣҶұ˴˶ˡֶһʱܼЧģҶʹʱĶţϹǳҲǰĪˡ
ɴʱ࣬һֻèŴЦЦĿš
Ϲǳһ߱ȸղԳĻػһԾɻȫ࿴ε˵ֻ˵ߵˡˣѹϹǳˣҶѹѹҲÿġαأ
ܸоһĨʺɨӹʼҶ߰Ķûһۡ࣬ȴû
ЦĺνһƮ죬԰ѹһ롣
̧ͷ˵ͣɣ
һ֣ʱ䶼¡
ЦЦҲЦ
ǰϹ˳־ͻȻǰ棬ҲЦٵһ
ɣü
˶٣üɳϹǳЦǻ쵰ˡ⼸ˡ
 
 
ȷһμϹǳЦôڿ׵ϡ 
ɷվһԡ࿴ϹջصٴչʱϹ΢Цİƿ 
̹ȻĶЦǿԲѣһϣ֡ 
Ŀ࣬ĿԽ 
̹ȻʱǲǾɱһѾûˡ 
಻ԽԽ䣬Цĸÿһ˻вƽȵƽȨǰǾǸ۵ĺӣΪĳɳ֣ÿ컹ҪʱԽԽնЦԼж֡¼䣬Ҫһ㡪ԼЦûûȴƫƫ˿ů˺ٰɣҲΪˣŻƫĺͼ˽뼫˽˿ûٲĸãǻŵӵǿңǻΪԼһһŬǰȴԸΪԼȡһЩ⣬ǿ׵İ˱˵ĻŵȨǿӸһʱûЩϵˣж㣡 
ʱҲЩʲô壬ȻһﶼֻԼһˣʱһ֪ôˣȴǰûаȫУûʧһΪԸΪǻˡ±ˣǰǺΪǻŵġ 
ʮƫβϣ棻īЩԺദǣͺܼܹԼУ伸޶ԺĹԼڵĻŵ࣬һҼڣֲ赭ůݵ 
룬˿̣㹻ԼֿЦȴûС 
ԣν㲻ҪôĹñһ 
ɴʱһֻ࣬ģҪˣҾ͹ıá 
Ʋͷ죬׵һЦǴӲƭŮ˵ġ 
ɣһ 
̧ͷϵЦ⣬˵ÿ˶ΪԼһذɣΪԼΣԺ󲻻ˣҲΪκֻᣬΪҺҹĵ˸õĻš 
һһĨɫҶ֮أž 
ʱ࿴ǰӣЦҲЦˣ˭ʲôϵأǲʲôϵأֻҪҹĺá 
ת뿪һƬҵһƬǽĵط˼ֻعԱ˵ԵټɣףҶ 
ٴתȥʱ˭ҲûЦҲûסˣҲסͼį 





ʮ


뿪סĵطûĿĵ˺ԶͷԳѹ󣬲֪·
ûлس¼ңڳŵʱϹʣҪЩ
ˣ˼ũᣬ˵Ǯ˯һޡ
ڶ죬ȥķߣȥ˭˵طҪȥҲԼĿꡣ
ƫĵطܼһЩȺҲɢС̶·ͱʿԼƶ
ܶϰ߰һ޼ʵı֮Ϊҳǡ
ҳǵ·ԶԼߵʹΪֻһʱ
Ըʮ·;ûκɧࡣ
ǰͱһʱ»࣬ǳһѵĻˣһˣһ·ȴǺ˭ల¡
룬Ҳͦ˼ġ
һţֵЩеûģ·ʱҲǺȤ
֪ʲôʱҲûͷԼģôôš
¸ҵĻͷвƹԹԵͣǰ㣬±ӣҸŮһĿ
ǰĲӣЦã˭ҵĳҲΨհɲУңͷŪǰ˵ӽԺһӶֻһˣ϶֪𣿡
˳ż⣬вƵͷ£ȻĵĶв˵ѾͷͬˣҾ뱱ԿȫȻ󻻸˵¿
в˶壬ӲͣĺǱʾǺǣЧ
вʱȻûԵԹŵĽңɫ룬
ͻȻ䣬һۣŹ⡣
ѲԶڰ˺˳ȥͷǰعãһвƣ
һﳾ˳ȥɿ䡣
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Цһ󣬱ʵ˵ʲô
Ĺ˵¥ôǮֱǣ¥Լ鷳°Ǯ¥˵󣬹Ĵӻȡң룬
΢Ծʵ˵ʲô
Ĺ±ˣҪǮʱȻ¥ҪһһʮĹﻹ˵нŵĲ¥ϹطģԼ£ҪԼȥ
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ʹˣĹ˵Ҫ·ȥҳǡ
ҳǡǡҳǡ𣿡
վһԵȱķԸʱһ˹
ҳǵǺʺϲĶǶ
һɿӣҡͷ̾ɣӦðˡһУֲ֪֪ķȥˡ
üЩνǺǣŸȥɲ㡣
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ת˸⣺ͬź̵ļ̱ɱ˶ǵˣìͷָ̣㲻Ҫ̳һ𣿡
νѾò̴ȥˡΪǰְɱڵˣ
һȻ㲻ͬŵĶЩ𣿡
ԾɺںӣָŪŲҩӰڶֻܾˣûôǷӡ
ִɵ֣ҪŪˣֵĺġ
һ㶣ķӦǰܳ
ͬŵʱһŪҩʱͻĴ֣ҩĺģҪҶǰܾãܾûˡ
ӰҲδ붯ֻ֣Ҳ֪ķӦΣܸõĵôߡ׼ˡ
 
 
ɻعűĻĵͷûͷûβһ䣬ϣ뿪𣿡 
Ȼɢ˿һЩ˵ģǸûеˡ 
ɣȻһЦǰɵһһɱš 
ֻ㲻ĵطܸ㡣 
ҶʱҲãҲ˳·ǰһĻ΢΢һӵܹ֣ܰ 
ɣô 
ɺͱҶˣɿһЦû𣿵ȻǽܺͶͱ 
ɵԴϣȻҶЦ˵ʮŮ˾ܾˣղҪοء 
Ǻ˵ģűˬֱӾЦҶƤһ˭䣬һۣȴǱ˴ǰ 
ҶһԵİҲгԾ¥ƺıˣ¥ıˡ 
ҶܾͣûСŮĶˣľ֪˻һҹ˵ձǰץű½צӡ 
ɶűҶĹַȥĿɴ۾Ҷ㶼и֮ˣô˶ֶŵģ 
ҶչĹ죬յУֲ֪Ůһأ 
Ц۵ҶǶʼɾͺãҪңЩŮ˾ɺʰˡ 
Ҷһûɣתͷ򱱺ձŮڣϵĻк֣ʱһȥ䣬ɺã 
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ɿ֮һԵİţʲô𣿡 
ĵͷȻ˵л´ 
һüۿͲôˣ벻˴ȥԾʣ˵ɣ 
ԹɫĹ˵СˣЩǾȡõˣ˵ҸòԾˣҲȻŮ˺ܶʱǵԵģվԭȣӦáǰǸԳǡ 
΢΢һȱʱĸԡ 





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ֳ˱ĲãԺѾˡɱ񣬸оűϢλȻұƫҵҩ˽ȥ
Ҷű˵ҩԣžһ̵üҲ֪һ¥ôƻҲֻиոȥˡ
Ҷ֪Ȥ뿪һ˿ĸм֮飬˿ǵĸ鲻ΪУһɸֵˡ
ʱ״ĿźһɣԵʵôˣɡ
྿˭ڵ֮ǰһ㽻ҶûУʲôѣ˭
һƽЦţȻ˵㲻Ǿ˭𣿡
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Ҷ˵ʲôӡҲǳźģһ仰Ҳһһ
µʬ岻ûҵ𣿡
ɲ˵Ϊεû˵
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Ҳ֪᲻֪ûȴҲҲԤԵʮʱи٣ֻǰѻǸϡ
𾪣ҶҲ𾪡
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ǹ֨ģɺҶҲһʡĿôἰЩû߼ݵأ
ҶĻһһȹɫʼ΢΢죬Ȼոձ˵ЩҲסˡĻҶһţʹû顣
οҶһֱ¾Ͳһˡ
 
 
Ȼòſڵôôأ೤Ҳ̫ˡ 
ɺҶĻһɵĻЩܸˣҲףʲôϵһƤҶѡ 
ɼ޹ؽҪһԲһǰĲӣŭô˵أҲɱ 
ͨģƴİɵ뢿Ҷǰḧűıһ߰˳һִ߲ݻоŭ 
޹ĸҲɱ˵ֻ鲻ãûƽϣȻĽƽϣǻҲҪ㲻úܵġ 
ȥ㣬ΪѼ򵥵㸴ˡ˵׼ǰºĲӣҶǰɺϧİһƿȻͱ׷ҴϷ룬ҶҲĴӵˣֻͶȡɵҶš 
һŵľţҩʱ󿪵ˮ졣 
һſ·ҡͷ̾һ¥һδڲôҹ漴Ϊۣ¥ҩ֪Ҫ̣ʲôˡȻҡͷ̾Ŀ첽ȥ 
Ȼһû߼󺰣ɣ쵰ҵҩ 
һһϵģ첽ǰͣһᡪո¥¥ˣһĶŵ¥𣿲ᡣһҡͷ̾ˣ䶼ˡ 
һ˱ҷǰƤȻɵĲҽһֱͼԼˡ 





ʮ


δһнʱ״һ߰ŽеĽɫһ
ͲõйƵʱҲû
ֵǣôʱԵǣڸеԼܵвʱŻñİһЩʵç鷳ʱ󡪡ô˵ĴΪ˶ȫıϡ
ȵǼ죬Ȼܾ˱ŷĺ⣬Űĳʵ
ĪϲʱڣԼӡ
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ʲôڵĲɵȴһˡ
 
 
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ȻĿ࣬ΪƾʲôҪǮ 
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෴ӦīѸײڶ֮ѸٵὣɨûҵΣյشͱһˡ 
Ѿöûˡ 





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ӰĬһվǳȥ 





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۾Ͳ󣬵ҲһѪˣ͸ѿˡ
Ҫܣôøһ۾ͱǧС㻹󣬳ҲǧС㻹ꡣ
¥һɻ󣬡ô㱻ҹ
һκͲмֻɫˣûȤˡ
¥ЦһɫƽϣԺǲжԡ
ͷô´Եټˡ
¥ͬĵͷȻָǰһʲôҲûУûȿͼĺ˳вơҵġвơ
¥ܵĿһȤ˵Ȥࡣ
ҪһӣһӵģȻǸס
¥һʱˡ
ʹ˱ʱ¥࣬ࡣ룬Ǹ˼ϸӡ
໹ҡͷܾˣ΢ЦϻЩӡ
˴˵˾أͷҲûصľšвơһˡ
ܾûɳ۵ĸоˣڷУоԼʱһߵĴæĸɾûϲĸо
һ󡣼˿ջͣһΪ·רԷĿջͨӣҲʺвŵ
ġвơԴõСǣܹԵܵһ·߿вȥˡ
˿ջСҲͦģջ󣬿ҲࡣʱҲͲ˼ˣкЩǿյġ
 
 
ѡһ䣬µûã򵥵һһ˾ˡһһϤʹİͷһƳȻǸɵϴһӾˤԱߵҲ˵ϴβͬǣ֪ѡûĵطˡ 
ѹ˵ԴúǰŲԸȺç 
͵ȻС극ʱȴɵɤţ˵Ÿй¡ 
磬㿴ǴµģǲǾҪҵࡣ 
ջÿһ䣬ɵڽʲôƫƫ⻹һµģرϡ 
ɨӣĸоǣ뷴㲻ˣֱͦӣȻļҵĶˡ 
һӵȥˣϤϴδɫ·ӡ 
ɵܹ࣬һۣһ㶣ȻһԴ󺰵 
ֿʼˣֲͷĶɵŭ⣺ʳԣ޲Էʱ򣬴Сֵĸô 
ʱӵûɵûӦҲܻԼλˡ 
һ˹ĵˣһĥɵղŵĻôֻ£¥˵Ҳ 
ǵñð˵ɲˣʲôԭҲûȻͰѰˡЩ̵Ӧòʲô°ɡ 
һ극ҲûûһõСĽˡ࿴Ǳߵһۣ̹Ȼ߳ջ롮вơͣ˱Ƚϱա 
һ·û׷ϣĵáвơ㣬Ÿճ극ôģθ治Ҳֲ˼ֻôԼˡ 
ջŮ۶ȥһ㷴ӦҲûУЩƣվǿʵ磬Ůôˡ 
û˵ôֻҵȷİȫղŵӦûµġο١Ѿ˺һҵ 
˴ĻǲĵҪ;ʲô⣬֪ôˣ᲻ᡭ 
ϴµӴʱѾһɫװһᵭĮı飬ɫֻ˵Ǹʺ 
̷ﵭᣬˣո·˭𣿡ο̷ãʡµŮӣϴѰԼţȻԼȴʧˡ̷ﲻԼû¡ 
ôһ˵ĵĵͷȷһ¥˲ܻ᲻ע⵽Ůӡ 
Ծ̲ס磬˵Ǹôأϴγȫġ¡ɱŮӲûãηҪ֤İȫ 
̳¡ҪԸһˣǶľӢ֪ȫ¡ֻΪɱһŮʱԾɣìͷǲϹǳġ 
Ϊʹϴΰɱ¥˵ǽԳˣҲ֮µġԸŮӣԼڳȴû֣ʮ¡һ𹥻 
̷ҲȻҲЩ棬ȴʮ֪ 
¡ʱÿζǺܵģÿ˶̷֪ϴݼŮҲǱȽϳԾġΪڴ֮ǰǼ̷һ 





ڰʮһ


һһ㿴ûûεˡֻһҩĿһС
ɶల˸ۣʵҶ˽ⱱԣûпѱҲñлѱŮڵ˭ӦԼ
ֻҶ齽һ㣬ǵ¡Ӧ˵ģõҲ˵Ҹ
ҪҶǲᰮֻÿһͶĸ鶼һû˭رģʹҶҲһ
ҶҶʶʲôת䡣˵һ仰ǼͬģŮ˺ܶʱǵԵġ
ҶͰѱһԼŵģһһ·Թۣ̫ˣҶԵĲԱĸоԼִǲȫǰ
Ҷȥұҩ˭̣ɹӣѾӰҶĵһֱȥɡ
ɵҶȥʱɵ¸ҶȥˡݡҶƵȥݡΪɣֻΪΪɾı
ӰһĨɫճ㣬ֵӰɫδʱ̨뻨ڲסһ飬ܵĻΧһɴ˵飬ܽŮ黳ò
ҶŽֵ߽ŮŮ򵥻˫üжŨŨġ
ӻأŮӻ֣һԡĽ֡
ʱĽֵƽﻨֻ֣ǲеĹװˡ
ݡ¥޶Ů˶ſЦֻߡ
ݡȻѵǸߵģߵûпۣôֻ·ˣ͡
µŮ˶йµˣеǴң֮Ϊû˶еԭ¥ģеν͵ŮֵµˣƶǹŮСϸѡ̳ģԲƷ
ҶʲôƢһ뵽ɰѱֵطɻ
ɵһҶԾ
ȲҶĳԺգǺ֮أôҲܳȥɡ
ɴ˳ҶĿ䡣
˵ˣҶ²ȥȵһյúɫҶҪǶˣȳԡ湻Ȼ
Ҷ⻰ŵˣʺƤʱ̸æ˵Ҷ½ӣԺȫ˭ˣοǵһ¥ĲҵҶ˼ҪԼһôرȤŮڡ
ɵӿҶʱɫ࣬ҲҼѽġ˶̧ͷ˵ʱĻҪ˵ġ
Ҷյˣ·һԻ򵥸ۼˡڻʱͻȻЩֱˡôȥĵط
ҶӲĵطḡŮˡһ뵽һ߽Դıһ䵽ۻĵطҶ;ۡ
ҶûԼһڴԹһᡣԼίǵģίʹǰҶҲί
 
 
ɽҶȴñһȺ¥ŮԼǵúͱʶһҲŮڣʱǿദĺܿġ 
ҶǺͱȷ˹ϵҲñͬˡŮڡȷǺЩŮദҲԼߡ 
ȻҶ֪ǸܾˣܾԼǲܾɵƤﲻ 
ʱѾװͨĵƻһĨʺŮӵɫ԰סҶͱԭԼʱһ۵ƵģҶұˣɱĶ硣 
֪ΪʲôҶۺۣԭͱҪһˣӦúܿģĲоһжûиı䡣 
ȷǱˣȴΪҶ㣬ҶﲼҶű£˵ڵû˽飬ԼһѵӰ춼֣Ҷֺγɬء 
һƻصҹҶͲ԰Ǻעģо˽סҶûһ߰в԰׵ԹԵš 
ʦôˣôеĶûӦɫҲÿôʦأȥɣոջ֦ҲЦǳˡ 
ͷҶ͵ʵڽ˷Ĳ¡ЩףŮڣһԣҶɫô԰ס 
ҶԵʧǣ֪ΪΣʱԺðһŮӵЦƽ㣬һ£Ц̹Ȼ 
ͻȻ뵽࣬治ϣǸŮӻ 
ʦ 
ҶоԼӱסһͷˣԭ䡣ʹǵĿԼܸоŮ֮ĺгǢ 
ԼɣȻȥˡҶǣǿһЦҲû˵ʲôǿǺĿİԹš 





ڰʮ


ڵҹĻ£ȼ˵ĵƻͨҫȫ*㲢
·˭ҲһϵĽֵǰеġΪһ¥ﻹûгֹۻˡ
ǰûֹڲС
ŭҲһƻͨ£Ȼܰһյޣ˭Ҳû
ɽһŭ죬ڵƻҫҫϣôһȺ˶ѵĵطǱ۶ġ
·һĬȻţŮһƬʧɫš
ɫƽķƥһЩûзŮŮҲв˵ģЩӰɵٶȡ
һĨ̽ǰ桪ƻȼ£һĨʺŰֵĲֵľȻֱͦ˵ǰС
ɼнһܵøЩζôһӹҶԼ޷±һ֧޷ָ
ҶʱƬ̵΢ţǰȺһǶֺܲ̿æҡʱЩˣǳǳЦҲǺˡ
ʱٶȼֱǷһ㣬Ҷþûˣʱ泩˲١
˺һ¥˼һȦޱŴʱ⡣ɺŮһֵʱ⣬ܴʱֵһҲûó
ڴ˿ܵʱҶˡ
ȥ
һ㶣һӦȻεЦôõӣõŶ𣿡
ҶһϤһ
೤̾ϢҶĶ𣬡һһǺܲµ顣
Ҷ䣬ȥ
೤̾ϢһǸء
Ҷ䵽µٶ˵⻰ҲǼµĨġȥ
һЦҶߺ˫ֽҶһҶı
Ҷɰһ׶һʱ侹ȻҲӦĶȷӦһֻϵĲֹδаصġ
ԣɾһҸŮһվڲԶһֱźҶ֫롣
ֻұӵҩҩʱ䡣
ɿҶ͵ı飬һЦȥǸѣһ
ҶЩܾı飬¶ôһˣɾȻǿŤĹһƭ¥
Ҷ֪˵ʲôˣ黹滺һ㣬Ҳ֪ģһԼĲҩԡ
Ҷ漴ַӦʲôƵãϮһƣһѣ˵ľʹ
 
 
쵰ѽ㣬ʦﶼҵϷ 
һЦ֮תУҶ 
Ҷϰߣڵ磬һʱҲˣЩƲƽĵϵıӰǸղģڷԼĹԹˡ 
һ㶼ӰҶԱûգǶԼûΣ 
ڶգĵǸԤҶȻҲûƢĽܡ 
ҶһηʡûƢЭʱЩйĸо޴룬Ϊһֱദôġ 
ҶһЦҲ˵ģ˱͵ûԼףһֱסҶڱǰƢ뷢Ƣײˣ 
Ҷ£ʹҶóС㣭ҶͣҲ£±ɻǨ˵ԸʱĻ 
ҶҪԼܿĵ㣬ԹԾͷܻȥԼԼѿ 
αأҶʹͲһԼЦˡʹô䣬Ҳʱһ֡ıԶԣһȻϰԡ 
Ů֮մǲݵϰȴ˲١¥֮ѵˮС 
ʹ£ϰ죬ֻɫͨδƤϵ쳣 
ƽˮ̬Ŀδı䣬ɶ϶ǰǳŮɫ֮˱͵컻֮Ʒ 
һ¥֪ҲɵһЩҲ֪ˣɲˣĿ˵˹ˡ 
Ҳ׵ģڵ̬ǽԭ¥װ˹ʱԴıߵÿһˡһпᲢһҪѽܵʵ 





ڰʮ


ҹ⣬»ˮϬŮڵһˣԼ˼չˡ
ֵܱĽֵͨĻ𻨲ԾǶǰˮԵİ
Ǹϰߣʱ˽ŵİ䲻ų֣˵֮ҵƽľϸоһƽ⡣
ڤѾʱױһ೤ƵӹˮƯȥһĶ̤֮棬ˮĵӰ¶Ĵҫ˵ǡۿ£඼Щˡ
˵ֻ˼ѽڣҲһ߹ѺϵĬ
೤ȴԶûаԹ˶ĵֻβ΢įʱһᣬЩʱ⵭ļįȴǻһնޱߣЩ˼룬һЩʣԹȼ
׵ⱻѭ򽥽ճԹ֮֮˵ƽ֮֮졣
ĵһ۾;ãϹǳǸûȱƷõƱãôЩ¡ϹǳǿڹˡƾĵƲֱԺֱ¸ۣϹǳղһʡµˡ
ǰͱͨʱἰϹǳʱĵףϹƺĴŷһʵȻϹǳ൱һʵһ¥δ塣֮ǰϹǳǡǡϲԼһܻ֮ļ¡ֻ˺棬ֵᰲŸϹڡ͵߼Ͻǻơ
Ϲǳˣ໹ǲ̫̫ӽˣѾĳǸ̫
˵ǻָǰȻǱȳоĶ࣬ͨõʵЩǸ״ġһһʱġԵɺϡʲôò±˲Ļһûãʱ϶ǱȡӡҪһ
ڱûּķӡû֮ǰˡأֻҲľͳˡԣھ˭Ҫ࣬ǿҲҪŰ踺ء
Ľǣ벻ȷԶһ㣬Σһ㣬ҸҲһ㡣
ת׼ȥʱĵǡƮɢ˹
ʶβϴһ
ͷҲأҲǵˮһ㣬ˣҹɫͲɨˡ
ź׵ԶһԽԽĴ̾Ҳϳ̫ۡˡ
ǱߴǳʵЦôС壬Ϲǳ书ٲڻ¥֮°ɡü뻨֮Уû
ȴˣͣһϹǳҲûûκɵˣһ·˶Ǵվѡ
ɵڶ໹ǲòϹǳҲվ͸ģûǸ顣
ȻϹĴյĺϣƺǵȴѰ֮ˡ
վںӱϹǣԾʹ󷽷ȥϵҲû
Ĺɺã
һû˵ſɱ±ôã
ϹǳʽĵһЦҹϹ߶Ĺ
ҲһЦϹôỺǺȻŵЦҹ˼ѽڣƺǹһˣ۷ʵ񣬼Ȼˣʵ벻ҸҪԼһʡĵĴ𰸡
ϹǳƮһĹƺϹ
΢΢ͳɫɢԼôҪ࿴ϹѰҺ£ұҰɣûǮеҲǵϡӡ
ϹǳЦܶ˶㣬ֹҡ
Ҳʱɵ֮ǰοĹңӦͲ˴ݰɣ
ϹǳϵЦЩ𣬡ʵ˵ϹбĹɵġ
ϹǳĻ˵˵ȥĶһ޹ؽҪĻôڶȦӡ
ʱԵûԶʱʹϹͬѧע̬شӦˣֱ룬вظ̵ġοˣ
û뵽Ϲǳô׽״̬ʱüһ˳ǵ㵭֮ɫҪɿǡԼܲѰ㣿
 
 
ҶҸֺ£ 
Ϲε㡭ˣĹҪǲͬϹƷ˵ɣҲϹ˴֮ʱ߱߾ǡ 
áݼ㵭ȻţϵȺò衣ɫˣ㣬ΪβҲ 
౾ϹǳԵ񣬵ʵھ֣ʾһ£ٿˣٿҲ֮롣еĺóԺúţֲָԽ 
Ϲǳһæܿ񣬶ֵ˵ʱ㴩ɫҲ⡣ 
ʱҲộ𣿡 
Ϲǳһ̹ϵӣֱ׵ʱҲͦġ񷽲һ侲ʱ˾ɫк֮ 
˼˻ᣬ룬µȷʺңɫֻͽۺ졣һٳּۣԹԵæǰһƬõĲ㡣 
Ĺһ·ƺĿȷ 
һӦҳŴ׸˵Щİɣ˶ѣҲûʲôġ¡ 
ϹҲʺ£ֻһá֣Ľīϸ°ɨ븹С 
ĹԣҵĻšĹǰʱʧȥδϹʣֻǺĹƺҶһ˽⡣ 
ͷǸܾǿҲܽĺӡϹɺʮµʱϹ࿴Ҷе㲻һԼǰᳵ·ֻһҶʱʱϹͿʼЩˡ 
˵⻰ʱϹ΢ȵĿˣĿϤζ 
Ҫ̽˭ϲҲãϲҲãҾࡣɷȥʦҲͦеġ 
ϹǳΪȵ֪̽࣬ʦ٣ʹǵһ¥ľӢҲ޷ס˼ҵӰ 
ƳϹǳŵ죬ֻǵЦΪʹǣԪɢʧͣʹãҲȫȻûе״̬ǰһЩռѰ֮ǼǵõģԣҪĸ䶨ķλѡοĿҪɵõ֮˶ԡ 
Ϸ򸾡ҲֻڸԼ鷳Ҳһ 





ڰʮ


࣬㶼ʦ˵Щʲô
Ϲʦʱôǣңֲ˵ʵġ
ΪΣ
ģʵ벻ٸ㡣
ϹǳⲢûپȥһɻıʾҲûУ֪һʥ˵ĮĶ˲ƷȤ
ȿϹǳĸҲһˣϹǳһӴΣǰϹǳ˼䣬ȻˡʱһԵŮϵĲ͵Ѿ˹ˣǰʰ
ֳֻʣϹǳ˰ʵĴš
ͻȻϹǳĿڣʲôʱߣ
һأûʦǲʾҪúõдǲʦһ߾޶֤ˣ
ס㣬ԲҪʦ˵¡
ٺһЦһϹһ⡣ҳǱԨشЩƷ𣿡
ϹǳӶ˲漴ŵľٱỺķ±Ӻ󣬵ȻһЦʦ֪ЩʿĴڣ
õ𰸣̾ǡʿѹֻ˥ϵô죬ŵīԪʳˡ
Ϲǳʲôƽˡ࣬ŮûǰЩȽϱգ㲻֪ôġ
ʮֵᣬԵֻʣôͻشң㲻˵Ҳ׷ȥʦúдң㲻ɱڰ
ʦҲ֪ЩġиʦˡԱ𣿡
ϹǳһĶŵǷ飬ڤ˵ϢĿϹǳһۣĿʱϹǳһ
֪ΪʦǽУоҳǵɷʮǰҳǵΪһֱɢȥ
ϹǳȥݼŵɱԵ㾿˭
ʯվͤһԣ죬ΪҳߣҲɫŨĵطжɫɳʢ꣬еɢϣµﶼԣɳΧи磬ġࡣ룬ѶǴΪֻҳǲŻû⣬࣬ǵ˶Ǳַˣû˻ѵ£Ķͬ
Ϲǳָ࣬ƽ͵Ŀ㻹֪ʲô
ʱҲָĳ״̬ŶǸ޿ֵЦȻǺǴѧа֪Ϊ㲻ȫԦЩʿ𣿡
˰йأ
һɫµʿ̫ǿˣ㻹ȫԦʳԼԡ
ûҿԿƣ
СشҼ⣬ٸ㡣ЩʿʬǲǴӵµ׮ģǵôʲô
ϹǳۼĶ࿴˺һҪ͸һ㣬һЩʦ֮£书棬벻ҳ֣ɱҵŮԡοЩͥԺ֮⡣
Ҹʦ˵ˣˣϡǲ᲻Լɱ㡣
ȻϹǳܾһԳߣΪʦʲôˣԡοҲϲ˸ҽ
ۼԶϹǳŮѾ˺õƹ˹࿪һЦǲǺ˵ﻹе׵ġ˵ʦǵദ㹲ͬദʱֻճʮʱѣʦǶҵ̬ȱҵ̬ȹˣôвŵŮӣӣҲͷǣղ𡣡
ò˵Ϲǳɻ󲻽ĵطƴȶʦô˵ҲǱ˿ԺŪĶ󣬺οô̵ʱ䡣
ŮµĺֱϹȥ
ЩʬȷʱġǡػϹҵġ
˵ػ˵˭İɣЩɱ̫أΪɱ˶õġ
Ϲ̹ϡ
ŶȺ˶٣õĻʣ٣
ʮģʮһ⡣
ʦʢɳһߣͿȫסĶǾû޷ĿֲˣʦҲٻˡ
Ϲǳͷ̾Ϣ˵Ҳɱ㣬ֻίһʱ䡣
̹ȻЦ˻ܻģϣ鷳źáû˵ʱѼ͵Ƶµĸǰ
ϹǳһͣҡͷЦֻŮһζĲ裬Ĺš
һһգһպ÷羰õʱ⣬ȴһ಻õϢ
˵ǻˣ⣬ֽŽȫָֺҲ뿳룬ϳû֮⣬Ҳһ룬ˣŮҪЩֽŵĽֻǱֱӻˣֻ۾ҲգŮд࡯֣ȷ˻ָǵ˾Ĺ
ϹǳĵɽһԱ棬΢΢һ
ȷŮ𣿡
Ů浡ֱи̥ǣȻˣ塢̥ԼԼ¼˽⣬ȷˡׯҲȷһ˾
Ů̥ǿ۹ؽڵ·һ磿
 
 
ཹʣӾȣϹǳҲɻ 
ǸӻشǡʱһۡԺﲻɵƮһ˫鶯۾һЦ̣һǻЦʱüͷצĲֶԷûкһŵЦÿһҪǵ쿪ģҪǵʱʱĺáһﱣŮӣҲ´˵ĺӡǸᱻܶػĺӣ 
úϹǳҪ˵Щʲôʱ򣬶ʱְЩͷ̧һƽĿǸӡ 
ʼĩ˵һ顣 
ǡǰΪڴǰӻ飬ŮһЩɽׯ˾˽·ͷ׷ѰɾǰŮǲҵ׷ּŰʱŮ˵Ĺö˶󣬲µ֡Щˣж 
صģǸֵǹ𣿡 
ģ书Ȼߣһƨɽׯ˶ʮкͳˣڴʱ˵˳ɱһ˺ҪʱһŮΪһ˱ɱ˾ͽŮˡ 
ɱ˶ʲô 
˵Ϊɵĳ𡣻У˵˵书ͬŵ· 
ôϸϣǴӺεġ̽ӻر˵Ѿ֪Ĺڹˡ 
ճϢյҲ쵽˰ɣ 
ưʱܵ˵ء 
ͦģҹ´θ͵ЩͿʱˡˣҺǹӻҪ̸ 
ϹǳĵɽϹǳһۣӦʣȥ 
ÿΪίʱ򣬽ίҡ 
Ϲ䲻ȤҲĬˣҲܼǳ𣬻ǵó¼¡ 
㲻Ҳû𣿡 
кܶ¡ġҴȥռһԣ鷳׼嶾ѪȻ󣬲Ҫκ˴ҡ 
ռΪӦ֪ܲ⣬׼֮ǰռѾûˣ˻ţ˵Ǽ׹֮Բ׼οݸղԣȻ߼޻βøˣʮҪ 
ǲԸŵı֣ʹȷϣԼġ˰첻ˣ԰쵽Ѷʵ˭Ҳı䲻ˡ 
Ϲǳôδйɻ࣬ôôϤŮΪ˹㾿˭뵽һˡ 
ǣǿһЦܸ˺ദĺǿԽԽԻˡҶԺܶ˶˵ˣ࣬˭񶼲ϴǱУʦǵУҪ鷳ˡ 
Ϲǳĸ̾ϣһ鷳ˡ 
ɷ˵ĵ糬أףҽ 
㡭æȥɣ 





ڰʮ


һ䶨˸һᣬԶһЩ΢ĶԸŮ׼õĺϹǳһſݶϣһ߳ŵģһɫ˿лԿΪˣһԵйſơ
ᳳۣҪǹǽЬӿ򣬱޹ҵˣҵĸ㡣нҰԶЩʱ򣬶ҪЩ
鷳ҲΪ鷳Щ鷳ˡ
ǲ˵ϲŭ־ûıʾſˣҲǶЭ齩ӲϹɵ㣬书Ӻãû˵㣬ǸԽӸҲĶ֣˹
ĴϹǳͬһǣƬҲֻͬû㶯ᡣ
սУһֱʼһԲԽӸʱҲɱۣ̼ȡ˶Էͷ
Ͻ͵Ϲǳļ磬ʶȥⳡɱ¾ԽӸʵǲС꣬ڳҲֻϹǳֹܾ˿̼Ϊйߵľٶ
Ϲǳʶб༱һƣ˸ţȻʹˤ˸׵Ĺſʽȥ˭֪ôһȴʱƢֻХһ𣬡ֹ࣬û
һϣĽʱˣֻĥϹǳôõı飬ֻǼΪһ֣ŭ
ȥ㣬ݵݶϾͷй˺üˡ̧ȥԽӸὣǽͻֽսʣһʣӽ˶Ű׹ǰɭԽӸ¹±ͦվţ˺ͽΪһ壬¹ܱһ㼫Ϊÿɫ¹⻡֮ŵȴϢĺʵɱɢ޶пζ
һ˿ǰԽӸòɣڴԽӸϹǳϹǳﾡ͡ȻôʿˡϹ̬ġ
ֽţѪȾ״ʵ⣬ͦϤġֻǣ⿪ͼѪĳʵԽԽ˳ˡ
޹أҪɱˣԷԲ֪˭ôĶ֪˵֣ܵϧˣҵҩֻˡԣҴˡϹǳҵȲ࣬ٶҲ١ԽͽӦòֻýָһɵ˰ɣ
ԽӸĺһһȻ䣬ĹӰȺǰǰķ˿Ʈеĵϸ䡣
ԽӸϹǳԼЩ˫ӲĶšķ74ҷѷʵҷʤ
ۼĶţʢĵ˸о죬ɰ֮صվԭһȺɢĹϧĿһʬªĸ㣬һˡνıϹǳŭ
࣬ˣ֪𣿡ϹǳƢĺɸ֡
ʲôԼʦкϹǳǲô൱ƵģвƽѾյĺˣҶǷѡԼⷴӦٻģǱǼһȻҲǸӣ⽣һ֮ͱſˡʦлǲֵʲôǮ
࣬Ҫʦ˵¡
֪ǲǽ¹̫ˣϹǳƢƺҲеǼˣǺ£ܱһļһĺá
ûϹǳǳǳתݶϵԽӸǳǳһЦ֪Ҫ˲Ҫô˷ϿôĺۼûôµҲҵķ񡣡
ԽӸɱͦվݼϣʱǻ͸ˣվڻеϸ΢Ĳţϸǲġ˹ʹԽӸȴͣҲǸͳΪһС¾ĴкˣԽĸͽˡ˿̣ҲϹǳŰˣһӲ
ɱ̫أĲƽҲô֡ҩҪʱãҩΣвʹֻ΢ġ
ԵϹǳĲ죬ԽӸݺݵڿб˸֡ԽӸȥ֮ʱҼæӣȵȡ
ԽӸһȻñȽ𾪵ı鿴ʱָֻ˷ỺҩšҪҪúõģֻҪڵ״̬սʱŻʤ㣬㡭Ҳ޺
һǺܺõĶԷĳλõĽסˡֱིһЦԷҲûҪӵǸҩԽӸɫӵĿһֺۣܿʧҹĻС
 
 
кδ㣿 
죬һģ˵ɣˣҲϴϴ˯ɣҹҲˡ 
׼ճʱǸ࣬಻ò˳ 
¥˵ˣĹڵһ¥ȣȫٳš 
ҸҴģһʲô£ǸѲϵġεìͷ϶ٲĸһڱ뻹ףһԶ㣬ߵĺá໹ûģһ˵ģԽԽˡ 
˼¥˵ˣʵѾˣĹѺƲϵˣһ¥ȱµģĹȴ򷢴ʱ䡭 
û꣬Ѿŭɽˣȥģ۳ˣΪĵһ¥ţģԴˣ 
˼룬תһԵϹǳ˵ϹӣҼ¥Ҷһ¥۾ۣ׼ϵȵĳϣϹпȥˡ 
Ȳ˵Ϲǳ᲻ǶҶ˵Ϲǳǣ˵ǸˣǸȥϹǳǾ䣬Ϲ˰ѾԻοȾǰԼϹǳյı飬ݺݵĴ伷֡֡ 
ҵһԴԲΪ黭Ľ֡¥˵ˣԶȥȻصһ¥ȻĹҸʵҲûСһ·ϣѾټʮ»ȫвơҲһϺõģðŵѾԤȸλźˣġ 
ڴ˺ԵϹǳٴξȣ˳ƽŤͷ˦һ룬Ŧͷӡ⻰ô죬ڸ𣿡 
һ㶣ϰԵμ̹˵¥ǰ͡²ˣ˵Ĺﱾͺ׳״¥ⲻպʲôֻǰԭС 
ǿ첻̣ԭԼͱ˹ȥѡ˵ͣŦӣˤӣٴθˣҪóġ 
ǣϹȳǰ棬ܲӮûá 





ڰʮ


һˣ磬ߵһ
ϹǳѿɫУֲ֧ĴЦĳ֡
ɵ⣬ΨһԵȱϹǳṩĵԽԽλˡҲˣ˻žٲź
߳ǣ죬ԸоԷȫûмǰôˡ
·һˣе죬ٿһۣ죬ٶкŷ֣˰
¥ô⣡
һ㶣ȵĶҲϳ
Ż¥ܾӣ̲סЦ˸ӣͿͷ𣿶ˣʶ𣿡
ĻʽЦٴɽ¶ˮֵġǺǡǽһɪġ
סס𺳣ˣЦˡһɫӣŻ˵ġ
¥Ц⣬ԽǲøһͶͱľû𣿡
൭ĻһЦϧ㡭ķЩ·Ĳʱ򣬺ķҲ̫ʱ򡣡
¥ǣɡǰ´ξ̯£ҿɲǺģΪѵȷЩĲ˽ϧǰһ߽ǸŷԼ̫ˣû·֮£ֻнˡ
Բ˵ôɿ飬ʵղżĵһۣҾڼˡãǹĻڻͷ
ôһ˵¥˲ʱȤŶо󷨣
˳ۡ㲻ãҲͦõģͦ徲ġ
¥Ҫ˵Щʲôʱ򣬱࿴ͻȻһüͻȻһѰߡȻ¥ˣĵͷͬһȥϹǳ
ǰһĽǺϹǳͻ¥ʼоǸԷһ󷨡˵ֿʼˣϹǳķĴЩԵġ
̸ԶͬʱгĲˡ
ֻǳ˷е̸̲סгϹôĸҲԽԽλˡ
ͣϹǳòЩǳǳ޿ͷĻػԽӸ챾ҪȥɹƷӡȳȥˣʲôС
òЩɣƲģ㲻ⱨҳԵģ
ۿϹǳҪʼǼˣ¥˵ĴԲ࣬ϹѾںĵƽˣ㿴ܲȽһ¡
Ȼ¥˵꣬Ϲǳ뵽ʲôüĿ࣬Ҳ⹻ˣǹĵ֮֮һСꡣ㲻İ㽻ȥؼյĻҲרˣҲˡ
ϹǳĻǲ࣬¥ǡ㣬ţ˼ô㣬ûԵóԵ£ҲǻƢġ
ߣһΪãʡôһȥҪߣҲʱ䣬ԼҲ𣿺ߣ⼸ûֹ꣬徲ʲôãߣֻҪȥĻھͿߡ
꣬ͶŶȥ
֪ǲղ̫ˣλһ׷˳ְףãǿӲ̬ȵĲŽзƢʹЭķǽƢ˲һ˾ͺãҲǲô򷢵ģһϲܴ򷢵Ըû˴ҲҪַܡ
һûԵˣҪûʾѺãֻǺϵİš
ǣڡвơԱߵĲݶϡġλôվһԸɺš
һʱȥˣˡвơԲݵǻ¥泩Ц⣬Ҵܻ֮˾лˣ֮ȿɷӦĳһЦ
¥һƽ⣬ĳˬĻһЦ¥ǻ¥һ컨׹ġ̨ϲҲ֪ʲôطģԱߵǸ˵ȷҪΪղŶҵ̬ȵǸԣҲҪٴԲ㡣
ϹǳŦͷ˵ģһֲò̬ͣȲԲʾˡϹǷѣȻӦչ࣬ô۷ʲô£ϹӦеöҪ󡣡һ˵꣬ȫתˣһǳɣ൱
ϹǳȥıӰѵǵʰʱڴſڼϣ׼·ˡ
Ϲǳһ٣ָֻĲȥǻ¥ĳɼӻɡ
̾һĳĶԻ¥˵Ҳġ
¥ͬĵͷԣԽԽͿ
ûйʶ£šвơһ뻨¥šͶ࡯ľڻȦժ˶޵̴
˶ǳʱر͡вơֱǲʱϵſڵģ벻
˶ˣϹһۣðһĻҪڲſʼķ𣿡
 
 
ϵ̴۵ĺڿбȻǰĻ˶ܿ϶ڡ 
Ȼλãһû֦ڵϻаͼһ߽˵춼ûʲôóԵģҾͲô˷ϴ㿴£򵥵ķ󷨰ƽе鷳 
ѻͼġ롯ʣϹɴˣ 
ϹĿһۣվǵͷ 
ǺãǶĻдɱҪɿǸͼϢסס䣬Ϲԭˡ 
вơͷѪˣҲȥˡ 
˻ĲѴӵġвơ˻ͷˣˣֻ㡣ˣǬһߣɲҪߴߴһҽпȫˡ 
ཫвơϽȥʱٴǬһ 
һм׼ʼʱϹǳȷ㿴һۣǿһƥĲ鲻Ը˵Щһ˶пܻ᲻еͨ𣿡 
ϹǳһòƴҶ桮вơһ亹ӡŻŽɰ׼ֶʱǻ¥Ҳһ㲻סӿࡣ 
һӣĿڳÿһˣҵġвơһˣסҷŵĻ 
ȻһһģȥвơУϹһжֻһգ۵Ĺ 
ϹԶԶģҲϢס˼׺õûס䣬ڳҲǶ̴ˡ 
һûĻ˿ȴ޵ĶĿϵͼϷɫ̴̲УԾţһ仨֦Ů趯֫ӯȻųһһĸԸá 
Ϲǳƣ˶Ϣסԣþ֮˵ĻҲǰѵ״̬ 
һʱֻ˻գ֮µ̴˳ʱΪһںڵķ촡 
вƹϹɫ԰ףǰݸһҩ衣ϴûôĿ벻ԽӸͦĵģʱ; 
Ϲǳҩ裬תʣ࣬Ϊ𣿡 
ʱû¥ѲһȷƳ¶ϲɫĺһ˹ 
ҿû鷳ϰߣĴֲǱ鷳 
Ϲû˵ʲôҲûʲôʣ˾·ˡ¥Ҳ˳һ·Ҳһͬˡ 





ڰʮ


·죬·ϾΡ
ÿ˵һ䣬࡯ʱһͻλԱţȻһСţ󣬵·ָɵƽ̹ҲͶݣ·̫ƽ졣
ϹǳԸ¥ȤνһһۣһҶľʱδһҶӰԽǶ˺ƴӦǡôͷһ·ϣ˲δʱ٩٩̸Ǵ󲿷ʱ䶼µıּĬ
ۼǰ޳ԼҪΪеˣﻹЩпġ룬Ǹʵ֮˵ĻͲˡˣҲʼпʵ̫ˣûеĿռ䣬Ȼž齱ƽ˵ȫǿūΨһͬǽĲ⣬ûиıġ
¥ÿ˵ǲ˭˭˭һ˵ÿҪ̶ȶһÿ˵ֵصģǸǸܱ΢ÿҪֺñˡǸʱʲôӵģ
࡭ˡҲ˵ÿ˶з˵Ļᣬѡ΢ĻţοķԼǿĻᣬȥЩԸʱ΢أʹҲǲֵģοѡǿſѡ񱣻һõӣɱ˺ܶࡣ
ͬƶĵͷܡֻ龡κεĳͻνҪġ¡ֻһܺƽ£ٵɱ¾ÿ켴ʹҵƽˣʹڽȽƵĵطҲʱʱڷÿ˶ܰĵĻţϵЦǵĵһ죬ûҵȥǽǰҹһ
¥òƣ󿿣۾ûа顰ǰҶԶʧˡﱱΪ𣿻治ϣôһ졣
¥ôһ仰ʹһλҲʼ˷ӦƺܸоϹǳ·һǡ֣ͻõĻὫ֮ɱ֮졣
һֻ̽ﻹһ£д뱱Ϊеˣǻ¥ϹǳԼſĵƽĶۣƵĻҲͲôһ졣뿿ȡҪģôֻһƻ߶һгĵߡ㲻ױĿģǾˣҲܷѡôһҪܳʱɵ¡ܸĻشǣҰ㵱ѡǸ֮ˣֻɱʱĳ֡
¥ǸɵˣԻҲˣΪץЩԹ֦ڲšʱ˵֪ҷѵʲô
ţ׷̬ȣֹۣʣƷзȣ˰ʵұ㣺ͻȻͿ˳˵ġô棬Ҿͺúõһҵĸо
¥˶飬ǰڳһҶʽЩҵı͵λҵģûЩҲҾͲǻ¥ˡ
ͬĵͷҲǻһҲֻܱһԡżʹʧȥҵĻ¥ļִԼĸȫƾԼĸԲõ¸׷󣬻һȻɣҲֵͬ͵ģǰԼǿ֮ǰ
¥񵭵ЩҲڴĻ¥ǻҸķͬأҵ**ҲˣϹǳԣ˵ģҸӦϧͺúӵеģҲһ¥
ҲȻĶԻ¥Ц㵱ȻǸ¥ڣô˲ɥʧҵĻǶôѵõһ£ÿ˵ҲӦõõأ̣øѣҲŬ׷ͬϧȡĶҲкܶҪѵˣΪĲƸ͵λύΪôһˣǰһıԣǸȴΪԼޱĻŵˣȱ˸ѺŬŵˣΪԼŬеǣ˵һÿ˶Ļֻأ
ۼ¥΢ȴ˲ʱָƽ󣬿ȴǶһʾ䣺ûأ
ĵϹҳһڴĻ¥òڻһҸÿ˵õ£ÿ˻ȨҲһһΪɥʧҡ˵øΪҪҳԼĮȥôһ̯ӵ¡
ſֻΪԼȫңɺ硣ִи飬˸иȾģĿʻȻšΪһû໥˺Ļ֮лΣԣЦϺ״ģҶϵõǲƸ͵λǷݵĺ֣ӿеǰӵ˿񿴼ԼĶŮһ΢ЦŮӿɬĵͷסԼ죬ΪǷʴȶҪӽߵ˶Ա˴˶ģҲֺ
 
 
Ҳҫۣüɻ̫࣬ƾԣ԰Լĸá޾ʱ;õĻᱻԼϵǲ֮ӣҲԴΪңʶŻ磬Ը˼άḻЧǰ˵ĹԣԼԼصֻҪøˣĻִĵٲӢۣҲǷ绨ѩ¶Ů鳤ʥӣҪɣֻҪˣȥԼȥĵطԼ£ƾԼȡԼҪģ˿ͣϢҪ˵ĶҲԶֻԼںˣֻԼȡֻ֮б벻ûģĻ¥ĵ֮ 
Ե¥Щ򶯵飬ӦһƽЦúƽĿһԵϹǳµģ 
Ϲǳۻ¥ƽɫϹŵЦҲ֪Ļ£ֻϹǳ 
ϹǳһȻӣ໹òŻ¥飬ϹƨɣҲȻɧɣҲкõģûм帺ȻͬûҪʲôȷ뵽ҪʲôſԼøɡƽ̫ƽԺѰһṳ֮̂ɽˮ徻ˣ߹Ѻϣܻһľ߽֮ɪ⾳ͨΪһ֪һĳͶࡣż֮ʱҲɿּԷԻʵļͥ΢һ㷲ĵ¶ȡ 
ûҲݣȺȲ̸̸֮£ǸϹǳʵûʲô̰ͼġÿ˲̫æԼ⣬ͻڳһЩʱߵˣ֪һϲŮӶȥ׷ʱǻ׷ԼҸҪ¸ǸŮҸΪѾûкصĸˣֻҪԸȡҪĶͻһŵĻᡣ 
Сģúܺð븴ӵĳɳɳֻڣƥԼҲиƥ䣬ֵ͵ˣҲиĶˣ㲻ϹǳֻҪǸͺãĳ֮Ļ÷ֺܶõĶ˶ùԼߵˣҲػõһʶ˵һȾֱͨԶ塣Ǹ޾ܶˣ㲻һˣкܶ˹һ˵ǲǻ̫įˡ 
˵һѻ࿪ʼڿʵȣپ泩ޱȡϹǳ˫۽ıţʲôҲûȥһԲ̨µ֣Щӽˡ 
λԳԼһ˾ˣ¥ǻҵĻ¥ϹҲϹҵϹǳ緹ЩʲôȽʵʡ 
ףֻҪŨʱ򱻴ϡʱǻ񣬲ŻʹͿӽͬʱҲԲҵɿźãµľ֮ˡ 
ĽٳٵȲ˵Ļش𣬵ĲԹɫ죬ˣɢˣǴźΣյϢ 





ڰʮ


ĳҪɾˡ
Ż¥ֵӣҲŴȤţҪڳһ˵ӣû˻۵ġ˵㶼ûԷ˭˼ֻô𣿲Ҫˡ
ϹǳǲɫɫƽҲǵȻȥ֪ˡ
һϽáвơƥĸԡȫءԣԲһĺ֣ȫԳ䵱Σ塯ղŵķӦϹ˶١
ʮˣʶһԽӸһԽҲԿ˶ʡ͵ĵƣսʵⰡ
ĿŻ¥˼ˣ㲻£Ҳæֶ𣿡
¥ĵͷתϹǳϹǳʱޱȵľᣬӵǰõİ취׳н
͸ˣ͸һ˵뷨ĳ˲ͷȻٴôΪͷ¬Ѫ
ӹϸĴ˼һôαᡣҲźûȦɵͿȡ֮
Ҿ벻ͨҶ˵ûȻʱ䡢صԼڶҪ֮һӷַϵȷҵķ룬ӷɱĻôô඾ҩȥ˷ѡı£˼ѵͲ𣿻УҰɾʬҶݡôĵҲŲɣҪҺû𣬾гҲҺ£ٲûǣˣűҲֲοǰֻ׹㣬֮ٳԻ粻ɱֻ˲ɱˡ·ţͬͬյҲû㸺ҪôˣԽԽңҶҲǷǳȫģһһܸһĴ𸴡
Цգʣƾʲôţ
࿴ǰҪԼһ²ؼҲĵϷŪЩˣôٵ۲ܺκ˼άˡʵڲУҵ˰ɣСָָ򻨾¥Ϲǳ˵һɣȻǻصɡ
һЦƺûʡ
಻ʾĬϣûû𣿡
໰һ¥Ϲǳǿ
¶΢Ĳ죬ಹ˵ͱϾ᲻壬Ȼ̫һӢˡ
չһЦʵҪǸ󷨵˻ȥоͽԻᴦһһµʱ䡣
˹Ļһ񣬡±»˾õùϹ㱻Ǹ˷θٱȥ棬ǲʧ𣿺ôҲϹҵļ̳ˣ㲻ôɣ
Ϲǳͻ¥ٴ۵ɹŮС˹Ҳ̫ȫ˰ɣͷӺһ̧ͷ
зųʣϹǳȻز¶ĳҵϡһҾˡ
ϹǫˣϹҾӹƷĲϹǳһƥ
ϹǳĻͻ¥һ̱òáвơɣҲ̫ˣ֮˭ѽ
Ȼ֮Աǣ
ϹǳȹֲǣҲɼ֤̳ģķҲǰ顣
ͻ¥һθܵϹǳĻطʮֵƯ¥ͣᡣ
һʱêֶٻ͸࣬һʱԼܾᣬԽԽ鷳ˡ
۾Уէ֣㣿̶죿
ϹǳСˣ˵ֻ˵΢Ʋһۡ
ȹнһķӦྡĽ˵ʵǱƵģҺϹǳҪȥһ¥ԼҪǹȤҲһͬǰʱһģһÿԱҹ̸ԣͶ뵽ǵ֮Уνһ¡
Ϲ꣬ɺĵô°¥ӣʵԶˣѱ䰡
ջӣϹ鲻ҸղʦֻڴͰд㣬ûһ㡣ο֮ڹȾǴʮҲᱻźĺúã˵ֻһʱȥ㡣
С˻ûڣﲻݣû£˳ȥȱ졣
 
 
ûˣ̵ѹˡ˵鷳 
ұȽϲԼĵطǲѹĻҶ˸ҩġ㶼ѧûᣬӦò᱿ʲô˼ɣԼҵȥࡣ 
ҩĻˣһ̧ͷͦذȻϹǳı󣬲һԱİú룬ǱŵϹǳҲֺֺЦ 
ƵϹǳðͲ桮ƴȶʦĵεĺηˣ뱱ƥеˣȻô㡣Ʒ໹סûڣôڻһսߵģΪȺ֡ 
Ϲǳ̾۸ڻѾġ¥ԱòͶ¾Ŀ⣺Ů˵رȫ׼ˡ 
رϹǳ˫˫ɳʱϹǳеѣϹСİǲȫҲ*㡣һΪŮ˶ƷòҪȥбˤˣҵҲԼĽš 
˶ˡ书ǲôãģԷϮļкöĹǭ¿֮˵ģܵҪ̶ֲȾûʲô˵ˣ˲Žг׵ĳ衣 
һԼģҲ⣬ʱһ˺󣬾Ѹٴڵ˻¥ߣȵ˼˱㲻ǰֻҪȲǰ˵ 
ҲȫȻò 
Цĵİο¥ʱ̾Ϣĳ֪֣ﾡְ֮ˡ 
ҡͷʧЦǹпֻһߣҲ˵ǰ㣬ֻԼҪʲôҪʲô 
¥ЦüʣԷյҺϹǳ 
һܱһôΪȡ֮οÿһ䶼Ƿθ֮ԣٻǴ򶯲˵ġһֵֵã˵Ϊ˵һУ˶ԡ 
ҲǿҺͻ¥һƬҵĴɻе죬Ϲǳֻͣ 
жͽⶾʱȤĿ࣬عȣ㵽˵Ҳûôá 
¼ĳ˶ˣٺϹǳˣҪֱȥĳˡ 
ڹ׼ֵʱüͷһ壬ּһԵĻ¥á㻹þԼֱˬˣӲûסԼſЦ 





ڰʮ


Ÿͬʱżأֵ˿ļ˵Ṧʮ˵á
üʮִ˵ҪҪҹԲȲŻнŹһ׷ҲǾ˶۷ˣôȥˡˣǸл跽㣬ԸһµʱҲ£һˣ˿뱱ضֽ̣ʱҲɺú͹ȵķ⣬֪Σ
ʮµʵʮŵģϴЩ׷ɱ˵˾ϹǳԲˣοǵʱȫģδϹǳɱԣôһȺʿļ룬Ҫ¹˭ֻеͷġҲһϲ鷳ˣο⵵Ϳˣ˴˼þգ˫ʡµòˡ
Щ͵۹⿴࣬һ̨׾µˣ̨µǣ׵ϻ˺һǳǳЦ⣬ˣʧ
üëĸߣϣҿɲװۡǵʱϣҪĲ㡣׼ЩóԵ**ңһǵĹ֮Լ˵ǰˡ
໰һ꣬ԱЩ̾ϢǹЦˬʣãһ£һҹȵ˲ᶯֺ
ͷβûȷıʾʲôղŵĻȴ˵ʵʱ䡣ǣǹȣ¹ˣҲ˰ɣ
ԽӸֹվһ̾Ϣᡣʦ˵ھͲջˣοΪԼĻƺµȷмѰ֮ǰȷû侲ϸ룬˼ʩҩ֮£ûʲô˵ģֻٶһ¡
ʮзȵĻЦлѾʾˣڴ˾Ͳظˡڡ
˫һ֣ԽͷһɲǣʮӰʱȥͬ
תȥǻ¥֪ģҲϲף²ҪҪҪһȥһ¥ͣ
¥üȴĻüˣҺʦһϲȥԼĵط
Ҳ˵תǣһ¶˵ʮ·֮Ĺﵽһ¥¿;һЩ飬Ӧúܿ͵ĹС
ͷλˣظλںɣǿڴ˵ȵȡ
Ǹ³һϽӦ˵ĹԵƬ̣ȥٻء
ˣҲͶϢˡ
Ԥ֪Ϲǳͱ⣬ǻ¥ҲܳԾ˵еʮ¾ȻֻΪ˻һ˶һ𣬺οѾһ¥һϹǳ
ȻԻ¥˵ֻҪ࣬ʶҽʵĸ涼ò档ԣ¥̲סɻ྿Ҳ᲻ẫӰĻɲûдǡ
ƻ¥ôöǳʦȣ
¥һ䣺
֪ϲ˷ˣԲǲܷ˵õôС𣿡
¥ɫЦôСˣȵĹأ뿪ʦ֮ˣڹȵĵط⣬ʦͽơ
ȻȻЦĻ¥˵ǰȻ͡ŵìܣԩԩ౨ĳɹҲƾСȻ˫Բ׷ˣͲȻǲĸһ浣ʦһ֣ʦͽϾͳһսˡҪλʶʱϹӱضѡΧǽ֮£ĲϣҶҶԷҵѣԭΪްֽйߡ
ԣ¥ɫʱҽ֮ܡ
ۿһ㣬ŵ˿Щ˵ûһֵùٵġ㣬û赶ɱˣдȡȫ֣ģɱ¾һĳ裬ǳԿǽ϶ԣôֲϽĴһǶֱ̫׳ˣ̫ǿֲˡ
Ļû¥ʱɫǲÿȻΪԴΪ磿ΪԣΪ
ÿ˶һΪ˾Ƕԣʱ»ˣͬ˿ͬ»ôһ˻һų֮ģݣǿӸģҲǶԡ㻳һŰ֮ģеȼ֣֮Ļ٣ҲǴɱΥԣֻҪûʧȥԵĶöԡˣɱ죬㱾Ͳñ˵Ϸɱˣ˲ңһԼû
ʱò˵¥ɫˣߣ֪࣬ȾѪⷬúúö˵ǡ
ȴиĵһЦɱҪǸѪȵˣҲвٸ˵ġ֮ˡӦˣеĶˡ
¥֮Աǣ˵ģǸȱΪ֮ˣĳĳ֮ˡ
Ҳϲͣѣֻ˵Ϊ֮Ĵҵ˶¶ʱûϾɱҲм뱣Ķŵ˳ŵû£վ᲻̡Ȼʹ㲼޵ʯҲġ
 
 
Ȼ¥粵ʲôʱһƬʱѾ˹ 
¥ʱգĿҲ˵ʲôͷ̽Ը׼·ûڡ 
һ·֮ʱͣϹǳӣʲô£ 
ǰи󷨣ѾݽȥˡҪҪƵ 
ƵҪã 
еĻĸʱǿܾҪҹŵǰӡ 
ǾƵɣ 
ͣûãͣ 
һϹǳϹȵȣǱĿλ£ϣϹӳס˶±ضǡ 
ϹǳδӦ£ת˵ǹǰõʱ󷨣֪ʱҲҪһ²нǲ󶨲׿Ƶġ룬ȥȽʡ¡ 
Ҳ޿ɺǣϾΪģҲԥ 
ϹǳĻǸ»ΪϹǳ࿪Цɵһ·ȥʱǽŽɡ 
ǰǰ˿ӣºʣĹаգ 
ЩЦĿӡ󲻺ãûҪӡ㲻ң١Ҫãûա 
ϳ̷ʮֵĳԾŵЩ㹧ĹҪõʱ䣿 
ŶԷѸת飬ʮȤĴЦŵܲˣС 
ûһĸ»ϹǳһҲþ棬ʦܰ쵽ģʼ԰õˡǣʼЩĲˡ 





ھʮ


·ϵһȺֿʼ·ӣһ¥·̣뻨¥ֵ졣
죬ͻ¥˲̸˿ʼһ·٩٩̸ϹǳҲŵжԹ뿪һ·̫ƽ˶ԵԽԽˡ
뻨¥ʱϲЦտټˡ
¥һαԳһʮֵĸѽ
һۣû*ô롣ԽԽˡ˾ӵɫСԹ֪Զһҡ
¥٣ЦЦԽԽˡתϹǳڡ
Ϲǳһ飬ڡ¥ͺӲ޶ȥ
Ϲǳһĥº˻˲٣ʱһֵЦࡣ
ϣֱˣҵĴҲ˰ѵһ
ϹǳȤЦ֪࣬Цʱ
಻ΪȻЦôģʲô£Ȱ㻹ǱˣԼ»ǸԵĽ֡
Ϲǳɫ˱䣬ɲ̽飬ⲻҪĽ𣿡
ֱ׵Ļһ䣬ҪҵΪ
Ϲǳɻ¥εĺܺˣǸղٱʱû˻Ů˽ͨǵԣ֮ϸ죬ѵΪ֮
ߣϹѣѾʥ˼ȾҵĶ䣬ˣ¥Ҳˡ
ѡˡϹǳˡǿԣϹҲ뽻ѣһ֪󡣡
ɫĿϹǳ룬¥һʮַѵĽɫҪȻɱҡͻ¥˵ϣ֮ΪУ¥ǼҾ֮ʹ뱱ʶҲҵжԡ㣬֮ʱһĴ𰸣ǽɱ֮졣ҵѼʹøٱ˴ܽıģһֱн١ʱʱķң̸ֺ֪֮˵ôϹ֪߹ѺΪį𣿡
Ϲǳ̹ϵ¶Σ࣬ҵáһǼįڣҶЩŲˡ
԰䣬鵭Ȼ޺У
ϹǳʧЦʦǰҾ͸ɱ㡣
ȻЦǸ֮ǰɱɱѣһԽµʱԽѣįǲϰߵģֻɼ尾ֻ׵Ĺ̸Щˡ
ϹǳɫһϹҪлл࣬Ҳлл̹ϡ
ÿ죬΢ʧӣ̾ϢϹˣֻԼ̹ϡϹĳĬԸƻֻԼݣΪʲôԼЩ
ϹǳЩմԳΪʲô
ջߣ³תϹǳֻвϧ˲Żϣ⣬վҪΪԼġǰ̫࡭ýøñãֻԼԽԽԽԽۣҪҲգܲҪج˲ԸѰɡһ˯̫ʧȥյĶҲԽ࣬ҶеǹɱζţֻҪںģᾡȫȥϧ㲢еǰʽ򡣡
 
 
ϹǳЦüįںģҵġӵеģҲֻΪҪѡ 
ϲһ˿ͬ飬ûûЦţϹһ䣬ĲסӮ죬ľȫںĶӮĽʱѾԲҪĶ 
赭д˵ӭϹǳ񣬶ݺݵġϹǳ̶û˼һ棬ڵʹһ档 
࿴Ϲһ棬Ц崺磬Ҷɲ֪һп˵ϹǳѪأοȲ˵滹ʮºͰϹǳʦУҲ 
ʡ޼ɵЦϹǳٺõʱҲ಻ס߳ŭø㣡 
ϹǳЪ˹ŭ·¡Цøǻ֦Ҳˣ˳˰ϹɰҽиҺŻ泩ǲ泩˺ܶѽ 
Ϲǳһ㶣˻ŭݣݺݵĴӱǿ׳˼Ҳûࡣ 
ȫʲôеôߣڻͨϹ˵ǲƽ̫ˣƢԽԽǼˡ˵С첲ӵľͱСϱƢˣүҺúõЦһ 
գ쳤Х޼æǲɢ˶ףϵǣ࡯֡ 
һ·ͬе˶ף࣭Ǻ˵Բᱻûس*ˡһ¥һ·̣Ϲǳ޿̵Ļõ˵ 
ƫƫ໹ܳϹǳЦϹ֪ǶҰ㺣²ֹܷͻѽ 
һ԰ϹǳͷǰԽпࣺԭȿǵȫͷأһǰ·ӺĹģһľװƷõġҪԭŮҪ⣬ĶҲҪ⿸ûôġ 
һڿʵбţԭһ޴ȥŮ˹һݲ裬һ٣òա 
һͷϹǳз߷߲ƽƾʲôŮĲ裬ֵĻԼȡóĽ 





ھʮһ


ԭԤϵģӭʽʮֵļ࣬㲻ʽܺ⡣
õϣһ¥ǰԴߵˣһװıʮ־档
ڱºһйѾͣ˵һ¥ǰһ˵ڽһ¥ǷΧڣѾȥˡ
ֻŮƿһ̽洫һĹǵˡ
ƿŮһվŵˣ³񣬡Ӽ¥
鿴ƺ˭΢΢һЦһ·˾ܳۡ
Ů΢ŵóǵԭʱæĹ¥ӭˣĹѣѡ
ֻεĵЦһԵûʾʲô˸ӳƾʲôһվȣǻЩģ˵еġ࡯Ǻΰһ¥ϢͨԹǣʮֺġӱʮ׷ɱ令;㹻ĺˡ
Ĵߴ˵ģĻӦʱϹǳѾӺһ˹
ϹǳӺȽϾȣΪϹ;ʱ£ԡڿĳռȸˡϹɫԲϴμʱ򣬱ʱЩ˼Ϲ¶ǫ⣬лϹһ·չˣίϹˡ
Ϲǳɫ΢⣬ɱһ㣬ʮˬʵĻӦϹʦչ࣬صҪҲ˵ίˣҲû취¡
شȽ˳ԾֱûдϹϵˡ
ϹǳһĶǵЩü*Ǹȥ֣ӻһĴ󣬻Ҫô˵ֱ֣
ǧ򻽣вкڴĹע£ƽĳеҵͷĵ۾ƽòֱ۵
ˡûʲôкñߵӸʧ͸ˡ
ĿȻĶһ΢Ǳ绪¶ʱǰϴӿٳ˵ϼ䣬ͽУʡԵ࣬˵վȵġ
С֮ģȶˡҶˣ׼Եģ졣׼һ䷿ˡĶԱڵʹ뵽ʲôϹǳЦЦһ·ȻʲôҲûɣҪ˵˵ġֻǣܲܲҪٰڳ⸱ˣҪײҶ˻˵ġͻˣãá˵̲ס˸Ƿòƣӡ
ķֺϹǳɫʱ򣬿Ϲһ·ŰǳһЦ̶࣬ãȥϢȻǸĿϹǳһۣϹǳطá
Ϲ֣ǱĳͰˡ
ףǺúкϹ֡
󣬱һȥҶڵıԺ࣬߰ɣҸ·
봹ŵƤòҪ·;ңԶԺӡ
ͬĵͷĵĽ⣺ǰȻ񡣡
ֶȻңĳ˵Աȸղž˲١
ᰡ˵ҪΪ֮ǰ£˵Ҫ³ⶼʱˣٵʱӦþͺ˰ɣĳʾҲǾ˲١
ʲôǼֱǺıңĳ˵˯˴룬˿ܵĳ̶ȡ
õЦţһ̹ļ磬ʮǿŮʽɻʹ˲İɶȥ
ֱ౻ߵǿ̣뼸֮ңϹǳȻ˱еЦˮתһｵһǴȻŲĵֻǿϧûпʩһϵķ
յĴڱϹǳЦӻˣͬʱһ麹ô糿ܲǸҲ¥ɣǰľƽ͵Ϲ𣿻д³
යϹǳ棬ͺȶ˲裬Գ˵ģҲ˯˺һԿ˯ţǾ񲻼áԣలȫʱڿոһʱŵ׸աʱַһѡ
ǰʱðǣͷ͡ȿǰŷ绪󣬺ݺݵצСӣŪҰ뷴ԽԽۡͬʱֻҲ޳ץӽһ˷˭ҲԸȰ֣һǺĽеס
 
 
ΡĲҽ˵һ¥ǰľڱղ֮ʱΡӣѱ룬˲ʱӰڴԺڣסıЩӲǿʲô 
һ¥¥ҵͷϲֻ֡һŮӣҵķ˿ϰһֻ֣͵Ҳһֻ֡˵ɴȻ˿̵黹𾪵ġ 
ֵĬ֣ת·ת΢ЦһǳɡղŻսѸٵĴһУʱҲ൱һ£·ͬĶϰһ 
һ¥ľɻʱɵۣ΢̧¥ 
ֱ򶨵˵˾䣺û£Ƕ°ɣøҲɢˡڻ¡ 
Ӱݵһûˣתĳ֮ԱǣߣءûС 
ǰӣҲˬˣ˭㳶ͷ 
Թ˭ͷó㻹һʣͼݡ 
ԩ˭ʼ 
ҪʱһһЦվƲסˣĳﳤȥǸϹǳǸƽϵСˣһصɵġ 
۽ǳЦĻûЦĿһ£Ӧǡġ࣬ЩʧȳԵˮɣ 
ûɫ˵Цɣ˳˸ˮӣһ˵ôˣ 
ϵı齩ЦҲһ˵Ǳѩ 
һް࣬ԵĲɣ˵ڵһ¥ٻ˶ٶһ㳥 
һνЩ˷ֺܺõ˵ððҰȫòã 
ʱһۣ಻ŭЦʱʱһ¡ 
ͻȻĿ࣬Ϊͽģֻ˽¸˵£ŶûҿһΪƭҵ崿չҾͺãռôͷϵıˣ 





ھʮ


㻹ҰʹиˣǰɣЩռôˣŮ˶㲻֣ɼҵ鶼Ҫġֵʦֵܲ*Ϊ*𣿡
һ䣬ֱ˵Ŀȥˣæǣǡ򡭡ѲˣҲ֪ģ
һ̫̫пǵĿ̾Ϣ˵У˵£Լȥæȥɣ
ŸղŻݱˣתۼһǿ׳İìͷָԼɣűȫӵĴܸУ߳ŭºݻղŵĳ̬ҿȫˣһ˻ȥˡȻÿĻ˻ӣͷˡ
ͱĵһӦһģͬ̾Ϣ⺢Ӳµġ
ɺĺߵһˮ̾ʹһӣǰվŵֺߵһˮҡ
תȥʱһ˫˫̾Ϣ̫ˡ
һߣӱȡˮ̣౧һˮǷߣʱ˲֮ͣҲֻûԼĵض
Ҷǰջ糾͵ĸȥҶңַ糾͵ĴҶҸϻˣһȥĲǱҲϹǳֱܵξӡ
áξӡŮºҶ**ţŴǸİףһǵİѳ˯֮ҡѡ
˯ʾ㱵ĿǰĿգ˷дһڣͷۣķһѾõı飬идʵںʱ˵ڴߡ
ķܣҶ벻ʣǣкܶܶľᣬ
ҶԵ˲ʱֵЦҲ˯ɣϢһ¡
ʵı飬ҶͻȻĪİģʱҲ泩Щ
Ůڴϣʶԣͬǣһһ۾СûʲôҲ
Ҷǳ̾ϢôԽԽ˵ɣ
ƺûһ㣭ϻ˯ʱı飬ֻСƤ̧˰ָ֣ỮŮӵüģʶƮ죬Ҳ𣿡Ǿ͸ԼһȫԼʱ⣬ûôǣĶԴĶӵһȥۣԼ
˳ָҶͺܿĺۣŷԼ
ؿʼĺҲպܽྻɽϸһŵƶ䣬װ۵ģᡣˣͱıƶϣϣʱʱк˳ķ紵պÿһ缡ϣ泩Բԣ
ҶʼȫСʵţԡ
ںܰȫǶƶϣڳȺĽţܻ졣Ϫߵˮܺܰ׵ڲݵϷڲݴŪϸһݶøˡԱ߻һֻȤСܣСëܹ˳ЦģԴʱرĿɰ͵ԷۣԵһʱ򣬱۷䷢ˣ׷ծСۺµڲݴԶȥҲһܹСܴһ˵Цģʮֵ֡
ʱԼҲ᲻ѵʶͬ۾ȫȥžķֻ೤ĺ
ѵûгվһ𣬴һЩŽ֮¡Դˣڵһ¥ٻƤЦӰ¥ճ칫ɣѵõ˾ڵһ¥£һ˵οԵףԸһжȥ
󣬱˳ɣ£ĻûµĽչ𣿡
жʮĿСĿǰǵõֻƲģ¼ȻͬѲϵɽׯ͹ȸŽͽȥˣܻè塣
֪¥֮ǰΪζԺɽׯǼȻѡȺͬźȻҪġȵһ죬¥֮ǰ˲Ǻ塣һһʵڵĸԼȰ档
£㲻ǲ̵֪ʹ֮Ůοи˰ǵѣѲ࣬ϣǹúáһҳ˵ĺɡ
¥̫Ĵȥǻڵġ
һ֪ⷬߵ̴˶ٴˣʵЩܲˣ̾ϢϾ͵ȽĶɵȸסҪ̻ԶĿɾˣ𣿡һȫޣȫһƤƦ˰ڣСӾͻ֣һĺġ
Ȼ֮̾ʱһ˵͡ξӡɵЦЦӰ˽н
 
 
Ůһ񡣡¥Ҷ½ˡξӡĹĹﵱʱڡޣҶµʱǶ£ûķԸξӡⶼʱȥˣһ㶯ҲûУҲ֪Ǻá 
Ŷȥţ˵ȥ¥׼һ¡һ¥ڱÿǰȫء 
һԵһĵĹ۲챱ɫԼõϢǰЩ˵ľٶ໹еġ 
Ůˣֵ֮ǰȥవˣǻǺйء 
«ư񡣡¥йĹ·;һЩ顣 
Ŷִʲô£ǲΪ⣬ʵҲףֻ࣬ǶôҸ顣 
֮ԻųĹһµʱ䣬ΪĹŵһºһȥȡ 
ʲôŵ˹ô£ʼˣԼȥҲˣҲҪȥǳ˼Ҫڹȴһʱˣʱ׼ᷢʲô¹ء 
¥ʱԴ˰ԽӸϹ֮ˣʱ˫ţȫֻ˾ˣ˱ֵ֮У¥СĹΪ˸̨ף˵󷨵¥㣬ԲŻ״ 
Ϊв˵ 
Ĺﲻἰ˵֪˸û֪һһµʱҲϹǳһ˵Ҳ֪ġдµÿһŶǡĹʵŷ鵽һ¥ģȻأʵƭ¥һ̡ܽ 
ûüʾʲôһŭŰһ¥İʲôʱ˵ıˣ 
һϴϷĵͷºͿˡ 
ɲϲһŵ漴Բǲãʡ¥ʱΪ˱Լ 
ʱҲڿˣ£ȫలšдǴӿɣҲ֪һĳӲƢӲӲķԣֻøһ 
һɨصİȻ¥ô˵ˣȥʮ޲߰ɡ 





ھʮ


лܷ̲סƲƲ죬ɧҲҪ򣬵һ¥ٲˡʡģ˵ܱ١
һǿֱɫĿű¥ʲôޣϷˡ
ϸһЦڵһ¥סһʱ䣬պ棬ÿգһȥ¥ɡ
˻һܾʱͨһǸطŮһŻظŮػ
ˣ
¥ĹҶ¡Ѿܿ׼ˡ
ŮĻҿŵЦ˵ҶԼҴҵܵΪ˯Ǵʲôģô**ˡɲһǰ˳ˡ¡ϲŷĴٷڶˡ
ŮʵĻػǡǴĲ¥ǵĲϲ޶죬ӾͲ֪
˵ϰԵһЦȷһɵˣֻҶ̫ˡ
ûˣȥɣ
Ůߺɵһ۶ʱʣˣ²û֪ˡŮ̻᲻̫Сˣ
һֺſ϶شɣտʼ˾öࡣϰˣŻʹĺʡʱһȼįϲİˡ
˵һһۡ
һ΢΢죬֪ʹǵһ¥ӦҲѵòμӾϯ˿ΪǸνġ࡯ڵһ¥İж룡뷨Ҳһ྿Ҳ
¥һĵһǱȽʧģ̫һˣ̬ҲЩ⡣лЩȵģܶ˵һο񶼻úϬԼűʱҲܿһʱʲôҲûУܼ࣬ҲûѹȸСһǰĽ䱸ټĿհ׵ϻһ̵̲ľߣһҲûС
ƹкЩһһ߷ֹڣҲᡣ
ɾ°ĿŴӵһ¥ʼֱŶͷλŮʿѵģѵҪҪһֻ֣
û뵽λŮʿĻشĬͳһѾˡʮ֮ǵĶͷ׼ֽҿյʱצӾͱۼֿҶڿ䡣
ɳʹջ֣һ۶ʱˮɫò
˯֪ҶЦرˬʿģߵ࿴һۣ̲סҶһЦˡ
˿һЦ˵ŮӣһֻһֱŶͷоʮֹ졣رϹǳ࣬ǰת᣺ˣҶҲȾˡ
ɴҳӵļƣΪϹֺϲӭӷ磬ԴҺóԺúȣ˹ˣͱ𡮾ˡĹͷˡ
˵ʱһֱĳλ֮ǻģҶ֪ˡ
ɺݺݵĿҶһۣǿЦðʲôԵľܵ㣬ûо¥ûеĲˡ
þգʶȵջЦ⣬ģ
һԵƹϽӦǵģλʥص㣬ĮѪҳǵⶼСϷɵģߵģ˼еģֻҪǴڵģ¥Ըƹ˵൱š
Ҳ˼ģΪ˻ղŵΣìͷתƹˡ
˼ֻҪ벻ģûĿãҽͿ۽硣
˵໷ԼһȦˣ¥ûʳĿͣҾͲˡȻְƵһ˼ң㲻ʲô
һʵЩһգ˵ˡٻ˻ᣬһʵĻش𣺡Ϸƽδʲôɡ
ֺȻʣϲ嵭һĻǿζһģҽ˼ҶԵ嵭ģٲζصҲûϵЩЩҲһġ;ƽʱעرʳƵ˼ңкܶƽϸڲעأһͲŮöۡ쾡ˣ泩ʲôҲνأ
һһŪЩ״ʱĿ֮Ǵҹѯʵ񣬰Ǹƹȥһ֡
һоֻͦĽոУһ¥ƽһʱЩСˣǡȻƽմ塣
 
 
һһ˽ӣȻתͷ˵ǲųģʲôԶ԰ɣ 
ܽʳĴҪ࿴ž¥ϰ壬ˣ֪ЩƲ˶ôŪ˰ɣ 
ôǾ¥ƹ񣬻ʮԵģЦ˵ĸ͵ͷ 
һ䣬»ûأȵƹģһûʳҪأ 
ƹͷϵЦδʲôҪ󾡹ᣬֻҪϴڵģһȫܰ쵽 
˵ЦҪǲܰ쵽أ 
ƹҲô˳һ˵źġ 
ǰƹֻԶٷšԣƹ񣬶˷⣬Ծɲҵ֡ 
ƹôһ˵һ֪֪׵ģ˶֪Ҫƹһæˡ 
һʹȻķ۷ų⣬ƹͻȻܵһΣյϢ 
Ҫҳĸ̰ĮıʥصˮҲУǸ¹ôģټʥӦòҳβʹʯߵɣұȽϲرĶͼԽرԽϲҲԵ˴࣬¹ǰŪˣȻ֪뿪ʥرͲû 
໹û꣬ƹľЦתΪˣ𣬱𡭹㡮չˡˡһ¥¥أûϵ˶˲ռϰһˣӾͱٻˡ 
ŶˣûʲôѶȵģ㻹ˣ˵ҳǵĸµˣԿˣУ˵ֺܴʳ˻ô˵ӪӦúܲŶԡǸ 
ƹĴ˿̹һſϿ޹Ǹ⣬㿴Ҷ˲ǣ͸ⲻˡûڣҲûʲô˵ɫƹҲǸˣԵıˣ 
ᰡϷɵģߵģ˼еģֻҪǴڵģ¥Ըѵ˵𣿡 
ƹˣ̫ˣûϣֻмͣûⲻǽϵĹر࣬ͳ˵ر״дܣСʧְôظλͶ˰ɣʵǶԲס˴ˣʵίλˡ 
ƹĶӵӣʹգðɣϲˣĶˡ 
Ҷûжȥƹ񣬶ϸŴ˿ͷѾȥĺۡ 





ھʮ


Ҷı飬Լͷϵİæס
ҶֹΪḧͷϵĺӡһ޹ؽҪ˵쵭ȥˣҩãһʱǰ׵ġ
ԣ˳ְοҶֻ˵֣ͬϸͷƣҮҲûˡ
ɿ໥ֵŮ໥ذϷ룬ζ˵˾䣺顣
ҶڱƤƴƣ൹Եúƽһ䣺Ϊ˵˼ҲҪɶµᡣ
˶Ԥƹ˱˵ģһˣ͸⼤˵ˣƹ˵ģίˡǺǣ롣
ɿʣǾ¥Ʋˣ̾Ϣһԭǰû¾ίţҪѣһ֪ء
ϹǳҲﲻס䣺ͣǮ𣿡
ɻĻش𣬡ûǮֲǲ֪ôˣ
̹Ϲǳ˵ԣûǮ
ȻĻӦϹǳűŤҪĲˣûǮҷĵĳԾǣʡ
࿪һ˶˵ЦĳһҲ˼䡣
ҶϹǳȤɫЦЦһ˵ǳһ·Ϻദɣ
ϹǳŴ˻ɫ䣬һȤָֻյĵţԲҪеڶʰĻˡ
벻ϹǳĻشҲôЦЦĿôᣬһ·ϼȲҲ̼˵ˣʵǷζϹʵǿˣ´лᣬඨϹظЩļ䣬ʱϹĻҲһ
ϹǳҪ̨ˣ൱Ȼ뾪մ̼Եһ쵽ʲôҲ*ģʱˣԱ˾սԣͨҲҪ*ͬʱʱĻвԵϷճϹǳԽԽ࣬ԽԽնʮŭ·Ҫˡ
ԭҲˣվҪ˵ġϲŭ֡ձ䶯ҲֻǱԼѹ˶ѣһֱڵģ˵ġޣУǰЩϹǳҲͲ˰ɣʶЩϹǳ΢ԳҲƽࡣϹǳɺתףɰת࣬˻ָֻնʱ
ϹǳһǺĺã˿̱յŵЦݣ඼ò
ϹԵǳǽĻ֮٣ĺϹպ޸ˡ˴㣬ǲ
һνĸԼƣԲ˼䣬ֻ
ٷһԵĻĵģС˼ҶλõԱߡһ˵һΪأ
ҲİĻػǰ뱳֮˼ʹദپҲİҷǳϲãС¡
ǺǣϷͬϯ̸Ц̹Ȼ֮֮٣಻Ϸ𣿡
ЩǲͬģԽԽģҲԽϿԽͨ͸ġûûϹ嶯ɱ˻˵ĹȥĻˣʱ;Ƿڶ˵ҪҪϣĻΪԼ޹ؽҪ˷˼԰ɣ
һĻش𣬶ʱʮֵ泩Цľм⣬Ȼ˲òࡣ
Ʊ֣ʱɫһӲʱΣ˼ңʵǸǵһ˫۶ӵʱҾͲеźˣôҪƣЩ˵ʡڵһ¥ת˰Ȧͷںˣô˵أ۾ͲˣһǺԼӣƤͷҲܺðҾŮڱڹãھҲ֮ƷˣӦ֪ˡ
ͼ˵ʱӣһ˼ʱóӶ룬ȻֳһƬЦ
ɺỨЦ˵࣬ս¥ʱʵƹľΪѾߣֻǣȽϺ澿˭˸ôŮ
ɵϲ츳Ǹģʱޱȼᶨġ
Цſ˵ˣȻ׾ƹ񣬻ĪҲôģ
ϵҡͷĿ࣬Ҳ֪ôǸѾأ
Ѹײڶ֮ƺӹȥϧɽסˡ
಻ˣɸϽЦҵ˼ǣƹȷ׾
 
 
ֲЦˡԸʧЧ˵Чġ 
һ˼붷󣬻ָƽ̾ϢԹӢ۶顣ܼңС֮Եˣɴ 
òױҵͣµĳ棬˭Ҳ̴ơ˻ΰЦЦ㿪ʼҺĵƷ㡣 
صһ¥ౣֳԱ˯˯˳Եķ·ߣͰڴϣ˯һ 
ĵһ۾ڶǾĻ룬˵˾䡮˭ 
ǰŮӵȷޣûϵٷζҲҲǲϲǴ˿̵ᡣ 
𴲣ƹŮӣ򿪴˸ķϴôڴվһСЩܵϴԣˮմʪϣȻˡ 
תǸŮ˻ڡüͷǸŮǲ̱ˣԵģԼڵķתȦôᡭȻȥˣ 
ŮЬӶûѾڴбţһ̹Ŀ࣬ơ 
ŮûҪߵĴ㣬ɻĿ**ҵģ 
Ů˷Ӧ׹ֵġߡһ㵱Ȼ¡ 
ӹŮӵ̬ȣһƽĿŴ⣬Ȼˣ߰ɣҲŮɫûȤȻҵĴѱȾˣҵ뷨 
޵ŮһŦ޵СѾǰһµСذѾĲϡ 
û⡣౻ö̵ھϣ˿վţһΪȻ·Ԥһ㡣 
ŮӼΡȻƸˣذףָ̬Цף 
Ů¶ɱȻ򣬡Ŷԭǿŷˡ 
һϧ󣬴ݵ˺һŮǰʱʹһʹ۵𾪡Ů˼ѵ̧ͷóѪɫ۾ŵŵȻ֮ࡣ 





ھʮ


ಢᵲڵϵŮˣһδƹ߳ţڿĳҵ˻ѨŮŪѡ
ŮһѺ󣬼裬Ȼ豭˹ϻ̳ϿֵĴӵ
Ѳ豭ݸǣʾʶٻǽסӣȣȱ裬˾ȥҸɻ
Ůֳϻ̳ϿֵĽӹӣڵǸ⣬֪𷣡
ŮĻڷһҽУ
üɫƽȻȾˣѷǸŮӳȥѴȫˣΪһ䡣
ŮķӦ˵㣬ȥɻˡ
Ůߵʱһ޷ŮѾҧԾͷųһĨ΢Ц·˵һֽѡŮʹڵϵŮˣһһƺһȥ¥
һ˴ڿͻȻˣͻȻ磬ڡ磬
ԺŪԼҩݣҶĴһԣȺȲԳԵʲôģҲͰʱ͵ÿˡ
ϴ֣Ҷܿİϲʮͻ۵ӡ
ʵǰѹˣѲڼϸЩҶĻشǣϰֺܿµĶЩ˻һӶ䲻ˣϣϰҺÿһĶҲֻЦЦһԵипõһľͷŨһκβˡ
Ҫȥ࣬Ҳûƽʱʱ֣֡ӾͰѡξӡŮ˹ˣüͷһ
¥Ҷ£档
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¥šĹˡ¥ġ
ԣʱʲô˵
¥Ҳ֪ô¾ͱŪ˹ȥʱĹվǰȻ󡭾ʬ壬ѷıӶˣٻ䷿Ǵʬʱ򣬷ǡ
ɫôÿֱӲӰҶ
ξӡ
˯ûãǴƣĳ˿ߵԺĻʱͣһԵʯϣնĶһƬŵĻɫ
ʱıӰһյƣǺܴǺį
൭Ȼãʱؿڣһۣ˵ġ
ܾı飬ɲûЦղŵıһϣܶ༸εı飬ǡ
ɼѿڶ£ôˣ
ɵĹģе˲٣¶һյЦҶôôѸĿˣ
ɶǸЦЦղſǰһı飬ѿڶˡ
ǰֵɣ̾̾ԭѹֻ鲻á࡭ԭҲɰͻȻҲúۣͻȻҲ뵽ܶ£һѵķա
ҲȾ˵̾ɵ죬Ҳͳ˲٣ʵѾùˣ˭ɶ˶٣ͷ࣬ûĵػߵһС
ı飬΢΢ĵͷʵǺܱ΢ģẦʧȥ±ǣ¡İ
İͻȻ𱱺Ļʵ㲢ϲ̫̫֣Ϊһͣ¼įįϲİ
ɵĻһ㶣̾ϢǡҲǸϸӣҶиá
ĻɾúΣǰҵģǱġǸƺҡ
 
 
ɵ̲סοͱͬҵ˽⣬ǿģϤҡҶȰ㻹ǷսĴ㣬ʶ㡣 
Ŀ̲סЦ⣬Ǻǣ˵ǿźģԭøӿġǺǣҶѾûŮˣ㲻 
ʯվһԣ㡭ɡȥҳԵˡ 
ֲԶл˾ǡ 
ɵһ£˲ʱǰһӰٴܾؿڣ˵ġ 
ϸ˿࣬ٴȷϵʣû£ 
ӣɻĲ죬Ҿͺ䣬ܳʲô£ 
ûɣע࣬㻹סԺȥɣһסֲϲ̫ˣȫ 
ʱһɫӰġ໹סǰɣҲҪӡ 
Ҷ⻰һɺ඼ЦʣǰҪغҶӱɡǸôҪࣿѵܵһ¥սˣ˭ô 
ҶɰһۣĵĽ֮ͣǰиŮҴ**ңҽӳȥˡ 
һɵӣ֪̾˭ 
Уǵһ¥Լˣĸܴôޣܵ⣬ֹ֮ʵӹ׵ɱҡ 
ñֺֺЦһ¥޳ǵķ书Ҷ˶١ 
ĻЩϧңѹ֡ȻŮûü֣ǼƵȷҪǰĵӣԸ棬ϧˡڷҩûꡣ 
Ц࣬಻Ǹãʡóˡ 
Ͽɵĵͷ˵Ҫú࣬Ժ࣬𣿡 





ھʮ


һ¥ûڳǸ⡣
Ҳи˻ⳡ¡ʱҲͶ˼Ӷѡ
ۿ࣬ߵɺҶͱշˣսʱ򣬾ȻһҲкᣬҲѾûıˡ
ɢţֻһһʱȥˣûйص£ľϯ
˯Ϯ󡣽ϵһעǰЩܾˣȻȷд֮ǷֱӹϵϾҲǵһ¥еλˣģϷһ᳹ײġ¡࡭Ҳϵİɣ
һĻǹĵ˼˱ʶΰѺշİ⣬˶òĵĹ
ԣһĻίϣ㲻֪д鱨Ȼڡϵĵ飬ŮΪ֮ġ
ԩһ͵һòüͷͰ͵ģ࣬һ¥ϢԲκΡ֯
һüίı飬˼ҲûύЩѰ˳ռСܡνѶ·롭ҪɰǷѣʲôҲ鲻µòĻһԴЩ·ʡ۴ҡˣһµ޻жð
ĻһȺıģЩһװݡ䲻˵ƭջСܸǽϾصŻӵܣ˼Ҫ֪ǸŮˣǸһŮˣһõĻ֪ĸأԼֺе֪Ǻ꣬˼ֱ˰²ڡۡһ˵ʵӵ˶εìͷʵָűģԶһ¥𣿿ˣһ¥ѾΨһĻˣѾûк·ˡ룬ʵҲͦԩġ
Ͷί״̬յϲˣ࣡˵ʱ˳Ժ֣ȥݡСŮˣ㻹ʲôˣҿкĵ˵顣˳㣬һµѾһˡ
ɢϣĶɷۣĵ˲飡Ҳ˵ûȥ£ţֱڻѵ㡣
ɣɲΪȻôˣ⵱Ȼñ˲飬ܲȥԵ飬һһǾͲ㰵ˡο̺͵һ¥ѵˣǲӦñɵġ
ɵƶҡͷ̾Ϣһ뺣ɽׯͬйأڶǸ浡ڻǲ鲻ģûˡ¾ͲЩôҸһ¥֮ǰͲ²⵽ˣΪʲôͲȥһ˺ɽׯأʲôûǲ
ԽԽͻȻǱĻǿ嵭ڶݵľԵø泩ɽׯǼٵģ
Ȼ˴ҵôı̬£˾ơ뺣ɽׯйأôµ֮һǲǸȥɽׯһˣͬţҵȷŵһ¥̵İǡҲŮ˵ҪԣĬҲһ¡
ͶûøУԶĶƪС۵һɣĻݣаͬŵ˶Ǿϸѡģ붢ס˭Уһݾ߾͵òʧˡ
еʣ㵫ֺĻش𣬡Ů˵ֱ㲻㣿
ߣƣ˲Լ·ϣѱΪ㱼ֱʹʲôֱ𣿡
ôˣﲻŮ˵ֱǲҲûһȫǴˣ
ߣŮˣȡ֡ҵᳶ
Уˣ㲻۹ʩӱϣ

ۿǰԽԽԿأ֪ԼҪǴԼҲУ֮١
ÿõүƢһͷ۵ľᣬΪһǻǿͳһսߡ˭ĶսʼնС
һʵ뿪ڴǵģҲƣôôʹһ˸Ƣܳģȴƾеĳͬףʱ߰˲֮٣ôĵطɾѾٻˣһƺҪˡˣȸ¥һȥɣ
ɡҶ͡Ҳһһűһ߳ׯص
ࡢ䲻ں쳤ؾõŴ˿̵ĳܶ硣
 
 
ϣȵݡܣϯݡĳҲǲ̫Ĵкһȴ̸Цڡ 
ɺҶһԽԽˣǰ뷨ԽԽ˲²͸ˡҲֻԶԵ̾Ϣ 
ݡʵǺȸˣɿһ̳һ̳ľ¥͹ȥһһʱʵû˾ֱ¥ϳ塣 
ߵ¥ż䲻ͬ˴¥ǱοյľϸģֺܺܺгΪһ塣 
͸οյϣâĹӰ֮һſЦŷԵİȸįУʹ˶·ƻͨ 
ǰ˼һڡݡˣȻ֪ǰλݡĳ˭Ҳ 
ƿϯۼ߰һȺ˻ͷɵԵſϺ͵ϣΨ΢ҡεվ쳤Цһ۷硣 
дɳƵҲֻɵ˵Ⱥ˲Ů죬ǿǶˣƿɲܵʡ˾ͼסĻϴзһûУ 
ϻмʶģͷͷſŵȫҧֲ壭զһ۸ҧࡣ 
ˣһ𣬡ûУ 
νѾƹһڵһȺʱѣͬĸο 
ȵĹаԵõЦ˾졣ɶʱſ࣬ҲõųյаЦ̡ 
صУȻ׼һ𣺡עˣˣ 
һӰӹ౻ᴰߡصѴ룬˻׷ȥΡƻ¡ļ·׷һҲǰӰˡ 
šϴ󡯵ҵĽģ壬ޱȻЦҲ쳹 





ھʮ


ҲȸЩôһ·Уҹˬķ紵ɢϵľ㣬Ҳ¡
ڵȥЩˣƼٵĳƤԴɵϣ˫ֻĻĲӣʮָۡ
ֹ֮ʮƽͣһϵԭӦǺܵĶӦһĵϣҲһ˿ȴǱ鶯ˡ
Ҳѵñ˱ɰĸоֲ᣺⻹ǲŮ˰ҿ϶Լ١ڣһҲû°ͶûһۣȻܺܰĵ˯ˣѵͲ֪ںЩԼ
ǾɫգٿǰͨͻȻࣺһμʱ͵ĿͬŵĵεΣʱ޺󺰳ԸůԼ֣ȻʧɫĴűҿıįȥʱȥʱԱĸǳ޶εһСֲĹơʱÿӣĽƵϺοЦݣʱأ԰ƶʱüͷҧȻʹҹʱĲۼʱʱЦ뿪ûһԤףȴְһжƺĺܺãһʱлЦƽϵЦ¥֮ϴˮʱֺ̿Ͳŵ񣻵ʮΧɱʱִ뿪ʱȻһ䡮ǲʲôϵֻҪҹúþͺáڵһ¥ٴμʱЦúһ·ʲôûһˬʵĳ棬Իһ˶ʱˡ
ʱһĨޱߵ糺죬ɶôϣ£ҲԵĽֵ֣Լȥһĵϲƺ̸ֵֵãγһƣʵˡ
һ·İ౧ҶıԺ͵ķ䣬ķڴƽʱӼȻɢ䣬ҲȻĳŲŲûüϰߡ
లȻ˯ŵӣɲԾЦЦȻԾƳ䡣
ɺŵһɲǣһƤ޴߹ιĿ죬ԴһҲסˡ
Ҷ۷ߺ޵ĵתɣŮҲˣΪʲôҪ
գգһۣЦ绨ѩ£ˣҪһʵŮҰ
ɵĻҶҪֲŵô԰ӱܺϢĶ֪˭𣿡
ɫһƬټԺͨĵƻ𣬰Ҷͨյøˣɸٵ˵ôʱ˭֪ˡǺǣûΪҺ֮ϤҲŸӦԡŬȥ㣬ΪʲôҺԣ
̬ȣҶһһ˵ҿÿȴǱ˭ûбԻ󻹺ãǲʧˣܸʲôֻʱǾͲѡңҲǱǲͬ
ҶеһЩĴвƽĳͬôͬˣų𣿡
ԣҶҧᶨĻش𣺡ҰİҲֻҪȡ㣬԰κˣֻҪŮƯУûʵڵĸҲ˵㲻ڵֻ֮ǰʶĽ飬ڲһʱĳɹ˵Ȥֻ˺ԣԶһ㣬Ҫһ
Ҷÿһ֣ϵɵϣһ̾ԭĲֵһΪҴķ߳ΪҶͼı졣ҵͬҲǲֵһᣬĽҲô㿴ͬɥ֮ȮΪͽ֮ҺͱֱͬദΪȨ͵λҪһ𣿡
 
 
ɰ¹ջȻֱǰŮӡҶòϤѹȣξ̧°ͣ϶Ļش𣺡ǡҸոǴŵģŴϡ֮಻ǿŪģҪ飬Զ㡣 
ʱ˵ĲǼٵģװ£ư˵˵о֮Ըأ 
ʱһ𣬡Ǻǣֽ֪Ǿ͸ñЩʱգҵԸΪĳŮپȫ㣬ɺã 
滺Цܻ˲٣ҲǿɵĿЦˡ 
ˣԭҲ˲ˣ 
һЦûаЦ˵ôܲɣллҴӡݡˡҲһˣô᲻أɶŮ˺ᣬȻҪԷŮǶһŮҲûйƭûǿ˭Ը£ѺĲ졣Ϊѵ̹ͲйƣҲԼʹߵ˰ģǸСڵˡȻ࣬Ը⸺ԼΣҲԸһͬеǰ书ָȫԹԼ̹ӣȴѡһе룬ʹûµġ׳ա㻹Ƿһɡ¡Ǹϸĵˣܶùĺػߵˡ㿴ԽԽʱֵĳߣܻԾһЩҶİԽԽƣʱʱܻеطԷйۿ;㿴ˣûºĵȥлᱻѻ¥ˣһǷǳҪĳ롣ߵˣѪ˵΢㷢˻¥㿴ҲݿʱܼᶨɱңʹͱìܣӴҲϧ 
ɴıҶĴ㵣˵ʶɣɫĹߵÿһˣرֻҪԼΪֵþͻ᲻һС֪һ㣬ǲϲġ 
ɱһ˵ЩȻǸжģ˽ 
㡭ôĽҴңҲҪˣûȫС 





ھʮ


ͷһƬ£̾ϢһƳҶϲΪʲôֱ˵ֺαأΪβȡʺҿųıҶҾ÷ġνûѡ񣬿ѡġ
ֻЦЦδ
ԣҶٶȾ㵵ģĪңûתͷ߰Ĵ𰸡
˲پƣЩϢɣ
㣬˳Щ㡣
˱ǲԴǵľͷҲǿ͸ҡǾ䣬ϧƫƫûǷ˼֪˭ϧˡ
㲻Ϊҷˡ⣬ʺҡһ˹û⣬ҶϣǴպϳɣҲٶϤס
㼪ԡ
Ǻǣ򳤾ս˲ˣ
ǳһЦŵ͵Ĺ⣬úϢɣղ̫硣
ͷǾһЦ⡣
һһĪЦʼ˵̬ҶơһߣϴյߣǸղһأô
˼״ĶҶóۣһ˽ˣʵҲǾ㲻ĳ롣
ԣҶʱ̨û㲻ҪϹָҺɣһҺͺ׺һҡʦ
һۣ㲻û𣿻УģҪô˺㡮
ĻҶЩģҲܣʵ˵ҺĸЩôԷֻԷһ񣿡
ҶľȻ̾Ϣ˵ǽ飬ĽȷҪЩȥЩ飬㲢˽⣬ǶҵѣһҪҲ˽٣δΪˣ
ҵġֻҪעͺð
ҾȰ㣬̫Ϸݽ롣ѹעȫͶȫ˷ѣǸˣȻ㲻˽ٲôƶķ
㡭ô˵
Ϊʶ˵ܸҸġϣǶãֵ㶯ģֵһӣ֪һӵȥۣ
࡭˯ĵһл˵ôҴŶû˵
Զʧүɣ
ڴŲἷۣ˯ʶȴѣҶѹû˯⣬ʶԴӿ
࣬ʵҺĽ㣬ҶࡣڵʱԺӵҡ
ʶãҲΪͬĲǰʱǴڵģôñȣ
㡭ᰮ𣿡
ܹ֣ҺమĿΪ㡣
ЦǵĽ飬ʤ㰡
ûκˣҲһʤҲûС
Ϊʲô
ǸԸҪͰˡʵǲܶĵġ
㲻˵һֿܣҲĳһɲǼİ㺡
ô꣬㹻ˣѾ֪ŹٸɲǼ䡯ˡҪ˴̹Ȼɣ໥ɡǸް֮ˣȴֻһ
ҶͿˣЩǲó˽˵Чһġ
ǡҸáô죿ʵĿǻ
Ȼ·Ǿ͸˳ĵѡѡҾͲһ·ףҶһ𣿡
ƽ̹ҶҪô˵ÿĪĵ̬Ȳ˸
գ̫ûûû˵ԭϵг̲òĵ硣
 
 
ˣھ֮Уʪ͸Ҳûͣļ 
ǰٲ֮ңѣĻͽɵεԽԽģ塣 
ϿʼûͣסЪķӲǸľͷһۿնҲͷԡ 
ôˣࣿ 
ʵǲ鲻ҲûϵڵľƱƴĵһ죬Ҿ;¡ƽ˲ġ 
ԣɻĿ࣬Щģôˣࣿ 
гյЦڲزסľ뵡ǸҲɱҵǸˣйˣ֪ģ˵ʵףйˣƵӦûкܶɣΪʲôɴ£Ӧ൱ļֵİɣ 
ɡŵվУϲϽѽǵЬӴʪˣԾɱվУһصĻ£ʵһһԵø 
Ҷһ£лЩΣҲûǰСΪϲ˶;ˡԣʱϴÿտյĵ·ϣֻжеһһ࣬ˡ 
ˮˤʹܴ󣬵ֻ˵Ŀռ䣬໹һԼϸŵ̾Ϣ 
¶εۣɲԲҪôУܻԼۣǰŲ£ԺҪСΪʲôͲĳԺֺУô࣬ΪʲôԼЩأ 
һôƽƽ͵űȻֺ۾üͷѵõңĲԸô࣬ǵļ䣬ͱøԼкˡܵĮ壬ûиġ಻ǣżģɱˣиġ 
üĻףҲɻ󣬡ΪʲôΪʲôÿһξһļ䣿 
ԣЦлˡһεĻֻ˯ǧ꣬һɴΡ 
ۿű̫ˣ֮ǰȻûּĵС˵ȫޣٱϵķӡӦòĳȫּڸǹȥˣֻ˵̫ɲˡ 
øоֵֹģüʣôˣ 
̾Ϣһ˵ûʲôܿ 
ͷԵĻŪЦԷǣôˣ 
һڱǰһŦӶ˲٣ʱ󱱺Цǲĸо 
ĿΣġУ 
ű͵ӣһ۵ִһߵǿУǿ㳤ģһ֪֮ǰһֱͬţҩԴ͸װ¡é®ɱ¾˭֪ûѡ˷ҲԽԽ磬뷨ʵҲԽԽʧˡ 





ھʮ

ֻЦȴñǰܵ̾˿˵ˣʱ̫ʢ˽磬Ϊ衮һ¥롮̡ɱ¾ȥ˭ֻ֪ĽӴ֪Լжˡһ¥Ҿãҵ뷨жңԶ
Ͽɵĵͷһ¥ĸƶȣ׵Ľ׾вȱٵһ֡Ѿĺܺˣһ󣬲Ҳûǰô𣿲Ŷ̶̼ѣܿƽѾˡڵһ¥ȻУҲҪһ˼Σܾͺúܰɣ
ԣŷԼЦЦܣðҾͿʲôһ¥¥λá˶٣ǳЦ˵㻹Цš˾ѿ˺ܾˣղŵӻѿ
׼˭֪ûº֣ԴǰЩӡЦЩˣЦ̫ˣһûҲû顣
ˣ㲻Ծôսȥο־һɲǣදִ˱һֻɡ֣ЦѸ˺˼һ˵иܵɵӶҿģöˡ
ٵܵ쾡£һصɡˮ˳žջаЦǣ࣬Ϊһˬꡣ
ڨЦܾúܾǰ˵Լҩģ𣿻Լ˵ģ
ԣЦøĿΪǶҲܵùң
ʱɣƳ߲һߵͳһװ˵ıİƷСࡣ
ྪŵ˺˼ԭزĴƣɫź컹չģûϵһ¥һ·
һ죬ѸٵתſյĴִ󺰣˰Ů׷ҡ
ȽżֺֺЦ׷ȥ
ڣһƳһѣϼˣšЦȽɭȾϴ󡣡
ĪĿŶǺŮӣɭӦ죬࣬ϴǸŮˣ
ѹɤ³˵ôƨˣס
࣬ҵǵ͹ˡȵŵͦ
ԣٴת˸һľޣġˣ˹ϰľգиɻʹˮһ˵ĶһĸǹǺĺá
ڸ̾ΪλʱһֳɡһְĺԴ**˾ͺݺݵǰͷϴǼһ
ЦȽԴӦת˵ϴϴ󣡿ôǸŮˣ
࿴תͷԼˣǰڼЦǲĺעǰŮôˣﶼŮˣϴŮʲôֵģ
һۣƺĬˣȲˣϴûŮ˵Ϣ
ЦȽתűǫ񣬡λӣǲҼϴԵϷⲻǣҪ׷ҼϴҲǲ֮ˣӴ¹󸮵ƺλãõĻƵգϴضýƸ
һ񾭳鴤ʵ޿̣͵һãʹһҽеس
أˣ˹ķģ
༸Ъ˹ŭ𣬱ƵЦ˳ɫʣʪȻЦֱ̣**ˡþˣ̿ˮ֪Ǻá
ûݼŵһüڵ٩ϴҲοһ£ΣȡݡĻΣ
ͳһھижй֮޲
ԣεĴЦ㻹˵ɡһӣȾܡ
ñס˿̱ϣ׷ȥ˿º͵Ȼĵһ¥¥Ǳ
 
 
˵һ仰ȴסˡ 
ԭǸ£绯ĵһ¥¥ŵһε̽ɡ 
ԭࣿ˵еĺջˮз˺ɽׯùһ޵ѪŮħʮºϹǳԻ͵һ¥ѵüˣ֮һл͡ 
ɡŮࣿǵĻҲѹաνɻܵǵİĴ𣬽ԽţǼôôһϴ 
ƺӦ˵µİ̾ʱĿɸһѡ 
һס࣬ʱ칦ĺһѣûһͺͱһʪ͸ˡ 
Уű꽽üǱ࣬ҲԼΣ쳤Ц 
ӰζһµȻʧԾɻæţ·ոʧȫǴͲһ㡣 
˿žŵ꣬ٴξ̾ݣ֣ȷϡֻǲףṦôãǴʲôѽ 
ൽԼıԺԸ˸װøɾ·˼͸·ȥˡ 
໻·ʱѾ뿪ֽɡûҲһ±˽ҩʱԵ˲ٺñ 
͵ñҩȡһر˷ܣ룺Сǰæ˰ɣǰЦôǷ飡 
ҩ﷢˰䣬ڷҵɵĻءĲɹⲢ⣬ͨŷ͸Ĺߣҵӣŵ̨ 
ҩİ䲻һĿȻֻһ𱤻īӻģŮƽ͵ı͸¶һ˳ůһƴͶˡ벻ˡõı 
һҲǸŮӣͬǾͬķ绪ʢţһŮ˸˸ҫʢǳǸĿ΢ɫɴˬ͸ϬС뿪ɽׯһƬտĲƺԱ̹ʱĻ档ȷѡűһ죬ǵáĺá 
ȷûпĵط󣬾ͺϰţڽͬ𰲾ķżۻַȡּӡңܷѻţȷɵߵĳԵϣϤʯԹ¹Ԯһġǧ긴 





100

ڰһĵĴ˸ɵӵ߳ҩʱѾˣҹˣҲµࡣ
ʱҲűӰϰ˽˿ռܹӾǶһˡƽʱʱŮɨ⣬ЩڱԺŵġ
߳ҩȻһӰҲûšҰһЩԵģȻܻ˱ҩҩ඼ȥˣԼֻһС֡
ҩҵһЩиУϾҲԼһ֣֪ǲΪЩ廳ߵһѲҩǰ
Ǻǰһҩһֺ󣬲֮ǰôģ뵽һʬһ߰ĶһʹһϡĲҩҲܱɲһĲϡ
¾޹ΪĿɽ棬ˣﶼʮõĳǫЦǸʱıӲͺĳһ˵ĶϰҽҩŵҪ֣º͵ȥۣȴܻôϲˡ
Ѹҩݺ󣬻ûʶģһϰƵѡҩ
ҩԵҩ֮ǰһһ¥ˣһ˱ҩеĹ߱㾯룬һûǽȥԭ¥ʧٵȻҩҩרעģֱ¥һޣҲҲֻܲ˿̵Ƿꡣ
ͷһڵһ¥﷢źţһڱԺΪĹ졣һ¥󣬰ԸǺúñ󣬾跨ȥڵһ¥ݡɡ¥
һŶ˾ͱôͻȻһź˸úʲôȵ˼
ĺúüһ󣬱ĵ˳Ʊ֡
űһŵԼ˿˳ְԼڵϣֱڵƨʹ֪ʲôǱֶʲô
Ҿӣɵˣ
ȥˣ
⡭İ˯һͦģǺǡңԽ˵Խµôˡ
һ˵Ķ෭˸ۣǱĶ˵ѹҺҲ࣬ǱĶÿ˯ôʱ硭žȻҲ˯ţ֪֪˶һ¥㣬Ȼ˯
۾һףʾжȡ֡Ҳڣѽģ˭˵Ƕŵģڵϣж㡭˵һ룬һ󳹴˵Ŷˣⳡ겻ϴӵģϴαº͵㿴֡ŮΪһ¥󣿡
Ļñԭα¶ĳһĨЦݣһֽһԵư޼ɵĶЦ˵㶼˵֮Żʲôã˵ˣ㲻˵¥Ĺ⻷Ӧܵ𣿼Ȼ¥˭ܹңడͻȻ㻹ûĵһëǷִߡ̫ˣǲͻȻ⻹һλǺʺ㡭øл
ǰһжϤһĳͬﶼҩζһͬˣǰͬһĹЦĳ֪Ϥٱ飬ꡭ
ջлĻ棬ˣƺЩڴ㵹صȥϤ̬
̬ϸ˵ʦ֣ʦУʦµŵ𣿡
ԣ͹ȥһƤİٶ֣İ£һЦûЦ˵֪ǲ۸ģ书̫ˣҸúúõһԱ޲߲УŲʦǰС
 
 
ԣһԸõŭ𣬡ҵ֪СӣҪ۸ңضԼ۸Ҹضʦסĺ 
ͷԽɫ΢̾ˣȥƤĵ󼰣ˣΨһ˶ڣСˡҵȷиʦ֮ˡ 
ߵʮְģŶǾݻҲ൱ 
ˣ϶Ϊҹģȥʺã˳ΪæˣиҴһ⣬Ȼ⡣˼ǸŮӣֻĵ˸˭֪׾ʲôҲûʹⳡ¼ôҶҪԴǫģͽĵǸ๫Բʣӻ൱ѵģҪΪۡǺǺǡ 
ŵεݺݵĵһۣ֮߳ҩ¶׵գ΢̾ˣҲˣԽԽɡȻǶŹȥһ֣ΪʲôݵҲ˺١оҲûʲôһ㣬á 
໹һĻѾȥһˣͱһϸûнʵһǺı˸ɣҲűðڵġ 
һҲ֪ˣһûֻͦµ࣬Ȩһоյһءοյһ¥һЩǣʱڲȻҲôһ©ȻǸû˼׷Сµġ 
뿪һԺӺ룺εһ¥ȫһˣһٻǻġ಻ɵұȱĶܸ࣬оһĶԡһ¥ĽȰ 
ֻҪϲ𵽵һ¥棬һһֻۣһֻǺ֡Ҫǣһ¥ϵ飬̬ȻǿӲЩЩ飬ձǷٶضǿЦ֮ġ 
˵һʵ˵໹ûһײеµˡֻһΣյϢձҪ͵һ¥ѡһǵһҪŵˣԼķˣڡһ¥ǰκ˶ûѡ 
һɵĲǿӲ󣬶ǹǿƫҺʶһ㲻аȴޱȵļӲߡ 
ףһʵǿ߶ԣɻǿ־Īĳʸ֮ģһ¥ǵ鷳̫࣬һľһˣ治һΪڶ鷳һǿ鷳 





101

뵽⣬˦˦ͷ˼˯ϻҪȥݡһˣȥȺСһ͡ʱŮҲͦ鷳ġ
Ҷǵ˯ȥȥҶ˫ǵ룭Ϊ˰ҶǵģǵȱԼɸҶͰɣ
ԭһĽͣҶȴбˣҽҪȥݡҪҪȥ
û뵽ҶȻôһ䣺Ҳã˳ʶʶлǸŮ˳ʲôӡ˵Ҵ·ȽϺã
֪ûȥĳ˼ǲǣΣǴװݣҸ㣺ûÿǺ㲻¡ҽ㣬װһģݶҲҪġ
Ŷеˡһû飬Ӧû
ҪŮȾҪЩǮסˣȥϹǳϣʵˣȾ沢ˡɫڹһȦϰ˵ⵥˡ
Ҷǳ鴤ĴĻ룬ǳǰĴˣ֮ǰұ㣬Ҳ֮Ҳˡ
ಢ̽ҶǸҲʵԣһϧ˵׼ʱһٷû뵽˾ôˡȻʶһʲôз绨ѩҲá˵ʮˣôö˶˵ģ䵭أ
ҶĬѹǳôࡣȻΪ̫޽ˣȻµӰӶڡ
ҹݡ
߶λĹӴղͬҪ˼ż䣬ҶǮѹˡĻ˻ˡ
ҶŮŮ۲Żϸδݵ˼Ҿ֪ǸŮˡ
ùҶһԶͬŮ濼ȤֱԼСܴճһúһ顣
Ɑңҵġ໹һī࣬ⱭǵǸֻΪǵɡλͬҸⱭ
࿴һۣȸΪ֮󣬻Ƕûģû˵ʲôֻǷƵһЦ
ѱһʹ֮£λԸύಢǿֻ֮ǰ̸л֪кλвģϣǿһΪ죬ʹܳΪѣҲԸյĽ䵽˴˵Ĳ졣
֮ˣֱ׽ӲֻǲϰƭڹһŮˣֺͣҲʲ𡣡
ԣɵȻ֮ΪԼƣ½ֻŮ˶Ͻ޻˵ⱭΪһŮҪأˡ
ԹԶƳƳһ½ĺԱɫӣԵ˵ཻѣһ̹ϣһʼԴҾֻΪ󷽱װѡڴλ͸λжѼʶʵųȻֵƣԴްԡƶֻҪ࿴ҾԸ֮ύΨһ˸ʵĲ̹ϵģѶػģƸλ޹أԱ޹ء
˵꣬ΪԼƣλѲ࣬ȴƢ֣ѻҪ鷳¶࣬޹أʶҿЩΣգѾٺⱭ´ڵĻᶼûˡ
ˬʴһ˻л޵ĳһҲһˡ
ڴҰѾƱº󣬷δٱӣһҲǲŻŮˣߣ½βмǺΪ֮
һԵҶվ̲סˣڰԼעת˹Ǹ˭˵ע㣬Ůôˣ㻹Ů˵Ķ֡
Ҷ˵վҪƤޣæȰ裬ҶҪ֡
Ҷ䲻˵Ȼ㣬һŮˡҶ̣
 
 
൭ĮͬΪıֻΪԼʵŬ˵ķΣ·ⱻһֻԼһ˾ 
Ҷ˼ᶨĵͷ࣬㣬Զһ˰첻ͱһԡɽ쵰ûȤҶͽ첻ѵһӲˬϣʺƤޡ 
ֺֺЦĿҶ⼸Ƣû䰡ȻѾԱˣ˵ʲô 
ôλȥúҳӣڲռλķӡλ̫Ů˵ѪжӦòһλ˭˿գ͸缸һɣ 
˫Ժ˺ߣһĳȥŹ˵һյĵɵ 
̹ܰﳬֵ 
˵Цˣλлһ¡ллλ̵ȻʾˣǷ곡Ϸס 
൱Ȼ֪ҶۣǮȥˣúˣˣ˿̣Ц÷ΣѵܲһЦЩǮƾһٶҲΪ绨ˡ˭ϣܿҵϵǡ 
ˣϲĻرŮˡЦ棬񣬡ӹǫˣˣ̸벻֮ۡл̧عӸһӲҪЦ 
ҶĿתĴʱ⵽̴ݲŵʣӿʼڷһҲˣԾɲɫ̬ȴҲʮֵзִ硣Ǹˣ˾¶Ҳ˲Ĵڡ̹ȻӦ֤Ǿ仰ޡ 
òĻһЦλԱߵλˣݵ󻨿֮׵̣ʮٹº󣬶лΪ֮һǶôѵõһ¡ɽңôһĵȻ֮ȻҲŮˣǶϡŮ˵ͷ 
תᲦҲѣĴʮƾ 
ͻȻüվҲȻֹ 
߳⣬һࡣб¥˱ߣɤºȥ¥´ܵţһС֡Ůĸ߼δͨܶŹĿȻλΪǾһΪģΪ˹Ȱ˶ľ̹Ϊλһϣҹͬȹһҹ 





102

ҵĹƻӭ̹ࡣͬʱҲϣֵλ԰ʵݵһ¡ŲУȫͶĹҲӦͻ
У˸߲ҵĻصԼż䣬̣¶Ƶ΢ЦһΪֲ֡õĶӦøһƷζԽǹ˵ĶӦֵø˾֪̹̾ǷΪеһ
̱ȵЦݻһȻȻ˵ĻһЦȻﲻ⡣
쿪ָոŪңݱѻȸ
ᣬ֮飬ɶģɳڣ죬աలʵűĿʮܡ
Ŵ⴫ͳȥңݵҲʮͶ롣
һϣ˫ۣơԱΪҲһһͣ¥¥ҲӦǷ
˰ŴϣȻϾ̣̳һྴˡ
걭еľƣȥȻ󣬶һӵ˵¥µλһȥһ¡á
˶ҶԱˣȻ֪ݣ๰ָ𡣵ɭζĿ࣬Ծ̲ס˵Ժ󻹻ѣԺ㲻ƺΪϴˡ
ԣһЦˣκγƺҲֻһŶѡλȸˡ
ʱ͡
ߣپˡ
̹ʱͺˣ룬ʱĶϧˡ
ϣͷߣ߱лһ߸̾õ񣬿ϧˡķ绨ѩﰵɫ
ಢȻʧɫǺεȵįÿ˶ߵ·˵벻ңˣֵ˶ʤģϻǣ˳ӦԼ
մȾ֪Ů˶ԼĹ¡
ΪŮ˶ͦĿģҪѰǲĻǾԲݵġ˭йµˣ˭˭Ĺʾ͸˭Ҳ˭ĹʹѪɫ͸ȺΧհΪþòɢľ֮
ݵŮʱʱšȥȫ׿ĵ˹֡ĵطȻҪԽԽá
һϣҶûиоģɾôȽϣǾϹǳɸӺЩܿĻ񣬶ҪưϴջĻüҿԲһƽϡ
ߣ³಻ɵݣ۸СŮʧ棬Ҳ֪ŵм档
㻹Ƶĥʲôҷǵúúýѵ㲻ɡ
ŭʱհûõĳִһ¥ﲻ֮˺٣Դ֮ضٲ˲Χ۵ġһ¥˳
Ҷ³˹ǿԱˣؼҺ𣿡
ԣ
ԣ
࿴һԱս³Ȥһ˵ȣƲƲ졣ˣδµȰ˵ԶģΨһֻŻԴá
ɤӮŮԾҿע
һ㵵Ŀ࣬ǸղŻȰܵ𣿡֪˭ĵһ
һ³˹Ӯ
ϽǮۿƱûϢɼҲ᲻˼ǰкãλֵܣһѹ³˹ܰʾλѹʮ
ʮѹ³˹
һѹ³˹
ѹ³˹
һѹŮ˻Ӯ
ͽĴ̼Ҷս˵ĽжʱѪڣúȲɡ
ʮӵĹǰͶƱͽӣ©磬Ц
ѹһǧʤ£ûѹֹͣעˣһ
ǧ͹һǲʤ
࿴ˣһö۲۵˧Уһƺ£͸һرˬྻȽǿ
һۣҧгݵ˵ã۹⣡ǮһҪˡ
ЦЦ˼Ŀһ۵ıƱ۵Ĳᡣ
ʹǰ˴ݱϲأҲʱû˸ղż飬һûһԿĹӣƳۣһԵ³࣬ôûעǲǶûģҰ㿪ѹǮɣ
ߣô˵кãֵǮ࣬Ȼѿľ֣ǿ͸ˣ
͸ˣˣһΪǿˡһ׼òĶ֣ԽԽ԰Ρ
㡭ֱ֪߳ܣߣ
 
 
֪߳ܣô˵һŮУ 
㡭㻹ǲŮˣ 
ˣǲΪŮ˶𣿻װ۰֪֣нŵģǲͬģ߰ɣŵӿǵָӦĻ˻ӡ 
㡭࣡ 
³ôһһʣݵķ¹ӣžƴԽʵ˴ĺŵɫˣҶ̫ˣҶʤҶʤ 
ʱֳָҲҶͿռϷˣֹôûְͬʱоһ˫۾ڿֱҶһۣü 
ʱһӰ룬Ѵ֮Ļ˴еˡ֣֮䣬ɫ֮˾ 
ϽѷõǮҶУȻȺ֮һ 
վҶ³˹֮䣬ת³˹ʣ֪Ҷкξף 
ֻдѡ 
תҶܣ϶Ѳ˹ϵģǱ̾Ϣⳡд裬Ҳѵ㵽ֹˣ߰ɣ 
ҶεĵͷЩ˵ű֡ûзӦĽܣֻǳȺĩ˵࣬ôһ𣿡ȻתһԵҶ磬Ҷ֣Ҳɣ 
͵һƵݡſȥҶϵĴߴҶߣ˭֪ɤλòһ㣬ڷ£µĹԼ߻ȥǺһͬȥ 
˳ű˺ܿóһµӰԱ˲֪˭ķⲻľֵǸһģǮ˸ǣ 
ԣƭӣǮʱһƬӦ 
**ǰѸֺݺݵĵһһǳЦıݲȵߵߡ 
ҾһٳһҲò 
ūᵽᣬΪ׼ֵҪ־֮һʷĿ͹ٴ֤ˣǮΰģʱ氲 
裬ƭӣôҵĺϻУܵλȻƯˣԼǸͶǧˡǣ³˹ǹڵĳͣͬˣҪλŮлͣҾ㲻ٵǮϰյĿɶʵʵڵƱλˣƲ¹ڳĲ˵ΣƤˮ 
໹ɫıһѣҶŭĿӡ 
룬òųթƭոյ֣ҹڷ֮ʱ˭а˭֪λµ֣һҲǸǮˣŴҿ԰ǿ·жټҵ 
ȫ˰ﶼˣµ˵Ⱥǣǵ˫ֲۣһ¡ߡ 
Ҫ˵㾦֮ʱ޿̵İһ࣬ˣֻԶƮ챯֮ǡԩģ 
Ҷҡͷ̾ϢȥҶβ棬ǵͷǡԭˡ 





103

пǽǣɫȴãȻ١ȷԼһֱ˶ܲ͸ıţȷϣʦһվڸߴҵ£һİ
˵ˣԳΪȫҪȫֻЩԼĿҲڵĿԼһݳɹΪǸ˼ˣҲֻԼ׷ǲֵĸԴ
ԣһһûѯʦǰͷرʱƽȴޱ϶˵㲻죬ļֵ˶ԣһǲȱٵġʹûţûеһ¥û䣬޶ᣬһ˶ѡ
ȥƳʢС磬ʽµĻ죬ǵһ¥£ŵˡõЩλҲҪ͵λͬȵļֵ⻷ͬԼ⼸Լһֱû߽ʦǵȵĶ룬ʱĶ
ڣͬͬǿᣬǰ಻סԼķ裬ԼվڸߴһȷԼҪʲôҪʲô
ͷϵô󣬿ĿһУҲ԰ڵڵһСԣǵҹ˵ò
дǰͻ˳۲˵Ůһ㣬бڴǰҹɫ¶űɫù⻬ǹԺīʱٸҹҲôƽĿǳ㾲ʱҹһְƽ͡
ĽŲҹһʵ
һֲֻ˱紵ϵûƶλŴúʡͷҲرۣԣûнŲĴ㡣
ôƽҹԱƺҲãỺǸƽ͡ҾǷΣҾԼòá
̾ϢҲòĸӦûвãֻڰղ·ߣԣʹûвҲ߲о㱾ûпǷʲôûܸҺʵģͿԲѧŮ˵ǰ顣ܲˡ
ֱԲûоƽִʱ̬棬ҹˮҲԲ࣬οҶģϤˣҲҲвʱ򡣡
ϵı仯ûɢ̬ʲôת䣬б˿ĳһ˵ͬһˣվͬһˡԼвԼʱ򣬺οֲҡ
Ỻתһһ죬һҲӰҹ
ཫпڴߵջأ¹µӰ˸ֱͭ󷽵һƬڣƽɡҹڰϢءԣܸо
ϸ΢˿໥ǰص¹⡣ǰӰһʱһڲ԰ɫ²֪ΪȴĿˡ
գҲŷ֣ҲǣҲǣҲ˭ܿ
ʧ𣿡
ǵģһʧҲᵣĺͺ¡
һ㣬ǲнġ
һ㣬һҲϲ㣬㲻ҪôĮȴ϶̬ҵŬȻҲͯͳɳжôϡĹȥĲϣͻȻҾ֮УΪ᲻áȥԭĶ
ûоĻشҶ⣬ɢ̬һ緽ŶԴһ㣬Ψһı䶯׵ת˸ȻԽ£Ȼһ仰κ˶顣
ĲɢȴƽһнԶĽŲӰһͬʧڹ֮¡
һĨȻ죬Ȼ׵ɫȴ޵ʺ¶֮⡣
ǰҹɫ˯˵İǰ¹һĨĶһҾװΣеһжܾŵҹ͡
գܺãյ̫ҲܷϹɵĺ磬Ϊеģ˱ֻһˡ
һֱĿ񣬵ʱʱ𳵴⿴
ȻһԽЩִ
оĻĿ֮Զ
ԡԲӰ쵽ˡ
ұ㣬汻Ӱ쵽ҲҵġֻΪģܽıģҲὫķʵĵطİҲ˶ѡ㣬ȫȫԼİӹһӣôҪĭǶԵģİȫġ
ͷ˿飬һֱĿ
 
 
ʦҲΪֱӦҺĻ¡ 
ʦϧ㣬ôŵľʹ˰һиȥں𣿡 
̧ͷŲ֪ʱ۲ӵ࣬͸쳣ļᶨΪҰ䡣 
Ȼദ࣬ʶҲ٣ʱȷһֺܰĵĸоʦһ 
ƽϣ¶һɳߵϧ֮飬ƽޱߵ²ûаŤе 
Ǹĺӡ 
º͵ЦЦſ䱸Ŀ̹࣬˵ʦôʶģ˵ǸգһסԼĺ棬֪ 
ԣǹһĨǳЦỺ˵Ҵֵĵطȥֻǻ˸ŻʲôʳֻҪûҶ㡣 
Ļش᲻Ǻ𾪣ΪǸߣҲйĻɣֻµĻԼԵ봩ԽУƤʲôֻƤһĺܿѣֵȴһ׽ 
Ц÷⿪ģʾ£ѹ˵˵ҲǸýʦ壿 
ǵãֻԸࡣȥʱҵиµĳƺ 
ʲôƺ 
൫Ц᲻ģ֮£ͻű֮ĵλͷһ̽ȻԴӣʧĽͷ˻ 
ɰ¼ı飬Ц˵˼ҺôҲ˧һöòɣ 
ԾĿ࣬Ľ㣬֪˭ 
ҶûңҾͲµЩǳˡ˽Ҷ˵ĺһõģֻǣԾѡִԡ 
һƿоһɺˬǳ⳵ľ 





104

ҶһεǰʱͻʽʽСһ£ݲȵĶĳԸ˵û£·˶ѡ
Ȼתᣬϧ˵ڵʵҪٲ̹ҪϣΪԶİߡһ·ϣڿ㡣
Ҷķϣ಻ò׵ĸҶҲ¾仰˵ˮڲ輸ϣԱ㡣
ۣҶüѵĹֻ쳵𣿡
಻÷ıĿȻɵİڳԼģԸǰ뿪ҲУҶˡҶҪۻصһ¥;תҶԼԼģȻҲпԼģѳᵽһĨݼŵĹ㾡ԼõУֵֵ˽ĺҶ˽ʼնһϵġҶӴʱҶȶ˵мֵ
Ҷһ纣ХʼҶҵŮû˿˺Ҷøǲԡ
ིͨķʽֻ֣һУһǵȻʱõľǡһ֡Ựʽˣ뱣ˡҸΨһĲȴǱԼھԼֳģԣǶԼһ㣬û˵ˡ
ԣҶһǰγôһͬʱҲݲȣȻ̾ѹߵûһ̣ȵŮʵټϸ꣬úͱ֮ƹصһ¥˰ܣԼ뾯衣οȥȡСʵǹȿɲһĵط
һ·ϣΨһǲĵҩЧ󾪣ãԼǲʹݺͼĵĸֶʱһֻйⰤķݡǼʦϸ࣬ĻЩ⡣
Ϸḻʵı仯ȤЦǸĺӡԭҪҵĺӣ֪Ǳ̫ãʼȻ
ⶼڱҩõģ͵ɢĲԺͿԼˡ
һ仰Ҷ°ͶЩ
ҩҩĸƷϡƷȴװʳĹװţʳһԣᵱʳһһԺüţʵ̫ˡ
ǵõһ±ıҩʱǵһº͵ʦĲοһôࡣ
СĶǰں÷ζŮʣʦҩѾʧ𣿡
ƮƮ³÷ˣ˳³˸û֣ϹŵӣĵĽ˵ʱһأСҪ˺üţȻٹЩӣĹҶҲ˶١ЩóҩºúǿУ
ٴҶãŮ˲
һ·̣һ£ԼҹӰӵҶʱҲһӰͬ£ĥԼ£æ¾ǣƤóٶȵȡһ·Ѿ˲֪ˣνµ
ȡ
һģʹһ·ϵĽôϣֻҪп࣬˾ǹæµٵġ
ᣬȥ̽·֪ȵһ˵ˡ
¶Ϊѵ˵ʦȻн̣ûлԡ
һĿᣬڳһ˵ŶԳλúϰż˵Ļĺúûǡ
õӲͷƤĻ˾ǿĻǡԡ
࿴һҲûеᣬĿ۾ȻһҪ£ͲҪʧܵͷҲԼ԰첻ͷᣬԵģҵ㡣
ĵȵʱĴᶨĶ˵ҡ
ͷӢ¿粽ǰҶһۣǰŮӡ
ͻȻɢƳ۵Ҷ磬Ҷ֮ʱһ֪ǲ˸ղ൭ȻûнǾþĲãܿ͸һһ㡣
ʰ᲻˵鷳Ҷ·ģúãǰͷ˻᲻˼֡
ԣҶɻĿ࣬ʣ㲻˵Ҫ𣿡
 
 
棬ұȽϲȡûʣҶˡ 
Ҷ಻ʱ߳Уļ˼Ҷ磬ûӡΪʱúҶȺڹ£ҶʹСƢĿ߹ƫ̻Ĭɣ뿪˶ʮ˲ʽ뿪ġԣҶԹҲᳵ· 
סǰһƬĿյЩϾһͤһ٣ʲôҲûС 
౾ҪͤȥϢϢģȴҶסˣǵ裬ҪȥȻʦ᲻˵ġӦúúõڿţûҪվȡ 
ڳһܲı鿴Ҷ磬õȻ˵ҶͤʲôҪȥŵġҪͨϢƵһصһ¥ǶæŰɥľͷǹײأ 
ҶġǡѾȰĸ̧ŵǰˡһĶҶ˵ȷǴӦҶҪȫģøˡ 
Ҷ̾Ϣһæס࣬಻Ļᣬæŭ⣺ôˣѵ·ŮӵȺã 
ҶһμƢһĪԤ׵ı˵ĻкԾáͻðʧĻ 
ҶһҵʵĻӦʱڹլǰʮ֮⡣ 
ô˵˵һģҲʾӭͨôãôܱŲ֪м㡣㲻ʧԣС˯ơ 
ϣţ紵ɳĦ紵һͣһȻ࣬˵ûãҪԼҿϲƽϣ 
һߣֻŲߺͲĵضҲᣬŪĵҵǻᡣ 
Ҷ羪Ƥܵͤ£ӻͳһ÷ӣ߳Աºˡ 
ҶǷͷ۵תסլ˵ʦĹС£ʹ뿪˵ʹ߹ȥࡣ 
ҶһԸ뷨ŲšδŮҡıҶ糳µġ 
೬ǿķλͻǰѹǻˡҶҲһ·಻ɫɢԻˡҶֳúչ࣬ǰǰŮӵԶԶȻܵ£Ů̱˲ɣ 





105

լԺڴݾɪ֮ƣ໹Ϣƣֲ˶þɫ԰
Ҷû뵽ôæȰ˵߰ɣҶ綼ˣŮٲʶĻͰȥ˳ߡ
˭֪Ҷ翴ۺɵ۵ԭ˳ҶֹϢ˫ָ٣͹
Ȼ˸һʵۣһˮ©˫˫ȴۣɷཻɰʯ飬
ӰɷɱؽԾɱȡǬǶɷء
˵ȫƾʱӦ࣬ʱһƴЩ󣬶Էûٹִ̫Ƶĵˮ©֮ƣαƲƣӲƴӲӲ*ҶϵĹ˼ɣûоȫİԣʹԭ·Եơ
ûһͤѾʬ޴滯ۼףȥԼҶУȫҶҲҪˡ಻Ƿ˭飬͵ĲһҲΨһһɱ󣬼ͻʹһ
Ҷұ۱һǿƿ˼ʱѷڵز΢΢Ҷ绺Ϣǰʱѱֱǰ
໺̧ͷݺݵĵŹ˵ƭӣ˵óԺúдģһ¡ҪɱڣʳԵƭӡƭӣ
ϣģ˳ƷڵأһĶȻ̹˿ҶҲŷԱߵϵһ̲ѪɫѪձùĺۼ
˫˳գҲһԶˣôûѾͷԺúúøϴϴԣ˵ˣ˾˳ͺˣֲˡ
ҶվһֱΪһ·׻׻̻ˣȷʵǺֱܾһ࣬Ȼ֮󣬻һĴڣȻԾĵ̣֮¡
˵һ֣ùϵѾͷͱһɲ⣬Ҫúõо
ʮֳĻű̵ݣ˲֪ٴβŽ˹ȵĴżڶǰǰµʬ̫࣬Ϊ˼١ɱԵʱûʲôˡ
һȣͱҶһ쵽ǰֻû뵽ǰô
һŵ۾Ȼſ˲Ѹٵ˯ɫԾɲҰףȴʵ˵ᣬôڲҶ۸ʲôˣ
һڵϵæҶҪ𣬶ʻʱѾǰӽҪˡ
ܵʱ΢ӣᵣǵĿһҰ׵ɫ࣬ţĽ㣬ôˣû£㲻˵ҵ𣿷ʲô£ô
౻׷ЩͷΣÿü˵ǳ㲻ڣұ۸ʲô¡ҸղſڵϵģٲҡƾҪһŲˡ´ΡһҪôˣȻʬķݶûˡ
˿Ļػʱҡ֪ҵĴҪֻ桭ʦ̵Ĳ㶼ˣĽҲҿ㵲˵ġ
Ҳ˵Щʲôעû뵽˳ȳѪˣǿ
̧֣׼һѱһԵĹס̽̽ԾĿ࣬ǵӣȻҸҶû󡣡
һԵԸǿ޵ľĶǣͷ۵üͷ㿪ʼջԼǲһεˣŹĻмȵĻֲ̿Żʧ̬
һ߽ŹˣһһνĶԹ˵ˡȱæһˣСҪ跽㡣
ޱĿ࣬һɵӵı飬ߣ״̬Ҿȥȡ䡯ҲûǸǱ㻹úûŵɣ
˵֪ڲ뿪ȻˣǶһΣ
Ŷôķ
ȡ䡯ôߣ˺ºȫ͵һ¥ܣԸڹʮ꣬ƾǲ
ȤĿ࣬漴ˬ˵ãճ֮ǰɡ
ЦŵͷʾڻǸչûһᣬȻû⣬ֻʱ˵ȵĺܡ
ջر֣Թ׵ĵһЦô鷳·ˡ
˼ĿһۣתߣҶǵǵĿࡣ
ἴ̤ĹѨȡ䡯ǰһ౻һӰס
 
 
Ц崺磬¥㶼ûңҲûóԵĸңҵĵһȥȻҹλз 
Ұ׵Ц¥˲һ˿ۣѵõûлһЦǵȻ˵Σա 
ȥЦݣĹѨڣ˵ûвΣյģұȥ 
Ϊ˱ 
 
ԹôҪҪڹȴʮҲˡ 
Ϊںˣδػˡֻ㣬ҲȷԼʲô 
ԣ¥˵һԣҪã 
˼һ˵ҪжӦòᳬʱ 
ҵ㡣 
ǽȥɣ 
սĹѨʱһƬڣ˵ֲָŻӺͻȻʹһŻѣټŵĹȫˣͬʱҲһԴ䲻࣬ʱְ˲١ 
ʮֵĸӣҽƽ֮˱ҪһϢףҴԴΪ˵ҪúĲҪȻᱻĹײеģ𣿡 
ԥĿֻ࣬ǣҪĽӡܲסġ 
ԣ൭ȻȴᶨĿᣬ֪ԼʲôǣԼ𣡣 
΢΢ףӺЩ£еȴǼȥԡ 
ĹѨ⣬ֻл¥һˣֻʱһ 
һʱȥʼЩţٰʱЩˣٵ˻ᣬʼԼĲðһ󱡺ȻʱĹѨڴŻƶˡ 





106

ȡ䡯ʱ㶼ҪѪˣһСء䡯飬ΪϡĶ᲻ãԭǶһ·ûˡ
֮ᰴԭָʮꡮ䡯ļ˿ѴߴᶯЩ
ӦߵߣŷûаѪɫͷҲǺֹ˸棬˳ϣҲ˵Ծܼס˱ǶС˼ܵĻȫˣУﲻ֪ʲôûԥȥһȻȻ
ĹѨŴ򿪣͸ϵһ̣ȫˣԾһһֵĶ˵ȥ·ϣƺˡһ˵꣬˾ιȥˣôҲĺ
һ¥
һܱ˲豭΢һ£ָֻӲ
ỹжտɵһ¥
ڵٶȣպ󼴿ɵ
¥ǿͨˣ
Ӧþˡ
ȥɣ
ǡ
ºһһ˿ݡʮǰȫǾ֮˶ˡѪ֮Ѫܻˮ֮ҪŶֻѪ䡯Ѫֱıɵľٶڵһ¥һЩ˼ҵľˮͨġһޱ˰쵽һ¥ģһ˭ɵģһܡ
ᣬһе㸴ˡ
һǵʱʱޱ̹ϣΪǣٱʱһŵһ¥ǻ޹ʹ˵ɢ̬ǵһáˣǨ͡һûѶעѹϣ¥ѾҩʱסԣҲиЩվ׸ȲᡮѡĴ㣬ֻû뵽Ȼİ쵽ˣ
ᣬһǲ̫ϲŮӵģԸǿӲϣСϣԼɱҪȰˣѵüɵóҲ̺·߳ӶѡܺһͬȡҩһԾġ
һ¥һͷ
վڴǰ갵ıһֱҲûжʱʱĵ˵üĿûʲôӦˡһԵҶͱȽϵǵĶűıӰú󣬻̲ס˼㻹ǰӻɣ
תɫʲô˵ˣʱ¡ɺʻ
ҶԱķӦЩ⣬ϰԵ˳ӻʱҡ㲻𣿡
ɻᴦõģҪ˼ϸĶࡣ
Ҷ֪ǻװɵˣҲû˵ֻظһΣ˻ԣ㲻𣿡
ҶĵģĶ˵û£ȻԼ£Ȼ˼ο¥Ҳǡ
أűһ侲ӣҶͻȻúܺ£ǰˡ
ҶǾ仰˭顣ôֿʼ˰ɣΪʲôͻȻֻúܹ¼ţҶͣڱʲôӵеҶͣҫ۵ĺŮӣ

ɵ˵һ¥ʱ߸ֱų롣ɫѣ˱üϽҩ
ʱ˰̧ԼԺšҲûԼϢ˰̷ﴫԼ鷿
֪еǺζ
Ѫ䡯ڵһ¥Ǵʱڻ֮һҲ˴˶
ѾŽҩڻصһ¥·ϣǴɷġ⡮Ѫ䡯ںɽׯֵģ
ǽׯ뷿Ĵ·ֵġ
 
 
ȻǶȥ˺ɽׯѪ䡯ôѰ 
¥ԭûСԭǷĹһ飬Ĺǰһڻ̷˵ȥɽׯǲˣ͵Ǹˡáȥļʱ 
ǰɽׯĺĻ֮Ѫ䡯Ҫʬŵġһ嵭ŮӣȻĶҹҹͬʵ̫Эˣ񵱳µӺòպűŤ 
̷Ĺﲢδصһ¥֪ˣԾǷ顣 
ԣ˶ٻǿˣˣڹԺǰ飬²ϲǣ飬رֻҪˣᷳɵģƢǻ˵ġ 
űһӣһԸϽ̷ﶼЩ̿ˣֲΪൣǸֵĵŮӡ 
ɵƸĸѪҺٶ֣ԡѪ䡯˵ȫЧ˯ҹɾͳ׻ָƻ 
ȷߺƢͼı꣬õصһ¥Ϣ󣬵һǣû°ɣڶǣû 
ĵڶգҶᡮմռĶ·;ʱϵĲִ٣Լ½أһ¥ʱԣһ·Ҷٻǵ½ˡ 
ӹ䡯һ˼鴦ʱ˲ŷ֣糾еһζƺ࣬ûƽһһ 
ϺƺЩһĶ 
ȻļῪʼϰ֪ʶ书ǸҶͺһѧϰһ¥ 
Ҳ̾ᶼûȥ𣬶ҲûЭÿ춼ܱˡֲܿɾͺĵĴȥ̻֮أΪ֪˳ֹͻû£ֻû뵽ô˵ʦ֣ˣ֪ʲôˡȥƣġ޳Ǳ*ݵԽԽˣ㻹ǰķϰɣȻĽҪǷˡ 
Щ˵ƿԣӴ˺ܳһʱ䡮ݡһλµл̶ͣ˸ڹĽ 
䵥Ҷʵڿȥˣʹٴιٺ˸ȥƵӶ磬žףҶǰûȰͱҵסˣŭ򣺡ҡ㣬ƭӣˡ 
书ҶߣҲҶϵüʱҶȥ˴ˡ 
ҶĿĿǰûȵˣȻ֪ϴࡢôִģȥʱûԴϴµڣҶһֱΪǼҸġΪһȻ෴ӣһ˽˵Ϊ˭顣 





107

ಡʮڿµˣӹġլĶʱ·ײһֱչѾͷ
æţϽȰ˵Ĺ˸պãˡ
ǿ˱ΪģԾɺĵظ˵Ǹ˵ֻҪûϸ첲ȵԼ
εƲƲ죬̫˵ԹϧԼŮӣﻹȥЪЪɣ
ԣ΢Ĺ˿Ǻǣǻ¥Һɣ죬Ǳõˡ
ҵ˰ѾûüڣԼǹײȥˡ
ܵ¥ǰȴŻ¥ʦͽеһƣһ״̬ȻõöȻʹ͵
òƱ鴤࡭ԭԭΪ״࣬λʫԷۺϣһǱȽʺͷΡ
ûԱԵĽ죬Ҳݼ̫صˡ
ָѹѹ۽ǣƽĿڣడ벻֮Ұʫԣÿ㶼ǳŲŪīĽ˵̫ˣãܳһӡ
ԣɫҲôôأһ󲡳ȥЩ֮Ůˣòǻ۲صŮˣȻһɣ֪ŮӲŸġԣұ˴˶Ҫ½ԷѴ
ϣƨѾʯϣԹԵȡòڡ
һϵж˳ǹЦ⣬ֱǷ糾֮ĳ͡ڴˣ¥ֶͬһλӢ
ֻ۾һһ㶵ĿԼŻȻǰƵģ⵱ݡˡ
ȿȣǸ˲ꡣ˭үһǧɢֻһˡһ۽ʹˮȫ񲡣
ϧûùӣõ䳡ӳ˵һ仰Ȼ˵ӣѹֻʫŪˡ
໢ŸһǻûҵͻȻ䣬߰ŵͷ΢ҲŰЩ
Ҳ˵Ҳûͺհɣ֪ңȴ㵽ĹլȥˣĪŪ٣ˮȻ㲻Դ˼ƽϣҶƷ˼һŮӻǻ᲻˼ġ
һԵֱˣѹָղææġû亹ίĺˣ𻵵ĶҶѾˣһĿĵһ¥ñ㡣Ҳǲˣֻ˵չҵĲû˵Ʒġ
ŹӲȥıӰһɨ䣬ָ߰ǿһԵĻ¥Źȥķ̲ס̾ϢʦԼ̲ס־͵˽㣬໹ǹڷֱȽϺá
ǰһþµʳϮ¥¥˧ӵءӣٻصⲻǡ
Ŀ˷ʳʱ侫ˣΪʲô⼸춼ǰĹﻨͦ˵ڹȥˣɲϹ֡ԼʲôʱҲ̰ˡ֡ڡ
һ¥
գҪǹ£޳Ǻͺɽׯ
ɣ»Կһôɴһѻ𽫺ɽׯˣȻк·ڵʽ*Բṫվһ¥̶ôȻᱩ¶Ǹ˵ݣתصĻ޳Ǻпܵġ
ҶͬġӰӡ鵽ͻĬһʱ䡣Ӱֻ飬ȴһֻ۱һֻۣܶûв֡ĬɺҲûùͬŵʹڵһ¥̣ҲԼˡҡҲһİ
ɣȻǰû˵Ů˵ĽǱ˵ҡ
Ҳ˵ΡѪ䡯뻨ĬɺѲϵǻĬɣֶ˸Ůӡλպɽׯľٶʮǰ˷ɽׯ˵֮仹ԨԴġ
 
 
ȫĬӡ 
Ȼɫһֱͦƽģ𿪿ڣ֪ΪЩˣҲʱŷϸ۲һСһȦһ˿ۣˣһӵƳ 
һ˵ľᣬȻɽׯѾһˣȻһۼҲûǲȥ޳ǣǱҪȥһ£ûȫֵ͸ʱ˵Ǹʱͬĳʱǵ͸ȥȥԡ 
ȻҶĲҲнǡ 
У 
ɣУ 
𣺡У 
ҶͣУ̫Σˣ 
ͻȻķһһ֮ҪǵķԣֻԼȥ̫ˡˣ϶ԼܾĿͶƱˣǵһ¥£û£ԣӦȥǿԸһܽܵɡ 
ԣ̾Ϣһ˵ҿԸɡһѾźˣһ¥ص㲻޳ǣ»̴һ¥ʡҪǳ£*㡮һ޶ϵɡ 
ĻɺҶҲȫɿ㡣ҲͷʾϿɣԾɲ˵ȥǸģĽҲԼߵ· 
ĻԼĿҲĽ˲ɱ粵ڱЭǰĿڣΣգǷӾ֪Σհѧ벻 
˵ĻҪ粵ģݵջ̣һСֹС˵Լ뷨㡭Ժһȥġ 
ִԲڣòѹƵֱ¶ˣʮû˵ͬĹ˵ǰһʲôãһ㱣ĺܺãˡһ쵽ԼΣյıԵһҳҵ£пҵĸ𣿡 
Ȼ⻰ҶʮидȴһͿĻףû˽ҲûҪȫƾԼĸܡ˿̲˵ʧǼٵġ 





108

ƽЩίʱһƽĿ̬ȼᶨ˵䣬ĽЩ˵ˣġ⻷µᣬǼʹûЩ⻷ԻᱻϿɵᣬЩ޹أֻԼΪ֡ΪʲôҪΣаݱȵǸûΣգΪʱﶼܣԼȻһôٵΣգԼŬΪ˼ӵı㣬ҲԼļֵҺĽ߽ĹѨʱѾˣʲôҲû˵ҾʲôҲ֪߳ĹѨʱ˵ĵһǣᣬ㻹Ƿãûߵô죿Ψһ˵ҩңԼȴѪĻ赹ʱʱˣǻ¥ʱ֣ҸͲ֪ô졣䣬˵㣬˵Ҹô죿ǲϴ㱻ʱһڵϱޣֻܵʦĳ֣ҡú롭ʱҪʦҶĽ㣬Ͳ˼ɵƲԼҹˡ
Ҷ⻰ǱȽģͬʱҲҶûࡣڳ˶û˵ۿᣬҲ֪˵ʲô
ƽ͵ļ˵ڣڼʹʧܣҲڻΪ˶ᱣҡǵı£Ҳϰ߱ԼܺվһԵˣǶں浣ǵΣաΪʲôǾͲԣ
ĻܴģԾû˿ڣΪʱȻܴ󣬵ЩʺϳΪֵǸһԽԽ࣬ԽԽӺ󡭡µʱϾ˼ľڣõһ¥ǰʱġѪ¼ʱѾˣڸְ뿪һ¥İΣ
žһյʱ˾ǣһԳһȻˣȥްɣİȫԼģҿɲҪĸ˰ȫϡ
һ̧ͷһֱӣ΢ЦŲϵ˵ллһĿֱӵ΢΢һ⺢ӹȻһˡ
˼ʱ򣬰ҴҵһļӼź̾Щŵţ鴤İŵãȻ󽻸һ
ŵҪڹլ嵥Լߴٱɻ˭ӳིڹ念󣬼˵˼ɼ֮࣬ϣٹ˵ʲôĴ̬ȲᣬģȥȻȥɢġ
ŵıɽȷߵÿһյճ¾ͷġɢϯʱͻȻ뵽ʲôϲǰεϰ߶ܾûʹˣԶŰҶע˼лҪ˵Ҫɢϯ˾ٵ˵ȡ
ֻסһˣôڴҲøˣοǳҪ֪ġ߽ᣬĶ̽£˵ᣬǰʱ䡭Ϊʦˡ
˶ɴۣʲôˣԼͽˡ
ǵһվ˵ģֲģƾʲô԰
ôһҲҲ룬ʹթҲ䰡
ԣָȻҵǸŮˣ
ʶģÿһƢѾϰ˺ʦ̫ģ䣬侲һ㡣
һԸԣˣһúġ
ҶһۣƾĶ۵˵һ䣺ƴȫıȫߵˣһֵ÷ĵġ
ʱһԽԽ߰㣬Ҳ̲ס˵ʲôʱ˶Ů鳤·ִ֮ˣ¥ϽЩȻǴĵ޸ҳƱⲻɣ򲻿Ұ
һһɴޣ¶ҵĴⳬҵԤϣʧΪһý顣
һһǵĲֱӶԱһµͷߣȻ֡
䣬ʦѻ˵ꡣ
ƺԤϵķӦϾڵһ¥һֵеĺȺòˮĿ𣺡λˡǵŵԣѺá࡭ΪҺá
 
 
𲻿ŵĿűˣһǶ£㻹˵ùȥ·ˣӷûһԺ²ۡ 
ƽԵһ䣺˵ǡأѻȸ󣬱˵ȥһ˲ƾʧҲʬȫޣ˵˷ɽׯǿأֻҪ˶Ϊ˼ǸǸӡ׵书ȫڣҽͬһȥûġ 
ᡢɺҶԾ⣬һʮֵ𾪣Ȼ֪Ǿɫô䵽ò书΢࣬ƾҽܶ˷ɽׯǿأˡ 
 
 
ӰͬĬɣĶ͡Ȼʱ˯԰Σһȥ¥ʳʱŷֵġ 
һſڹǵĺ¥˾ʱһ㲻֮͵ĸоûУʵԺƷŸ㣬Ծ۾ϧ޶ԵԼԼ£¥ԶЦģɸ˵ĶŸ౾еǳԵġ 
ĿζƫԵһü˳¥˴Ϊ˱裬СӼ˵ЦʮֿġһͷǾ壬ʮֻƽ嵭⣬Ի¥䲻˵ͶһЩõô𣿡 
ԣһ죬¥˸ԩı飬಻ҪӢ˾ˣΪһλСˣ׼ģڵԶЩҵġ 
ߵĵۻ¥˵¥ˣ˶۸ǰɣߣ 
ฺߵĻ¥εЦЦȻԸЩζ嵭ĸ㣬Ҫ̫࣬ҲҪ⡣ 
ȥ󣬻¥ֿʼĬһֱĬĿһУһԵĺӰҲЩġ 





109

˻¥üͷ˵ǸӲ֮⣬һǴˣ¥Ǳֵô߲֪ƵŮӷˡ
¥ЦɶĬɴʱҲ̲סڣ磬ʦ˵öԡòֹȴʮִõһ¥ȥɱɽûһȴʬ屻̧ˣ˵ȡ䡯ʵҲСꡣ˵ƷϾǵһ¥ˡ
¥δţĺҵͷԼϲղŵĽ𣿡
СӭŻ¥ԴС죬˵óƯϲˡ
ԣʮֻϲĿСңʵ̫ˣӰͻĬҲЦĿԼÿɰĶӣǻ¥һԭôϲ̫ˡ
ŰٵĻ¥Ĭɲɫ嵭һҪһȡ
õĻ¥Ҳû¶ʲôɫ֪Լ˵ҲʲôҲͬһᷢǸö֡
ԣ˻¥һ䣺뱱ΪУ˭Ӯ
¥ȻȻ˵Ϊ˱ںĻֿܡ򱱺˭ΪС
ǰ߻¥̺Ӱֵ̣ڷˣ㵹
ҵȻҶԼһ㣬һжڵѾʼȤˡ
ͷģҵǺ棬ΪУΣ
¥һЦЦĿСң˵ϣĬһ㣬ֻȽᡣ
ϣϧȥ࣬ʣ࣬˵أ
లȻһЦͷҷǳοɲ˭ɱɱģȻϹǳͰҵʬӵĽعȻˡˣҿ϶һԹߡ˵꣬ߵԼղĵطڵϼһµĴƿݸ¥ֻҪû书öûôʱ
¥ЦЦĿһľŴƿ࣬ûֽӣȱƺ̫ңá
¥ûֵĴ㣬ͰССĴƿʯϣĻҪ治ڱɺᶼˣһò㱻ϹǳСӸˡ
һ˵꣬ЦЦ˧һת˼Ӱͣ˼Ǳŵ㵽˭
תûпӰ΢΢üĿŻ¥˵ģֻ࣬˭޹ء
¥˼һڻ΢΢ۣʾͬҲѾĵˡ
໹ûתĬҲԼʣϹǳʲô˼
ϵ˼ӦñҸĸŮֻȴȫΪãṩôѪ㻹вĻŲлЩ䡯ôͻһҲЩ޳æˣھȽϽĹȾ䣬ȻҲӹȷȫˡҵϣԽԽãҵԳ롣ֻҪܵһ¥ϢܵУܲµ˴µķĿġ
ϹǳΪβ·Ͻ㣿ѾȥɽׯˣֻһҶ磬һԱᡣ
о仰ǲܶ𡯰ɣϹǳȻҲҶңȻȵ·Ҳô˳ҲˣҲȥɽׯԺû˼ơ֮ǰһŮҴȥ**ңӳȥˡ
Ϊʲô˵Щ
ҳĵĺҲ˳£ʱԽ״̬ʱҲ̫ˣҲġ
ٴתʱ϶˰Ѻɭɭ䵶ƣ̾˿һֱҶСԶţԲùŪ飬ţҲ١˵ָͷŰѲϵĵ࿪ȻǰС
ıӰһУձǵľСҸоȱ顣
 
 
¥ĬĬԣùСĴƿ϶ſƿƿϻһ󵭵㡣һԵСӴ˹˵˾䣺㡣 
ԣ˻¥˶ɫһȺӰһõ¥СƿᣬһɫصĶԱźĻĬ˵㶹ޢҩζ㻤壬ԽءɸղŵƿӿӺͻ¥ɢζġ 
ӰΪӰϸ鲢ɵĬɰѺӱʱͻ¥Ųλˣ˱أӰüͷѵ 
Ĭϸ֮£ҧгݵ࣬ҲŹ㣡 
ǻ¥侲֪ΪӰ޲ôֻйˡʦа취 
Լı֪ôһˣᲽԼĶüһ㣬ӵĶѸðһɰĺ㡣 
Ӳ񣬹Ѹٵɱ¥ҲѸһѴƿøʦкã 
ԣƿһɫСӣо˺һǵѵõҩ֮һˡ޸˵ûֻҪϢûжϾܷȴιƣȷܱްȴ޷ơ 
ĬɿŹüһöӳҩ裬һ˰صʣʲôƣ 
ơ 
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ɲʱֻһ仰ûȣͱʹô˳֡Ưͷ*ҾʳҪǱĲҲҪ 





110

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࿴ԼԽԽ࣬ԽԽˣ¥һСιʱಢûԵᣬζŨſˣ¥ֺЦ˵㲻ǳ˵Ů𣿡
һ󣬾ζǳʾ⻨¥ӿжڼˣŲ˵û˵ܱԼʱڱ˵ĵǧҪԼԭñ˵ôߵݣʱþ͵ΪԼıһϵͷոֻˤ
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֪ʦжꣿ 
ࣺ֪ʷƾáˣôˣͬŵˣֻܶץס 
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Ϲ˺ʦƣۼ֮ʱİٶݴʦ̶ԵõĴ֮ȴɳ֮ġ³ָ֮ܽ㣬֪ǣҳ֮ߵɫɢǵĲ֮յõͬʱҪԼǶ˰ıʼ֮أ˷޳ 
ԭ㣺ʱֻҪǹλ˵Ԫǧ꼴ɡ 
ͷԷޱȳ嶯ԼݾԼǸֹˮôݻһ߰㲻ײԸ 





111

ԼȻǰľеΪ¹㡣մȾ׵״ħһ
뵽࣬ĺһ˱ּգּǸǿ󵽲֪Եķӡ֮ģһҪּԶԶԶԶԶԶģҪаĽˡ
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൭ĮĿǰһ׵ĺڣĿڣٹһǾ͵ˣ֦ڣվͿʼɣ
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ͬĻҲٷһ㡣ɼȻ޽ֺαؼ˵ֻУźԼҸȤˣ㣬ҰĪˣоֻԼʰ 
ڻ¥׽ǰ֮ͥĮİˣ¥оԼеĽǰòŮӼ̤ĲҲ̶һĲֵˣݺݵˤӣǵ˵˾䣺жһ죬һʬҽ¡ 
ಢδ¥Ǹܷ纮һ𱡴ԹԵ˵ôһ죬ҵ˯Ӧò̫ѿ 
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ĬɿŻ¥ȥӰҲġٿűһźŵİĽأȴֿʼ 
һʱȥˣԵĺӰţĬЩ˽ȥͺӰҲǾĽġֻ༴̤ʵְȵ˯ţҲԾӡ 
Լתһյʱ䣬౻ӵһˣ̫⣬˶ʮֽϲġ 
ССⲻ˿˺ֻۣСС׵ץһִֺֻ󵫿ܣ⺢Ӹյȵͱĸצӵ뻳С 
Ĭ۲ѵĿŻ˵ĶӺĿվ£۲ѣǸĺӡ 
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ԣ˸Ĭһԡɵذһ˲䣬ͺӰֹĬ漴һ㲻ķɻ˴˯ʯԡ 
ѪʱܸջԾȵ¾ͱһĬ¶Ŀһڵصࡣ 
δüͷȴǽ˽ȭͷѺڿеѪ˳վ˵ϵĻҡȻĬɣ䵭ĵ˵ŮˣڷңǹңҲӡ 
Ĭıλ߷ߣſ޵òĶǰ 
صסɫ̫ˣӲã׵ĵϢ֮һʱɫŻָ 
߳⣬ȻĿűе˲û˳ȥͷӬһҴתߴûȥͷ˯ 
ҹһαˡ 





112

ǰĪԼʱҲ޿κε󷨣ݺݵĴǰ˸
ڹתȥǿ̣¥󡣡ߣձѣҽŲЩ鷦
ϴٿԼıˣŪδܹĹʱʲôȫˣҲʮֺô㹦ôͻָô죬ϵײжٺöãǻǱ˾䣺߰ɣ
һ̣һֱܵĽţǽ̫úķӦοС
࿴ɫĬķĿĿ֪ƺɫкι
ɫҹɫйأҹԽ˯Խ졣
࣡һδʧˣ㲻Ҫ*
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ཫ˯ĺӱ׼õҩͰҩˮ̹ǣںӾѵһһ˹ȥ
ҲӽУһСָͷܺţֱܵĶҺ͸ڣҩˮĽĳ˻Ұɫֿ׼ȵƫѨԡ
ۼƬˮŭɫ࡭°ҩͲԼһѪȻ֮ҩˮ֮УҩͰɫ
ԭҩͲ˶ͻȻʹ۾΢·ȾȺĶb壬ʹĿ޺
࿴ҩͲǸССʱѪ˿һɫ˿ߣÿЩѪ˿嵽ѨֱЩ뵲˻ɷ뿪ʼЩɶĽпҲԽԽˡ
һҧֱָںϣЩ۸ӵѪ˿޶ĿҴܡ
޿ɱܵЩɫѪ˿ʱ˾ͻһѪЩȫǲɢܺŵָϣģһһѪ˿ıʵˡ
࿴ľͰ˶ϵķȫȥٿҩˮϵʬ壬ɫƣһֳľͰıأһְ˸ĬɿбӣҲǰΪ鴤ɫ԰塣
ʱúۣԼĹһ㣬ǿ־񣬽Ų鸡뿪һжѾûйķ䡣
Ӱʱ**Ӱ΢еĲ뵽Įı飬ʱޱսȭͷʱĶ񡭡ĺ񣬿Ҳֻѡԥ֮УӵĽúӰѿİŲ˻
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һչ󣬹Щģڵȥʱһɻá
һûͲĵˣ֮ǰһʢ˲ȡǲŲʵ̬ȣῪں󣬹ǰȥٵŮӸ˾䲻ȵĻ֪
 
 
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Ŀڶ࣬Ի˶µġ 
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ѾӰûȥ 
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Ҳ˳ʵģȻ˼ҹԹԻӦˣҲ˷ʱˡɺԥУ¥ֻԹۣԽԽ䡣 
ʵҲƽ⣬ֻºһأ󷨶ûʲôɱģɲ߽һоͱˡ 
ɺݺݵĵ۰󵹵ĶȻһ˻赹ڵصࡣɸæǰΪȻٵĽ˳⡣ʱǰ䴦ˣɳͨ౧һ徲֮ 





113

ۼĵһɣڴҹʱգգ۾ڴ̨ϰɣ˵λҹߵĹӣܸЩԵ𣿡
ԣɲӰԽɫ£Ӱ¹³ſһĨ΢Цļ£Ỻз紵£֦ɳҹ˰ģҪʲô
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ĩ֮ʵķ΢ĺŷӾƹ˳֫ؿڣͬʱְϵÿһϸɢݡȫùʣ඼ЩƮƮɵˡ
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ҼǵãȻ㵱ڻǵʱ򡣺Ӱ֪ȴԼӰУ޷ȥȴֻһǻޱʹôǷɱɵģôѾһڱˡ
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ȻṩЩۺʵģϹǳҲǲ֮һġɾ˽⣺ϲҹԸԻֲͣģϹǳϡιƵܸоԷʵǳףǻû֮Ǻˡ
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ҪﵽʲôĲΣʱƿ֪ͬʱ*ذˣȻͱʶǿܹһа֮ˣһЩɽ⣻ʱٳЩ˫Ŀ֮˲ʵþӶʹ˾ѽ߶յģɶ־߲ȫ*أ֮ãͿ˫*ģ֮á 
֮УɻĿ࣬Щһ֪ΪΡʱ䣬ϾЩʲô 
ʮֲûش𣬶˶٣úüһЦҡһΣ̤ʵΡʦ˵ݵŮһĺӡ 
 
գֵõһЦԷǵϢŲӢſǰ޳˵Լ¸ˣҪз 
ڵ޳Ǹ֮û޵飬ǹŸɺ֪ʶϵ书ҲȫȻޱĽڸǡһڹ˼˾ͱ·ˣصһ¥ȥˡҲʱ֪һҲʦڹȡ 
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һµᣬ쳣˼һˣɫҶ̬Ҳ쳣į 
ɫȻĿ᣺⺢ӻûͨ 
һǱ֮ɣ֪̫Ͷ˻ද̫ˣ֮ûࡣ 
ˣЩֺֺЦ֮ǰǶ֮һ׵ģֻѧϰڹϷ½ˣѹֹ˲űԭǷˮð 
Ժ˼Ȼͻˡվڸ¥Ĵǰ˫ָ٣ĵһټ޿ޡ 





114


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ѵðˣɣ
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ƤǵǳǳһգתɺЦӣǸоġ
ԣû˵ʲǫ̂࣬ǰĻɣΪһȻǶȥޡ
ԣ΢΢Ŀ࣬һǶԣ˫ָ٣Ĺˮɽ֮ʣδġ
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ཫҲͦλģȥУ˼ԵĻĬɺƢĿһͳȥˡ
ۼ໹Ǻ˼ǰˣᣬΪͽɺã
ԣۿ಻֪𡣷һԵмص˵ˣοҲͦģҵν
Ĭ˺һóһϺ˵ʦͬĻҵȻ
ȥ˵һᣬмϻŶ࣬㻹ָܰʧԺʦˣҲٽҶʦˡ
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ԥһ˺ܳصľһ㣬صĵͷָʣãǡԺǲǲҪʦˣ
ǳǳһЦɾûһ㣬ĵһЦƽĪ˾޶˵ɡ
ẢӰĽ棬ĺЦ˵ȫƾϲãΪʦԤ
Ļ˾䣺õģʦּĴ
ɺסЦһЦֶлĺӣʺ·
޳ǳŴ󿪣з죬ҲҿԼɴһ죬һ˲٣Ҳ١
ԭź޳ǵĵѾİ»ռˣҲֻԼĵϻǮáŰ
ʱŵװʾˣһһ¡ֻǵװŮԻЩͬϵǳɫĵȻһεĴʻͬһ£ǾҿģǱɴ˿±һƷ
ľֹţһһжչʤ߽ࡣɴˮͳ׵ʶӮ˲ġ
࿴¥̨֮ϵ࣬ﻹЩζģԭһ峺ֻ֮ˣΪΡֻ˵ͬԼǸʹŮһҪ뻨Ĭһ㣺ͬйصĶȥ
ɣܰɴժȥȡĽ졣
൭ȻЩ㵣ֲҲܲɫǶ
ɲĻһ䣺Ϊָ顣
ɽͣҲԼľãȻúÿֵ͵񡣡˵գһһԡ
漴ܵĶ򡣶ɴ޵ĳʱһֻɫССһ¥̨֮ϣ½Ϊ֮ʱһӰ
üͷЩĿŻ¥ɫǰǲˣ
¥һΪȻӣںڵķ˿ԼĴϰ棬ʮĵϷ̬Ȼ亮
úܶҲ̨Դ򶷵Ӱûˣ˶ʱҲɵˣŮӾȻŻ¥ɴʱصȥǽͷⲻһһǳҲȻ֮·硣
ץ϶ʱͳƷֿȻ书õŮû£Ҳóʤ׷
࿴һԴ򶷵ˣǷѵĵƲһͣ֡ԭѷ˹ͣˡ
 
 
¥̨֮ϵòƽ档ʣ̨֮˲ò̾ǸһǳɫŮӣֻȻʹôһվһ϶µʣİȻǵ͸¶һԶҲ޷ 
ֻǲ²⣬һҲȷǰŮ˭ˡ൭ȻĪһ£඼Ҷ˴ҪΪˡ 
ɨһ̨µһƬȻ鵭Į˵ղŶˣŮԣΪʦ뿴ճ˶١ 
ԣ鶯ӯԣɵ˵ʦͽҲԡ 
οĵͷס 
ῴ࣬΢ЦĿЩ񻰣ѹʦҲۡ 
üᣬǸĳŪðŮˡ 
ԣŭ൭ЦĿһСʱѻȸվһԣ¥ࡣ 
书ףǰʶˣڿȷ¹һġ౾ƾеĶһ󣬵ºῪʼ·硣 
ÿθᾲɶֹˣ˼ǣ⺢Ӻú÷ййĻôãڶŪ档 
᲻һƣɫ԰׵ˣ಻ɫקסɵӣ¡䲻ģѾҲͲòʦĻ 
ɫ¶ޱߵЦ⣬ƵĿ࣬ÿͽ书ǲǸһˣɵ棬ͲΪˣðȥԼ롣 
ԣϰԵеĮᷢйûҪˣ˭ҵͽ 
Ҳʲô˼ 
Ʋӵ񣬲ᵫҲΣҼǵǰǸĸࡣǷԸʵĿܣֻ߽ȥΪ㱣ϣԣһúչ 
ԣһˮ΢ĳĨ޷΢Ц漴軺ڵء 
¥̨¹˶ĳ˿ɶòŵࡣ 
˫ָ⣬еۣ֪Լˡ 





115


ľ޵òˣԤ׵ǳ˵ϡ˺లڳһѵڷǿͷ˶Īʧٺ󣬾½½ɢ¥뿪޵ˡǣǶһû·档
ɵϢӷʱ޳乬һ㣬ֻû˶пͣԵʮֵҹ塣
ܲȣỻԺӻĳĲƵĶ˵ֻ˵ˣǸ˼ˡôģ֪ͽô£
źĵ࣬ػʱҲʮֵʦֻЩ벻ͨҡǻǰһӣʱܿĺ㣬ȴе㲻Ŀĵ״ֻ̬벻ͨΪʲôı£ҿԺܿĺҸʱʦҼǿΪʱϵѪҺĪҴǰֻһѧС찡ʱʱף˺
ˣҲʼʶĿᣬһֵᶨ˵㲻ƽ
ỹҪ˵ʲôʱҲ⵽ĿһȻϮ̩ȻվԭغһԽӸȴǴòɿ
˰ֱ֣Խӷ·磬ɲֽᴦ
ɼ˿ıԼ棬˹ȥ࣬һ״򲻶վأ
ָָݶϣ˵ҺûۻǺèŸˣͰ
ûлɵķݶһӰк˾˫˫è׽Ϸȥˡ
һСЪƬ̣Ѿнǳ̵ԽӸҼ磬̶ָʺ
ŶʮͷԽӸ̾ϢõʣһҪһŰ𣿡
ԽӸش൱նǣ
ĻظҲôᶯְɣһɱ
ȻΪˣɱ˲ĳϰߵߵɱˡʦɲԷҿԱġ
ƳԽӸϿκֻĶ˵ȷ
˻ᣬԥ˵ͷҲֻкƤʾĬ
ջؽԽӸһȻĶ๥
һߣֿʼĶսѾ񻰵ԽӸ书ѷЩʵսҲԽӸΨһùȥľƴֿľ
æ£Ҳɱĳ˲᲻صƤˡ
ۼԵҪʱͻȻðһ仰𣿡
ԽӸȻͣ˽壬Ŀ࣬ʲô˼
һߵԣ˫˵ȥȥˣԲôҪʱ뿪ޡɣ֮ǰٲڳҪˡ
̧ƽͷ𾪵ԽӸӣڳιһˮ
λԽӸýסʺˣòε࣬ƾʲô㡣
Ե̾Ϣһ˵ҪҵĻ˻ѰϣҪġ㾡ȥȣʦͻĬ˵ִңͰ㵽ͷϣӴ塣ͳȥݵĵطúõĹɣ
ĻԽӸеĽֽӲ˵ϲǱûнӵҾһΣƭңǵɽҲҪɱ㡣
ϣıĿţɫǼѵ¶˵ľ⣬ȥɣĵճˡ
ԽӸһߣۣվȥҲʱŷϵˣæǰŵץס࣬һľʦˡ
ȴ鵭ĮĿᣬûһ飬֪Ϊλࣿ
ûô䵭ĶԴԼЩ֧Ϊš
֪ԽӸΪҪɱң
ΪʦҶɱ
ΪһᱻԽӸˣΪûɱ㣿
 
 
ΪִҪûɱҲΪʦǣΪûɱ࣬ŷ𣿡 
䵭ĿᣬƿԼ֣ޱ߽ݡ 
ῴʧıӰѹҲܵ䡣ǡʱɿֶ飬ֻͷֺһѵ˹ȥ˵ôˡ 
İ齲һ飬һˣͽ룬ӦֻƤ˺󣬱ĵѻ˵ꡣ 
Ϲѹ𣬻һ㲻ʵᣬЦĺܺÿСһĴͷЦ˵ʦûŪΪãҲΪв̣ŮȷǰͲҪʦˡĺķڱ˵ĻϾͳΪ˱˺˵Ĺˣ̫ˡ 
˵꣬ɾͳȥῴɵıӰ￪ʼļ 
šΪԼҩƵֿ׼ˣžͷ˽ 
ƿźŰĶ̿ˣһŭĵɣЦͷҩ 
һɻĪĿ࣬ˣ㿴ǲǲô㣿һȥҩȽϡ 
æסɵĻ˾ûŮ֮֡Ѿͷһ˺ú룬ҩ 
ѾСƢˣѹͺ岻ѹֺ˵һֱ̫Ůˡ 
ٴδɵĻű˵Ϳҩ͹黹Ǻ⡣ 
εҡͷǰӹҩޣһҩһְֻ˿ڵ·ЩɿϵѪһ·һ޶Եı飬ȴܡ 
Щɫҩ౳Ϳȣ̲ס̾ϢǷϹ˼㽩Ӳʬ壬ǣһһܡ 
¹·һƬԽӸվһİͷǰűõɫĿǾ롣ԽӸֻƭոЩϢǷܳһҰʹ 
ԹڣΪжᣬԽӸŶѶ¢һֿҲǰϢĸҡ 
ӷеĳǰ΢΢ǰĶһ˫׵־ֱҺɫ֮Сҿ׸ǣҹɫŮɫ࣬ϧɻһЦȴʤŮӵ֪ǻ᲻ҪһĳŵչһŮӵһӡ 
ҹʹȣʹ֣ɻϡ 





116


µ̨𲽰չ滮˽йĹȨ˰ﶼȻȡǿǿߣõ޳һ󲿷ֵĵ̵ͬΪҪء
ɾ˷ʱ˰¸ˡ
ЩȨ˶֪ı춾һںġŶһ£Ȼ֮̽һԵȻ̵İԼ²ۼİ˸ˣ䲻ߣһ˼ԱϰϴԽӸ뿪䲻ȸû˵һ仰
ʱֹԮĸоԼԼµˣû˴ˡ
įʱͻȻһԵɴ˾䣺Լ̽ˣҸ
ɼһȻĿԼҲί˵Ҳǻûͨ˭Ūôô
ѧϰ̬Ȼħɣƣǻͤ´ˣɶʱҲӵ
ҺôͿҩˣô̬ȶңĪ*ҽ
䲻ţ߱ڶһ䣺ѹģọ̈̄ᱡ֮֮лˡ
ɹĶȥıӰʣЩ㲻Ҫ͸𣿡
ԣһĿȻȻͣ½Ųࡣ
౳Ӱֱͦ͸һֵҸԸ
ɶ౳Ӱвķɧ˵˶ˣ㲻鷳𣿡
ῴһֱǻ͸żᶨˣʹӰҲˣ۵ȴ˸ܵһֺǿҵİ౳Ӱʧһţ̲סǰץסˡ
ɿħᣬ΢Цʵ˵໹Ǻܹġ
޾˵һ۾ΥԣղŵıӰղŵĻỼûʧְɻ΢Цȥʦ
ɿἱҴҵıӰͻȻô̬ȣԭӦóᣬĺǻ³һϰҵĺӣһֱͣʮ꣬ΪûҪ
ĿͤͷʢĵҪݶĶ࣬ʱͤϲġ
ߵԣСĺ˾䣺ʦ
ûӦ˵˾䣺ʦ֪ˡ
Ƥ΢΢ǳˣҲҲԼкδҽĹȥɣ
ĻüͷĹȥʱһֱģʦ
ҡҲ֪Լĸ˭һҵġСʶ֣ʼһЩɹƭ͵֪ʶҲǴǸʱʼкһװԼΪĿԵʮһʱͻе顣ʱȻ͵ˣĴƭÿΥʥ֮оʱԺоͻðЩµìܵļˣÿЩ̵һʱֻᱻĿֺȾԵ˼һǱ޾Цˣָҵ·Ҳʱұ飬ҲҲԼʮĳһ죬з˺۵ҵʱ¼ˣҴûмôѪҼǵÿжһҺͰҹڵؽºǰҫСж⣬ÿڵؽѴһΣҶһЩû뵽˵ôصһ죬ʱЦ˵Ҫƭ˾Ҫ±Ǯǵڶ죬ҾͰװڴϣҹڵϵֳʹˣܷˣɻǶڵϵԼԱߣкʵָңڿڵʱҰԼ˳ȨƵˡǮԶʧҵҲʧȥһһº󣬵ҳɹϵʱ򣬱һеŲ䣬ҾòϢʱеһͬæԱ˼ţԥһ󣬲ŷȻ뿪ڶ첻֪ҥʮֹĲ񷿣ʱһŸգһҺһˣһ֮Ҳ޺һôĵطҾһһºӣ͵Щӳ˸߲ͣͣߣֱʮҲͣھǲԶһСϰ
˵쳣ɵɵȻ޶ԵıЩû䣬Լ˵֪ʮʱҶˣ·ףû͵ĶȴŵһȥˡȻʦ䡭һʱҾҸֵӡ
 
 
һ·ķ罫һƬµҶƫеϣüۣÿĪЩִ 
ǳǳĶһЦȴƽ׽֪Ϊʲôñǵ֮ʲô䣿ûкһ֪ҲһֱûйͬĺǾͬʹദࡣһ·ˣǱ̫˵ˣͬǣûܱȫɻڱСıĶû䣬ΪûиıԼʶ;ġ 
һնĻЩ߷ߡˣǸֶһ޵ˡ 
Ậܳȥٳһ¥İ˸ᡣ߳ŵɣԥ˻ᣬ˳ߵķȥ 
ɿ࣬һ˿ɻ᲻ЩͬѰƲɶӵֵ죬˵֪ǷģǷҵġ 
ر𲻺õܣڰһ·Ҳţ԰һֱ˳Ǻ;Щˡһ˼ţһ˻ 
һԳǺϽ˰˸ֹ˺һǸİȴĻˡ 
²˸ٳֶȥˡ 
Ŷʲôˣ 
书ܸߣƺ·򶼻ᣬԾҲ֪֪ʲôָɵ𣿡 
˶ɡУ㻹ǳƺΪĹ˳ 
һ⻰֪Ѿ֪Է·ԷȻҲûйҷ˼ĵϢȷʵѡĻش𣺡ǣĹ 
һɲͬ;һȥȥѻص̬ȶȥ 





117


޳ڡ
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һ˵ĸ뱻ϹǳɫǺܺá
࿴ü֮¶һϧ֮ɫǺαأԭĸ֮ˣ˳⣬ֻ֮аġ
ϹǳЦ⿪׵˼ˣ˭˵СĵķӵҲ
ɫҲϹǳ˵˾䣬𣿡
಻ű߼ʵĻϹǳЩԲ˵ôҺһԱ֪ҵ˼֮Ұ˷Żȥ𣿡
Ϲǳ룬û˼ֻۣ¼֣û¡
Ůٷľ֮ϣȥľµıԺԾϹǳˡʮָĸϣϹǳĿӵƲ
ǳʴչ֮֮˻ȻһĨģתᣬʱʱͣʴɽˮҹһʤ壬֮ٶңתӯһ翣Ĵᳩ龲ºͨƽö
һϣ֮˿ڶᵴ񼼡ҲΨһİܱǳ൭Ȼƽ͵ı飬֮⾳Ϊ
Ϲǳ治ķǳ֮¡
ƽϢջʮָһŴѯϹǳ˵ƽ
Ϲǳɢ룬ѪĳͨľҲƽ˵ͷЩϹǳ֮ɢȥ
Ϲǳͷ̸ղɫЩҲûǰ䵭ôѡȫҲҪ֮õҰɣỹͷΪչˡҽҪһ˵ġ
ϰĲƵϹǳȣֻڶһʾ䣺˭
࿴ϷŵĿ̱ʱȴ˵Ϲǳ˵
֣Ϲȴķ˾䣺Ҫһ糾ŮΣ
ԣһ¶һ˿ѹôĺӾˡ
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Ŷ
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Ҳͬ¶һЦǿ黹ŰɣȻ󣬴ȥ¶һıӰ
ϹǳһĮĿĺףЦţأ
Ӱһ٣תưľһӣƵϣȻ䣬ַϣΪĶϹǳ˵ԣðֻңҺýӻ
 
 
ϹǳЦ⣬˾ôĿţûһͻ˸ֳ°ͺʵб̬ǺĻϹǳ֮ţϹǳȽˬʵЦ 
ϹǳʱݹĿü࣬۽ǺЦ಻ϲ飬šȻҪҾһȫ֪ҪҪ 
ϹЦĿ࿴Ҳ泩ĿȾЦȻҪǵ˱֮ˣȻǷҪģͲлˡ 
ϹǳЦ⣬鼫ΪĿ࣬һ¹һµ˵ͽһúôΪչ˵ġֻҪ˸Ҵ鷳ʱһġ 
Ҳ£Ц⣬ʱЦȫޣڡ 
ϹǳĿȥֹһĨȣ첢Ƶһ졣 
֧ɽƵ˷ޣֱӰڸǵ߳֡Դʮֺգϴα޵һ¥ʱҲͬǸܴΪʱȫȻЧ޴Ϊ 
ɳϡٵĽϣͻȻٿս䣬ûĵǰŮӣ֪˻˵𣿡 
ֺֺЦĵɣ˭˭ѽ 
ɱЦĳˣЩɫǺ죬㻹˵ǸӣԼôҲʡģ 
뷴ʱһѰε˵ҪǾͺˣҺͺĻ㡣԰Ĳ֪һ߾ôãһͻزˡҵʱĺܺ£ֱ˵ܲٳˣҶšΪһѪİѹƵԼȥˣû˻Ϊˡһ佻ҲúңǼֻĪһʱ嶯㻹ΪЩ𣿡 
ɵǾ䡮һʱѹʱҲȷһ˿˿ʧ䣬̹׵˵ôأǸůˣһÿģҲΪûƭҡǸһʱ嶯ȷеʧ䡣֪̹ҲʥˣҵѿԺܹܶ࣬ԸΪ֮ϧĲࡣ 
Żôһθ֮ԣҲȻЩ£ͺľͷҾůˣһ϶Լĳɳڲ̺˺ƴճģԣļ˻ҾÿܡҾ⣺㻹ôС˺ʧȥбõĶ㸴ʶǿңֺֻΪԼΪһ÷ȥ⣻ֻܸ߰С˺ˣЦһǷĵġͱһʱҾҵȷǻŵģһûһˡԸΪҲڿҵͬΪ֮ˣǼôҸ¡ 
࿿ɵӵпЦʱȥīһУҲȡ˱ĳޡī࣬£Ƕһһܲ˱˶ǵĺãĺǻΪʧͶŸŬΪݺϧĻī㱳ǵѪծҲµȴΪĵػǶγ𣬿ɻǽϷŪİš£ĸûܵÿҲû˻̫һ˵ļį壬йԮ 
಻˵ɷͱٹˣҴ𣿡 
̧ͷɣ˵ˣҺͱѾԼˡ 





118


մϹǳǻô඼ЦҲܲ鵽һЩ
඼ֻǶɵ٣ɢе֮ԭԽԽ滺õƽϢɧ࣬ڵĻǱȵúģܣܲܳ׵Ұѻ𷢳ȥ
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΢Цǫ⣬һȻĽܣǵȻڿ㻹Ԥı˵ġһΪǷǳмصΪ˭ҵˣ˭ҵʬǻؼԼҵĹΪҲֻŻֲͷ
Ȼ̻ĶһЦųһ˲ľҲҪи֪ȴɰɣлл㣬ʹЩ⣬Ҳҡ
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ЦЦһѺİһƣɻûְӣ˾ͱൽһԡ
СĽӵı飬ȻɾȵӣĺЦýԼЦ̫ˣˡ
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Ļ˵Ǵӵ۵ģԼ¸븴ˣֲˣʲôá
࿴ɫ̫ÿĹûĿɨˣȻ΢ЦĿƣλǰãҶģҽֱЩˣܹӦҲףಢڿʾ
΢΢ףӵһ۾Ϳʼˣǻ¥ִҪ벻ɾôһ۲죬Ҳȷһ㣬ȻǰŮһòȽʧִݲȷƵȴиһѹȵȴʮֺġûֶΣҲ벻ʲôɰµ࣬໹ЩȤġ
˶ڣҲֱӿżɽ˵ԭǷ޹µЩˣӦ˵ʬ壬ǻҪҪ
¥һƵĿ࣬һ޹ؽҪЦʬŪģô˵ʲô˼
¶һŷ˵¥˵أЦôûǶµ׻ô¡
üȻ¶һԵķ꣬ͷ˵ûҪʱˣ棬Ƕֻ޵ĵû⣬Щ̶ԸĽףһֵĵ˲ԸҲûǿ൱ġˣҾͲô󶯸ɸˣֲǳϷġ
ƶ˵۵㣺ǵ˶Ǵнʬ˳ģص̣ôοտƾﶼңⲻϵǼɵ棬ڴ򷢼ǣ
ƴ䳰ȷʱҲˣʱҲҲ֪ǿտƾҲ˵ƶҲһӱģ𣡣ôҸһεƶϣͻȻرãһǶû¶һãҾ˰ԱЩ֮ܿˣɱɱˣˡ˼һж¾Ҫѵң۸ҾʹӦˣҾиˣ˾ôˣұ˸ȫʬ죬֪ƶ⣿
ĿǱˣŻ׵ʱ˲ĵֻһʾ
һȵĺӰץеص˵޶֤ƾݣ
 
 
ӰϽ͵һĻͲϲ۵ĳ棬񻹵βܻ󣿷һյĳˮһЦĿ׵ĸˮ 
ЦĿֻ࣬˵డ㲻˵ûʲôģҪԼˤƵƿԼҪҪҰ㴦 
ûĵһۣһ䣺Ѱɣ漴תӰ΢Ц˵бҪʲô޶֤ 
Ը˰ЩʬŲԣһӶİסҲüֻй治ɫ˵ཻ˵ʵ鲻ͺʡ˷ 
˵Ҫ統˽ˡ 
üȺ⣿ 
ҲüȻеġôҲδŵӣҲŵһġ 
¶㲻ҪٸҽˣôΪʲô 
Щ벻̫ͨ£ͨɴֻһ˳Ȼرáر𲻺áô򵥡 
ɺϹǳ⣬˶ԵЩԾȻûȻ͵ȥˡȷŵʬ̧˶֪Ҫʲô 
ֻߵʬԣӹһݸƿӣȻƿʬϵЩҺ壬ʬ˲Ϣľͱһ̲ˮ 
ֻԹֵһЦ˵ֻܾ޶֤ġȻתͷԺӰ˵Ž޶֤ã֮нЩǻˮҽġҪƷԣҺõĵط롣ʧֻ˼ˣŲһص㣬ûƷѡʱ䶼̳޵һУЩ˵ʬ嶼Ϊͣˣͱ˵ʧˣǸǵӡΪһŮӣԸλҲͲλΣ 
˵֮ǣǱһȺˣ۸һŮˡ 
޵ϹǳŪģȻһԿϷҶڣϴиȥȵ·ϴΪչ࣬һްĿ˶Īǫ⡣Ҳδ̬¥ԲϿ໥вˣﲻⲻĻʵͣˣӰҪޣԾ䣻ĿֻлҪ˵ 
ȻףҲԣ޵ĵ̵ûǡ 
ƵĻ֮ԱǣǶû˵ȱôáǡʡ಻һ˽ģ˳¡ֵĶȥĵǮѾ׼ˣλЦɵĻҾ͵ǰ͡аֵֽƾݣǼȨǩģûûԡ˵̣Ҳģб¾Ѫϴ̣˵һ¥ٻš 
һ˵赭дȴԳɴһֿϵѹȸУϵ̬޷ӵĽȸС 





119

ҲòʱǰŮӰԾ̾ƾҲ˲ƫƫһƽ֮͡µȷ߰㣬ʱû治֪òþҲһ֡ɲ⡯
Ʊ಻ŭǿƸһ󣬻ָ̬Ȼ˵Ϊֵ̺ͬǵ𣿡
࿴ûһۣûһЦĿϹǳƮƮ˵ʦйҪҵģɻΪǵ̣Ҵ
΢ЦĻϹǳ΢Цҡͷ
תҶ磬üЦҶҪͱˣҪϣ֪һ¥ǲ𣿡
Ҷڡݡʶ֪ǰŮӲǡ
΢ЦĿŹùֲõԤС˵֪ͬһ¥ŵʱ᲻֣һ֣
ǰµĳŵһֱûرǰ˷ɽׯ˵£еΡԣڱǲᶯġӰЩҲһֱҲ벻ͨΪ⹫һֱԼһԸ
û󣬱Ц绨ã𷽲Ŵİƣһƽӿƣֺ˵ɣġǡһβˡ
ƱĹŪһһʱǰŮӲ֪˵ʲôǺãʵϣԴҲûʲô˵ˡһԵĻ¥ӺֺܲһƵĿ࣬Į˵Ѿ롮ǡΪˣ
ƶԻ¥Ĵ˷ʮָмģ֮ԭΪһս룭ȴһ̾Ϣ
֮дһɾɫղŻŵʱ˰֣¥㲻˵ҶԼҪˣ㲻ϲµӰɣһ죬Ҵ죬Ȼʵ֣һҪҪԼ
һԵԣΪѵĶԻ¥˵ҪȿԼж೤㣬ΪڻŰɫ˭أ
ҲòʱǰŮӰԾ̾ƾҲ˲ƫƫһƽ֮͡µȷ߰㣬ʱû治֪òþҲһ֡ɲ⡯
Ʊ಻ŭǿƸһ󣬻ָ̬Ȼ˵Ϊֵ̺ͬǵ𣿡
࿴ûһۣûһЦĿϹǳƮƮ˵ʦйҪҵģɻΪǵ̣Ҵ
΢ЦĻϹǳ΢Цҡͷ
 
 
תҶ磬üЦҶҪͱˣҪϣ֪һ¥ǲ𣿡 
Ҷڡݡʶ֪ǰŮӲǡ 
΢ЦĿŹùֲõԤС˵֪ͬһ¥ŵʱ᲻֣һ֣ 
ǰµĳŵһֱûرǰ˷ɽׯ˵£еΡԣڱǲᶯġӰЩҲһֱҲ벻ͨΪ⹫һֱԼһԸ 
û󣬱Ц绨ã𷽲Ŵİƣһƽӿƣֺ˵ɣġǡһβˡ 
ƱĹŪһһʱǰŮӲ֪˵ʲôǺãʵϣԴҲûʲô˵ˡһԵĻ¥ӺֺܲһƵĿ࣬Į˵Ѿ롮ǡΪˣ 
ƶԻ¥Ĵ˷ʮָмģ֮ԭΪһս룭ȴһ̾Ϣ 
֮дһɾɫղŻŵʱ˰֣¥㲻˵ҶԼҪˣ㲻ϲµӰɣһ죬Ҵ죬Ȼʵ֣һҪҪԼ 
һԵԣΪѵĶԻ¥˵ҪȿԼж೤㣬ΪڻŰɫ˭أ 





120

ͷͣתҶ磬΢ЦĿҶͬĹ۵ûʺӰ֪κε
ʱҲ棬һŴ֮ȴϹǳΣϹǳ׵ЭϸӵλǺٸߣҲ˺˵
һҲ˵ſ˷ѴģʮĵĶһЦȻϹǳߵһԣ˵ȻǷһ飬Ժ¡ءҰ㣬ҶҪɻĺ񣿡
ԣϹǳһ忴ŵ˵ŮҼöˣôյĻǾ
ϹǳΣȻ۹ⶼͶ˹˭뵽һȫϹǳȻһھ̱֮ˣҲɺൽ˵ʲôܱ֮
ײ˲ٺ̽Ҳ̹ȻЩǼŮѽϹ˵Ŀɶģ鷳ĻԡֻҪһȫԸһޣ⡣ֻҪ̨µĻҲԸ㡣
ϹǳĮཫִ࣬ⲻԸѵתңʹ֮ΪΪ޻ǿ覴õϹӪƷ˵Ϊű¶Զģ׶ɷһϹҵĵطǲֻǸӹ֮ˡ
ĻϹǳӲɫȴɵ䣬֪ԭ򣬵ȴ֪֪Ҳ˲ִ֪ĵôߡ
ȴЦһ˵ֲģûҪѳߴֵôˣϲĶ˰ʰ㻹˼ԺܻҪϵʱɣΪ˸ĺھͲһ̨׶Ϊ׼ˡ
Ϲǳô壬תǺ棬Ŷ㵹˵˵
ɤⲻǻһֵĵûн׳ɹĵ̵ȼ۽ȻϹܻЩΪĵͷܳɾҵʣཻס˵ͬġ
ۼžǰʯͷԼŵңԹûͶ䵽ɵϡһȫһ˵ţ˵˭ҲţΪһֱĬΪ
ϹǳʱȻһЦԼҪ󣬡ͬҲСӦ¡
˵˵
Ϲǳ˵һ뱣֤޵;ֻΪӡһ滺顣
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Ǽʲôпˣò˵ĻϹǳúڴ뿴ΰ޳̣ĿȫǣӹʵĳСϹǳǵڳ¼ʱǸǳ˰ˡķһϹǳòᣬҲΪΪЭĸеοǺʿ֮ϧȷʵ滺顣
ϹǳԼԼ˿̵΢Цжʻˣͷ긽ϣ˵ڶҪ顣
ϹǳĶΪɺͻ¥ڵһʱؿ
ǰ˻ЩԵĿÿԴװʲôǾ£Ǵ˼¡
࿴һ󣬿ʲôú󣬵ת˵ϹԣҼһûȤĲǿ
ƺͺӰһȫûΪŮӵԾоֹ޼ɻ䣬ʵ̡ǿ͸һƳһм**¶ãҪΣ
̧Ӱԣĵ˼빤㿴Ҷ̬ˣǲҲ˳ˮ۵ˡ
Ӱ˻ᣬתĿࡣ㣬͵顣
ӰҪϹǳһһڷˣҿǺծġοеġ˵ˣҵɣһӡҪôھӣҲԸԳġ
 
 
Ӱǽ˵ӣ뱱޹ء˵Ǻ⣬ʲô˼ 
̹ȻһЦȻ޾ͿҵˣôСȻҴӱϽţҪҸĵطɡ 
Ӱһͷһͷɫƽ˾䣺Ҫ³㣿 
ĬһᣬͻȻ˲ҲͻȻ뱱˷ɽׯиĻ档лĪĲˣҲŵͳ˷ɽׯǿءתУΪš 
ӰĿ⾼ĶסıӰҲͳ࣬ǿ޵ģ 
಻һֱܽӲ죬ֱٽϹǳ˵仺յĻŻЩ 
һƽã΢̧ƣʮָϣתᲦҡһƽͣƽ֮ȴޱߵ䣬ȻǶԹֻȻĸ˿հףְһįðϢ 
ޱߣɢȥ˸֦ͷϢķʵȥˣһϣֻϵһɢȥ 
ʱţһ˫һ˸˸ҫ껭һһĿ࣬ǰЩӶ㵯ٸջΪһ 
ಢһ޳ʮָϣƽΪ֮ͬļɶ칦ԶɵǾԿȻ泩áཥıȾͷбɵļϣ 
̨ǰ˵ľ׺г֮ǰԡĻ棬ϱĹ;ɣã·ƽ֮أϦļ䣬һĨľ⣬һĨܰ¡ 
ͷļͷ񾲵¶һǳЦȻ˯ȥ 
һգ˻عѾ⣬֦ͷ˯ʱϯ֮˸˼϶Խϲŭ޳α඼ԡӡУľֶֹһݿɡͻȻգƽ޳ľֹֻǱЩ 





121


ɱž߳ſûײһװͣͣŲԺŮǳȻһЦŮɫһʼջվԭأЩʧõ
Ĺͷ׷ɢϯҶһԼЩ죬Ϲǳһĳûӹ¥ͺӰ˵
ɢȥԺֻˡ
Ͷôˣ
磬һ¥ģҾ͹ˡ
һģ

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ֻʲô
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Ҷ֪ãϹǳӳһ䣺ǻ㣬ҶԶ㣬Ⱦˡ
ϹǳԼҺһŰĿҶ̲ͣסųһĶ˵Ц̡ҶȤĿϹǳЦ˵ǳǺúӣǴġ
Ϲǳ¶ɫ
ԣҶҲ̿ʵ˵Ϲǳȱ⣺Ͷǳһ𣬻Ҹ
ҶЦϷϹǳ˺رǳô˯ţɼҲһáĿ͡˰
ԣϹǳҶͬʱ¶ɻĿҶϹǳ΢΢˵üҶ֪ǵ֮ɡ
ԣҶı类˰ܾˣβŻڣƺ󵯳һŪ֮ȫӵѽ
Ҷ翴һƱĵӣͷЦ̾Щ꣬һ¥ûн뵽̴̡ܰϷ䣬һ㡣ֻǡӣҲžû˱û˻˽
ҶͻȻҲѧϹǳƽհĳĬҶЦŴߴȻס˵Ҷתǿ̵͵͵˵˾䣺ôˣҲ𣿡
˯һʱˣߵߣƿ泩ࡣɾˣ䣬ī࣬£ڵ࡭һĻġȻͻϮˣ̲סۡ
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վֽǰסʧٵ¼ʹҶҲһ£Ϣ©ĶС
޵Ǩ㹤ʵɺͬһ̵޳ǹ˺Щеӡ໹ճһط˽񶷳񶷳ɺɵĽͶָܵص㣬֮޹޹ʴܻƻ߶ȥũһãѿջĳҽԺֳɵģɼҽԺûżҲƼһЩ⣬ʱҲ̫УҽԺ鲼׵ͿʼŪҩݣһֱǿڶһ¥ıýгԱĺһ֣ûһѻԼסֻգȻ಻⣬һʱֲôôĺӣ˸֮ѧԺ˰ʷͳһڡ
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峿˼ɫվڴǰһաˮһӣӥһɳȥ򿪾ֽ߿ǳǳüľһڵء
ɴһ͵͵Ǳ룬Цļϵֽüͷⶼʲôţ
ԣתͻȻðɣĽ˵һ֣ԭϾ֡ϲҿԽ
룬ͷ̾һĶŹֵĶࡣӣϿ϶ʲô°ɣ
ĵͷת˴⣬˵ҪܹҪˡ
һֱ£Ҳ֪ԼĴǷȷڷҲܣһǰҶôЦҡͷԾ̲סʣǲϹǳϣ
֪ɲǹˣҲ˵ϹǳǲۼڻԲ鵽ʱúδϹǳԣ˶Ӱ쾪ŵǲʲôôġ
Σ
ᶯңֻǣңһҶкüֵҲ֪ģ̫˵ǲġΨһǣ㡣
㣿֪Ѿ֪ˡ
 
 
Ŷҵʧأǲġ 
㵹˽⡣Ķ㣿ҲǺϤİɣ 
³ǡ 
۾ɵϴЩŵһ飺˵ģ 
ٴתӣǳĶЦЦ˻⣬㣬ΪβȥȡҶ 
ҲЦЦһɿԵĻ˾䣺Ҫͱ 
Цҡͷ 
ɵЦҲûҲֱ࣬ףֻϲǰ޷áͼķʽһ𡣡 
ĵͷԭˡȻתƲ׼ȥʰһϸ 
Ϊʲô 
ʣϸ˺һ˵ҲΪŲ£ȥ 
౾Уִֻͬաһ·ϣżᵯٸ࣬ȴһ·ȴǴĺܰ 
ֱ³ǣ࿪ʼϰԵĳЦɿ쳣 
˵һߡҲһ·Ҳ治Զߡ 
ĸŲһ㣬ߵԽƬԽңԼ˭ֻǵǰһǣ£ȴӽ 
ʱһ۵ĸоҲûУȫƽǸԸ콫跢ӵµˡĿһƬʱŲʼŵúᣬܻ¾ŵ˭ 
ɫ̺˴룬ôһվţİԵķɪ 
ɫתһĨȫȻĺڣ¶Ҳʼҹȷɻ̲סǰʬ壬ڼžҹȻķһЩ 
ʱ˵ã侲ҹ 





122


൭һתỺͬ᲻Ůһ㣬񣬵ȴǼᶨݲ˾ܾҪƣܶܶľƣ͵Ǯ
ɴδ͵Ŀ࣬˻ᣬվǶͷȥ
һһƬһȻһԲԶƹվһԵĳɫһȡ
٣Ĵ֮У˿ںĵضƶȻٰϣʮָỺĴڱ֮ϣָ
ɵĶԹҲȻͬҹɫһ㣬Զ䰧ʹҲĪĸ˵ġ
ɴӸ˼̳Ӿƺ󣬾ѸۻˡʱվǿĲԶı̳ӣȻûǰȥ̽ܣܲ˿еĸоأǲŰԹģǡʱȻˡ뿪һ˵ʱҲߵƽŮһ˼
ָԽԽĳţ˿̣Уû䣬Ҳûд˿̵࣬еġֻǴžƣѡī࣬һϷʽܵһ̵Ļ룬һ˻Ķһǰ̵̮󣬴īൽֻﲻùĶΡ뾫ӵܵССĶԱһϢ±졭ͬԼĶʱ̺ҸȼĺתΪ浽Ķ̱ԼľȴڡʹķΡЦ֪
ԽԽǵмֻӥɹѪХĳȥ
Ѫȥʱһʺָ䣬һιҽδȻͻȻ䣬ּתȻ䱯ʱ֮ѾħˣгȥԹˡ
ֵĺѹɫʼ仵տʼһƬ쵳ϡŭ졢ֵƶ佻ӳþòɢ³ǰҹҲеĲٳֵġסһĿŵ֮֮վؿһϣǻ󵨵ĳײ˳һѪǶ˲׻ҲԱĽôҡ
Ա׵Ļ𻨣ͱˡֱ˫أŷϷһƬ޹Ļơ
һһȥʱŮӲٳµ￴֮磬ԹʱľҲƽࡣ
ͻȻİɴӷԹķΧУЩ޷ʴӵĳ룬ͻȻһ񲡻һŵĺỺ࣬û°ɣ
 
 
ߴɫг룬תƵɵϣһƬʹС顣ĵͷȻֽͷ̧ϹһƽЦûƺԼԺ󲻻㵣ˡ 
ɲ˵ֽʣأָһԵĽ򰲾ת 
౧һ̳ƣûƸǳ˼ϱеķȥ 
ˣ붼ûһ߬ס࣬ԭ̤תһ̾˵ģҲȥιסˡ˵գɶɵֱ֣ͦǴȥ 
̳ʹһףһɴһСѸ͵ŵĴһȺ*ç欹һ㡣һû٣ֻһ 
ǻ£ͬʵһӰ˸˸ĿȻЦ̣ҲȽ죬ȷͦģ̳ӵȷȥȡЩɣ 
һֱɫĻʱרעĶŻҡҡͷ϶ˣǲҪȥˡȥƼңѾûյˡǵã뱱ǴҲôģֽŸȫȫ칫ˣҲһ 
վƵĻԺһԽµĻ棬ͻȻ˫ۣ˫չ߾٣ߺұ׳ĴǺ۰ɣһǳ͵ĵ䣬õ΢΢һֱͦˣ˫Ķ޹ȨԱ޹òһ̣˶ôΪǾҲһΪҲǻˡͬʱҲмΪǹ⻷Ĳƽ 





123


ǸԶĺӰͷһԺĵǰ˼£һ貵ŮҲվʯ̨ϣĶͷϵȺ΢ЦúáʱľȴǱ׳ҡ
ﵹӰŰſĻ棬ҲҲĻԾԾ൯֮ʱ͸оһ˿̣ѪҺ֡Ѫıڡ
ת˼ͣſ¶ĿźӰˡӰֱɣǽصĻȽϷϼյ˫죬Ʋסġɱ黳
ӰƬ̼ͽˣÿһжǺ޹˼ɵɱǱ˴˽ԼķȻ˸쾡µķйԷϡһƬۻջÿ˶Ѫڣʱɱ¾ܴǼ޵ĿС
һô֮˿ȵĶ־ЩȴϲѪ𣿿ϧѾҪˡ
캮·ӰڵɱҲƽϢʱֻдɫҲƽڣ˶Ŀɢȥ
ǰһѷǰŵǳһ㣬ƽϢֳ֮һѵĻҽҹɺĻѣһ˲١
ҹһȻ͵ĻϢƽ൭ȻĿľָ侲ȺȻɨӵӰޱĿ˵ֹˣ뿪⡣
ӰǰòﵫƫƫһɻĳȴŮӣƽʱԴЩڽŵĺ֮ǿˣ㡭𣿡
ɫδ䣬䣬㻹ҪҲ˵ѪŪ
ִʱģȻôںһƾðġ࡯ӰӵĿ࣬㡭㣬ô
΢΢ü˵һ̫ĻղˡҶںһƤҶѡ֪Ҫվã
ǲںɺӰᣬȥʹһƤҲ㹻˾̾ĵ΢ЦůӰдһֵįΪʲôǵһµġǡ
ͻȻܳĶԺӰЦЦ࣬ǲһµģޣǶһҺ޹ȴˡ
࿴źӰһȺˣһʵʾ䣬ˣ
ӰĻ΢ȻĵͷȫȻһ²ؼıΰϣ
ӰҲ̹ף㣬*
һҵӣʵ𣬡˾ͳɣȻ˶ⲻˡ
ѻȸһɲࣺӰ۹ⲻҲˣΪʲôܲҵĴڣ
Ƴڴһ˵ţûţԼǰ˴ܶŹ
໰һһװ뺫Ӱ֮䣬Ӱ֮ԱǵĿűȴǽġ֪Ѫ᲻Ūĵأ
඼ۿһ£ŵһֱںӰϣȻ㲻Զ㶯֣ҾͰ㲻¶ԽӰ
ͷҲصĳס֣һһߵӰߣ£Ҿԣ㲻ǺܺһֱԱҾ͸ԭ򡣡
ԣҲ档Ӱԥ˻ᣬǲȰԶˡˣҲ
ͬŵһȺˣöԶԶǴкһȴ̲ס
ҪĻˣӰһŵĿ࣬ƭңֻΪƭҡ
ϺӰļԵøƽ⹫ƭ㣬˷ɽׯѾһһӶѾǱӦˣҲлĳɵŮԸ
 
 
ӰȷҪҹ֤ʵһУͲԸʵĸ׵壬ԭΪͬһսߵȴú޵֮һԼȴǸɵһʲôȴô޹أʮۻĳ벻죬й¶ָüƽϣ 
ǿ͸˺Ӱ룬Ʈ˵Ҳ޹һֱԳ޵ΪĿţԣҺ޲ΪҲ޹ԭӵеһǶôãǵžʱʵĳ׶ĺ· 
Ĳһ䣬㷽ŵҵһ֡ 
۾һһ˵ǶԹȴУһԼԼЦһֱġ 
һʱƿԣͷβûпһۣĻʧ䣬Ҳܣʹࡣ 
ӰͱķӦڵõ֤ʵǰһĹ£ĿűĿ࣬ҲҲĹ£ҪҾԼǸЦһе𣡣 
ۿͬҲһĳһУ⹫ΪĸģôаŮˣĽĶӣһļңÿνֶϾɱޱҲӣĵλȨƵԶ˶࣬һ鲻þٻٵһ˷ɽׯңʲôŽҸ󣬽Ъ˹ 
Ȼȥɴͷβû˵ʲô޷룬˽˿̵εʹ⡣ͺӰԵվţһǶҲŷ䡣 
౼ǲľһЩλСŵȷʵǻᱱȻֻǡּһʱ̰棬ȴ䵽زʱֲ˭ǲڻʹıԵ 
Ӱȥص俴ǰĻĬɣͷһȣǰӵʧĺӡĬɻرҲ׷ʲôĪĳʪ 
һѻ󣬾ɺͱȥ˵һ¥ֹһ·ϣһǶû˵仰Ϊ£࣬ҲһӻгˣܿʼѾЩ½оߣǲܹ뷨ġ 
Ҷ͵ĻҲǲµˣʱ䶨գҶ˵ͬ⣬лЩġ 
Ļɣ֮£࿪ڣԲʱɣҲԲĻˡ 
ԣĬ󣬱㵭ȥûζڣ˰ѷ˸ˡʱЩ࿴ƽԼϲĸûʳ 
һ䱾ȰԵĻȴ㷢Լ飬Ҳˣô죿 





124


Ʋͷһۣ̲ס̾Ϣ˵Ǹ˰۵ˣҾͻȻһв⡣˻žһָоϵĳԣܱĺãҪǵӦʦһ˹ûҪҲԸպϣ죬ֻҪϵʱи˾С
ʱ࣬ﻺһ˯Ц⣬徲ʹʦ˵Ҳչһһ
뵽ʲô΢΢ü˵ûо
ȴЦ𿪵ʲôǰ
˼˻ᣬϸĻش𣺡ʦТǰݺƵҲ㰮Ӧöǰɣ
Ҳϸ룬ܿ϶˵ҿ϶Ҳ㡣
ͻȻݺݵĶԱЦˬʵҾ͸ǮɣŵĲѾ滯ˣǮҸǷ
ĵĴЦѹ۾ԽԽСʲôʱܲ굽Ǯȥ
ŮЦöݺݣǮҵˣ㿪ʼǮȥʱ򡣡

ҶͳһɣɲԾǲܵģοʱǰҶɫǼãͷҲ̬ġ
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ףɫÿǲû̸Ҫˣ
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ҶҲԼʹ仰ȰԼɣû˼ֻǾҪһչˣ㣬ֻҪŵԷġ
ɵȫḡЦ⣬һĵĴҶҶúֱܲɿԸأ
ҶʱҲ֪ԼҪо˾ãӲԼԸͼ˵̹Ȼ㲻ϲϲһ˾͸óȫĺá
ԣɿЦҲ֪Ϊϲ㣬һֱǣ㣿ƾʲôϲҪΪЩʲôΪģֻԼϲһ¡
Ҷƿԣԭɱ˭ѣ˭Ϊģ˭顣
Ȼδ˽
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бӣԾѰʱһо̬һĿűľͷͿ׵ˣôʱ˳嶯
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һۣû˵ǾҪ㣬һ¥Ϊξһ³
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룬Ǻͬ˵֮ԱǵĺԵˣɫĵ࣬ǻҶ֮ǰҲס 
ЦⰺȻĻһ䣬ҲûʲôġûҰ㣬Լ컯 
ߣ֪ʦĻȢûҪ㣬ʮС檣Χ㡣 
ôĻҪ׼㣬ʱҪôĲзϡ 
ûȢ㣬ĻҪ㻹ôκݣ*ûҪˣ 
ߣҪ*ҲֲӲϹ˭ᰡ 
ӴƾЩøмʿ͵ࡣҪҸģʱ򻹷Ȳɡ 
ǺǣðǶҹˣ˸г裬ҲҶӻȤĶࡣ 
ѽҾͰŮ˶⣬ֲ𣬶͵ŵϣһ˻Ź׼ʱ׼Ĺݰɣ 
УҲŻôаܵꡣںԶʮ˾Ϊ˼ɼؼ޸檷իĵҿһۡײһͻᱻҶɨԺ¼ֲиıŮ˦һС˦һ˦ڻ˦һͶ䱾ıŮ˦ 
Ҹ㣬˵ʮ̱ģϹģһɵģǶġҾŮҳ϶ȣ˵Ů˲˦ģǱӵģүòҿһһ 
ҿǸ˦˲Ϲɵ̱붺ǸҪˣ͵ȵģһƤͻȥģʲôҲûˡߣ㣬Ҳм 
Ҳ֫ȫȲֵˣҪڵһ¥̨ףȫǶἯң±ϡ 
 
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125


һжֲĺƽʱѩҲޱߵĴƮʱ˯ůůҶǰڿ죬һһ¥ʵѩȫû
վһԾҶԣѩʱһһƬ¶׵ѩʺӿŷֵģԳǰ˻죬޶˵Ůӣһֻ޵Ļ趯ڰɫƶϣ̲סСȥ
Ҷף鶯ۿһһİ׵ƮƮֿʼµʱɰıһԴѩˣĵһѩ
ˬİϴʱҲռ˲ѩ̧ƤĿŰããһƬڵĲѩȻžվںѩѩеһϣ·˱ѩ࣬Ǳ÷㡣
һķ紵ɫ½΢΢ڶȷʵ͸һɷǣƾҪ𻯵ɻȥһ㡣͸ŷɫıǱѩ֣ȷͦġ
վͬһƬѩϵҶʳȻһ˻һȻȴǴɬĵĿǲزס뽿ߣʱǳ㣬Ǻá
ֻǵһЦ̹ȻҲԽҶкκã㲻ִֵغ򡣡
ԣҶЩӲһ̹Ȼı˰㻹ǾҶģ𣿡
ǲʡѾЩˣжĴεŵҲöͷ
ҸǾ䣡òģҲñҵˣҲԡ
ҶԱ̬ǿǰı䣬ѩһ㣬ɼʹǴ͸źȻȥЦ㣬ѩûܶ飬ҴӦʦչģû뵽ټ
ҶƲͻȻӲһ£̧ͷϵѩףһһĶҵ˵ԸûлԸһѹϧҲҪ˵һϷ̫һݽȥҸö㱣־䣬ҲڣʹҪʹ˭䣬ҲֻҲġ
ŽĹݣǰʧĺ㣬ɢε̾Ϣһ٣κĶ
ֹû飬ɾһѩˡ˵ûµô׻ĺӸأҪ԰״ؾû˵ɽȥһƬ׵˵·ϣ˻Ƕˡ
ϵ¯ڵĹͷһ㣬еźסСůůõˣ˭֪ĵһѩµô磬ô䣬ǳӻ֪ʲôӡ
Ȼ˲̿Ũ㣬˼ˡ̲סϲ䣬⸱ī඼ʣ˵ˡ
ЩȥƳһۣ̾࣬緹ˣȷ㻹Ҫȥ𣿡
һ˯һ·˳ĳһСʱɻҪԷһҪѽҲСҿ׾ƺû˵ա££Ƥ£ůһЦ
źÿüЩĶǺòð̹˵ľƣûԵ˵ٵȵȣվûˡ
ԣʱЩǺȵģѬġ
ɻȻĵͷ˼˵ԭ˰ѹֲҶࡣ
ĿĿžƾôոˣƵĵһۣΪ˭ôиþѬã
 
 
һ͵ģĽͣҲǴĲŻƽֻҪ¥¥䣬پϾζˡ 
ɵĻͻȻ뵽ʲô˼˻ᣬɡ 
 
Ƿٷȸůˣɣ 
ȥĳԣ 
ݡ 
 
֪Ҳôʳġ 
࣬һŮӼΪʲôϲȥֵطֲΡһ¥Ѿû˲֪㾭Ȱһװȥݺ˳µˡȥҲҺͺľͷݵˡ 
ȥҲζ˼£ǵ˭ˣһ¥Ҳʶȳֵĵط̫ˣԼᷳԼûҪˡ 
ԣԺͻȻһǰҶϣǵ¡ԥ˻ᣬȻ󣬺ܴ˵û͵ĻǾʹһɣʱͿһĴĹ価̻ʢء 
ϻȻӲĳЦЩ⡭һĽ飬һᣬ濼ǵġ 





126


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߰Թ¥ĮҶΪһᣬصһ¥ɣȥ˼ҡ
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ֻˣ㲻ÿ׽ԲһİҰɣ
ᣬʲôʱ뻻˾ͻһһһһʱһ¡һ궼˵Ҳܰȫ˼ҲĿҲȷ
ȻȫǹһҪ𣿡
ңһҲԡ
ŵüǳ࣬ƽͻȻһҲķࡣһ㣬һˡ
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Ҳһ㶣ü˵㲻ҪöֶѵĴ㣬Ľ
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磬ûνɹˣֻԾµò֪ѩպˮϴϺɵš
ڴڵĲͷ
 
 
Էˡ 
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ˣҸʱ䡣ϾͷḻˣԺҾȥ׼ϴժвˡ 
αءΪʲôͲöźţ 
ʱҲϲİ˳ҵ˽ҵһڡ⡯꣬ϲ 
͵߶ˡ 
£㣬Է 
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һԵСϣԹĿҪϴĲˣվһרİŪ̵۾ûһۣĥˣŰѽɣһ 
¶Ҽˮҧҧˮ۵ķ۴ҽ۵ָֻϴ˵㣬òлɣ 
Ϲĥˣֱӵ緹ǲ˫ϣȥͲ赶ˣŪȥɣ 
ɲһվ΢΢ˣЦչ¶Ǻǣʺҡ 
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ǰʢҹĵͷʮЦˣʮ̲˶˵㹻ġ 
˿峴ˣⶼذ 
¹ߡ㡢㡢ࡢⶼǻ𣿡 
ǰⶼҰԵģǺǣز˲ 
úӲʳϿȥűڣͿˣ˶ˡ 
ɫıȼ֮ҵݺݵס䣬޺޵ĵɣһǹģŪһıڣƫŪһԡǿ֤ûа߷ը 
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127


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һЦһݶû̻İϼɫա
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ҪŮʢװźȢǵ㿴ѽǲֳֻ 
Ǻǣԭϲ˶ӹ֬׷ۣһ޾͵ڡѹ׷Ҷ׵ġ 
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ŲᣡһԵĿʱ˸˸仪һֻۡǳĳնеľעڷһԾȴ֪Լ 
ǳΪ̻ʲô룿 
ҵǾǡǡ෴οǵľͷԶǣ̻貺ɻҳ̣ϷʱĿʱ洦 
ɲԱôιģ꣡ 
տлġοˣģҹɣҵԸ֮ˡ 
ãȣ 
ȣ 
 
࣬ʱˣԸˡԸһʵֵģ˵ļƶᶨ緽ŷŵһ㡣 
ȰɣŮӲӦʲô鶼ǰ档ͬǲɵǫͼ˳Ŀ϶ 
ãðɣϣԳ档ʵĳϣĳŮĵʼһҪǰ㻨õĲЦ 
໹ЦԿӣѩɫĻһ䣬֮תϣڹʣĿҫˡϣʱǰܰ궼ɾˣӵģҪϴġҪҪΪŶǺǡ 
ҲģԹҲƣҧгݵ࣬Ͳûûڲãѩ£ĥ˵СĻ 
ٴκ̻Сӣֲ֧ĺСط˯ȥ 
ҹƻȻϨϢȴ̻ǵŨشӸֶһȾڲס۵ĳǳһ̾Ϣͷûпá 





128


һٽʱŷ
һ˫Цڵ⻪ڵӭϣһϾ¸ʤѩ㳬ѳһȤбĺϴĺӣҸصº޶Ŀֻ걻ϴ˲Щƾ
¼һ޲˾Բᳬʮ˿õǼġ׵壬޹˵Լͷûпãʱʵôпᡣ
ЦʵŶ룬Ϊʾܾӵ˫Ŀӣζ˼վǱһĨ糺뾽ɫǣĿЦǳ
ƲͷƲһߣ˳бһԼͻһĨף˼ܣȻֹһЦ˵Ҽ˵ˣԺһ³๫ͬҲҪýó
ǴǰǵЦǵȲЦ캦ɣ༸ǰɴպϵ뷢ɴʱЦûһ̲סŵüҵţʱ棬ҶǷģһζʲô
ԣü΢΢һЦԽãŶζʲô
ͷӣִƶɿδģһ򵭱أһԺһͬڻԷȫѣҲҪ̫ʹÿģҲҪСĻš
һһ䣬ɵĽȻһգͽȻĨʧУ㵹Ǻܶô˺ΪʲôȢ
ٴεתһѩУĨ绪ıӰͻȻ̲סЪ˹ô뱣ˣΪʲôһԼҶʲô
ѩʰһ٣Ϣƣ绪ϸӹǣǿһЦǡ̫Ϥˣ̫ˡǷǻˣҲЩҡ
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ǰһƬѩ˪֮µ÷Ȼݡ㣬ں֦ϵ죬ӯȴһסѩѹī֦ζ˵ɢ֦ͷ÷ϵǻѩòſ嵭£վ÷¿ŵ㽵ɵѩף˾֮б߷
һˮ̵Ӱп÷֦£ƴѿ㰻ȻɫĿ⡣΢ЦĿȴ˼įľȻ鲻
ѩ÷֣ǰɫžֲʧƽͣԹԵĸ߽ţ׵İȻɾûаֵ覴ãϲ
ѩûᡣ׸ĵްѩӡɰȷʵŰѩ֮ϣѩ·Ӳʯ·̬޳֮ȴûڵϵѩƬ֮УҲ΢ķදƴŷķЩζ
䣬ݰɣ
ûоɣûתҲûлػ˵㲦һϵĺѣݺݵİԼĸʵˣȻԾǶһƬѩվš
ʲôأǰʤѩ׵ĺ磬ľ֮߳˼ǺۣصѹڼͷûҲûų
δЩ࿴ѩɢʱ紵÷Īǳǳ¶һ£鲻Խ˵տлġ
ȴǲΪ⣬һе˵*ôˡ꣬һ꣬ϧѩˡ
ȻҪ׾ͲҪøҸоǰЩӵԽԽˡΪ𣿡
ҶҪΪ˻˳ֻͺá
ٻЩʧѾõʱ̣ҲЭսʽ
㻹ǷŲ¡
ʵξǺ߿Թ޺ۣǲΡΣͷβû򲻺ãҲӰ졣٣ΪѾǣǵĴҲĴʶҶԣһԸҲµҷŲ¡
㻹Ǻɱ
 
 
£ԣˡҲһܲɱɡҲˣĻһǲȥˣܲ㿴ǰ 
ѵü֮Խ˵ԽԽȻԭݵգʱͻȻʹԣ÷ѩŰͬ衣 
ˣתԵı˵ˣǽݰɣּðѵ½磬һжԼɣһ˺úá桯 
ӵĿŰС࣬ӵķڲŻȥܷѩ÷˵ͣȴЩΡͼ͵˵㵽žúãǰ뿪һֱѹźţ㡣 
࿴ǰĸӣԷθһһϸµ˵ϣ֮꣬ġʧʱңûߵ˶кý 
˫ִ˫ϣȫȻ϶˵һػһӣԼǿʱʱͣЪ𣿡 
һ˵Ⱳѵֶ𣬳ҲʻǳĲʱٰԼ 
ţ㲻ң 
鵭ֻûȤ뻻ԡ 
üŵͳ𣿡 
ӯĻζСԴЦֻҪһ̻ܽȥȥжˡ㲻ʺˣҲˡ 
ݣرܿ¶Ȼ˵Ұ㣬һһûңҶԲԣҪǰװһµӣȻΪʲôҪβĹȫңѵ˵õѪðű 
౻ͻƢסˣֲ̿ɫƽ㡭ûΪʲôֻܲ˻ծҺõӣҺһǷʲôĶԼ᲻£ҲΪһʱ嶯ϾǺһ߹ӵˣûɶ޶ԣο㲻ʹֻһ䣺ҲҪ뿪𣿵סˣⱾͲǺõģԼһ˵ 
˵һ䣺Ŷԭˡ㽫»ѩȥ޺ۡ 
׿ŽƮϾѩ㣬ѹۿϹžǲ 





130



ʵǱߵġ
ͬžͺоӵˣ༬ַŵαԻؽͬУԻȫȴȻľܾ
ʹһºɵĲǵʱʱ
࣬ʱȥ̹ɣЦ۳ϳϡ
пտٹԳһǺƽıԼ뷨
ʲô˼Ҫһ˴𣿡Ȼ
ұһˣһֱû塣̬ȵĺܡ
ľͷ˵ʧöˣպĻǻֵģߣձǲˡҪǡ㻹ңһ㡣˵һ仰ʱĿ
û˭Լ뿪ˡ鵭Įᱡ
أΪҸ٣лỹҲУһҲҪ㡭ϲңɡЩ˵
ûһ˻ƽ޹ʵĶ˯ãʶʱЦĿůϲԽӽ㣬̬ҲֵĺܺãΪһʱΪԿ̹ĸһЩ㱾˵ĻʹӿڳʱΪ̵ĺ·ֻǲԼʧգΪ㻻ѪƹֻΪݶʮһ٣ֻЩҵĶѣڲ֪½Ҵˮʮ֮£ȥҾͲ⡣㶼ɣֻҪҪģҾͻȥ޹˭˵ʱһ̹Ȼ޻ڵӡ
ʲô˼ɫЩӲ
һǺܴģαˣҶ˭ãʹȻĸҺУһʱֵ̰¡仰˵Ѿٻһ˻ûɵĸȥάνϲˡ֮ܺˣ䵭ĮǷʶ
ֺαˣüͷǿѹܣһֱһܲԸˣȴ˵ʵֻһɣ޹ؽҪǰҪˡ
ڵȥֻҴԭζѡʯȻζ飬ֱֱһɫ
ԭһֱһˣΪλһ꣬һԿ̻Цôůĵķȴ˵Լһ㣬ɫԻЩ
ԽϴԽɾˡиŹ꣬ȷһæҵĺãԣпˣǵûôҲŵĵӡ侲˵߷ߵˤתŭȥ
˵ȵȡȻܺЦͣͷĲ䣺㸽˶ߣҲϲ̫ˣҵĵ̡
侲ʱѾڸϻ̹·ˣҲвü޵֣Լʹķ̣ûۻء
ʧú̾һվҪϰһˡ󲻾ãõˮּæһλ͡
˵ɣһסҲǰ취ʲôʱ˻ҡ
ҪϯҶĻֻ޹ء
 
 
޹ؾͿˡ⣬ΪʹȻסԼĻУ 
ɣѵûصһ¥ 
ԶĶĿҪҪңҶЦ׼Ц÷̶Ŀ 
һ䲻һĽгۿһʵ̹ס 
ϹǳȥǿЦһ󣬹Ȼ֮ŮʲôΪסôػѵõĻһλΣϡ 
ᡭָ˼ɣҲˣ׼ʹˣϹǳҲɱйߡ 
ԱľӰֱ򷢺˺öʱ½·ţмǺӰ峡ġ 
ˣת÷ֻɾɢһƬȻɫֵʱֱֱïż̤ҶƯ⽣Ӱ·̲ԹȺơһƬһ±ûôˣǡô紺ѩڻھɫһ㡣 
ʵ⣬ִİݷǡʱ˸񣬱ԵᣬűĿʶġ 
ƺϰ̫εĹԣԼ΢΢һ㶺󣬱㳯¶ǳЦơ¥ĬɡҶ㡣 
ʱüŮ˹ӹŮϵ磬ϸµĴϺ鲻õʧ飬û±ܣעŵ㣡 
ɵɵһЦС»ˣ࿴һԵŮԸпãȥš 





129



ԭֿһˣԭ˿˷ḻҲԺܴԭʱȷ˽٣ôˣҲҶ߽ǵ磭ϤҶϲҶɽׯԸǻҷһ㡣
µֻռЩ˼ǿ飬ڳ֥ùӵˣἵǸһµ֮ŮصĶٴιٱһּį
Լļ޵ЩǿҲīһûʧµѪĸװһļ䣬ԽԽеӰ֧¶ž̲סڵϺޡ
һοŽʶȨùżˣˣΪҪļ⸺ֻ޹ȵ䣬ƾʲôĸɵƣ
Զİµ̾Ϣôô룬ΪҶԹڴԳһЦѩ֮Уֲʧ绪Уˣ
ɱðĿ˫ŵĲᣬĶһԣ͵ĳ˳ϵ磬˵һޱӲġ㿴붼ϴˣʱԸʵˣӦÿİ
ıסһԲĿޣ޳ˣֻ޸ѹ
ɿ˻ߵĺӿͱ˵һᶨ̲סü̾ϢʱòŰתƵԼĻĺ˵ƤӲģǽȥޡ
ɵĻǷܺ˼ѵõһƿԼŻצů÷ȥЪ˹ĳ󺰣ǹܣֲûһ˵ӣ
ɲıһƣѩѹķ߿һĲ֪ᣬĻܡ
׷ʱһĨɫΣ˰벽һ롣
˵һⱲӶ˵ĻҿԲȢޣһ¥ҶԲ˼ɣֻǣػ㣬ͻÿ𣿡
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վһԣһ㷳꣬һնһѽһĨȻͻȻЩɵЦ˫ˢʱ˵£࡭ҺϲˣҶеô죿ôˡ
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ͷŵɨһ飬ֱӵ˵˼Ǩ
תűľƽ͵˵ûҪѹϵôӣһ˳ȻɣҪǷҵģһŬɱ˻ޱ塣
ͻȻޱͦأе÷һȻĴ߹
֮ʣ̽Ƹ΢̧ӹһһСһůһòĬ쳣
תһֱĿǰߵ࣬ٿԵüĿı࣬ǲͯ񱣬ʵϲˣѾˣϲͺãҶúù
ĵɣ˵Ҫ¿Ц
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ͷĿѣƾֱһȭܶ㣬ѡ񾲾áͬһȭڱѩЧ
ĴЦŵѩͣϢˣɺ񾭲Ц糪ǰ𾢡
Ա÷ֵǳѩЦһ󣬱֪ȥ
 
 
ҶͲģԲʮϯհڣǷϲڵһ¥Ĵϵ˹ɫлĳڴ֮ҲձȺ۸Ǹ뷨Ҷ͵ɫȻ˪ 
Ҷʵȥˣ͵һ˵ɢ磡 
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һһԭǱߵӰҶĿʼЩʱ˶עŵϡ 
ߵҶĸǰ񡣡¥Ѿλˣ˵ԲֵҶ˺ӾԱúܶ࣬󡭡ĺǱ˴أ 
ҶԣŭɫĳӰؿ͵һƻȥӰܲأѪ³ɫҰסһ͸ɫһһۣʧɫæߵӰʰ֮æʵڴˡ 
һΪӰЩʮǰ¥Ը¡ȥӹܵһ¥¥֮λ 
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֪һΨһĽ׾յĿɰҶ˭֪ҶύϵĻ¥׵塣 
һʱ䣬˽һıԴټţŹػеһĴ 





131



ٻӰɱæȥţ̲סЦ࣬˵мźܲôæɣ
ԵüΨһİˣ㱿ֱŵĲźҲòͬչᡣ
ȻһЦʾʮֵĸл֧չ˰ĹסҲͶԸмһЦ
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˽ߵıӷŻߣƽʣŹˣֺαء
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˵ЦԴϣλҪССסͺãȸˡ
˳ԽĿĺ£Ҫ̤żʱҶͻȻת֮ʱʹʲôŵ
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ҶȻ֣ʧΪ𣿡
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Ҷţʼ߰û˵㡣
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ЦȴĲ̵Ŀ伣Ǽ꣬㶼òɣѺ͹ȥˡ
 
 
ҡͷʧЦ֮ǰֻһ֮ԵжϣһǱϤ˾ˣɵʱҪɱңֻϡİϤСҿ˵ֻЩˣ½Էǣ಻֪٣ǻǸæȥ˽ҵޡ 
൭ɢļĵ޻˵ӰߺȻ̾Ϣҿڣܾ𣿡 
˿Ұ׾գֿ˿͵ļͷҶҲãһ¥ҲãܱһὣɱȴԼĺá 
ɢʱͻȻöˣһ·Сܹȥ·ƵĻĬɣû˳·סˡ 
Ӱ޳ǵĵ̶ת㣬Ϊ֪˭𣿡 
ǮǱ͵ģãңҲ֪ǲǾ˼ 
Ů˷Ȼ˲Ϣ£ⴺҪѲ⣬ĬѾ˾ҶĶ飬ΪҲɱ㡣 
ЦţӻĬȻƣˬʵЦ˼ǲǡҪĶҲǿĻҲûСҪҾǸ㿴ģߣܿϵģ㻨ĬȴûǸ 
Ĭɫɷףȴ˿бĺסóˣһһĿֻԵˣҵſ³ 
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ЦĴӻĬȥһʱЦû᲻̫ˣЩˣ֮ʱҲɢûθǲǾ͵ڲˡ 
ڶղ⵽˻¥ҶСסһŮʿȥҴңҲᣬɻ¥ǱʱҶȴһ㳤ڿսļơ 





132



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Ҷԭưһ󣬾Ϳ֫ȥεĹˡ
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Ҷŵ˼֮УĵѣԼʵԸϸΪ˾˹ṩһ˫ĳɡ
ȻܰգҶȴǿǰŮӵĴģӲﹲ˫ʵң
ЦüԣʶˣҿɲֻΪĵֻȥ͡
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һ˼˻صĵͷáͷӣҶƶʱСģòʹ 
ʱȻһЦüղʣ鶯࣬ٽһҪ󡣡ڶҪйĽġ 
գһ¥ڹҰ 
¥Ȱ徻ԴӼ𷲺ɱ߽ؽ֮ƽɱɱһЧŹ߱սԼһ¥Ӷɱ⡣¶ܰƽģһ¥ڲһṩԮӼΪ˴ҽȫףһȫ˿ղ飨ūΪƾ֤֮һΪһ¥ĽУȡȫ⳥һɣƽȡȫɡĶۣοһ¥Ĺϣһ˿ղϱһʵʹ𷣿һ¥ǵĽڣٱɵõһɽĽ 
ڴףԸиɾľסûж¼¼֮ʸѡŵѡΣѡ߽ס֮ҽҩ֮ɪ֮εһ¥¥ࡣ 
һȫǻȻһ¥ҪΧڽԹ񵥣»Ȼ 
˵ʲôɱ˷ص㣬صĸԣ˭˲֪ԭȵĵһ¥ƾͬŵҽϵ书˵з绪ò 
֪Ĵԣ˵ǰҶ²ڴջݶ书ȫʧ̶ݻָࡣǰ뱱ͬͬţͬϰף֮ͨȥ硣Ȥɺͻ¥ϵ 
ʵҪ֪඼æЩʲôܼ򵥣ҶɢЩֵĴ⣬Ҷʵ˿ղ顣 
һ¥ڸű͸棬ʱǵһ¥µľƶ΢żҲ˰ѱνȫලҲ̫ٵ¼ңʱ򷲵һ¥Ҳϣңƽд̵ģʱҲɽǲƵĴԷ񣬻ûжĵһ¥Ҳలĵġ 





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ʼ¼ɵĻǣ˴ΣŴҪյӣⲻǿѧ书ѧпܾǣԭȽ˶طɢ̺͵һ¥ֿʼͳĹͬšҴ˴ಢųڵһ¥ĵٲֵӣɼ١
ΪԽŵˣҲʼʱʱļලǱھǷԽٵɣһʱ䲿ֵҲ˲ϡ
İҳ󣬵һ¥ĹɱʱˮǴߣۡⲻ̫ãһΪ»רҹ࣬Ʋ죬ȫ̫ƽЩɱ䣬һµķ͹ǰɣҲʡ£Լ֣˼ɱ˸ǮԼã
һһŶ˵ѣһɸƷģһֻʡҶһǰδеοСææ⣬ÿ컹ʱ밲ɵģ
һΪ¸üûʱҶţһֲǺͷɱ֣ڼһ¥ΧڿΡ
һûûΣֻͦƽ͵ġɾ䲼һº󣬵һ¥ſһų嵥һ¥ΧڵȻֻдܺʱص㶼ʮϸ嵥ǣڽ巣Խӳʱѣ档
ˣ½ϵһ¥רŵĹ̨ͷĽ巣
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ҶͻȻֻ鴤٣ݺݵȴһţ׶˵ʲôʱˣ͵㹦µʱˣӿɵٽĺúñֲǣ
Ҷԩ¥ˣΪְõṦΰǿС˵ͷƤϣʵί
Ҷ£ضֽкãòίʵ٣ֻһЦҪ˵ȥ˭ŰһǴ뷿ԳԺȺµģæҲʹʹ˳׼ЩԵĸҡǡ㲻ϲ¶ڷϽοְʵŸ͵չ
Ҷû뵽ǸȻŮӻĺǲеĹҧˣߺ޵תˤţɲ֧ĸϣ񻶰󺰣ǵãˮҪеģҲҪǰ𣡡
ӣѾµ¥ˡ룬ʱŵĺɻ˯üðɣرǸĺʱضʤա
˼ˣһЦ꼻ĴεڿֵĽۻΪ¥ҶһοãȷǸŮ˵ı飬Ҫ˺ǻŮˣôŮˣһ治ɫĲȫɢ˵ҥԼͱŮˡ
 
 
һԸҶųȥϹ䣬֪оȻߵݡһЦ֮תҶ̲סųһ˫ 
ҵţǱһȥüǴϣԭúƽӲҪʲôɣܱ߳ЩСӻѭǵһ¥ļҲǷǸ󣬳ūͲУ˭ôǮ£ǰɣ 
༷ȺһȻʶˣҶ׺һЦ˵ǶһѰɣ 
ҶһۣûģԹŮΪŶܵЦۿϷĹߣֱ̫ˡ 
಻һһµһʼչ**ʱҲͰЦ˲ʱɹ֮һΨһǶ 
³˹Ƚŵһʱ佫ͫ׷䵽ŭſЦ֮ˣȻ˺ 
ɿЦ˿ü֮価Ц⣬³˹ֵŮ˵𣿽ĬΪ˸ŮڴϱԹ˼ЦȽˡ 





134



³˹̵İͷƲЦȽҲ˼ıͷһԵŮӴ󷽵ľ࣬תƵҶʱǳǳ⡣
ԵŮӵײһԵҶĵǳЦ˼ҲˣҲӵ½ͨᱻѲɢʱûҮ
תʱ·˼ûÿͷҲͶɢȥûŮӾ׷򵥵ȻĽҲβĳλĲ鲻Ը
¥չһʣ¥󡣡
ֱֱĴǰ˿׵Ůӣ΢Ц˵ɣԸǷϻ
ˣչɱŴ󷽵΢ЦˬʣĴſģ֪ŶŮкҪ󣿡
ԣüǳЦٴδǰŮӣʵͦ˳۵ģЦ𣺡ҺУʵʲǺпյĳ塣յĵŮһͬʡ
ϴγѪ֮ʱҸ˵¥ȥȡҩչҲ֮һ֮˶¥ȣ¥ʵ˾չһҪŵģ
ǲϲҶʬ壬һȴһ࣬ҿܻܺ㡣Ȼ˵㽲ǷϻҲӦʮҪ£ԣҶӡٲûʲô£鷳ҽˡ
ǽԶƿˬĴҶҡڵļй䣬İչıӰʱһݼᶨ
˶ǵñҹŻصһ¥ҶãͻȻһô͵㣬ǰ˾Ͳˡ㶵ĿǰúվͣҲ
һƬУֲָֻõԷϤζһƬž£ǳԱ˳ŵλڣÿ𣿡

ҪãǰӲĺЩ֡
ӵ뻳Уòɲȥ꣬ҾԼȷľͷһʧԸˣֻԼġңǷһһġ
ԣ˿ңԸ죬ٳ֣Ȼ𣿡
Ծһš
ʱǲǺ
һӵȴ֣಻Ƕã£ȴ㲻֪ԣ֪һȥţͥءɫж峺顣ʹûйҲϳǱ˴ǶôϤҲãҲã֮Ҳǿ̹ġ
˺һȪʦģȢ㣬ֻͬˡ
ůůϢȾľһ֪ȥǸΪʧԸıվǻˡ
¾ֻңվʲô仯ǵȶ˵ɣҪɣҲһˡҡֻҪи뿪˾С
Գһú֣أãûɼҾʹҿһ𣿡
ԣһ룬νû
 
 
˿ЦҶգ㵹żˡ 
ȴЦúܵ⣬¥İƤѼܾû˰ɣ 
ͬĸǵǣͳ˫£˾Ȼֱ˴˴ڲ˫˫Ц뿪 
ҹڣûƼϵϼ죬Ծ沿ɫԲѵ˵ļôôˣԺⷽȤˣȽϺʡ 
Σ̵ıŭ˿ԸоĲ㻹ǲŮˡ 
һƬڷۣԲмĽͣϻпĸǰ͹̵ġ 
쾭ĻñòֺֺЦľз֮ˣӦ˱־롣 
ʱ̵쳤ЦһԸҲҪҵͷɣ¹¶ȻҪʱʱΪ顣 
ЦʱѰѰҶҲϵһǰһӰӶûе£˳˽Է׷ 
ƺܺõĶ´׺͵Цģ˰ɣҾȥԺļҵĹһݸ²ҹȣûµʱҴɢɢúõľĿһ¥ķ羰ھͶɢ˰ɣ 
ӰǲĪǲܵģ˼¥Ȼҹڷ߿ĵ˵ҪǹǮǱ˵ɢȥǣʣµ»ǽɣ 
Ц⣬Ĵ˸ǷҶǺͦĴչʲô£ 
ӳһɫ 





135



ҶɴʾԼ֣Ĺ֣һ¥ٵʲô񣡡ӵһĨ͸Ŀڣġöյۣһ˸õġ
Ļ治ɫļͼӴףǣһƬֲָĺڰ£էֵȻһЦҾ޵ۻϼȥˣҵһЦӦ߲ͣɻӡ
Ҷ֡İѺռֵסʵƽͷʱķ»Ц̣ʱͷƤ顣
˵Ҷˡ˵¥ûʵȨҲֻ¥˵㣬Ϊ˷ڣֻˡ
ҶһźͿҵаʲôѽ¥һ䣬̹̹ʵûв֮
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ҶԳĿӰתʧǹһĨȤЦɵŮˣѵ֪ǵһ¥Σ֮ʣƽֻҪһأ¾ͿԲԼĳ𣿣Ҫˣʹ˭ǸҪǻˣȤĶࡣ
һĽ֣صԷһϴϺ󣬱۾ֱ˵ϵȻѸٵĵһķƽ˵ôôôİȥ䷿˯ȥ
װ̧аƵĿ࣬ԭҵķ䣬ﻹҵ·أο䷿ǵһ¥õķ䣬ůأ
ˣĻˣ˴죬Ȼ˯Ūô
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ͬˣҲˣ糾͵ĸȻѸٵϴ裬˺ӣѵ˯Ȼȥ
Ŵ˶˯£ҶôȻңǲŮˣ
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һĪڱϣ˱ϢԣüĲֱüİ˻һʱ䣬˱ǼഥҪҪʱĺƤһڣҶöӰڸ
ܵҡǰתƽˣһյʱ䣬Ϳ˯գֶһݲ̣Ψз̾ϢʦΪϣΪΨ
࿪ʼϰ˯ȻѣΪ¥ûеҳ
ϴú󣬰ڴɻ˴رߣĿ˯ŮӡͻȻ̲סĺ飺絶İָı档
ܵƳԶɾЦ̡ûеŭһʱѳֲסָҧһڣϧĳ˶̫죬ֻҧԼˮĴꡣ
һݼѪĿ졭̣ĸ±ãòѿڶļأ㻹ǶˡЦе䣬ǸŮˡ
 
 
֮ҹĳ涼ĽеءĳŮںյЪ˹ֹû 
оʣҲ޹Ҳ˳滺ҿ˼ҷ޶ദġ 
ᣬüͷᣬ˺һ˳ǲǷޣ˯ʱСӶѧŰǰôûô 
ʱɫҲˣջȻҪҲθߵģҲǿûŮ˸еķӦŻĲ࣬Ůҿһ۶죬˭ 
 
ƴӰ⡭ʵû˳ȥػһȺεɫѸٵҹɫ£Զ֮Ǿ١ 
˱һӵȻӳ°֣һһĽȻ˳ưѱѹ£˫ֳԣһһٽǼᴥ 
񽥽ȾԴֲڣ΢һ˫ֻŶϡ 
ÿһ֣ÿһ䣬˿˿۰ߣȻ궯ǻ㣬ר۵ʱ**ңʮǰҩ˵ңֲ㲦·ٲϴ衣˼µôҹϴǻŵʹҡݸʱ޹Ĳ֪˶ٴ֮ͯ仯㡭ͻȻ١ĿɿڴԹΪʶ֮ʿˣûŮ˵ľͲĴװʦ֣㾫úϢɣ 
ȫȻ˵±ɫӯķͷ˯Ͼܲܺĸţ׵˯š 





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֪ǲ˵ŭˣѾĪʧ죬ðЩСʧ䣬ͬʱοԼȻǹһһϡ
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ͻˡҲ˵ʲôҲ˵ʲôǰǵ˵ڰοǲдġ
һʧĺúõģɲ֪ΪͻȻֶЦʵ̤ʵ
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˶˵ɫϾ࣬ϸ֮Ҳǻаɬ覴ãЩҲĳǶȥġֻǿҫ۵ֻ֪ڵҹĿĵط¹ֻ¹⣬ڵҹգЩǹ˵Ϊ࣬ǲںϵĹ¶
ϵǡͺһϽŲҴӲ̽䣬½ƮҡƼ࣬תתʼһˡˡǸŪ컯ּʼձŻ߽ţ˿̣ͻȻּһ仰ˣ½ΪΣҲףǸ治ˡ
ӣƴȶʦҲӦù뿪ҳǵӣԼһ֪ûУǽû𣿿ôܣˣȴδ֪Ȼһ˷ĵ¡
Ҳ֪ɹ˶õ¹⣬Ȼŷ˯ˣҲûԴҴҷһĨףϢķͬ¹һ㡣
ݶ˯ŵŮӲţûһ˯ͷͲ᲻صĵ˳ְ뻳εǳһЦĶԻ˶̾ϢҲڣƺòˡ
ҹ̫ˣﱣ˻߽˻ᣬźᱧߡ
 
 
һƬɫУʵ˫ۣϤĵɫģӰİʶǴŵģһ˾ͺá 
Ȫ˯΢üͷʱչҲ࣬ĵӵ˯ 
գ§˯ı˯һ˵ڵ˯ߡ˾ǱڴûгֹѵģһԵͷ˳һʱһۻ塣ͬʱۣ¶ı飬ʾŽߵǿԴˣˣ 
΢΢ЦȻְӵЩĶͷĴߣૣ˯ 
ȻһξûٸõڶΣϾһʱ¥ϢһҪû˻ᾪġ 
಻֪ǱˣǱĻѵġҲ׺ûϼϢͱסһᵫϢǡ뿪ֹʱ򣬽׵ıݾͱͷ˿ˡ 
ȱԾ깤̰ÿһ˿ͷȴ±ͷݾĵ 
ȴǺܿģĶʣǲǺио 
ȻĿҧгݣǣĸо 
ƽ˳Ķͷһͻı·һ£ǲŮˣ 
㡭Ͳ˵ģΪʲô 
ߣȷǱǰнˣ촽ˣͷˡŪЦų˭ҲⷬǳĻжġ 





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ŴڵͷŽеĻȥˡʱӰվǰ಻סĳ˽
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¥һ⻰;죬ߡüͷɣʲô 
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á 
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138



Ի¥ߺ󣬻һʱһ¥ͻϲصһй¥ĳﱸ
һʱĴӦô嶯򵥣ͻ¥һദɣϲֲҪһŮһȢӣСʱ򣬻¥ˣ̲סԼͷӦˡ
ֻƽһŮ뾭һĻһأԣʱرƽĴڴ״̬¥ŮҲȥϷȥ
Ϸ⾪̵ıһȺһ·ź򵽵һ¥ʱڳſӭӣֱһ¥ЪϢ󣬳ĬԵϷڿ˵һཀྵӲĻĲǼࡣ
ĬúһЦҪ𿪻ʱűǿƵײˡһ£ȫɱ֮վǰͫȻֻһĨԵӰݼ亮ȻģΪ
ò׸հѵĳĬֲ˼òŵóۣɺϰˡ
ŵĿǰüӵ࣬ȫȻûһպڵ飬ôܸôõɣƢһ飺Ϊʲô
ԥ˻ᣬǾݸ𣬡ͻȻˣҪȢң
̹ԣɻ̵Ĳټ򵥲ȴû취ܣ㣡ͣ⣡ô棡㣡һһҧгݡ
Ų豭־һûֵ˼ŻϡɷŵĻһģȴװĲתߣ˱ˮ΢ЦĵݸϷ򸾡
˽ӹˮһһĨӰĲˡµϺò豭ôǵأһϷһʱ֪кο˵
ᳵ·İᱧԼڵһ¥סȥӰûٸǰһЩҵʷҲûţֻĸɺͷǡ
һ߿ţѼսԺﵫûüźɨŮһܴĺ˳ȥ඼о˿ܻ㹻Хһ㣬ʶʱﲻ
һˤİѻ˶ڴߣһα㱻ڻûӲϣ̲סʹ쵰Ͳ㡣
ɵһ۷Ϣ࿴ʱϵ⸱欱飬ִ²ĸоüͷĶ˼¡
Ⱦ벻ˮ۷Ĵ꣬ȵıϢڲȵĻУоȵһ˼·ҲЩˡӦѸپȵѹȻ**иоȻ죡
ƺķӦܼδ죬ҲδǸϤ˵졣鲻Խͬĩһ
ƲסĿҰصѬȾϤľٶҵһʱ޷˼ֻ֪ԼĴ΢΢ţɬĻӦǻṴճһĨԻǳЦ
УɵĻ¼ʱ΢΢һ˲ʱ˹ݼҲֹͣ䶯ʱĵǰ
о֮˵ɻԸʱͣɵͿɻɳƵʣ࣬ôˣ
 
 
ЩıĿֱȷѾƽ󣬲ƽĻӦעӣ΢΢һЦˣˡ 
ôƽ͵һЦɵϴ˿Ⱦֵĳ죬üһЦȥ 
ȻɷǰǿһЦĿʶĵЦֳ 
ɿͻ񾭵ЦһҲû֡Ȣ㣬һһֻһ 
ЦòãҲ˵ʮϧˣʱĲҪãʾС 
ɲĵĿЩջ˵Ƕиоġ 
⻰һļûУ̹ףҲ⡣˯ôûоȴǵΰصģȻǼҪɬ 
ЦɾôۣһξԼʶǰϤŮӡԶֻ࣬ıӰ࣬ϷܺǱӦǰϷԴ⣬ȴ 
ת࿴ҵ˿˸˸仪һۣǰȻ飬ʹǷϵֻǴӦ˻¥£Ҳھͻɴ뿪ʵִ˵е˽ 
ϧʲôʱʼģӦǱ뿪ɣǲǵ뵽ޡʣҲǣŮ鳤뷨 





139



΢һ񣭣ɿһֲҲרĵ⡣ûбŮϢŪٳĿԼҲЦҶͲ۵ģôˣػ꣬ȴð׳һ㣬ȥ겻֪Ͼʲôڵ㡭û˵ˣȴֻ˵ķݡ
ڳŪһֱû䣬ΪȴŪĻϷ룬Ǹ𣿡˼ǱĻֽţڵԭʶ£
ǰһ˫ŵɲƵЦԭȵ̫Ҷз裬࣭ͨͨһȴҵĵȥˣȻ˼ܵĸ֣
ЩӣĶٿΪʲôҪӦ¥ȷûеȵҲԼĽʱԼһεԼǶ£ѿ޹أȴʲô˼вġ
ʱվŲģߺֻţϹǳĻҶڵһ¥ôôĶΪһ᲻֪¥ҲӦ˰ɣǺǣľͷǺľͷ¥ס֮λ滹ôɲ˻Ǳ֮֮ȥҺҶ͸ǿЦ룬ߵĻҲûҲֻǼįʱԸůĸҲ޸¥һʹȻɺϡ࣬˵仹ʲô治ģЦĺḡ˵ҲƮлһ㡣
ôصĻȻĴӴҴȻǰײΰزɣܵɵԣĽţģһֱԼе£ϹǳĻֻǲ²żһ˳ֱˣûϣҶͱ֮ѣ㲻ôңҲҪͱһʧ𣡣
ļɿһ߳ŭĻ˸ʧȴЦѯѣʱǲǺڴĳ֣ߵΪʲôӦ¥Ϊжྪš
ƿԣȷʵССĿġףʹˣǻ뻨ҡ
Ĭ֮ԱǣǲǺϲ˶㶺תÿĻôΪ㾡ľ
Ķģȴǵȷˣ֪ôϬԴǡ˰ڵҡͷԼʲôһжûб䣬Ϊʲôȴߵ˶żԽԽԶˣ
ɵͷʹĶڵһ࣬ڿе˻תҲݣͬǰ̻֮߳һ㣬ʾˡ
ֱһŲûˣԲ̧ͷ˳ͷҲҿ޳ԼΪλ˵ĲײࣿҲ˭ĸɫ
ɲμĻ񣬾ĺҲû÷ǳû塣ϷڣҲȥǿӲİȥٲ̫ơ
׹һɵһ¥ңһ·Ϸ򸾺ţʹǰ˷ɽׯǷ֮ʱˣΪ˸Ǣָ׶˶ȫˣΪһ·ԭվȻǲǵĸ
ϴҲĩȣԭ˯̤ʵȫû˯⡣߳ջĿĵεҹ˵Ľֵϣû߼ͷ˸ţͷһԭѾͷ
һЦһɣ˲˭Ҳû˵ֱԽԽԶЩˡ
ԶˣǻȥϢɣ˵ֻҪûңͱˣ˵ϡ
ô죿ô·ˣ˵أ
˵Цˡ
ǲǶҲģ
 
 
ҼߵһˣԺҸģӴ˺ܺãԹ˼ 
ҲʣԼҲԹԹ˵˵֪ΪʲôҸоûһףҵˣʹǵԴҲǵŮ󣬾ͲٶǰˡҾùµȴֻԼһڿԼȫȫȻ߻һˣֻǻеߡ 
Ͼ֮ǰźˣôоķȫ˶ʼɵŮˡЩȨ˻ŵȫȻ֪ʲôŽǳǳĹ𳰷ǣĸŲŽŲ¶޲ 
ôһߵ˻Ҵſڣ¥һվưĴǰӭҲɹĿڻˡɾεɲǣԳĸӰĿǽ֮ˡ 
Ȼ¥֣ĸӰͱΧһͶ 
ڽһҲûСϷǰĴ໥ۣ˫ֽţص̾Ϣ 
¥ԭֻΪСʽѣ˺һüϵϲߡߵĺҲϾʱƺҪˡ 
ĸĨڵĺӰֻܴϺһ˫Ұ׵۾жϳˣɷǵ书ǳߣֵǼʹлǣϳκ˺ۻ߷Ӧǲġ 
ԭĸڻǰôղĺӰѾֺʱˣƫƫʱӰ󻨻ιȥڻԵҲ˼һ¥ĸ֡ 
һʱȥˣԭһԵĻ¥ߵҲüͷԹ۵ԺչõǾĶüɫ衣 
಻ͷ֮ʣִܳһӰòϲüҵĺӰȵķ죬Խľ޳֣ĳȫȻȻҲ²˶Χڻ⡣ֻҪӰһǾͰ˵ԽߣȻ򶷵쳣ʣӭȢļʱѹ 
ʹԽʹȫкӰҪЩӰɺˣģҲⳡĶǵĴУʮһˣȻأѪҲ˵㡣 





140



ʱŪ£˭Ҳ⣬ǶĸĻ¥ԣֱӷǰ౧ʱһӰͻȻ֣˸оǸֻǵںӰ֮ʱ˷ԼıѲ֪ʱȡˡ
ֻǶ̶̼УֲźۼİѺӰºͷ˸͸ͻȻһЩЦˣΪѾϳǡΨһһҰ׵˵Ǿ߰ǰĽ֣ĶǶôĹ죬Ҳֻ˲Ųᱻɱ
ЩĵĹԽ²֮£˳ֽס˱ӸѽʹѾҪʮˡ
һ׾ĻӽβŰѡˡѿվ鷳ǰѽӳӰֱʯѽӰǺ«һһճʯϡ
ԽԭĵĹȫ壬ѾչҲ«ưʯڶһ̬ͼ
һºʾˣʱȷʵˣ˪Ҳˣ˶ܿȴв˲²ΪֻߵǰһԻҵĻȫԾһС·ܵǿѹһ㡣
࣬ĵ˯ˣȻҪǸ˵ĵĵżˣ͡Ŀһ̱÷
дŷ룬ûо෴ĵط뿪Ѿˣ㲻ףңҾͲûȤˡɿĴĻֻǷƣûоҲֻԼԼʱĽš
ƹ죬һ̧֣ȫʬֻǽеĺױ˶ɹɰţһƬ֮
ȻϲסͷҲܸܲ뵽ʲô£ˣȻʱѹҲͱ𽲾ôˡ
ԣ¥üͷȻ߹ߣ
֣ɵ漴ִϣȫžֻ˫ŭա˶޲ʱ˲Ѿѻ¥еһӵϣҵƾ˽£ϲƮڿУء
һסͷһ§ϸܵȥ޷ų⣬ֻ鲻ԽϴӦ
¥ڸоȥյĵһʱ̾ŭյĴһϮ򱱺һ޶Եڳһֻػǻع࣬ѸٵĴӱ߳롣
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¥¶һʤߵ΢ЦȴĵģѲ֪˶ٲ
˵һ飬ûҺϲϲ
ĻȻûʲôĻȴ˲ҲˣӦ꣬ǰѡͷ¶󣬽Ӵ˲࣬˿̵˽Ѿȫ˾ӻ顢Ȩ顭ⶼΪһŮˡ
ıˣĶŭˡΪˣҶڳŵһʱʱͻȻʧٵıҲȫȻûԹ
һЦǰһڱĶͬ˷ɽׯ𣿡
ԣһзߣŭҲѿԴ﾿ʲôܰô
һŭ컮ҲæŶܣ˳ְ§ڻӲΪҵһޣһԵĻ¥Ҳһ
ѪӿۣݲȵĶͲǱ̬Ȼ֪ʲô£ȴûôء
Ҷһһʯ貺ڱ뻨¥֮䣬粻Ȼͬһµһѻ𻨰ȼˡ
 
 
ڱĻ￴һԵĺŮӣ鶯ɫҲò֮ĿǵüԼϲĺȹߣΰʢʽ 
ҳӵģʮֵƽ 
ϲģҺˡҶǱЩһ˫ʼǶרעŪ෢˿ı 
ллףԵĸһףˡ 
ߣ࣬²ǣԵ˶ҵˣ֪ΪѡҵҪĸİȻ˭ﶼǲм 
¥ӣܴͥԼǰһŮ˵ϣ´ɷķ緶ȥһŮ˼ƽϸûӿԣʱȡ 
Ҷº͵һЦҲŴ࣬ʱԵʱ򣬽ҲҪл㵱ʱĴϾҲĶղѡ֡ϯҶྴһȻǳΪķˣŮơо˿ĳˣֻǳǳüͷԾûһۡ 
㡭αǰôûá˶ʼ⣬ˣ˲м 
ȻɫȴǺʹɿĻ˺һŻ¥Цþã㻹Ҵ𣿡 
໰ĲһŭӱҸ㣭Һ㣡˵ҪףҵģȴһҸҪʱҵġһӡߡȴڵһ¥ôҹҹ֪ҪȴҪڼ޸˺ȴп϶Ϊ㱼ΪˣҲֻнһ䡮Ϊʲô֪жҪ֪ġ 
ʷ湻ըԣοôɿ˵ĻֻϧˣʼձԵûҪƽҲ˶ºް¾򶯵ľˡ 
˳е۷ҶѸ˦һޣͬıӲŭһޣֻû§סࡣʣΪʲô 





141



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Ȼ׸ղϵһ޲ᣬ˽ֻ˿̺Ĳݲݵ˽ͺá
˽ˣԼΪˡڻ¥ʱѾĵأ룺ѡȻġԼһҾһ㡣
صĵһʱ䣬ȴϤȴ䵽µҪ̤žѡ񣿡
΢ĳɣٻعȴǿʯϵԭճŵʿֻԾĳɹǶĻ
¥ų˼УǾǰϧһ󣬼ʿԴ󷢵ԽԽƲɵ
Ϸ򸾼ƣŻŵҲŲԣжĻס˵˫֡Ͼʱ˿̻˲Σյվԣǲ书ͨա
ʿĿϾ࣬ʱ¥ôҪСĹȫƫƫʱԽˡ
ŭתõ˵ʱĸʿʧأõǡ
ԽЦգõһ¥¥ò֮ãû˾ȼԱû˰ɣ
¥಻סǰʱӣ֮ͽ˵֪µģ㲻֪Ҿóֳ
¥˶٣ֹۿɫ࣬Ҷ¶ĳǳǳԲˡ
ҧгݵķԸ٣ʮָȻĵ˼Ұ׵ʿĶҲʼ
ѡ񣿡Ӹµ¡
ҴӦģʹǴģҲȥ¥һϾĹڣΪ಻˿̺ѿЦǱǣŬΪԼš
λܵЪٻ˻ȻĴŷ֮Ϣһ㣬ԭʧصʿ·Ⱦ
ҲӦһӵأɡ𣿡ӵٵŮӣĳ
ϵԽԽ˳֣һԵʿҲ𽥱ٿˡҲܴʱ˶ȻƵԽͷȥˡ
ԽĸʿΧţƴе˺ɱšն̫ѹˣû˸ǰȰ衣ԭýӭȢĻֱҹĸʿ󣬻ЩüĿˡ
ƻͨ貣ճԽı飬ҲԵЩǱʱѾȥҶβ档
Խȡ۵ĵӣõѹ֪Ϣõ㣬ҲΪעȫҲǼϵ಩
ƫһɰ־뼫˵ŹѽעӦ֪ǿŲ˶ԾŰĲ֡
 
 
ԾʱһæȴѪһء 
ܼž¥ӰתԣһѷסڵصͻĽĴۣϽסѨΪֹѪ 
˵˿һҲš 
¥ѪذףǳԵĶüհˣӸ 
࿴һʧϷ򸾣΢Ц˵ѹǻ᲻ΣյߵߡǡΪʲôʹҲ࣬ɡȴԡ࡯ˡƴȫԼѻ˵ꡣ 
ϷŴ˰ĲҡͷǼǱ㺦ģҲˣ˵Ķ˵⣬ķɫˡ 
¥뱧ȥΣȴӲ϶Ѫֹסˡʱķ˵Ļţ˭ 
ķ˾ֵҡͷĹ§εᡣˣ¥Ÿߣ˵ѵͲ鲻 
Դڻ¥ϣϢȵ˵ҪǻҪҪڸ֮λҡҲҪˣġ档 
ڻ¥ԥ֮ʱԥʺѺ˱תȥǸӰྻİϣʺĿ˿ڴ̵۾ۣͿˡ 
һһ˵ˡˡ˳ȥ 





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죬Һ꣬һŶѵοƷ¥ûЩǰ֮̽ˣýһһ򷢡
ЩȫԽʹڴĵһ仰ǣˣáڶתͷһԻ¥Խ˵Һܶ
ˣȥŵʳ͸˵ĶŴϸѵŮ˵ˣˡ
ڴĲ˵һ۸ܵĹػʮֵοģϵðģţá
ǹŴһɵЦ࣬ҲɵЦĻ¥֮Աǣ࣬ɵûˣȻʱַӦ
ʹˣٻҪɸʮ´Ʋ֪İĲ֣ʲôҲԸ룬µùȥĹȥ
֮ŲʹЦüŪ۵ĿųЦ֮ˣòĹҵȷǺܶѾѼ޸ŮˣѵϣһͽһȻɬԼ๫ҵ·ǲһġȻֵĸңŮͿˣͻ۵İһЦ󺰣ҵڻǱסˡ
ԣ¥֪û£վ¶ΥһЦˬʵһЦùʹ޲ѵŭֱ࣬࣬ǸԴӵĵķӣ͵ž¥˰ɣ
֮һҲ⣬ЦÿɰϷˡ漴ת˸棬ȻļҷˣҾûҪˡһȥסصһ¥£һǰǸùɣ
 
 
¥Խһ㶣˵Ҫ£Ҳգ˷ɽׯĽź󣬾˲֮¾°ɣҲ׷թˣôꡣ 
ԭȡǣǰմȾԭȲãڵϲˣԺҾˡúЦ˶ˣԼǻˣҲʹŶѣԺͽˡ 
¥ӵ֣΢ЦĶ˵˵ֻ࡯Ҿࡣˣ⻨ҵĸҵ 
¥˶ˣֻл˶õõһЦ۾еʮϲ顣 
¥ЦҪϴʱˣһӵһ 
ָ󣬻¥ԾÿĬҲ֪ΪεģʱȴǵиĴܻͬ 





143



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ĬɵãʹλԶζˣһֱԾɶ⻨ҵ顣Ҫش˵⣬ֻҪ˵Լ˵ĻͺãԭΪǻ־磬û뵽ʹ־Ҳֳܱˣһֵ˾Ķǣ䶯¡ʵҺѡ񻨼ҡ
˼ҷΪȫԼչˣҲʡдʿŲɢ˵Ҳ⣬һŽҡǱ߶ûǳֵС
ǳǳһüĬҲúƽϣ涢Ͽ˺һڻǵɻ󣺡㲻ңͱһǸãɲˣֻһҲܰ㱣ĵˮ©漴̾ϢһʵӦһ׷ˣ򡭡Ҳ׵ǣ㼸Լе·޽ңΪΣ˵㰮Ҹ磬ҲšҲŮˣȻĸ顣
һֱڿ飬ĵĸ̾һôʵߵĵز·Էһһʱ嶯ĺ
һĸ̾Ĭɵʱ˼кڵһ죬ڵһУ
ҲĻҲ
Ĭɱν̬ȣƢһС˵ۿ֪Ǳػصһ¥еҸ磬ǻҡʱ㻹𣿡
ƳۻĬɴߵ飬סŭЦҪôˣǾ˵ںҡ߳ҵһ̣һ֮⡣ôĵΪ·
ĬɶҪϹġƽĿƶȥˣߣ˵ŮԽԽţ㵹Ǹͷβࡣ㲻֪һˣԽԽʹ𣿡
ɰڳһ޹ʹٹܡıŻĬɣ㵹ļʶࡣǺǣɱ̻ĺӡĺˣʦǰģ۸ҡңңôϲˣһ㴴¶ûУ
ĬɱЦҧгݣǸӣ
һӪ飬⳩ĴЦãáƵһԵŲЦС
üȥķϵС˵ĬɻǶţû˵Ĵ㣬ú̲סڣҶҴ̽ףԷпҶ͡
ܣ飬̫ϲ˿Ψ²ҵĻĬˡ
Ĭɺ̼ķӦüҺЦĿ׮Ⱦɻ񲻼ַˡ֪̺ͬѡ˭
ȥԼˣ˳ϣŻĬɡˣôɩ˵𣿸㣬㻤ĺӰ£ҾԲڵһ¥ϡ
ĬҲˣǰδеĿ̱ߣһˣ˭֪ڵһ¥ڱ֮䣬治֪ҸΪλȢ㡣һҪ׾ƶķ˵û㣬з֮ˣЩǻҶ˵¡
֮Աǣ˳ô죬Ȼ˸ȿ̱ͽʲôŽп̱
з֮ûʲôС顯ֻǺӳǽȥ͵ȣҼ޵˵ģңӴ˾Żұǩʾ˵ģ㶼޸Ӱô˺ҲˣղŻԻԾӣû޵Ҳûʲô㻨ĬˣοΪݵŮŵһ¥¥ʲôкβɵģҿʸˣڻҵŮλߵңֻǻҵһ޳ȥŮóȥˮǰҰ㻹ŵͬɢɣ
ĬɫˣûǲֺĶŻĬɱǿŮˣ񻨼ҵŲ֪ͨ͵²㣬ҵķҪ֪ͨһûòΪŮ˵Ҳһûأ
Ĭɫѿ̵˵˸㡯֣ͱɹİѻá㡯ˣҺܺãԺҲõòˡ㻹ǺúÿķɣҪһͰڵҵȹ£и˺䵽һûɾ͸еģ
Ĭɱֻʣǭ¿֮ˣˣǸûصĶ治Ҫ
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㡭
ɩӣ̽Ҫģ´һȥáим̫ɩطſЩȻûš
ĬɺݺݵĶһȻȥĻΪ޳ܣ
⣬к˭ͻĬôĬͬѾˣ˭ôҪȻڱſˣ
ҶԼͣθ֮ôô鲻Խ¶ˡҶµ˷һǹսԽȷǲġ
ˣ˸
Ҷۼﲻˣɵ˲ŻΪ·˴ʶĽϲߡ
ҶЦĽšĬɶԻ¥ڶҶͲںӡһĵĶǷѵȥ
ӵϹҶ˾䣺𣿡
ҶЦʱסˣ֪ǰŮ˲ǣȻţ¥ɫǺöˡ
λߵҶǰȻǰʱǿɫõĿǿô죿һ˼ҿҲƯһ档
Ҷϻ̳ϿֵĵͷĹĻػòŮ֮꣬¥ȱɱˣвƯ֮˵ǰʱǿ¥ҼŲ̴ţշŹ̽Ŀɼ־䡭
 
 
ҶϿˮʱüĴϣܷĿŹڵҶˣɣղŵĻҵģҲд̽𣿡 
Ҷ¶Цչʾһ㣬Ķ϶˵ǣ 
ûҶ˵ܼ¥һʱ̫˱ãͻȥãȻٻղظ˳ȡյڶϡƷһʱĻȴеĺ· 
ϸϸĿյƷʵ˵˵Щϡϳ֮Ʒܾȱ⡣Ҽǵһ¥ʱʲôҲûģһֱڻң϶ȥô׵Ʒң𣿡 
ӭҶֻúҧӲͷƤͷ¥˽ңʵ 
ѵĻᣬʵ֪Ҫʲôңһ뵽Ҿ;泩ҵˡתҶ漴һ˵˳ֵ˿㣬ӴͽˡǴұҲ⡣һúϧģɣ 
תʱ֣ڱصõҶĲӡƽضǻǰϾǻ¥ŮҶжǿ񣬴ڲϾ֪౦ˡ 
ҶһغԥǰһЩû뵽ҶȻܾҪĶԣУ 
ԭȻǣҶһӣ㲻˵ջؾ˵֣ЭǺãҪ㡣 
ԣһԵɫԵúƽҶĺ˼룬ͷͬʱ᣺ҡղҡҡҲҪģ޲ۡ 
ӵĿҶüͷᣬ̲õͦõġӼҪ£Ҫ˵վȥ 
龪һŷ䵱ʹ¥£ҶҲ᲻ӡ̲סʣ¥ʲôʱң 
һЦǾͿֵʲôˡȻƤèˣúΣԺ񲻸ˣ档 
ҶһصĿǵһ¥ͷ 
֪˽ƻŹ࿴ҶľȻҪõĵطһСˣ֮ǰһȥ 
Ҷɻҵĸ߼˻Ůӡ 
ƻް󣬻¥ټлڻҵҪԱ 
Ҳ˼Ļ׶ţȻл¥ĲˣԼϥ°̥ҲΣô죬˸ˡ 





144



ǲ˵Ҷýùϵʱӡȴ˾ѹ˿ҶºͣЦø󷽣˳ҲǡôĵʺԲԣʹҶ뻨ҽֲĦڻҵĵλԾɷͬһι̡
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Ҫ֪˵ź͵һ¥¥ʵȨ࣬ͱַˣҲ¡ңΨһıˡ
յһ¥˵Ĺأͨÿʮһʢվѡʤ˿ʱίλϳҲ˵ҪǱлصһ¥Ĵ㣬ʲôҲûˡ
磬Ĭԣе·뻨ңȴȨֱ˷˼˵Ϊ˰Ҳֻв֪˲ǿԸš
¥ں밮ŮӣʹʲôҪ㹻ˣֻҪ㹻ˡ
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Ҳ̫ŵĶ죬⻨¥ȥٶ¥Ҵ󲡳ʺݡ
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ججı¥˳ҶԲõĺȫʹնܽůɫޱߡ
Լѡ񻨼ңʹԼİ֮ˣ䲻ֻǲԸ䡣
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ų뻨¥ÿĽӴЩԡеᡣǣԼȫ֮ˣΪŮ֮»о
ҵǣˣеǣˣ¥ǣҲԻ󡣵ЩԷŮֻ֮һʱԻõĶ䡭䡣
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Ϣźܼ򵥣ȬʱʱҹԱľ֮⣬ʹҶ뻨Ĭᡣʱ䶼׹ڻ¥Ĺػ
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תͷһԵλߣ΢΢ͷĴкλҲǼá
˵¥Խ֪һԵλ֮Щ̬ƽɢΪн˼Ϊڻǰݲ֮ġ
챾Ҫλѵ䣬ɲԵƴȶʦȴվ΢΢ҾҶָˡȴи֮Уʵڲ
ƴȶʦһʵŵһˣԲɼüֶԶ΢Ц˵¶˵ѾˣλƺΪɡλùû˱Եȥ
ʵȥԵˣҶԼϲԵĵġ
ʦǵĽһЦʹ͵ˣҲʵ񣬡ùˡ
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ƴȶʦϵĵͷʱҲ˳ˮ۵ӦʣͬʱòĿԼǰϱöʦǣ͡ʵ˺档
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λ·ϿʲôȤ£СڵƷŲ㣬żŵšܺΪζʦԭԼʱ˽ꡣ
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ü֮࣬Ӧͨ˵ǡ
칩Ӧ֮мΪеȻȢҼ޼екβɣ
ʦü¶΢ϳΪ֮ʵ򲻵顣齫У˷ƾ١
ϯ䣬ʼһ⵭Цı飬嵭׵ķ֮ˣȴƫƫ޷ĮĴڣ֮ˣиҲòá֮֮˲áȡ֮֡
Ϊȡʵ
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ʦ໰㵱˵˵·;֮·Ϊ֮ľƽʣһͨᣬöʦ
̸䣬ȻΪУжΡ֮üȻһϯ̸Ц˾̾۷
·˭Ҳʶһ㣬¥ǾĿ£ǰŮӲӣҲԽĬɺҶ˴δ˽ҸǬһʱ䶼Ȼסˡ
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ϯĴϻ֮ͷҲǸ֮ˣ¥֮ˡĲ̰ϻ¥ƺǴġƵŮ˭Ҳץסˣ¥Ҳˡ
ʱ֣һ䷿ˡ
 
 
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ͻȻһ㣬ֲõԤСڣáŵԼŵǶɫɳ֮Ƿ񡭡ںڵĹҫ 
ںܿ졢ɵĴиܵһϮһ֣ȴòû 
˷Ӧʦǣôˣ 
Цȴ֮áĵתǣû¡б䣬λõ֮ǻҪꡣУ 
ʦ˻ᣬվǴӦǣ֪Ǻ£ò֮£Ǳ㲻˲֡ 
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ҶԾɲףΪλˡõ֮˲ӦǳϾûԻ¥飬Ϊμɳ֮أ 
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ⷬýɵĶɻ󣬡Ȼ޳ֺαֻصѡ񣿡 
ԣ֮ˣʵǿ͸ˣ˱á 
ν⣿ 
Ͻֹ޾ֹˮ徲ӵмӲǿʽΨһֻϲĺ쳾ףİգӵжݶշת쳾Ԥ⣬ζĶࡣ 
ʦȻľãݵóȻףκβʥģڤڤĸֻؼ尾ں쳾֮С 
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ʦ䲻֪ΪΣһԶƽ֮࣬ӦǺܾ˰ɡ 
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˵½֮ǰˣȥ̣ȴǴɢĳͬһ£ܶʼ룬һεûоͷҲ޷ͷ 
ļįҪġƴȶʦϢǻģԼ΢Ц 
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ħһãһνõֻҪˣͿ䣬ĵȻν 
ôǸѡԴƣгħ㡭ҲּǸ޹ϸˡ 
ȻףǰմȾ˿̾ãٺòˡ 
Сסպƴȶʦ뵽ȥˡյӵ¡ҲôѸµ׵˦ָˣͬʱյӵҲǰˡ 
Ĭǡƴȶʦ˳ͬУҲĥͷŮ˳Ҳ뵽ͬſȥˡ 
ԭ˵Ļȥͣ⡣¥籾Ӧֻعǡ 





145


ԭ˵Ļȥͣ⡣¥籾Ӧֻعǡ
ɻ¥Ըĸ𣬾ûô׽ˣʹͥԺҲǱ¥һЦĲӵֱųĸо
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ָѾǽ˵ҧĶһԵҶԸ˵ʰ˽
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ֱΪѵߵҴſڳʱҲûͷװͰ͵ķԸҶݺݵϼš
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ԸĴô¥²ĺΪԼûõأҲΪ˭ǿԣˡ
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㲻ңΪȢңν׽ʹҵ˼Ҷǿȹ㣬ʲô 
ߣ¾ǿˣҲᷴҲ˵ᡯ֡㵽׶Ϊ֮ 
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һڳʣԼˡǰΪ̫ˣʵԼĺܰУǿΪΪߵûж˵ġĳǶӦ¥Ļ£ȫѳһʱ嶯 
ЩѹĻ飬û¥ʱǸ۵ŮӣúúϧΪʲôѡٴ˿¥Ǳˡ 
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ͬоƽϢ˳󣬻¥·Щƣ̾ϢЩ㲻Ը£ҪԴʱͲʱ㡣 
һ΢Ц˲٣ң˭вȽأȰȥٲã˵ˣô߻иҶҶʱ㣭жԩ˸ұ𡣡 
ԣЦԷǵĿĲ֪ΰ˲źá˵ãһ˵ҶЩԹݣͰ͵ίСЩЦڵأܷܲһ 
һЦãӡȥĿջˣҾͲõҵҳ϶ˣҾԽˡҪǣǾ˵̣Ҳֻˡ 
¥Ҷ˽⣬ǰĪˡ˵һ¥Ļʱ̶ػţҶߵǽġ 
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146


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ӵ֮£·ڼͷ¶һŮӸӰļǺԵԵøϷˮ۱˫ԿҰһۣ欣Ȼġ
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Ĩ͵ıӰҶʹʱŲɽһྻ´šµǾ䡮ļġҶͻȻɾǴǶ䡣
ǰСɲ֪ΪҶ͵ܹ˼ڱϣɲص̫¶ĲҶͽղžҲĽɫ
Ҷ뿪úͷԼķجج§űˮȹһҹ૵ȴһŮ˵֡
ˮĿʵɣʹԶϵġɬǿջЦˮƶߵͣ
һɰ˯ţˮ˯ӣĬĬԼǰˣҰ㣬һŬ㿴ҵĴڡ
գһʱͷͷЩ΢΢ۣһ˫СӭɵһӦһֻӿ
ˮ˦һߵĽϳʹȴЦ绨ӭ΢΢ˣñˮϴɣѾ׼ˡ
ȴǸûһ㣬ֻ·Щ죬ɱͷ̡
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ˮɼ״̬ѣҪƲæ˵ҿԵģӰ쵽յ衣
ɼˮһżӣ峺񣬶ʱһĨϤֵĲ̣վü˵оҿûգúϢǡ
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ɺϲľ棬㹻ʱг黹Լ
죬бͤߣбյϣܺܰûеİ
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̧ͷЦ⻬ʮ˰ɣʮĸ鶼ûģ㲻һаЩҶõ֤
ɫһջĿɣҶҹ㣬ṩʲô⣿
ŭգƺܸˣҲƤЦԺٻľͷˣɰƤĸֻˡ
ȴûװ۰ĵƤ֪ģңҲκ˵
 
 
һҪ㺭ľͷˡôһûĵŮҲ̫ɵϾҲò϶٣ʮЦٲˡ 
ҶǸһŵҶ˶˵һȥһп·κءĿ϶ӹɡ 
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ôһټص̾Ϣñ޻˵ˣɼ߶֪ҶĺʵǶʼ벻ʮ꣬õʮ꣬Ҷغ꣬õһЧѿĳŵôǲ㣬гȦͲˣοǸȥҶֻŹЩ꣬һ¥ûٳɳ 
üӦֻ֪жء 
أᶮ£ȫֲƿأȻԼķ򡣡 
ǣҶ°ɣû·ٳ롣 
ɰȻһЦкβɣҲ飬ĳŵң˵ģҲ½֪ġ 
ûɣ֪ȻӹʹҲˣ˼ȷǵһ޺֮ģҷ֮оԡ 
ô꣬ò˵ǿǸɵȷȲϡ 
Բо޷ƵĴʱĶԼߵˣʹ࣭ǸκϾʹˣȴ޷ܹ¶ͱѵˡ 
㲻ѡ֣ȥʱ 
Ҳѡˣң˭ҲĻش 
׵ӰʧɵЦбţͷԼİ⣬᲻ľͷ 
Ҷû뵽ŴѵǸý㣬ĿľʵˡҹºģЩؿۡ 
ޣٿ޾Ͱˡ 
þһ㡣ôܲޣһҪʱ̣ȴҡĳŵԲҪҵЩʲôûԹǲޣֻڡʧȥңԸ 
ҶǷġǡûҪһҪˤģûңҲԻҪ̬Ȼó˿ġ 
ᣡ֪ԼҪʲôҲԼȴһֱΪԼŬ 
Ҷ͡ģѹЩ²Ǽ־͹˵ġҶȫԼļ֣Բˣһʱĳŵȴ鷳¡ 
һЦ֮ԸϾȥȥίԼѰò˵һˣǱ֮ˡ 
˵кޣ⣬Ҳ֧Ϊֻܸһǫ⡣ 
ȥı¶̣ȴ̫̹ȻлĬĬ飬һֻҪ˭踶ͿԵõˡֲģȻᾡ쵽ԼȥǸصĳŵ 
ҶԣͬߵЩĵһĪ˵꣬ʹһȥ󣬲ȡգˡ𣿡 
ǲֽҶͲʹƣ̬챻ƷˣԸҵĶһѡ 
ҶַĵİñЩ򶯣ϾǴԼôˡ̾ϢһЩҶܺãʺҡҲɣҲ˭ 
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Ҷ룺ö仨ʱӦ䣬ԽصƷζ仰Ͱ˵ЩƮˡͨԼϿɳΪһɻˡ 
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ʱһۣԼ·;ЩããߵˣиٻԼϦأûˣˡˣˡ 





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ԣӰüǲ嵭ʣ˭ĹЩ 
ռϷ硣 
ǲȥһǸֶβõģԷöͲˡ 
εĵͷﰵְ̾˼㽲òôֱɣ 
뵽ʲôĴյĶԵӺ񱨳˵һ¥š 
üͷӲ˼֡ 
ɵ쵼ˣﶷŹֳʱܴһƬƽԿյĳ档 
˿ŹδĶʿüͷɶЩһҲѿοڻ൱ľơ 
˻ӰûϵͷԼҲʡЩߺȡһĹ󣬶ʱ¡ 
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ĶЩͬŵ书ھвʽҶ蹩ͽ̹ģƾŶָհæϰҶԼĲǣܿ˹ͨ 
ӰȻҲûȤţǺŲУ˾һ²˱ȻţֱһʱҶΪϵͬһʽӮˡ 
ܴˣһЦĿһʯϵҶ 
Ჽǰк𱸣ȴѰһҶжʲô 
ҶĴˣбڵҡͷܸɴ˵û 
ȤĵһۣҲܸɴĶ˵ģȻȥ 
ɵۣõһ¥¥ôµˣӰڣȡλֳ 
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εҡͷϤͱߣˣְﲻˡ 
ͬĵͷεĹش 
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Աһֵĳ費Źŵ棬󷽵ĵº͵ָ㣺ͷ޷¡ 
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Ӱòǲ⣬֮֮ǰв溫Ӱ˷ɽׯַĵӣĿùһƬ£ӵеǰηǿƣĿǣȷη 
ˣͬڵĲ෹ڰݵѸٵıȥ 
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149


ֻʦʱ䣬ʦ޳һ¥ǰѾʮԽѵԼ·ϼһŵƸѾʽʼˡ
ɡŻ⣬ϰӴκź򣬻ʳ⣬ϸڶдΪŹ档ŶԣĹǶһϲõŹ档
ԭ밴Ӱӷڶʦ꣬Ǻ̫Ƥˣһֱ϶ǻĬɺͺӰϲɣ˼꣬µľҪˡ
ԣûദһһŶʦͺҵķйǰͲð˼ҵĺӶιȥźáͺ໥Ϊӡ
Ǭ£ϾһУҾʹƨߵ˹ȥ˾ȵһԵĺӰȻûֹ
һ㶵ıƿűĺңãǳǳĶԺӰһЦ
һԣܳ𣿡ָʡ
ҼģһסƯʲô֣ûĽš񻹼żǰɫѵİŴ·ϣֻЩͱ˼ʱŵͬšʱԼСС;֪࣬һ͵ۣѧŮС鲽ٶȿ죬õĸԷ˵Ժٶȸһ꺢ĥЬ׵ǲŽ
СռұˣͦġԺо裬֪𣿡
ԣ˽һ´ᱱҪʲô֮٣书˵Ҳһòֻ񱱺Ǹ񾭽Ķ
ұɫŪһһ㶵ģɵԵͷҲýܶͻ۸⺢ӣͨʵǺ̵ܲġסҽ磬ҲռˣҽƯ塣Ưڽʲôѽ
ӯһЦ
ʱӰȴɫĿ˿ڣңȥʦϰҽˡ
ԣСѸٿ̨ɱЦŰһԵĵӽߡ
ҲÿףʵҲֲף˾ͻԼԭλϡ
Ŀһ࣬ЦĶԻ򸾴кֱԱߵλãЦ˵Ϊ˿ӱҵһ˫֡
Ӱ̬Ⱥ䵭۾ûǿ͡
ҪǲûҴ̤Ϊʲô
֪Ҳܺ棬Ӧ֪
뿪ҵʱ鲻áȴڸ¥̨¡
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ӰĻЩԵ˵ϡһ¥Ȼ°ôԸϹס¥£һͬСɡ
¼ǰƤЦĸ£ʱֻĪ˵˾䡮Ҫ̫ͷ˾СԴ˿Ǳֵĳ費൱ĵȻ
ǰҵȻ˽ʱʱĻᷢ
ߣ㵹ԡ
ٺõԣҲ޵ġ
ͬš
Ǻǣ֪ԶĶ߻иšʮңһǳӵģڸкܺá
ңҪɨͬŵ𣿡
ߣ̫ˣԸˣҲЩ
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Լ˼ԣһǼȨ˭ΪУֻҪȥҶలµġҲΨһ·ǣʹȥ˵һ¥¥ҫԴ˵ڶԻ¥ɫųߵģҲԲ֮ˡ壬ȴѡûκεǿȣʼԼ뷢ߵģܾδֻԼ
ĬɵȻĶ˼ͬĸߵŮӡĽһ·ѾµѪһںǻġ˵ʣʹ֮˻ˣһҲ⡣
ڻĬһʲôӵе֮ˡ
ǻٴδԼλϱ΢΢һܶʱƺǹݵŮ
Ȳ˵Σöʦ˹ԴɼһߣֱǸֲķӡŮ̫ˣƺһۼҲûʱҲֻ΢΢Ҿȴ˿㲻ס
ԣֽ䱸ģΪŮӲȫȻң˾һûиˣǧƺûǺر׽ֻģòﵭζȴֲݺԡ
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ٺú룬ÿҾͻҡ
ԲҳĽҲŪȥһֱйס
йѭгڡ
ϣⲻ򲻹ѭС
мԡ

Ī˵ŻҳͺӰ򸾵棬ͱһ̸֦о𣬵ȷ˵֡
رǣǷĳĻԶˡ˵¥ôҲܱҸദʮĸһһǧ򱶵ŮӸҴ˽֪Ǯ֮ڶ˵ֵһᡣһߣ˺ӣͺӾͲ᲻Ҫˡ
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쾲Ĭ裬ƲѵĶԸüͷһ壬ϲ豭պӰˣ
׵ͨ
ߣˡҶʱ֮ã˵Ϊ˼Ըӣ
 
 
ʥԸ롮塯ѵ˸ϵȢҲôĶ 
ߡ㵹ǳϢӵﲡˡѡɱ 
Ŷѵø׻еѡҪѡģҡ 
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һЦһЦݲΪԼڣ翵˿壬ݵץס˿类˺ݳһ⣬ӡ߷ʹ 
֪һʱļЩ´˿ҡУûûεòֺҲһǸŮ˵ģ̫ںԴֻԼġ롯롮롯 
£ܲҶȻûеĺۼܹõڵסĶꡣֻϧ˷ŻַǷС򣬱ҿ¶һɨϱֻʣ·ȡ 
ǰ˶ȷ꣬ûԸɡšˣȥʱ·ʱҲǰܵĳ죬ûճļƣݴ󷽵߳ԽԽĲ¡ 
Ҳ˵ʲô֮ȥֽ۾ڵͷϣ֪ԼܲñҲûܾʶһЦҲû굽£Ǻͱһ˵Ĵͦصꡣһ˵ıӰһˡ 
˿ջԸС׼ˮ͵ķ䡣Сλʾ޲µ˵һٶʮֵڣһӦţ˾һƵĴڽˮ 
壬ôôƫģҲʪˣôõСźźȣ 
ǺǣΪӺأ 
ЦѣһЦǾˣҿ˺һګګ˵ȻҵȻǴɷӺ 
ԣǿҩϴʱˣԣΪӺɷĺҸӦñΪŮ˵ 
СƨӣСһൣ鲻ûΪŮ˵Ծһ·϶㣬˵ƿͽƿɫ治Ů˸еĵԡ 
ǺǣӦøǵ֣ıʿ 
´һҪʵ 
¥·ȡ 
·ͺˣŵϵˮЬӡһľ̾Ͳʣͬ˲ô󣡣 
ݲݵԡһΪԼ˼ʵЩ·ϸϸĲͷȻ¥ 
ŵСٿЩϵİ˽ǡԸٶ˷߲ƿΪʢõ 
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һ꣬Ҳͬ򴽲Ĭ˲䣬ϼв˵ĿҲŲ 
Ĭ˺һʣҪӡ 
ƽĸԼ϶Ĵ𰸣ǡ 
ĪЦ߰µ죬ĵķҡãҪĺӣһϲġȻõСѲȫˣԵʳȡҲĵĽ 
һСĬĬĳԺ緹꽥ͣЪ͸Ի˷ûһŸڵţݺһ仰ǸҵģȥйŮҪ̸ 
ΪѵĿ˱һۣЦʶģ˳š 
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һˡٲǰƿͣˡ 
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øĬˡﶫװԽԽƮɢߣ¶ζ񻺻һ 
𣿡֪Լ˵ʲôҪĶˣһֱûιԼĵ˽ֻĻˣ˿̾Ȼ 
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Ե𣿡 
űô϶ִȴһģģֺܺãκִ˵ʲô 
ǡ˶ɷϵʵ 
һʮ꣬볢һŮ˵һ 
ǰЩʱʦ̹ԣǿɫɳϵĽѿϸ죬ǳ¡ֻŻһһǣΪ˵ǾԪзһһǶԭн벻£һƣԭȵһһǾͲܶˡʱһ߻ˣҪȫȥ뿪ȻнδݶţӲ٣ֻٱ㣬ĽҲĿʼ˼䳾Ⱦֻһ׹ħⴳ⾻ռˡ 
ᣬҲˣһ㣬Ҳһ˺ֵߣҲĻᡣ 
һġᡯжİѻ˵֪ҵģһǰûӣó塭ҲĿ򴰱ߣϷ˿磬ȴ˵ꡣ 
һ粽㣬˭㣬Ҷ֡Ļʹһ˿˿⣬˳§о⡣ 





150


̰ĵϿЩ˾䣺Ҳֵá
ͷľ䣬޵ĵ㣬ݾôӡһ𣬡ڼãֻҪøãʲôνֻҪúáʧŵҶ͵һѡ˻¥һһγƽˡԶԼĻ񣬸оȴǳض֡ôɣҼôִᶨ̤ңҡܣܣº;УǷŲ㡣
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˵ڣֻһִԲľһ㶼׵ˣ˭Ҳȡˣֳܸһİ͹ˡ
ЦΪʲôͲİһˣ
֪Ҷ㣬ҶģҲǰֻǴ߻į
Ըֻһˡ
ĴʱְԵһˣֻһ紵е¡ѹƿǸһЦʹĸ޻ڣҲòʲô
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Ļֻȥһ䣬ǱĻˣһӵ˿
ƻʱ¶˻谵ϦӡĲʺ磬ֵϵŮҲȥбȾڶյľְӷ·ԣʼձԼץסֵ뷢˿ϵǵͷ·սģ
𣿡ʣ۵Լ
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Ŀ𣿡Щŭ

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151


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152


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쵹Цú⣬ЩŮӶ֮㣬Ҳ̫ǡ㿴϶Ƕĵÿദľһ
ɫǵȻ˵ǣȻ⣬ѡЩʵļ뻨ҡô˵ΪҵˣҲӡߣ֦ɢҶЩ˺ͺҲЩ
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ӰˬġáϵĻֱˮ©Բˣڶⶼƽϡ
ָմˮָһӣˮ黯ʱĹܽ񣬵ַȴʹǻ¥ҲûܵסͻȻĳ֡
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ǳǳĵͷ¥ȴ˵Ҳ磬ȻΪ檣ҵǾڵϵǸ
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ỨҪŭɫ漴סԸǸŮߣ䷲˵ĵ̣йءѪӡšȫɱǸӲѵǰΣһɱ⡣ҪǻӽӵͰҵȥӰٵ
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ֺοأ 
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˿Ѳټ񣬻Ҳĥƽ࣬ԵƽʻֶܽΣȻﱹҵĺݶȴҲ˺ϵһϰ֮˵书ǶĴٷ˵Ӿһܿռ䣬úõţΪԼѪһţϸϸζľһŮǶô̵¡ 
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ĿһӷȻ볡ʱѻһ䣬ˮ 
һ㶣Ц컹ˣ˵һЦȥ²ǳĻȢһƽƣ˵ǻأ 
Ż콥ȥӰ¥浣ĸ׻ͷһ˵˱˻ԡ¥֪תʵ˵ǸǻϣԺæù 
תſһյ΢ЦĿ˸Ŀһ˼Ļ¥죬ˣҪңԼΪƢģҪϣٲ˳ЩԲ׷ȥȻ׷һͷ׷һƯŮ˸оǲͬġ 
ΥƤЦӣ¥ǰܣҲֻܰŻΩ̾ϢĲʺһӣѾˡ 
Ż¥ȥȻﻹǳʧ䣬治ܽסԼЦ⡣תȥЦ˻оǳĺã·ԼֻصǸԼȡֵġ࡯Ķʱоüˡ 
¥ĸųĳ棬һϯֿʼ˵Цް㲻졣 
;ϯ׷ɢвˣ·Щο˵㲻Ⱥö𣿡 
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ŵˡܹ֣һһģҵܴ̼ˡ˵һ쳣ľֹ˵ȽҴӦҪӦģ˵ĳŵ 
谵ɫĵƻʹҼᶨִӴŹʣһʱҽ㡮Сòã 
Ϊʲôֵġ 
Ϊ졢ǿƢ͸Ըռһ룬ܳĳǡС 
ҪΪͽɣΪͽ˳Ϊȡ֡ǰֳûãڿϰˣҲֻĶҲͦģҲ˼ºӣҿ϶ܳˣҵտҲˣ㣬ͬҿԶײͷ˼ 
ҲôǡСֻҪԺССҾΪͽѧʲôС 
¡óĻܾʣԽ˲ƶӰӵ𣿺ܺ棬ɺ˵Ҫѧͬ˲С 
ǡСѧģҾͽ̡ 
᣿ 
ϵ书Ȼᡣ 
ãҾͽ˵ǸˣңԺҾͿԺ͡һС׷ˡ 
Լ˽̲ס΢΢Ķ±ǰкУãұȽϺáռ䲻̫ƽϵѾˣҳ鲻ˡ 
СӴﵽĿȻʮֿģҲ̫ƽ˵Ļʲô˼һͷԾȴļģС˭ĬĬļ֡ 
գһϹܽûˡԭʧѧ࣬Ǿ㵻ſֶǸʢѪĴͰûӶѪҲˣŻҵ˶֪ͥȴǰ壬ܶ¥Ҳˡ¸³Ҳʮ󻨾¥ʼ׼ӭȢλˡ 





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ˣһ˵⣬Ǽǣ˵ˡΨһĹǵҶͰðݵһʹСˣܴ𣿡 
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154


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ӰôȢ˻ĬһŲñû𣿱Ϊ࡭٣ϹǳΪҶҲʮ꣬ýžԴ󷢣ƺԶô˳Ĵʶ 
һЦܰȫս͵㣬˽︴աҶۿЦɣﷺûûΣʵ䣬ϲͲֵǮ 
ɵͰ˰ӣƼٵĵͳҺҲôõģҵԼģûĵˡ˲ʱ̧߰ͷ­ϹһƬģô˵ҵϲֵǮϲǼûٶãȻˣҲ㲻ѽӦ 
ҶšĸʱðȻɶӣᰮ 
ɵƤĶգۣô֪û 
ҶһЦЦĿɣӴô꣬һ㶼˽İˡϲͱڻϽʶŮһ峡ˡҶšᰮ˶գ 
ûҲ磬ȾһƬЦϲĺ覴ãҶ;˻ƾͱϲȥˡ¥ȵ룬ֶҶľӦԡ 
һ̣˴˲мˣϰҹ̥ĺƽţűơ°ҹ 
һĴӴƮٵĵͺ 
жױ˸裬·һӡӦԵ˹һͷԴײһŨľЩϤζ 
ɵͷͷݺݵҧһڣֱϷѪգǳǳ˵˸ۣŷſȾѪЦĹ졣 
ֻֿһŮˣƽʱһ˼ɫ£бˮˮ 
ҼˣҲ㡣 
㲻ųңϲҵӵ䣬һһֱȥ 
Ҳϲӵϲǡ 
Ů˻ҿ𣿡 
ҪǱ֤ƺԣҵν 
¥ôŮˣ㻹бҪһţ 
ֻѽĥ˵СĹϢȥɣҿչįȻ㡣 
Բ𡣡 
Ǻǣû**ɹ뿪õǸ 
Ҹġô̹˽һˣʹȥ˺ҲһĿŵֻǺ±ˣ㲻ȥȴø㲻ںرֻںԼûоùá 
˭Ҿô˽ˣ㲢ûָ䲻ԼЩĽȴԶ׼ġȷһζֻԼá 
ˣĳŶ 
 
ԾһƮ˴⣬һһСֵĺ˼ 
ĿĨʺıӰ̾ϢӦı硣Ȼסжû 
δ죬ϴĿţһʱһͷԷûʲôУȴŵһϤĵҩ㡣ҲûľͲ˹ȥıסǹµů 





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˯УоԼĴȵıΧţ΢޹ľ㣬ϤĵϢ̲סԴԼĺû˺жѹж㡭ʹֻԼĽڣҲ볷Եů
һһСͺ˼ƽ
γԶ˸¶ˣԼһ˿ңϻ˲ٵ࣬ͷЩҿǰһſգìܶҡ
ۣ۵ףʣôˣ˺𣿡
ǣΪˣԭ˰ģ㣬ڡжΡ
ֺֺЦĵһۣ㲻Ҳɣ
֪ǲǱֵˣͷЩγģáˣֻһҳ顣
˭˵ģܵġ
ͷˣԱţƫƫһԵɧвð˵һ䣺Ҫ𣿿Һۡ
һɰ󣬲žѹ͡ȡýȻڷա
Ѹٵ˼£һűסԸһˮһȥҩ
º˹̹¶ıʴӵվһԡѹûĴڣ½󣬾æܻطȥ
˵ղʲô󲡣̲סɵľģŻЩԼͷˡ
һ߰·һߵૣôͲʡģϧĽĴӡ̵Ķͷϣıһ̾Ϣ
׶ˮʱɴӭ룬һݱ㿴װˮڴͷһԣڴϣﻹһҹζ
ǶЦ£ΪһССĸжȴǣȻǸ˽ŮˣܾȴίԼ
ûԳսۣȴĶɻһǰȻһ̺캹ȵʪëڲ˵Ķͷϣͱʹ˦һȭ
һ죬ŭӣ·ҪȼͬԾ쵰ЩʲôŪ
յúͿʶд棬ûûκ˵˾䣺Ҫȥ
ĬһԸһԵȥŮйȻͷϵˮٹ˱飬šɣ·ϣ´·á
һݾƼ˹Ĵ·ڴרע֣ɿߵͷߣϲȻĺΣʵһ
ˣʲôҪԸ𣿡
΢ԺһƬ죬һһСͷŭһеɣЦЦǡҰѴ򿪣ȥҵᡣ
ɵǺԥɿ֣ٵĽһһĴ򿪣᷿ҹζɢ˲źá
û**һᣬ˽ͽһ˶ԺȺˡ
ˣ֪˭²ˣС͹үͷѵˡ
ߡĬɣҪ⣬ȥҶ͡ȥѡ
ǡ˷˵Ļ㼱Ҵҵܵˡ
üô⻨ңһŮû˰ˣסĵطⶼ֡ҪҪ̴ţҪǲֻɽ׶겻ȥ
ɿŵӸˣЦöΨ²ҡ
ӹҩ˵ͷߣ֣ҩˣڵǺѿȥġ
üӾ͹ȥˣԺԽԽòӹҩ룬һ˯һ˾ͻáɡһһСе췭ظò֧һ
ֻͬʱ˹һҳȥʡԾû֣˵һȥһ˺á
ͥԺסˣоǳ˭֪˼ǻĬҲǺӰɵҰŶ룬﷢ͬŵıʱһʱ󣬺ӰͳˡŭŵͷʨӺצԱ߻˯ĺӣԷǲģסȴǿЦõģ˭ôĵĶ硣һʱҲ֪ν˵˵ʨƽʱǾˮˮǻû˳Ĵӣȡ
ӰĵһļˣȻϸĵİż˵ĻĬɣǵöֻʾԼϲ˿̶ӻû˺ۣӦûµġ
ӰֽĬֻԼɷµֱȽϷġ
Ӱ§ţµģ㿴Ҳû𣿿ҾܣӦúͿͦġ漴ҷأ
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ŵһ˭䲻ȴǳϡ
һɫ͵ĽпɵļϣšǱɫȻվһԣ˿ͷ
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ûֻһ뻷סÿַ𣬽Ҳ⡣
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ͷΪ˱ʾһ㣬ԹһԵͺ͹ġһ󡯣ָԵĺӣţиҵ
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ΪС̫ĴȻ΢ķ纮µĲ
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¥Ĳˣæƿȥҩգɫǲôá 
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ߣж˽أ˵ķͱɵĹϵ 
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ÿһ 
ԭ֮Ͳֹһλҩݺ󣬿ﲻܻӭζʱŨ˺ö౶ 
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Ҳڣڻû˷ˡ 
¥Ȼǻ¥Ҷڳ⻰ٸһȭ 
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Ȼſ۾ɱĲЩƤΣٵȻᣬٸˣҩˡҩϸǳţ˵ü֪᰾Щ 
һ߰ҩݹȥһҲ˵˭ǰݶϿô죬ǲ֪ 
Ҳ֪¶Ⱥʣһ׼ˮڡ 
ˣֻҪŵңԱ㡣 
ְȵȥɵԼһеⲽߣЦ˵㡣Ȼδ֪ĶԻ¥˸ꡯĶ 
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ԣ̽ӵǿ̣һģǵıϸૣƱ 
ЩºͽȥвưٺãáһһС͵ˡ 
᲻ɫɨɺЦ汱ȥˣЦ⡣ 
ǲԼ̳ܰԣһʱ䣬㵭Ҳġ 
ˡʹұǰϸµչȴҾòǰǸˡ 
Ŷŵн𣿡 
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£ҲȷİҵѣûжΪɵԺһý㡮µȷʺˡ 
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ֻҪᣬǸҸŵŮˣҶϸĵĺǻ 
֪ˡΪҵͽең㡣 
ͻȻһϣ̫ˣǵˣҵĲң 
䱻ɵӸˣ˳ɢȥеЩᡣΪЦòҲϷĽ踲ɰ۵ֱϣѵвڳẉ̂벻ҡעĳ٣βɻһЩһЩ䱾ˣοţ 
ɵЦ;Ĭ˻ᣬ̵ܽĵͷҵüǿֶεжһء 
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Ҷͼ뻨֮ģȴԽԽĻںޣȷѾԼ˾
ҶĲҵһЦðɣѾԼ⸱ˣֻʲôںġġɱǷġ
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һÿ죬ȥҲ죬бһͺȫˡɵ˵飬ʮֵ㣬Ļָ˴ǰԶʱġ״̬˼ʣЦҲ˼ſ
ı仯òпԴ˵˾䡮ҡ֮󣬻¥Ÿȥ󣬱ˡУңܵڿ죬˶֮¾ҲûֻϷ¹Ρ
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̵ǻһ۰æӿ񻶵õ⣬˶ʼ֮ӡ
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ɢ˯˸úֿʼﱸµˡ
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һ뿪ġ 
ŬˣǾߡ 
һԾƽĺͻ¥ 
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ҶǳЦһƲǿɲΪҴģ˵ͣͣ˵ġ 
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ĿԻŵҶ˳Ŀ⣬ɫľȻ˵Ҿͼǵġ 
Ҷ̫ˡɶˡ 
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Ҷĵƶѣڰѻ˵ôô꣬ΪŬô࣬㵱һжûС 
ôܣľ֮ˣҶ֣ˡԼҲһʹί˭ҲҲܶľٶ 
ҶͿԴϵ׷侲̹׵̵ĵزˣһһ䶼е˺ 
˭˵һлرˣοһжԸģȰܶΣԼļ֣ҵʱ࣬ĲٿȴûΪԹһ䣻ͬô֮ǰҲ֮ŻҪʲô˵ˣĸ֣֪֮һеʱ򣬲û˵ң˵ʮѾΪΨһˡ¶ʱֻҵϧֻҪһֺøͷֵĻ㡣ʹ֪ΪʦֻҪҲԻȫȻң׶ҡʱʲôҲǣȴܽıģֻҪΪȥһԲƽϣֻҪΪһ˿䣬㻹ǵðǰ뿪ǿ̣ʳСˣʱֲϢˡ˵βܰĽиʲôԲסģ 
αû㣬Ҳ֪˶ٻˣǸĻ֮ˣֺȻߵգЦҲᶯ飬Ϊ٣᲻֪֪װɵһûϵôЩ꣬ҲΪĴ䱸ˡ˵˼תŮˣɶϵŮˣôܲţ 
Ҷ͵ļ֣Ը˷Ѵ̲࣬סֵϲֵðΪͻߣһֱڵһ¥ôãûܵһ˿ˣΪԼô𣿡 
֪ǺңҲʢ飬ƾʲôһ·߹õҪôִԲʧǲ˭Ҳûһж𣿡 
ãߣĺˣҶͺãǧ谮ǲıˣһĳ޵Ĵͬѧ͹ˣƫһͬžͽлˣһ䣬һ͹ǵġɵȱĻˣƫֺݲģԼǱȥƫƫһ²ˣûûεĸһѪѹƵԼȥ˳ҽĳ·иˣûûϢľ뿪һ¼ŵŮˣѾ˼ĲΪ˲š 
ҶŸĿתĿɵġ 
ݵ٣ʮһ١԰ÿһ˶ΪԼֵĸܵöѣ˵־Ϊ֪ԼڽӣԼЩϣ˽̹ϣҶԼҲݣȻΪ̵ġֲĹơܺ𣿺ӰҪԼһȥڲֻ֤Ҫ֪ͲñΣֺƤȴ֪Լںʲô˷ɽׯһ£ۻûҪ֪ɺӰȴǣУʲô֪ȴǵĿ£˭Ķӣ˭ŮЩʲôϵֻ϶ˡ˭˵پӲˣ԰к̣бܳʲô⣿͹ǸעֻҪԼ뿪ĸоģҲųӱܡкøУΪ߹òڣΪǣԸеԼԡ࡯ݻʱֻһƽªļңȴ㡣ȶϧʧʮɱְºˮʱһȴʲôҲû˵ɻЦΪȥòֵһᡣǵȴֲģӲ飬һŮζûУܡʵֻ˵һΣǷκ˵ģûɺ޵ɡ 
Ҷһޱ̬ͦȻĺɸղŵĻȫȻûȥƫĻһҲȥ 
ɵҲһȫȻӣҲΪö㲻õòֻǾƣͷ⡣˵ЩΪйĵطҲΪû˵˵Ρ 
ҶͲɣһֵĿűԶ㲻ɱҡ 
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ǹ 
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157


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ᵹǿͬм£мҪ˵ҪѧԶԶûѧ˼ʹ˳һ·̺ߣȥĸͬ⡣ 
ɶľٶΪϲһһִֻŶԷһֻҪҪ̬ʼһ 
϶ԼǸĵ·ˣһ·ֻįȥԸãҪߡʹѹҲ㡣ֻҪ㻹ܸůͲȥƽϵʧȥ档Ѹһûѡ·Ȼѡ˲ڵĽܣкβãο˭һֱˡ 
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158


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Ҳѿ֮죬һƫˡ
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ǹЩȣЩǿζ̾Ϣɣܽӡ 
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ĵ˵ͷüĿת䣬ռҵͽܣҲҰŮ᲻ĵĶĸ֣ 
ǶΣҧгݵĿ񲣬Ƕ񽻡 
νҶͣ¶ſӣɣʹû˱һУʹûҲûô⡣οΪʲôΪˣΪҸ׵뿪ңҪߣ㲢һ䲻ˣԶʧˣ㻹ûʤ㡣ֻʱ䣬Һ߶Ҫ˵ʱûгֶѡ 
ԣʱ䣬Ҳ㣡Ҳݵġ 
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Ҷ͵ıӰͻȻ壬ת̬ȣҶͣ˵ģĪõҶϢ˹ˣҪΪУұ㲻飬Ҫұ 
Ҳûѹƣȴܺ˵ĹȥѪƽͣȴ͸¶ĵĮӣĺ 
ϹǳǵĿ˿ҶֲͣɫƳɫѱ档΢΢˼֮ʣȻһЦ䲻һ 
ϹǳòҪ˼תҪַݶδرȵĹңҪЩԼм£Ҫ˫ĴۡǼԶ㣬ȻҶѪ޹顣 
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159


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ҽӴŮ˱˶࣬ż͸¶ôҲ䲻ζ˵Ҳ
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˫һ³һ죬ǰΪ˳ϢȻţͱĺǻһģµġ 
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һָ࣬˾̱ڵˡ԰οǰΪռڱߣȻΣյûģֻҪҵᣬֻҪдһҺͱᾡ취ָ 
ͷ 
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ļѨ˿ڡûôһ𳤴ԽӷûŹһܲˣɱ㣬ʱٸףܵ͵һ¥ĥС 
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160


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Ծһįѹܵͣ鲻ǺʣʹҲó𾪺͵䡣
ɣֻǶһۣĶû䣬㲻Ҫ˫Ŀġﲻ𣿡
ʶİ֮ڱʮֲã˽˼ͻȻܲ˵뿪ºĵദŮڻûǵĹϵһ£
ȷûʲô᲻һֻǽҶ˸۰޶ɶ˸۰ĸŮû̺õģҲŮصޡ
ʵұȽϲжҲˣҲƹˤŮӲЩ
 
 
һԼĺܿࡣ 
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˼⺢ϴαò⣬ܳĺӣ϶˺ӻϾͽĶ 
ǰʹ԰ѱŮˣʹɵһЩȻְ˿ư 
ôᰮһŮˣϲİˣ侲ĺԡ 
ɾãһȥԼںʵʱԼеϸδǼ룬ȴ߲ĺۼԼ͸𾪺͸жȴŮˣѲ˹˼ֻɲԼǺʱĵģѾһһȷԼݵ״ʱ߲ҲǵģҲֻ߹ô·ƣ󡭡һָĳٶԸȥĶĿС 
תۼ䣬ͽˡ 
ʾ庮ͱְϹòˣϻ˿鼫õůҲܿӦ˲ϵůůĶ 
µˣԭ粽ıȴǰڵһ¥һͻȻҪ׼ʧһʱˡǰɻĪľɲҪޡͬʱҪľܾ˵Ļ롣 
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һƣɺͻ¥ѡοⶫһֱʾС 
ŭŭŭŭһǣôеζһҩƹȥʱɺݺݵƿɵĻ쵰Ȼһɣ 
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ҩ裬ɫԥ˻ǶԱ˵ˣȻҵģԻᾡȫţֻҪǵúǿľС 
ɵҵϮ֪ĳһɫѵһƻȥ˿Ƴһơ 
һƵĽƿƽĶЦ˼Ұݸٱǣʲô֣ҲҪ𣿡 
챻ˣŮ˸ͲŮˣһҲò˼ķ 
ɲ֮ʣָһ㣬áһ˲ʧɵ 
ߴʤ§ȿĻʮܣ۽忿Щ 
оƽȵϢջһϮָᣬȥһڱ⣬ã̲סȥӦ밲 





161


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ٺɵļЩԨԴǣȥǰæ仰
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һ仰ҪĶû⣬֮ȥĲһԣ
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ڱԼԵĶӣٿð̵θһӾ£˰ɣôСٳԵ㲻ġ
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ƽıĿã۾ĵűĳî˾ĵأȴĳһڿʳķˡ
ҪǵŮˣҪ˳
 
 
ҲҪǵŮˣҪᡣ 
ҶĲˣ 
һҸоǸŮˡ 
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ǴһЩۣһһ޵ĴΡȤ 
˵һ飡ĳƢŭŭе㡣 
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һܴ̼ƻǻ𣬺úõһԷιͳһ档 
죬һò 
סվڷ⿴ӺһűһȻҵˡƺԽԽԽ粻ƢôѽĥˣֻҪڣҪѰ֮ǰôĮĵһ¥¥ǲˡ 
յĹ򣬰ЧʼߵסѾźµסְᵽ䣬Ѱ˴ۡ 
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紵쬡һʱҲĬǰ㡣 
罥ţůůı͸ֺûʣ𣿡 
Դ䣬Ħǰ˿УӰԹ˵ơ 
ѵǽһˣܲ𣿡 
 
ᱧһԻɵڼİ崲˳ҧгݻڻģͲͣ㣬Ǻ壡 
죬áиʶɫɫ㡣 
̾¶ɭɭĥӣضסҲ 
ţ˼Ҷġ 
ܻĺ˦䣬Ϊ̾ôһپ 
ڻصĲִ٣ûüתøԷһѷ䡣һƬǽϱʱдžʱǡôĳִ֣Ҵææȥ 
˸¾ӣ鵹Ҳ泩˲١ŻﰲȻ˯ֵĸо 
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ˡǽѣˣͷβˡʼоЩһˣиңиʼпĹˡ 
ĸֺܸܵӵ֪Ĭıտڲ̸ôҲڲȥġ 





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ģҲֹˡ˵꣬ԵһŽźͰա
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ΪҲ֪ҸҽкңʲôСССԺôб 
޹أҾϲС 
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˵žҧгԵúܲͷİ§뻳ƽ 
ʵ˱⣬ںܶӴﶼΪϲŭ޳ҲᷢƢȴû¥ԼˣһǰԼߺŭȻʱǹɲǵԹ˺档 
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164


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˺촽΢׵ž䣬սƽ徲
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Σڵһ¥ŵΧڣû˸ǰġ
һһ⣬ڡ͵ʿˡ
ڱܳһʱŶ룬˫ıʶ§סΪ쿴䣬ô⸱ӣôˣ
ͻ󣬷ǵĿȫǣҲ˻Ȼ¥ҲвɼһЩȴʩЧҲᾫϵĴ̼ܴ󣬼Ϊ쳣ƫ䡣ʱ䣬չ˵ŮûӴˡ
⼸ĽֶԣγĥԱĻδţĶǷȻȥҪʳһŲԸңˣȥģҾ͸ģҲҲҪԶľҲŹ
ٴȥᣬƽ
âδƽܵ˼㲻˵һڣָ𣿡
ıʹɫָ࣬ĿЩǰҲвġƣ⼸춼ҩֻҪһʱ޴ˡ
侪ɵĿٿűҲ˸ȷۿţϲٴȷϣģ
˫˫Եͷͷǰ˳漴ɫõĿˣΪβ˵ʲôҲҵģ
ڣǰѻǰ棬֮ǰ˵ֻҪһھСӰǱʱ򣬸ҪʱԼһĹػͰοʧȥʹ󣬹Ĵﵱô˵֣ҵ˵㻹㡭ЩҪģЩֻ־塢ѿͲ

ԼʹԼı࣬ûʹʹ;ܾһİƷ裬˵ʹйʹأʹйûΪβѡһ֮ǷŲʲôֻ֪һ̬⣬ʹΪŵ̬ȴûΪı㿿ΪԼȴΪûܴ
뵽˺һƤŧƵĺ̵ԼϵľˣӵĿ̶õһˣ˫Ŀгʹࡢ⣬Ȼ徻ҲһȷԹޣô𾪣峺ǿǶôá
ǰ¥ûΪ˭ѹʱȷˣˣѹˡ
δй˼ϸ塢еĻɳԾҲǣ˼˿ȫϣһ˵Ƿĵ𡭡Ĳ
ȫĺֻɵɫ˰ģ
ƿţŲᣬϸţʱƵ
ߵͷһߣ̬ͬڶԽǡ
 
 
Ĳ˲ãžʳ𣿡 
 
ûĲ˰ɣ⼸Ĳ˶ģûƵʳĵز 
 
ŲǰЩҲڴһҹһ⡣֪ʦһˣĺӡʵǰҲһӣɱǺӵĸ׸ˡУ˫̥ȺӳˣҾҪͱˣŰ죬㲻ֲףɣ 
滺һ仰ŵ𱸣˺׽ԸоںڰеһȻǺϸ΢ķӦǲˣỺĿɢļž 
˺ӣòҪ¥飬ʵҺ£ҺͱһʵʵģҺ𡭡 
ͣ˻ᣬʼŵľ⣬֪ģܺõ˱ĸӣһ֮䣬˷ɽׯˡҴûΪ˷ɽׯκ˱ʹбʹѹǻҸʵҺ㲻һǴǰǺͼģ˷ɽׯٵ죬ҿĵҲʲôĵݺǾǰۿһϢġ 
 
ǰ˶ʮ꣬һҲǱģͬҵǸĹӾƹҲûôĿûôҶķúܶʱǿʩȼõģͬʱѧҵˣȴΪǸȾƺöĵû취ѧҵҲΪծ㣬ʰƿʱ鲻öᱻᡣҺŬ飬ҲŬЩ㹤ǮԼѧѣЩĺͬĿ⡣ƶƵ·Ƕôӹ׵£ȴʱᷢ£һծˣұӻһĲҽʱǶôĺ£ֱҿѪģˣһҶôãȻһֱҶΪʹôҵǸңȴΨһļңˣʱ޵ˣȴ޼ҿɹˡãȻ䣬ҴӸ¥Ȼ磬Ϊһµ㣬ŷ֡ԭֻһЦԡһӭҵıһƬѪȺɱ¾ 
ķӦȷŵҪһЩ̾Ϣ꣬ɵѾͷʱȻΪۡ 
ԭһԹģͻȻһ죬վǷ֣ʵҲҸġǰΣûңӼʹǱҲûӵңݷ򸾣ʹǰذôҲˡҲǣǸ뿪ʲô²㣬ûҲһһȥġʱԵЩʱҲͦģ㿴ıأĥԼֺγĥ⸱ӸʹԶȺҪ󣬶µȴҲٽųΪʹʹ֪ЩЩʹʱĨƽģ㡭һ𣿡 
ЩеıĲ£еʹ˱̣ˣƲסĵ 
Ҹ㣬ҪʳһŲԸˣȥģ͸ģ㣬ҲҪ㣡Զľ㣡ҲŹ㣡ʵҾķӦɲôңؾǱʱûѡ˵ﻹʵҲҪ㣬ҶĺҲϲģĵشƣκŮ˶ҪʹʦҲе㲻Ϊ˰òҪǶĹذϣԸһֻһ⣬Ƕ㣬ֺαغǵĹذ˺Լο仹һɵϣʹһ֣ʹʮ֡ 
ûԼÿԻһˮˣĻƽȴ͵İˣǴ߰ĳߣǸĳ˵ƵĿھҹԵʮֵĹ졣 
ιһӰƬʧˡ 
޵òʱ˸ţģҸ˵ҪǴҹðȻⱲӾҲˡ 
ĿƲסᣬĵ㻹븴ԭԭģٿЩɤҲȽϺá 
ͻȻ֮û˶֪һʱӦǾͷͻȻϣȽϴ󣬱ĵ䡣 
ڵƺ˯ĺ߸ûĵ˯£һݼŵϸ漴̲ڴǣ׵ҹ·ֶ̿ҹ䵥뵡һƬĳ 





165


ʦҵҽֹܲϵ˲ܾɣԲôƤ߶գֻҪúҵơںǰһָԭ״ģʦŬ㳪ʱ򲻻̫ˣҲֻҪϣܿ޴ˡ
ôˣͷ϶˭ˣʦһ˭ʦϰ˱˲˯šѽܲʦҹĴŸӣ߳һҹ·һĻȥ˯ɣ
ᣬҹʦҵģиܶģҪ𣿡
飬ʱЩ׺˲֪롣
ֵ߲Ӱ
һ˵ҲȥˣŵҿԣƢ
һ˵Ůˣʰһƽʱҵ̬ȣôǲˡͽܣͲܺЩ𣿡
ͺһԱվȥ̼ҡ
棬ӰֵûˡĶ˵ᣬԹʦ
ںֻܺܿһӰῴı飬غͱǶŵῴǲйһ棬֪Ǵڰο͹ʮֵĸжԼǰôĶӺεĸо
ںڰеͷԣ
ںñȥȻԿճһĴλֻʱԵĸоһһֻİı˵£Һͺ㣬Ҳһֱŵġ
𽥵ķ˯ȵһ˯ѡ
оˣҲָϾԼ´󣬱Ŵͷ˵Ҵ˰ºõøȣȻٸŪٷḻͣҩɱپʳˣҩҲҪúõİʱԣ֪𣿲Ҫǵһģʾͬڴͷľ¡
һľȥһ߳⣬պţײһ߳Ժӡ
һû˯ȿŻŮˣĵüǹ졣
ЧŮ˻᲻ֲ̫Щ
ΪᣬһֻŤԼ˺˵ġˣңȥ
á϶ˣȥԵ㶫
ôͷ޶϶Ҳˣһȥ
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㣬㣬ҿһֱƽ㻹ôͷƤˡ
ߣˣĺôģţȺ˵仰
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Ҳ㣡ûбȡֵˡԼߡ
ұôãҪˣ㻹ʲôӲ
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ԼԴиҪ̣Ҫ̡
˯˼þҲȥ˰ȻźüɫɳϣᶼᰲİšʱˣҲñȤ̸ֵ
ʵ֤³ǶԵģһӽˣΪҩϰᶼ˵ˡ
Ƕֳһж¶ͬӣÿϸµѯ״
Щ⣬ʹ˼͸䣬δͬǿר鷳ģΪִܶ
Ϊζᣬִʵһ鶯Уһ԰Եʡ
ͱǺʣ˵˼˭²͸ƫƫյһ黹ôɡ
ǡʵʡأȻرʺܴҲͦħģʺͦġ
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顭
ͣץҩצӣĿ˱ͱ§§Ҿһͦĵģϲɡ
ұϲѽô׵ˣϧɲڣȻֵģɶᣬҲġ
㡭֪ӱ֪࡯ڵǿһһȫû©ĶĿ
Ը²֡
 
 
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ȻȻ 
ܺáýһҩϸһȷϺ΢ЦԼҩһ 
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Ǳ˵ûķ 
Уˡѩʳ˻˵һ¥ֻѩҲ٣ʳ˻ȴҪʱ䣬ɽԨϱϣʹǱȥҲðգҲҪʱ䡣˵Įʳ˻ȡʳ˻һҲҪꡣ 
ʦֻܴһˣΪֲǸ֮ԼһȥϹǳߵȥˣһȥɽȥȡҪ˰꣬ˬڵĹӾ͵ˡʳ˻ҲɺϡھȻ¥֮ǰɽҩʱľȹһˡ 
˭ 
񲡣 
ʮǰṦھµĲ񲣬Ϊ˷ȴ书ߣʮǰͻȻ伣ˡ 
ԣԵɺ¾˽Ҫ߻ħӲҪһ顣Ҿȥģ˵ȥĮҾһĮʢʳ˻ңʱһһ졮ᡯ䷽εĻӦûġʹáᡯƾı£ȡʳ˻Ҳ¡ 
ȷǷ񲣿 
˵иĹҧȱڣٰ˵Ĺ˵Ӧû 
ûк˵ｻ 
⣬һ¥ 
е飬Ե÷⿺ܣǡ̫ˣ治֪ôлźáˣʦҪȥģ 
ȥһֱȥĵط 
ģ 
㲻ȥĵطȥҩҩ㲻ǻҪдЩȥ𣿡 





166


һɨµʱȸﰵЦÿɰɵӣ֪һͱûԼȥ
ЦһûӰģһ߰ҩһ߰ЦŮˣŸհ˸ģЩ»ס
ƵߵһԺ䣬Цӯ̹Ҳסˣв۵ϰߴ˿̮ѩء
˻Ŀðɶתһֻת˹ΪƵһȥˣ
˳ʢģȻһŪͻȻͷһ㶣ϼ޻Ҳֱڿʱ򣺡¥ȥˡ
лˡ
Ļתˣײһ
˶ţ˭Ҳû㿪ڣŲסײ˸ȴıܿ˸ʱ˿ס
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ܵģεģˮɵģϡ
㻹ǰҳ˰ɣ°ĶĶͷĥ䣬ĥ䣬ĥ䡣
µĺһۣաըտѡһ
˻ᣬ̾ϢƷǵ˸õĳԷ̡ӣɷ񣿡
ʳ𵲵ÿ
ʱͻȻһõߣҪȢ㣬ʲô̬ȣ
תͷ˻ޱһۣЦ֮һרӣ˷ɽׯծ
üĿǳŪҶ˵ĺӶԸˣ޻ʲôԲŵģ
Żޱϵ𾪺߷ߣʹģȫᱱƵɫƿļӰѻ𣬡ΪϲȢݵңΪлüԸΪծһĥһһһԹñˡ
ޱĺӷЦöӷ
ޱҵһϮֻ԰ףɣӶӣΪһű˺ӵŮˡѽ
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һģⱲ俴͸Կ϶ͷŮˡ
һƿޱԣޱϮʱһǰסûһ˫Ͷͣ
һ魹ĳսЦĿ㲻Ҫҵĺɱ˵ģȻұһ뵱Ѹ𣿡
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ͻĻÿЦãһţޱͰĳɱˡ
뽫ߣֺһۡ
ĽˮתޱͼӻĿϼһͦģԺֶ˸ĵضԤڵĲһ
ޱԸ񱾾ſŭ˱ӻ֮ϵĴ̼òᡣ㡭Ůˣһ㣡
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ңǺǣѵ㲻֪Դұ¥ˣڻڼ**ˣճŴƤ˸Ƥڵһ¥˺ҵѳΪǧ񶾼һרҵҾͺҵ־ͳɡҵȻҲ̫ˣһ᲻˼ġ
չһ󷽵΢ЦתԵıϸԵͻݣ˰ɣҺͺЩ
ɫѱ棬ֲϲŭԼ߳һĿڿǿ̣ޱıӰ㾿
ûвˣĵͣ²ӣĵ΢ЦĵĽ˵ԭ㼤ŭѪܱѣѪŮɢҲ᲻°ĭƽӷϹϧûɡȻĺǱģ̬ҪЩӺܲþţȻǻĺһӵģ
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ָ΢΢ΪҪԼĺȥޱЦˣЦ﷢š 
ô˼ɣӰסұȽϱա 
ЦҲ֪ԼĻֻܰͷľ䣬ԼĵĲҲ̫Ϊ㲻ҡһʱ̫ˣϡ 
ҵģһû񶾵Ƿϡ 
ġأΪʲôҾúۡ 
۲Ϊͦõ𣿡 
ΪҪҾܾ⣿ 
ˣܲҡۡһӰɣǲŽһһĥ 
㻹ǲҪѡң𣿡 
 
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ҷ㣬Ҫʱ뿪ϰЩҲĶˣҲˡ 
˾ˣֻһζѣҲðϰҾ˵ǲʣվҵļҡ 
ֱƿˣ䣬һۣͷ˼ڨЦպ·Сġ 
ԶҵĻҼϣˣκõġ 
̧ڵٳͥԺ񣬸оԾˣʲôǽ˵ģܻԼĸ飬ʵ 
ʵѾϰܲһ˱һУҲܲ桮ȥϷȥۣҲһĥһǽ䲻ʱ˶ѡ뿪ٺòˡ 
ָͥԺüֱ˵ûԶһֱˡ 
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167


㲻ô֪ˣ϶̲סȰ⡣
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һɱ˵ģڡ
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ΪΨһΪˣԸѪҲ뵱Ǽ޹صˡ
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޹أʮʣֻͻȻһ⣬˭ֱ
Ȼڳ尾ʮ꣬ΪλҪͱһǶĺӣ֪Ҫɱޱûʤġ
ߣɱ˻ޱҲûлУ˭֪Ľձ᲻Тӣҵĺȥͷ㡣һû˼ˣҸڴһΪ˷ɽׯڲʹĻޱҪǵãҵĴĶΣ
״˺һ˼붷ԵúΡǵȷʣɱϾ˺ӣһ֮Ҳӡ
ΣҴûѺӵҸҺͱܣԼ壬㻹һһȥչᡣ
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ǺǣʵһҲ޷ˣȥ˯ˡ 
ת߶Ҳ߶˳һֱЦԼҲѧŻŮ˶Ƹˣװ 
оڳסѣҲϻͷƴǰߣԭ̤˼κ󣬱վŲ 
³İӣ΢΢һһĿղŲЦͦõ𣿿ʲô㲻޿𣿡 
ףֻףɽӸ⣺ϲҪܣҪ͹Զ㣡ҿķ 
ЦҲܣԼĶܲסˣһôܡ´ϸϸᡣ 
̧߹ȥ׺ɣиԣϲˣƢĻ쵰Ҫ𡣺ܺã¶ѣֲʲô䲻ϰߣˣһҲԸΪһůˡ 
Ǳϵһ⣬ٴĶĻ 
ᣬñͷ޵úͷ 
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Ҳһû˯ͣ˵һ£İο᣺ʦǹȥ̫ණ˴̼ɴйʹģѾûˡ˵ţϻ¶һ侪˵΢Ц 
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һʱ󣬰ֶ¾߱ˣһ¥żʱקסˡ 
سֻѾʵüͷҲһ£ڶԷɿ֮ʣԼֽӺˡ 
̧żʱһ¥ⲻ·֮ͣˡУļץסļ磬˦˦ת־һƣһ¥¥¥˶ɵˡ 
֣һݵİƣñƫûתʱĵ˱Ѩ 
û뵽֣Ҳû뵽һҲû뵽һһܻĻޱӦһƱķˣӲ˻ޱУȻɫ 
һⲻѨֱȥһ󣬱ų忪Ѩ׷ȥʱбϷĻޱͻȻأһֻжˣòȷûӰⶾȡ 





168


ʵֻһŮ˸ϳӣӶСеÿ죬Ʈѩεúܴû֪˫ֻŶӣϥ˿Ѫ
ҹѩڵϻˣɫҲú䡣
ѡסŮʱŷѾˣϡ·϶Ѫգﻹһûҩ
ｹʱѩƮİӰ˲ʱ˷ſġ
˱ͷ;·һûһη
ԵģҲǱޱ˵ˣȻĺӻúúãɱﻹǽ֡ںӣΪܰǸܵϵ
Ϊƺ˺Ӻȣȥº󣬱㱧˯
оůůĿ壬һֻèһڱ˲䣬üͷɳڵ˯
§Ż˶ƣ̾Ϣ˳㿴˿ɤӣȻǿˣҹҹǰ䣬νġһϡһҲš
ָϣȻûκκۼﻹһƣܺǸٶɫ͵ĵ骣ֻҪһһֱԵ˾͹ˣʹһֱûԶңҲֻҪǾһӣ㲻ƢҲС
ɹͣһѾͲĴڣֻһԵľ˫ָȥǲģԷȵıϢֻøĵֱϺˬˬҧȥͻȻľŵɿڣȺ죬ȷԼΣôҧġ
ճƤͶ˼Ӱһˣ
ζپ׼ĲŹݼѪζΣȻˣ֪ѲһЦıһµơ
⼸ڶַ£Ͻ߿ţ˭֪һžͿ´ıȻֻԼһӰӣ㹻ˣǶĸְһ¥šҵĶС
һӦ֮óȻ˽
˷߱ӣûˡźϴȥ׼š
ͤͤһķԸˣĻʲôɵģ߱˳˸˽˳˸ˡ
󣬱֮ĸˡͣҲƺԤףѰѵһ¥ȫһϡ
ϰԵĽ§ڻ󣬱°ϻεĺıӣһʣôˣᣬɣ
˳ƿڱϣһʵƣüͷϵĳɲɢ÷ֱҵģʱҪһ¥ˣҶҽӦò⡣ɣʧôã治֪ǲǺɽˣȻôһټûأ
 
 
üͷҲ˷գı黹ǳʱʧٵʱôôǣ 
̧ͷһۣƽȻȣã㣬̥ 
ЦõĻ춼ԩòÿζ仰ûкҲ㣬˭֪ұר飬ﻹˤ㣬»ˡ 
ĸֱ޿ײճˣﻹǷǳģɸ̾ҪһӶ㲻뿪Ҳճġ 
ãĥһӡ 
ı飬ӵĿůģЦҲЦ绨 
͸ڵذϣûЬߵ䡣Цú㣬Ҳͣˣ겻ܶɽһ㣬˵˾ͿԼּǷʲô±ٻ㣬Ļ±ӡ 
ɫãȻ˺һʱͨ͸⣿ǰ⣬ڤڤ֮ףⲻҵ˼ҪžҪԼ˼ţ졣 
ն϶λӾ͸һ⶯ͼɻ˹ˡ 
ӣ޿ײճ˾񣬲żɰŲߣҲ˼ˡ 
ŹŮʱǺĵĴţϰ߱ʹԸͷβûҧгݷ˿ʪ͸󣬵һӳԵ˿ʹ 





169


߶߶ߴʹѾָ΢һҲǽס֡
ŽôΣû־ʹҲƺ߲͵ĲǼڴϿҪѵӣ̲ס㣺ˣͷ̥ȽѰ㻹ǺɣҲȽʹɻһء
ʹĵķ˰ۣʹûٰʹǵһأĵʹҲ뺰ûʹҲ˷
һԿűļ٣ͷǺˮϣ֪ȥͺӶ£Ǳ˵ٵʹƽʱҵʱͦѾһˣٳһҲġ
űվ˵۵Ļʱˣ֪ʹȥġƪˬһ²־µġ쵰ﶼ⡭ʹҪˣ˶һԡ֪⡭߶߶ġңб
ƵĴ¶һʱںͬʱҲ˹ȥ۲͹ĺӣͷĥ˵Сһȥ𳳵ˡ
ŽǳˣһʹҲڣʹҲɷεиһԼŮһ۵ļˡ˼ҳӶߵףҲûʲôٶˡ
ˮĿʹιȥȫϧʹιȥγʹķΡ
ϸµΪ󣬱˺ͱһһ׼õĸɾں˵Եʣ쳣ů
ὫڴϣǺøɾıӣȥԸ˼ֻص˷䣬һ˯ʱҲƽ޶ֻƽҪࡣ
±׼ҩţԱ˯ֿʼ㱱֮·ˣѾʱıԺͣ죬ҩĻ㹻ˡ
ǿС㣬ƶĸ붼롣
̵˱ãգЭʮ죬Ѿǵˡ
İ̾Ȼ꺢Ӻ̬ȶһˡ
еĳһЦô᲻һ㡣
޺޵ĵĻ
ʮ죬ϸ΢֮⣬ʲôҲֲȥǡ꺢Ӻĵ˵ҪӣԭԼ̥
Ӷһ¾ñĸѷչĳ̶ˣǸŮƶҶ϶ϲб˵ŮˡתǣһЦۣ֮᲻úײǡ
ۣĶȱȤΪϲгɾ͸еĿ֮һڻûȫļԦھµĿ֮ǰֻһƺʩĶͨĽеͶһ㣬ʵνֻҪһ죬һ죬ҲʱصĹӲţû˾ûˣҲô
뷨ñָָĿӼӵС˼Ӱǣ
ʱڲ龰Цþ춯أûЦǱˮǺˡ
æ˳§ڻݵ쳤̾찡׾ͣҽѵͿˣָ
ʹԵôоıЦҲ岻ŭҲо𱱺ӣĵҧȥʹһ
¶ɭɭѪݣЦľ㤹죬ű
죬ͱݺһ˱һιһ죬òŵĶ
ŻŮʮ˵һһԼŮӡ
ԼĶЦݿ˵ԺôУǱѧӵĵԣپǺúõİþˡ
໥˶Էһʾ
 
 
Ķ̫ˣ˱ĺӡͱ⣬ĶǶȤС⣬ۼˣҪȥʱͻȻ뵽ʲô۷һ֡ 
˵ô̯ǱǸˡ 
鷳ȫҸһһģӣŮǶӣ¡ 
˿ǰһĿڣԥ˻ᣬǿˣϸ΢ַϿԿ˵շǳĺá 
ģˣ˿˱ľϵģǺġ 
˺˺İԼͱ߳Ц绨Ķ˵ƯЩûϵ 
˵ϰ忴˺һ㶹ʵ˵ѡ 
ðĵϰһۣĿڣһᾡ 
Цıӣó˵ӱΪˣôҲģôѿҲİ 
һ߹ȥתϰ˵һȥȻԸŲ˵ͦɵģúһӲǱһֻͷࡣ 
ҲţĿʽҲһͷȻִһȶ˻ᣬŶһЦӣ㿴Ƕѽ 
Żˣż佫˵ĺڱķ䣬ô¡ҲˮĽбķϣҲΪ⡣ 
һ˵ȥϰ壬ͷϵˣӰٿ˿ͳֹһ̣ѽ 
ڻؿջһ·ϣԽԽĲĿǱôÿѵãôÿֻһźӹֵ˸ѵãôÿֻһźӹֲͷϲŹ˵˸ټѵá 
󣬾еҲò̾Ϊֹѵãʹ˱ƷˣҲЦŷġȥǸȻ¥·ƮɢһнԳɹˡ 





170


ŮʹƽϢҲʱûϴ쳣İ϶ȴ˰ꡣ
Ӱʱſʼ̸ۺֵ⣬ܲԺҲһϴ϶Ľšƫ˾һԷ֣˻Ǿǽϴ϶ȣԺԼȡ
˴죬ֵǽˣȥͶҪ˯ˡ
ҵһҸȪĿջ˶úݸ˯һ̫ˣûһ˯ˣǺ˼ˮ˾
ȪĵطշѵĶ䣬ЩǺǵζĬĬҲû֪
ٻʱѵ˴ѪյǱԣֽŲʵĶ
Ŀ֣Ѫģ
ղűһŮȥһƥ
ţ㻹еá
ӦǸŮǲǺƯġ
Ư𣿡
û
ҿ⸱ƤҾйˡ
ӣǵĺѾˡ
ҪҲд⡣
§קקһɣĴ˫̧ڱĲϣͷһ̽뱱Ŀвһ
һЦȫԵıֱӵĽڣЦ˾ȡ
һȶͷҧһڣٴƺߣˮˣˮӵҧңΪ𣿡
ǺƸˮ֮ϵ鶯Ⱦϵ̺͸İ¶ķ⽿ΣպĹ󣬺ǳһĽţһ˵á
΢ˮ˿˸Ϣ꣬ȻſЦݣ㻹ûŮˣȻҲǵĸоǵһεĻҲ㣬һŵӡ󡣡
ֱȪ֮УűˮմʪײΣǱסҪˮȥˡ

Ŷȥ㾭ḻŶ
Ҫˣ
 
 
߳ŭɬΣ쵰㣬ᣬ 
һȥɣ 
쵰Һȣȣȣҡ 
ô᣿Ҳġ 
䰡һû·Ҫȥģ 
Ȼǻطȥ 
ڴһ죬ճʱǱģҲԳѵõİԭҲΪʡЩ 
ûµķţֻǼ򵥵ξĸ·ӵõûʣˡ 
һ·ϣնûͣȥµĴֻˡ 
ƫƫһ̥֮ʣǸյִҳǱ߾֮ʱһһܳûڻŻһĺӣһʱϾЩѲ 
һ̥˫̥ϧֻһʹ˹ȥŭ֮£ɱ⣬Ƭֱ̼ɱһˣղҲûŹ 
½ԣްɱʱʱһԵӤЦ 





171


Цͻһ漴޶õıûһһӤһۡ
סӣξѵķӦЦӯӯӤȴҲǰһű
űֲ̫ˣֱͬһ㡣ʱŨŨѪζ쳣̱ǣ˸ӿͯЦӤγֻӤжɰ
˯ԸһĵһǱһݵıŶ˵Ҫ£һһֱߡ
ˣڱĻץס·һ̣һξãҪ
ɻʮӣͼ·
ҳǺңһͬһ㣬ȴ쳣ι̡ʱʱ·ϻһЩϡŹֵˣܶѵõľ綾ǰڵ̯һڴĿŵİڵϷ˻ᵱҩá
ӻҳѵҵһǿҪϵĿջϵѷֱ治ǷǲƵ̡ҡҡ׹ģҲ࣬һʡͬҲ˸ѹʹĵ޷ȫʧ
ȻһжңһҲףһ¥Ŀͷ۸Ҫߡ
ǰһаĻŮʣϰ壿
ǵģٹһʱұϰ塢Ƽʦ
ڲǣ
ڻǣŲһʱ
ǲǴˣ
ᣬˣջҵģǵǮŻҵĿڴ
ǮǷøɾĿͷ
ҵһϰ壬ΪһΡ
ʲôԵģⳣСͲˣﻹԼһֺò˰ɣ
ֵľǺЫӣը룬Ҿ͵ȡĺܷѽǶôԵġ
ñ˶񲻸㣬Ȼ˲ȡշѣӦòĶԴ´βźƼѹ
е֪Ҳշѣƺúܺ
ѵ˹˲ԶĸˣͲںЩǮοֻһǮ𡣡
˼ƽʱûסǲʲô˵֪ͻġ
´ʱġ鷳ҵŮȥǶˡ
ŶʲôûУҪָҵ־Ҫշѵġ
û£ʳģﲻ⣬Ժһԡ
ûǲѹͷѡ
á
ϲˣЦŵӤŮϰ޺һûã˸ӴһĺҲ޺һ
Ůǰһˣܳɣٿһ½½ϲ˵һָϵĲˣܳ𣿡
汱˷ݲˣ˹˵ǲ𣿹ﻹʲôû
ǸԱߵô˳ԵıǻҪࡣ
˶ࡣṦܲ𣿡
ѽôµģ㻳һֱɵЦĺӺܿɰŶ
µģ⺢ͦɰġˣڲôϣҪҪշѣ
ǡƺͦϲԵġ
˵ȻҪԶΪβԡҪǳԲϰߣι㡣
΢΢һЦѸײڶ֮ʸյסѨ
ϴ֣һĺӳĬĲ߹һڣȻѻĺӵݸֱŴŮԣʢС׵ݸӣ˵ι
ŮԷԣǽ㣬Ư㡣
ƺĻ˿ٿ˿ףԾŮͣҲŮǲǽ˫
֪ʱŮҲƨƨߵ˹˵ӣһĿţüӲοŮ죬ϸι
ιúСƨƨƨߵĻصλ˸µò͡
ͷ뻳ӤЦţЦΪŮǵաһȺˡ
Ůһһ֪֪ҩȻܱˣҩǹҪ˵ģΪû˻ҩ
΢ЦȰᵣǮûϰˡ
ҲҪô㲻ǼҳƯҪҸ๫СŰɣ
Ը𣿡
ҪѾ˺Ӵ塣
ǾͶˣҷˣû˻Ҫģٴ⡣ʵشҵĻ
 
 
ʡ 
¶ĸ˰ãǱĿģ߶Уѻ˵ˡ 
Ůһת鶯ãʵʵֻһˣΪ̫һˡ 
˭ 
Ӵϲˡ 
˺࣬ɱĹ𣿺οֲǸˡ 
ϱ׼ġӴ˵ǸŮˣкӵŮˣҲһҳǡĿǰΪֹһĿġ 
޻˵ˣھɱ𣿡 
ͨˣʹҲûϵûᣬҲûƯٹ˶ãҲûҺáӴҵģ׬㹻ǮҾһ뿪ҳǣһһӡףôû 
ѾͷҲ̫СҵŮˡȥѷʰɾȻҿɱ֤ʲôʱ򶾷 
źۼĽŮѨ⿪˳ְൽԣ˿ˣҪҪȥһȡ 
ĺӣ˵Ҷˡ 
̧ڷϣ̼䣬˾ðˡϸĵˡ 
ŮʿˮȵĿǰһԷ򸾣˵ȥû˳Ϊλʰÿͷ 
¿еķˣĿһۣ΢Цߡ 
һܿġ˳һ̾ͲŸ֫ҡҡ׹¥ݣܵòӰ 
һЦһڷǼ鼴 
չȥԺΪԹ̾㶼˵ˣҲӰѾҲϵҡ 
΢΢ӣԲˣȻҲǡһǰȥûʲôȦɵĵطˡ 
ոзӦʲôʱôУĶ𣿡 
ǡ 
𾪵Ŀӯӯ¶ļ˸еůҺ̰ģһðǸȥ 
ۣ꣬Ĭ˺һųһȻ΢ЦһȥŬ 
΢ЦɵһҲǺһ¶һȻʵЦ𺳵ķҡ 
ҳǵĳͶһֲûļ󣬺Ԥ׵ľƮһѩĲ̫ᡣ 
ҹԣűһůܡԱԣӵͬˡ 





172


뱱ԣȡůˣȴǵһθоϡǸ꺢ӣİսһ
Ұ㣬ߵְ
иңƺǸƷ
Ҳҳǣһ·ϵճ㣬󻹻᲻ᰮң
ᣬҾͲҪ㡣
˵䡮Ұ㡯𣿡
¸£ҵ˵䣬㱧ҡ
̾Ϣڻ§Щͷķ˿ȻɿӶͷǵǡ
ãоʲôһ˿ĲıģţӣҲ˺ġ
ԡȥ쵰òҡ
Ҳ̵úܡ
ġ
ǹģ𡭡ˡҪȹЩӻָˣһ⡣
շҾͷŹ㡣
ţԭϸɫŮʮ޿Ҫˡ
Ǻǣ˭˵ǡ
ֻһɫ

ӣá
š
գѩ˳Уײߵߡ
ջϰһ쳣СҲ鲻ȡٺ࣬Դ뻨¥պûˣ˵ٴˡ
㵯ĺܺŶӴĺɲٵΣ˿϶ܶࡣ
һôôã
Ǻǣ㿴ѩ뻹Ҫ죬ĻӴ˵緹ͻǰ
ŶԭˣƹܿԸԳˡ
ѽѽҽѩᣬѩͺãǺǡ
ѩһЦҲû˵ʲôӶóرãֻŹҽ˵ãͨȴû뵽ټҲ˳뻯
һԣüʾȥЦ⣬óãƽʱЦСӶȥˡ
ӦǸӣٶ˺ö࿪ĵˡ
ֱҹѩᶼڴԾûȵĺӴ壬쳣ʧ䡣
ѩͣͣ졣ɰ˸ӴСϵͱСڻû̾͸һš
һж׵ѩصҵҲҪȥ𣿿ɲ˳ң
һɡ
ӴȥģҪȥ;ǾͿԲùˡʱס⣬һзȫ⡣
ҵӿǵķȥ˵ķӣҲǺ㡣
ôңǮҲԣһָ㣬ҪĲףѺǸȫ𣿡
ҵӡ㣬˵ǸӴȥ
ϲǸŮˣ˵һȥģÿ¶ȥһˡ
ꣿ˵ֻаꣿʲô֣
Ҳ֪кӣҾͽӴ塣ô
ѣ۾ǲǺƯݵģܰɾ
֪֪ȥˣԼ֪𣿡
ѩͻȻƢȴȼһϣˣδȥ׷Ѱɵ٣ΪӱֻһԵȥ
ܱǺܲԸѩͬˣֻнЩ͹ˡ
վʮˣ쳣ıգȴ޾յĹȥˣҲ쳣˷ܡ
ֹ˰£ǵˣǰããһƬǰûнĿհס
ѩ˵Ӵ˵ˣҪϺɴֵġȻŰããһƬ۾ʲôҲġ
 
 
Ҳͬ˵Сס۾Ǹɴ߽֮ǰҪ˱һЩѪ 
Ƕиԣǰͷ·ʱ󣬱ΧȦתĺӰ 
ӦԵĴɣ𣿡 
ѼӰ˹ûԵ˿˵Һö 
Ӵ壡 
ɣ 
ȣͳбܿӰ׹ʲô£űڻһסѩɲµ˳Ŀӵɣʹ˿ôĶЦ 
ͷɵֱϵ˵ᣬ֪ѩϴʳѸٵתȥմ֡ץ˸ա 
߳ʱѾܵЩˣһҧ;Ҳơ侲ƾֱҵǶɫɫߵɳ 
۵ĺڰ»γƾ⣬Ψ죬ȴǡ 
ƳеĴƿָͬ΢΢һѪʱûͬһ磬ںꡭĺӸô죿ֻΣ 
ɫѪ͸ڻεѺ۷϶䣬ɫɫһŸѪɫ룬Ž֮ߵð˺ɫ̣ȼɫ𡣻΢ϨʱһδѪΰ븡ڽĵڻϣ仨嵭ѪɫȫȾʱεĹ˲ʧˣ뿪СȦССѪϡ 
ĽסǿѪ࣬Ѫνʱͬһʯһ㣬۵鴤 
оͷǵѪ̣ãһһ䡣ܵǰʱЩصĺӰŨһ𽥵ı䵭ʧ 
ɶˣǱ˵ˣѩᱧźɰаȻ 
˵ˣڱĻҩĵ棬Ժ˵ 
ת֮ɫ㵭ҲΪֻбŶѩݹʡ 
ǼʱɫȫɢȥһŻϢɫɲҰףһ죬ѩ԰ûȥţĶӤһĻЦ 
ٻصջʱѩû뵽Լһ뿪ȴ£ʱ㲻ϲԼĿջˣȻⶼ򵥵ķһ飬ϰǰƾɾɵӡ 
վڿջǰѩˣͷЦѾͷ˼ҰĿջˣҲÿޣȥ˲Ŷԡ 
ѩۿתɣǵģҴӦѵͷһͰӵؽ̧ںԺҿջҾȻˡ 
ѩſɻ޵쳣ģͻȻѩĵ˵ٹһʱҿջϰʱЦ 
뵽Ůǲʵĺӣ׶ѶǼ£ǸТ˳ĺӡ 
ɱѩᣬͷοѹˣȥѱȻһҺû׼ʱ˼ڵɺõģҪԹҺˣүҶǡ 





173


ɵȻûѩΪЦҲֹסᡣ
ѩһסɣںԺ·ǰһ磬ڶ˫˫ˡ
һ߱űңһ߽ôص˻ʲôȣֲˣҪҪŹȥͷ磡
ɳĳſۣƤ¸ǳһ˿΢ЦǷ˵ҰѺӹˡ
Ȱҩˡ
áˣҹΣҪò˵Ѿͷÿʱá
һȴίģ̿ˮšɣɵϣȻȡһƿӺһС¾߱
ôƯˣôܺݵأɾǺҲŮϲ
㲻ϲôõȴϲ
һƫЩЩѪϲôŮ˲ϲɡĺϲɣڸоúܺá
Һͱ˳ˣ㻹úܺã
лңĵõĪİοʵң
Ǻǣȡȡʲôʱˡ
ҪǣҪҡ
Ҳġҳ֮ԼһһԶߡǺͱһͬѡûһصԭλãŲԶ㡣ڿһ˶ˣҸˣһˣ¶ϰɣ
ȥģ˵ĻôƵġﲻ˵ŲҾɱңһЩ
㿴ˡ
Ƥڴܣǲˣһ˵ôĻ˯ɣҴỹҪҩӣһ˸չһҪЩ
Ĵ˸˯ûٶ˯ʲôܿľϸ΢
ʰö˳ţ߽ڵһ䷿üĿŴǰѲðҩ
ű԰Ĳָ̬ܲ䣬ֻлһ̾Ϣȥ˰ҩһ£㻹ﲻ
ƱɵҪ࣬ͬ˿ѾܲˣĶ
ȥҩȣʡֶ࿴һĶ
תҪ뿪һһϽתܲͣ㣬һ𣿡
ʹȨݴǶڴûܹôƵıԣ˿ǶµûţȿȣҶˣͲܡȡЩղŶɽġ
ʲô
ƿջĸЧʵǺܲȡȡ
˵ˣԣΪû˸ԶˣƢˣ
ʲô
ƿջĸЧʵǺܲɳˡ
ûųԴ׵ġο㿴㻹ǹҶࡣ
ĵİһۣյСҪҺͺøµһҪӱ꣬һȶáô
ѿڶȡȣȥҩѸٸܡ
űķӦЦʮˣԴףϻͯأȻ㻽˰ҩȥȡ
ߣ쳣㲵ﷺᣬ˳££ӣĽͷڱĸ
ҳ𣿡
ڵľճ㣬ʱ㣬㲻ԼҪҡȡȡǣתů㻹Ҫ𣿡
Цǽһ뱻ס֣ҲбʱҲҪңҲٶһӶϣǽ̹ĻҲȥ¡£ϣչ˺ӣһȥ
ϲĸ
ϣ㲻Ҫ¡ˣһѺиɺǡҺһô飬ֻҪӦҲǰˡ
޺ˡ
סҪǰ棬ֻһҪ󡣡
ҴӦ㡣
ҩȺֶ˹ô˴¶Ⱥʣ㽫˷ιҩŰҩ¡
ǵǰ԰Ҳչ˹ңûιҩڵĸоҲһ
š
ʵʱܲΪλңҲΪβûɱ˻ޱڣһǲס
ˡʹ֪ʦŲĻңҵļȴҲһԸΪˣ²֣ʱһĶҺõˣһԥɱ㡣
ңôֻ꣬ӴһˡǺǣȡȡûѡˡ
šʱɱ㣬һоͶһˡĻּҲ䣬һ־ǻǻһİϤദȥֻǸԲǸա
 
 
ûڵǣ㲻𣿡 
ûԺʲôڣ˵һֺʵĻҲˣ˯ɣ 
ңҲˣ㱧˯ 
ѵ£ڱԣ΢֣ıסţƽһˡ 
΢Ц俴ԸоõǵѪůůȣ֪Уøˡ 
ʹһ̥ʱҲû뱱һֵľ 
ҩĲѩ˵ҳҩĥ˺İףʵϲںڰû˭ǵҩĶÿ궬˽Ʒʱóģʱ˭Ҳ 
ĥлذΣͷǮƽͼֽҪĥһƬڣ΢⣬Ķһ˶ϣʵΣա 
ڴѩĽͣҲûʲôӦӶ˳ӡ 
˭ƻҩ 
»ᡣ 
ʱ䣬پ١ 
ǡ 
뿪һ죬ŵλźžУҪǲ˵ҷѩ﷿˯ˣĸҳȥһɡ 
ס 
˰ɣ 
̬ǿƣƽеǣƽ˳ӡ 
ɷõҩˣҲΪҲʵҩģҳǱ߾аµ·ûټο˵ҲʺԶС 
Ϊιҩʹĸ˾ĳˣӱ޵Ľʱ͵ĥ 
û˵Ͱʯ˸͸ȶӦϮĸϹĻҩ붴Сһҵĺը̹ʬ弤ĶҲڡ 
վǰͷüûӦⶴͼֽ˵ҪЩһѡ 
ˣҪ𣿡 
ڷãΧѬѬǾǡ 
ǡ´Ҳ࣬Χֻܼһʱᡣ 
Ǿհɡ 
Ũ̵ȷûѬãȻˣƵĶǵ˳Ŷĳ׺ŭĵǰһȺˡ 
˭ˣĥ£ɷƢ 





174


Ҽҷҩûĳ˵
ǲǳڵˣɾǲأҲٶ
ɢ˶Էһۣ̬ϵѶԷø˵򣬲⣬ǺɽĳҲˡ
һȲݵĵ֣š
ĵĵ˺һһ˵ˣһȺ˹
㾹һĥǸŮ˶ɱˡ
΢ЦĿǰһȺˣڶԷ֮ʱ˵һԣĸ˵ɱɣһղ˵Ǹˡ
ٴ΢Цƽ͵ЦҲѪȴѹõ͸Լûɱ¾ˣɱ¾õĽķĽʽ
ĸӣȺ˽ˣٲɱ©֮㡣
ĹƲϿɴĸ֣书ʽȷǸڶԷʱѾһȡס˶ԷĺʱµĸҲһɶˡ
ԷֵĿǰˣҪѶʱһ˶ԷֽδմѪĽźۼĲ䣬ĵĿڣþûýˣҲôˣȻֽ˾ͽȥ˽ϣ˳Ҹ˳̸̸ÿ㣬Ȼ˫ⱲӾͷˡ
κܿľͳһƥˣʤ㲻һƥˣ˭
ҩ
ġ
˵¸ըҩ㿴һˣûпɱ֮ǰըˡţҲԲţ˵ע
ɫƽٵĺۼҲ벻ƺ˺Ҳ
ƺҩã
ѾûҩˣȽһҩˣҵƥҲ͹ѳˡԣɱǰҩ
˭
Ĺ˿ͣ񡣸ղҺ̸һӣ̸֪áղֻֽһУ֪ҪüСЩҵĵģҵĵǸҩܲó㹻ҩ
ǰһбɱģ
ǣһƥһûʲôԣɱ˾ͺܳ嶯
ʼƽỺżһҩһҲӣñĬĬǱʶļ
ĥΪ׵ˣ𾪵һʱȴ֪˵ʲôǺãǰǳɱ¾һĥˣʬ̧ʱɱ֮˹ɲ⣬˵һɱҲ޿ܡȷֻŵҳֻһƥˡ
ĥôˣҪиɣ
ٵȵȣҸġҪ󡣡
ֺαŪô
ѲѣһжԵģҸһ׵ѡǸҩѾˣԾڴˡ
ԷĬ˺һŵҪҪЩҩٷ
üҶδ̧Ӿ׳һűֽԷӵһʱ򣬾ԥ˻ᣬǿƵͷãȥá
ٻסˡеĿڡ
ô̵ʱ͵һûʹԷϾзӦĻᣬƵԭ򡣱ɵƳѩû֪ѩֵֵţûѽ֮иڳڵ˶Ʋ壬ôŪ㶼УֻҪҳЩķӣӮͺܴ
ĥһ½һҩݵߣҲСӹȥļҹѳʮƽ
ĥ£󣬺ʣ֪ĥɽ
򵥵ļҩģȷͷҲûأֱӵͷߣеһӺĵĸ˶Էһ̨¡
ĥСŵŨ̾ɵźɽ̡ҳڣûгǵĺ顣
ۣ֮ǰͻ˿ջѩſڼˣϽк˹ڻεˣ˺ͺӴ嶼εˡ
æܵķ䣬ҲͬһŴϣϸһֻǾģǣˣڵԣƵǴ󰭡
ɸһˣǺǽȣϲʩιҩһʱΪǺһ֢һ
ʱˣٺȷϴ˵Ⱥ֮ɢĲˣǷߡüͷƽ̹ߵ⣬ɫȥȡЩˮٹ
ֽϴһ󣬵Ѭ㣬ʮָϣһϴޣ泩ָ֮⣬ԡڴẮһϢڹķƽ
ˬԼɫҲ࣬ʱɵĵǿʼǷĴ˯ˡ
 
 
оۣһܾıҲûУһһӵţûɶ˾Ỻƶ壬˯ˡ 
ͷſڴߣ˯ȻԵãˮˡоϵĶֳŴأǶˣȥҩš 
˵ȵȣҼǵʮ˯Ͳˮˣôָֻˡ 
Ĳ˲ǣĶЦϵ˿һŻãһ߸ǰ 
˳û˱ɺ˳Զ;ֹѩᣬû 
һһļලιҩʰ¡ 
ˣú˯ᡣ 
ϲĿ飺ҲҪͷ˯Ҫ˯ 
΢ЦĿҾϲͺ˯ȥҷϢЧãһ¾ 
ǣǻҪҩʩ룬ôõһ˯ 
ɵüģ±Ĵһ߳䡣˸裬˯ʱֻص˷䣬ҿҲöˡ 
ȥˣŵúִҪȥ㣬ס͹չ˵ˡ 
ȥҩ 
ʲôʱ뿪 
ҪҪ˯һʱҩҪΪʩ羭 
ǻжòŻã 
һ¾ͿԻָˣȽأҪ¡˺󣬲۸ 
ƫŶȺֲĺӰʲô 
ˣˡⶫ˵Ժо˵ 
Ĵ˸ǷһֱһԲĿȴֻδᡣ 
뿪ʱѩһѱһĿɣȻתʵ˵һᣬӣᡭչ˴塣 
ѻʬδ 
ѩʣûһȺջǺƺƵȥֻǶһɡ 





175


һ¥
ҶˮߵĳΪ̾Žˮһʱ˳һʵʬ壬ʬ塣
ҶѾǲˣʲôʱʼ࡯ӡĨȥ̼ǵõϽԭƤʱ˺ѷεʱεȵԹˡ
뿪ˣһǣıİȫֻ¥ΪƵ£Եһ¥ԾǺ¡
ԾޣһòˣˡҲĳˣٵॵˣҲ˷ŵԵ¡һ͵¥ŷصһ¥ʹٶȥˣڵһ¥ô꣬뵽⴦ȥ߿
߳ҳǱ߾ǿ̣鸴ӹ죬һ֮أҲӭһҲʧȥһ˽͸ܵԼһҪˣܶණʼ΢˼תʱСץͷЦȻ߳˱Լ޵Ȧӣò֪ôķʱϧ㹻ˡ
ڱɵƲ̫Կµ·һµ߷
Ӵ̺һȫоʢĵȵʱһؿӼļ顣
ʱ䶨ˣʱѾĻ˰ꡣип˽һӣȥһӤģ
óһµľʱСӿãйǻһ·ĵط
һµĵѽɵĻɻַڡ
ĳ䵱Ůݽıʮһ˴
òˣװ
һķ̾Ŀģһžߺˡ
ܻͷ˹ȥ㣡
һµĲݣЦıסл˵Լˣۡ
òҲˣ˻֪
ͷסϢͷϣȴҲû㿪ݺݵҧһǻѪȣƬ̣˱ǵѷᡣ
ͻһ뵷͵黳쿪кҪҪ㣬㿪Ŷ
ԡò֮ʣɱ˰ŭĶɣøҹԶ㡣
ԭ飬ôλһȻ֪ʲô龰²ˬĴ˻ȥ𣿻ôʮ㣬ùҴȥȻơ
Ļ˾䣺ѽõһȴڱ޵**յı챻ˡ
ң
ԡ
Ĵӱﻬ˳˳·ձ˾ͱл˴ϣѹˡ
յܡ
Ц˿г̽űɿؼ㳤ָ˳Ļ
һ欵ɵˮɨӹڳȵĿһƻģƲۡղűỮùڼһУҲܿдȴɣ̫ˣҲ̫ˡ
 
 
бǰһ˫ӣ˳ĻӦűǣھʱʣסĶҧͷѪĴۣ˿ǰҧ¥Ҳĵط 
ƺһ૵㰮𣿡 
ڵ˱ͷϵ˿ڣһزһѾȹ̽˺Ȼ˵ûĳĻжమ㡣 
ò̲ססȼ䲻ֵ֣ôǵãҾ⼸첻㡣 
̺춯׶һ仰˿̵ĸоǱһŲȵȥˡǹģĹģͷñͷһѻĲŮ˹Ȼڼǳִ 
ᱱѹ죬һѽ˴ƿĲճʪھϵļ˿ƽ·ͷ´еĻСӣû߼ֱסˡ 
㻹Ҫͷȥ裿 
֪˻ҡڵң֡ 
ӵףҵӡ㶮 
ȻΪ˱֮ãӣҶȫˡ 
ǾͲҪͣ󡣡 
عΪ䣬߻ӣצӷŲţȻˡ 
㡣 
ɰڿջ½Сʮ豭ѵβתۼӰ 





176


ÿüͷһ·Ĵߡ壬һֱ쵽Ļ֮أˡ˭ѼԺõģѹô塣
룺ҲãԵ˳硣
ҸŶҳһҼԺһ֮ػҪһµ·̣ǽȥɣ˵ʮֵɫ
ɣŮ˶ǻŵģûг蹩Ӧ
аϰеģ˵ܺÿңҲǮ
ҪѰİˣǻȽȥ
ͻȻᱧɣֶԻŮ˵㡣
˸̤ԺӾ͸оһ֮Ĵ֮£Щ
ŴĿԺֱϱ㿴İ˼еλߵλǰʱһͻȻ¶ӰǸеģ徻ͳĹ죬ȴһЩλлΪԤģҲ˵֣Ǿ˱꣬ѡһѡˣѡ뿪£һѡ˾ֻˣʮ
ûرҲϡ棬ϰ壿ж˻ģ
ǰɡ
ǹʲôسȼʶһ𣿡
УΨһһҽģǰȥˡֻգԸ뿪ġ
ǺãҪǸڶƵɣأ
ҺͺҪڵ
ɵǺˬ죬ϰķӦܼ򵥣
ϰͻȻûӰˣͷβֱӺӵˡҵĻֵĵƻһ䣬ſ䷿Źġ
ƿһ䷿ӯӯףȥ
Դɻ㲻Ӧڸ𣿡
㡣
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ʶȻ˾䣺ʸλһݵ𣿡
ڣǲˣʮǰǸŮ޶ۼͣ빫Ա㡣
ȤļԺ
һߵӣҲû취Ȼ˼Ҳ봮ţ˽һɣоƲĻ졣
ûС
Ǹģˮаɣ
ǰ̳ûꡣ
ϣûȡ
Ѿȹˣˡ

ϴ
Ҳϲϴͷġ˼ҡ
ҡεɣ
εΪʲôҪѷװɹݣķҲ𣿡
֪
ǰиҽģ۾ι𣿡
ˣԸһۣԸ𣿡

ϸ˵ĻĿһۣ̫̫ڹԵĻ䲻˹٣õ߰˰ˣȴҲܵġ
ԸҲҪ
Ϊʲô
ΪҵȵǸ˲㡣
˸֮ˣһǺܺ棬ѵһȾǼʮ𣿡
ǲˣ
εҡͺá
Եˣ
ˣҺӵĵ
Ȣ㣿
ҴӦˣȢҲһʽɢı˹ܲס
ǻȥˣΣ
Ҳкӣ˵˿඼Ҳһ⡣
ϸչ˵ı㲻εĻǵջ𡣡Ҳ뿪ҲŹ㡣
̫̫˵ип˵ҲͷˣǸóࡣûĿࣿ
ϸ˻ᣬŵ૵ϡԹޡ롢󲻵áʢйҲˣҴûúΪԼţȴУп࡭ʵҲԼҵġ

ʱ䲻ˣ˯ɣġ
˲δ˯һ̫̫˵ҪȥȼͲ˯ˡ
Ҳȣ϶һ䡮㡯
ںһƬǰ²ͬű˯ë㣬ᣬһ𣿡
 
 
ĬĺƽãվתűĴǰ 
Ҳ֪ 
һ뵽ˣҪһҡ 
š 
С̽뱱ڣȵ壬ǰĸеһ𣬿ڳݼĽҺõޣͷܲʪ 
ԡѱ**ȴţò˫ɵ·߷ȵ**Ħţܲ˵Ľ֣Ƶ˵ˣԣЩ 
ƫеĥϸ΢΢һᣬݺݵһȥ侲ʱȴѹ¡ 
ڱǰӶ˳̵Ҫġ 
ԲҲˡӴȱΪҲˡ 
Ϊʲôң 
Уˡ 
ȥ磬ʣſϣģҲ᲻뿪 
ζĵĿڣҲֵô˼ 
ζĻش𣺡ַ˼ˣҵδ塣 
ŲǰǼഥĵ˵ûв㡣 
΢΢һ㶣ţȷˡĽŵһĲ˯üһǣҲȺСģỺ᣺ҪʲôҶ㲻Ҫ;ܾҲ˺㣬˼㡣ֻҪ˵Ҫ򡮲Ҫá򡮲áʿˡ 
һʶľ˾壬е䡣ȻоԼֿһЩůһЩ 
**ӵһҹ 
һ磬δͣɵĴ·ûüʶ̳˵ˮͬ˷õһò˳ 
̫һ¶ҹ²ͱ¶˳һû˯õϱȳԲһӡȽƽɷ̲סػһ 
ɣôˣҹŮѪˣ 
ûѽҹŮӹޣҲ֪ѵĶľĲΪصһҹ١ 
ҵӲûص졣 
һһ󣬼ɫŵ֮һæ˹ûлϹȥ 
ʲô£ 
ˣڽմһ缸˽ˣ׷ȥ 
϶أ 
ѾڿջͬһȥѰµ 
Ȼǿ侲ϰĴ㣬ôСǶôĴĻˡ 
ĸܣһ߽§ڻﰲһ߶˵Ȼؿջӣȥҡ 
ԥ˻ᣬڿջǡ 
ӱѰֱ߰ϸ˵һ飬ԵѰʱһ׷ٶȥӡ 





177


׷ٻ̽۱ɥ˵¥ˣ;أƺԤı
Է·𣿡
һ˺ĥˡ
ȷ𣿡
֮ǰ棬Ӧû
ˣҪ⼸߽˶ʵͲС꣬ϴĥһͲµĺݽûټ֮߻ǿѹͷߣԼƻǹȣһ͸ˡ
֪вʱ޼ʿѰؿջȶԷϢǣֻ˿ջһؿջ֪ȺٶϮɴ˼ڡ
Ǽ˵Ӳˬ죬һڱԼĥˣںӵҪǵϢûϢͲĿˣǺΣĻĥͲֻŪô򵥡
˸˳֪ͨȥѣĶҪһ㣬ĥ˵㣬طձȡа⣬ҾԲưոݣҶ͹ҿԲ׷
Ŀ˲ҵɫŵˡʹǱߴԶصҳǣҲģοŰŵо෴Ǹʡ
ĥĶ̸˫ţ쳣Ľ

Ҷأ
ȷĻ޻˵
ǰһڣ۰ˣͳҲֻ֪ͣԷϡǡ
ݵŮãҺ㸸гķϣҸӵ䡣
ĶԷ˵ȥ
ĥµգڣô򵥵ıŪȥ
˵ص㡣
˳ǮĺӣǮ
˭
ûʡ
˭
ûʡ
мߵʲôˣ
ˡ
ǰʲôˣñҵԣòõϢҲûá
ԷĿһɭһʱɨȥֱָԷ䣬ҲϲвŮ˵Ϣ
˺ݵƤ棬̬߹ݣʥַɡ
һ¥¥
ֻҪס˾Ϳˡ
Ϊҳܱߣһ㲻ɣ
ȻԷ̬ȣԱ˿Ӱ죬ɱ㣬㣬˲ϸλΣһ˵һΣ
۴һߣҵĵ̣书ô紫ŵôãҲвĥôˡ
ҳʲôʱˣҲ˼Ҹֱ棬棬㿴Ƿ
һ䣬ǳʮУԷȻҲ·磬书ͻޱ˶٣˫ԴʱĵĶԱǲΣǺܼ򵥵Ĺġ
˫һʱԸ£Ҳʤ׷ͣţһűԼ۵ˣĥ˵Ҫ֪Ϣѡһ

һº󣬱˼ӿ˻صһ¥Ľų̡
Ϲҡ
Ϲǳĵڲϣݲ԰Ϲؼʡףƽڵĸ磬벡ݰ̬бڴͷһǣܱж
磬ʦأΪβǰ㿴
ԼԼǡٹˡ
硭ֵãҶѲǵǸҶˣ綼ô˵ΪҲˣǸӡ
𣬲˵Ըġ
ԸҲʦǰΣΪֻһҶ¥۲ΪȻѹź͵һ¥֪֪Ҫôķ񣬻ġ
Ϲǳ԰ײʱһĸϹͷǰ
ϹɬɬۣһĵϹǳ֣ŭ۾ĳʪ磡㲻ҪòãҶͣûҲǰô㣬ΪһŪô΢˵˲˹ģûЩ˻жѹΪ˼棬ûʹϹҲˣж˻Ҫ̨磡ûû㰮ڵҶͣȥӰӣĲˣΪβӵû˻˵㱡飬ȥҶѾˣ㾿ƫִʲô
ϹЪ˹ĵŭϹǳǺƽ컺˵ЩҶֻ֪ڴȥҶܻȻĻ
ϹϹǳµ䣬ڹȥľԶڹȥˣҲز
ϹȻȥϹǳôıӰȳЩѪ˿૵ˡͻز𣿡
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չȥˣˡ
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Ҷû˼ǺãҪǲŵҳҵĺӺֹ£
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Ҷ£üɫѵõ棬ҶЩ񣬻¥һ۱һۡλУԼµܲˡ
Ҷ֮⣬ɱ⣬οⱾҶһԸ¡
ҶƲ䣬͵ĵŮ˻ңԼȥ
˭֪չŵִ£Ҫ
˭֪չҶŮˣҲҪ
֪Ǻܶ𣿡
㲻Ǻܶ𣿡
ۼҶλ𣬲Ȱοģһ࣬Ǿ͸ûˡ
ԣֻҶаλʢһ࡭
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