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Ϥ˵ĽͬǾۿ֪á
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ŮˣǸŮˡ
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ҡҡͷеɡֹ˹˹˰Ĳ衣ȣȴδúùЩ

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ͷ˵ֿʼˡ
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ҵס˲豭ضǱ۵ȥȻĿܿҪһ˵Ĵ

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ľģ˵һڲˮ
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ĹôҶԴҡҡͷ
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ϱͶԴɻûС㻳֣߳ŭ¶֡ҶСϻۣຬίãűס˸лáκΡ
ȻܲĶӡ
ΪСˣµĵ׻˾ͽ߮á

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˵üáͱҵСӲ̥ͬüĿ㣬ϧǵ̥ǱѵģѿˡӲ±èƵء£֢ˡ
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ڹ֮ѧʣҲѧѧѧˣһⱲӶԲסԼ
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ΰľһʲôʲô¡
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µӹʮֺá˼ôƽķϵΪúõޡ
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ĴĴͷĳ챻̵Ȼۡ£ҸҲһ
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Ҳڶ乬ʲôǲֵĵطؼҡ
صңԼϣȻء
뷨Ҳ֪ܷɡұ۽ڣ
ǰ㶪ɽʬףѻɽ¡ǵãǵҪȢͻݵӣһѺӣÿңҺ¹µ
Ȼ˵ʲôֻģģĸоսҵ֣ڰѷģ̤ʵı۾ʼ˯
ҵʱʵ׼׼һվҲӴ˽һӡ
ȴϣ±ӣ

±ӾͺˣϣܰǷծ壬ҲܰѱǷҵֻʱҪʵĴɽҸҵˣʲôҲ٣ͿĹһӡ

---
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ﲻò˵

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û취û취˭۴󾰰ҵ¡඼ϣүү
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ԵıЦǾһﱻйȥ
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㣬仨˵Ƭરલͣ˵Ŀ̨»ȫǿˮ
Ų裬ȴΪмʱ͵͵ҷ˵л
ƨ



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üβ˸ʡ
Ϊңֻؿȥ롣


Ů̩⣬عУһͷѻͷɢҲųҴһȻӡ̡
ʵҲȴǾɫòңֻȴˮĳᡣˣЩƵӢΪ֮١
Ȼƺһַĵħ͵͵оܾãʮ棬ʼûѧᣡ 

Сǰѧʿ֤֮ŮСףν÷κ䣬ʮ꣬СȥԪǰȥΪȴܣշת˲ƽء˲ƽһʹŮ
˵Ŀĭɽܿ콲ĳޡ
ݺĴֻ൱˱˳ܶࡣ
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Ԫʮ꣬һһȵľջᡣְĴ󽫾ڸںС㡣һƳȴñԵ֮ңڽŭΪգ

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ʵΣ˵ĽĸЩǺҹ֡
ڼĴڸӱǸǰҵĽƶҸͶģʵڲƽϵĳһ裬£ԵڸӵλӢۡڸӵӢΰ֮ΣŮԽ顣ΰͨڲλǵģϧɱ˲ƽҲҪƸΪˡ

С󽫾ڸ꣬繣νһɾ¡׻˵˼䡣ڸеȨλˣϴ򵽱һԽᷢȴҲ鵭ۣ
Ϥ˵ĽͬǾۿ֪á
Ů˸飬˼ʣڸʵ׳󣬽ʼ䣬սݡĥĳղ裬ڸӵĵܵʢ°£ҹӳǡ

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ʵǸʵ
ŮˣǸŮˡ
˺ܶǵӡȴвͬҲΪҲʼղ˾߮߻ħһĿȵĲ㺡Ͼ𱲷ƽҪ˾常
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ҡҡͷеɡֹ˹˹˰Ĳ衣ȣȴδúùЩ

ţС㱥ѣװžۡʱͻʵۻȻ븸壬ȺϱǣסСΪһ棬ϧ̩ţ֪ݸǳضļ٣·ϵƥ߰ͷɾһμѻ
ͷ˵ֿʼˡ
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ҵס˲豭ضǱ۵ȥȻĿܿҪһ˵Ĵ

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ľģ˵һڲˮ
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ϸ򣺱ӣ۾ʵͦõġʮʱȡϣ˵Сҩݴ򽻵ԭʣƤҲûôɹڡ
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ͷ˵ĺ֪飬㵸ĽĽǱ

ϱͶԴɻûС㻳֣߳ŭ¶֡ҶСϻۣຬίãűס˸лáκΡ
ȻܲĶӡ
ΪСˣµĵ׻˾ͽ߮á
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ʮ͵ɽݵͶӪ˾ͽ߮¼ĥȾѪȣѵΪľǺྴһԻʵۺͻʺô
ڹ֮ѧʣҲѧѧѧˣһⱲӶԲסԼ
̬ΣʼռڻΧʱǸ̤ȴҪҳ˾߮

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ҵսˣԼҲöжס˾߮ɱΧԼϵļ˶Լ
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Χսоǻȳ棬ԽԽࡣ߽ΧŵģһСӵ˲
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Զ㣬Ҵ˳ȥڻ㡣
ҧҧͦԸ˵⻰
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ȻǾͳĳƣͬƵֻɱһŵʬ嵹ȥѪȣơ

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ϧǣ³˶̫æö˹ȣšԹֻڹԺ¹˳ãҽȨΪ룬Ϊ˾ͽ߮
Ǻԩġ죬ұ˾ͽ߮ʮ
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---------------------

˵ШϵȽԺ
ش루ҹһֻսʱ˾
ţҹڶֻھĩꡣĳ˥˾ˣ¾λ¹ĵĹ¶Ƿںģ֮ǧ˿ƵĹϵһҳ

PS:ˣȴðݣľݺ㡣

 
лҪ˵š
ţű
س㡣
Ըص㣺е




1.1


һٳ

1.1

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֨һ¹ϡ
Լб鵽κ΢΢͵ıӰʦֳ˵һ仰
Ů֮ڴԹ޻ڡ֮ȴ˵˵İռ
ĸζ

䱻źߺ
һ󱳼Ƥ±֣Щ˸һŭˣһȹ
ʲô㣡ֺݺݵĽսûñû
żݺݵأһå񣬼ɸ߾˫ֲٶ
˵ǡơܹǱȽϰ֡˸֮󣬻һ
ˣ
ŲҾӹ
үĳιúã
Ц
źΌתȦΪСͺֻèֻû۾С
ֵŵΡϵĽж䵽űߣ⻬ظϪһƢǲ¶ⲻ̹
ӷ
ͷţᲱ˾侭ֻýתȥѡ
ŹԹԵĲҶţѾŵ̺ϣѪȾñɫĵëȣ̹ȻĿǧﻻ·ͷβ۴תһüͶ۾
ͦ۾ִֺڣֿաԨҲУ˵ϹҲ֡
ﶯ£ʵ
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㡣ү
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ŵͷ
У
ƨ˭УҲûʲôÿġ
Ƣá
ҲϲƢáЩù־ż١
ƩšúõǶһøʲôʲôȴ˲ġĦԴϵķ٣Լٿı 
Сſɱƭҡϲƭˣ
࣬βڷ
粻ģԼûơȴȻ˾ĵͷ
ᡣ
㵹϶
˵ģ
ţ
ڽϻҪ
ǣ
Цǰͷƺһɨա
ͷ˲ŵıӡ
šԹԵģõĶ㡣
Ǽƻѿڶ˵Լе㾪
Żֻͷ·費
С
úͺǲͬġ
˵ϡ
ϲ˱Уֻ֮¡
Ǻ̹Ȼġȴʮֺ
Ļô
ŵͷ
ţ
ţת˸ֳɱȴƭģ
Ŷ
һжǱġõĵȻҲǱ
ԴЩƵԽԽ
ͷݶĵ񻭸߾˫֡Ӱڵϥ޳ɵڷ⡣
κˣ
Ǹܱµˡ
ɳھɫ֣ȴйĸϢȻıӰкܴ󷴲·𱣳ĸʱ̶ݷµĸǡ
ֻЩŶûƳƾڸǰ˵緢ֻǴ
ͷ֣͵͵ﻹ
Ͳϡ

 
лҪ˵ʫеĽٳǽĴʡʡɶıʱʫʪؽٳǡľӣƺܴʫᵽľ㣬¶մ¶ľɫ䣬һܱݣԴɫʰ쵵Ľ塣һشϼĻƣʪȾĵʹڳСʫҡͷƺζɫʪ⡢¡ǰĽʫҲĽǡ
ڳɶýٳǣԼ֯֯ʷҪ뼯ɢġϳ䡶ݼǡдϡϰʱʽҲ䴦Žܭڡʱɶܽطƽ˳ɶҲǡŸʫƣʪؽٳǡ
ˡɶŽ񼯼ǡдƣڳɶϣܽأÿʮΪգǡ軡أƹʮ꣨950¡Ͼܽأʢ֮Ϊ塣 νԻԹΪǣչ֮Ҳ
˳ɶٳǡǡܽسǡ




1.2

1.2 ˵

˵һжǱġκˣ
ž󻰽úܲá
ҷҲ̻ġñߣ˴޽ɡ˲֪˼Ͼ׵ɱˣ뱲ãҲָܳɡ
˵˵˵ʮ˲˵ʮ˲ĵ̣ʵ۶ܲţοү

Ӧеġ˵ˡûãͲˡ̿͵ϮÿѪЩС
Ǵ̿ǸˡİСӹ򲻴
Ůװװɹ澻йպøš̿ͱᣬذײı̡
ϣӣ
š
ζһĶˣϰԣôҲö˸ٰʮ̲ųɶ٣캰ӣ̿ͱƵعµ
ǰǸ˸ӳ鵶
˾
Ϊ쳣һ
ãİ׷ۣŵòû档
˵Ҳ̿Ͼɫˡ¹ʹľС̿ͼУ˱žһԱ߽ȥ ż˺üȦ޻֮ɴ̿ʮУȻûռűˡӣֻ÷š
˾㻹Ķܣ

ʱŵķӦǺľġ˼Ҵ̿˵ĺףҪҵǡ˾
Ƕûȥ㡣ڸסʱ߬ŵ궼ûü¡
СŶͺסš΢ŵŴ̿͵㣬㲻
԰̧֣Ľһӵ롣
̿ͻȻΧЩӡֻս۽е
˾ģĹ£򡭡ͬھ
ڿѡ˾ֹ߾ʵ޹΢΢˼£˵
⣬λ
죡
㣬ץˣ
ҽ죡
Ҳ˾ģʣ
˵ĸ첲ſͰ͵ĳ塣
̿ʵڲͷյø͸
𶯣ղ˾
СŶ
Ÿյɫϡ
ֱ̧̧ۣԵþţ˼ڶȴ߰˸ôһеϣϣְ̿
ѪĻ꣬ǳ桭ö
£
κ¡һ¡ΧŴĽˢˢżǴ̿͵ĺգ۳˴⬣Ҳ۵ɡ
ʱʵû˼ɵɵȴ̿ˣһȥ汳ȴֲһеĳ

£ֱץס̿͵ĵУеܲƵأĵѪҲֹ
Ųˡ
ɴתͷʵἺ˵Ľڲ١
ү
Ľ
Ӧ˸ܿĿ⣬ԼҲԺš
󣬴̿ͱƷڵءǰֽŽΪ̿ͻ۷ˣȥǰȻĽʫ
Ϲˣɫ˵Ϧǡ
˶ҥһι͢أ
ǰʻʵλʱճ˾̫ӡϲӣáǼңʻʵۻǨ˾̫СǼ˹Ƴ̫㱻г衣
ֱ®
ǧھٷǼѪͳģһʣ̫ӸȳȴΪ屻ؽڳԺԾ
䴫˵ʵ˶ⶵ̫ӲûͷйӰȨֽľ췴ңֽɱԼ׵ֵܡ
ǻ󣬷Ϊ񣬾λϮ档
Ҳֽ˾ܡ
̿ȻҧԣȥǰɤӴ
˾ܣ߱ɱ̰ܵΪǼ޳ܣ޳ܡ
̿ͱ޳ˡ
ֱڵеһЦµľꡣһеáҷ
ԹƻȥƤ޹ǡ

Ŵ̿͸ˡľ񻨵ĵźϣʤȴؿڱ̿еĵط³һѪ
췢Ѫ׵ĳۣͬһлĶž黨ήҡ

һ
һôڵ
պܺгȾŶ߶䣬ͻȻԤ̱ڵء
Ϲˣɫ
£һСɫʱʱҡֽžγ鴤۾۵þ

Ͳסۣ˻𺿽С
ŷᴦһ۾͸񿴵һ˿ϲʻġĽ񡣴ҲҪ
ӷ
ʼ۵ش
߹ȥæȫĺ׶ȥȫ
ⳡ治ǳҲ˾顣ʱ˿̣øɵľƻص˸£ֿٵ̺
ԼĪ˿һʱ䡣
ȻǲסĳҪƣʹ̣ħ˵űߵسס½ǣԴЩĿ
󣬽κκ󡭡
κ
ƽÿÿȴĸα
ã
ͷŵȥҵκ
κǸ֪ˡʱľɼǧԷЩҩˮ£ʱƽļµá
ˣȻȴǳѪƵغ÷⣬ͬ˵ǡʼ̻߽
е㺦£˵
ҪңҴɣ
κҴ˱ǣŤͷ͸һ
үû
κǷ𣬾񣬾Ĳᡣ
ġ
˵ֲһСֺˣôв
űϳȥ
ŵʱκ˼
ҡҡͷǾ
ӷ𣡡
Щ˶Ҫġ֪Ҫ϶ûһҧԾ
ɼꡣ־͸ûܶ˱ĥϲŸյĴ̿һָ
˾ܣΪ˴
ſЩˡΪԶò,Զȵ̧ͦͷվ˵һ
Ϊв
ܿ죬ͷ졣
ֶ񹷿йͷ춯ŴȡˮͷֻֻܰѩûëСꡣ
Χ
Ž̧ͷëܶˡ
ųӣͦģǱˡ

 
лҪ˵370꣬ǰΪǰ󣬰Ľݳ弰ĽڵڶʱĽݲ˱ǨСĽݳҳǰ޼ͯӹԱ޼ңиҥһƸһۣ˫ϹȰɣĽݳűͳ
ǰؽԪʮ꣨383꣩ǰˮ֮սܣԾڸĿԪʮ꣨384꣩Ľݳ֮Ľݴںӱѱ䣬ĽڹоٱƼñʱƽ̫صĽݳҲںӶ󲢹Ľһͬãı߸ǵΪĽĽݳ壬÷ϾɱĽĽݳΪ̫ܡ385꣬Ľݳ弴ʵλڰԪʼ֮󾭹һҵĹռ쳤Ľݳ̰ͼݳİݣΪηĽݴǿ󣬲Ҷʱ˵Ĺʵأ˼䡣ʼ꣨386꣩Ϊ󽫾ɱӵΪĽݳΪʵۡ




1.3


1.3 סںԺϹ

ΧԷ
רŸгסĵطѾ˰꣬ϰߡΧȴܲӦڵɤŽԺӾӿԼˡ 
ֻһƵСԺСԺиرģĪš
񣬲Ϊ˵

ŽԺʱΪһЩԭ򵢸˺ܾáʴŽԺùĹĵģԣͷ˯
Ȼ˸ܳΣ
ԼŮӡϪƨɣĸƵصġȱèζҡ
Ȼ󡭡
Ҳգ
ۿԼѹǺֵܾġŵе˹
˼£ԱߵıġֻӵűȥƿߵСԭ֪Ѿ˯ȥˣһ졣
ԺͷߣͬݵϹɹ̫
СԺ𴦾ͬΪƫƧֻסźϹˡſãüͷýء
˯ţûüϹ棬ԭȳ죬òСһϹֿˣҪôܱԼķأ
ţԣ
ȣȿȣȿȿȣ
װǻƺü£û˴
е߳ŭɴʹĺһ
Ϲӣ
һϹӲŻתͷ
Ŷˣ
Ҳģ·ú֧Ӧ仰žúûȤ죬°͵ŴϹΡ
ܴϹӱɹ˰Ȼһ
ЪãͻȻְ
˯һһҹôû˯㣡
ͷƫϡ
û飬ߴﹾģҲ˵ʮֱơ

˵ǰɽԭһֱϱߣȥɽΪ·ߵúС;سʱ·߲弳˸ͷԵʱ;ʲôں涢ţʱûע⣬ͱӺݺһ
ʱѾй
һεľɽĿֲܶģֶܶ˵ɹƨֽİ˵ҲֻϹӡϹˣЩԼҲ㲻ģʵᡣ
ʱ㲻ĻϹӵʴľ԰˰ءǳеģżռϷ磬ҲС˵־

ɵˣ˵ˣϣ
пյʱϹȻܲͷɿĶֿʼͷ
ۼء
˵ϹȴҲǸ¶չ⣬ֻǱëĹˡä˾ͫ䣬Ī⡣
ȻҲûƯЩ
ֻǸɾɾôֽϵ
ʱãӺЩװšκƫǸƧַ޳ҲֻΪ˹İࡣҲΪץйԼ꣬ȴʼûޡģƺѾˡ

һϹӵĸ´ϴɾֻ׸ɾѡˬˬ˸ߵİͷ
ҧһڣӲġ
תȦҧһڣӲġ
һеɥ
ϳͷǵĥ䵽ԺϹȻԭΣ·붨ɮ
˼ǰĥ˰죬˵Ļûʲô
ͷ
׵ߣָͷȥϹӵ½ǡ۾ͬʢһˮЩίȴִŵֱ׳ϹӿģҲʵǿˣҲ
ã
Ϲеֱ˵ҪԼ½ǣʹ׹ţ¼¾Ȼû
ᷳ䲻̧һš

ǽߵؿڣͨϡе¡գգȴҲûֻۡǱסϥڵ˰죬Ų
ҧҧ
Ϲֻû
Ű֡ʹۣ˰졣۵ͷˣ͵վݺ֡
䲻ģϹӱһȵԡתȥ޵ʰŵĹȺݺݶȥ
վס
Ӱһ͡
̧ߡ
Ϲܸɣ
ϣһͱ
ＫϹӸ
ǵгģͳһķӣƾʲôһ
Ȼ
ֳͣͣϹӻȥûֻˤϹӽű߱ʾ߿
㡭
Ϲƺû뵽ҷڵػŰѹһΡ
һݵľͷ
СС
Ҳż꣬ʮӰС·ˡСܰԼı
ŵ㿪ٺٺ٣ȴЦ˳
СС
Ϲӻظ̫ΣѾŵ߶߶
ſţɦɦ䡣ò˷ԼȻͲˡ
˼
ȣͻȥɽëȺȣ־˰ѸչǼͦԣŶ¡꣬ڴĵϹӶ
ȫϷ顣
ʮΣûʲôϹȻĿ촭
ҹ
ƵغһϹͻȻ˵ϡ
ĸˣ¡־Լе㲻ԡϾϹӵԼǲһġ
߹ȥϹӱסصϣСֺõ˵㡭ˡ

ϹӲشĿں
ȥ˼ңش걳ڰ죬ϹɫŻЩ
Ǹ
СĵббΪ˵ʲôСͲ֪ô˻ϲĻ˰죬Ȼ޴
Ҫ£
ʵĵġ
ϹӲûƾʹһͨ
ۣۡ
Ŷ㿪룬Ȼ૵ıԹ
ϹֻǺӡͷˣȻɢڼͷͷֲ䲻˼䣬ȥС
йʳҲŵȣг裬ֵĶԡšޡΡΪּëƤ¶ʧݣֻĿ
ʥе콵˹ˣǣСŶΪǺð
﷭˰ۣΪʥʲô˵Ķƨ
ôաûΣǣ
ɳ˲ܲڿģЩҲֹֹֻĥһϹӺԺд˸򵥵С̨ˣЩ໹ǿԵġ
Ϲݣʱ֦ܺ
ϰ߹סԸ⣬ȴȻҪŤĴ̼
ȵˣ

ЩϹӣ

ĥĥʲô?ĪҪΪң

ŵü˳ĿŵӰӲ졣߶Ļ˼ТΪȣТΪȡ





1.4

1.4

ԹͷѾʼ
ǽͻȻ˷໣ƹʱʱȻҲпǹ
Ϲӱ⶯һ䣬žİѰ״ˤϣˤ졣
ȥҶҷͣ
ָŵñǼĺ
Ҳ⡣ԡ˵Ĩ˰ǵķߵ߶ȥš

Ű֨һ죬ͷĶȻûˡһӰ৵ûӰֻʣͷļ֧ůƵͷšСˮǺۡ
з
ųԶҲ˼ͷżͷ黨İ
ᣬ򵥵ֻ
ӣġġ
͵ĺáüЦתͷֵߵ߶ܻصԺ
ǿİͣ
ϹӱĲ
ŵͷ
з
ڣϹӱţ̬ƺܲͷззͣһȺ
зʵûбȻϵġΪ油ΪŹ֣ν¿졣
Ҳ⡣˿̣ڼһĽ߽߸пзж๻ǣ๻˼

Ϲӱ˰ΣӶǹĹĵġӲţֱֻŤŤĲһ
ָʲôʳ°Ͷˣ
ͷ̧ͷ

˵˺һСݹȥ
ԣ
ϹӽӹȥûԡڱǼǰ
ʲôţĶĻ㣿
űǰ˻
ӣһڰѬģ
ϹüëȻСĵڱ
⻨ҲǶϡйȴֻһѰá

ϸϸƷζϹӵɫ֪ĲЩ
Է
ᣬǴﲻСġ
ȴˣֱԴ
ţԣǡʲôԷģ
Ϲƺ˿бѹ
ʲôʱ쵽ˣ
ʲôʱ򣿡
ͷſʼ䡣

¶˵ǰ
ͷȥҲ˲ϳæκҲѺ⣬ƽڱƨɺˣ䲻õɣЩҲ¼̨ͤˮ鿣Ƶ˶Ͻǡ
Ժӡ
Ǵ˵еԷ

չϱʯ¥£ҹӽַţǽء
ԭȴŵǽӻζԥ£Ȼȥǽ˭빬ǽϵָֹ⣬ֱͻһš
ѽ
ʧء
Ϊŵأ÷
Һǻ²֪ô˸žžˤ˼ϡڳͣëûš
˭д̿ͣ
ǽ漴иOO@@ĽŲ
ź˾ͶûҶ˰Σ߶Ǳ˴˺Ĵ뿪ŸϽֱ˳˼ҵŲ
л
һȭȫһ
˰죬ú͸죬ִڣſĿİͰ͵Ӧ
ûûɶ
һйǱ滨ݸġ
ŵʱȿ˼ϳƳֻۣǵõµֺֹ
Բסλ
߳˵
͵Լڵĺ

ŶûͷûԵģ˳Ҳ˵䣡
䶼
ʮʮʮˡңҼСС塣Уи㣡
߶˵ĴĴϵĲмվֱûʲôȴͷ룺н㻹йʲô£
ֻҲʣתֻ㾡뿪ɲ˵͵ȴ͵ץס
ȣȵȵȣ
ڷߴ
ãù
źƵĶס
е¡
ְԼӵһ
Ҳǹ
죬ֻСĽ
ССС㣡
ţ
壬װװף
ףˣлл
žͷƤеǡ
룬ɴֱֽ⿪Լ
ССС㣬㣬㡭
ˡٰ쵽˳İͷ
ˣ㷽ͷң 
ͷŬĽ
ҲǹҲûס
˵־⻰ŤֻøĿڵ
ԡҲǹһͦ׵ġ
ˡ
ŲҶƵС۾죬춫ȥȴ
㣬㣬㡭Сˣ
ظ
ģ
̽ͷϸĶջΪʧƳԸֺּ֣Ĵʵ
ϵµСϱȻôûˣ
ɥ
ŵʱֱϺ£ÿϱ˿Զ۲档ĸ˴˲궯
ֶʱ
ͷϵı飬ĿİͰ͵ĵǸ
ԣԣԲס

Ű֡˵ǽӵ÷ɿ졣
ǽĶƵԭĥ졣󣬸߾һֻķɧޱȵЬں׷
Ҫ˵ҲԵ֡ԵǽᣬԵ治ꡣ
ȷɿ죬ǰ׷ˡһЦŵԼȴЬҲôѡ

з֪з
ɽˣûûĸ˫ɽͱейڻû˵ϱɽû¾ͱץйһļѺ˽⡣ô˵Ҳˡο
ܱȵ̳ǿ
˵̳裬ȴȲҲ
ֻǺ
̳費Ƕס棬ôܵԷģ
룬Ҳ֪Ľֻñ߾һֻȭͷװĻش
Ϊɡ
ɶɶͣ
зü߶ƺš
ȴҲȥΪŶûΪʲôڽصǽϾ
й¶ǲ˵̫ϸģ

з˺ܺż˵͡
ΪһҲûʲôѡէţе֪ļҲгݣֱ׵ܵƵء
ĸ飬йǺܺģܲʵģҲǻܵƵġ
ŵԺﻹסֻῴŵϹӡзҴţֻЩԵķ¾ߡ
²İ

Էģ
ŰνˣϹƺˡ
˵
ô˵
ֻ
Ҳûʹ
һ䣬Ϲҭסˡ
ϹҲסŤͷ˷¼æǼɵӵߵߵ׷ȥ
ϹӲͷɴ෭˸Ժ׶
űԹԵ߶
ͦ˼Ķ㲻ҲԹ˵ǸʲôԷԻͰժˡ
ϹĹĵġ⻰ڱݺһ
ͼƻô
Դӱǲ
ƻشˣҾ
ƻҲ㣡ϹӲűĥ˼Ҹݾ͵ɱı˶֪
ˣԼ淢Բܰɡ
˭ϹһתǼűǼ⣬ݺݵ˵
ôܣĵϸã֪֪治֪㶮˵ǰƭӣ˵ɽɱˣ˵Ǹү̽˵
Ϲӱ˿һͨʣ
ҲֲˡĨĨֻӦ
ˮ
ϹӱķɫǺ죬ָ
㰮Ųţ֪֪治֪ģŰɣ
䣬Ҳúܸд
֪֪ȷʵ֪ġƩϹӣмԺ˱ؽ첡
ʱȴСŮĻ״ʱ˼ըƵضšһˡԺ׶ǽ

Сĵ㣡ԺǸİ㣬Ҫ֪
˻Ϲֲ
е㲻С
ƾ
˵㹴ô²Ƕû˵ͷģûʳڡ
Ϊʲôأ
Ǿ䣺й¶˵̫ϸ






1.5


1.5 һκ

ûյꡣ
죬йȻΪ¸üɹ 
Է̳͵͵ʼĩ˯ûвμӡ˯ѳԷܹѾ˵Էץɢҥߡ

Ŷŷָڵ̳豻˴롣
һ·ߴΡ̳֪ˣŻҧиʵıδԡȴֻΪЩ͵͵͸ŮϣҲ˽
ƹ̫ܵñӳ˵Ů˭ʼղϣѪ
ϹӶԺСɫƽ
òʱͻȻһ
˵Щ˼
ҧſӼͷһ⡣ڣ뵽̳˳
ޡ˵
ܣʲô˼
С
Ϊֱ Ϲ¶һЦ,ֲ
㶮ƨ

ͷ̧촽ͺ

˭ûϹ˽ӡ
㶮Ϲһü
ã˳˳֪
˵С
Ϲˤ꣬ʥַ֮ɡ
С˸ȴЩ˽˵ıĥһ£ΪΪԼҲõĹŮ̲ס̽

ʲô
˵Ҫǻ㣬У
Ϲŭ
Ǻܿ¶ЦЦļթ顣
ȻҪУ

ȻϲŮˣȻҪȥ
Ϲӵƣǿˡ
ԼĶ֪飬ȴȻΪǸЦݴ˸
ҺҲŮˡ
ֻſŷԼԼ졣ϹӶ买ȴˢĳ
ǸŮҲ䣡
ְ
е£Ҳָ֪ʲôͷû졣
ҺⳡСûӰʲô
䣬ҹˮȻԼֵƵؼһ
Ϳˡģֻ⣬˷ϹӰ뿿ŪƤɹ
ʱžҸ
Ӿͬϱܾ˵ˡӳһǰ׷ݡŮ鳬ѣʦҲ˵ʺϳҡ
ϧ⡣Ի磬ڿżõɫ
ӷ𡭡
һ䣬ֿʼǷ
ﰲ˯һۣϹӾͻþʹΡǶģŵֱ¡
Լ˯Ͳñ˭
òУ
㵽ϹǼϹ
Ϲɻô
߳ŭֻϵʹӡ§ͷŪԼèģȴȤ
κ˳ʱôŤš
Ϲˡ˵ط쵽ߣҧסκһ߿ţŵϹӵ֣˿
µŮ˵
ӣյģ˻ҪҪ
ŸϹӶû
ָ
?
ϹӴľЦ
˸ˣȷҪ
ΪָκɵõŽź
ˣŹȥ£
ȵķӦϹӱ㡣
Ȼ̽˫ִֺڵ۾һ˵
Ҳȥ
κڨЦ
ȥټ˭Ҳȥ

ԷСˣҽ˵ж⼸ֵüɹģүķ빫ӱΪѣ

Ϊ£ԷгѾ˲ˡԺŵĵǹҲ֪ȷʵǲܲȥġ
ٳϹӣ붨ֱţƺ²ؼ
еʧȴҲ˵ʲôʧġһڻǺԼߵκǰ
ߺá
תʱϹͻȻ
Ǿƨκȴ񱻲βƵأŤͷݺһ
ߺãȻߺãʲô߲õģ
ϹӴ
ҡ
ߣ
͵͵ģſκָײ
϶ۡ
ںκǼ˺ܶࡣϵ˰̣ٳǺþҩҲûܳȥⱲҲ޲ȥˣ
ӳţˮ϶ơ
𣬱ɴźһ·ѡⶼǾţŸκżܵѩļй޽˸ɵ㡣
ųŽż룬𺺷Ϣ
Ϣ衣ú壬פգȴֲⲻӰ촫ڽӴô


ԷͷѾǵƻͨ
ԷһԶʼ㱻ĽΧšŲСŽԺԶԶڰš
ҽǶµ˵
ʧѪ࣬ǧ˲ε
ɭɭЦ
Ӷûˡʲô
ɲǼ䣬Ժﾲ衣
ȴӡ
˻Уͱ뱣ҶΪ˵ζû뵽ĺݶһϲ
ķΧžòӷ
ҪȥκȲƵءһѽƵǰ
ǧүŹӵˣ
ү
ֻù
ͷͷû̧
ߣ΢΢üȻŶŵأѥȫѪ
ţ
ϸϸ֣뵡йζͬڶۡ
Żǲ
̧ȥ°
˵˽Եأ
ĺۡ
ȴͦţװһֵɵģ
˭˵ģ˭ˣ
ʡ
ЦЦеøϸзء
˴
֤꣬Ժֱֱשϣߵͷ
С˲μү
ûеϤ
žĺһ¡ûͷѲ³˭





1.6

1.6 ˣ

ֻĺһ¡
ûͷѲ³˭
ڵа˳ߡխǽýҪǶ£էȥΪǸӡ
๾࣡
ŵͲŬ졣
ηɶž
ȥĸĸ׵ģзĸĸ׵ĳң
üӲ֣ƺڸģҲȲѲǰ
ۣһڶ
ڲٿֵʼζĵԲ˵ҧҧָףܿƽˣ
ԱԸԼҲһ
ģҲеʧ˦˦ּŽͿҧ
˵ۿȥļٵģ
Ƥ󷭡
˸¿ˮ
ģ
۽ǵȥ
ˣ˵˵˶ôûģ
ɵʡ
Żش
֪
֪˶٣̶סŵ°ܴ͡ЩûŵĹͷ顰ʮٹؽѪú뵽֪֪ʮٲ֪ǿһڿڸҳˣ
ŵθŻ˼ڡ
κȴ⴦ˡ
ǣô˶Ϊ±Լ̣ƾʲôĲû¶ԣ
ү
׷ƨɺԡ
ŤͷȾͺݺκһǶ
ʲôõ죿
£˶ˡ
⼸ſѹʶԼ˭
粻ɵ˵ĻԶ²Ҳ˲³κȥ򱻽Ѻţִ˱Сٳʼնģκ˵ϵĺö䡣
Χ۵˵ŵ캿ɱôҡ
žӦõģʵҲΪǽʮӣǽĺãĲû¡
꣬˵Ѫʣ°ռ˴ֻſ¡ιЩˮ֮·Ժģ˲Ż
³ˣ ģŵ˵ңг裬ɣҲ
ǡ
㶣ճ͸ĺɫ
ǡ
ˣֵ
ҲУ
ģ
ƶƶɮϣ䣡
ۼ䣬Դһᣬ˱ˡ
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űĴϢѣźӰӰ´ȥ
õºһź
󦣬з
гԾҪȥ۾
ɲ̧첲ͱзһסˡצǯ˰Σж᲻Ƶء
ۣӱŵƻյĺǰͣͣٶٵ
㣬ģңǲ
зصͷ
Ҳͷ
š
գղųңǣҲ㣬
зҲӦˡ
ţ
ǳ鶯¡ԼĶݺݡһ£Ȼ˾ȹȥ
žž£Ǵġ
зԴ֮£ǱǱɵˡ
ģƶɮȱˣ
Ŷ˾䰢ӷ
з˺ð죬ֻ˵
ϣҩҪۣۡ
ޱ¶һֻ۾бŵİ񻨵ƿ򵥡ŶһȻҲûʲôǡ
зĨϵĹһ¡ŵĺףĥСĶԾ
ĥ˰죬ʲôҲûĥס
ſϴ˸
ˣ
ûûС⣬⣬ꡣ
зλͷе㷳ꡣ
ôƵشڵ²˲䡣ߣͷһ˺ŵ¡˿ӷɾ۵ļڹ£ճ¯ˮ
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С
˰ҩ֭Ĩȥųϸ΢
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зе㱣ܾſǶĲˣֻСèҲ͸СװͿ꣬ŷҩѾõƿ
ſζšͷüë
Ǻҩ
ߴһЦеزסƵ
š
ô죿
ûû¶ңң٣ŪԭǰԲ㡭
źİڰ
ʦ˵˷ԭµģ
ҩżãӦòˡ
˼£̲ס˾
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ֻϲ顣зģӶȾɫߴﹾʲôֻԼԴ¡
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ǰڵأûüô¶зѾһŷȱߡ
ţʹȥһѪ
ŷۣ鵽ĲĶ˽һƶеı̬ƽвβ˵⣬ƺ뷽ˡ
ˣ
Цýż
ϧˣⱲõľǺˣ
һķ硣ųֳзôקȥ˸Ƿ۾ϡ
ã΢΢ü
ǵ֪ηĵܱ¡ʱϲʱǵķվԣ־Ӹ¶һӡ
ô
˰߲ΪͿҩġӡѩ׵ļϣȴҪĻ
ָһ£ű۵нС
ۣۡ
ЦֻҲͦѪȣ
֮󡭡
֮¶ŰɶΡ
ɳקҧĥֻʣ˰ĩˣȴ§һ޵ļ¶һܡϧӲʹȥˡ
磬Ϊ˷ȣյ־塣̰ѲתΪѺܲӴºüɱˡ
˵
ˣ
ΪѾ̬ȣֱҲˡ
졣ǻġżˣ־˸ܻԡ 
ɽģûԹĺӡ
Ժʱ㱼Сʱ¡
С͵͵ɽ¼˵СԼ꣬ʱȫ˱Լò˶١ֵܼ棬˵ƵغšСﲢ顣ŲӴ
ҲŲϡǣʲôͶ̥һˣƾʲôǾܳԺúȺã 
ʱһСʱͶ̥ҲǸ⵽ģ⵽ġ
󾭹һЩ顣һȻˡžͷҵС̻߹ǣ˳Ӧ׷󣬻ָԭȥ
ɽǰСŮ
壬šĲú

ﱻ仰ѡ
۾˰죬ͻȻμͺ˿ԺƵأȥӲֻⲻǼֻΡ
ɵˣԲžң
ô죿
һֶ־žͿ̲סӽë϶ͷ󣬼ɱӿһʰžñԽԽɴԼ޳һŶ˺ܾãݺݴ˸á
ã
Լ£оԺһѡ
ºڶġɲװˮݵߡ

˲ʲôȥ˹˺üڡŤͷĸо˽ˡڶǸ˸Цܲõļ
ӴϢѽ޳⸱У֪Ϊ׵
ֱϣܸеµȺһȵԼͣ˼ҵֱ͡ݾȥͻȻ˹ȥ
ϹϹӣ






1.7


1.7 ˵еͷ

ϹӣϹӣѽ
źɲǣʵûü塣
ȣӶ䶼ֻǱܵģȻȻľͽгϹӵ֡˹ȥͷƵȷϡϹᣬݺһ
ʲô˶Ҳɣ
£ڳ
̤ʵˣ
ϹӱǼǰϸס˼ҵݺݿ˼ڡȻȥֻ顣
ô
仰˵òø
ΪڳµĵգƺͲûϣϹӻʩԮ֡뷨ĶģҲûϸĥ
ΪϹӵƢ̫ҲΪϹӵĹϵĪܻҡпܡܶܶ࡭
ǿûȥ롣
İ˱סˣʵĸоζ࣬˵Ҳ淢ӿϹӰǰ
ңҿˡ
һ㿪ʼ⼸Ծί
ȻϹȴֻû
ָͷĴǷ˿ûںڰеЦȴԵЩ
ʲôأжֵжر

ţϹӵָͷŷһȥûϵ˿ڡ
ۣۡ
񱻲׽СƵš
ʲôߣƵأϹ£뵽ʲôȻʹϺݺһѣ׶Ը˾ûˣԸң
Ҳ£һʵʲôȴգգȥ

¡ͷϹЩ̵Ļȫûšֻס˼ҵĴȣ·ﱧסһľϹŸЩ°Ժϲ˼¡Ϸ֮䳣еģҲǴʲôʼӦϹӵĴţȻô˯ˡ

ʱŷԼǵùģСƨɶ¶档ϹѾҲû¡
Ǹоǡ
ҧĥ
쵰쵰
ӣֱ
̫˯˶յҲˡ˷ǽˮͷ߳˼ʺɫɴ£ֹӯ죬ͬһֻ޹

Ŷ˼ҳΪģİȴԼƵһƨ齱ߣЦǺǵĵݸŵ
԰ɣ
ϥͷգۣźԥİѸ̵
ƺʣü
Ͳ¶
ŴִĨ˰ǵӣص
ų
˿Ц
ŷҲú棬Ϊÿô˵ЦǣһС飬̲סƤ
Цʲô

ֳָּǼ
ЦĪǹôô飿
һʱҲûӦֻ
ұӱȹ顣
Цøס
ĨĨֻֻۣʣһܳųôеļơ
˳ڣ˼䣬˾Ȼܸˡͷ٩٩̸Լı¡
ʲôй˶ĿŮ֪˵λôϵģ
ʵ
źƤڻĹ£¶ݵĹǼܣʤ£Ѿûɫ
ôϵģ
˱Ūŷ˿ص
Һøʱܳ衣˵үջѾͷ۸ˣ͵ü˳۵檡Ҳҷ˶ٲ۸˸ƣ˽Ľ

ʵй˶ŲֶΣһֱֻǲң
輧
Ƶǵԣʺĳ衣𹺵͸
ʱɣ궼ûޡⲻʼįµ˷ˡɳȥûͱת˻ټʱѾдЦ潸ȴǰӡ淢۰ֻƫ̡ɫȴΪԼľӪĽ

İɼһ飬ôܵүϧ
ζ̾Ŀ磬ƺ
ûôҲûôףֻΪȻķ˷
ϧôܴ㣿
澶ܳࡣ
Щ⣬˵˻ӻôġ
ԴҲϡһЦޢڷϣе
ңΪңҲΪͲûˣͺͲûԼȴֲܲԼҲͺҡ򡭡ôŮˣôһ˺ӣ

ӣû˰

Ŷӣ¶㽼ı顣
¿ˮ
ӷ
ϵͷȴ˿϶ǵܲסеħˡ






1.8


1.8 Ҳ˵

ŵ˵Ĺ½˲١
ôôģƺûر⡣
æˣæųԺ֡
ֻ˵źתԺ󣬻ЩºڷߵԷʱƽ͵˵仰ʱҲʷ쭣ŵɳƵˤ¡ֻƺѾ˹ŵԭҲ˳ŲᡣκִŵĴ̽žŮЩͲԼ˼ȴΪʲô

֮ʲôûС
Ϲ͵Ƶʱί֧Ҫͦס˵
ű
ɣ鲻㣿
ϹӶ
˵ʲô
űæĿ
˵˵˵Ҳ֪

ģͦ޹
ʵеС˼ͷ˼ֻ̥ҩۡųܾˣȴֻҲֻίİʾ£˶ûᡣ
еøƵؾװ

ðյˣүþʵʵš
ȣŻΪػžЦԼĶӣ̵˵
οҵıӻúúõģ˭Ҳˣ
Ұﷺһ˿εգбǸеϵĶÿǻعⷵչż־塣

ʵҲȷˡ
ְ߰գˡѪЩˮƵȻҽҩ黹淢ءһҹ
ʱֻԱߡ
ŵ֣촽Ѳȴ÷ףŴϢＷ˿΢
үү
ϢͣˡͷаĴ
̧̧֣ԥȴûĸȥǻŵģĿſ˫ͫȴҲ㰲ꡣ
ӷ𣡡
˼䡣ף±Ͷ̥ûǵãҪ˿ۡ
үһֱΪǡ˾ܡɴ˺ãȴշת֪ʵøҲĻʵۡ

ⱾǸڷ;вͲˡõɫʩԮ֡ʱʮģӦعǶ󵱳͵ߣҲԹ޻ڡȻ޳ȴǸ˸ӡ
֮Ůϵܻҡ
ӦöⶼҪġ
ֻˣȴûȥ֪ͨκʬ屻òϯϳȥ͵һ
ԷЩյΪ԰ᵽȥ˯Ҳ̫ˡ

ϹӴ˺ҲֻһΡ
ĺɣһԼšҳԵĶʲôҲûֻЩϡ˻Щ¶٣ƽ١˺ܾãֻ˵
иŪˡ˰ȥ
΢뵽ָǸˡзֻԴ£Ҳûʾʲô
¶ʲʣϹ΢̣ġ
ҡͷ
ܣûܡҹαѣ뵽źڵķǲܣ

ϲǰҵ컯ѡ
֮ʱżҹ˯ȵʱ˴ͷҩƿڵϣ͸ļƬ͵ҩҩҺŵĴ̴
§ű˺ܾáǿհףҲ֪ʲôڶ˯ˣֻűǹζģܾûϵַ 

ӵԷϰҩ㡱ա
Ӱ죬Ҳ㡰㡱㾫ͨûϰҲġǱ㷭ϹӴİҩġ洫ӼԸĶٰǰ¯ʮû˯һζĺ÷

Ϊ˵ĵطģŸȡʮ㡱ԭֻǲû뵽˵֮Ȼ֪
չߣΡ
ҷأɫƺࡣžϹл˸ա
ǵУдԼġǾ˳
ɽɽٹš
[]
ϹӲ£һ¾Ͳµˡ
ָ㻯Լ
Ҫһ̩´ɡ
Ϲɫ䣬ˡ
Цˣ˵ţ϶Ǳصʧķ衣

õηʱ߶Ȼ΢ɫķ
겻ɢ
ŵͷȷǡꡯûɢ
ȴ˵
Щˣǿɶ񣡡
ûӦˡ

Ϊʲôɶ
Ϊʲôǵɶ
й£ֻʡ

ǸȦ˵ԵʣԽԽ
ҲǶ̬ᷳˣ١Ժ£ݱߵؽͻȻٳǡսʱϯ񿤡йϰλʼΣ
֮Ҫͬʺ
˷أפƽءǿѹбȣȣ˵вǰڵĻʵŲԸҽܾͳһû򣬲ܾܵƨʹϳ˹سǣ¡

ٳָۣ֮տɴ

ȻⶼϹ˵ģŶһȫֻ֪¶
ƽӲܳԭΪڼҹرһٳǡûؼʱ̣ȴǿһɽפصգ˵о
й˶ۣ
Ҳ㲻ѣһˡ
˾ԸƺǾźĲ졣йҪ

ǰҹ˽Է
ΪǰûͨʱŻԡֱ룬ˮȴʮĸٽŵĵվ
Сţ
յü
ͷ࣬ʱָ첲һƬƤ
үӰӰ´£ܾǸ˭ðġүã
˹߳衣ӳĵϣȻĵƳͷȥ
ү£
ʣű߹˰׳Ƴ硣Ҳ̫ǰ°򡣵ʪĻҲЩ
û֧Ӧֻͷţ
ˮƯζ㣬ľƽ͡ŵĽѾӣˮСϸϸ͸ʱһǸӡ






1.9


1.9 ʷϵġ֮ҡ


ΪϸĵĴЬ
Ŷ
űסģŵһ

˱ޡ
Ϊ鶾˵ĸоɭϲŭ޳˼Ҫ»Ƿ£ȴͻȻصˮ̹Ƶأ˸ɾһ鱻˵񣬰ۻ̼࣬ȡ
ĬĬоܻҡ

ʲôأ
ܵĿͷץְĽֺͷһ
ӣѿڶ
㣡
ң
Ȼûϵôش
¡۵ЦԽԽиѹӵ
ʲôģǺˣ
ͷѶѥ׺ãĬƬ̣˵
񾭷ЩԾȻҲĵͷ鵽ͻȻʶǷ˴ֱֱϣ۾׼
ģ
֣ĺһһȴֻǷĶǡ
ɢķ˿𵽶ź£ԼĽѾӣҧû㡣
ѽ
Ͱ͵ı飬еЦ

Щ챻ϲó̥ǣȥļҲ˸ɾԼͶ̥ˣǸããǫ͵ү
³û
ֲ㣡ʲô
ЦЦ
Űֻ۾һֻһֻȺ򿪡ܾãʹԼ¡
ѽѽ۵ġ
ü˼
ȣ̲ס̾ѽ㣡
ңüô
㡭Ƭ̣ȴҡͷûôܺã
ĿܿУŶ˶ȴЩΪȻ
Ŷð
̲סЦ
žΪô˵ӣйɡ֮Ҳơζ

ͷ˵ˮʵϡ
ֻǸطˡһָŪ
ˣ
Űαߵ˼£
պϣ
ЦȦֱ۰ĸαƵرź
Ҳܷ㡣մҪˣȱٴúȥɢģ
šš£ʵƵء
ֻͷӡɽ͵Ҳˡʹֻ˴ĻϼҵľȱģҲˡ
ʱ
ʱҪܵԶԶءһҲ־ү

˼룡ͻȻԴһҪԹԵģȱ
ĵȰ
أԼ죬żǷ۾Ҳг˷졣һţֱû̵СèСﶥϲģͷ

ţŴӦţ΢ȴûж
ʵ̫ϲԴûʲôرԭ򣬾ĲϲΪӰϲͷ˸ࡣ
ձͶˣ
ţ
ôֲ̹㣬ࡣʻֻŰķŴӦ 
˵Ӯô
á
شʵ
û棬ǲҪģʵպáư§ˣֽࡣ
ŻӮȲʤȯ
Ŷ
ô꣬ڵȵˡ
ȵˡ
汾ô
ʵս¡
ŸĸԺ
?ˣ

ȴʮֿܡս֣촽ŶϺĴ
Щѡ
־úսѪţս˷ֺ¡Щдȴû˭ȥߣҲֻűȽϺʡ
ǳЩľʡҪֵΡΪʲôֵΣԭܡ
ı,ߺݡ̱غݡ±ؽߡ⻰ҸǰҵģҲüסˣ
ú֣صĿǸšƺЩ˽һΪ仰ͣʹ
ͣʹࡣ
ܶͣʹࡣ
˾¡ܶ£бǼ˷²ģбڳԺְѸֵġ
Щ﷭ڡšŶ˼£ֻϵͷĸ飬мĻ

̫ˣ̫ˣŻл㱵ģҲֻֻǵôġ
һ֪֮˾ܡ

磡
ȻһɲϧŮƫƻˡˣ̲סЦһף̧߷ԱߵС
ˣ
Ž˰Ů
˸ͣȻؾ߰˽šŮҲǱ߹ǣֻڵһŰֵ
ϳȥͷ͵
Ա͵͵˰ΡƵһһŲŮؿڣƤϡ

Ȼ
Щϰߣһ£ͿԽġ
Ʃ磺ŰƩ磺Ű
ԼûᣬֻǾЩ꣬ʻʱ̫үˡ

ջۣź̤ʵ׼˯סϢֻصǰģƤ
ˣ
ţӵͷʱ򣬾Ѭ̴ӸͷǶϸ˺ܶ
˾˯ɣ
ûϢ徲Ρ
ããֻŵüһֻƬҶȴ֪ô΢ɬоӡ 


գ˧̣ԮտʼؽԾ
Ϊսʼڴϣ󳣱Ϊ[֮]

۹꣬ϱսֱǰ˾壬˾ƽս︴󾰺ɽ
ʷϵľӢ˾ǿѵõçƵۺǨ۶ǰ׷˾ΪѺϵܲԪŮʣڳ˾Ϊһȷѽʷġʢ

ȻǶǺܾԺ¡
ʱźϰһ⼴ģı˺ܾõݶһ֪ʼǺ޿ֻŵڽԷţ˯˯˳ԣûȥĿġν֪νžˡ






2.0


2.0 Ҫ

ˣйˡϹӴӴû֡
Ƥֱ֪ʲôͷġ԰ҹǽȥСԺԷͷ̫ɭϣǽµǾޱԶ˰Ҳûҵȥ
Щ쳣
ط룬ܿ϶ʦֻ̹ѾˡǱǲŮȥƸȡ˱顣

飬ôдģ
ʴǣ޵أӫҲңҲ·ϣ̫Ҳսܡ
ʴǣӫҲҡ
أҡͷԵʱ˸硣
СŮ˹ʵ
ӣӿ
Ⲧǰ»ģ̬ȾͺͶڲࡣ
Ű۹ڴһĨĨɾĿˮҡҡͷ
û¶
СŮ죬ʵ
Ӷҹڻ԰ﶳˣ
ţǣǵͷ¾ԲͻȻʡ㣬㿴ˣ
ūȥΪ׼ҩ
СŮ΢΢Ĭ¡
ͦͬһۡϥʩ񣬾ͼææˡ
磡磡
ֽ磬־ֻþͰҳʷǡ˺˲顣
Ůõҩܺãʱ㷢ˬˡһҹȥ־ܡǽԷźϴȴ̳˷纮Ĳ֢
ΪǴԸȾϵġ﷢飬ֻȰǶϢѹƾҲҪߡ
ŲòĴָ佱
㡾ְأƼū䷶
Ů͵ۣ˿ûоЩ˶˶˼šĸ

ʵžͺͳһıѾõġ
žͬйһ
˲ˣӦ߸ɶȮ㿴ƵطţŻû֪Ȼǡ

ƣ
ڴ̺ĵʮ졣
Щɫȴѹ֡
ž鲻ڴķŸտʼɣκˡһԸκȡĴºš
ƣ
κɴ
ϲиĿ
ң˵κκ
κģһŰűߵİɽ¯
ٸʮˡŮУﳭڡ

ŻûӦʲô£㱻ְ˽ŵĸ
κ
Ʋ̹ټİڳı顣
κŲ¡б书ǿĽȻƷ¸гʲô
뵽̲סЦЦ
ʲôֻŹһˡ
κƫͷɫġ
ǱˣǼ˶˼꣬˵ʱܴЩĿ񿤺ΪƫŮӵģҧĽȥġһóģƽʱ̫ţս˾ǻĺܻ
߶Ķһ˰
ſ֣ȥѧ
ߴߴЦκɫڵغˡᲽǰ־Ҫ
㣬
ŽëȺȡ
ԭţáɽżȴƵǰһ߸ˣƫУߵС껹ƲƲ
㡭κĻʱҪųԭɵ˻ȴּŭתЦȥԸԼµ˵
ߡҵҪ¼ŵʲôʱ򣡡
ǣ
߹
ŵһ·ùѹ߳ȥ
Ҳûô
ֻб۵˼ۣɵ֮ŷûκǳĸˡƶѴ,֬ŷȻõġ
ֻɫȻȴýסꡣͬǻƤˣƤٽҲڲסǹصĸʬ
ҧĨİŹСƵءߡһ£ʾĲмκŤȻüֱ΢Ⱳӵ߾Ʋ
ЩǧϧôȴûãҪӣԼȾͲƲԼȥ˵:ū
ĥʲôѺȥ[ˮԴ]
۾µµġ
κҲ֪ǲƶˣҧгݵġת㽫ϣ˭˭
ǣ
ǲֻ֨ýŲӿ졣űƵţû󹦷Ƴˮȣ˶ǽߵġˮԴӡ
ԭСϪԷ
ȥǰһλסġǽϻʫʮлףһжӻת輧˼£и輧ó豻ˡȴӦˡϪ֡

ǸˣȻк꾫ƵĻϪˡ
ϪԷȪء
ѹϪ˻档ŸӰƽȥܿرһǣϪˮˮˮûأֻ¶ɫļǴ͵ıκ䱦Ѫڲϣﴫһ
нݱ˵˾ڽ˴ڼҵλȷ棡ѽ׻еô
ֻܾлϪ˵
Ż꣬ıƽĵͳ࣬ȴԵöۣתͷ뵽ԼĴֳԱߵκһɡ
ء
κ¾Ϫѹ
żкϷ㿴
˳ָŵĵطպ˽»Ϫ˵Ļ
躹޵ʮ꣬ôǴɱģǵĴ£
Ǹ˵
˹ȴͬǴʮ˲Ƶ͸䡣գգ۾ое˷ܡ
ðǡ







2.1


2.1 ǳϵ

գգ۾ое˷ܡ
ðǡ

ɵȻϪ壬˵ó
һȴˡ
⻰еӢϧζ
ָ˵Ϫ˵٩
Ц
ӢǸģûȤ
ˮɫܲ԰ףһ
ʹ۾ټ۾ȻϢȥ
û
Ϲӣ
벻ɣͷɲ򵥣
κĿɿڴģ⡣촽ƻЦ
ž˼ֱˡԴƵذǵһȥ÷Լӳơ
Ϲӡ
Ȼе㲻Ϲӡ
ֲŵԸǿңֱҪͷеϣͻȻϿʲô̥ǻ˺ۣ֤ʵϹʧɢ˫ֵܡ
ʮӿɶͳȥˣ
ǱߣϹֱ۷ڳرߡеԼ˱
ɫ͸ƽһġɱȴ͸У·ǼйӡϪ̬Ҳޱȹ
͵ת˸ˮȮƵſ
ģҰ£ʲôʱøʧ
ã
Ϲӵͷ
ֶϪ°͡
Ȼò˫ȫ
ȥģ
Ϫֻ΢΢ЦЦġ
ޱ
ſţĺƵġеͿкܶס·ǰܶͲͨȴֹⱻĶһ¶ˡֻȴֲѹ
ϹӣϹӡ
ȴԼһ̾Ϣͬ˺еСۣģżθĸо
ǽô죿
ϪǱֽȻͻȻסЦ⣬úࡣ
Ϲ΢΢üǸ
ôô죡һ£
ŶϪü첲ŴͷǡɽԷλôã
ȣϹӻش
ȣϪظĻͻȻЦΪס˾ܣ˾ʲôˣ׵ɱΪΪгˣʱǳ˷壬ѵҪƽ
Ϲᱻʡ
Ϫͱʡɫһ䣬ʱͽƵ˱ϣԲ˰׽߳ˮ
ײסɱ˾ǣ
߱˵
ţҲƲ顣
֣
Ϫʡ
ŲһͣŤͷȴЦ
ΪʲôãǸ⣡
ױ⻰˵ˣϪƺǡ
ڽ
룬׼ȷ˵˼˼ܾ˵ġ⡱ǲԼ
ӦǣᵽԷˡҲֲǡгô࣬ҲԷҲг衣
ʵǺ밲οԼġ
ɡϹӵĻشԼ࣬ʵ˵̫ˡ뵽벻ȥȴҲѹֻ࣬ͨͨͨͨͷŶۡ
ôˣû뵽ɣ
κԱ侮ʯĲضزס
ΪӦöôᱻΪ˱ѡʵŻڳЩġôôᣡô
бҧǿ֬ζѬ˵ʼ£͵ͷơˡ
κȴЦüɫĶ˵
ÿҵͱһζΣ
û
ֻõͷ̧Ⱥݺݲ˼һš
κƿ£иӻٿĻ
ССһɰƿ滨ԧϷˮơ۵ˤȴû顣ŵƹԶƿϵԧһ䱻˲õĻ
˭
ԱźŮʧС
ɪͷСƿֹһΣϹӲȵ˽¡

΢΢Ϲӵ˵κӺʹ£ҧ±ĵײ
Ϲӷ¶ֵı顣ŻܾźùЩϹȴûκα顣ֻǵü䲻ȵ
ߣ㣿
Ϲ˵ۡббķһЦվԼǰֻй·˼׻ҡ
ʹͷȷǸ㡱ָԼ
˭ģ

ʱϹʵϹҧǿ鱻ˮʪӶš
Ϲ̧̧֣ڳرŮŰɿ
˭ģ
Ϲʡ
Ťͷǽǰһָ
κ󣡡
˵ʮȲģеС״˼
κǲ¡
ڰ˷Լķͷҹ̬Ȼ
δһƵЦ
ϲϲϲָҰڵһʾʣ





2.2

2.2 ҰţҰţҰ

ϲֺ̨ڵһҰŲţֻǸɡ
ΪңȻãڽȴܴ

ϹıҰϹ
෴书ǿ屶ĻҲڽǸɫֻΪҰŵķļʧʱϹһȴҲǡñƼãαװ
ΪҰȴж־ĸչص£ҰӦҰŵĵҡΪǰỤٳǣ˾һʽס

ڷչģƽĽס
Ϊ˱ʾţŻٳǳݷȻǲġŻʶϹӡ
Ұ׵ļ˳ʱȻ˺û顣
Ұŵӣټ򵥲ȴҲ˳ɾ˽ͻıڽս£ڹ֡ΪһеʼٸߣҰʵںѲ
ĬĬڳˮߣˮӳϣɫɲ԰ȴϡ͸¶Ƶ

һȰүսһڿүĵعٳɵռôһʽν벶ȸں󣡡
΢΢ͷκЩֵЦżСƿϸ΢Ļ
ĺԽԽκ֪أȴڰ
ǲǰ
˸ۡ
Ϲ΢Ȼ̵㣬Ҳȭͷ
𣬱𣡡
ſʹȥҲû˹ȥ
ѽ
ֱܵȥſҰűƿ㡣
˻ô쳤һ¡ȻǳɤںҰȴѹֻ΢΢£ṳ̋
ѽ
һڵϺջֱʱĸָͷѾסҺã㻹ˡƿӽ߬оֺ첲΢΢
ֲ棡
κֻ
ĳ֡ƺץסҰŵİѱ鲻һ
ҰǻϪ˰վˮʵ
ϻĿǹغµĴ¡κ֪ôǻү£˭𣿡
ԣκ󿩿Ц
ò»
ⲻ£˺Ҫǵй¶˳˲͵ˣֻ߸ͷֽţ޷ҲУ
⣬Ѿµ⣡
Ϫüһ̡ĿԴתȦ
˰죬κǴ赶ɱˣ
κӦֻĬˡ
űȴϡֵϵΪ˵ɾԴҲ޷ǰ
磡
ͷŶǼͻȻ磡
ֻűһķڴж߶ӡоеսе档
κȻǺ޵˹ͷɺݳΪʲôȴһĨڡ
Ūֶٴᣬȴ֪ƫӼκľġ
κʣʢˡ
˵أ
ϪͷƻգգۣѻӸҰ
Ұüۣ˾ĳ˳κ

˵ֻǶţǲϻʳ
˰죬ǷƵص˹ȥǯסκĲӡܲƵذ
赶ɱˣ
һߣܲ
ʲôҲ֧ʹţ
˵꣬κͱƵžߴӽ˳ˮˡ֬ˣɫӣҲû˸̡
㣬ң
κĿ췢裬˼£ǺֱɡϪ˶㵽һȥűӣȻֱֿЦŹµµת۾ҲԸ֣ͷ ã

ˣǴȥ
ϹȻȴûɱ
ȻҲûɱšΪǶҰõˡ
Ըµ̴ӰǷֱѺκԷȴҪصԭСԺߵʱŲûֻСĲԼ֣ۡ
ѺĶҰŵˣǸĹȲһؼɵӡĥĥ䣬ϥš
ߣˣ

žߴڵϣﱦƿҲˤˡ
Ӻζϣôһ

ƺܶ
ʵںܶ
ͷӽ󶼱ˣ
ҵ˶Ǻܰġ¾ˤҲҪˤüšӡԼҲֻڱǰˤ

ǡ˾ʱʱҲʮġ
ͷ
ÿֱӣ֫ϸͬ紺ŷѿ֦
ɽݷõĽݽͳЦĺϲ£
Ǿ棬ǰһĺӣ
峤ĳû֪Ӧ
ǵȻǵȻ
ĽݽͱվҲۡ
һߴһ߱ȭ
ϲ󲮣ҵܼ̳гĵӣ
Ľݽͱֶɽסࡣ
ûӡΪǲʦġȴҲǰֶƵĳһ׽Գ˽ڸ
£ؼ߶ȱܵ
Ҳ͹ĽݽȴֻƨһЦ˵
¶䣬⽣㲻صĽң
ʱҵĺĽݽ͵ֶԺܡ
żȻˣĶûӦģֻźΪѹûȴ˻𣬶á
嵱ʱĻ
԰زסһ֦Сǽ
˼ڣǴ꿪ʼ
Ľݽ͵ֶĽ͢ȺĲ֪ö٣
峤ɴѻˡ
Ľ͢ʼƵƵɽÿ£ЩСֻ֬żյţһҲµġ
ֱĽ͢ʮˡ
ĽݼҵĬĬʽסĽ͢ӣѹһ̧ױӹպƺƵǰ񿤡ں·ʱ˵һ۵ȴǱǴɽ´ġŮ
ŮǸ¶Сѵ岮˵ˣ⵽
ɽʱ˻κ˺ϵˣʶ֡ȴмܳţ
Ƕңǰҵ
ŵʱĥʲôãһҵгкȵģѪͳģܻѾˣ
ȻгкȲ˵׷
Ů׷ҪЩϣĽҵٷˡԴƳĽ͢˼㿪ʼ׽ӣܻӭգǹĽ͢峤ǰڻ顣Գ
Сֶƽӹʵ䲻С㡣ԸȢŮһӣϳȫ
̹ϡ
峤ȻǡȫġĽ͢ʹɽ¡ĽݼҵĲҲ˳źϡá
죬ɽűꡣ
׷ȥѩ͵ȹǵɡûṦô׷˰졣
ǻὲˡʱǸľګˡ죬׷ôִţȴ˲˶ٺݻӲᡣ
ĽݼҵĳСӣҪܻͷ¶ôˣ
峤Ĭ˻Դ˵
ǼɵĽݼҵֻǹ
Ľ͢ҲǸӲƢʼûͷֻ;סŲú׶˵
֮ϵǿҲûãôֻѿǶģֻܺչ˿Ůһؼ˵Ȣߣ
Ǿ仰Ρ
»һӣˤĺ񹷿ʳŵڻǵǸƣƺԼǱЩ

ͷͷšŻعҲ㲻ôʹĻԼܲôϸô̡
Ϊˡ
һƬҡҡλվ
淢ŨȾ˻ȡԽԽԶ߳ϪԷʱʹ˼ؿȴͬסˣģȴƵͷ衣





2.3


2.3 ɼ

ͬչʱҰȻƿٳǡ
ǵ˽滻ĽʼȻйھʲôǶǲΪ˵ľܡ
źϤżĸѧѧߵжô̿֡
ŷӦľȳǱߺ˦ͷɾԴϵĻңһƨµ顣
ʵϣǲƨ¡
ңǱšҰŵңȻǱšֻڹصĵطͬԼʱ̽˲ͬˡ
Ϲӻֻ֣żԶֻңңվſڣӲǱǷġǻϪʱզզ̽ӡţ϶ѧȻһ
СŶūˣ
Цž˵󣬺еҪʲôǽζ
ȴҲ
׼ȷ˵ӦǶĸоģ滹ŹӶŲ˵Щ𿴻ϪСˣʶԨǶЩо̻¶Ĵţ飬ǻǲ̸顣
ϹӶԴʮֲ
д׷ŻϪֱ嵽СԺŽ̧žͰѴŸ߳
źͻϪʱˡЩûȥĹӶʣӴϹϹһ˼ָŻϪݺݵɡ
Ϫָ
ץţ
һãɧޡ
ϹӹסȻһɱڵģת˲ɫԵ˼
ߣô˶ȻҪýЩ
ǼűǼҳǽһࡣ
죬ס۾װûϹȴŹջ𽣼Դ
Сøʵ
ȫҶ
ŵͷ촽ɶһӲ
˵Ҳ֣ƽʱӲʲôȴôô˳
ֱ۶£ס䡣
ߣ
ϹŽסһЦɭɭģЦе˸β
֮󣬻ϪȴȻٵˡŮǰʮһֹ
ţֲû˶ˣ
ɲ̳˶˵ƢĥġҪü֣
̲סҲһ
ҿǼҷ˱Ϲˣ˵Ϊ̫˷绯Ⱦ˷纮
˵꣬ΧȻϪƽΧŲŤģ
ԱߵŮҰţ뺷ĺܡ軤һ
ޣǻڹ񣬲ŲΪַ
ҰšСôҰ
ͷġġϪ׻ཱུظ
ʲôҲв
֪ǲͽѻ졣ⲡձС
Ҵһߣ߳һ춯صĲ

죬йϢ˵ٳ˺ʢСԹٵʮվʼй̣ܣȾˡټϻߵĲѼѳɲɿ֮ƣ
йŮڼ˵Ļɫ
ſŹӶ졣ı
˰죬һĴȡŹӶƤֵ˵
ߣ֮ȾףʴС״ƣ
ԵŮڼ˸ɫڶԷǶԼͬҵ֣
ȴûü⡣Ȼ̵أҡԴ
ʶ˵Ƿ׵һȻ˵ûʵڴϲ֣˻ҾЩͳͳ˼ķڡ
ſʼСԺоһģȥѧĵûס֪ʶ

ԷκȴЩͲסˡ
Ǹ˼ˡ
Ȧš߷ǵûٹ˼ɣ֮ȴĥҪôá˼⣬ͨŮΪȶƱĻϪ㲥Ϫ
үĺûᡣѵͲ˳ж
νжǰָš
κͨųڵĹ۲죬ָơƴϴ̽һЩҪ϶ԼԼ˽
˻ҵˣȻǱϵ⣬׷ѰԴҲͷ
ͷôأ
ûϪɻ󡣽̸²ãκŲнߵҩûǰŵù˺ȾһŮԼȴҩټ˵ıǡ
ʱǾͱѪˡÿϸʮ߰˵Ѫʧ
κ߬ȭͷ쳣߿˵ɱ֮֮ޡ
˵˵ţǰ㱣ʱĲ˷ָܵⶼδۡ
Ȼô޷ļƻȴˡ
ԭܼ򵥣ΪϪ˸֧֡
ڻϪκˣļƣ书ԼϧֲôɫʮֵĲ
Ұ˺Ϣ͸ҩйܵڣϪЩмֹͷﶼ͸ūĶǵҰŵݡ
¹йأݷڴ˵Ŀġʶ
κϢҩſһӡҰڣҲڣҲȻ౻ˡôŮˣ
ҺҲ䣡
ϪʹİѾܾԼģκıǰ˸⡣ƨɣŤСڨЦߵˡ
Էֱһ
㡭㡭
κȫǵ񲲡ʱŰĭιȥ
ԼѾĻ죬ôȻҪܾۡ
ҰŵҲԼʱ߹˾ĨһݺݶԽԽͨԽԽߣ󼸺ҪѱƷˡûгסԼСֲ߰һ԰
ɰʮˡ
ϸѡģ书ߣҼġƽǱйвٳָۣƾӡţ㶼һ˻
ǼӪʱ㿪ʼıģΪĲƸ򲻵Ǿĵġ
һҪŵġ
һһҪ
ͷͷֻΪȶߵλáִ̫ȴƫƫʵ֣ƵƵء
îǰսѶ
פϿڰ˰پʧ٣ʹӵòϣȫܡˣΣûϡСջţɽ·ԽֱٳǶ





2.4

2.4 ϵĽ

îǰսѶ
פϿڰ˰پʧ٣ʹӵòϣȫܡˣΣûϡСջţɽ·ԽֱٳǶ

ϹҹϢͨš
˯ԺģֻЦЦԼһЩ߶ǴţƤ
ˣ֪˭ϣ
ȻϹʹ˾Ķ䡣
Ÿˡû

Ϲбţ˵
ûУˣ
ޱʹȣΪôС°ѱ˳ʵڹ
ˣˣ
ô죿ϹʣͣڶϣִŲɿ
ͷøܹ
ң
Ϲһ
ѵ
ô˵Ƿ㶡ֻһ£ַӦ
죬һһģЩûЦ
Цʲô
ϹӶûͷûԵĳʮջ
ʹĶšȦػŲҷѽѽ˼ۣ֮С
ǲǹôΪȥĶǵģ
Ϲһߡ
ڷջȵĴԼ࣬˵
̫
űȫҶ

ŷɿ춯Ƭ촽Ļ졣
˵ȫҵʱ򱻷֣Ϲһס촽
ء
˳Ϲӵ־Խ̧ԽߡɴӶͦڣèƵظϹҾ
㵨ӲС
ϹƬ촽
ЦЦҲƲǲ
ȴٶʲôʣֻһͷ
첻ˣ
ͷ
ҲƤˣ
ͷ
òˣ
ͷ
˵˵ţǰסСԺʱЩ¶Ҳᡣ
ʼջͷǻͷεͷۻɴͷ׹ֱϡ
Ϲӳ⸱Ƥ񵽵ûסǶ¡ɿشϡ˸ޱϣŸ첲˯
ҺϹѧ׶ˣʾеĲм
죬Ϲȴûߡ
žŸ첲еˣ͹⡰ࡱ
ϹӳͷƣȥӡŴҧһڡ
ҲûþζʵͦãƲסĿٿУֱеˮֱϹҲ㣬ͷһƽĺƺʮ⡣
ĩˣڷ˸
ͷֱϹ
Ƥ񣡡

Ϲɫһ䡣
ɲǵĹüۼʮָӡ
ƤϸšײĿôˣͷһΡ
Щ㶡л㱵ֻԼϤϹӱ˲˺ü죬ֱͻˡֻǣܶȴֲһˡͺ˫۾ͱȴǰÿ֪١
ƽһ
ֻǡ
ϡ
Σĳ⼸ʱҪ
Ϲ͵˺ԤľͰѹסˡٶ֮죬һ¾뵽˶񹷺͹ͷϷ

챻סʹͷ顣
Ϲ־ݵˡ㣬ȴʮ㡣ǶֽŲõڣ˵ȴȫڻ¡
ƿһСƺǽǵҲϢȼ
˫Żָ˵۾ͬУҪ˵

Ų¡
ΪԼʲôӦõµġ
ƭ˵Ĳɱ˵Ĳ͵ǮĸӲϹǰ̹һˣʲôֵηأ
˫۾Ŷգ͡ë໥Ūţġ
б˴˵űźͻȻûס͡Цһ¡
ϹһЦͬʲôƵأٿı

ۣ
촽ıҧסӷסϸϸССģèڽС
һж̫ͻȻûԼ˵Ϸˡ
ֻǾۣ۵ƺҪ
ԺʲôûС֮䣬ֻϹӵͳľ
˭ģ

棬Ǿ档
侯ŶԺΪ׽̵
ҲԼô
ô롣
˵Ϊ촽š
Ĵⱻסȫǽġ

Ӳ̬á
õϹɷ׵ĳ뿪ӣû
ܳʱžûһɲϹӶʲôֵͼıԭ򵥣ġ
ڷͻأһҧ
΢ͷĦǾȥ˼
ϹһŮˣôһоͶǺϺġ
˵ϹֱŤ飬ϲļҹ㣬ҲֻûͷûԵ顣
ҲܺãõԲΪȫ㲻ֻ¶ڲ֪
ļҹ㱻УҲδ¡
ȻŲǹ㣬ֻš
ˡţԽԽɴֱ˯ˡ
ʱǻľ
ΣΡ

պͱڡ
Ұ˳һʲҲ𽥽ֳ롣Ƿסţ˳ҰĳӾó롣޷ѳߣÿȾϵ˻мʮ
˳壬ٳʣİѾ
Ůߴߴۣ˸硣ǱȽϵ۵ˣʱҲ׹
ⳡϷҰҪԸľ߻ʵۡ

Ȼƨ¡
зû
óԴһ²ǱȽϹĵġ
ͷŮķ˼ۡҧ˵
ţ
԰գŮŤСȥ
ҲʵͷķԸı׼԰ۣܶݡ
ЦſڴߵţûŮͻȻֱ̻
ˣˡ
¡кֻ̣ܶ࣬Ƶòϸ
ԺڵļŮȴɫ䣬ɨѷأֻ
Уߣ
ʱԷˡ
ѾԴڱ˰죬͵͵һƤ¡
Ȼû׵İƤƿǱõһӽȻȲų롣
𶯣
ְ˽ŵģ˷ְڴϡ
ԴƮЦ˷ʩ
Ҵߣ
ǹҧгݵľŴ硣ֻ߲ǻǴ߸֬㡣ջζ̫Ũˣ壬Ҳϲ
ѺߵʱľЩ


 
лҪ˵һ䰡Ϊʲôû˺ѵûдڸУ




2.5


2.5 

ѾԴڱ˰죬͵͵һƤ¡
Ȼû׵İƤƿǱõһӽȻȲų롣
𶯣
ְ˽ŵģ˷ְڴϡ
ԴƮЦ˷ʩ
Ҵߣ
ǹҧгݵľŴ硣ֻ߲ǻǴ߸֬㡣ջζ̫Ũˣ壬Ҳϲ
ѺߵʱľЩ
û˭Ϊˡκûˡ
ֻκ󾿾ô޵ֵزʼպԻ󡣶ÿԻĿ쾡µıֳʱ򣬾ͺǶκ󷢳ҵķ̡Լø˺ޡ

ƺȻγһȦ
ֱκǰҲûбƣ
֮κǺŵġ
ᵽԸʹʹȥҰŵѶţƻй򡣵ֺȴʾôɱ
෴˰͵͵ѺԷ
Ϊѡı֮׼⣬һһŻεǽǶľķ̡Ұš
κ뵽֣һЦ
ҰŵǲҶ涯ҰôΪ˸˺ҷأ
˰Űϣκİˡ
رȥ⣬ȴûʲôųı顣㣬ƽʱſſӵǲ˺ܶࡣ

ǣκڳһЩʱϸȥˡͷŲûκγ֮ȴǵڹٵ棬Ұ˼ʱǸ޵顣

һСԺŵʱ־ŭݣ󣬵֪Ұ˰йŭ£һӵĽ
ǸˡģִͨͷԵģĶĶԣ
κɫŤȻΪ벻ͨ겻
űţҲ亹дԼͷͷʱб˿ƶǵΣա
κκ󣿡
촽Ž¡
κȴȫŰѶ̵ֻأΧŰתתȥȻ󣬺ԤͻȻ˹
ȳŵ۾
գգ
Ϊʲôʱ򺰳仰ԼҲá
ǿյģֻ˳ˡеܴ󣬿ܹǲܸлκ
ҺáҺá
Ŵ۾ȴҲۡ

Ϲüʱ
գ˳Է
ԷгƫڹŸδתͼͼ˱ؿֱ뵽κκҰ֪һܵû뵽ǻ١
ȫ𶯣
Ұŵ˽ϪŮȺֹ
ϵҰɴࡣֳС˦˳
ѽ
κ硣
Ѫʱ̱ڵϲסİš
ҰŲϧ
ԭҰŴ׼ʱ˳ٳǣһоֻһ򡣿˵Żʹڴңǲòǰƻ¡
ҡסκ˼¡κ۵ȫɪȴҲģֻбҧÿ죬ƺ޲Ҫҧ顣
Ұܣ¶ŵȻˡ
أ

κ죬Բ׼˵
ҰҲú£ֳһػ˼
˵أ
Ұס¿ڣʡ
˰죬󺰵
ˣҰɱˣ
ҰһҪ
Ǳűƾˣ¡κеĺɱһһԱЩҰŵĲѻκֽžѾˡ
𼱣ں˵أ
ϪæҰʲôë
һ䵽ƽһ˵
ҵȰﶼˣûСӡҪ汻ɱˣ̶ʱ䣬ʬѵƾշ˲ɣ
ҰۺһҿҲе
ǸܵĶȥ
κؿڣ
һΣ˵Ķ
κ󹾹Ц
˵ˣ
ʬأϪҲһ
ҰſزעˡҵĶҴϹһֻ۾ܳȥҲǸ
Σڶ
Ұһֻ֡ߡһЦ֮Ƶس齣Լıκؿ˼ʮ
ҽƶĤ
Ϣŭ
̻Ȼֱˡ
׵Ѷţֱɳ졣
Ұ˵õİţȻٳ£ܿ㽫ܹ






2.6

2.6 ǰǰ

ٲˣ
Ϫöţϡ
ţ̬еģٻͷΡҰƫƫûӦֻŽڳ嵽ͷҳ塣˫Ŀͨ죬üͷᡣҪ߻ħƵءץסŮǲԼˣͳͳһŤͷͰһ
й⣬һš
죬ʱ˻̣໥Ƽ̤Ĳ
ʱܵŶ˫ֱϥǣ۾ڶڵСϲͣĴǷ
ƣʵûþԺ˯˸СȻϹ桰ءءһ͡ԵɵɵۣٲȻѳ޵˼
һ£ų𺳣еΨԻ
Ұţֻ£ֵȵȵȵȣͳͳǹƨ¡ֻǸСϰղûвֻͬǣЩյȴֺЩսıһⲻò򣬸Ǵ˵еġû

ҰŵȻȫй
žƨɣ˼ҳ˵·УҲĿλӢ۷ƵسȺ˱š
š
ңҵȥ˼һ˼ʶͻۣͬ˭һֳϸĴ̡
µģҲֻϹӵ
ء
Ϲӵ۾Ҫð⣬ѪӿҪˡֱߣŭ̵ֲܰĺУݺݵйϿһȦһĻʹʧʲô
ؿڣʲôţƣףʦ˵Ķԣ
Ƿ̫˲ס
ϹΪʲôأҵˣҲҪɱԼ֣Ҫ䲻Ҫĸ˰ġ
̫ˣԺں˼˺Զ¿ʼתʱ򣬲ŷԼٶʵ̫죬ڲ֪Ѿһȫİģ㲻嶫ĵط

Һã
Һãͬסɼ֮˼ܡ
ŷصλþȻ׼ȷ˵ʱ̲סҪܵļơ
ѱǿ׹ſ˴΢Ŀͦûε
ɽֵĹ˺ðΣһһ
͵ţΪĶǵĻҪһŮȫأŵҷصĳȹͷϴŵɴñסòȣһֱȺ

˫С㣬ȷиңѾ˲鳭˶ˣʲôҲûУֻи˵Ůӣ
ǹڵϣƺΪ˫С㣬ǹɤһЩ
ǰѰֻʣһκ˳˫С㡣˫СƵأֽŹ۲Ƭ̣ͻȻЦóõ̬˰κˡ
ǻĴǷΪֺܶԶЩ鲢ûġһֱú󣬵κٳֵʱʶûҰ뿪ŮϲһĴ󡭡֮һ

ҰŵĿϣǷıؽ󶼱ˡٳǿˣ˾ƾơˣĹԵʮɡǲʱȫפٳǡ
Ȼаţһж
գνСڳҩ¯ΪЩȾ֢Ρ󽫴ϸṵ̂ͼٳйݻ෴˻ԹصȨפذŲԶйŮڼ౻˳ȥͳһΣʹŵĹʱɥʧ

ƽϢЩŵöڵĵԽԽס
Ъ˻Щ䵽ŰС·ߣûͷӬƵصĲ䵽ֲ䵽ϣܹϿҵڡûǸŷĳڣгԵġ
˺ܾãϥǶˣûҵ
۵۷ʱ򣬱û͵͵һ
̵ģ
˭Ｔ̴ЦĻ
ˡǲô
Ƴصһ䣬żΪǷֻʦˡ
ɾҪ˵ͷʱͷϵЦȴƮʮֽˡ΢΢ȵϢĸǰ
Ѫζ
Ȼζʦǲġ
Сţ
ɳƵĽ֡
ӭȥĿֱһ˫Ѽ׵۾
Ƥ۽΢΢һǳһϸװЩɣ
ǡ
ǡ
ԴѰ˼˰죬ͻȻĽŵһ

ŭˣˣűԵˣ
⣬ǲܵġ
Ų鼱¿Դˤ˸Ľų졣۵дʱֻЦıǼ⡣
һֱ

źȺȵĶŽë֮üСϸȷỽһ
ү
ڵĹߣüĿ
ؿڣ˵
үû
Σʵ˵
˾ҲΪ衣ͷټ¶Ƣԡ
ֽû˵ˣеҲ
ǹţ˵ཱུһѡŵָͷѪúܴ̱ǡ
һûһ˼䣬Ÿ˴̼Ҳ̫ࡣ˾Լ߶Щǰߵ¡
˵赭дȼ䣬⼸µľôҰݺôս϶Ԯôܶ˲㶪СôƤ֡
ΪûʲôץץεĸоˣֻӣͻأĴ˸
ã
˾ܸһ㶣Ťͷ

ҡͷ
ûģ
ã
ã
Ȼ˾ܵͷԱߣǽĦ˼¡
֮󡰺¡һ£ܵڱ㿪ˡ

ֱ̽ϦգŻֱ۾ţü˼Ŀ̾
㣬֪ôȥ
˾ֻǡš
Ų
ô˵
˾ȴνɤӵ
㲻û˵ţ
У
ĥĥĥĥڻûһӶȭͷ
ָС۾ӦŹ⡣ȽˣֻһǶܵȴԭȻһء

жأ

 
лҪ˵




2.7

2.7 ĪɽĪ

ĥĥĥĥڻûһӶȭͷ
ָС۾ӦŹ⡣ȽˣֻһǶܵȴԭȻһء

жأ

ǡ
ǽվܾԼڸոձٵйС
ǽ޵һҡ
խСȴݻÿɴ廨߳ŵǿ㸡⼹Щ᲻

˿
ԣٸͷΡʼտǽڣҪſ¡
ڳ辫˶ɫˮųɺ̽ɽƣʵĿϾӡߣǽ»˲¶ʮŮͼվ򾲻裬ۻңֲ


ǡ
ųԻˡ
˾ܱܵ⡣ЦǳǳĿش˵
ҡҷ칬һ죬СĪɽ⻭˱ǰʵ۵ĳ ˡ
 ˣ
ظͷȴ˾ǽڻصڵء
һͻȻżˡ
ү
ɴĨɺѪӡе㽥ڸǲסѪŨɢ
˹ȥŷżϥµˣƺʲôˣȶðŧˮȻʵϡشüǣѪģѲ֮ܳΪȣ

Źȥ˾ܽס
ǵáˣ
˾
ҡͷ
ֱ˾ţپһİȴ˶㡣
ãš鴽˾Ƶ˵Ҷϡȱ¶񣬷ʱЪͷ𡭡

ǰľǸûʲôĻʵۡ
Ŷ˽ޣ󹬼ǧ֮Уйôλˡ
ˣղꡣòŵ³ڡڹɪһסСú󹬶衣
ϧһλķȴƫڹ̼ްˡδŮֻ̫лܼǵĶ¡˻Фչ

Ҷϣȱ
¶񣬷ʱЪ
ͷ
ŬӲ檣
ˮ


˾ܵ˼꣬λ˲û
ʼ䣬ǽѿǣ財ӳʳµµĵۼطɽ֡
λۼǡ
ǡ

΢΢Ъһ¶
˾̧ܷ֣ĿȻĳ档
ĿӣźȻ÷ë߳˳ֳ˳ղ΢΢ŵָͷԼıϷ
ң
˾ܻͷɲǣҲͱ
ܣ

ңеģ

ģ
ʡ
˾ܳü谮ĿȴǼȴǲ϶ҡ

ܣ
ˣŽ¡
Լ߻̬֮бˡ
ǰϹӾһҧ˵ŮģԼѡˣϹŤһֵøأԣ˵Ѫ󲡹ϹҲ˵ˡֻʱ¶ɵˡ
֪ˣǲͿˣ
һһҧ
˾ܱˤ£üĿȴ¶һ񾲵Ц⡣

˶ŮФĸɵ˵µĵۼȴȵۼơϸЩϸ̬һ˫ѤֿնƲƲɣǴȵϰġ
˾˶Ƥ𪣬ӽѩһ͸ȵ谮ĶŪ˵
Ůݹδ֪ºֵƥ䣡
һЦ
ּɣ
ʱ˾ܾվߣλúԼδȴҲ;շת˴˻䵽ʶȴϵľء
ûټãˡ
ȥʮƣڱûϾȥ˼κθ顣Էǲһۣȴͬ׵룬ݲ
á
ʵ۶ʮŮֱʣµΨ˾Լá
˾ܱɱֻ𡣿ǺüĿ䰲̫ĸϣ֪ġʹ˺ܶңԶļ䡣
ҵ£ǻʳĳͬ˴δĹ켣;˸Ѱˡ
˾룬δԼͨ泩ѡ
Ȼչ֮ˡ
գһо̡ãȻ֪ԼʲôʱͻԶ֣˾ԼΨһǣ

˫ͫȻʱǰϱ˾һ̡
ʮ裬ʮݷһսȴˡǧջΪЦ᲻ŵ̾Ϣ
ĪɽĪš
󱳴ǽ͡
ˣһҲҪи
ŷӦæȥץҡΡ˾ܣ˾ܣ
촽ҪӦȴһǻѪӿڱȾ½

㣬
żֻñ˻ߵĺתСڣعˣȴҲȥ
˾ܣҪҲȸզȥ
ģ˾ܽë۾ǻҲ֪ĻǻϲģƺЦ¡
ڻҼ䣬ץţϡϢ
أ

ͷſѪԼָһðԽԽ࣬ԽԽӿ
ȴԼָֻǳѰľסִıǼ䣬Ÿо佩Ӳ䡣
˾

⣬ĵ¹
̻ţھĻ֮⣬һڷͷ˼϶Ŀ˾һҡ
ŻС
ˣһҲ˸
Ŵ˿§߱ɱ֣ãһ˾İܾ֮ۿȴܡ
ǹŨѪ˺ܾáͷˮ۾

Ѫζ̫̱ǣ޷ܡ£̧ҧʳָָס裬¡
䣬ŵķҷָסѪζ
ԭǸɾˡˣҲøɸɾġ
˳ָķƿйԷңңԵסСԺĪš֮ϸҡҷʵ뵱칬޶

ʱɮ־Զʦ빬˵ʵϲһ˫Ů
ɽɽٿš
˽ǲΨ˸
ҷȱ˳
࣬˿á
ûü˵ҲûҪ˵ΪЩһ䣬ϣܴЩԶԶȥ

Ϲˣ
ɫ
æú϶ҿֻ̣ʫǰ뱲ӵĻԻ֪ͣϣ뿪

Ԫ꣬ؽϾٱʷ[֮]
ԮսҼ¡ٳǣܷؽϮ档
˾ܡ
겻ꡣݼѣϲɱСϿһңﾡ֮˵ʷеˡ񱣬֮ŰСҳܣΪϴи֣ıλ֮֮

ԣ˾˾һˡ
ʬѹΪ޷ʳΪҵ
ֱӢ˾ʵǻ˾ϽɽԻʴ׷˾Ϊһȷѽ¹ڣٳǡ
Ĺʮͩ֡
˵غ֡

ʱ˿Ļٳǡ
ŸƵޡĹĹǰµСͯӡ
޵ϸĽ̵
Ĺ
ĸ
ĹԺסĵض

ⶫȼķҪҪѧҪõģ
˱˱ָͷ̵˵
ô
Ҳͷ˰ڰͷ
ţ֪ɽ˭ľͳˣ
޹ԹԵͷСʱпˮҪ
Դ϶Ĺǰͷİˣֶ˵
סŸҪˣҪţҲˣҪԼ
գ
ˣ
һʱ磬˰Ҳûȷд𰸡
̲ס
СҼҵģզôࣿ
޷·֪ˣ쿩Ц
źȥͷصͩҶ롣Ҳûͨ˾˻Ƕˡ
ͬʦ˵ģ
ЩˣҪȥһȥĥŷĥͨġ
˾һ





3.1

ڶɽ
3.1 ͷ̫

ڴӳͷʱйͨ˴ֵܵ
ޣޣ
˵ֻиࡰޡ
ⲻʵܵʱǵĲȫ

ӡĪɽŴŸܵﴧĦ˺ü졣
ͷһοҪʱ򣬷ѡһݬĺ׷ܵҴܣЩûڶηոҪˣͻȻŵ˶˱ǶҪŷӦ죬ûڷ
·ţͨ˳Ҳûʺ·̴۾һ
⡭ⳡҲ̫ˣ
ŵúϲ£졣ݲֻ뵽ʫУ
ҷأ޴

ٳԱޣΪʳι
֮ⱱŸͶ˸ҷڣԹأżֹð˸ͷ̾͸Ƶ˻ȥӱС˵ҷظڣԼľ¶̤㡣
峤Ļ
ųôҪ֨ҽеģ徻
Ȼڵǣ
ûˣйˡڲɱ൳ԼҲûȥ·
ʴˣѰ˼˰졣ĥƽֺͷЬܵ£ȴŲͷ˻ȥվʱǴȦ͵ġ

ɫˣΧ滹һʬŴ˼磬ҧһǳһŵǰߡ
ŵ˹ͷҲ˹ͷ⻹ûȫνߵĲģű߱ӷ𣬺׿ҪɽĹͻȻ
ױץס

ͶһȵķӦǼС
ɤ֮ʶ˴һȥܡܵٶʵ̫죬·˿ҷɣҹɽȵһ硣
ѽ𣬱׷ˣ
ɽҲƾƶᡣ
ǰܣں׷żҪ׷ϵʱܸоĹ硣
ԣԲס󣬴硣ңģءϣϾͷҰɣ
Ĺڳ顣
˭ֻĸǹⲻǣһûȴ֪Ķһظ첲ȶ¶
ˣ
һԵϣץš
£
צԺס
Ѹٵ˸ŶСƨƾôҲתͷʵŸտ񱼵ʱ;ЩĻôأ꣬ơˮ
Ƿ¡
ϸ˹ûʲô˴˴кһ
ˣȥĶ
͵ܻˣͶ̥ȥ
ߺã
ͣ
˵׼Ҳͻȥˡ
ȴͬ׺Ҳ˸ᡣϾг衱ˣһסˡû׼ȵ磡
ô˼ţֻƵꡣɺλ˻ǹĶúܣس˼£͵ľͰСƵ
˵£
¡һ𣬺ʯ쾪
űǿŤͷۣںһŴڱǼǰ
ס
ȻʹЩ룬ڿ塣

ָǶıӣͻȻС
ԷץסҲЩ
£㣬㲻˰ɣ
Ǽ϶ġ
żλȴͫͣ˼¡
棬ǹѽ
󣬡¡һ£˳˹ȥ

ʱҹȥǴ硣
գǸ졣
ǳĴ˺Ƿһ߶۾ΧǺġ
ס
϶ϯӣסȺĲӬ͹ߡҰλƵģֻӵӲŲΪ
üͷСƿȥʧ
թթʬ
źʱųλȿ̷ɿ֡
סû׹ô¶Ѿһﱻԭλ
𶯣ű桰ǳſڣٶüˣ
彩Ӳס
:ľ峵๾ǰȻǳǵİߴߴıԹżȥߺȡƺѰʲôˣƴĺܡ
ĥһϯϴ˸
ȥ˿߳죬ֻܳǸϡʶ°͡ģֺѿ
󦣬з
΢̽˵
ȽϿ϶ΪٳǵʵڲࡣϹӣֻһ˵ͰͣСɵй
ա粻ǵáֻ֪˵ź׼ǣ
з
ľ峵ݺݵһ¶ƳȻͷһЦ
ң
Ŀ⽻ӣŸæϯǶƿ
ͺף⼸µĲޱ߷Ǹûˡ
㣬û
Ÿϯʡ
𳵣߱ߴ
ûĺúöģ
ŵ
˵ˡ㾹Ȼûͦѽ
һ
ûˣ

һʱ
յˣʵ֪ʵԼ⼸Դֱ̫߯ܵ࣬ˡ






3.2

3.3 зɵ

ţȵŶӡ
һһʻһ㾮Ȼ򡣶Ǿˣզզġ
ȻٳûʲôֵôĦġ

򳤳ĹǷڲϯȣ˳˼ҽл
˵ʲôĶСܵ˵ڱǼõģɼжڴȼߵȵȣ໹ϵλϽ
ԼΪ׵λڼӵܣǽȵĲſ
Ǿ汸ܳ͢ĹעԼ䡣⣬идĵСǴڼֶμδսȷ١Ƴǳأν¹˿ɵС
ǴȤζҪ̲סС
ɰ峵ȴ֪ѹ˳ſڣ룬æ˿ȫװ

˵سǱͷȻǸ̰ĵġտֹ䣬ЩӣҲ˿װǷŹˡ
ĬĬ߶ţôΪȻ
˵ԭҲô¶
Ҳûʲôط¶
뵽ֻȫĹͷڶɿŵȶҪһƣְȥ

ŸϯӣзѾӡ
Ծʮ־裬ѹ
ı֣
ң
ϯƲ졣
ɺܿͷ˵ĻҲ߳ڵľɱһ
Ϊ׵ŮףӢʮ㣬ɷеյζ
ϣǸűͷڽԶҲ̫塣ֻԼŵǳ˵ʲô
үıڣѳ˳ǡȺô󹷵Ҳͨӣ
ͦ棬ϯӶֺ
ĸǱү
ƺ֪飬
Ҿеȷ٣ġ
Ǹɦҽţʡ
Ȼ˼üë˵
ﻹǶ
Ŷ£ҲûȤ

ͷʿַ׷
ҵûŰ
ǣפڴ˶գļүӰ
ŮƼˣһ
ţǱӳƤϵ
Ŷ⶯Ϊ־壬ͷŴտƳ
ŤͷһҲʮֲм
˱˶ٳǡ
һֱߣϳǵʱͻȻ
ȥĶ
˳µĴ
ؼ¡
ңĶ
ɽţ
һ㶣漴ֿЦ
ˣҿɲɽ

۾;ȥɽɣ
ŵʱĥż¶ֻǷܵĵͷ⵽ǡۡʵҪͬе˼

ˮ̣ʵǡ
ɽȾ͵ùɽµẽ
һƵݣ֧ࡣÿ·;ѡ

źз飬Ϊûʲôż¶ͣͣҲࡣ
Сط꣬ԶһȥĻطȴûʲôϲ㺡
ҲڰϣűߴѾӱһ
ôܵˣ
ɫĲش
裬ˣ

ôĶš
˵
ʱҲſš
ǳʲô 
⡣

ʵ˸棺
ʬףͷڡ
Ŷʱ˼ȴ̲סȥ롣߰ģθᡣ
ֵշ
أǣôģ
ŻŽֺͷͷû̧˵
ģ
ôˣ
ֱ׳Ĵ
һ·éޣԾڣ
ȻҲ
˶ˡ

ʹ鲻ʣﻹе
ҪΪ˾һƺһЩ仯
ģ̬˵ʱĿе㲻һھǶ಻һҲû˼
˵£ҲתԶٷôʱ䡣죬ҲˡϹһéޣͰʲôˣ
⻰峤˵ģ˵еˣɲûд
Ȼٳǣų˵зıȻéɵ㣬̤ʵĸ˼Ҹ·
˵ദ࣬Щ飬·ϵʮֺгżôЯεĿֻ֡ͻȻȷ˺ܶǻۣʱ˴˵ĹϵٷһЩ仯
ǰзɵŴ¶зŵġ
зɵˣŻǴ¾ͱзġ
ת䣬Ҳŷġ
ķӦ
ΪʲôҪΪʲô
ʱ΢ЦǵţЦĳϿв˵ƻ
ȻʮĻôһ͡
žͻãͦǵͷҲôˡ
֮ϰ߳ȻҲ
Ųɵֱп
зѾԵϴˣ
зȣҲ֪ߡ
ص
ͱ󣡡
ץץԴ,Ǿе

  


3.3

3.3 ֵ

ٳǣϡ٣·ڶࡣ
᫵Сļѵ̡̤

û·˯ʱԼ̾տıϣѾαš
۾ǰذɫе㾪
С·
ʡ
ֻšһ
̶ޱ˵
Դһ߶ͷĹѾʪ͸ˣ
Ŷ
ͷ򣺿ˮȻСǻӡɰͰ͵ġ
˿һĨ죬һ߿
أ
һǳһŵĲ߱ߵ
ˣջſ˱͸ʬ
ҲѧŶ£Ŷļеζ
ĩ˲̾˵
ô
վúЦǱڨЦ
ôУģء֪ϸƤģⲻǱô
ֻࡣȴҡҡͷ
˵Ǽˣô
Ԥϣеɻ
̲ס΢΢Ʋͷײཱུϡ
ٿһ㶣оее

һɲǼ䣬ˡ˶Եüƽ
ֻйȫܣǺ΢ģԲӰжϡ
ͣһ׷
Ǽˡô
˼Ƭ̡
ʹڵĶش
׷˻᲻ǣ

ܲ
⻰˵ļеʲ⡣Ȼ֪ȴһӾͷӦ
˿һԭվ£û˾һʯͷϷ

תٿȻࡣ
ô֪׷ң
Ŀϣʡ
ʵģͦ˵ġŨü΢΢šסֻʱҪ׵ϻ
κŶٳǵǸģ̫̣Ȼ᲻ʲôԴ۾ȣóһ֡С֡ı顣
ô֪ˣ
źƽҲʹ졣
Ǿϻձҭһ£ֻػ
ʲôʱʼģ
ǵʱ
Ҳûش˵
Ȼգգۣ뵽һЩʲôַ
㲻֪֪ΪʲôҼװ˸һߣ
ҡ
̬ʵֱ̫׳
һʱվȻøôӦ

̹Ȼ֪ġ
ٳǱ׷˺ü죬Ѿװܵڡ;˳µͬ·
һ˶ĿҲͦ档
ֻЩ˼ǾԲöϤġΪʲô
յŰװ׾ģʱ¶ףԸ뷨쾭塣
ֻǰ̫϶ڵЩֲ

˼أᡣ
ʯͷϵॵȶȴֻ
ˣ
Ұͷ˰죬ûʲôȤζˣű
ռΪԼû
˵ʲô
ֵ
ǣˣ
üһ㣬˼
ĬհΣտڣޱ֣ص
Ҫߣ
Ŷ
ҿǻǷֿ߰ɣ

Ǵ˵еĸ۶߷ֵ
ΪСʱͶʣʶƽľͽˡ

΢΢ͷ۲ƽֻóʹѯ
ֿߣǷֿǸ˼ô
Լˡ˶ȴеҲζ
ǳ鶯ҧ
ǣǷֿǸ˼
ᷢš
С°ͣǰ·ŬŬ
Ŷ߰ɣ
ûκͺ˵簡ˣ
վ̬Ⱥ˻ɣü̽ʵ
ˣأ
ȻüĿչģرһҺ֪ҺҡҺνı顣

Ҳߣߡ
ҲǸ̫ܺˣֻʲôɡ
Ƭ̣Ȼİĳǰˡ

Ŀûʱŷ˿һûӰŤŲӳţĿƲӰͳ˸Ƿ
ɫģǻȥ
űŸƲİŷƣսһ˫ʯͷ棬˿ûҪ˼
ˣҲһҪġ
룬ļΪƶ
ƶǳڶյ˽⣬ǶĵֹۡҪΪΪ˷У˵ĸ̲Լĺϡ
ƧǶôҪĶ
ǣʮֵ̤ʵĵ˿һʱ
ȵ󣬴ȵơ
΢΢ƮϸʱȻôᶨ
Զէһס
ꡱһ죡źȻˡ
ͻȻʶһֿܡ
ǾǣջԼѹͼǲҪԡֿܵĽǺܿɲġֻȴƺ᲻ʲôں޵
ܣֻȲѵٴζԼĻ
ǰľ־ǣǧɽɾˡ򾶣Ҳ챻ˡ
״Ͽİǰ
˼Ƭ̣ˮжµʱ·ϵһнӡ̤г̡ 

һǳһŵĳǰߣΪˮסۣƲ·ȫƾһֱ
;жεģҲ⡣
żʺ
³첻ζ߶һ
ɬ
ţߡ
ת󣬻԰ֵÿޱȣͷһڡ
£죬߶һ
̣
ޱǵоɱȴû
Ϊ̫ܵƽİãԵеЦе㻬ͬʧȥʵƽϲŭ֡ʴΪܻ˲һ֡ʵ۲Ǹ˭

ûзִ
ͱƻβ󣬷һɽ·ʼձáżˤʺһСɵģġˮӣЦĳ嶯
Ȼ֮⣬ȴе㵭ꡣ
ԴοԼȫ߹š֣˵ǸڲؼδЩǣǿôԼ̬߿ҲԵöࡣ
ձȥտյĶƤЩڡ
ɺڹڡ
ȴۻһ⡣Ī⣬Ȼ׽͸ǡڰ۲һʱղźá
㣬ڰйǰꡣ
ȵߵɽʱٰһطӶ
κǲ죬ֵȴҪա

ӵǿ˵ǰҵҲûС˰죬ûȥ
ڣɽ·᫼֮꣬ʵ·ˣҲֻü˸εɽ
˵ǸȻʪȴ١
ԸǸºڵģӲȥҲֻڶڣľսһҹ
ʱȥѰȻ˯ʹȥ
ֱſڶǰĵϣཬֱ治ŵǸ죬ЩûԴһŲȹȥ
ţţ
һѽ˴ˮ
ѾǳˡƾôҲûκηӦ
˳ڡȥ쵽֫Ȼ̵¶ֽȴġǲĲ塣

ŲˣҲء
Сյļƻ
ǼȵˣȴҲϲΪˡ
ĳͨȻŲȣܹҪȨһȻȴƫƫûʱȥϸĥ
ֻ΢ԥôһ£ǰſ˼ͷ
һٶʼնƾһԾ顣Ҳûʲôס

ʹṦ߱ڡ
·᫣Ӱһܿʧɽ֮䣬ֻһεĿӡ


 
лҪ˵ץˡ

ӱ¿ʼը˭Ұðݣͳͳݺ




3.4

3.4 ͷ

ڻ֮Уиоġ
ֻһһַڣʵڼо˱סԼɵĽԼڱ֮䡣
£ȴǱܵĽ縡ľ§ס
˵ϢּݵϢļӴһˮƵڰڶţ͹סԼԽԽ
ȻƬ̣ͻأʧҲ֮ƲסԼʶʼΡ

еҲ·в̬Ǳ˭ȭͷˣɢɢġ
ڲĻعһˡеʶеİеﲻȥҲеĴҴһƳʧץץס
Լ·ʼ⡣ĮĿЩԼǰȺħ裬ûԸμӣҲûֹ

ȶһЩ
ģĸоסԼͣһڷɬˮ
˳ʺǿķһϸ΢
ۡ

ë޵ĺţ漴ſһ졣
֪ѹˡȻֻſһߵ۾
󦡭з
ǿİͷ̧ߣҾɽࡣľֻߡ
հȣű߾ľбŲƵ֦òУûһΪǻ˼
ܴïܣҲȷǸɫ˵ĵص㡣Ϊƺܸߣ⵭Եʶȡ
Ŷ˶ڷٲκκ֮ҲʮְȻı˫ۣ
Ϣ

߲Ƥձٿתͷ
һ˫ͫΧתжȥУĿֳζ
ŵʶȻǻġֻǸۡԼ˵ĵһ仰ȴøոһ·ϣԺȻ¶ࡣ


Ϲӡ
ҵֵܽԼڡ
ÿһǣ߶߶Щʲôմһ·Ҳ˼ЩȤζ
֣˳߲Ӱŵ˼¡Сġ׻ͬӤһ޿ޡĦָУЩղܡ

š
ﵭһ¡Ť˵ŵԱߡ
ͷĹ߱ڱסؽӰԵС
ȴȻ˯
üĿչȣżΪι⣬˿ûκĻ߲ı顣ͺ˯ԼҵĴϣūСˣ˿Ҫн䱸
һ˹̩ȻնҲжôİϾ²ʶ˼伲Ĺүúܣʵûʲôϡ档
ת룺ô⸱ƽƽ˰Ĺǻһսƽ٣ȴֲò˺档

׾Ӹµֱ͵壬ƺŷĳ궯
鲻Խİ쵽ŵϣָŵöüĿ߮ԴСƺҪŰƴСֻܰʲôܡ

űƤͻȻˢſ۾
һ˫ӺԤ׵Ķסյ°ͣЩһ
չǣҲûһֻİõĻŵ󣬻Ҳ˸Ц
ˣ
üëŲݹһһ
ŲûзӦ㶵Ķ°ֵѶֱôһͻأϡ
˸˯Դ̬֮ƺԵøľ

ûȤζޡ³ݹ
ָҲջأȴָ⻬ĸо񻹲дš
ڱǼһ£ȻֵĻζоԼͷһ£֪ŵ͸һָӵɡ

ŶЩϸ΢ı仯ȫȻֻ֪絽ϢеܲͷŤ£ϺƵ¶ļƺԵþ£Ա˿͸
ĺܰ׺ۣɾˣֱһ³¯Ŷ
մչͷᣬһԻԱҪһѣԼڲצӺ˼Ҳƥ䡣
ɫҲ硣
£һݣܵ˺ӱȥϴ

յѪͳ˵Ѫ
˵ϰȥ˲СڵĴֵı뺷򣬿Ҳ֪ʲôǸɾʲôݡ
ѰˮԴȥ˼ڽˢ˰˾šˮһգԼͷӲҲ̲ס΢΢üǼ𰶱߶µĶ̵Ϲ˼£ӴŰԼҲһ
ϴۣҲ֮
ˮ˴ʱںСⲻﶪĲȳˮ档
ˮ򵥰ͷ٣ԼǱӣǶģʮ⣬ǺٺЦ

ͷŮ˭ܲϡ
Լôһۡ
ͷءһԾɽڣĳԭ·ܶȥ

һһأɫȻ
ţ
ۻӣѾЩƲ嶫ܵǿȻѰŵӰӡ
һ̲ס֡ءһ

ƹһ󸽺ͣһòߵĴ̽ͷ
¶˰߶۾һʮֲȷĿȴûзκ
ûжֻǶ

ţ
Ĳ䣬ȻǼΪϸ΢һȴǱѭ׼ҵ
˹Ϊû󵨵ʹݡ
Ṧƾտ򼸺һ¾ͷżҲûʲô飬ֱźϷɣͬʲô˼Ķ

Сôˣ
ԾǰЦǺǵʡ
Ųݴ棬صʵʵƺûп˼

ϴ̸ɾзеİòеһȻԼǷպͿĿܡ
΢Ĺߵ۲죬ŻȻ䷢ԭзǸӢͦˡݳ߱εһݵĺ룬üĿȻȻ͹ô򶼺ܾ
зĴ󲽶Ϊ˸Եơ
ǰǸηηһͽ͵Ī󣬶һһ˲תģֱЩ˽ܲˡ





3.5

3.5 ɱ

ƹһ󸽺ͣһòߵĴ̽ͷ
¶˰߶۾һʮֲȷĿȴûзκ
ûжֻǶ

ţ
Ĳ䣬ȻǼΪϸ΢һȴǱѭ׼ҵ
˹Ϊû󵨵ʹݡ
Ṧƾտ򼸺һ¾ͷżҲûʲô飬ֱźϷɣͬʲô˼Ķ

Сôˣ
ԾǰЦǺǵʡ
Ųݴ棬صʵʵƺûп˼

ϴ̸ɾзеİòеһȻԼǷպͿĿܡ
΢Ĺߵ۲죬ŻȻ䷢ԭзǸӢͦˡݳ߱εһݵĺ룬üĿȻȻ͹ô򶼺ܾ
зĴ󲽶Ϊ˸Եơ
ǰǸηηһͽ͵Ī󣬶һһ˲תģֱЩ˽ܲˡ

üͷ˼˺ܾãյǰٲܱƽˣűŽ䱸ó
з
һ
ߵյǰȥ͡
ڵСֱ£еҲܷе㲻ģžžĴ¡ǺþСģĵʮרעնˡ
з
ظϸϸģʮֹˣ˺޲ȥѵСҧס
ˢ㶫
һ£漴˦˦Դֵֺܴܴĺ
ҵȻзôðĲɣ
˵߾סŵļ򣬰档
Žţ۾ˮƽĿ۾ſţͻȻſȥ¡ɣеƤ˼Ϊŵıޱרעȴձͦš
ձֱ壬˿ԹԱ˼ڡ
ˣ
ôų˭ûУ
Сһֲ˼˳̻ش˵
зģ
³Ŵȴôʧ
ʵϣڴ˵ʲôű߶Լ˳˹ȥʶʶʲôǡзı𡣿Źⷬ⣬شֹȷҲ

շıס
ȴûȥ¹ػ˼ڼţżʹҲŵ棬ƺʱѾʣʮֲ
ղֻ֣ȡһڵյȼ䣬Ūոӽ겻
ǹǲǣ
ձҪûüë
ҲǺܷģźúû죬ȻѾʣ޼ˡ׼úýѵͷԵСбҪĻԵİĿС ƨɡ
ȻžͺͻȻƵأƤһǣСģ
ۣۡ
Ƶһ䡣
Сţ۾ˮģҹĻ·⡣
淢Ұ׵СʶԼƺڲ֪Ҫôֲ˵С˶ˣĳڣӿһǿѹϧ
۰Ķۣǲǻհ
ϵȴһͷϸļһ
ӵʱĴһáֱ顣ؿڵʱƺеɲ̽ͱͻһɺ´̿͸ˣ

̿ѭɽԱǸĿο׷ġ
ʱĹƬδЪҵźյص㡣ΪûжݷһĿ
ͳʮˣź£Ҳòš߲ơ
սŷ£ԼվٿıΧ
ûгֵıУƺҲԤãֻýżһֲϸ֦Ӹ˳źָһȦ

ǺǺЦЦհͦغһֱּ֣ӡ
ưڵôЩ̿žȻԼͬͬ¡Χ˵ȦӱŲĸܣ̬ϿȺ̿ƺܼɵˡ
ǰγҲбա
˫Ƭ̣̿иͷĺȻ󺰳һ
֣
ƺǣ漴ֲһ䣬ƺʮֹá
겻񣬴Сɲǻ
һ䣬ǧ
̿ǰͺ̵ĳӿգ۹Ӭ˰ղ޷
·ɵĺ˴бԱԺģǷҲûжൣġ
̿ȻǱģǿǸСòƸĳղԨԴղ˵̿Ҳ˵һ˷ʱ䣬ֱӾ
ԱС㡱ֶʱе㸡档
Сͺзദ˼һ¡ζԺģҷɵĳӣ̲סЦ¡
ºڲ¡ģԱƴһȺӰûУȻҲû˭Ϊһ뷨ôôɴ̿ʶĴڣȴܿð˱뷨
ಡһʯ䣬һڵôϢĴ̵ǰ

Զռ̱ŭ
ۼ̿ǰŵֱɱȥֻۻͷȥԮ
һһأδ¶ơżżһ֦Ѵ̿Ͷ⣬ٺЦˡ
ȻͱҲ·
ֱնǻ˵Լֱû˼ҵˡ
ȻĿȻŵɵֹ֮ȴɢһƶ
Ҳվ
ƫ󣬸оɢһɲ棬ʮְġ
ݣ
ûȥʹ̿ǣץŹڲϵĹڴ
ģӷܳԶ¹߰ߵڵϣӰҡҷһġĹա
̿ʶ£ΣսУԴտǵηɫͦ⡣ͷһüëһǡ
Ը̬˧޿ƥУų˳ŴͻĴ˺Ƿ

һüȥ
̿ͷȴȻŵĿʼð
йŹ֡
壬ʱڻԭһǸӣ۷ԭʱġҰֻҪŹ̶ķһһȺɽǡ
ȺͷǼٱּ䣬ת˲֮䣬ͺӫӫ̹⡣
һǱݵİѴ̿͵İΧסҰ޵ĴϢϵȺܻ̿ƣҹԵޱȺˣ
硭
и̿΢΢Ų塣
һתͷס׳˶µƤëʻҰɫܹ⻬
ղߵǰ棬߱߻ǱһѣõܲͷٲͷǸó·ƿˣڳһ̬
ն֦ڵϼѱϵĵǳЩ̿Ц
ΪǱţҲƲӡֻǾЦĺаţΪԽЦЩ̿ԽǽţֱӥСƵؿʼˡ
ҵֶӦ֪ģ˵˵ôã
ֿ̿ʼ࿴
ȻǸͷǰһ
ˣ겻ǻȥǸ
˵߷ԾȹȺ
Ϊͷģ̿Ҳܿ룬ָս״̬Щ˱ϾѵأȺͻȻмɵǶԸЩǴ´ġ
Ա߹սȺ·硣
ܿ죬ƥǸͷǼͷһֱַŭҲͨƵأҲˡ
ִӣ̿ǰ

ֶԱʲû¡ŵ˵ոֱڶء
ٴζ̱ӣ˿ءˣܲƵһһƬ̹򣬴̿Ǳ㶼ܵڵϡϸÿ϶ĿУȱ˸첲Ƕȡ

ƣǸ֡
ûкֻ򷢽лƵأİѴ̿ͺˡ
Ⱥ˻ĸȥϵѪ⡣
յͷһԼͦƵأ߶һ
ϴģˣķˣ
⻰˵ʮִס
ŴһûµĹͷ̹ޱȣǵ⡣Ըûʶ
߶ţȥš
ɲ̧ͷʱȴ͵£۵ٿһԳš

--------------
ɱ
ҿðݣС˸ܴ̿͵κ

󣬷թ
˭ը




3.6

3.6 

 ȿֶԵʮĽţ
ѪȺְܰȴѹĳ궯շרעĵͷú̵ܶʱʳɾϿԷʳһС
ǼΪʱ΢ͣפһ£ֱӳϷһȥ
ܣȺǱܣ¡վš
𶯣
ֹѿڶ
ձߺ߷ȥ׷Ǽʳĳ治̫ʱ˼
ɼ㷴Ӧļ죬ȴˡ
ͷԾŲգ۱Ÿǰŵһɣ̹Ȼǰ
ӫӫȻҵĶס򲻶Ҳû

ȱ𶯣
׷ȺॵĹȥٳƺĲͬ
Ⱥֹض߳С
ŽűߣȴûʲôҵĹ෴ȻȣȮһֱŵĽ档

ģ֪ЩԵֻ۷ǿߡ
ЩҰޣҰ޾ֻҰ޵ĹءƩҪڳ󲻶սսѹסȺеǡǰȺǽŵģǼ˶ͶС
˵Ĺӻ
ĬĬ˰죬ۼЩŵĽű߼ȸԾֺ񲻸ֱ̫ͬһ㡣
Ŷǵ̬ȵƽͺ˵̬ȲࡣԴĴţϲľԴ϶˲ĸɴװһбҲӦ

㻹ѱǵı£
˵վ߹ȥ
ҲûΪһĿ϶˳Ÿǰ
߱ߴĹǣɣ¹µȴžȻȴûΪЩӡͱöǸƽ嵽еģ
ʲô£
ſ˿ڣʵĻеðɵ
üëСһѡ
ֻǴҪζȥ־Сۣ᲻
˵ʲô£Щյô㱾£
˼ҵһӣֵ
һ䣬ֱ׳
գգʹ۾Ȼ˾
㲻ȣ
˵иëǲʾ䣬˵һ
ƽƽģ滰ǵ٩Ҷʱޱȵ档
һص㡣
ǰպͱһֱǴɽڳϸѰ˼ȻСƺЩʲôʲôơ
ñôһʣ̾Ͳýˡ
˵ᡱɣͷ¶һʲô˲㲻Ҳᡱı飬Լûڴˡ̹˵䡰ᡱʻǿԼôоôɵ
һòϻѡ
Ųˡ
ͷĲɵȺͷϲ඼ģǱ㶼ֵĸҩƵأƤצӺߺ

űΧеۣ˿
һĹ˫ϣڳ绨һơ
ৣ
˫΢ŷɣʮָƶ˲仯
Ļζɢҹ֮йһ㡣
ǰң͵ıع
ЩƣҶ䣬źȴߡȺȴƺܴжƵأȻ뿪ʼɢ
֫ͷ˺˳ת˸ȦŲı롣
ٶĹˣҰ޷ʥݵĴ󳼡

ʼնŵĲЩңƺҪüĿʲô
ûżɢˣ͵šͷ
ٿģĿײźĴ۾һգһգĿ澧Ө쳣·ʢ¹⡣
զզˣ
һ㶡
Ų֪ϼʲôƺԼࡣ
üĿҲ΢΢һ£ʶֱҲ˲ǡ
еģƽ֮ȻԼһŲȽС
Ȼ֮䣬ԼͷԵСӲ˼Ȥ
ȤǰֺĸоЩͬԼԼģȴܸоҪԡ
΢΢ŵ촽վ;СèצӹƵġ
պܷ꣡
ܶ˵˳ʮеǹײаȴû˱ѹȥ
ԽǷ꣬µԽǻ
޵ĥ̲סˣɴֱ˵ġ໡һ˹ȥ

꣡

ϡͿģֻһڡ
ͻȻҧסţߴ
ڣˮ
˰죬Ųȥˡͷͷб˲ϵĿˮ֤
ˮ
ֱ׳˵
տйһ֮Ҳǳɮһéٿ̨ǰַƢȫûˡװʲôָ˫סü۵Ц
ЦߴǵԼԼ
զôأ
΢΢һ㶡ʶ̧ͷԴĺԼȡ
ǣյǲգЦø
Ҳպ˹ĿԵЦ·¹⣬ԣΪһֱţȴжࡣ
վЦʲôҲҪ˼һµġֻϧ˼һʱС˯ˡĩյһпˮ

============
ľ߸£֤

PS뿴棬лҪ˵Ҫ

 
лҪ˵¿ʼҽСͬ־ıʡ
˵˵ŮǿСŵıһֱơżҲͬΣӱ¿ʼСŵıҪ¶ˣǿҿ˵

֮ǲƭ˵Ρ
˵ŮǿһУ˵ǵһǡ˭ۼôɰ١



ЦƮߡ

˳ը˭ϳӽģ




3.7

3.7 ڇ;

ѣ졣
ٸ·ȻС·ϷɽԭɽҰʮߵġһ߳࣬ɽƶطϡ٣׾ͻУת
˵ˡɴСߵĵ·ͳҲ߹һΣʮϤ
գصҴܣȴһ˽úܡ
ŵĻ
Ҳֻڸ첲̡Ҫǳһĳ۹ϥֱӾܻںӶ˵׼ʱܻأ

ô˵ջˡ
˳˶
ʲôǳɽҰ֮Ҳã
һűŤͷʹϿ
ʲôž˳´˾
ֶ
ü
ʲôֶ

űС˵һ
һ²ŷӦԼЦ
Ƿ󣬿ЦȴֵиǳǳѶſ򣬳ʮϸ
ִһ£ִһ£ͻȻšҧһڡ

ҧëϹӺ
˵ҧȴֲͬϹҧˣһ㣬е񹷿йͷļƣסͲ졣
ȴͬ
ҧ㣬ͺڶҧס˻Ҫ۵ǲۣǹġ
Űɾֳʹϲ¡
ջЦģҲӡԴ߲˵
ӲɾѹӶѹ㶼У
֪Ϊʲô⻰ʱ¶
ŪֻʵĻص
ããôˮ
˵꣬ȻЦøףʱֱĵز
Цţ߻߶ʲô
զôҪ

ƺǴҵ˼Ȥ
һ·뾡ӶͣԽǷӦԽ˼
ʱ޲һڰŸ̵

ֹ֣ȴҲ̫֡
ƺ˷纮һ·϶ǷȣʱûʲôհϢ˼Σÿÿǵʱãûʱʵ䷴㣬ء
վκڵơ˹ַ̽Ǹ޸֮ģûС
ŹŹ֣ţֻǱͿ
ʶգҲֻ֮ܲ
ҶžҽƤë·ɽïܣ˳ȵҩɽ£Щá

ŶҽⲻֲСľһ¡
ҲˣΪһǸҽʲôϡ桱ģ
ϲ˵ȴĶŵķ
룺Ųէô
Ļ⣬Сܹǲ˲̫ײȤζĶ
ζ£ʵƺûҴʲôҲ֪ԻǱʲôԭĺô˶ܲ

ֱһ鶹ſſģһͨĶɳһȥͻ֣ᷢǶ鶹ζڲͬɽ亣ζĶҪóԡ
ðôֲǡı̲סʿˮ
Ҳôһ뵽ţֻЩһĶ

ţӦЩ䱸ֻȴΪŴͷ֮Сʲôá
෴Լͦϲɵɵġ
Կ࣬˲ĥѡ֪Ҫԭǲס¶Ҳǲãֻ뻹ҪܹԱġ
ǸԱģѵõֲ¹
ʮƢ

һ·ϣżҲš

ȣСɵǼɵ
⻰ܻһ㶡
̶ʧĻش
ǲɵ
ʣܶ˶й
ϹӶֹһεܻʹ
ŵĻشҲʼһ
ͷβûԼĶɵߴ
ţ쳾˿͸ŵ㡣ʦǾ仰ô˵
ʵͦǴĲ԰ˣ
Żһʱǣ˳ʦ͵תա
ǱЦ
ЦԴ˵
ҿ֪˭̵ôˣ
ŷۣһʶ

һ·ΪŵЦãŲɡ
ǰ󲻹ʮĹȻɽٽԾ

ԾʱүĵطʷԶ紾ӣǴһꡣ
ԾԾԺȥһ١ճҹȥ̽һ£ȴǲʡ
ԭɣֻ

Ҳǳס
ͷβҲʾ׷ɱô¡
£ֻ
㡣ҪԼȥ
ţͷϵ´һ⿴񣬾֪˼ǳ׼һȥС
Ų֪ˣĿòơպüŭĿϧ˼ֻ

Ҫȥ
ֻնˡ
¹شȴǲϳ
ҪȥҲУ
СüͷźȻǺܲ
ĲУ
Ȼֲܶ˵ֻƵػش
оͲСǵһˣ
⻰˵÷Էθ붼û˳ԼЩ⡣
ȻŵĶȴûʲôݡ
΢΢ӣ
Ϊɶǵһˣ
ձסˣһץסߵС򣬶¡˾ǹˣúһͶˣ
伸Ǻġٴ˵ܻ
Ÿһֻ۾ֵ̿գգȫǲ⣡
ſһĹϵɲѰ
вУϵشæַ㣬ˡֲȢȢ㵱ϱ
һʵ
ԼΪһʵ
˵ĺûΣľͰЩϵĶ˸ɾ
ƤҲ˼ˡһ죬͵ץƵؾ
ߣ
˳ŰŤͷˡ
һߣŵùֹⲻȥҡֱֶۣæҪ׷ȥ͡

¹꣬ɽ·Ţ
յǲ⡣ûӣôûͷûԵȾܣû͡ž˸ʺ
ѽһɽƣͬһߴﹾȥ
ţ
ռģʽͷͻȻˤֻæȥˡ
ΪֺãһѾ߬סŰװ۵ĽѾӡͬʹ࣬ҲĴɽȥ

ǰˤɽµϪˮߡ
ײʯͷǡѽһȵסϵʹ˵ͨһҲԱߡ
졣̬
˳ʱ֮ͬ
ȻǾ˿ס
Ǳˤеˣ춼ûֻź۾ŨСȵĽëˢյϣŪܣ޲ץѲŹ񫡣
ҧֲ
ϲ̻е㲻͵˭Сбһٵ顣
Ľ˰죬Ӧ

ͻأĴ˹Ƿվ

̾˿
һͨϵĸ첲ȶڣĶֶۡ
ƲƲ죬е㲻ˡɼˣԼҲֻò鲻Ը֮վֱ
ĸߴһֱӾͰڽӰ
ʶͷ˳˳μģѵĸпһ
ʵǰǼٵģģ 
⻰Ÿ˵Ļģ֯еʲ⡣
֪ȻϤ֪ǻеĺ塣
ٳǵľĿʱ䲻ȴֻͬһȫǡɵҲЩ򣬱˵˾޽䱸ģԷθĻ
Ҫ׼ƤǲеġֻҪĲ䣬ܻԼ
֮䣬ͷ΢΢
ϵչĿ۾Ҳ˽˲ұӡ






3.8

3.8 Сʹ


̾˿
һͨϵĸ첲ȶڣĶֶۡ
ƲƲ죬е㲻ˡɼˣԼҲֻò鲻Ը֮վֱ
ĸߴһֱӾͰڽӰ
ʶͷ˳˳μģѵĸпһ
ʵǰǼٵģģ 
⻰Ÿ˵Ļģ֯еʲ⡣
֪ȻϤ֪ǻеĺ塣
ٳǵľĿʱ䲻ȴֻͬһȫǡɵҲЩ򣬱˵˾޽䱸ģԷθĻ
Ҫ׼ƤǲеġֻҪĲ䣬ܻԼ
֮䣬ͷ΢΢
ϵչĿ۾Ҳ˽˲ұӡ
գЩ˺µơ
žİİ֮־˵Ļƺмֵϸȥĥ
ڿԽȥ롰Ƥô⣬֪ôž뵽氡۰Ƥ֮ĳԵĶ

Ƥ̹Ĵ˸á
ѾʮûԵʳˣǿմҰζ͹ӳ伢áޱޱܡ
£źϽҲûˡ
պٺЦ£ҲѧŶӷ

˰ɣºӸԣ
˴شɽ䣬ˮɽʺץϺ
ǸӣԴתܳˮȥҲţһģȴѱЩɢİ˦ˮС
ѽҵİ
߿ĽһбĿһæˮȥץ
֣Ȼ޿޵ġˮҲƵࡣ
˼ɵĽɴһȴ綼ˮˮĽ͸øˡ
ְ˽ŵĽó
µĵЩνĶֻһ»ѹ棬տ˾ͦ֡
Ǹɶ
ʵ
ַĦűϢйɲľµζ
⻭ԭľƵģˮеֹϸ£ľǶ˵Դ˵ͨɴ¹۲죬ҲװѵޱȽ

ʲô
Ҳʵڣ˾
ģ
⵱Ȼһ۾Ķܿ
⻭żֵȻڲŹأȴĵط

ڴĳ˸Ψһ
Сչͽδʪˮ棬һλװˡ
ȹ˿ϼڷб̣Ͻﲽҡĳ£ѹµ

йԶüĿˮתڡ 
ϸϸƬ̧̣ͷʳһ
ﰡ
Ĳɣ⻰ʱ
Ҳûϸ룬Ƥڳһ

ģԭҲûϸ
һʣֻǱˡͦСظ̧С°ͣȥҲ֪Ǳ廹ôģȻ¡ҳζֶЦԴ
Сɣ
Ըû⣬ȷʵסüΪƣһЩԨԴ
ȴ¶ģָ֮ŵĲӣþѹǿûٴԴȥ
Ը򣡡
ǿȥ͡
ŷˣҲֻôԴ˼¡
ֻƽվӣ˻ûԡգͦı
ˣȥץ㣡
նֻǵóԵ״̬Σֻ̾˿ѻ̱ϡǱصˮС

ˮ峺Ϻȴࡣ
ǿŪ㡣ذ׿ƶǣκƬڻϿ
ζŲץ
죬ڴһѣĶǿˮǾ־Ͱ̲ǻĨ¡߲ű߲ϸ˵̬
˫ֳ̫չ͸ֽϵɫʸԵԾ
Ũī֮ˣȻмϤ
Դʹ룬û뵽Լ뵽

˾ܡ
泼סٳ߳Щۣȴ޷Ӱƴϡ
ʵûʲô̵Ľ顣Щ죬뵽ѾʮģˣֻʣǼƧСŵһ߹ʬס԰׵֮⡣
۱̫ʹᡣ
࣬ʶָ˷䡣

һֻС
֮˳µľͰӴ˺װǳǣŪͷ档·̫ҲͰȫˡҲ֪Ǹ깡˼ɲǱ˻˾ǮȻˤȫʬ
һЩȻôܡ
ɽµ˺ܿɶ
ʱԼûĶ£ʱʱȭߣ˾ȻǽթƭȡԼͬ顣ʵǾϲ⡣
ʲôأ㣡
߱ھšȻкȥԡ
̧ͷͼչŰڻǰϸת㡣񣬱߿߻Ұӣûһ˿һٳʱĺɵͷһѹȥ뵽˵ľ֣ĪľͰת޵ϡ
-----------
ľƮʼģޡС޸ġһȺƮ





3.9

3.9 Բס

ǰһֻС
֮˳µľͰӱԴϡ˺װǳǣŪͷ档һ·̫ҲȻˡҲ֪ĸ깡ƲǱ˻˾ǮȻˤķǡ
ͬˣһͱǡ

ɱǵģЩȴδ˼ﲻòܡ
ȻǳƵġǱյǿˣ
ϸɽµǿɶ
ʱԼûĶ£ʱʱȭߣ˾ȻǽթƭȡԼͬ顣ʵǾϲ⡣
šȷȴѾĿкȥԡ

ʲôأ㣡
֡
ѭ̧ͷͼһСӹŰڻǰϸת㡣üĿǡ߿߻ӣʱҪҰƵأûһ˿һٳʱĺɵ
ſſͷһ·ĬĬġһ
ķӦճҪ̡
Ҫ˵Ƿӵ£㽲ЦҲҪȱһ̲Цںǻ弸̴ķӦͨûʲô飬Ҫš

һ
¶˸Ƶء
ԺãһĨˮˡĵİǰоٶһ飬˼ֱӲ½⡣
ǹСֱ׳Ķ˼ҷ˸İۡĪļ޻ˡ
ָƼСƵëཱུ۾Ļ˸Ц
Ȼ֪˼ֱ鵱ˡﲨ 

ʲôԣ
ʿˮ֣㡣
۾վߵ£°ʲݵСĿʼԡԵרģϲϽȴ·ڵģֹ
պɽڶˣҵһ֡黨һЦ㷺ĵС
ں쳾ι˰࣬һǳ棬ʹļ׵⣺
ƭˣ

ƭϹƭϪƭǰڲҲƭ
͸Ϸ绨ĵһЩΪĿģ˺ܶŲͬÿԼߣɫ˵ٻƭȡԼĸͬԼ飡
ӷ
񡭡
͵͵´ȡź뵽ɽ͵ȵʱʦ־ͽ̵
Ҫ֪˺ԶʱܲˣʱҲҪˡ

ڴ˵ıʦַࡣ
ʼվùƨͨΪģ˵ģ󲻿ɻһ̸
Ȼȴƺڴ׶ԼĲıƷζʦ֮ζ
ɽµ̫ˣ
ҧһͷԼֹ˵
ȻѰ˼Ѱ˼ԣԾҧ˿βͣ֨֨Ĳ
Ҳ̫ܲǻ̫࣡
ϪֺǰĺСա
ɶĵطڻĲס٣٣ֱǿˡ

һޡ
ɵ۾ͱŷƵŭյŶϣ޲ճӡ
վʮĪ³ļ̧̣ͷŶһ
Ǳ׼ˣȸɵ۾ûгҵĵСüͷ΢΢ᣬϸĹĶǸɡ
סˣֻûЦµ٩
٣Ҹ
ץŴ֦˹˿ӣҲ쵽ϥ䡣̻¶۵ģֳֽýˡ
ű죬ͷôЩͱˣȥͺֻͦɽµıӡ

֮䣬žͲҰƢ̫ˡ
뵽ʦ˵ġ
ʦ˵Լͽƽԭ˭˭˭Ľ崿ȡԭþ
ҪǴ򲻹ͺˣ

룬ӦҲǴ򲻹յġ
һǲҪĺáᲱӣһΪǷŭֲŵıšմԹۿһһҪˣ
Сӣúöģôˣ
Աһƨ¡
ԴЦ⻺ա
ŵٱͬѣ
ܻʹ첲ʱһ㣬ô޲
ʮϳɵ̾˿ˣ
ɽµĻ̫ࡣκĸ
΢΢üĲˬһء
°ͣʤߵ̬һֱۡǿ鶹ɢžž˼ž޲ð飡 
˾ͼ粢š
б̫ۡ⣬Լܰǰ׵ò˵С͸ȥֻֽôһ󣬱þ͸ҶƵء
һѣﶪģ

ڲ֪¶ɫԵ顣
Ƕסŵžͱ
סŵ֣žͲ֡
ȻһЦסְ۵ĽѾӡҲǿŸǾһǣɴͰѽҲǵʵʵģ
֮û˵ôϬ˰졣
İ㶼ˡûԣһ͵߬ĽףݺһӡⲻĶƵ

ն
Ҳ˵ֻĵŴ۾
վӸµĴԼǳңһ󲻿˼ί
ʲô֣úöˣƢ㵱ԼŶ

˴ǵ͵ĻɽҰ롣
ӿɤŶһ𣬶ʱǵû
Ų£ŭˣ
Ա˻Լ¸⣬˵Ҳṵ̂쳤ȥ
ǶȫҶǶ
ƺȱݡϣ˳Ҳһ仰
һǺѧġ
ԼûԾżó˵һ飬ͦմմϲΪŵåԵĸо

ȻգҲǹ̥ô˵ǵںааĸ
˵ĺã˵ĺãҼҳң涼ЩǶ
ͷܾ⻰ɫ΢΢Գģ
׼˵ʲôҵġſ춯˺ü£һʱȴҲ߶ɶ
㣬ƭӣ
˰죬ּôһ䡣
Ūˡ
ƭӣ
յĿĲš
˵Լһ·Ӧֱ͸Ƶءôô۶ǣ
֮Ŷ촽ݺ˼ۣȴȻԾ뵽ٳʱŪŪŵ׮׮ɵõ۾
ӵ̾
㡭㲻ỹΪ¶ţ
ָСǼץסȥС¶š
ȻŸƤñشˡ
տЦãֻ÷ſ֡ŵĽѾӷɿתСϣݺ
СӾСӣСС۾С۶
һָ̻צ
С۶ȫҶС۶
չЦ
ǰһ,˵
ǲǾͻһ䰡
Ŷپ
Ϊץס˶̴΢΢۵Ρ
ıСһճʵڻϲ͵͵˻
űŭǰͻȻƵ
ȥ¶ȷеԲס㣡

================

ǣ·޺á
ʼ̱ˣǵҪż

===
ģ




4.0


4.0 ҶӰ

㣬ƭӣ
˰죬ּôһ䡣
Ūˡ
ƭӣ
յĿĲš
˵Լһ·Ӧֱ͸Ƶءôô۶ǣ
֮Ŷ촽ݺ˼ۣȴȻԾ뵽ٳʱŪŪŵ׮׮ɵõ۾
ӵ̾
㡭㲻ỹΪ¶ţ
ָСǼץסȥС¶š
ȻŸƤñشˡ
տЦãֻ÷ſ֡ŵĽѾӷɿתСϣݺ
СӾСӣСС۾С۶
һָ̻צ
С۶ȫҶС۶
չЦ
ǰһ,˵
ǲǾͻһ䰡
Ŷپ
Ϊץס˶̴΢΢۵Ρ
ıСһճʵڻϲ͵͵˻
űŭǰͻȻƵ
ȥ¶ȷеԲס㣡

һ仰ûԤڵİŵķŭ
ƭŵ˵УΨһһվǸ

ֻҲȷˡ
ɵֻее
ɽӳٳǣʵǳ˲ٿͷֻΪЩľʣֱ췽űûͷûԵĻѹȫƺͷŭƴ׼ҪΪ׵ƭӺú÷ֱһ
ȻҲǲһˡ
ǰǰС۾ȻҲû͡
£Ųã
˵ܹҲûƭٸ飬ƭҵˡµҲֻ֣޷İô
ǣΨгõĳĬˡ

ﻹеƣΪʵ̫Ū˲ǡȻ˵ʲôҲֻʵʵļĬһ̵ġ񫡣
ι
ռͻȻˣͦ֡
ͷŪŵĽѾžƵһ£ɵ
Ц˸Ҳɵߡһ첲ԴͷϸֺСߴﹾģЩ廰
ҲǺˣ
˼飬ͻȻת˸
ž˳ˣΪģ

ҲǺˣ
ظһ¡
ƽƽģűѹø첲飬ֻбһۡģ־ǡǲǺ˹ɶ¡
תӣסӡ
ԺҾͶˡشһʿԹӦҾһݶΪҵĿ¶ףǰҵ˸İ

빬ҵõϢ˵˱ʱڽԷȥ̽û뵽㣡㱻ǴΣҳġһΪлɡǷ
߶˰죬˵׮ʱ˵㷴Ӧ
ƳһۣظĻ

ţüҲţое㶺ˡ
죬Ļص
ȻǶɶȷǼõģ֪ģڹӣһֱշ㲻ǸͷҪ׼һĵطǰŴ㣬̽ˣȻٲҪһƢҾ͡
Ҿͳûװˣ
΢£˽һĺ۾ͻȻаһܣ
Ц֮䣬˸ŵ⡣

ٳڲ׮Ϊͦ
ǻǶʮʿΨһһԱ¶ݶӡ
üɫ͸ſԼһѣȴֻú֣˴ƨģҪҷظװʲô⣡

ֹ֣Ҳ׼ʡ
ʵϣԼ̹ףЩ֥ùӵҲ׼ʡ

ɫȥЩ£ŸоЩпɻ
˿̱۾ȥǼƺΧķս
Ծİ˸СŶӡ

ճˣ֪ôȻԴ˹
Ŷһ屧ס
ѽ
۾ʱѾƵذ׵ա
տŸ˼һȼֱССȥƮƮصջСŵ۾ҲҲЦû˿ӦԼ˷ֱܵС
һ£ڰսš
ȵˮߵĲݵϣ黨Ƶع˼Ȧ
ֿҰ򵥵յĻϲѹֻ֣ƼסŵѺúöı۾СƵء
˲
ʵֱ׳ġ
ž˵˵ĳҲ˵ˡ
Լã§ڲݵһ⡣Цߵ
СʱҪǲˣôҡд˰ӵ˴ϣʱûˤȣ
ŲСʱģһҲһڲСҰ˶
еƿĸ첲Ͳ

ͷȻ졣СʱӣδЩΡ
˸߱ݳһ˫ͫȥװʹŵҪҰĺüĿҲԽ޼ɵ˵˵žͰԼ˵ĸ߳һ
Сʱиܵõġҽ㳤Ŀ۶ȴ༸֡ܰƣԾ͸ҪƯִĵáϧҵ̫硭ͶԺҾҪȢϱֶӣÿôô涼У
ԵζȻȻ˵˵ĻҪð
۶࣬ѹûӦֵֻ
Ҫ㵱ҶӰɣ
£ŲŲԼռ˱ˡ
৵ĵɴ۾ݺݵض˳ֻ͡ٺЦԭǶĻ˵־˼Ǳŵͷһʵ
ȣǸ󰡣
ʹķƤҲǱ
ʮ
ɶʮţһ㣬ʮĶûУ
ޱ
ʮ
Ҳղš
ʵ볣˲ͬǵʮûٳ
Ů˵
ˣ
ȴ͵͵ϰĺ֢֮
ֻΪ˶õң֢򲢲ԡָǲģ˸̸첲ȶı˭ù

==
ģ




4.1

4.1 Ů

ͷȻ졣СʱӣδЩΡ

˸߱ݳһ˫ͫȥװʹŵҪҰĺüĿȴúܣ˵˵žͰԼ˵ĸ߳һ
Сʱиܵõġҽ㳤Ŀ۶ȴ༸֡ܰƣԾ͸ҪƯִĵáϧҵ̫硭ͶԺҾҪȢϱֶӣÿôô涼У
ԵζȻȻ˵˵ĻҪð
۶࣬ѹûӦֵֻ
Ҫ㵱ҶӰɣ
£ŲŲԼռ˱ˡ
৵ĵɴ۾ݺݵض˳ֻ͡ٺЦԭǶĻ˵־˼Ǳŵͷһʵ
ȣǸ󰡣
ʹķƤҲǱ
ʮ
ɶʮţһ㣬ʮĶûУ
ޱ
ʮ
Ҳղš
ʵ볣˲ͬǵʮûٳ
Ů˵
ˣ
ȴ͵͵ϰĺ֢֮
ֻΪ˶õң֢򲢲ԡָǲģ˸̸첲ȶı˭ù

˵Լ˶ʮ꣬ٲ°ͣһϧ
ʮСЩǿǿܵɵЦ˵Ļȴʵʵڡװ۵Ķӣָɾе˿뱧пС

תһ룬ʵҪôҲǷҪӲɡ׻˵޴ӷҪȢϱ˵ȶӸһá
תװˮĵԴŵļ˵
̫ˡҶӣҪңϱɣ
ʱüë֡
ַŭĳˮ
ޣңңСүӺɷ򣡡
ղֻ֨ٺЦ
Ž߳ŭ֮ƣֲ˾
ģ
Ȼ֪Ǹӡ
ǲȢϱġҲס
ҲǻɽҰƻ˻ģճôС⣬Ҫòò

űɽܡ
ջ۶Ѿģ۽ɫжƵɽ׷
Ūһ

ҪʱˣֱӾ˽Աߵĺˮ
峺Ҳ굽棬ˮ˰پƣӾֻȻɵĸо

ɿ죬Ц¡
׷Ǳ
͵ģձ첲һ⧲ͨˤˮ
˲˵Ǻɡıˡ

ûûҲû֡
СԴ죬һһա۵ˮӿţƺʱҪۡĿ޳

еľʡ
ƽ˵ޣǷĵЦʮ١
ձⳡסˣŵæȥ塣䣬ľͱצӴ˺ü£

У
Ҳûû˵顣
תͷһĨǰһѱ顪ˣ
õ
ãֲˣ
Ӧüȴһ¡
ôӡ

ļڣҪǼݡ
ձ
ˮҪϴɣ
ԥһ£ֻ΢ԥôһ¡漴ͷޱȴ󷽿ʼ½ҿһ̹Ӻɷ˿Ƕ˿ûʲôɲҴģ

ĳס´·ǻΪšǶĻڽ黳Ҫڳ̬ΪѾѵֻʣ¿ӣҲżһе㻵еаıֱԱ߷۳š
ŷİճϵþ˦ϡԲļʱ¶չ£ǣͬġһ㣬׵͸
СھӪ졣Ů˵Ǽࡣ
˺ȴǲͬġ
ǴͿЩȴǳȴˡںߣֻʵɣһļȴƽ겻̫һ
͵۶סţ֪ü
ŶЩȫûûΣԱ˺㡣ĩ˽ǰİײߴŪޱȻת˸
ôѣ
ֱۻȴͭƵһֱԡ
ѵ죬ͣһ
ǶƵأ
⻰˵ڣžޱȳ졣
ƽرĲ黳ݲ±ԼաΪʲô⣬ȴҲû
֮Ҫ峤˵
˭˵㴿͸ƴˣ

仰գܵӡ
ձŪˣȴû¶һ
ȻǰһȻƣӵڹƵأɵɵ

==============
ŵعˡ
Ƕ֪˰ɣķǵ

====
ģ




4.2

4.2 ƽȥͳ

仰գܵӡ
ձŪˣȴû¶һ
ȻǰһȻƣӵڹƵأɵɵ

ŲһЩʲôʶ˫ǰԱ״
ձһŭҲֻĿȻӬƵϣĴȴ
㣬㣬㣡
ſ죬һ㡣
㶡üë޵ĵʡ
ңİַˣզˣ

ţĶԻùˡ
ɴ˿һͣȴǾ˼ңһʱ֮侹ҲøζԴ
ҲôɴתˮͿʼϴ衣

ӰϸͬʱִĪĽС
Բ࣬ӰӰ´µ鵽Ϧ֮еԲظֻԴĺߣƬ֮䱻ɻ󲻽ϲȶţоеͷ͡

ʱΪ̽ȥϸ
ʱµĻظ
ɵг裬û书ƲɡֻҰŵ˶Ҳڰй۲죬ơʲôܣ
ڡܡһ䣬ڼˡ
ų⣬ʲô˴ŵܡ
Ȼ
ȻʱȴžԼĴ⡣
СӺԼϦദ˽ࡣʳסжһġԼôԵġܡû

յ˼շתࡣ
Ȼ֪ܺ޲ĻֹԼɻǾź⡣
ǰ̽ͷһ
ȣţ
ɶ¶
һ
̹ȻԣŪŤ鲻ԸİͷƫЩ
ӣġ
ŻֹıŤŤԼˣֻûǰͷεơ
ôţ
̬
˽ı顣
̶û˿ԥɬı顣СؿڣĴ˵
ûˣ߻ħŪģ峤˵ˣͻƽȥģ

ģ
һ̣ԼԴȥ
ƽƽȥ
ѿڷƵزûǺš
ȿȿȼҿ˺üһɤӡ
ô˵ô˵㻹ǡ
ɶ
űС첲üͷʡ
ֶ£ܲԸ
Ӻɷ򣡡

һ⣬Ҳֲû˾
ͫâĲ
ǣ峤˵ˣ˲˹ġҵƽȥͻ׳ġ棬桭Լ
Խ˵Խ˷ܣֱеԾԾԡ
˵ˣյԼұȻһͨ
Ϊ״⣬ƽʦ峤ҪŶǽ£򲻿ǰ̻¶ȻûôС֣ҲȷǱȽСĵġ
Ϊʦ˵
ɽµʲôϡ档ҪǱ֪㲻ðһƶо
պԼѣӦڸǶֵܡ

ǸǶͳ
ű̬ȣ޹˼ɵշԼδҪģڴı仯
ʦ˵泤Ȣϱˣ
ĩˣ
С߬յӣŪǱƣݲ̾˹븹ҪöԲʱ

ҧҧ׻ʲôԴ󷢡
Ҳ棬ʵڶе٣̫
͵ŰԼǰǰϴˢɾˡŸݹϰزĳ˹ȥȻ֮ǰûȥǰǰúù۲켸¡
Σƶϣʡ
һ֮ƽˡ
ϸĿ̹ɨţڰԸһصԭ

ĵź
ˮϰ󷽵ĽӹòԼס

ʱյƽĩˣ˦˦ͷ˦һԴˮѲͷݵϣæ
Ҵȥ
ղŵˣ⻰ʱ޵
ѾʼŲаˣҪСüĿ峺ȻǸ̹ޱȵ顣
ǳǣֻúҵİǿ鲼ű
ʵ˳㻬˼ҵСƨϡ
һѣ

߯
߯

ѽ
ûûأһ໵Ľ
Ťͷ
ƨɣ
ɤӡ
ò֪ܵķ
ôӺɷ򣬻

֪ԼѾҵŵѨ
һһ飬ֱǰԲˬ

ȻôһߺߣŸæǿԼߴɨˡ
ʲô˵
ͷԴϡ˦һˮ֮ż֣ƨҲݺݵ
˭ˣ

ΪţŵǾ仰˵յĲԱߡ
ƨɱ˲佩סŵͷŵĵĲľŵǣǰܸˣ

ҹĻ,Ҫúö̸¡
ΧŻѣûͺ˯ˡͷ౧ϺƵȰ塣ﲻ֪ʲôǰˮ

սӫӫת˸һý˸






4.5


4.5 

źɽס졣
ձҪȥ·ںˮϴ˸ˮ裬˰ҲҲ
Ķ˵
ţȥ˳·̽ã
ž⼸ġ̸̹ԾѾֵܣûʲôɱܼɵˡ
ô˵̻Ӧ
Ҳȥ
һɲȹ׻ڡзɫţҲûкԡ
㣿üëɫӵһۡ˰ɣ
˵䣬һѾԾ˰ɽ
ڰգƵؽҡ׷ϡ־һƳòƴŷ̵ζǶŽں溰
Сĵͷϣ

ɽ峺
յһ£̶Ըٶûþ͵ɽƯķ˸ȵ䵽·ߡ
ѭɽ·Щ괵·ϸĲһټЩ˿
һˤĲʡ˲鷳
ĬĬ߶һ䡣תҪȥ
·ԵȴȻವȺܹӰմԵĳ£ǰͷһСӣṦӦú¡
ʱȥ֣ת뻹ɽŵֻôæ˻ȥ

סգ۱˳ȵס
Ѱˮ߶ʱڳԹӡԵ֭Һǰʵúġ
Ķģ
߹ȥҲһ
֨һ䲻ֻܳһ
ӳϴӱţвˣֻ÷¹ӡ
ȻббһŵģƤҲ˲̧ţ΢΢Щʵ
㻹ǸСɾţ
ֿиɾһѺ˶³

ͷ۾ֺпա
ûףҲ˵еˮ̣ץʱȥ·

ûаԭ·ǰС
෴վƸԶ÷򡣶ٳϱߣƵ˫˸Ȧȥɽ
ű۵ż¶ɽ
·ֻ
·ڽ£
׵˸ء׼һĴʶ׼ҪȥۡȡسҸĿ͵ס
촽û˵վһ§סļȵ
¶ˡȥס꣡
˵ɣִֺһԶצӻͷɾҡΡ
ŷۡһһأ߹ȥĵطȫǿӡ

崦֮ϡ
λøպ֣®ɽ֮䡣ʱǸֵꡣḻм١ʮ߶ŴӱһǡŸɫεŮȺм䴩󣬷һջŻᰮɼγڣ۾һ顣

ֻ
ʲôϡģ˵˱񿴺Ƶָָ㣬Եû棡
ձҭֻʣҡͷ
ż˵˵Ƕһʮ˽:
ˣˣˡֻҪΣֱһԡ̾ܽԴ֮ȷֱҪ߸ͷԵ
棬ȴҲûٶʲôΪˣҲ˵

ڳһС¡Ŀջס
Ǻ˿ģаžɾ£Ϊʱ֮硣
ҰɣŲ
յͷ
˸šųҷ˻
ˣԷ
СƳŲ۶ɴֽڴкһȦȻ˵⻰
ӭڵЦЦ鿴źʵڡ
͹ԶҪסޣ
աšһ
ߵľǰŵƹʵ
ϷûУ
ƹǸƽͷӡ
ϰƵ͵۴ˣȻ۵Ǳͳ̬ȻǺܹ
ԲסĺܣصĿ̣ϷѶȥˡλǲԺﻹмõĿͷɨһ»ǿίյġ֪Σ
һ׵˵ǣƹÿձ˵ǻԲʮ
ۣҧסǡ֣͡ƹĺ˼ŵ֣⡣
ŸԺЩ
㶺˼
Ժģ
ƹƺе졣ιȥ΢Ц
˵ԺڿջͿͷǽŵģ
͡Ŷ¡˵ⲻǿͷôʲôί
ĵԴӦˡ

˱Сųߡ
õʱźȻʲôŤͷƹ
ǹܷ
Ϊú৵İѴöľǲ򣬼ǸСӡ
űΧˣеܲ˼һͷࡱһ·Ӧ
Ǳֶ߰˰˵ЦȥԼķ
ӣ˿ûвԼѾˡĩֳŲƹ˵
ҪСˣҪ̫⣡
ԵҲǸûûεġ
ô˵æС
ģ

̧ͷ
һ
ɽˣ㻹ó⣬ң
յ۾ѵ
ţɽʵҰζȴûл졣
Թ߽ţҲãҲãܱУ

һѵһ֮䣬ľ¶һǡ
Ϊɽ߹ˣԴӽվͽ߬ŵ֣Իס£᲻СˤȥҲ߬߬ţĶðҲûԸżڼӵȴá

ޣ
̧ҪżٽһͻȻ˿鼦ͷµ¡
ˣλզò
ļҹܳĶҲ£

ˣΪ˵Ǳˡ
סȽšͷ
Ŀɨ֮ŵһｭˡɶ̴ֱ߶űСɣӦöνġɡӡ
¶ǸͲС
ɰݣüխǸڼҵġպĿϣݺһۡ
̸ߣýżסǼͷ΢΢һͷವķɻصСӵľƫУϽξˮ

ģ
ڵģ
˵ʱˡ
µСֱ߶̽ȴʢ˼ͷľоȻһˡ
໨ĴƬҳ
СԲи곤æԼס
ʦܣҵȴҪ
Сһת
ƺһ£Ҳ̨ף󷽵ĵͷ
ʦ֣ǷƱĹѵH֮ˣ
粨ȻƽϢΧĿЩɨ˵Ťϵƹ񶼸¿
СӲ£Բиպͮͮ˾ŰϢˣ˵ôôơ
üëŶһذӶת˹

=========
ˣˡ
Žǿˡ͸ing




4.6

4.6 Ҳ

ģ
ڵģ
˵ʱˡ
µСֱ߶̽ȴʢ˼ͷľоȻһˡ
໨ĴƬҳ
СԲи곤æԼס
ʦܣҵȴҪ
Сһת
ƺһ£Ҳ̨ף󷽵ĵͷ
ʦ֣ǷƱĹѵȲ֪߳ܵH֮ˣ
粨ȻƽϢΧĿЩɨ˵Ťϵƹ񶼸¿
СӲ£ԲиպͮͮŰϢˣ˵ôôơ
üëŶһذӶת˹

Ʊ
΢΢촽һһ۵߶š
³֪ģȴôôųζСѹƲסվ
أॡγϵıС

ĶҰСӣҲҶҷƱʶĸϿ¿ͷϴˡ˵үֵû׼ͷ
һͬҲѹơ
Ψйͬͬ顱

ų˰죬ǰȫͿֻЩԵ޹ʵĽ¹ʵǺûء
ҲθظҲյļ֮
зϣȥǴҲ

зǡ
Ťͷʹһ¶æŽСѽĹӰζһһˡ
꣡
꣡꣡!
ۻҵļ¡
ûǼӦűе־Ͷݺݳˡճӿǣȵʽûֻһϸһȭͷ
ûǹûλֲָŵĵɴ۾໥ŶԷ֣Ѫǡͺ˹

һٿļž
ԷļԭҪܵģ۳ûվ˼ҾʹˣǶᶯ
ã
Ƭ̣͵ıһ
ڽվòܻĸİơֵû˸Ҵǻĵĺȴ塣
ŷӦæҲŸģĻÿˣʽĿǳŲ
ãùһ

࣬ѹҲû˼ĸоеƤСѧ˵
˼䣬ѽİλˣ

겻үǽ˸˼ѣ
˲ĴӰŲ΢ЩĹߣܿǸЩ͵ĺˡ
ʮصĳ룬ͦΣŲȽûñȻж磬ȴǸñȷƱǼҡеҪйס

ү
ߣҲಽ
ǰͷһ
˫ȥס˸˻
ܹܣ
ִϲʶġ
겻үĹ־ˡձдָģ
ŴӵĳܹܻЦü¶ǳǳ·
ʶ꣬ųģҲ⡣佱ֵľӦ
ǿɲ϶Ǻָ󣡡

գܹ΢΢̾˿
⻰ﻰĴ˸Щ棬ԴսЩ
λǡ
ܹ۽һӣע⵽
Ǳ⿪ϸһȻȫƵ⣬üĿ㣬ϲԽǱͷЦ¡
үͲСˣ
գûͷûԵĸпһ䡣
ûռװû½ӡ
λͷԺ룡
Сܻ顣
ŻæԺһżõƽϢ˵Цģֱ뵽õĿշ
ԶˣƹҲڳ幦ŵˡĩˣкһƣ˵
Ըӣþƺò˶£Ժȥţ׷ҪζҪصȴ̫
⻰е档
գգۣҲҶʣæȥԸˡ
ŴӵĳܹǸܺƵˡ
Ĺ£СնշռʮϲصǮԸСȥڵľȥһ̯Ҷࡣ
ţ˱ڷ¡
̸ܹܺЦŶӡսԵʮָˡ

ĩˣܹҪ뿪
˼䣬ֻ˵
үǶšӲãһԶ·вʡһȥϡүлᱱϣܼˣ
⻰ϡĳ͡
ôҲˣ
Ŷһ̧ͷ˼ûͷûԵĲ
˭ôҲˣ
һƲ졣
ʶ̧Ӹǲ˲
İɣϵƵأ
ܹܼٶϸš
ɫЩӡ
λŹӡ
⻰ֹ˵ֵֹġ
ֻѯԼǱ
ҽšһġһؼң
ܹü΢΢һ
ؼң
Ҳû⡣
ĨСظ˵
ţؼҡȥɽҼסɽ
һ룬ŷһζСԵĲֺҲû
ǲδ⣬Ȼܹȴƺԡɽʶ
ɽ
üͷסų˼ƬԺ󣬿ڵ
СֵܼɽȰ㻹ʱȥˣ

ɽޡ
뽣֮ա֮㡢֮С֮ġǨӴ˵ذ꣬ڻ˵Ǹι̡
ǵɽУɽµСҲѾס֮ǣմΪ

ܹ˵ɽ˵ޱ̹ʶҲû¼ɡ
ֻϵĴǱĵȰ˵
ɽȻ⣬ɽ·ʮгеĹٱʿأϽ룡
=========
ļܿգ
ɽɽʵżҲҪÿա

һƮߡ






4.7

4.7 ҵĶү

СֵܼɽȰ㻹ʱȥˣ

ɽޡ
뽣֮ա֮㡢֮С֮ġǨӴ˵ذ꣬ڻ˵Ǹι̡
ǵɽУɽµСҲѾס֮ǣմ񣬲˸Ϊ
ܹܳű˵ɽ˵ޱ̹޹˼ɣֻϵĴ
Ǳĵ˵
ɽȻ⣬ɽ·ʮгеĹٱʿأϽ룡

Ͻ룡
͵İų״ŵİڵϣȴҭ¡
ôϽ룿˭ϽģʲôʱʼϽģҪϽãΪΪʲô
ȴܹܵĸ첲һ˳
۽ǣѵüôܹȴסôĶ˵
⡭
ӣܹ˼һ¡
Ŵ˿̣ȴԲɫֱߵľƱۣڽʵ
νĹٱòǡ˰ɣ
ܹӣϬĵͷ
ǭͳ͢Ԫ˧Ҳˣ
ƺЩյԤϡ
Ǳƣüͷ
ѹ֣ѹû뵽̬أ
˵⻰Ҳһ·Լܽ
Щ²ĳɷ֣ɲµȴûųڣܹܱҲ˿ھƣ̾
ԾΪ׵İټһҹرգ̬᲻أ
̧ͷ
У
̧ͷ
ң
ܹһӦ
ң

ԭűӽٳǰá
иң¸֮ףܷ⡰̡

ǵ鲼ϱҪԷУԼҶΪΪЩ룬͢ҲҪҼ档ǰ󼸴ˣвȢ˹ٻС㡣

ҷԶھǰ
ʢʱһΪʱ͢κǧƽ𡣶̫ͳһ£ִ̼ƫСΪʡߡҲǴ³ǲɢ˲ۣ˼빫ã˺͵ȥ˺Ҳ볯͢ల¡

꣬ϸĻҡ
ǸʵɵŮӡܾôÿʵҪʶǲΪ˻ͷ淽ھܿ˲ӡȡͽ㡱㡱ſۺ˲٣Ҳͼµġϻ⽻ʮ÷ֹܣƾǸ书ֶΣҲ㶼̫ƽĶȹˣ͢ԨԴҲûã㡱鲼ϳֿƷ

ٻŮ죬µ¥ˣһ䰮֡Ҹӵʥּ˵ָ͢ˡ㡱빬ĹƷ
ôڶǻϲġɹƷҪϿҪѡĲϣԼල·;ңԶ;з⣬ңǵ̵æ͡

õֻ֡
ҵǸӣԴ𣬾˵Ҫ˷šϵСΨԼĶ̡

ӣͳλεҶүϣ

տĸλپ죬游ٰݻɡ
Σ˵ҲǸµػϵ¥ȥٷеĳյĻ׾ûûġЩŮ۷ʺƵأ䶼䲻ߡ

˺ۼˣҲԴ׿ϡʱŻ˵һ仰Ȼ¡
˵
Ǹٰͦ
տЦУû֨
ű˵
ʲô㲻ͳôʦ˵ˣŶǵǸ
Ǹɶ
էһ֦ϸٿ
ǻڳˣ޲
⻰𡭡𡣲û

տ־ˡ
СüĿģãӴɫΪʫҲ㱸ܼĸĳ谮ʮ꣬տүʹû﷣ΡǺͼŮǳˣͷĸĸҲܻи̥Ľ֡

ҸĸǰԭǴѼҵտǸͷԼͷպͽ򽻵ѵҵλøĳ֣

ռտΡļ䣬ӡҲģ
Ҳ
Ļ˲ô춼Ůˣ
Ů˵ĴŮ˵ۣ֬Ů˵üŮ˵
ֻҪ˸еģտûвϸĥõġ˵ǲ̸⣬ֱǿΪںλҡСڡģ

񿤶ˣտһֱ˵ûʶʶǰϢ˸µ輧˼ĵӣߵ߶ĸϸ񿤡;ǵļһҰǲ˵Ǹɫ쵽֪ģִҺȻɫġ

òпڽԱ
˵ġʮ⡱ġ⡱Сɫ⡣
տңۻңֽŶ֪Ķ̤ʵ켸ҹ˯ɸѡȺˡһˮһóԼ۵ķ±£ԼʫµȶֶΣڰŮȫƭ֡
ʮϣտĻ¡ƴʦ˵ãտȻӦУԸ׸ϣɽ
ܹ߳ܣȥתȦ̽Ϣһֲĸ֪š
ܹܴѾ˰ضټյı飬·Ѿܿ߻ħʱǱɢס
Ȼأ
ԼؿڡСģʡ
΢¶Ц
Ȼҵһϵ֣˵ѾտĹ⡣ĳţȥտտϲ䣬Ϊɽ˾ٺҲҰ˭뵽
һͣŷǳ˳Ľȥ
˭뵽ۼҲᣬҲ㶣ǸҪ
һЦ
ô֪
ƤʮƽĻش
Ǽѵ

============

ָ
ܱҶô




4.8

4.8 ҷٷ

ѵ
ţ
޵ѵ
˲ңҲˣң֡

Ԫ̫꣬Тһʺްͬ꣬͢Խ˷Ϊƽߡ
ʱ峤ϴϷֿࡣսѪţ񿺷ܡ˰˴ƴԣǿڿͷѵмӲһ
˲ңҲˣң֡ٷң裻˻ңնݳ

ֻԶⱲҵ붼ֻס䡣
ң衣ڷңնݳ
ǳıУδǡ
ѵڼһΡǻžʵҵŮ˱ٶô뺷һˣԼķñմȾȻˣʵҲûá浽ʱ򣬹ƶ޿ɳ

ҵ峤Ե뺷տָҵд˷šŷǿŵģ̨ҲûС̿һŰֻֽдĸ
ɣ

ҲǸԵģ
ᵽ⴦ղģȻŵӵĿ䡣
洦տ֮⣬ɹʾû˿顣ⶼǸ档ԼҵĽտģû׼ѡɹʾڡֱӸĳɡ˸ʾڡ

Ȼ㵸ЦݵȴЩͿ
棿ͷ˰죬Ź˵Ǽû氡
ս񫣬ϡӹ͵
ûʲôﲻǵôϲˣ
˼Ƭ̣Ȼĵͷ
ŶȷҲа

һһ롣ʵ״Ȼˡ
յ񿤵ϢȺ˲ͷǰ˵͡
˼һ
֪峤ζԴӣ
Ÿش
Ⱪɹʾڡ
Ҫɹʲôʱ򣿡
붬
ǰɿ
ŶǷ붬Ҳû
ûˣ˵
붬գƣ
ǰŵá豭û
ﷺֹС
ҵڽʮ꣬Ҳн顣ϳôôû˵ˡ˲̣֮
ǰŰװһնĻش
У
У
Ҹռӵģ
ǰЩûᡣ
Ůŵ̫飬üͷڳ̬
ҵģ峤ҪӣǡҲܲţտ峤ͷԼϾδ׸ɻ顣㷸峤Թ֮δⲻףֶŮ˼
꣬ڵվȻŸǶ̫ŵ
ϴˣ

ҲֶŮ
ת˸жǰŴŵ˵
ҵţҵˣ
̧꣬ȾҪߡ
нҽȥٸ棬ϾͰտˡæȰ
𰡣峤ҵϸ˵տ˵ĿɺôǸʫķʿŵԡ㲻ɮ濴棬ء
ǾǺβǻΪͣ±ϲ£
ǱȽϻὲġһſڣͷ˾
ܻô
һ㶡
ͷæ
ܻܻôܻҵȵ˼Ȼ峤үԼأվ顣ȳ֮ٽеĹ檡Ч¶ŮӢͬһҲɵ޽ؽ֮ãͻ˼ѻ
԰գĵͷ⡣
˸
檣Ҳûʲôˣ
üͷ·˼Ƭ̡
˼ˣŤԱ˵
⼸϶Ҵӳͷȥ

ǰͱʹֹס
ǲԹԵѺ⵽ͷϡһ£Ȼ񶬹Ƶرˡȥͷµʱ򣬻Сͷ
̵ģɽµɶզƤҪۼѧŮӢҲлʵô
ҳǽߣǶṦĽҲ¡ֻǾôĶҵס
Щ˱˿ϻ¡ͽżһӢۻᡣ㷢ӣͽ꣬ټһȺʿ׼ǿҪˡ

Ϊ͢ӻȻԾȵΪƹͬһرϱС
ңΪĲ
ұֻҪտ
ϢԴȴǱˡ
౻ǿѹģڡϱءĴٴƿԽԽ࣬еļҲ˼Ϊ׵׷״Űƽ񿤡
һ棬Ϊȳտø׸һ棬ҲΪûɨƽɽӶֱھ򱦲ء

ͬ뵽
ʱ˿̣νǸܵУ





4.9

4.9 ﶼۻ

ͬ뵽
ʱ˿̣νǸܵУ
Ϊ̬仯ס죬֮ݲݶƱٱ赳ɴݷã˺߷ˣ

;հΪ˵˼е衣
ֻΪ˵ǰ;ǣʵһֱŬ˼йԼ顣
Сңɽļ䲢ôι̡ԺӡҲһŸɾЩ̱ЦޣҲѵû

Сա
˸üϸĿ촽ģ񻣬ȴִŵġǱ˵ǳʱ˵ƤˣĹ⾰ϰ档ȵҿʼǿ䣬ֿʼԽᡣ
Ⱳڵġ
˵顣
ѿڶľǸľ֡ľͷľľګľľᡣ
ٶɶͷһתس
Ƕ书Ƕ峤λãֺǶԴˡ

糤߶ģ첢ûľͷ̫ĸʮõĳǰ£šżӰҵ˳ǻ뵽ĽݼҴĶ׶顣
Ľ͢ӣѹһ̧ױƺƵǰ񿤡ں·ʱȴ˵˵
Сֶƽӹʵ䲻С㡣ԸȢŮһӣ
Ľ͢ɽɡ׷һ·
˵飬̬˵˼Ӳ
˳µı˼֮
㲻ԩزʣΪۻлŮҲҪﾺ
ҵŮԵҵҲֹһվ˵ǰһؽй֪Ϊʲô޳Ůȴˡ
žһֻ
ɽ̫࣬еĶŮģҼǲסţ
صɽô죿
Ťͷ۽ģֻЦתζǧʵѾе㲻ˡ

ӽ·պշת«ɽ
˴ٽȻȽϽˣ;ȻܹٽЩĺĶĶУ̸֮ưԸԶΪˡұءġ
«ɽ˵СС˵ȴҲ
һͻȻӿôĽеĽжӵջȵźջȺȥʱѾҪûطסˡڳתȦÿҶֻ
еģһЩɸԤȶǸɽҲסȥ
Σֻ«ɽһҵ̡
Ԫ
⵱̵ϰ壬յ֮ܽ
ʾʺֵƹæЦӭǰȥڷ
Ȳǰ档ɸһ̧ȻûȻ˴żĺ庰
ߣߣ̹ˣ
̣
̣
ͬˮ˷ܵطŲԽԽ
ٵˣŽŵȫһٻͬһܡ
նһۣջӳչ

һƵ·ϣмɫµĳȻͣפ
˿ڣλŮ¡ϤϤ䣬һذȹǣҷ쳾С
ֹ̼סѻȸ

ǡ
°ͣаһЦ
Ụ̊
һЦǾޡ෴ģü۽΢΢𣬵Ǵ˼ּڽ
вŮ
ݹϱܹʫݺŮӶǳԷ糾УͷҪλڽڴе޼ˣ̡

̡
ûĹٻ֮ҡʫģѹʵׯ嶡Ϊʦ
ǵеŮӡ
ʮ糾ݺС
ͬһ£˵ʱߵĻӡ꣬Ⱥ벻ٴٲСתһдС

նŮ˵˽⣬ҲǴѿе֪
šŲӶ˰ΣλС沽˴ӵƾǰʱȻɨ˵˦˦
Уѽ
·Ƕʮ˽⡣

ôϵã
ձֱʡ
ȴҡҡͷ˵

ͷҪսݵʱߵ̶档
Ǵиջ治󣬿װõű£ȷʵΪġ
⵱ңţʦСŮӸλˣ
߰ݣλ˿ȻλμΧסЦһŵߵջſڡֻǳվŵ˵ͷ
ˣȻ˵ۺ
ɶŮӣȴȻȺ˷ͬ
̹Զˣ

ǰһЦ
ʱüȻı
ࡣ˵ڽʱү෽ո壬СŮҲౡ֮
ǻ촽䶯ʱһü΢΢ţԾܾʡ

ˣ۾ֱ
ؿͷ¹סջ߿ˡ

ձŪûûֵģҪɱŤͷݺݵһ
˭˭Ϲ
Źڳϵŵ
һ
˭˵̣
ͷϵظ
˵˵⣡
һ㶡
֮һЦ

=======

ٴ׺ը˭Ұ
ٲװ˿




5.0

5.0 

̵ĵ«ɽһ󲻴СĲ
ԴΪŮˡŮŮˣòֵŮˡ
˲ɫ˫ȫԼŮӺ֧ɵֶֱͬȺһ˲ȥעĿСȻ֮ϵʿ࣬ɫĹâҲͺܿ챻ڱιȥ
˺ͲƸʼջǺߵķЩ

˳ɻ롣ţƱǣͷЩ®ɽϷ̨ٿһСᡱ
۵ݣȻΪ˸õĸͦɽʹ£ȳĥҶԼ˳ϷҲŵ಻֪ıء

˴δȡ˱ȽϿŵķʽϾͺͲгˣˣյ̯һ
ٷȤĶԲμӣٷɤŴĶ˵
װ˽ȥһ֡ûעǣǲû˵ȻյɤʵҲܴ

Ϊ׵Ʊ½ڽȵɣڱҲĺá
ǷƱıԪʣΪƺʩϲ£ڽС͡ĳƺšЯ赳ɳ棬཭ʿǰ̸ܣĵ¡ĭɼ䣬Ϊ׵˵ˡаħ̡
赳ǻ
֮ջı㲻ֹҶ֣
£ܿȺ鼤ܡүү̣֮಻ĻҲŷյǰһתΪˡ׳

ŻΪԵľˣһֱƽ
ֻλŮ̳ͷʱźСڵ¡ޡ˼״մЦ

̱ǽˡΪڳΨһһλȴûɵĲߣմﵽʱҲ˵˼䡣
赳ɵĻ˵ȥСɤᣬǶ
ǣλСŮڽʱ֮塣Ƨɽ֣հааν֪֡Щҽ洫ı̾ڴˡǳԽ˳͢ؾ빫Զ˵зȴӲ˵ҵ֪ǱƣСŮȻ΢ΪҾɶҲϧΪСΩԸλΪ壬ΪΪΪһǣ

Դ䣬ϻȴƷһЩζ
չǡ̹֮ⷬУҪݣ
һҵȷбء֮һ߳իһ߻пܾݱйءԴҪֿȥ
ڶѾҪⳡ̡̻ɿڿıҴôĥô⣬ϳ͢Ϊ˳ġ
Ƕ
ˣʲôʲô嶼ǼٵģʵԶӽܵ޷Ҫ˶֪
壬飡ӢۺˣȢϱҪȢŮˡ

˼ţЦһ̲ס죺
Ů˼۶ܰδ׼дã

ţС۾ųа⡣
бһ£
ĥɶء
˳ڻش
ĥ̡
Բһɡ
ʱɸ֡ı顣̧ȶ׼棬ݺݵĺĲ̤ȥ

ϣ

ձ˸ŶȻ֪զ¶
ŤͷȥͼѾŸе߷ȻıӰȺＷȥˡ
䡭ţ
뺰鷳ֻæ׷
׷ĹУƷζСеһЩζԽԽãЦԽԽ֮лôɫ֮ɡ

Ϊ׶Ųû
ֻ·ߵò졣ôڶеռֹɢԼҲȵԶǸô·ԶƤЦ˵
Ϊмϡһֱûͷ
˹֣֪ôȻɢˣ

ЩżŲȺҴܡȴƵģһֱﵽϽһҲ
ѽˡ
ԶƬʱҪдﳾϡϡżλ綼ǱصĿʱڴҪ裬ЪЪš

žͺһֱΣȻԼ굽Щİм䣬ҲͦãȻ
ʱԱͻȻ߳ļ硣
ô
һȣиͳ͵ͷƤϲ
̧ͷȥǣǸİģӡ

ʶģ

ƫݡһϮɫĻסͷɢһӵܵĸɾ롣һڱӳԵø߳
ɣ
ü䣬ߵ߶ϵһԡ
ǲʶĿɾֹȴ˾ͻŵɴȥһֻλɫ԰ȴȣɾȥЩơ

Ȼ
ع⣡漮
£ԱšüĿЦЦȴûаư֮Աţ֣ͦɻĻ˸
ţ
漮ĶŻ˸۶û˵
λعҲͦʶ࣬ǳЦЦ¶һµı飡
һᣡ
ͷƺҲ̫Ҫ¡
΢Ĭ£ʵ
Ǹ㣬ɶ¶
ŵͻ
Ȼǲ⡣񣬳Ļش
¼乫εӰ֧ɫãʱʲô֮¡ǰʹǷҪæ
ˡ
̻Ȼӣˣ
Ŷ

ԭģ
ģ
ڴһǮҲû
û˼һش𣬱ͦεɦºףλع˵
ңҽǮűˡûǮţ
عⱻһĲ²⾪һ¶˻¶Ц
ЦͬЦĺᣬܸɾܴ⡣
أءԵ¾ΪӰһԣ
㣿˭㡣
е㶯ġԥƬ̣д˸š֡

ϾŸƭӶúܡҪǮҲûָ˭ع䣬ûûãȻֻǺ׼Ľ͵
תɰӪ
һҪĻ
仰ŶƵ룬˵غһ

ϧǣûŪ׹еĺ塣عҡͷβ˼䣬ΪûûΣ԰ûСʱˡ
ԶԶվڷɳһ𣬲žһ
СѲˤˡ





5.1

5.1 

Сʱˡ
ԶԶվڷɳһ𣬲žһСѲˤˡ

ȣҷſ
̤űг
־Ͱһȱ
Ũܵüëָλع⡱˼ġꡱͷ˰죬ˡ
ԭԭ

ڣϤĸо
üһ顣ϾͿ뵽ʱŶһ
ʲô㶣Ⱦ̺ŵĵңǼҴǸ

ѹȺĺҧ䡣
ҧˣװҧ¡
ͥڵģ
ŵûʲôԡУһ¾˻ǿЦţСŪˡ

ȣعε
ŵҡҡͷ
ǱƵغһ
ʲôû˶
ӺܰɷƵܹԭͱ˴ˡ䣬ɴƺʦŵɫŶ㵽档
£ֻʣȺ۵Сۡ
ȸп
ô꣬㻹Сʱ
ǵ͵Ĳѻ꣬ȫǲҩֵĻ˼
㲻Ҳǣôģ
ʵʵд˰ΣʶЩʲô
ָŶ˵
ǣʶ
˾״
ͬԻ
ʶˣ

˵ԨԴôӿɿʱڽ
رҲûС޷һһ䣬Ҵ˰ˣ˭Ʋ˭ʼܡ
кӵ飬Ǻ״ӱнġȻҲû⡣ȰᰤˣյȭͷձƵöˣȵԴǣ˱㲻֪İһ귢չ˽գȻҲ

²Ž˵Ź֡
˵鴦Ȼ˼
бۿţķɫ͸ĻҰܣͬģǸ࣡
ӣȥҽȥϻ˵ǲá콥ˣȴֵߵ߶ô
š
Դϣձ̾Ǻ޵ðһ䡣
ȲΪ衣
ǳǳ¶һ˿ЦݡŵԳĿ˵
ǿ󲻵ã
˵ͣͣ
΢´˸أ־Խȥ
ߣ϶ôĻҲ˭ˣҲôӣ

㵽ϡ
̾ջ˸ŶԴһ۾ɵԲȥ˼ҡ
ȱЦߵҲôô򣬽պҰƿˡ
˵ӵˣ㻹Ҷ
ȣƺѶʱ˰ĿҲһ˻
ȼֲֻ֡˼Ǿ䡰ӵˡм١񵭵ӹţ˸ֵ̾
²˵ûȻʲôҡ
һ˵ƮƮܹǺЩ졣
Ҳϳ򡣳˰죬ʱʱ磬һЩʲôȴֲܵơ
ֻ˦˦˵
Щ¶һҲ˵ף
ƺǼļ
ǹתȴ
һԵ㱾ҲͲǸܹסĶ
յͷ
ǣ
оò
˵˭Ƕ
£ˡ
ϺһЦ
ڰЦ˸߳ŭץһ

кС
Ϊֵ˶յٽֵϷ̨ǱߣʸԵþס
˱һ˵ЦһߡܿصպŵġԪ

ȽţԪƹչƣæӭŵһСƵعڵ
СģСļң
ȷ
ضɣ
ƽͣȴ˼ǰеζ

ճûյŶĨ
޵ġʵһӻˮٳɵҵġƹĶµү

⻰˼סžǸţò޺ʵǸ¹ޣǧá
ŵӺ˲̫ͬȥôĥôںԼ԰ڣ

ҡ
ʮа˾Ҫгսں˵ʲôʲôѵǼҾͲˣ
С۶һתˡ
б
ɵľ͵ǻа˳أ

а˳ɣа˳ôˣѵҵģ
û
Ȥ˵һ䡣

û
úãǵʣǰ˳ҵģ񿤷ԲЩʵҲҵģ






5.2

5.2 ŵ޸

ҵˡҵˡ
ֽͬˮ𡣿Ŷȣȴûʲô

ԭ򵥣ͨǸ˲Ҫĵܵܣʵǲ֪˶١
ȿҵľףʮоʱ
Ůүһ񿤣ڱ˵ĵڡҴԲѣ˵ȻԼ޻⣬ʵȱ¡ǣºȴòеļλǰҲϴ˼ư̬ȡ̬񻯣һֱյľء

ҵĴӿʼ̬ȡ
Ϊʲô֪ˣȴرУ볯͢ʩѹȴֻδźἰ

ɼ˵պȴҲһͦΪȻ˵
Ա
ұ¡
ȻӴм˽صļ塣ȻҪһ׼
ȱκ˶ἸֻǱ湦ܺ˵ģΨг͢Ĵ

ջȳ²֡
һɽɽ£һ̺ŵĲƣʹ͢λС
˵ףĿֻһǱסܣסտ
УҽҪܵĴѹˡȴĿС

磬űֳĴȡ
ŶԣΪ˺Լ˵İΣȱ£ǺƽġŵԼ
˵˾
Ǽ˾£ƨ£
һԱ֮
ھ֮࣬ȻҲеͬ
ദΪгֱǳζͶ֪Ҳ

Դ鲻ͬǸϸˡ
Ϊಡֲõ谮ܻȥġԺáദϲ۲죬˽ԷԺʵķӦ

˼Ƶıʱܺõ׵£ȻҲ˾÷С
෴ģֻġ
ֲӭǸֵýѡ
յĻ
꣡

Ǻꡣ
Ҳһܵĺõġ

ųǻȡޡΪ飬䲻һֻĺ꣬ʮֻϲ
Ͼʱ㳣ȴһЩϺʳ¡ϲչˣǱʫ顣Ž̸Ǩȥ˼ֶȤĽ⣬ûͺų˵Цĺѡ
æѰЩصСձͦģڻЩ˵СҲҪĸ߸š

ͬͬĬʮ㡣Сֱ˵
λүãֱϱӰݹһ

תչȥڶ˶飬죬ʽɽƽ
ڸԣɸ˵ɣλҲȻȻ쵽ƵĶšźջã·ȻϰߡֻȺЪЪֲ̫˱㲡ʹȥ

ȥҩȡҩ
źհڳһũϢ
ѹԼڲϡǶԼ˽⣬漴㶶ûѪɫ촽Ը˼䡣


ﶥ˵Ż¡
һԸƾܳӰתƴȥ
ϷƵص۾̫Ƕ

Ƴ顣
ǳǳ¶Ц
ЩҴӰˡҵš
ĿƵһӵܣΪҪӰɱƵذȴҲᣬ·𲢲Ҫ

˵ŵһ᲻ֶʣϸմװͿҲల¡
ֻһ·ӰеƵϵɼضҩģδʹЩұؿҪħû⣬ȴġ

ա
쵽ʱľӰӰ´Ѱˡ

Ůӡ
ᡣ
ĺɫ֮һϮȹҷأ޳ڵϵӰ˷顣
ƿƣ
̹

ſڡ
ۣ֬һءԵü۹֮Եˮɫ٣˴

̹ǡ
ſڵֽһ·Ŵɫѹ
һסæͨȡ

Ŵڴ˵أ΢СЩϷ㣬ͣ
΢΢ͷſڣ¶ѩ׵Ĳ籰ɫĵ׳ģ·žɣɫ쳣

Ϊѵһ͡
ڷȴŵɳƵó·
ǿͣɣ

ˣ
˳óǵ졣
촽˽ȥ֮㸡־ʧ

ڷںٺٵЦ
˵λɶԴֵȴѰȺտȾ꣬е㡰޾檡İԹζ
Ȼֵܣһûģһǻġչɲ䡣
տĽɫҲ鵭ˡȣǶ⾴лܶԶͶԶ

Խţղ棬Ǳֱ۰ڳźϷģɵҡҷ˵ڷţ⵲¶
²⣬λӦúЩƽûûεŶȻĴŲŵ¡˽ˣʲôޡٰǰѵҲü

ԥǰһ
ȴû뵽󣬲ĵԼ߳ͷ˸ŨܵĽëеټĵƤ
ٺȣƺ˵
ò㣬۲Ųأ

ʵϣҲǲ¡
£ֱ׳̲䵽ȸȵ˸Ťûô¶ֱ׳־߹ȥ˼һ͡
žһ
ȵܽϡ
õĻܲµ

㣬Ǻˣң
̴ֲıȳһģҡҡ׹ĵջȻպ޵ȥɵȵͷ׼ŵ۾ŵ̬쳤°ӡ
㣬㣬㡭
ŷ̵һ㡱ȴûġ
ŴǰɫƽʣԽԻ
С˵ˡǷȣǼ˼һεһΣ
⻰ޱޱȶ񶾡
Ϊ˵ţ˻üĿƽ糣ؾأûκı顣·Ļѭ浸ء

Ϊɶˣ
ΪǷȡ
ôļֱףĻ˵

ȻˡȻ𺳵ĳЦһЦԵҲЦŴŵҲϷһ㣬ǡ
㣡
߷ߣڵճ̺졣
ָⲻסĵָţĻ
䣬š㣡
Żƽ
гԼü
ϳˣ
ҧ
ҺֹϵãˣǻɻңճɷۣҲϵã
˵ŲŲǰ
ۼžҪͿޢָ״ŵıǼϡüҪƿ
˭ϵŸñ

һȥ˶һ
ž
£ն̲סŤͷ
ͷǺ޵ˢˢ
㣬㡭

ĻĨƤԾֱ׳
С廹˵ˡһһΣȵ㲻һ꣡



Ծ¡̶͵ı̵ĺ
š
ıŭˡ
Ҫһ㣬ϬļС˲ԣҲҪšŲ㲻Ҳհæ
ͦصǰһֻô˾
õˣ
ƽ·ֻѯʡ
ȴǱѨƵأ㤵ס֡
㡭
ŵĶţ
첲õŲ
أȻ΢΢ή

ˡ
ˡ
ҵζٳõڶΡ

Ψߺޣͬһֻ˾ŵС㣬׵ϡ
һתͷҪߣŤȴִҶһּȻɵԼ˲ˮƽʶرǿ
ܣţ֪
ָٵ˵㣬ɪ
ˣֳš
մ˰죬תԽ룬Ҳŵˣߵ׷š

ʣǵʾ⣬Ҳ¡
ڰΨȰȻڴϣüĿ£΢΢ڽģ߶ŵĻӣ̡


ãﶼǾĵġ
ȲĿ۲죬ȵƽЩſʵ
˵رϷġ⣬Ϊ֪ɷ񳢳

һŻûֵĵĺӣҶΡΡվ

һɲĹ
ûǰǹķɡЩģֹϸСճȥ
ԺհˣŶľ
룬뵱ңã
϶ҵѵϻӵ˹ȥ
ָͷɫεĵͷһ
Ȼζû뵽û뵽񣬾һ˵صĽϵģ

ӯ޳䡣
ڳŲȥۡһľеڵϡ

ſۣ֮ͫʢĽȵģ
һ÷ģӵģ߳ԱŵЦЦݼ䣬еļڽк緺ĵĺˮûͷ
̣ŮСɽһׯ˼ңɥĸΪ
=======
̾ǿŮ£
ŵĴųĻعǿˡ
żԲ˵ȶǿδǵòҪģ¡

¡
ĿԴұսôֿ֡
 
лҪ˵̾ǿŮڿŮĸ˵ͯЬҪԼǰ½ڡ
˵جȱֱ˻ɽĿŮϹǸ




5.3


5.3 ²

ϸŮҲˡ
䣬ҴһƽĹ¶ΪСѵ岮˵ˣԾĵĴ
ʱµĳΪ⳥޹ܵľȭţһ档
ԣӦ˵ֵһ档ԼʼպִֵôΪ

ɽ𽥹ı
гк߰˾ʱʱơӴţѧ˵ʫ¡
ȻĲƽίȴһһμѹĵףջûΪһΰ׳룺
Ҫˡˡ
ƾƴ衣

ھ˽ǽ½յĽ̻֮Լ룬ԺﲻϿԽԽ϶Լ޹뱯ࡣǣѧеŮһ־ǿģ
ҪһҪ֮УҪܾޣҪֲƽɽҪǷȫҪ
Ȼһֱûùɶ

ķߺȣԽԽҲԽԽ
ԭҲԹҽǨ񿤡ǰʵ۱ɽҼԽΪϽսȫսŹ²űϣũ
ɽãʱ岮Ǻƴţĺ֯һԼҷ˱ᣬ˭š
ҵ߰˵ԺЦۣимѵҲĪ
ô
ǰ
Ůش
ǡūĸ֡
ǸٻŵڣжжôҲиĹŲ
ŮŮűģѹ͵ôֿʼ

Ǽ˳µ¡
ûϵ۾Ҳûգ£ͷˡȴ
й˵ģµļǲס
м䣬ܳɡ
ͷЩν
˵ˣԼֵܽãҲһ߰˵ĽСǱָߵĳϣʲôҲַܹɽССƺ䵱ʦ֡ëʿ
ЩŮȴ˽⡣
ֻ֪Լܾ࣬裬ĸ¶ɼ

Ψ
ҡﷴôԼ
Ľ͢ĳ֣Ǹһӱĺûᡣ

ޢ껪ͤͤ
ҳ˼ͣ弸κϵˣҲģ
ǱɽҸʵ˼ΪͼޣӣڵϷ˵
СдСһղҲһղޣ
ʲͨҲľ
ķ˸ôģҲû˾øжӣôͰĹ
źĽ͢ʱûˡ

ϲĽ͢
ӹɣ۾ܿ¡˵Ľ͢ʼҲȫ⡣
ʵŮԼҲе㲻Ľ͢ı⣺
Ϊ˱Ϊ˷ֻǱ֮ǸЦ紺һѹӸˡ

֮Ҫˡ
ڽʾ֭ȡֶ֮󣬻˴ִӰԵ϶
Ľ͢ΪףõġһգŶž黨ĽȹվȺСĽ͢峤ǰ˵Сֶƽӹʵ䲻С㡣ԸȢŮһӣϳȫ
˵ʹ졣

ȻĻ̫ˡ
סϰԼķʽȥˡûϵҳϻΪ˸ôóĽҡ
湦ûֱ֣ӾͰĽ͢Сɽ
׷ȥĽ͢ǿӲ˵
֮ϵǿҲûãôֻѿǶģֻܺչ˿Ůһؼ˵Ȣߣ
ĳȣȴ޴֪Ľ͢һߣû

Ϊ¿ĽϡĽȴûдΪ˸ŮȥΪС
Ľ͢Զ͵ѧգȢʦŮ£ǳǳһЦ㸶֮һ档


о죬¼ѪӴ˴һ
󣬺ͰĽ͢˳׵ˡǻѪ˻ص书֮ϡ

ûչ˿Ů
ɣҪɡŲ˳ۣƾʲôչˡ
չˣҳԱ˳ŵλȴԶԾվ˳Ĵ£Ŀŵľ˿Ů
ںɽһٴ͡ԭ׼ɽιҰޣȴסˡ
˵
˼һŮ˿˱ôֶ֣

Ҫô죿
ش
ôˣ˾ǡ˵ɱĶӲһֱûȢϱô
˵ЦԲ¶С
Ŵޱȣʵ˳žͷ
С˵ĵȽ˾
Ӷʮˣ
Ϊ
˵˼أ
ر𰮴ˣ
˵˼Һ
ԭҪôһ
Сʮվ˵˾乫
Ҳ̫ȱˣ
۶ۣȷȱ¡
ô죿
ͷԼáǾͰѴͷԣΪ˶׵˳
۸ţŻ
룬벻ͰҲϻҧƨɣ
ŵòû޳϶˵
ңҲܣ峤˵˵ۼϹ£ţųСġ峤˵ѵ˵ùܵģܡ˼Ҹʲôʲô峤˵˵
ű飬峤ʱڱһߵԱߡ
Ȼûӵһ䣬ȴ˺ܴͷ
Ǿ͵ۼûȹùʲôӣȥʲôȥ
ӵϵƶˣƶֱߵϡ
Ůôɽ

Ȼɽʱϱӵûһõط
ɽȻҲҪָԭò
żСŰѺɱĵǰȻ˰죬˭ѪȲȥ֡
Ȼű˳
ôŮġڻϱȻһءº峤Ŀã峤һ硣ȻáȴҲ˱һ䷽츳
ԡֽҲСϸߵġ

ڿŮԺˡ
峤ƺǶϤ˽ܵһСĸֵϣ񿤣֮ٲ۷
Ĳ
ĸ֡
ĸ֣Լɽʱ򴩵һãС¿㣬ûκζ
û֪Σǻֻ˵󣬽ϳһλ̡
дһֺʫһֺû
һСȴ缸ġ





5.4

5.4 һ

ڿŮıȻҲָơ
Ҳû˵ֻǵһŮԭʾ
̹֪ҽϼ࣬˫Сģ
һơ
̵ʱɫֽʧꡣ
֪ϤǶιȥȻǲҵΨԼãɽŮ˶˼˶ٿͷġֽ˷ƵĴ˭ķΡĶ̻¶ǰ
ʶ˼ҡ̵̻ĵƵӳǼ䲻éݷ
Ժ߳Цŵ٩
㻹治֪ϧ˶պ͵ˣ
ȺЦӦ˼ȴҲΪǰѻ˵˼û˺ȴ㹻֪Ѷ˵ˡ

Ȼǵ͹̴ˡ
պָǰСŲ֪رΪƵľɻͶ䣬̸Цַ顣żŶ׸Թ۶ͺʲô鶼û

Ҳò̾һ
ֲ˼Ҷ˵Ůģ롣ǽ׽͸
Դ
ĸŮˣ
ҲҴֻΪ̵´˵һ顣
˷úֵƳƳǣһ֣
У
ҪܾͲпŮǣʲôˡ
˽̰˰ƣ˺ɫ뵱١
˵ӦûʲôĿøҪˡԽȱ٣ԽǳԣΪǸԸĶȥġ

žȥ϶û³·û¶ӷΪ˶ξġ
ƺǼŸСƵسӣԾȥҡŴ򲻹Ψж㡣ȲƣܻҪסݺݡһ顣
ȴԹ۲ÿÿʧЦ
շ·ܴЦʲôļֱ˵
żżһ꿪˵׼ʲôʱҲҵⲡԴˣ
ȱ٩ˣҲɫ
ü΢΢£۾Ź
Ҳô˵ӣӦ˱һУ
Žӻʱ
ʲôʲô
Ҳ֪ǲǳĵģһһ͵İҭֱ㶡Դæܵ˶ǰ
ԭҲЩ;֮ĵЦҲû˭档ȴ˶ߣһˡ
ƫУҵȵԴ϶ϡ

ẽ֧غ顣һֻƵҲ˶ġ
ٳĶصȻ֪ͷ
ΪԲߣʯʵУ۶ˮ
ǰ龫ǣˮũԴΪϱӻ廧𽥵Ҳ츣һپ

ؿɽ
˴˴ϾһҵĴš
һ·ֱӿУƸǣ˲һľءսأ˵Ҫ򣬿ɻڵɽʽ°ԷƱΪ׵£ڴ˵ǰУʹ¡
һ·йĶطһȻôһȺʿӿ룬̱üɹðǱ棬˿פԼٽǲı.سд֣̿ƱȶҪɼԼɵĵӲ඼ӵǱҪԳУӵƽУְա

ν˵Ŀ˼Ʊ
´ĵӶǾӢʮзִ硣㶼ʵء
ȻҲвɢ֯ģƤһ·ȴǲЩԼġ


ɽﳤҰɽƺͻĶķȤ˭ҲסҪĴһĳ嶯Ҳֵͦġճȥ棬ÿζ޳ɡҳ£ǰͷȺܱòüֵۡҪĹؿڣȴں棬ĥĻÿҡȻԴͬһ㣬·ʶġ
ţȲӲԴĶǺνҪ棬͸šҪϢܰҹͷ˯ˮڵ͵ûûΡ
˳ζͶһӵ˵ĺ٣ӽͷͿʼι䡣Ĵ۲һȴҲջ񡣲Ҫ˵ȣòƴĵģоõؽڲͬ
ӣ
˵ġ
ӣϸй֮޲
·ϣŸɫεŮڽᶼз˿ĿϾӡ
Ȼⲻģ˵ˣճɫ
оȻ򵥡
էȥҡ
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5.5

5.5 

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ңԭǾСǡµǣ
ŵĻԭ뿪
˭λʲôпȺԼ˵ϲ۾ðСȸƵߴߴĳ嵽ߣƨһŤչԶ
ŲšһƵ÷ţã
һϣʮֵĲȻ
С㡭
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С㡣
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С㾫ͨѧʮ飬ƨɲͿʼ˵ӣ飬мֻźˮĹ
ճȣϬ˭㣬ԼԼͺô
ưˮҲúȡҪǰĸ˵кܶ˹ƯĺˣҲŲأ
˼ھˮ̲סԹԲСԱɿ˼£ƺ԰ûкøС
ҲһֱӣһպȾҪǺھơ
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пյǳ⣬ơȥ棬ȥĺˮ
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ģԸȥҼ߶
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