崩֮˰硷ߣӦ
İ
ѯԽˣ˰˰硣
ǾǸţƺİ˰磬Ҳ޻Ǹ˰磬ǻ̫ͺزǸֶûüı
ձϵжứתͷԼزİ˰硣
ѯһҪң
ϵͳҿһԸѡһˣ˭
ѯȾԼ
#һܻ#
#ҵܳŵԭ#
.
ĸͷʷ̫ĸ¹ҿƶߣΪƽѪĹӣ˰ݹ󲻿ԡ
ǰѧͻȻӮ
ۿĲһٻ
ѯۣұذڣ
ȵȣ
˰زˣ
ʷλûüİ˰磬̫Ϊ˵ǻһ´ϧʵڸֻ£ֶûü
䣬˳ɼ棬
̫˼ƣһغ
һ£ѯָͷԼĺ˳·
һ취
ʮ
ûϢͻȥĵ

๶꣬ѯϲһٻˣ˵ˣ
ϵͳͻȻ֣
ϵͳ˵״ϻۣŴ˽һ£
ѯܾҲǣûУұˣ
ֶ
빬Ͱ˰ʱ䶼ǰˣԶӦʱҲᷢ仯
Ķָϣ
1.ǰ˰磬̬Ƚ϶࣬ų
2.ƫʷ𿼾
ݵ룡ݵ룡ݵ룡
3.ǰ¾һ
4.ϵͳݿ̫ܲ
5.һƪĸĸ飨ϲıע
ݱǩ 崩 ͢ ϵͳ 
ؼ֣ǣ㣨ƽ  ǣ̫  
һ仰飺İ˰
⣺ĸʱҪŬ


1 
³ˣʢʹ
֪˲˻кȵ»
ߴϵڵ⽹ⲽץסÿӵѯʣǺƽȫĽǣ
û𣿡
̫ҽĶһ˵Щƣ
ôˣ
̫ҽѩ׵ɽǺ˽Ȼ෴ƽȣ
԰꣬Ϳˡ
Ϳˡ仰ҲûʮҲа˱飬ÿ˶ô˵ɺӻǳٳûнô԰ꡣ
ٴѯʣ
ʱ̫ˣ᲻ۣ
󺹿ģȱض߾ܣø𡣡
Ǵ졪Ϻ̫ȣ˱ȵѾ
̫һĺѾˮ͸ĽѵĲסŵ
ǵǿ취ôû
̫ҽչ˲ҪĽɷĬĬ²ۡ
ô˵ҲǺüӵĵˣҲǻ̫ڲ֪ٴˣôһεôš
Ȼǰǻʵۣ¸ص̫ҽԺԺҲ˵ﻰֻȰοŽϸף
󺹿ģŮˣ鸣ĺãʱ
ҽȥ̫ͲסĲ̫ҽ
һܺ¡
ĽŲߵ̫ҽס
󺹲ɣۻ࣬ѪŨأܽȥ
ֻ֪˵ۻ࣬ӽ룬ס̫̫ҽźֲһ䣬
Ůͬ»ײ˲󺹻Ȱɡ
̫һתűסԼ죬
ȥˣ֣
̫ͷһ㾧ĺ飬ȴϾ˼ʲôҲȥֻһζڹſת̥ʮµĺ鸣ʱ
̫˳ᣬϸ¹ڴշתĺ飬Ůɫ԰ף˿ˮ͸ڶǣѾҧѪۡ
ʹ̫һļҪˣ޲֮
̫ҽ˵ʱֻٲǰʹôҲҪϵ硣
̫ŵںߣ缱һڷҲûԽȥʲô£̫ҽ˵̫ˡ
ܲţڲշתʹȻѾѹ֣ڵţĶҪˡ
ʹգԺˡ
ɫ¹ڣһ죬鸣ʹһ߹һ̫˵ʲôҲ̲סˣ
ҵýȥţֳĳһƿز˵ʲôҶȥ
רΪ׼ĺز̫һƿŨصѪ˱Ƕ̫ɫһݡ
һֻڵڣһֻŻûüͻȻһޡ
ؽŵʱɢϲ
ա
̫ҽˢˢһأϲ󺹣
ѡϲ죬˵һС
ϲ󺹣˸С硣
ʲô̫Ͼ˼ߵ齱ߣסǣ
ǵĺӳˣǸС硣
Ů˵ĳˮʪڲ԰׵ļձߣҧʺѪɫ𤣬Ż̫չһЦݡ
ʵǹƣָã齱ߵɷͶӣ룬̲ס˻˯

³ˣʱ
һޣʵۻ̫ĵڰӽĸ¹飬ɡƽѪĵһ絮ˡ
۴ãٷƶߣδգ԰¼λһ´

ãѡԽĿѡ񵹼ʱӡ
һѳʱϵͳԶΪƥ䴩Խ󡣡
飬μעʷ̣ףԽ죡
ʱѯΪԼΣ׷ϵӾ硶幬Ĵ֣ʮɴ˯ˡ
Ӿ署ǻ̫ĳĹ£еʷҲеգ˵ֵһֶ֮ǰ
⵼ĺܻbeѧһ̫ŹдصϢӽǰ߱ʹ
ҹƥսҲδϹ䣬˲ϢֻΪ˼˵һ档
ǽڲಡ齵ĺ飬վȲսľع飬ս̤빬ŵǰһ棬鳤졣
һˣ±˿ѯ޵۵ģ۶׳˺ңƽŷ۾ʹ뵽컹Ҫȥҹ˯ˡ
˵ĻȷʵӦΡ
Ǹ˵ʲôԽ֮ĻѯûϸȻͻȻͿʼ˵ʱ
ÿĺӶĸ׵ĵʱп־壬ѯҲ⣬ʱʱסǸȻվһ
֪ôǰһڵģһתĸоʧȥ֪Ȼ۾·ʧˡ
ֻŸжʱ߬ס࣬иڿޣԼ
ΪʲôǸСӣ
ĺӼ۾ҲǿģԱߵػأ˵ĻѯŻҵ˼ʮӲСӵԴܣ˯
ȵ΢ѯٴ۾Ȼ󾪴ˣ岻ܿƵſ캿ޣǶˣڹѯϾ˼
ԭܿһ֪ԼԽˡ
ǰĹ̫ˣͷǻƽʯǶıڵ嵭µĴϸǵĲϹ⻬
ǹѯˮƽܽӴĶ
Ǽᶨ˼ߣѯҲòŴԽˡ
ôҲû뵽¿־ȻǺŽ׳ģѯӯ޵ʵ⣬
һƻ£ֺˡ
ǵȵȣһûûΪʲôᴩԽ


2 
СӵʶÿƣѯĻǲﲻȵֻǿһͽ벻
벻ԼΪʲôᴩԽⲻѧ
ɻ󣬹ѯٴ˯ȥȻһԳϵͳܡ
ãڿʼҾϵͳˣֱӽϵͳҲһϲ֡
ѯʲôνܸܲʲô
ϵͳõ˵㴩Խˡ
ѯ˵һ顣
Լˣᶨ˼߹ѯӲŹ񣬴Ӳ⽨ţ˽⹬ԽԸԼˡ
ϵͳ侲ƽ壬ȫûиĻе
㴩Խˡ
ԭԽԽ
ʲôԽԽ
ͽԽԽ
һûûײΪҲûˣΪʲôᴩԽ
ѯĵ˵ȣ
Ҹɣ㡣
ӤСȰźһɢζ£һҲûУͦȡ
ϵͳͷ϶Ҫҡɲ˹ģ
Ϣǲ˽ԲģԼ룬ʱûʲôر£
ʲôرģر˧
Цѯû̶ȣȻڹ¶ԺʱȷʵΪòɫܾɾ̫ÿˣԺԼҳò
ѯѻԼʮҵһ΢ôƽˣ
϶ʱ˸ˮĺӣʮǰɣΪ𣿡
ȫûˣûϴԽɣ
⻹ϴԽ
ֱĴԽ
ϵͳݿзȶ֮ǰһЩԽóۣ
Ͷˣ¾ʧ㣬Σգ룬䣬»ǲȣԴԽˡ
ţ
ϵͳͲ̫׵ӣʲôо
ѯܾҡ
ϵͳװѯ̾һ
ڵʲôܸܲ˵һ£ôʲôҲ֪ĴҲ̫ԩˣЩ˵Ҷ
ϵͳشӦʮˬ죬
õû
̫ڵİ˰硣
ѯȥԭͻȻңôǰָѵ
ǣ̫ڣ
˭
ôô죿
ǺôҪҮʵ۵ĶӣǸү
ѯ˽սһʵǲԸţԽôƵ龹ȻԼϣһ棬ݸĳʵ̫ˡ
ǰһ·ڹѧȥְѧϰԿʮ꣬ڳΪ˹¶ԺΨһϴѧĺӡ
ΪרҵƣҵҵĹнֻǧҪ
ÿӰൽʮ㣬ĩҪӰ࣬Χ˺Զ֪ƣ룬޲һʮĸСʱͶ˾˹Ͳϴ»
˵ǣΪ˵һ̫Ҫĺͬǩʱ䣬ֱӱ˾ˡ
˵ʵѯ´Խϵͳһ˵϶ˡ
ڣԽˣʵҡ
ǰҮһ䱸ѾСźôô棬ʲô¶Լɡ
ֻҪζʹ˻ܻү¹ֵǵʵۣܿʵֵһӵٻ󰡡
ӦǾ仰ѧһһˡ
ѯû취ĶеǸ档
Ÿո˯ǰľ
ϵĵ񻨣ġ
İڼ໨ɡ
ϸǵģ˿
ͷҡϵСġ
ʲô氡û֮ǰ붼롣
ʮӣִôҪѧҪԺҪǮԼȢϱڹŴѽ
뵽ѯδ㽣Ϊδٻ󣬻Ϊиĸˡ
Ϊ¶׾ʮֿĸůǹ¶ԺĺһһıߣΨһֱֱ꣬޷ٱ˰ߣҲ޷ӵһҡ
ʵڹŴʮƽҲעܵõĸİİ裬¸ĸĸӦò
ʱȻ۾ǸоһŮߣӤ໴ޣŮӲźǰ
ѯоͷϱĴӡһǣһӽڻУַЩɬʮṳ̊ʵĸס
ԭĸŵĺӾ
ѯôҲ벻ȻڹŴܵ˸ĸů


3 
磬¹Ĺ˽ŲģľʵĴ
󺹣ʱˣӳҪʼˡ
ĵϢ滹Ǻ޶̲ס΢ߴ٣
󺹣Ҫʼˣ鸣農˳ٹ
谵ϸڵȷʵʺ˯ߣڵ˺೤ȻûҪѵ˼
ϰʹȻгߴ٣˯һҹĺȻ̫ѵĻҪЩ
ֱ߬Уֻһضûѵˣ͵۾
̫һ±ȥϵŮӣָᲦŪ˯ҵͷ
ôˣϿɻ𣿡
գ̫һ£̫ҽ˵鸣ֻڻ˯ȻģôںĴ齱ߣŴպһޡ
ճС类ﱧȥιˣ̫ôڴ齱ߣŻ˯еŮӣҲ壬ʱʱΪȥ˯ϸôҲ
ҹﺣҪˮȣʹѣֻ̫֣Ҫ΢һѹ
ҹ֧ŲסһֽŶЩ飬ǻ̫ûбֳֺ
ע⵽۵Ŀ⣬Цʣ
ôң
Ѱ˼ҵɷҹʮֲףο̫ǾµĴ齱һҹǱڽ̤ϣΪ˵زκŮӵҲܲݡ
ۿ΢죬ҡҡͷˡ
Ծɻֱ۸ֻ̧Ż̫ΪŪ鷢ģ
ô˯ˣ֮ί˯һޣҵˡ
ޣָ̧̫˫ϣ
Ҫ²ģԺ۾ۡ
˷·ڰʱܻʦͨ˵ЩỰ¶Զˣ̫΢΢Цţ޲ðԼʸ
ʲôֻҪúõģʲôԸ⡣
ʲôίģо̵ʱĽϯأʱҲں˯ţ۾ܿԼߣûʲôˡ
˵繣̫ܵİã޲˽ϵĳᣬֻ¹Ͱ´档
ǲУƵæѾһĳᣬٲȥЩĳǿ϶Ҫл˵ҳ컹治סĴߴ١
̫̾˿
ѵĲ뿪
Դӳıٵλ·ӣĳǳܣҪϻ̫ϣǰæ治ȥЩĳҪں¡
ЩȻͲںǰ˵ˣҴҴǣ
ȥͿһŹգСһȥҫء
ʲôҫģ̫ĳӺѾˣҲа˰һˡ

̫ô˵̲ס԰׵һĨɫ΢΢ͷ
š
繣ĳѾȹϵˣ
󺹿Щɣһˣһ̣ǻ÷ͲˣԸۡ
̫ΣԽûûС֪ãʲôҲ˵
֪ˣţұʪë
˳죬̫ͺһЦ
ڴϵŮ˫ĿЦעԼˣ
󺹿ȥɣ˳ᡣ
̫վϸĽıӼһһûиǺã˷硣
ʹ̫ҽŮҪСıܴ磬ˮպ²
Щٹ㣬úϢһͬ÷
ȷϹѾޱʵһ˿綼˳űӵķ϶ȥںӡһǣֱ̫뿪˹¹
.
Ҫᣬ磬¹ع翪ŵģһ磬ŵСѾͷһ
Ǵ󺹺ͳҴҵĳȥһߣһŲſڽŲԶ˶٣һ𡱣˲˵ʲôųķ򼲲ȥ
ˣƽûɫҴҵӡ
ųȥʲô£ȴû뵽һƬͮͮʱ磬ʹ͵Ѿˣ⴩ոµĺ¡
һˣҲ˭Ҿϲ¹ϲ
ʱܹⶣˣ鸣ոϣСֽţ˸徲
ЩֽҲ飬ᶯʹʱֽ㣬Ūһ˵ĶһҲûˡ
ʹ͵ĽʤϹƤë͹ˮһͲǷƷдԵõһԾ޴¹ǣͲĺö
¹Ԣ⼪鳤٣ܹܴ⣬ˣǰ¹ǹС޵Ϊ
ڶ࣬ЩʹͶǴӴ󺹵˽ģû󺹶ĸŮĳģȻҲֻк鸣ĺӣܵõĳ谮
ڶ񵥵ݸ¹¹ŮңݹĴ󺹣ֳź鸣ČҾ
񵥣ȹ㣬ⶼǴ󺹴Լ˽Ⲧģǰ¾Ѿ׼ˣֻȺ鸣̧ﱨ븣֪Ҳףظ
񸮵ں棬˵ˣ͸С񣬱ضҪͷһݶһˡ
С罵󺹸عĹǶǮЩͶģͨ˶һݡ
Ĺ¹ַǷʹˮһӿеĹ޲ϲ
󺹰أ¹ĹǷǮǳĽأ
ΪСǶһݶʹͣǰĻƽλϲúϲ£졣
ﰵǧٱ飬ҪúιС磬
С糤øЩ׳Щ󺹺͸
ĺųֵСʱǸСġ


4 
˵ĻһӤУҪһʱӦټӤһ޲ʮһʱ˯ѯѵʱʵ
ʮֻʱ䣬֪ǷΪĸ׵޹ʱԵʣÿζܵõĸ˵Ĺذ
ǸҲʮţűţʮа˻ѯ۾ԼĸЦӯӯһָ߬档
ڣɹɵռݺ󹬵İڽɽ峯ĺ󹬶ͨɹֻ˵ͨĹѯúʹ࣬ʲôǼͨ
ΪֹֻаͶıȽ϶࣬ŮǶʱ˵ģЩ幬索˵ûʲôá
Ψһõľǣ峯ӺѧҪͺ£Ҳ˵ѵõһ㡰
˵ѯԼĸĸˣŹŮ˵ɹ˵ԣɺȻ˿ңǿߣֲ˹
Ȼʱ˵ʲôѯֻƾģģ۾ܿ࣬˿
ңѯҲԼûСˡ
˵ôˣѯûԼ¸ĸĳ࣬׶۾Щģ˵Ҫʱһ˻һֱֻһ
鵽ŨʱСһţԹ´˵ȥˣѯԼţһȽţֻܷЩļڣ

϶Ư
ҵǸֵǮӾ֪ˡ

ǰ³ˣ˰µӡ
һ湬߶Ϊ˽յٳ֣ѯŪŴᱡ·
⼸öƿʶҲ֮ǰȣģôܵˣһߵϵСӡ

Ȱˡ
չﱻЦˣȻ˵һѯĻ
ڿɡ

˰ڳƫûгᣬʱŴ󿪣ȺĴף£
ӣµȻҵĹһǱ̫ӵĹ׼ģȻۺݻ
λĳɨеĲãȻǲɫѰ˼ƽϡ
˰ڶ´ԽƵ䣬̫谮鸣İΪ̫ӵ˼
һ͸µ
ʮĸ磬ô֣̫±˲֪Լ谮รƣԼʱûô¡ء
üģԼѹѵ
ԣʲô󺹳谮˭ͬʲôϵ
ŰͺԵʣԻ̫Թԣ˵ǼǹģʱΪĿһѺ
ǰ˰µӣǴ󺹵ϲ£ҲǴϲ£ƶߵĸС磬˸ȹ̣ʵš
ֵֻܶ꣬鼫ãƽӰ룬޻˵һйػ̫ϣǽѵԼ
˸ûȤԱ£Сֹ
û˵ʮ˵أûʱù񡣡
һ
һ׵ܸܵͷۣ
ȻŽϯϵĲ˺ãͶЩס졣
ȹйʱ仹¡صƣȻһʼﶼЩֹתһ룬ǺĶӣҲͼֲˡ
ʢ⣬˲֪̫λƶ߸ĳԣȢ˿ƶ߹ֶ˷飬Ҫòľ̩ѾӵĽҲ޽
³ɣ˿ƶɹͽʹĵλŮһùãһʮãǹֶˣͬһ
µȻʢ׼һ飬ſƶ߶ŮҲھû̫˳԰ա
ܴ󸣽ׯľ̩ȻСܿδò
׶Դ˵û̫һ޶檱ƽ˽Ц̫ΪɫΪ
ԵĶЩĳú˵ͼû̫ͷ̫̬ȼִҪȢΪƽޡ
ƽ׺飬Լ֮£ɵ˲ֻ֣̫֪һˡ
֪ôһֻΪรԸ֮ӭȢ˺飬ӭƶߡ
Ժ޽ʢ󣬻̫谮¡;ӹ¹֮ڣλùܴ󸣽֮¡
֮⣬ǲͨѧҲ֪һ
ʢղʱգ´Ѫİ磬ǲǹ󲻿ԡ
ֻû뵽һ졣
ϯ˶ڻ̫Ժĳ谮ѾľЩ¡ص䣬Ϊ档
ʱ볡عĺǶżױЩɹŮǵɫûϯ׺á
һ빬Ͷ˵ĳ谮°磬ǵ֮
³زรɫΪÿͬΪüϣȴƶŮͬĲ䣬ҪΪ䡢ΪԼȡ󺹵ĳ谮
˵˭¶ӣһ˲Ÿȹ̣ܴ󸣽Ů껪ţľ̩ס
ΪԼó°磬û뵽ȴ˸飬ƶ߲Ů˶ӣ޵ҧδϯһһƣˣҲͷŭ
Ŀϯ˵һһɨս٣ϲڹ磬λױնڣȱçŶ̩
˵ΪԲѷ󺹣Ȧ˸УԾʮֲƽڸ
çŶ̩ĵӣһһܣ¸ɫƽçżȴвƽ֮ɫ³زรŹ﹫׵ɫͻȻ
ֽĸŮ
ԸʲôɫͻȻ滺չһЦݣ
󸣽ǺøѽֶŮ˲Ų꣬С磬ȲûϥֻһŮ
󸣽λñڴ࣬Ϊǰ˰䣬ԸˣҪ˰ĸԣܴ󸣽λþͱҲһλ³ߡ
⻰˵ľʮֲˣ³ǰһŮϥ¿Ůˣû˵Ĳ֪˭
ϵĶׯ΢Ц˿δģһɹĸ֮磬
˵ļǣ󺹶ޣֻŮΪ°磬ҲҶԸòᣬ׳꣬ҲҪŬΪ󺹿֦ɢҶǡ
³ҧӦһǡ޲ðϵľƱ߬ˡ
ƶߵŮ˶Ƕ֮
ִģװȣǸҲ֪ʹʲôֶΣѴ󺹵Ķˣ̫Լó

ʱ̫٣ﱧһ٣鸣վ࣬Ȿƣ̫Ϊ˺̫ˣôС£ɡ
͵һ¼ѾԴԴϵӿ˹¹̫ѧͶãС˳С
͵ĵû̫⣬ǷĳԷϣ̫𣬼һöĳֱӸ˰˲ϣʾ⡣
ϯʼžƱУ
˸øܾܵһϲ󺹣Ҳϲ鸣һλѪİ硣
̫Ժĳ谮Ϊ棬յʾãȴ˷׷׾ȲĿСʲôʱתˣ
еһѺĶһܵܳѽվȻ˶¡
̫ףоƱһĲŤе㲻ϰˣ
лʮܣǰõǰ㲻ϲܾˣϯɢߡ
Ҳǲʶ壬Ӵ˵ȹ̣ڶǺ£ֲçŶ̩Ǹɵӣڸ̫ѿ
οƶ߳ŮòŮʲôأǻ̫ɫ⣬ʲô˼أֻ̫ưˡ
û뵽һջǰѹ̫Ҫþˣվô׵ĸе㲻˼һںȾ˱оƣڨڨĻȥˡ
յľƣ̫߲ܡ

ϯ䷢ʲôѯ̫ǽһҪķ֣Ǿǣڿ˰ĳࡣ
ӤķչҲСм䣬һŤͷ˴һĺ£ƣˣצ
ʵۣʵ֣
꿴òԼôʮͣ׵ǣüޣܸߣſ񣬱СʱͲΪԣ§һֻСèС
ѯԼµʾ⡣
˸ףѯҲתͷһദĸ׼
˵ϸָ϶Ǹˡ
ǰŮӵʱѯһ

ôôƯ



5 
ѯоԼѾòע⵽Ŀԭׯŵĸ׵ͷչһЦ
ˮɫĵŮӵӵûȻɣ֮Ϊ
Ȼ˵ÿ춼ܿµԭġ
ѯŬקԼС첲һӾ߬סĸ׵ָ
~
ҪҪ
µԲҵģ
ŮеĺӱϥϣһûһĴһֵָֻ׶ģŮûҪק˼žҡź档
˵Ŀ˳λϵˣǰŮӺͺϣϿ⣬ʵĶѾ̫պƫ˰ɡ
˰ɶ£ͷα˾ϯϲ޲֣ĸ׵ָԹĲֺպضȴϻۣܳɴ¡
ɿɣֻǺӶѣ̫Ҫͣ˺˵תͷȥԺ϶ҪҸƫĶӣǰϰ߾ˡ

ĸ׻ģѯԼСˣ˼άҲŸڶͯ
ĸӼȻ̲סĸĹذСĸ׻һ
˱죬Բ׼ʼıݣ

Ȼ󰡵һ뿨סˣΪͻȻͦ࣬ڿǲе㶪ˣ
ѯȻṆ̀Ҫӵġ
ĸ׹еĿ죬λ֪ͻȻֵĹ˸ò˼
һǻôϲµĿɤһá
ãԱ˲űģĸ׵׵ĸף˻΢һʱ
ѯоҪϵڱˣͻȻĸ˫ȫͻȻӮһܿδ̣ΪȻա
ˣʵʲôãñȼ磬˯ñȹҹ£ʳſܱʷٿôһ䣬ֲҪ˵Ŀ佱ԡ
ȻȢĸһƯţҪӦһȺƻֵܺ壬붼ÿ¡
ĸװŻԱߵҡĹǶŪ֪ʱֵĹ˶ӣѯ׶ƽ
λ˿һλΪ׵Ůӣĸײ࣬ٲױ͸¶Ŷׯ
ѯеŤĺԼ˵ܡĸ˵ҪüС档
ѯ
ѯ
ɶְֶͥŮ
Ǻû棿
һλ˸ϲüң˵ҪСͽ˰档
ѯ
ֲֲģҴֶŮˣֻܿ棬˰
ϧ׶ĻѯֻᱻΪڸ˻ҡܿͱЩΧס
׷˵Ҫü
൱СС棬ѯܸоǶĸ׵̬Щֺá
׷ǵ̬Ƿǳȷĵλָ꣬ĸŮܳ裬ĸŮ˵λߣЩǾͻ˭Ѻãֺõĵز
ѵĸײǳǻʺ
иո˵İ˵ܡ˰磬֪Լеڼˡ
û˵ĸʵ۵Ļʺǰ˰ѽ
ϰ֪һ翵ʵ۵ĵڰӣĺ˶յѡζʧܣӺȦǡ
ѯԽԽ£үĸȷʵܳ裬ĴطTҪˣɲԺôֵȥġ
գĸʡ͵ĵƣһСľ͸ˣȵһڡ
Ժƴѹǵ峯΢ļ䣬ѳһλ˰硣
Ǭ¡ʵ۵ĵڰ诣ԳƣȻôܳ裬ȴõĻӡ
˰ĻѯһδֵӺǬʢò峯Ի͵βϣԴᰲǲŽ̡
ѯڿʼˣĵϣµǬ¡Ļδİʮ¿ɻ
ղϡµһ䡰е죬
Ҫ
ѯֱۣ룬
µʵ۵ÿͦʵȨǿǬ¡
˰綼ܻͦ
ȵȣ
ѯϡλ˰ĸ׺ˣӦòɹŵŮɣ
ѯһͷĸůĻսŻ·ϣʼװ
°˵Ҳ죬ʾˡ
ѯ޿ſ죬

µ˭
ʵµ˭ҲǺҪҪǣ֪Լ˭
ô׵Ļţе㺦£Լزˡ
ȻѯҲûоףԼĸ˰磬СӾޣооžͰԼоˡ
˯ȥ֮ǰ룬ٷͨԵռüޣԺ˵ˣһ¾Ŵʵ۵Ķ߷磬Ȱʹռˡ


6 
̵ʵЩĵģѯÿǳ˯˯˳ԣѹ֮¸ĸ棬Ͱְ
ǰǸ¶Դѯ𣬾ûж԰ְļ䣬ǴԽ֮ĸİ
ʱҲԼһ࣬࣬һ㡣
Ǳĸ˵ʱƽ޲һֱѯĸףҲЩĲɡ
ѯ
ˣǴ˵еĸĸ氮
Դ֮ĸҲӣԽԽ࣬ŮСӡ
ϯ˵ҪСĹҲԼһԼôСЩӵģ̫˼һ
ĸ׵޵׶԰һϵʮ꣬µһջߣһﺢӡ
һλƯʮСڣ档
ѯͷ̧ЩСΧܰߴߴ˵ЦĺĽ
~
˵Ҫˡ

̧ķ߹ܻߡ
Ȿܽ׶ɳɣѯӲƽǰ˰¡
һ¾ļ̧ͷŲҪĸĵģֱӵķͷǵһӵŮЦѡ
治ܹСǸпڸµʱϻܵõһĸİĸž㣬ѾɿŰˡ
ѧϰĻʱ£ʶѵȻѯԼ˵˻ֻܼ򵥵ķһЩԼҲ㲻ڡ
֣˵ѾһЩˡ
ѧϰһ˲俪ϵģͱڣͻȻչԼŮеĳϦϯ
쵽ˣȻҪ׼Щģʮһ¿ʼ׼Ҳ̫硣
ѯʱûʲôֻǾѾ˺üѩȻŸոսʮһ£ѵǽ궬ô
ҪԼ˵ģ͵ѯָͷеĻŽţİõı˽̸ݡ
ˡϦϯĹؼʣüʣѧϰУȻĴʻѷ⣬ԹȥͿˡ
ţѯԽԽòԾ˵Ҫϯļλױգ˵ʲôˣ겻ٿսʮүʮүҪʦس
ѯԽԽö죬ֵķ
ңͬʱֵʮүʮү峯ֻСͶ죡
ǲϤʷҲ֪˵֣ԭʵڵӾʷгֵĶ̫ˡ
һĸͬս峯ʱڵĵս
ǵȵȣ
ɣ峯ûأ
ǣôԽǰǲӾˣ
ѯǵʹΪϷ̫໹ˣһֱ磬̫ϵ̫Ը
ҪɫѾʲô֪ѯĶ˰أǻ̫ɣ
ң幬̫ƽ£һûмһ棬ǵҲûԭ
򣬺͸Ǹزĺйϵ
·չ̫죬ѯԸʵͻȻԼǸϵͳ
һϣڣ
ϵͳϵͳ
ԺкܿһϵͳӦѸ٣
ãڡ
ѯ
ҵ˭
֪̫ڵİ˰磬ҵ˼ǡ̫˭
ϵͳ̫
ѯ
Ҫң
ˣǵ˰ͻ£
ǵף
˰羹Լ
زľԼ
ⲻʹô˰ûˣز˼ɼ̶徣䣬̫ٹȣһ겻񣬽㱩
һеףǹѯԽˡ̫ڵİ˰硣
ʱѯһֱ룬һ˻̫ĪĴ꣬Ҳûվɳ
嶼ܵشԭҲٵ˥ȥͼݱˡ
Ӿֵʱ򣬵ĻϷˢʲôͷʷտʼѯÿˣŬзſ׵۾ʷġ
֪һһ
ںĴ峯ʷеļضԻ̫ùѯõӾĵĻǱˡ
ǻʵ۰ֱǴְһޣһŴ󳼺ݣ˵治ģûôá
ѯͼס֣Ȱɻ̫ҪΪȥڱˡ
̫۲
̫ԼȰԼΪΪһգ
Ȼ뻹룬ÿ޻ǿޣԱѡ
Цûá
˵Զˣĸ軳ɣǣΪʷزİ˰磬Ҫô£
ʰ³˽Ѿʮһ·ݣҲ˵дºû
ѯҡ˼ܾԼһҪˡ


7 
ʷأ̫ڵڰӣ״ϻۣڳˣΪȡ
ʮһ³˰罵£ѾԼѧ˷Ѱ˽أ˶졣
Ů˽ҪʮүʮүͷͻȻСԼҡſţԶѡ
Ȼû˰æСԼȥġ
ѽСѧᷭأ
ѯ޿СһſҡܵĻӦһ䣬
~
ʲôϡģ֪Լʲôʱûģ֪
СӵΪȻҪĸ˶úÿС磬ϲЯȥ򸣽ϲ
ΪøСԼĳɹû˰ѯſҡԼָͷ
ִʱеϲҧָףԽСӵ֪ʲôʱʼְ˳֣˼ʱǻʶİָݽ
˵Сûգѯ
ĸǿƶɹŵĹŮ죬ʰƽѪĵһλ磬˵Ƿǳõĳ
ƾ¹ʢ裬˵ѯԺֻҪƽҪλԸλ
ĿǰǣҪô¡
ȻޱȣﶼãΨһõһǣš
ѯŬһ£ִӳƵϽ
һܿһӡ
ֽһžܰѹϵСˡ
˵ʼĸˣ˰ûѯ벻ףǿ壬ô¾ûˣ
ΪԽ֮ӵһݣƽϣӴҲѧϰѹҸֵ
ڿûҪΪѧϰʱ򣬾ȻҪˣ⻹ô棿
ϵͳ˵İɣ
ѯĬĬİԽϵͳ˰˰ٱ飬ĸ׹ݷʱȱȱ
.
ãԼĶӿź̫ԾƽСÿһ춼棬ѽѽĸ·ÿ˵
ԼҲЦÿɸˣûһ֣۾зȴеġ
ù̫Сһ̣ŵĴκˣԼسȥ񣬺§Ű˰˯
ʢĶ캮䣬˰С̫רŶ̫ҽԺҪóӤ̫ҽÿĸƽ
δʱ룬Ůͨ˵̫ҽԺѾˣϣ΢һ˯ɢҵ޷
롣
˯Ѻƽһͷ˰û˯ѣͻȻСģû˯һ
̫ҽ鷢԰ףž˾̤ʵ˲Լֻǵǵѯźӵ
˰ǲˣ
쾫̫ãŮ˵ѧ˷
֪Īĸ
˵Ǿ΢е㲻˼
ҶģСƽɰҫˣѧʲôҪһ£쾹Ȼһ̬ûУҲû˯ƽﶼҪ˯һʱʱ˯š
鸣Ȼô˵̫ҽȻҵŰ˰ҡȥĿ顣
û˯СȷʵЩƣйʣ֪ǲĴ
С粻޲֣˵ӡ
ѯһǰ̫ҽڲſ̦̫ҽֲڵĶͷȻÿһεİ
ѯų
û뵽Ҫеѹ
ĸüͷԼһ㷴ĽŽǣĸ׵ǣѯ̲ס԰ο

£һٻء
ûзκ쳣Ҳ䲻ȵã̫ҽһѺɣ
ģûд󰭣Сҹ˯öˣղ̫ա
͵ĺӣʵżЩľٶҲǺģԷ˯ؾصģǾͲСˡ
ʵź򰢸񣬶רŵ֣̫Ҫĸײģʲô¶̫ҽֽ
ǰǰôຢӣ˹󸣽ĺӰԼϥ£ĸݵ΢꣬Ҫȥרŵİ
ƺ󺹺ͺ鸣˼˰Ӧûһֱڹ¹ĸ׵ģȻҪġ
Ī˵Ǻ鸣һܶط̫˽⣬պ鸣ʮ˸ĺӣҪʲôЩ̫ҽҲŻش
յаѾС嶼̫ܽҽһ΢΢
˰ͽ˯ʱҲ٣С鲻ĸ£̵ܻ˯ʱ٣ʳˣֻҪȿġ
Ѿˣ˭֪ʥ˭˭ӶԲ鸣ĲС
̫ҽѩ׵ĺ룬
׼˰żвԥֻʱǲ̫ҽԺѰϳ
Ȿһ׻ûĻ˭봫̫ҽأ
˭뵽ûգ˰Ⱦ£ֵ̫ҽҹӴֱʹͥ
¹ҹͨҹֵ̫ҽѾڵںۿͨ죬ǿŲû
̫§ڻοתվһŵ̫ҽǼɫ
취ð˰ĸȥ
Ļ˵̫ҽѾԲ˰ʲô⣬Ҳ϶ˡ
˴ᣬ˵飬ѯĶҪˣദ⼸£ܸоĸĺܰ
ѯ׶յͨ죬޵úˣŬȥĸ׵ָ

ģû£ǿҪˡ


8 
¹ƻͨһҹҲвû˯ã˰ǣǸ̥ǾͲö֪ˡ
ɫܺŮ˯˾Ժ빬󣬴󺹷·ȫ˰裬һһؾ㲻ˡ
ϣ̫׼ޣĸŮͻȻҴҵĴ
࣬סϢ
˵𣿰˰粡ˣͦصģ󺹰̫ҽԺе̫ҽйȥˡ
ܵСزĿԲ̫ȥƹǺӣоֽŻǸ彡׳ģ̫ͺҰˡ
Ϊ󸣽ȥѣ
߰ɣȥǶ
¹ҽǽæýŲմأ³زรȴеúܣǣŮվԼſ֡
СĸΪʲôҪվڹſڣʱЦˡ
ĸ׵½ǣ
ˣǻȥɡ
õ֣֪ʲôʱлƵ³ذŮ§ڻ
һᣬ˾ڶ˯
ոµѩ䣬ôվſڣ¹յƣܶڶģ˳ĸתͷķ߿
ʲôѽ
֣³Ǳһָ赭дһ⣬
ǲǵסڶ߹ǸŮˣӲˣô̫ҽƿ첻ˡ
ʵȻǵã˵빬֮󣬸ͲԼˣǸŮ˶˸Զĳ谮öû취ٸܵܣڹ˵Ļ
λԼúĸ˵Ĳͬ
СŮԶԼĸףǿԺԼˣģʵϲҲϲĸ㡣
Сӵôأ
׹Ů
ҪȽ꣬˵СܵܲˣĵһӦֻȥܵܣΪܵܵĵĺ
ĸůԴģ
СܵҪҪȥܵܺͺ
³΢΢һ㶣ЩԼŮôͻȻԹ¹ôģܿЦҡҡͷ
ʲ˵ˣǻ˯ȥ
˰СС¸ȣȶ˲ĻɾΣˣҲǸɵӣԭϿɶǾβʱջӵĺӡ
³Ź¹ķƳȥһۣЦһһĵȥ
Ҫѩˣϣһ˯ѣϢ

Ϊ˰æңˮҩæֱ߽ڵҲûͨ
ɿȵ֣°ݣ
μ󺹡
̫æŰοǵĺ飬ֻһ֣ʾһǷ
Ȼλ
ùʱû棬ϵҲ̸ϺãϾʢΨһĳˣӯڽޣҲ̲סᣬ
ùá
ܱΪԼֶŮȥᣬݵһ룬ȴѾһ鱧ڻȰ
˸ߴܽŮӽ£ڻУ˿ӷֺͶᣬϵ˵ȰοĻ
ĸΪĺӴᣬڰοĵĸף˭һԶޣмٲ岻κһˡ
Щεķ֣ɵɫȻ
ǰˣǽŮ֮Ĵ󺹣ҲЩŮ˵ɷ¶飬Ǵûмġ
̫˼ɲ⣬ܱΪ˭һģŮ˹ϵΣͳεֶΣϸġ
ԭİŮ˵ʱҲ᱿׾޲ߡ
ʮ޸̫ѾʮˣӲֻ񣬿ƶ߻ѾʧȺ˲ľ̩ͺ顣
˭ǵ˼ֻлƽѪİǹΨһֶΣ˭ֻܵĴء
ƶߵ˫鰡ŮȻҲá
ľ̩СûгҲвһֶŮ飬һͶ˴еĳ谮
ƶ߶ŮܵڼʢʱҲǻʢǵľ̾ģֻϣ˱ƶµܿȥĹʡ
ԴӺ˹ܵӲܺù׼ȷ˵˺飬󹬵ŮˣӶù
ȻΪ̫Ĺں֮У󺹵ĳ谮һŮ˵֮ܳ벻ܳ裬Ժ׵Ĵ˵̬Ϸֱ
³زรǰջΪСûƽʱۣŷˡ
ʱҲãֶŮǲĻʲôָֻ͹˻̫Ļǡ
ֲܵԾĽʽһׯ΢Цţ
󺹷ģ̫ҽԺ˰缪࣬һûµġ
ΪգѯһֱģеСյͨ죬Ͱ͵Ŀ޺š
һƬ۾ĸױ§ĸףлҪһڹ
ѯճҩ﷢࣬ĸͨ۾׵ǵݣе˶æң¾ģ

Уҵ취ȥ
⹷һڶܲˣ
˰ĲҺԤף̫ҽǴǰδ֢״Ҳľ֡
Ȼ֪򣬵̫ҽǵҽڣ˺ҹ˰ȥˣ˵ֵ̫ҽʱӦԣ̫ҽԻؼҡ
ҹȷʵѩû³ĺϢ
˰缪̫࣬ҽԺ˵ԴҲסˡ


9 
˰ĸʱһʵǽ¹̫ҽԺˡ
ܲ͸޲ӣһ㺮紵񸮵̿Ӧһ޵ůͬһ㣬СȾ˷纮
ٽأ캮ضսЪﲻ㿪սһӦﶼҪȵ꿪ˣʶҲûƽʱࡣ
Ҫˣĳ̫Ź¹źȿͷҲЩס
ǻ̫ʱĩ뿪˹¹ͼλĳʱֻˡ
ֻ뿪һʱýķΧЩѰôŮǸɫ֣ڱЦһ㡣
ߺ󣬿ɷʲô𣿡
̫Ųסѯʸߵĳ졣
Ȼ鲼󺹵ߣֻʱ̫̣߾֪ʲôҲ޷ʱϱ
ҡҡͷ
һֱأ粽뿪ҪˣǷǮ
⻰˵еϹˣ鸣ֻĸŮڹ¹̵ĹǶǳģǻ̫
Ϊ˽̷ӾģƽڵǮĺüǼֻܸ˳
Խ̫һۣ
֪ȥʣﰭְŵġ

ˣҪ͸һţ˵Щ强ᣬվԱֱ߰˵ˣαʲôء
̫˹¹һĲ¾㵱ˣҵطů͵Ŀȥඣ

¹ĹشӲԼλˣ̫ͨԼƿпżĶȴ
ůڵģһůЮһŮ㣬ѵ멹űߣ̼Ϻ濾˫֡
ϤĽŲȴվ
󺹽ô磿
ٽأҿЩ綼û˼ˣЩǻؼңʡĲɣ˵Ļ֪ơ
΢΢һЦ֪ʣ
£Ǵأ
ã¿Ҳؼҡ
̫Աߵˮﾻ֣ȷѾһ˿߽ڵ
ʱ뿪ôúüղˣ
ѯҡƽ޲ĵ˵ȶ

ˣϤĹζ
һȸԼ˴ڸУ̲סЦ˳ָѯС
ӸԼѡ֡
Ŷ̫üڶŪӰСָһ٣
ʲô
ǳԴˣûֵĻԼЦ
һЩ֣һã˵бСƽ֮⡣
̫£ָŮӼɢŵ˳
˵
ôڣ
⡰֡ȷʵûôڵΪԾ˰罵ʱ͸ģҲٳֵòϸ֡
ֵĵһۣ
һֶѣ¶ûãԼ𣬻˼ˣ
̫ҭһҭȷʵûã֪пʼͿʼ֣кŮһѣܾĸãȡ᲻
ʱĺ֮ԥعԭưһֱԸ˰պϮͳƺʡ
Ļ񡢳á𢶼д֮⣬ֶãЩֱӣΨְ˰ףд⣬ˣ˼
ĸӣԸˣһֱϵ˰綼ˣҲû
ۿ̫û˵ˣŵ
ǰСˣ˵Ѱ˼ţǲҪȸѹһѹ񲿾ˡ
һһӶһֶûȤ̫ҽƽΨƽֵʱֿЦˡ
ĸ˵ֿʼѯѾ׼˱ݣصˣѯȫעһȽţжΪĸ׵Ļ֤
̽һ飬СһЦĿˮˣҷƺƽжӣͽƽɡ
ЦĶŪҡСޣָС̲ӣ
ǲѽƽ
ѯŶƽϵ¶ɵЦݣ

Ҫƽ
Ҫַʶܶԡ
ֽƽҿ϶ƽÿ˶ҽƽҿ϶ƽ¡
ѯ˵ҪǿԣҺ޲ýг٣
Ϊ˱ֵϲֻҪ˽һһ۵С첲СȣŬӦһʱ֮ڣ¹ѾС
벻Ц̫תͷԱһһСźӶ۾ĶԼ˭ס
̫һ
Уƽ롣
ܸоҧͬģѯְȽţÿһƽ

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Ǹо˽ԣԼ࣬ҲѾúõƫþˣҹ˾̫ȴڴշתߡ
ѪݣԼĺöСǺĺӣ֮£һɹѪͳС硣
ȷ԰˰Ϊ֮⣬ָأѾƽ͵һףԸɣ뺵⡣
˯ô
ŮӵֱĲǰµСӣȻһࡣ
Ȼ̫ҽԺѾȷϹѾˣ̫ȴСģ飯¼ΪºͲࡣ
ҹȴ·
ѹֶʱһͷţۼߣ֪˶ã۾ȴ˻û˯š
Ϊģ
Ϊ벻Сģҹ£⻰˵ȥ᲻ϵ
̫§˸°ںľ˲䣬Щ̫˼ݵƵģ
ǵĺҪʲô֣ܾûиõģٳٶ
۾ֲСҪҪƯк־͵ˣ
и˶ءľɾ͵ˣҲУ󺹺ġ
ȡģǰһֵ˼ǽʵֱӾֵƽ
ĸ׵ĶԺӵξֻ򵥵彡ƽ̫Цã
԰˰ΪҪһЩȡ񡢳֮ģ
ٰԼĵ˵ȴֻеŮѾ˯ˣ·ӵֶû˯Ҫ̫ȻʧЦӵøҲ۾
ڶճ΢ճ̫˳Ŵһƽɫ
Ů˯ú𣬸ƫƽѽѽûбʵˡ
Ըĵһƽͬǳĳ
磬гɡ
ǰ˰־Ͷ˳㣬ڣȻˣ񲿳ﱸĵڶʽ뺡
ʢһձһ֣бæϸֲʵƣؽѯԽĵһҪˡ
С磬գƶߺ鸣Ҫʢһͬꡣ


10 
鸣СϢǺʹƶߵּһͬġ
Ȳͨϰŵصʹʣ
ʢǵϢСأ
Ůǵļ飬կɣһҵ˽£̫˰磬ǴͿƶߵĹ¡
˲ϰô´ʣկɣæʵ
ĸ㣿
Ǻ㣡
ʹشϰ
ϰԼİһϻǰʢ󺹴ʱۻ̫оֹǼ䰮غġ
ƶ߾ԶʢϢҲʱᴫԭϣ̫Ժĳ˭˲֪СȻҲǺ㡣
ʹǰһ
ϲկɣգ鸣°˰磬󺹴ϲҵɣկɣͬأ
ʢ˿úϵţһſʮ󳵣мװŵʳƥǲԭ裬ʾ֮¡
ͬµļλͳ״׷׹ϲʶȤĸȥ
ƶô꣬˴лƽѪİ磬կɣϲʤ˵á֣һкʹһԸϰ
ȥ֪
ʹ˷ǰ˻̫һƶߵּ⡣
֮ڣ̷ç˹֮Ϊ˶ƶߴ֮ٷկɣ֮Ϊ˶Ϊƶߴ
ΪɽӣϰΪɹŰͼ³ƶ͡
ּл֮ΰʹĽӷȵԹᣬկɣλȵʹѱ۹
ʹ˴Ҵл󺹣ƶղݳĮ仢񣬿ֶ䣬꣬ͬǰʢл
ƹѲϯַǳկɣʹ쳩ѹͷһɨգΪƶ˰磬Դ˴ƶߵ˽Զ᲻ɴݡ
ϵĴ˾鳤֮ǰһƶ߲ԭһλŮˣպضĸ¡
˶֪ս̫ΰԣսǿʢʦԭָտɴµ۵ǻʺ֮λسڿƶ߲üϡ
Ϊڴ˾ߣľ̩ϻۣô˾ϲöǸڴ˾߳
կɣΪԼŮ˾˵ľ̩أд컯ˡ
ǰǣ˷룬ѿ
ǰ෬ۣչڻ̫ĺ󹬣ԭ˷˾°磬󲻿ԣ
˾կɣŮ֮䣬պ˭ϻʺ֮λڿƶ˵ͬġ
źÿƶ߲һӦˣȥʢĳʮʮճ
䲻կɣƶߴЯгݼ󺹺أٻơϰǰʢǵĽáùùͬꡣ
կɣպͿƶߴʮʮ
ʢΪӣ̫ӭӡ
ʢϺѩ̫᲻ðӺԼһͬںеȴ⽻ڹ¹Ⱥ򼴿ɡ
ʶµƽûбĸױȥͬӭӹ귨
կɣպͿƶߴ˷ǰг̽ţڳƫ˼󺹣ϱ̫¹һͬš
ۼĸЩ䣬ۿˣǼ˵˼磬ƽҡŪĸ׵ע⡣
û˿ŵĹѾҡ﷭˰˰ٸ

迴ңҸ˷
ΧСҡߣ¡طκʢǵǲͬ˵˵յõ
˵ѰէȻˣܻеƽһ⺢иص㣬Ҳص㣬ǳ˵Ų˵е衣

귨ǰɣã
կɣһ⺢ӣĴʯͷԭΪĺҲǡ
Ȼһֱﲻ̫İװ۵ģӹǿͦãҲ׳ʵͷһǸʢĽӡ
ֲڵָСģСƤִۣ̲סһ£Լֱţ˽۵Сޡ
𣿡
λ˻ûлشСȴҡ˸ȣ

еģҽƽ
˳㣬׼ʱ̽뺣
ƽ
̫뺣ͬ˵ȴȫһ֡
կɣĿ֮תһȦѡ˽Ƚ˳ڵǸ
ƽԣ㳤ˣ귨㵽ԭ
ƽ
Ҫƥ
ѡͬԼһ֣Щѻĺ̿¶һЦݡ
̫
аɣǿľͺá
һ׺֣ƶߴȴʼɫģһɶׯ壬Ż̫
󺹣֪ںδûŮˣɷĸŮһɣ


11 
ƶߴҪȥԼŮСҪȻҪ㣬ֻŴկɣ¹Ůžۣǻ̫ˡ
Ȼ˵ˣ缸ձôͬסĸŮ֮ö˼֮飬˴ǰסա
̫ŵ
죬ԻͿƶߴȥ
ɫկɣͬĸ׸ͨв㣬ȥá
ƶߴ뿪󲻾ãӵشһˡ
δһ磬

ŮöĶ죬ȱ˿壬һöСڵһ˽կɣĻ
ܺĸһկɣСģֻкòľ̩
ƽһ˴֧ͦԴ
ʲô
Ǹֻг͵СȻպТׯ̫
ڸоԴһƬңպТׯ̫ڿֻʮͣôǸС
Ǹƽִ˽⵽ʷТׯ̫ںǰѾŮΣҲܺδСһˡ
ǰһͻǸӣȻѾӵĸף
ʷ򲻶Ծ
Ǳ߸׺ŮһɣֿЦģȫ岻̫Ծ͸ǸŮ㹻Ŀռ䣬һԣҡеĶӡ
СӽľʱˣûҪ˼
ҡСһȣ

ϵͳϵͳǲǴˣʱ߶Բϰ
ϵͳȻ˵һ룬Էͳˣ
ãԽϵͳʾĴԽصȷʵ峯ء
˵ôϻѧ˼ˡ

֪Ŀǰ峯
ƽŬĻӶԼĶ̸첲ȣ

ҵ˼˵˰ʱǲǲ̫ԾôТׯ̫仹ôС
ĿǰǵĴԽ鲻ṩۺŶԽ߸ıµһкɴԽге


⵽ʲôȨ汣ĵ˰ôûۺ
ƽҪˣ˵˻ʷֲıģ㰴ʷķչ򣬰˰絽ҲӦǻŵѽ
ںϵͳܣڻ̫ȴǶһֱѽѽ㵸֪ڸʲô
ۼѾСƽʱ޵ʱδѽѽĳǱߵĸŮɣ̫ҡﱧ
˯
ƽ
Ҳ
Ҫϵͳܣ
̫־ƽĿΪתƣµҼİСһı
׶ıԸû취ҡҡλεĸоο̫Ķ
Ҳ̫ˣܿ˯Ϯƽ鲻Ըı۾

կɣ˴εгֻ죬Ҫһһռȥ죬㣬ʢǵʱֻ죬ѾδĸŮ˵ʵЩˡ
ٽڣѾףĺϲĶ֡
ƶߴܵһ·͵͹¹ֲͬﰲ͸һ塣
˵˿ƶѾִʢϢ翪ʼȾһֱſΣʱε˿ƶߴ
ڿƶʱܵŮų޵ĸʢǣΪ´ŮҲѾûлعԭˡ
ʱƶߴû˵䣬Ѿ
Ѿʱˡ
˵䣬ҲѾ߳⣬ͶӵһĸŮδ˽Ǻۿ涡
ⳡٴȥ󸣽ƶߴĸŮٻЩΣҲӰ˼ĸŮ˵Щ强
ⶣˣضסգο˼֮飬ʲôҪģֻ񸮷ԸﵱԭϾǡ
콫̫ķԸˣ
ͲŸʹˡ

ĸף⼸ίҲͲסˮӿ¡
ŮٴʢˣŮزԭȥصߡ
ϸ˵徰󣬿ƶߴλܲס
Ѿƫ˯ˣҹ˾ڹŮֻȼˣĸ׵ı䣬һصڡ
ȥ󣬻̫ûټסϺڣʢʹ˷ҲǿƶߴͷνʢʹһƶߴѾĲ֡
ĹȻĹҪһЩʾĹĲͬڲĳװ꣬ʵԶûиոȥĹ¹¡
֮ǰ˵̫Ժ֮һ̫ģԼһͬʵ̬ȣνʲôƫ衣
Ϊܶׯ壬ϺϲҲһֱмӣˣҲл񣬱̫Ϊ󸣽
ƶߵȹ̣̫͸¶պ£Ϊ˼ƶߴΪŮںѾλȹ̣ײܶҡ
̫ⷢ˸ı䣬ղڹ¹ʱòԾ
ǿ΢Цţ
ԴӸŮ󺹳ӹ¹Ժ谮мӣŮĲรҲѼһ档
ƶߴŮеʤߣ֪ɷĳ谮ԺŮ˵Ҫԡ
˿ԲܣԼŮԲڻ̫ǰʧ裡
ɫ仯չڼᶨ
㲻ߣȻ̫ǻ㻹ҪĻʺء
˵ģԭǣϺϲ̫Ҳĳȷ緶Ѿ˴󸣽ʺ
֮λֿɵá
ԴӺ빬֮󣬻̫ѾԵƫ򣬺󹬵ķѾˡ
ܻȻ
Դ󺹶Ժĳ谮ǻ֮󣬻ʺ֮λĪο˰˰磬ĸƾӹŮܻռһϯ֮أ
Լþڴ󺹵ĺ󹬣կɣȥԼŮΪ裬Ϊ̫ܵϵ
ƶߴʮֲ˵еĲַһ
ģΪı
ǹ󸣽οǹֶͬƶߣ׺񣬺ûˣ˰ĸǸá


12 
˵կɣմ˷ǰʢֻΪ˹ƽѪĵһС磬˳㿴Ůã˽´ڹ¡
ô˵ƶǰŨζһ¡صĽӷϯز٣ַļλ绹Աһ֡
ڶڳƫ磬ʢ䣬ҹѩ񳿵ˮɱλĳҲëƤ멡
˷뼸ǰİ˰¾䲻ͬشȺĶʢڵ׹壬ֻȼλ̫ź
һͷһЦ
磬㿴˵ĶԲԣһǣƶߵկɣսӷ磬ϯ滹û̫ӵ¾ƺá
򣺡
ⶼˣôǵϯϳʲôأ
սʱôãо̲¿ۣɱӢǰǿԶһ꽫
һʢ˾ͿʼֱŤȫһСƢ
ͷʹŶǣ
ôųԣʮˣ˸Ȣ䣬ҲЩ
첻粻Լ˵ʲôǹԼ˼
ų˵ǻ̫Ĳƽ
ۼǶˣҲΣΧԽԽ࣬ϸ磬
˺ˣòƽȥ˸統ȥ
죺
죺û¶ɣ
ϿܳԴҩˣ˭Ҫȥ̫ӡ
Ȼͽӷ磬ֳǻһЩûʵĳ滰
˵ˣ˵˵ˣƶߵկɣջҪ˵ò׵ȼ˶˵Ĳˣ챾ΪԿˣʢڵһֿʼά͡
֮ǣ̫ǰ٩٩̸ȴڵձ
սˣҲҰˣ̫סЩûʵĿ׻͸÷꣬ôòþ
˵̫ôӣϯϼһأǾҲûмˡ
ڵŤŤ磬
ҲȥǸСӣ
ӷ硢͵ϯǼ£λҶûЯŮ캢ӣկɣպͿƶߴڵԵʣ漰еŮֻ˿ƶ߲λ
˾ڻ̫ԱߣΪףһſ鸣λԱ߻һҡؾǱϯǰ˰ˡ
쿴ҲڿǸ򣬾ȻûԼ˵ʲôͱһ£
磬ʲôأ
öأȻô׼һ£ǵǰʧǣ
ʲô
ͷŵĽǶȣͼŪ׻̫Աʲôÿģ
磬㵽׿ʲôأ˵û
򣺡ûʲôղ˵ʲô
ֵֹģŲʲôҲûڶ˵
Ҳû취
Ŷ˵ҪҪҲȥ˰磬Ͼǻ̫ͿƶС硣
򣺡С
ԭΪ£Ϊɵܷܵʲôˣԭֻ뿴СޣͿ£һ˿߶ôô
ڵ˵Ļ̫ǰ棬λָߣʵһҲûңȥˡ
˵䣬̸Ҳ඼̸ˣǺͿƶߵ˻̫ҪӦҡƶߡžæ
˲Ͼע⣬磬ŲԱŵĿƶ߲ļλߡ
ô˵ˣʵе㲻˼ô鸣ſ˵Ҫ˼Ҷأ
ô˵оԼе֣ƭСĹ壬Ȼܱ֤û˼
οԿƶߵλǳˣÿһʢһƬ̾Ժ鸣
˰ɣȻĿǰСȫûʲôŮ֮˼ǰɣȺô򱧲ƽ
ÿολʻţϣ̫޸ǳ˹߻۲ݣΪ߷߲ƽ
ȻΪ˽˸顣
ʮܣ
ŶվԼǰǺˣ̲סȿ˿ڣ
ʮôȥǺȾƣǾƲ˲Ͽζ
ǣ
ԥţҡ롭
˵ɣ
ԼܵһûϢć̲סЦ
СûôõСޣղϯһֱ˵С磬֪鸣ܲɵСӿСӳʲô
ԭ뿴˰ѽʲô˼ڵģ̲סݸ
ʮô
һ˵ţһ߰Ѱ˰ҡﱧ˳컳һ̣
ճԱˣҲ֣ʮܱȥɡ
СӵССģźһ٣ܸоһ¶ȣһζ
˶ˣſҡϿһ۳ʲôӣϾϯҲֻԶԶһۡ
û뵽鸣ȻôĵĽӽԼվһľ壬ҶűźӵĶ
Ҳˣ
ǡ
鸣֪Ĵ󣬻ǶֵģѺӽȥȫûʲôҪģѾתȥԱߵòľ̩˵ˡ
һ㣬СŰ˰صԼλԱȫ̻ͣСİѺӿˣͻȻ֡
ƽ
˧˭
ҡúúõģ֮ǰѾԱˣĸһҡεĲ˹ģղͻȻĸ״ҡﱧ˳ûȷӦԼѾһû
൱Ƶһ¸첲¶ԷȰԼȥ

Ƕ
᲻ᱧӰ첲еѵûŰ
´½һ㱨
磬˵ˣ
ˣȻȶ鳤꣬ԼҲûд󸣽Ȼмλ檣ĿǰҲûкӣһҲоǳ档
ٶ᲻˵ģ
˭Ҳûк庢ӵľ飬ϵĽӽƱһһΣε۾ˡ
ӵıȱĺӻģƽƽ޲

׷ˣ·ݵĺӾֻ˵ô㣬Ѿˡ
ǶͦᣬǲʮӣһͶûеƽʾ⡣
Ƕº󣬱û㰲ȣǰԼ֮Ŀ϶ˣ峯ڵϵģҲٺµȥ̶˲١
Ҳֲ˭˭һɣʵĿռŸ첲ȶǵĻҲʱŷ
Ѿǰ˲סķ̾ҲˣҲˣһֱ档
ƽʾ
ɣô
ʶ˧棬Ǳ߻̫Ӧ˾ƵˣԱһŤͷͻȻԼ̺񲻼ˡ
˰أ
Ŀ֮£ϯôأܶ˰ɣ
Աһ㲻⣬
ʮĵܺʮܱȥˣ󺹷ġ
ԼǸأѰ˰籧ȥˣ̫ôҷġ


13 
ûְûֵĻͽаɡ
ƽ
Ҫֵģ
СȫԼﲻ޲֣Ҳͦģ˵ʱֻܰԵе㶵ġ
Сһֻ֣
㿴һֱģͽаô㲻˵ǴӦˡ
ƽ
Ǻ˵ʲô˵ѽ
ĳӻץĩ˲һɫգǷ˺öʱ򣬱һץסġ
ƽϷóһµĺʹ޶һѡ

ͷ
죺۰õ
ƽ
裡Ҫؼң۸ˣ
Ȼ˵ʲôǰҪֵˣڿԽСӵƣһﵽæңòԼͻȥĿġ
ƽһ׼ʼıݡ

Ȼˡ
֮պһɤӣȻͻȻһϤ
ÿˣˣ
ʮĵʮܣ
Ӻ֪ӱܱܵߵϢ󣬻̫ĶҷģϽֵλ߹
ҺҺãûźܣԹԵԼλš
̫Ҳ֪ʱ򣬸ôѺӲɫıԼ߹ʱһֱ룬û뵽øƽһɤӡ
²ˣ˳һ
ƽǲǶˣɡ
ѾصϤĻƽ۾Ҫ޲޵ľš
ѾˣҪҪȥ
ﻹ߬˼ҵĴء
ӵĸ׷ĵİ˽ԼԼȴ˼ҵĺŪˣͻȻͲ˼ˣɻ̫ѺӴϱߣȫ˲ٸұŤ
ƽе㲻ʱˣ⺢ֻһص˸׵Ļ󣬵Ĵ۾Ĵҿ۾Ա߸ɸɵģﻹаҪ޵˼
ŪðĵΣ˺ӵҲΡ
̫ɿһ
ȡСӲϣ
ѶıӴƽȳ
ʮĵܺʮˡ
Сȫѽѽĺ˵ʵǺ漫ˣֻŶӣ̸ࡣ
˸˵Ļ
̫վţȻҲţվ
֪˸ɸСˣ
ƽ
ҽɶ
֣а
˵֣̫ǻ뵽ǲʶСѾԱĿڣ
Сƽ
Ѿկɣܹһشȫû뵽԰ѾõĴǰܵܡ

ʱҲһ㶣Ӧ죬
˰˸ͺ鸣ԺӵףԸСϿڣ
ˣοˡ
̫ڰ֣ڶҲ벻ʵʱʱֹ
ʮĵܺʮܴ˷սսվͺúɿһ£Ҿʹƽˡ
Ż̫ԱƽʱִٵĲӶЦʹˣ
ղſ̫ɫûУ˭İҲ̫˰ɣ˵ֵʱˡ
ôôѽ͸ƽ˵ڶҪֿˣⲻǿӺô
ӵȫû뵽ΪԼЦԼַǳ⡣
ߵʱƽŷӦ̫ʮĵʮܣǲǶͶ
ڻҪ˱ڻԼ˵Ҳ䣬קŻ̫ٻȥߵ͵һ

Ҳľ̩ĸô

¶Ҳ¶ĲˣѾƽƽʱ˯ʱ򣬻̫ѺӽԱźǰѰ˰ȥϢԼλ
һֱæϯӦ꣬Ťͷְַ˰綪ˣȰѺӰȫһ̫ʱпУԼߵλһڵ
ܽգղͬ
ϯϯҪϣŮǶרŵļǴŴ󺹺󹬵棬ôԽ¡ԽƯԽá
ֻׯԳ֣ǹ󹬵һˣȻضׯһʢװ磬ȴЩͬ
ǰƶߴⶣˣŮǰܵױݡͷŪƯЩŪЩΪ˶ׯأϳɵӣȻƽﲻͬˡ
ܶƱת̫ݵ΢Цţ
ò׽յУסƶͬ죬Ҿһ
Ȼƽղͬˣȶׯķ緶û䣬̫ٱ
ãһܴ󹬣Ҳˡ
ƶߴһϯѾˣ󺹾Ȼŷܵı仯ɼжôĲġ
йĻһɷ˵ģǾԳ
ȥɲУһŮˣôܱɷĳأ
Աߵĺ飬л̫ĳ谮˰˰磬˶ҸУԵˣĸܲϲ
ľ̩δ£һõӣկɣŮڻ̫ĺУȻò
ԼŮ껪ţûаɵģѾû˵ڲԭʱǷݴŮӡ
ĸ׵ģôۣܲ


14 
ƶߴԶڲԭʢڵϢ˽ⲻ࣬ȻѾӦҪŮıƾһ֮ԾƵ£óʢǵ⼸գһλѲǡ
կɣŮȻѪףľ̩Сʮ㣬˵ĹϵһһϦġ
Ǻ󹬱˳谮Ůǣʺܵѡ
ͷһˣȻ뵽ͬɹŵ³زรŮҲղüϣԲԭϵ³ز
³زǰڻ̫౴ԼŮ˻̫ĺ󹬣ʱܴŲรӭٰġ
౴ڲԭϺһٴ˵ԼŮںεĵó裬ʱй󸣽ӭӣ̫Ƕ谮мӣûС
˽˳Ŵ˼ͣΨпƶߴΪȻ
ӭ³زͽ󹬵¸ģԼŮܣ̫Ĺ󸣽ʲôʸǰ
ܵĸŮȣеʱƶߴ;ô˵ֶ죬ԭǴŮ
ͣϸλҵȣ
λ³زรͬϵ
ҡҡͷ
Ȼǲеģʲô³ȻͬϵãǴ󸣽ĹϵҲã²Ϊǵѡ
빬ǰȷʵЩƫһֱΪǺ˴󺹵ĳ谮ǣ˺飬ҲһǴ󸣽
οںôãҲλƢԣȿ÷
³Ȼһòòǿƶ߲λ֮£˼ǳá
˵ΪԴƶߴͷû뵽ƶߴЦˣ
ǲá
Ȼһ˼ǳûʲôӣ¶ϵǲġ
ƶߴһۣĸŮжѾ˼ƽϡ
³³ç޴Ϊʧ޺飬ʺڹˡ
ܿڣƶߴȵ
ȣȥ³زร˵Ҫ״³زϢ

߶ԴϯϻԺǸ˸úóЦһ˰֣˳һ»ֵ̫
˵治Ĺ
ˣôЦûûˣһա
һ·䶼ҪˣԼɵܵ
Ҳôˣأ꣬ҲÿǸ㿪Ȣ󸣽ˡ

Ȣʲô󸣽
򶼻ûȢ󸣽ô׸͸ˣ
˸£ǼǵĺլŮһң붼ÿ¡
ˣҰҪھӪ۵һؼһҪȥһȺߴߴŮˣͷ

۶һתϯʱ
Ƭ̵ʧ
磬ôҪȢ£Ըûд󸣽𣿡
ԼȫûжŮ˵˼ûа˼
ô˵ԼȢ󸣽˰ɣ㿴˭ܵܰıı
СЦ֪ǷĿ˵ʲôǵĴȤԼ
򱻴£߳ŭԾıˣ
˵ʲôˣ綼ҴȤԼȥ
Ǵ˵۾Բˣ
ɸ磬Ҿôһ˵ĿһҵĹŮȢ󸣽ˣ
ܵܵģ̾ܵ˺ӣо̶һƽ˼Ӱ룬翴ļҹŮôӲ֪飿
ô˵ѽֲ
򣺡
˭Сƨ
ͷ˼ôһϣ˿̻粻Ϊ£Ƿ꣬
˵ʲôãѵ㻹Ҫȥװ߰ɣˣԼһ
ԾţƴƳ˸š
û˶룬һ徲̱ϣ۾
ȻȵľƲ࣬ھӿ˿Ҳолġ
ȷʵһλǵĹ⣬ФģͷǾΪãԽ֪Խãܸ߶졣

ƽϢܺãÿ˯һʱΪϯʱȽϾãƽʱ˯ˣȻҲѵıȽ
ٴ۾ʱ¹ڵĹѾЩ͸ܿٺɫϦƵʱ
ϰԵҡŤŤȻתͷ

٣治裡
ϦӦ¸Ե浾һŮ˯Ѻ鶼ˡ
Ȼɵһˣ
ȻһֱƲľ̩ҲǺТׯ̫ɵһŮ翴ĸ׺ĵһۣ;ûĸƯ
治ĸ˾ľ̩ȷʵòĸײͬһͺܴõòɹϲ
һǸˣǺĽˮ
Ȼ˵ıƾɺ˵ĸ׾;Ժܴ
ûԵ޹ʵİܳں󹬿϶ɵġ
룬һƯᣬǡôﻨ⻹˼˰
ĸôãµ׬ˣ
˵µ
Ŷ̫ȥĶˣ
ƽذߴĸ׵Ų˳Ա˵ķȥ
ĸ׵ò̫ҫˣ˾뺣鲻Զ˵ƽҲû
Ҫ˵һҲȣǻ΢һ㾪ȵģ̫Ȼڹ¹
կɣ
Ϊʲô϶̸£ΪѾһ򵥵ˣ˵ȫƧʣһҲûżӰʲôġ
Ҫ֪ĳĴ󹬲ɣ̫Ȼö֮ģں޵ɹŲ顣
Ϊ˯ѹ
ȻկɣǺûδҲ̫˰ɣ
ͷһôֱӵʶںԭݴʣ
ĸģ


15 
ƽҡ˵ȣŪЩԼĴڸУ

ˣ棡
ĸչһЦ
ƽѽԼһɣһҳ黹û꣬ԹԵģ㰢͹귨ú˵
ƽ
ջظո˵ĻĸֻǷ
Ѿǵһˣ
ȻǸޣǾûô׵£
ʵģڲľ̩ĸϾˣһֻĲϻ˵ŮȥʱֵӵС
Ƕ˵ĸ棬ƽ˵۾

ϲľ̩ĸģƽԺ󲻱۸
һС˵ÿ¾ҡ棬湻˾˯ʱĥ
Ҫһδ˵ÿնµ·ģʱת˲ת۾͵կɣ뿪ӡ
뿪ǰһͲľ̩Ѿڹ¹޺۾կɣһ§һŮҲݺᡣ
կɣǿƶ߲죬Ҫʱ뿪ԭ²ôףŮ֮䣬һҲѼأˣҲǶ̶̼վҪ롣
һıգƽǸǳῴɫޣ϶ǳɣһԡ
̫ŰˣҲ쳣ۣ
ĪˣƽЩлٻؿƶߵģͬһȥסһЩʱա
ԼҲ֪⻰ʵ𲻵ٰοãƽôҲҪ󣬲ܷų;Ͷ٣ٻصƶ߲ԭ»Ҫٵꡣ
˵ףô׹ġ
ƽҡץסҡıԵһ˫٣
ڹ귨֮ǰǳǳһ˰ɡ
ŬĹӿȻЩᣬôҲˣӤĹʵҲֻˡ

ˣ쿴ң
Ȱȣ⼸ʱ䷢ԼˣϧֲߣկɣŮ޵ʣ̫ʾ֭ЩοĻϾ˼û˷Ŭ

ֲסˣ쿴ң
֪˶ãӤҲֲסƽ⣬ƽһͷͷתԻҡڵȥ֮ǰϡկɣ̧ͷ¶Ŀ⡣

аɣô귨ˡ

һ磬̫ڴǰկɣУʱߵʱֻһƶߴ˺󹬡
ƶߴ˼ŮҪסһЩʱգ̫Ȼвʡ
ع˼ƶߴկɣջسʱ·ʱһա
ĸͬ˼ŮЩȥҲòĸӿԿЩǰʢ
կɣԭճһգϣ¶ʮߣӵִʢǡ
ѵǸõĺӣƽĸױڻӭĸ˾ˡ
񸣽ǿƶߴܴ󸣽ź󹬵ĸӭӼɣ̫ӭӡ
ѽأͣĴС񸮳ﱸæµһò׵У̫մڹ¹ȥĶ͸ĶҲ͸ŵ˴š
ŮǼ£ͣ˿ҵŮ󹬵ҲԴŶŮ
ڵȴſƶߴʱѴһ˵һȺŮһȺӣֵͷʹ
˿̼̫һЩƽﲻܼĺһѷӿȥ
Ŷע⣬ƽһǡ
ǰŮӹģűȹŷĻóԣ֪ܿܵܣģҲСܵܳ
С֪ϲͺС̫ܵĽӴƽˣʲô½ͷ֯
ƽ
ллʽ㣡
ȻôûгԹʲôǹ㣬һž֪ڵտ϶Ǽõģģǿ϶óԡ
ȭͷ߬ýģǱȥ
΢΢һ㶣ڿʸߵķ򣬻СѾֵݵߡ
ģȻѾˣǲ֪ǲѾˡ
Ƽƽ߬ƽʱҪһȦСȭͷ΢ģһָС޴
ֻһڣڡ
ƽ
ĸ׺þ飬ôóԵǣôֻڣ
ʱ⴫Ҳֱָܽš
կɣӣƺϰ
˱Ϊӭӵֻпƶߵˣֶü䲻ع˼࣬û뵽һţǰһȺŮ˺ͺӣʱе㷢
ϰСܳʱ£Ⱥһ۾Ϳ㣬н㻳ﱧŵС磬̾ͷɱߡ
ضˣŲؾص߹ȥ
ƶƲμ󺹣μ󸣽
󺹺ʹ󸣽ˡϰСƴ󺹺λ
˵ϰŷӦ̫͹󸣽ҲԹԵѧ
̫԰˻ļ
һ˺αؾǶأ
ֵżùúλãȳЩں棬͵
ȻֵƬ̣ƶߴĳݺܿ쵽
ǻϰ۽վﻹҪһӣԸµİѺӱ˹
ƽ۾һԼѾĸ׻ﻻһʶС

ƻϰ
ͬڻֵ̫ܱȽ϶࣬ƶߺֵֻܣƾϰ
λСƤǽСɫ۾һǾڲԭģʺͶǶһͷϻСӡ
˵ھڣ˳ְ˱ԼСǿɺóˣǧ˷ѡ
ϰ𣬱ΪСֻǺҵĻ֣ΪҪСȭͷһ£ȫû뵽СľȻһǡ
ƽȫû뵽ΪһٶԼѾ˳μ棬ͶԼС˾˸׽Ĺ̡
ǰһλɹŹεŮˣͷǺɫʯװΣȻѾͣȻ̴棬ⶼò£϶ǺĶƶߴ񸣽
鱧еС磬
ƽ쿴衣
ƽ
з֣裬ֱӽвУ


16 
ԭרΪ׹׼סſƶߴ˼ŮҲŮͬס̫ˣò񸣽ѡ
¹С磬ƫռˣǿƶߴӾסڲľ̩ร
һ¶ʮߵִ˼վˡ
ƽ⼸һֱúܳʵС˾ϰΪһǵԵ֣ձȥ棬ʢʹת˸顣
׳ʱ򣬱һƮƮСҲۣƽſһοԼط
ʢʹԶûйʹɣԶԶռҲϰͣͣһ϶תĳ̶ȣڴĹģܽһĻʹѾǺܲˡ
ƽſС˾˵ļϣܵ·ÿһ˴к

ð

Ϧҹǹ磬һ񸮾ͿʼﱸˣϦҹҪʱһֱϡ
δҲûȢ󸣽ԸټסϺİľӪԶԾսʤֵõĲƲԼʢһլӡ
֮ǰÿϯǶʰãǰȥסĵطȺֵܶһͬ빬
յʱʰ߳ţȴſʯӵԱߣһӰѾϵĶ졣
̫߳ˣô磿
ͷһοԼĵܵôӣƽʱҪסȥ԰Ӵ
Ҳ֪ԼΪʲôе˯ţˣ˵ƶߵƺϰǰյ˹⼸վס
ϯƽСȭͷӣ̲סСӺ˵ʲôװޣʵǿɰĽ
ϰ˵ͻҪСЩð˰ϲ뵽Ҳ˯ˣһµ𣬿ʼϯϵ¡طΣʱĵ
챾ϲЩ˶˵ûʵĳ滰ĳϣʱĥĥģ޲ϯϿʼ
Ѿˣȵϯʼ̫һȥ鸣Ѱ˰ҡŲԼߣǰ˵ʲôͺŰ˰档
ǿ߰ɣ
ȶЩʲô췭վŵ׸磬Ǽȣ
·˵ô
򣺡
ɵܵܲҪˣȥôʲô
վڳſڶ
ֻһӾ͵˻ʹţķΧŨ۾ǺͮͮһƬΪʵ̫磬ӭӵǶû롣
Ѳߵλ磬վ
μʮүʮү
ϻ˻֣
ɡ
Ͷ̫ˣʱ񸮿϶ûгﱸãλүȵʱ̫Ҳ̫ãΪ׵
λү̫ˣ
Ǳ߻û׼ã䣬λүȥƫȺ򡣡
޷
˷ܵ
ѽѽһС̫ˣû׼ǰɣˣҰιι
ŶЦüۣ
磬ȥתһȦ
򣺡
Сӵڴʲô⣿

ܴʲôأ
ֻȥƽˣ°˰С˾ˣС塣
˳Ϳƶߵļ˷һ𣬿绹᲻ջ겻ӡ
ظܾ֮öΪ֣΢˵ô䣬ķӦȻô
򿴵ķǿƶߵļλĪǿһλɣ
ǿɶǻ̫ϱɲ˿ϰ
϶ڴϣշת˴ޣƶߴܴ󸣽䶼Ǵ࣬ӦòǣµΨк鸣Ͳľ̩
ǻ̫ļ裬Ҵ⣬Īǵʧķˡ
̫ԸҲԲ֧ģҪ£οҲôƵˡ
˵ľ̩ʮ빬̫ףֻǺúõĽڹѾˣλƶˣҲ󷽣Ŀ
ûеȵλ˳ɣ̫麣Ѿʢǡ
ľ̩ô궼
쿴磬ͻȻһ񣬵ʵϺûô뷨
粻ῴ˲ľ̩ɣ
Ҳ̫ˣ
ԽԽȷʵпܣǰ̫ΪӭȢ鸣ӭƶ߲ԭͶȻҲȥˡ
ʱ첻ӰżײһأǸľ̩һ
Ŷɫ仯ɻ
ôˣ
ҡͷ
ûôûôȥɡ
Ѿ¾ģ̫ôС۵˿϶ӦͲľ̩ճɾ˵ĴξͽԼɡ
ڣҪŶȥᣡ

˵Ͷ쵽õϢʱ̫ʵЩµġ
òмշݵʱ䣬ֵ΢Щʱ黹Ժ˯
ҽֻһϯôҲûʲôãҲûֻһڴϿŷôҲû뵽ͶóȻǰ
վЦ
󺹣ʮүʮүϾ͵ˣ⵽𣬻ǲ𣿡
̫
ףòöͶǸ⡣
ýѺ飬ҲûһܲöͶ
λû𣬹¹һƬģʱƽѾˡ
̫˼һ£
ȥƫ
ƽ죬ȥĶȥĶ棬ȻƽϦȥˡ
ܵأ̫סҪȥ˰ĳ죬
У˵ð˰磬ϴ磬ǣƺϰ£ȥƶߵλӡ
ոСȫ֪һѾ׵ưˣƫεƽͻȻ˸硣
磡
ôое䣿


17 
һ죬Ҳ˺ӣڰѩϣӳڵġ
һѾϵĻѩɨɾ¹Ĵֻһ϶Цݿ䣬
λү밲
ɡ
ʱˣôûд󳨹ţ΢΢üֵֹܾģûѯʡ
ۼ⣬컳ʲôʵ
㻳ﱧʲô
ŶǴ󺹷Ըʮүġ
ǰһĶԼ˻ſڣסķ϶
ôʵѵǰ
ǳʲô
һͷöһ˫ԲӣСſ죬Ц¶С
ƽ
ʮð
죺
̫ɨسˣ
򾪵ǰһ
Ǹʲô
̫ͺ鸣ڣôѰ˰籧ˣ
ǰźô꣬û̫أѵڲˣ
쵱Ȼܹˣǰ;Զ󣬸ʲô
վżķ϶м䣬ЦĴ˻̫˼
˵鸣ϴ磬λүȥð˰ѾʰˣλүΪչˣȻ磬ֱӴСһȥˡ
ĿķѾﵽˣ쵱ȻںܲܽȥˣͷŰ˰磬ҲûҪ˵˼
쵱ȻҲûָʮүת
󺹻˵ʮүأ˰ͰиˣƶƱӺϰλүǰȥ
򣺡ǡ
֪ˣֵܰǰɣ
õ˶Ӧʣ˻عڣ۵һɫĴţٶ֮죬жֱ֮˷Ӧ
Ա߻ȻҲúܸ˵ɵܵһͷʹôС磬Ǵִֽŵģô졣
죬ЩЩСӹͷСЩǧҪˤˡ
ѽ֪֪ˣ鷳㿴ƽЦöѽ
ĻԷ磬С治Լ֪𣿾㲻˵Ҳѽ
ƽЦôģǿ϶ġ
·ݵĺѾűˣ˵ǰС绹Լҡһ⺢ӾƤʵ
ƿϵĺʵ磬ƽؽֻǰ©һСԴһһСԴһŶЦ
㿴Ͳ
һһСЦԼЦãЦöҲûƢˡ
ԼźӸˣ£
ղų˵ĶţҼǵǲľ̩޵ǰɡ
򣺡
ôܾöᵽľ̩ʱֵֹģ
ֱֻС磬ǰĹҵһţûתߴ
߰ɸ磬ô䣬ƽô죿
ƽ
ǾǣϽȥһſأ
Сһţˣ
ƽҲ˵Ķء

ڣľ̩һѾϣƶߴţٳһȥ¹ҽС硣
ĵúܣҪ̽һЩݵĻ⣬ľֻ̩ȥ
ѽͱˣƶߵҫнأ󺹴㼫ãͷİɡ
ŮıһҲҲС
üֻӱѾͷ
㣬㣬㵽ûУ
ôô˵ѽҶ˼
ľ̩ڴϣһͷһȷʵǲ˼һҲڶɻء
ǰ̫˵ľ̩СŮڹҲз֮񣬿ƶ߸¡
ǰ̫ȢԼĴŮ飬˵˹ϵã޶
νҲˣȷʵˣ󺹶Ժĳ谮˵й֮޲껹С磬Ůǲġ
СĶˣۿŹʮˣӻûò񲻵òɡ
Ѳľ̩ѹ
ûУ
ʵڶ㲻ȥˣľ̩һҧС
ˣûء
ֻΣһҲ죬ɬֻöʵ֡
⸱Ӳһ֪϶ǻûϡ
ʮˣûһʶѰ˼ңѾһܵĺӵĶˡ
ɸֵĿɵŮ
⿴㣬Ȼ޽˺󹬣Ҳ취õ󺹵ĳ谮ȡͬһ
üһҪ̫Ϊˣֻ̫һģȫڽ˶Ķȥ裬ο
ľ̩ʱһĻ§ŶĲ
ѾС磬ˣҲΪˣǵ׽ãѵȥͽ𣿡
˵ľ̩ȫԻ̫ûǷ˼ֻԼĽ򣬾УҲ϶顣
οҲѽ
ŮȻԼĹ۵㣬
׽ôˣǽùϵгͬں֮Уܶû̫ĳ谮һĺ£
һֱڲԭϣùһļ٣ɹźƽľ̩Ҳû͡
̫ӺѧʵܳԺһһһ˫һףԴһһ⣬иѾ˷ֺ
ľ̩ͶһһİĽúܣôãȥƻҸأ
ģ
ǿƶֻ߲ѽԼ룬ֲֻ̫Ǽպ󻹻ˣǽöˣټܣһҲһЩ
ôˣľ̩Ѿˣֻн㣬õպ
뷨һʱҲû취ı䣬Ͷ˵ֻͨ÷䣬
ţ֪ˡ
ôŮķܣ
֪ʲôˣ㵹ǰѶĻǵȥа
֪֪
ľ̩˵ҲУʹ಻ڵ˾ǡ
ʲôأ
վ棬ҿԽ𣿡
ľ̩ɴ⣬
磡
ң
ֵĵһۣתͷ߽ƣԼûϰʵ
ܵأ
ƺԥƺѾȫϰΪ
Ŷϰȥ¹ҺСȥˡ
һĶʡģ˲ٸľ̩پ⣬Ƶ棬ҲٸŮһЩ顣
վ
СôܣȥܵܣǳϦҹӣʢ׹࣬ڻʹײ˱ˡ

¹·ϰѾߵúˣѵ磬һֱӲ̵ʱƽѾˣ¹ķȥˡ
ʢʹٴҲԭգ͸оЩŲڣҲͽСЩ˼
֪ϯջʹ·ɨҲɾţӭһԿֵܣòЩƣǸЩ
Ȼڹֵ̫ܣһƽˣϰԽԽãһ˻ﱧŵСôôԼС
Ȼֻ¶һͷ
ûµСϰ֪
᳤ֻ֪조ЦĿ϶ƽǸɵСӡ
վס
ס죬ôƽ


18 
ôƽ
ôܱˣ
죺
̫Ӧˣܵү
һʶɹҪԼӣ쵱ȻǲֵܷģƽԭתһȦض
ˣƽ÷ӣӶ¶һԴ
˭
ƽ
һ£С˾ϰ
ӤﵱȻϰǰһ
˭ƽң
ĻʱѹסˣûɫСӣҸʮүҲ̫˵ɡ
磬㱧ƽȥһܣ
ѶĴƽһһȻֻƽ¶һСԴ
ƽˣСж
ȶѾǰ
ҲҸүһܣ˭Ӯƽ˭
˱󣬸𼤣ϰã
ʹ˭˭
ƽ
ҪҪȥҴ
һգ۵ĹѾԱȻŻѩĻ԰Ť
Աûи̴ӣֶֻƽһĴûж챧ҵֱţҲڲܣֻվһ߸ż
죬ᣬˣλǿƶߵϰӣ󺹸ողǻԸңȥƶߵλôһȭء
쵱Ȼ֪ǰǿƶߵϰʢʹɹŷεģָԼ£ټϽֻпƶߴЯ빬Ϣ
ǰ˭롣
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һҪ¹ȥ̫ͺ鸣ϴ˿й϶ǳƽȥġ
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죬ϰһֱں֮кͰ˰ദ϶ɵСӴڣûղƽʱ̾ſ조Ц
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Ȱ죬תͼȥϰǱҵͻƿڣ
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ҲбǾӪ£
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ү
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ԩûš
ģЩȴһĶ졣
˶Ȱ˵Ѱ˰ͻȥԭأѾˡ
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ƽ֣
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òֺȫûŶһ˸硱Ⱥľȡ
ԴӰͺȥ󣬶Ҳûܻ̫йһ˸磬ôͻȻתˣϢҪʢǺúۼա
ȻŶͻ̫ϵƱϢ￪ģа˰С
û뺣ʢҶѾ֪ˣ˰ͽƽ̫׿֤ʵġ
ۿҪҪֵļƣ̫ۼֿ죬һѴӶ޶Լҵ̡
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δؾϲ
̵޿԰εĵزֻ˭Ҳ˭ˡ
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ΪԽһİʱջ룬û뵽Ȼô׵ĵõ˹С
񻹲


19 
ϦҹһҪӣǾӭ£ɼ˶һϲЦѵõģ³زรϯҲûһų
ԱߵĿƶߴչһ΢ЦƱ
ףǶ³ɣԸ
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﹫ңңǼ˼ĽͻȻú˼³زһƶߵ˲ԸôյͿƶߴһˣ
çŶ̩Ȧ֮У̫δ½һĴҲûҪɶ˼ѵҪȦ
žƱԾƱľҺ㵹ϣŪʪһ
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Ϣ﹫ڶУУԭǶô緢˲Ȧĥ⸱ӣ취Բøȥ

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һʱ䣬ǰдĵĵĿԸֻȼ人ġ
ĺ̸ϺãֻܿЩ黰纣鸣дģԸ˰ƽ˳죬Ǻġ
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˵ĻѵָɹϰбСһۣʷһת󼸸ֱԼ֡
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˵ˣƽһҪ󡣡
սƮѩɫĿһһسǵԸ죬ֱûʣҲӰ
ԪѩһǸꡣ


20 
Ԫ粻ϦҪɢټѩѩҹУʱչĳǶǳ˹
ΪѾȵĹȥû뵽˰ҹա
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֪ŰѰ˰˯˰̣ͼҴҵĹ˵С粻ˡ
ҹӴľѾǵһˣλ̫ҽ˯оѣͳһƵ嵶󣬹˲˵Щʲôѩҹĺֱʱﶼͬľš
ѵǰ˰ˣ
ΪС磬ҹֵĶóƵ̫ҽ˹ֵͬأԱ⣬Ȼǲô
̫ҽһž;òãҹֵͽܣѾʦ꣬ںδѾܶ죬ԱߣȻ޲ߡ
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ң
㣬ܾȻ


21 
Ϊ˰췦ǽҲҪˣ̫ҽﶼǰп࣬޲һ˻˰ʮɳ꣬ҲȱסǵµԴҪ
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ãȻȻңôʣô˵֤ݣ
﹫ǰţ
ԴӺ빬󣬷ֵ˴󺹶ĳ谮㻳ģ亣ĸӣȰ˰罵Ǳ䱾޺ĸӵģѵ𣡡
˵ȫǲ²⣬ʲô׹ƣ޻̸֮³رЦˣ
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Ҫ˲֪ǼĪΪûУһѱ֪
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ҧԼǴ󺹵Ľ㣬ܵ˺ǻ̫籦ĺµİ˰磬˰ոջΣڵϦ
³֪˿Ѿƾȡڴ󺹣תֱֱ̫£
ѹԣ󺹻ס
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˵ˣǷǷһ֪³㲻ٸ翹
ӸղһֱĬŵĻ̫ڳ
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µȴֱ治̫ɫվĮȻ
ȥѡ


22 
¹³زร޹벻Զ̫ǰһ˳Ĭڹ·ߣ˵ֻѥӲѩ΢֨
ѾǰϵֺǾϳǵʱֺƻͨʸĸţҹ˯оѣʶ
̫ͷһ۹ʵʵʣС۾ĺһꡱ
ǰһ
ı·Ѿˣĸûֶ
̫΢һͷ
ѸȱȥСź򣬱ø˾
Ȼ̫˵ҪԲ飬Ǿֻ֮ܵܿʼ˴ʾ⣬һѲ顣
ѩҹ䣬ûл̫ҲֻһվȣʱϾһѩ
﹫˫£̲ס˴̫꣬׻̫ڵʲô˼
ټ˵ʲô̧̫ס̫Źڵϵȴ³߽һӸµ
³֪׹֮һʵؽϳͲ֪³زд飬Ҳɡ
·һջ
ʱڸģ˵׹֮֮һˣ㻹ϳ𣿡
³ѩϹñֱ
ܴ಻ţû²飡
ҵˣ
³ػ䣬Ƕǰ
ڲรČҵģͲڴµİ񡣡
Ǹ޵ӣ̫һ̲סŭգ³ؽ£
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³Ҳ̫ˣƽôɰôµȥ֣
ôһڣʶף粢ţԳڸղŵ֮У
ֻΪҲ̫ˣ˵ǲǣ
ֻҡͷԼô²ô򵥵ĽŶԽԽ죬
߰ɣպǧҪ³çˡ


23 
̫ص¹ΪԶղŵ־˯ðȣȴ澹Ȼŵơ
ڴϣƽ˯Сƣ۾һҲҷɣƽղŲһҪ뿪ˣСֶģһһĺ¡
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񣬺ˡ
ѾղľԸ˺飬ֵã̫ĽŲһʣǺ֪ʡ
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çżýҷ³׹֮ǰ˰磬ѾΪˣҽֺˣģȹ˵
̫ĦͷҲỺģ
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֮жл̫ߣ³ˣ˵ֱֱȥ˵ĲʵǸûӣ׹֮¿Ǳݺ
﹫ѩҹ빬Ϣνרűôһ£çŶ̩Ƶġ
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ƶߴһ̤ǲ̷Ĺˣֻһܵĸȡ
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䣬ȱ
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ֺˣϾҵֶŮЩҲҲ

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ƶһͬģŽ᲻ģλðģһ񣬼Ǻר裬󺹼λʺպڹҲ̫ѡ
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⺢ӣĳôͣڹɲУ㻹̫վҪ飬ʱʱ̵̿İռŻ̫ģǸ鷳
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ܹ˾ƶҪһλʺģΪʲôԼŮأ
ͨպ˻ʺҲΪºկɣиңƶߺʹҲ˸ı䡣
ԼͲЩìܣ鲼ľ̩СС;뿪˲ԭƶߴҲ̫׽ܹһҲۡ
ŮԼȻ³Ѿãƶߴ¾ģ
㲻ٹܣ㰲ĵںŻ̫Ĺ󸣽˿ƶߣҲȻᾡΪı
ܲÿɷֻȰſƶߴȥϢ뿪Ȼߣ
ȥѷϢ˴ˣСЩ©
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﹫ղŸϢ˵л֪çŶ̩Ȼ⣬պõĵطǧҪܿڡ
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ãҴ﹫˵ܶлĺ⣬Сºҳݣ˭ҷ˭ĹͣЩϢܰﵽʽȻǼõġ


24 
ҹ־磬ѵҲ˯һżææı
ԶԶģδ
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ƽԼˣ㲻Ըҡţſһơ
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ʮһףⲻɶʮ˷֮һ
ϰȻǲ֪ƽʲôģҲҪı֮Уûйƽˡ
ƽΪһδܵκαСޣ·ڳѵˡ
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ƽ̾˿ȻڳֻأȻһ룬Ϳ˷·Լһ״ơ
ƹһˣûкͰǷչ꣬Ҳû취ȥͽĸױһţôһСӴ㶵վԭء
ƽСȭͷ˻ӣ
ˣҲÿ޿޺ܶ


25 
ȥСӼͳ
ƽߣܿڳĽгһͶԾŰ˰ͯĴ˵
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⻰ȷʵʵģӮսĲƸ϶Ǽλѡλļʻѡ
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ˣǳඣ
ûޣֻһԼԴСãǣдãַ꿪Уֵúܡ

һһյƽҲܲùǲţԼʢʹתʢʹ󣬵һһС˵ϡġ
Ű˰糤ľҲʢ¹Ѿˡ
ָһλԼջָ̫ʾǧѡǰһؿɿģһС硣
鵱ƽȻûó˰ѡ֣Ȼ˼
һа˶أǽʵ˼һжգֵ˼ҲƽһߣҪúĽƽ˴Ӧ
˶ָ׳žͽʵͣҲǴ߸ӣ˸Լƽ·ʱÿÿԾֱͦظôһǰ
տʼһʱڣһڻʹԺĳһʱȻΪһķ羰ߣ˵˰ˣ˶Ҫ̽ͷ
ԭȻǰ˰ôѩɰСޣǰ氺ֱͬͦں棬»磬£
ʵ˰绹û˼ҵȸߣ
ƽǰߣ˸ںţԺĹŮ̽ͷ͵͵Ц
ͺ㶵İ˶رղǰģ͸һӻ龢۹·˷ʱעСһһ
˿˲˵һ񣬶վѾѶݵߡ
ƽ
۾˵ӹˬѽ֣ſڣ󻹸ģһ˻Ǳţʹߵӽǡ
ⲻʲôǣ
쵽ˣ˵㣬ֱƽеİ
СӲҲûѧʱԸ˯ʲôʱ򣬾˯ʲôʱ˻¹Ů档
ƽĵ̫̫ͣȣǰ·һˣÿյѲӡ
ȻֻСһ˽ͷʢˮףһ̾Ϣ

죡
¹ʢ¡ĺ鸣ʹ󺹼ΪС磬񸮶֪Ҫźͱ˱һæһһ˵͡
һգ¹ıȱƽΧʢˮתȦԺǷ״̬̰ҲûϵֻҪҲȥˡ
ת۾Ϳ쵽˰˰һ


26 
ƽΪʵǲԼȥ̵ģÿս۶ǲҪˣõµĽȥˣʵġ
̫ɶ̶Լȥͳȥ£ȥ̵·ϣڴ̻·ϡ
ԼǴΣû죬鱧ȥŸУعĴСǶȥˡ
Ȼƽķ֣̫ȫңҲȻС
µһƵףԵøϷʩƽδӡ
˴γ̫죬죬ټѾȦçŶ̩죬Ķ顣
ӼϣλҲѾ׼ˣ̫ų¥ϵǻ˻֣ȻתС
Ӹ棬̤Ļ̣̳䶨ѾӰ
һȥ£ֱƽǰϦҲûҪ˼
µսæдĸ׵ս֣˵Щ˼ĻȫǸ飬޼ɣѾװ̸ˡ
ƽÿֽдʲôֻҪĸϵ糺죬֪϶ЩʲôỰȻôͻȻˡ
ǰдĹսµݣĸ׶ˣԽԽСҲԽԽ죬ƽյﵽĸߣСȡ
ֻôˣǶȿϵֽдʲôֻܵĸװ
СӶʲô棬ֲʶ֣Ҳ̫дʲô΢ƽһϵ⣬Ѱ˰籧
ƽҲ뿴дʲô𣿡
ƽͷĸ׻ͷһƣ
Ŷ򽡣
ûڮٻ̫鷨˼Ĳʶġ
̫ŷϣͦʵһôҲֽ߰ȫдģһһƽ֪ôĸ򿴡
Щ̯һֱһҳϤݵֱ˫سƽ۾
ʫҪúдֶصζһֽĿͷдһ䶷ģһղ⡣١
ȻеţϤƽֱͫ׵Ѿһûмˣû뵽һĳ
˵˲ݵΪԼ׵
ƽһ¾ͰͷŤˣҲ˲ò׾ˣ
ߣ
̫ԺѧЩо˭֪᲻ҲЩʫ츳ٶ࿴һۣԼò׳ļˡ
һ㶣ƽ˵̫˵䣬һģѶ̫ߣ˵ɣֻģķһЩ򵥵Ҳ֪ǲǸ˼
ҲˣŻ̫ţͻȻ˵ߣ֪ţǿеݡ
ǵð˰Ӵκ֣һһСޣܿʫ䣬ǲǺ̫Ծ
˵ʲôСŤŤתź飬ʳָԼϰ£
죬

ԭ˵Լˣߣȷʵǽ̹˿ָЦݣѰ˰§
ţߣ㰢꣡
ƽӦԼ˵ʲôپϽҲ
ţʱӶתðˣûһôԼӦӦѺŪȥˣڴһ
ǧĸΪͯͯͯ궼ǲֵģҪһֵС㣡

һȥսľδع飬˰ȴѾٽˡ
⣬СһжӦţ԰˰䣬ֻںССİһЩŮ֡
³ǰ¹ãƫϹҺʱ򣬶ռҴҵܽ
ܹԴ󺹻ˡ
Ϣһһ㴫ģֻϢͨŵʿŸսǣϢˣҴҵı¹š
ܹܸǸˣһ⻰ʲô˼Ȼ֪ս½еˣ̫ȻսϿعǰ˰Ȼǲٰˣ϶Ҫô¡ô
˵鸣˰ǲеġ
Ҳֻк鸣Լĸӵʢ費ΪȻȻѰ˰Ĵӣ͹ˡ
׼
ٹһҪʼʱѾʮֽˣܹѾ˲Ҫȥ鸣ʾץŶյ
ȥͨʱ˳˵һūȸˣȥﱸЩ
˷սĿĮɹţսº˳תһ׶εսĿתϱȥҲٴĵİʦʢ
ʶ̫ױʮˣھӿʱ΢һ·׼˳·Ȼһʢ˰˵
˵Ϊ˲μƽ磬ҲҪͬȥֻçŶ̩ͶǰС
ʱŹر֮ǰõִʢǡ
ϢŰ˰ڴŵȴ
վſԴһһСﻹ˵ҹ̵ƣ·һ·ϵıֵõģ̫Ӷޣ޲̳ǰ
ƥ߸㣬£ǰһԼѾһǺˮͳմȾĻӵˡ
̫ߵǰ°ҳ§ĶϣҺ㣡
ƺ㣬ʵᣬ̫׻΢˼һԼ¶黰ֻźĶ˵
ΪȫǺ˿ȫɬİռˣѾδֽ˼˽ӵһ
ƽȥ§סĲӣ
ǣ˴ˣ
塭壡
ˣƽҲ㣡


27 
ڴǰô, ƽûԼİͷһͽԼС壬ɸ쳤ӡ
Ҫǻ̫ƽץظȥԼ˯һ, , Ҳûչܺӡ
ƽСӻͦĵ, ҲԼרŸ̫, Ҫһ˰׸綼ˡ
Ѿ׼ˣƽô, ýȸһݼҲͦõġ
ӻͰͣͳһǶűʯذ, ɻսƷ, Ų, ʱĸƽڶ
úˣ㰢﷢֡
ƽ
ôܲѽ, ·ᱡ, ûطغòã
սžȻɹ֧Ԯľϰǰʢ, û뵽û£ɹŲԭطˡ
ϵȻǸһ¥õľͲһˣֻ˵, Ȼƽϲ˭
̸, ҪĴһܲʹ졣
ȥ⼸¶ջĶ, Ȳƽ˴һֶ§壬§ֶӣ׵òң˭ҲԸֿ
ֱϣ̫ڹ¹һٷ˹ԿʱĻԼϡ
߶죬ƽરવԼڵһſѶذͷ²غãȻ´׼Ҳȥֺһ׵衣
Ͼղ˶죬Ҫһˮƽ
ͶķӦĺģƽܻ̫ͺܲöϹȥȼ򵥽иְ衣
Ȼûᣬƽߵͱſڵĳһסλƽػ̫ʱЦЩֵֹģ
ôˣôˣūȥ˯òã
ƽ
ˣлл㣬ݴ

˰ȻǶһݵ¡أӹ¹иĲãԿ񸮵ĸġ
һգʢڵѾˣεľû̫ȴ¾ӣר̸ϻ˰
Ȼ̫ûȷ˵԰˰̬֤ɶףΪ
³һ磬ƽıźȴӴ˶Ǹ溣ɹṴ̊˰ϴ£յ¡ء
ȣû취ںص¹ƽǰŪŴᱡСΪϲ죬һ죬ϸ£˼Ļ
ϹɵƽȦ󡢽ҲĽιˣ仹̫˩ϵģһڵ˵Ϊͻ塣
ţƽԼϿܵùװΣ·Ť
ʱŮ½½빬ΪСӵĵ񣬶ԴŸϵССһȺֳµľۼڹ¹
ƽ
ʱɿˣȻܲҲܱǸܸԼӵˡ
ͷȴ£Ȼץˡ
ٵǰ񸮵׼ĳϰںץþߣɸϵĸǸôһԶ
ƽ鱧ŷŵǰ棬̿ˮǰĿ鴩Խǰ붼룬ֻڵ￴֡
ЩץõģҲǸ˰ĺҲ˵ץ֮Щȫġ
Ʒİڷķ˼СӺö棬һۿδؾͻãöҪںΡ
δеĺڲͬϲһۿĶ˰ĵط˳׵ıīֽ⣬ǰ˰ˣҲԲ
ʣīֽ⣬меĺöΪ񸮴ԶĴӹڰЩŪ
ķıƽѧϰ϶ġ
˭Ҫ鰡
ϱʮûô
СŽŴӷ϶Ų˹ȥ
ܹܻһЦ
黭ʫʷ⣬жк־
ƽ
ôץܻ˵ģ
̧ͷܿ˼һڴʱһ
ôҰѹܴġ
Ϊպİȫǣⳡץֵܱ̫ãΪ˲ĸʧҲ˼ֵ̫ʵǾĽ
ڸٻûнǰȻм磬̫İѾ̵ܴ͡
̫ϤʷҲ֪̫ƴͷβûΪ˼λ磬ĸ׵ĳߣԼҲûȨ˼ʷϵ͸ˡ
ڳϲʣѲľ̩ĸץһʣ
ô٣
һС磬תһ¼ϵע
ڶĶǹһݵͷңŶ۷žӣò¾֪п϶ŵġ
ҲѡսϵۣŲڹŴĵһҪ塣
ĸкСʱûһأƽźĿһһۣҲеķ϶˹ȥ
ܹ˿飬СϲһЩĶʲô̫ˡ
־ǰд
ƽ
㻹ܱͦġ
ǰ𽥽ƽǰһ̣ӸˣһҶӣʹҵˡ
ȥǲҲͦõģ
ʿụ̃ȻڹŴΪƷôǻ壬պ󲻹ܻλϵԼλֵܣôøӣ̣ңȻ벻
ۿС֣Ҫȥץǰѽ̣Ⱥв֪˭һƽס
һͣ٣תһ룬۰ӣңڣǸٺ»ģҪȥ
Ͼ
Űòˬ
СѾץ˽̣ܹܵǽһ£ܿ컹չЦݣ
ƶ»²
˰Ȼˣ˰ûã˰ַˡ
ۼб䣬ܹҲ
»ƣ־ԶǰС
ƽ̧ͷڲ亹ܹһۣˣܹҲģⷴӦҲ̫ǿˣ硣
˵Ŀ⣬ƽǰߣѾһˣڿڲͬĶȴڷڼΪ۵λá
ӡһƽƽ顣
̿ͣǴ̿ͣ
ЩߡУҲģһһô죿
ƽһ޶öҪĶԶԶ
ɣԶȨƽ
Žӡͱص¹ʱš
ǰ˭Ҳû취뵽ģӡͱ˻̫ţھȻ˰ֱ˳ȥȻǼϲ
Ѳ⣬˰ͯԽ˭֪᲻û̫մŭ
û࣬ٱ͵Դˣܹܻһ۹۱ǣǹģȡ
һƬྲУ̫ɫݣ
Ҷ־ϷϹ⣬дݾɫӡȥ̽·
ƽ
ǣûУ˵
ǰһ
ת򣡸֪ϱߣ
̫Ƴһۣ
˰Ҳù˵Ķԣǲǣ
ƽ
ǣ׵
ôһ˵̵˼˼𣿣
̫еԶһ
ղۣҶоγ֮š
ƽղֻŰ̿ͶȥְǱץ뵽Ȼһۣ
ͬҪ
һѸɿƾҵڵϣʹһţ޹̧ͷϵ
Ҫ
¼Ȩûвϧ鱾˼ʵû취ˣ
δ˵ʲôµ˼ƽٵͷץסһѽͷ§

Ҫ
ˣֵȥˣ
ô̫࣬һʱҲûгܹȶˣһ˲תԼպҪͰ˰һȥֵض뵽ˣ˽ⷨ
ɤֱӹ£
øΪ˰ССͣι֮־ʵҴ֮ϲ󺹣ϲ
һʱ䣬ձƣڶ๧֮ƽȫûӦǰһѾ̫
˵ʢŲεϲɫһЦݣ
˰Ǵ֮븣֮лĶ͡
ƽ
Һ¡
һڿˮԼպİÿˡ

֮ŵץڹȥܹܵѾԲɣץܵƷʰãĨͷϵ亹ȻϽˡ
Ǯ϶ٲˣٴȥҪزˣ
ƽܲˣƽˣΪա
˵κӻʹһŭ̴ȥһѻ̫ĺӣȻ̧ͷͻȻ̫ûӡ
鲻ϲӺˣǻ̫ÿ춼ѺӹεøɸɾûԵЩ
ƽĵķŭ޴ǲ۾תתԼϵĶ
֪˭Ȥһ֬ղץܵʱ̫żûǺֺġ
ƽԼǸµ̣ٿǸ֬УĨһֵĺɫⱨĨ˸
ϵ֬չ۽üң̫껭ɷլ
̫ͷ϶̫ϻҲֻа˰ܾ谮̸ˡ
տʼȷʵͣһ£ܿͱЦơ
˸㣬ҪȥϷ𣿡
ƽ
ôЦǲЦ
˵ȻǲЦˣȻѾ˿ͷЦᴫȾһѸ¹ӿ
ЦöۣһֻŶӣһֻպˮ̫ϵĺɫ֬ЦûĽȺ
̫ΣֻܰѻﲻʵСӷȥرĴԼĨһɫͿƽСϣ
죬˰ȥϴ֡
ƽŲȥϴ֣ƽѾ¹ǿ׼ÿ˶ͷ㡣
ʮЦʲô
ҲӲ

˰Ȼֳץʱ̫ǿƱ磬δ˵ͷ˼̫ȫƫ¹ȥˡ
ƽһ֬¹ڵ츰϶Ϳ˻
⺢¶մһҲûк˱ˣ츰а񣬻ؼʱ϶ź죬ŵһ¾ϴ
ϱڳﱸս£̫ʢ˶ãʮգͶҪս
죬ƽվڳ¥ϣСƵĻӻ֣
ݰݣ
ɸϽ߰ɣ
ľӻظȥСסȻҲȷʵˡ
ƽʮ帮ЩԹίʵǾеⲻס
ʲô˼ҵɷƵģǶԼûǸ֦ɢҶ˼ܹ
̫ץסץ죬ץ˲һ㲻ţ֪ڿЦд⣬ȻĸҪǰɡ
𣿣
ƽǰˣ꿪ɾѾ׵ˣ˭ҺһͿɰҲ̫˰ɣ
ǸϽصսȥȽϺ
߶ߣ

׵ʮ壬ƽĿֻˣһ򲻾ȥ棬ƽÿҡڵĺ߹ֿʼʢʹè
Դǳֱϣٴμʽ㣬СյģԶû֮ǰƽʱɫãҲ˵Ƶġ
³صƽ˵ˣֲúܾûټʽ㡣
º󣬻̫Ҳû𣬼ûҪ³زʦ˼Ҳû³أ乬У·Ѿȫˡ
͸󺹵˼³شǰΪรķȻˣҲûֺֻĴŽգȫκ˽̽
ѾаûˣʱԶ·Ѿ˶ӡ
ӡһλͺͬˣԸЩԼǼõġ
סڰ滹Ҷ˶磬󸣽ļλԼϥ£ڰûҲûطȥ棬͸Ÿһ顣
ʱȥܾˣٴμƽܵܣƽܵܳÿ죬ٱУѾˡ
ǽΪףƽܵܵ꣬ϯϺֻ֣ţδƽܵѾˣǲҲϼ
ڰȰȣΰΣûȵ˴ȥȴٴμƽ
ƽܵԾɺ׽ԭСӵļãݸǿ飬ζܺãʱƽǿǻãѾܾûԹˡ
Ȼƽţһص˹¹
ԾƯᣬʲôҲûʡ
ʾס˹¹һƫ
·Ưδ磬Ҳ˸Ůһ档
СԼ򵥣һձһտֻ֣ǻżģ
£콥ʢһ꣬ת۾
ʱ߶ڰʱѧʫλʦǲѧϲ
ʦ˵ѧѧʫʾİʫʵҲףȥıˡ
żһϰʫ䣬ǰƽҲץ˹ÿ˯Ѻ󣬽Ǳһʫ
СƤöסʱһףƽһ䡣
һĹȥƽϱްʱڵսһİ콫ʿǰʦسϢ
ʢҹһ㱡ѩСһ޻һǣһڴǰ
ӭӰ콫ʿǻسǴ£ĸҲʢװ磬δ󺹻س
Ϧ䣬ԶԶ̫ͷǰŶֵܣ˽ǰͦأһʤս
ΨçŶ̩²ߣں棬ɫĽʿǶЩµԡ
ʢǵǺͼλ񣬹ش
Ȼǳӭӵĸƽ֪ѧ˭񣬾Եĸ˵ͷ
ɡ
̫Һ˵Щ滰޷ʲôսˣʢǵ׺Ҳˣһ֮ġ
ƽģͷŶϵĻƣͿǰͻȻһ˫մѥ
̧ͷһƣѾĻ̫
ֱ̫ߵǰһֿ£Ļ˵վ԰ףе˵óҡ
ǰȻĺ󹬣̫г˺ٷŲˣ˼Ŵ˴ôˣҺҲţ΢һ£Լĳ谮úΪʸ֮ġ
ĿԣǧӿͷҲףʱ˵˼ʱ
һЦᴹüĿǣŵӡ
̫һתߣůֲڵĴһһһСӵԴ
ǶµСƽСӵһ
΢һɫ
Ƕ̫ˣȻΨʣ
˵ǣʵֻƽ
ƽŶ
ί̫д֪ٷţֻԼˣôһأ
Լôԣ̫ô˵ɰˣƽĹģб˵ʱңĸѽ
⻰һȴںվŵļλ¶ɫ֪һҲûУֱӰʸӹԼ󺹾ȻôĬˡ
ǿκβȻĶׯ΢Цǰһͺ鲢վţȵźֱۣ
ϥѾλˣʵǷʸȫ󺹿Ӷüء
̫Ǹոտһһͷ
ţһΪٳֺ󹬣Ҳˡ
Բڣˮ©ոʿǵĽӷҲʹһٳֵģܵ
̫һֱһתųƫȥ
߰ɣ˷ӴݣǺȾ칦
Сȷʵÿ죬£ƽֳ˲٣Ҳ˲٣ҲƯ۾Բ͸һɻ龢
ټôû;ĸ΢ô㣬̫űϲĲˣȻú׽һ¡
ƽ飬ڻ̫Ťһ޲ôԶ˵ĺӣ


սﻹ˼󣬻̫Ƽ޲÷ɻʢ꣬ȻˣټСƤۣ鶹Ƶģſɲܡ
ۿ̫Ҫչٶһε˼ƽϽź֣
壬ȡң
仰Ѿܾˣֵİƽӻ̫ӹԺֵƵļ
Сһ
û壬
ǰŵһɸŵĸҲЦ⣬ﵽǺָо˹˼ˡ
ܵɫһ˲תѾָĶׯЦݣ
ǽնʢװ磬ɱ飬ǶǴ󺹵ãȻһͬʵġ
⻰ƭˣԼǰĳǸТһɺֵĳ棬ǿаֵĹϵ
⻰˵ͷ
ļλȻӦǣȴֹⷸ
ôĶŮڻȴֻкŵѵҪҲѺȥܲôż
ϯｻ칦ӷ磬ս˽һĽǸȵ̫Ҳ̲ס΢¶Щ⡣
ϯϻ֮ƽŵȥԼ棬ûȥ֡
Ȼϣûûȥ밲ƺӶˣҲ֪ҡ
ڶƽʱֻ⿴˻̫ʳָڴߣʾСЩĸ׻˯š
ƽͷˣͳȥ档
תƫʽ㣬Լȥ˰ͽѧȻȥľ̩ĸ档

յĽӷһϲ죬ǶףʤսϲãçŶ̩ƺʧ̬̫Ҳȥ
վǳõģףˣҲúú㡣
˭뵽ڶճϻ̫ͻȻѣçŶ̩ٶȽȦڸС
ȥʧ˵ƽĳǣ̫˰çŶ̩ΪȦۼƲƹԾµĴȥ̫ʵ
ŸոձȦçŶ̩ڽĴۣ֮Ϊͻ̫ϣ¶У˸󲻾
֮һƬྲ΢ЩҺͺǶ룬
̫ĲƵۣȷʵ԰ڵˡ
﹫Ϣͨ͵֪˸ֱȦϢʧִϵĲյŮ
ӣҪȥ󸣽
ʡĵĸӴҷ³׹֮ı˰İ취ֻһΣĶȥһΥĸѽ
ӽҪʱ䣬﹫ȥ˶ޱոϣ뵽¸ܶȻ׽⡣
﹫ǿ԰Ƣ
ȥߵ¸ֻ֪࣬çŶ̩Ϊִŭ˻̫ȦҪһȥ飡
ޱոĹֻܼȥһӣܿ﹫Ϣ
﹫ذɣǱү˵ˣçŶ̩󲻾ʱΪϣȻ˵ձУµģ˷ºתأҲ׷ѹˡ
﹫ûҧһ
ִǰ¶УǷ
ûĴ֮λǻ죬ڴʱ̫
ӲӲѵ֮λҲҪ˲ɣ
¸̬Ѿȷˣ﹫һ仰û˵ɴתߡ
»ܶʩԮ֣ȻʵڼѣҪסźãþһԣ֮Ƚ
ﵱȻҲѾ֪ϢŮȼҴҵ߽
񣬹﹫˵
˵﹫ҪԼʱںȲ裬Խյ£ĵЦһЦ
˵岻ʣ
ɫ
ǡ﹫˵ʮ𼱵£
̧
ҵȻ֪çŶ̩˴󲻾֮﹫ļ٣ֶԲߡ
Ϊλ
ϵĲ֮ɫܲһڲ裬һׯ˵Ļȴ̲ס﷢
ʱʱٵһȣͷ˭֪﹫Ըĳأ

ǰӿ֮ҲЩ궯̫õĹ¹ƷƲľȴֻΪӼɹ
ԭԴ˵˺ʫ̫ãҪץ𣬴ǰƽɡ
꿪ɱֻ˵İǣʼȻһѧ̫Ҳˡ
ƽÿҲȥʽѧǼȻȥ˾ͱˣҲŸһѧɡ
Ϊһ̫¹жǿӲˮǸ뷨жˡ
ǵϣЦøԻԣѱͷҪ뿪İ˰˻
ƽºòã
ƽ޷ƽû
ƽֻṆ̀Ϊ˼ֻÿߵһ㣬ҪǵĶ磬ƽԸݣ˵ͷ
̫ЦøͰˣƽЦΪʲôͻȻϡ
Ȼڻû̫׶꣬Żʢ꣬գ䣬ҲûаͷôƲϺͰ׵͡
ֻЦ̫ˣƽһʱԻסˣȻ˵
ƽ죬ʽһȥѧòã
ȱڻСʲôӦ̫˾ԹԵ
ȻƽղŵͷǾǴӦˣհȥ
ƽ
ɱҰɡ
ҴԽΪ˰õģΪѧϰģ
˭Һӻһͽѧð
Ҳôεģ
ϢƽôֹһεİĿͶĸס
ĸƽʱĽⲢģһֻҪӽͺãԸȡһɿ֣ûпαͯꡣ
ƽڴذĿͶĸף
û
ĸ׿ܶʲôäĿݣûоô˿
ףͬĵ˵ͷ
ƽʱʧȥɫʡ
ȻԺǷ״̬һĴ󣬵˰Ͼµĵһӣĸ׵ģԺӱеκ١
˰ܵõ̫еƫڿƶҫǸȹ̵ˣڰ˰Լ֮
ҵ½еƵģڴ
ƽ죬㰢걳һѧʫ
Ŷѧʫ
̫ü
Ҷкѧ츳սѧ϶ǿࡣ
ɣԲĸڴĿ⣬
˰ɣѧ϶Ӳˡ
ƽվԭأһʱѡ
ǻ̫Ŀ⣬ұĸеڴƽվǲʧԱſ죬
죬죬졭
һǻҷġӽ졷̫˫ĿЦƽѾЦֵ˶޷̣ĵ
úúãҶȻϻۣǾôˣƽЩЪϢհȥѧ
ƽ~
ˣɡ


28 
ƽڽڵõ˳һ̫Աͻƫ, ȻڴԺ˯
Ȼƽû̫ʵ˵Ҫѧֱˣڴ߿
ʲô취أ
ֻһ޸̰֮ˣƽڱ˯ˣȻһΡ
ǵڶŸîʱ, ͷ, 춼û, ̫º͵İҡ, Ȼе˵Ļȥѧ
ϹСС, ȻԵĵģȫû, ǿ˸ߵ顣
~
ôһҪȥѧ, 벻ͨ
ʵ̫, ƽˣһ컹Ǻڵ, ﱧŶ͵ǰذ, ֲϳԭǱذ׵ѹˡ
˵ģȥѧҲֻǸж, ִֻʦϷҶľͷˣӥ׽Сܲ
Ѳ, Ŀĵѧ, ׸, ڹ¹ĸ׹硣
еذףƽɵ˶ĺá
ʮ壬ҺãŲҪѧҴȥɡ
һֽҵڴƽ§ذֽ磬ϣ˯ǰһֻһΰ
˯ǰ룬ӿΰգ

ԴǵĽϿڱϾδͳԭЩԭɢ
̫ȻɥĲôСĺʱȥѧʱ𣬳ʱѧܸô´ࡣ
ղŸոհʦسλڽӷҲȽϷݣҲϳ¡
ʶ̫վó֪ͨȥյƳһʱƽȥѧá
ڻʹﵥٳһҵѧãΪŸհʢʹʱ䲢ҪѧĺҲֻ࣬ڰһ鷿
еĹƲ̫ƣϰǵʦжλ̫־ڹڣȻԺѧƳ磬ѧϰ˰ǵѧϰγ̡
ʦʦ׵ãѧʶĺʦȴѰǣǰͨƾѡεĺҲΰǵĺʦ
ĳֵ磬ʱ򻹻ȥԱ׽İǡ
ջ̫سֻǸˣλʮ㣬ڰǰ֣ոǵĸ硣
ֻסڹ¹ʸûһЩʸСżһղҲǿܵģεʱ򲻱ص
ĳ׼ţʼλǽѧԶԶĿһӰڿ˳ڣɫ·˲롣
񡭡ǻ̫
̿ӭȥ
μ󺹣
̫ڰ֣һѣ
񡣡
ֵ̫úκβͬĳ̾Ǿ
̫Ծ
ͷ򱻻̫ǣŵʸ
ǡλǵѧϰɹ
ֻ̫ǣʸһĳ˼룬ܾʸѧС£ɴﶼǰ˰͸ʸġ
˵ʸĸ³زร˴ѾΪˣѵֻҪ˹¹κ˶ܵõ̫һͬʵƫ
Ⱞݼδ⣬Ҳδ̫˰ɣ
ΨһĿܾǣʱ²Żس̫Կǵѧϰȣֲһȱʧĸǣĳ̳ѻ̫ȥ
ûڣ̫ͻȻ˶ǣʸǰһͣ
ȥɣȽȥ飬ǡ
ǣ
˭
̫Ҫ԰Ѱ͸ǽ
ĳɫ⣬ȥĻ󺹽רͺѧ
Աߵķĳһ޷ӣ̫̾˿ε
ձѰ˰Ҳ͹һѧģû뵽СӾȻˣ׽ͷúù̡ܽ
ĳ̣
ף
Ҳôģӳģ˰Ŷ󣿣
ϸʼ䣬̫ѾתɫҴҵˣҪȥ׽˰ˣҡͷصڣ
ѧӡϡеһƪ˵и󺹡ǣ˵иι˰

ʱʸʰãƫſڣ̫һű㿴Сɵվţʱһ棬СǺ֪ƽСûС
վƫſ£ȴûκζ̫ƿһĸֲӰϱңĻǳСӵӰ
Ű˰ҲӰⳡﻹҪ£϶˵վҪѧС͵͵ˣ
ƽ˼ҹΣҹﱾѾһأϸ羪ѣշף¹һƬžͶû
˵ɾ͸ɣǲĸȥȡģ˼һţתͰѶպͰ˶ؽ˽
죬ʮ壬ߣ
⼸ؼһĶ׹СʮүԼҪʱСô
ǰһƽӴб
ģūűߣġ
жձţƽжȻԼҪö࣬Ҳ˶Ŀö࣬ųʱ̣Ѿ˹š
ʮүĸʹԶһӺѾվ˶ǰ
˱Ƚϻ飬ºΪӶżƽعͨһԼŰ˶С鲽˶츮ϴţ
ʮ壡
ôСԼʱ컹ΪԼΣճƳһʱҲǸող
߳һƣƽվԺӵм䣬һЦݣö
Сڵһ˹һͷ컳
壡ˣ
콫Сӱ˸ɵİڼϣ
ƽôѽôˡ
ƽƴͷţϲ壡
ϲˣֻҪѧƽϲ塣
˿վȥ¹ƽ͵棬û뵽СֶӾȻôԼһͳˣ컹ô
챻ôһ򵥵ĻĻŭţ±ԼϣƽιԼĸȥˡ
źҪһҪȥᣬǻسĵһΣãȻǵ٣úõĸƽһ죬Ҳ̫ͻȥ
§ڻúһ٣ͻȻ̾˿
ǣһҪȥᣬĵطܰȥ

ǵȻܵģ
ŸմӹȻܸŶȥŶҲѾ˹˻̫סá
취ȴӶ뿪Ҹ֮
뵽ƽȱȻ
ȥƽȡ
ôСӣ޲ֻǿͰ͵˵ҪԼ˭ܲأ첻С
ƽըͷתƮƶϣκģȻعѾվ˶ſڡ
ȻԼԲ
ƽ˵Ȼֻ˵ؼʣ޹ؽҪĲֶԼԲ
򿴵ܵܺͰ˰һʱʵҲһ
ôͻȻˣ
ƽڶ첱ϣԿʣк
ʮã
˵ʲôĶҭɤ
ƽҲãô磿
黤ƽԷˤţ
ԷûУ
ƽСӣҡͷ

¾û˻ӭԸٴš

ջص¹ʱ̫Ѿʸȥ˰ƫź˰ĸ֣
˵˰˵ҪԵģԳȥãûӰˣ˰綪ˣôϱ
ĸĶƣŵö߶£˵䣬
ϢŭŰ˰ҲڣǱΪ
̫ͷˣΪʲô
̹£
ΪСǵȲԼȥŷҶˣϢŭūȥңСǼзִĺӣԶ
սʱøһĻ
ˣĪģ˰ʮְȫūԱĹ
̫
ֲûɳȥҵ˵ûҵԭǳ˹Сˡ
ǰһȸԾ·˴󹦰ĶգƤЦⲻЦ
ôҪ
ù㲻ɣ
հڰ֣ԾЦʮֲãδ̫ı仯
òãūӦġ
ôУأôܲأ
ǶյĴܾô˵⼸ʱҧгݵġ
̧ͷһ̫ɫ䣬
Լȥʮӣٺꡣ
ջûӦ̹л
л󺹶ţ
ܵЩʹͣôһٰأ
̫һ
˰֣㻹´ٸŰ˰֣ʮ
ŷӦԭ˰Ŵ͵͵Ĺ亹ʱˡ
˽ԴŰ˰һС΢ʲôΣգʮԴҲġ
ܣųȥֲԼĹʧ
ˡū֪ˣūȥСƽƽһһС磬ū̾ȥ췣
ţ
̫ѼҴҪߵĶսסȥĶˣ
նסŲæģ
ʮүϣ󺹷ģūۿСȥģ϶СκεΣգ
̫˹վ
һȥ


29 
û뵽, Ż̫ȥʮү׽ˣȻ˿ա
˵ʮүŰ˰Ѿȥ˵Ϣû
ҵСӴ, ʲôѽ
һС, ô󺹽, ȥˢ, ʲôǰ;ʲôδ, Ű˰̫ΣˣҪ
ŷ˵, ̫û̫, ƽȻ͵ܳ, ӱܽѧķӣŶ뿪Ҳʲô¡
ܵܣ֪ƽʲôԻ, Ȼôĺƴӡ
̫Ҳû, תͷȥ˶ϣδŷڲƭǣ˶սȥѰһ
Ȼ޹, һԴſŷҲƭ󺹣ջҲȥʮү
ȲͨҲٸƽСͨ籨, ֱ̫Ӵ˽ȥ
ҲѾȥʮͤ, ٹһʱ, ҪʼˣôҲû뵽ȻԼ￴̫
󺹣ôˣ
ӦѸٵ
֪ãʧԶӭˡ
Ѿվǰ̫Ҳﴳվԭֱ˵⣬
ƽأ
һʵϢеˣողùŵİ˰͵ܵܣŶŻԷԸģͻȻ飬
󺹣֪
ԭ֪Ļ̫ҲѾ֪ˣŶĻشоԼ֪˵ģֱЦ
˰ɣȥĶˣ
ҡҡͷҲ֪
֪Լ仰˵ƭ˵ģȷʵ֪ùűˣƽ˵ԣԼ̫ף쵹̸ĺܺãϰ
쵽ʱˣһͬ뿪ײҹĶա
Ż̫ûиŰ˰Ͱ˶أ˿գԼҲûʮүҵ˰磬˿أȶӶڴ
ӲͷƤӭȥ
󺹣ʮүûҵС硣
ҵ͹ˣƽСҲ֪Ķô۶һȺָʹת
ۿʱٽ̫Ҳٵȥ
ڹңҲ˰粻ع
ﰵп࣬ʵ벻λүϣ˰绹ȥĶҲֻܴӦ
ǡ

﹬ΪСæһңȴ˵ƽѾ챧ʮͤתһȦȻֻص˹¹߸˵˽ĸ׻ҪȥĶ
壬졢
ʮã컹ȥӱܽѧ
ƽʹһʱһ̫Ӷ츮ﵽϿԱܿǣ˳ʱ䣬ٻع˵ڣҵѾ˹
Ź˻̫ʱͻعȥöѧû뵽̫ȻԳˡ

ϵշǱѰçŶ̩һ׮çŶ̩ǰ¶д󲻾ĿõģĴҲ޻˵
ǣôЦЦĿŶأ
˵˵ĹϵѾˣѵҲҪѰ
쿴Ż̫Цݣȫһĸд
ֻΪ̫ڿչ˺˰˰磬ܰʱᣬʶɫͻ˲٣ԼЦƮƮȻȫûע⵽ԱѵĿ⡣
ʱѹ̫˳ᣬ
յ¾͵¡
ۿ˶Ѿȥվڴв֪룬̫ߵߣġ
Ǵõе
ʮܽˣ´ȥƽһš
ֺ£
챻ͻĹذͷԣ
࡭л˸磡
̫Цݺƣһ·˹¹š

ൽ˸ŵʱ򣬹Ʈ㣬¹С󺹼ڴţּƽʱչСʳΪζ
̫űЦݣ
죬Źϡ
ĹʲôŰĶһͷˮȫ⣬ֻǳܳӭӵƽչ
ƽһţ
ƽִˣƽΪԼģ̫ȥ̫ˣǰÿֻҪпվͻĸš
һĨɫӰƽЦݶʱϣתܡ
һ䣬
ʲô
ٲܻᱻץȥѧܻᱻƨɣ˭סܰ
ܵɵӣ
еֵֹģĿڻ̫ͣһۣٵСֶͣһۣҿܾƽĿ⾪֣̫ŭ̫֮Ծ
·ƽͬŶ죬ԼһܣɵһȫԣǱƭġ
˳ǽһ·ﵽſڣȻ𾪵ķ֣ϼ޻ĵѾǰ˰Ųˡ

ԽһδƨɾҪ
ֲվԺмĻ̫һֱĿ·ԭ֪Ҳܲȥ
ƽһɲˤ˵ϣ˲쳹¹

Ҳܿ죬ƽ⡣
ȻѾܾû޹ˣǹؼʱ̣
ˣ·ҲĶˣˤһӦҲۣ
һˤһٴֵġ
˰ĿæӹܳʪܵģȻھ֣ɡ
ƽޣʹҲÿ޵ģʱͻȻĿ黹ͷһ˻ң
ôôˣƽôˡ
ǻ̫ˣҪƽ͵ܳĺˣûȻѺſˣĿ
һתƽţ
ƽԣˣǰ˵ǲǣ˵ǲ㰢һʶȥԷˡ
Ͷϣٺͻֲ̫죬ʱͬĿŻ̫ҲѵЩ֣
Żʲô
̫ûС
ԩ
ʲôûü˵
˵ɱӣ˰ǲеģǸûģһתͷ鱧ƽѾڵ
̫ǻŭ޴йֻöԱɵ㶵ĵܵܣ
찡
춫Ż̫ͶעĿ⣬˺
˸ͻȻҽ컹е¡ҾˣҸղʲôҲûܸˣ
ôܵأ
¹ĹѾˣǳϵ
ֶӣܲ塣
ԱߵȻ˹ѹȸʮ㣬
죡㱧Ű˰ȥ˶ϰɣȻִعˡ
ִ̫ļϣ΢ʩ
֪Ѱֵܸϣοգ˳ᡣ
죺
Ĳ֪ΪƽԼˣƽͷԣڳʶոճϣ̫ΪʲôЦ
¹Ժǽеߣ񷭲ȥ

̰ƽˣڻ̫»һ
Ÿղƽ޵ıǼ죬۾죬òӣôƽܻ̫ѹĴݲء
Ϊһƽ곤ʮüĴˣܱƽ壬Ҳܳƽ
Ȼ
˸ˡеĶǳܰŵģϯҲǳ˰棬Ҫ𷣳ܣ˸ԭСɣ
žãõԽԽ飬Ѿתðһĺ̫˵
㵹
̫ζĶһ仰תڵȥ
ȳԷ극ٸˡ


30 
Ǻò, ¹ĳһõģʳϸ, Ĳɫζȫ, ϯϻá
ҳ԰ʳʡ
ԲԱߣλ֪, Ż̫ߣ΢, ͸оǰĿʵʰ
ƽſ޹Сָָϵ̸,
, Ը⣡
̸, ڵĿζ, ԸйǰСۣ
ƽĪ£㰢겻˵ˣʲôԼþǡ
˰ƽΪʡģԺ϶˹, Ҳʳ, 鳣ͬһԣʲôԼá
ͻȻҪ, Ǹղű̫ŻˣԷ, 鲻ɵ
뵽, ˻̫һ, ǲ֮⣬ŭȻƯŭĶԼ̫Գͬʱʼ
ΪСӰˣǵòʧһԺΪƽԸٺһԷô죿
ƽǰɣҲΪպ㣬ֲẦ
̫ͣ¿ӣúøƽ̸һ̸
ƽ鷿ʽ㣬ĸǣȥѧͿÿʽһ棬𣿡
ƽŲǺӲɵӣ鷿ôأ
˵ʦǶнߣ˿ˣᶨҡͷ
ã
̫װļܵӣ̾˿
ɣÿֻҪʽʱһȥˣ겻ȥѧˣÿȥһٳвУ
ƽУ
ȥˣһֵסȻŹô죿
С
ۼƻʧЧ̫ϲȡµջս
ƽӦȥѧĻԸ㽱ƽҪʲôͿԽʲôòãƽÿȥѧø飬Ժͽһǣ
ƽԾҡͷҪ
ǻԲԡ
ƽһֱ̫ˣֱ̫ӵѣЩø׵Ȩʩѹ
ȥҲȥÿӶҪȥѧģƽֻ΢ôһ㡣
ƽȥ
Լģһ
ڵ㣡
Ա߶ˣ֮ǰ̫޲ߵӣû뵽Сε÷Ҫǳϲʣû㣬ƽĹơ
ƽ죬һҪǿңҾͿ޸㿴ļơ
̫Σóĵߣ
㵽Ҫſȥѧ
仰صȻڽѧϣ̫̬ȼȻڽѧһϾתأĸȻڽѧϣҲûΪԼ˵˼
ҲӲﲻԼѧĸֵأ
ƽ
ҿڶŻڵĶϣ
壬㣡
Ҫʮһȥѧ
ʮԲסˣĿ಻Լԣ
죺
Ĵ㣬ôأ
ղŶŻ̫ȻάƽǰھͱˣһǺںȵذҲ˴˾ܾ
ֻҪԸѧô˵öҲ󣬶һҲ޲ɣѧԽ࣬ѧϰҲԽŨ
̫İ壬ڣ
ãͺʮһȥѧ
̫֪ѧҪԣհӵʮ£ϽҪѧµʱ򣬶ſʮı߱ߣӹһ١
ԭң˭֪վ޴ӣôҲû뵽սѾˣȻƽһ仰ͽѧá
ί첻飬
˸磬ܻҪΪսʵϾ鰡
ƽò˿ڣɵöپܾС˿ӣ̫Ҳû룬
޷Ͼս£飬ýսЪͬƽһȥ顣
Ŷ컹پܾ˼̫вĿһۣ
ʲô˵Ѿȥѧ
죺ǡ
ʲô

ڶʱȻµģһ˿룬վڹ¹ǰ̫Ѿ£ƽýѧԼҲӹһ١
ǲܵģ¹Ĵŵģ߹ÿһССӰŷ̽ͷ
ƽһССİĵſڣȸԾŶ֣
ʮ壬߰ɡ
СЦĿɸˣﻹѧѧӣЦ
ǰһڳ֮˵Ҳڳ֮ǿռһϯ֮أһͱ̫ͽѧáŶԣǱ̫Ķͽѧá
˭ܵˣ
ˣ˭ƽϲСأοԼǱϲĴۣǿֵķա
ƽ˫ִҸ³ȥʾŵ
ǲøˣүСȥˡ
պͰ˶˷Ǻʱӹ¹ﲦյ˾֪ﻹ뿪˰벽
ڶ˵ҲֻҡͷĸǺ档
֪ƽյǰƣǲҷģ첻ٶ˵ʲôɣԸ͸Űɡ
ƽߵÿһЩһʹȴƽס˸첲
ȵȽ㣡
ʽûأ
¹ŷͦܲˣƽ̽ȥӣһƯС
ʸƽҪһͷڹ¹ø⿪ʣҲŶһʮ壬ˣ۾
죺á
һֱһСһﶼҲأ
߰ɣʮ屧ȥѧ

ֵԾǷĳ̣Щʱ󺹾ţ֪˽Ҫð˰ѧһ¡
Ϊ˰̰ͣʱδػû뵽վȻļ˰˰硣
˰˰磬һ֮ˣ
ʮү
ûͺӣȻʮү͵ģƵĿŶ죬ʵûס
ϳ𣿡
죺ǰ
ǲȻôأ
ϳѵ
ԺûʲôøУǷĳ̶̶̫ܵã׸ô󺹳ţһˣȻͷˣĲ
үƽһѧ
뵽ҪһСһ𣬳ƺĳΪûʲôɫɫһ
ôܵš
䱻ƽۼֿ˻ȥһס죬һ߳ŷĳչһǸЦݣ
ʮСңԲ𣡡
첻֪ƽڷĳ̵Ĵ׹̫ߵĵһʲôΪԼɵ嵣æȡ
˵õģĳȴо˰˰˼
ǣʮͻС뷶ƽϣǸ
˰绹Ǹͦ˼Сޡ
ĳŶȻҲٺ˵Цݲ䣬΢һ
Ҳң˰룬ʮү롣
Ӹߣ˷ñֱȥ˺ţȥԼλãƽֱ˶Աߣźš
ŵѧĳһ²ڵĺ룬ɫ
һѧľ䣬ȻǽĹ¡
СǶյĿҵ۵صǶߡ
۹
տʼûӦȶĳһһĽֱЦˣ͵͵ſƽߣΪС
ĳǸˣں㰢أ
վǰķĳ̣
Ҷˣ

Ҳͽ桭١
ûбϿθΪˣЩ֮Ҳ֪ƵĺĿΡ
˸տʼĳ̽ĹýζԽԽ˯ֱſȥܹ
ĳվǰ棬ȻܽڵһţŶͷһһģȻ̣ſ˯ˡ
λүǲѧĻдȶֻѪ˰һѧϰ߻֣СŸˣվͲˡ
ԸʲôʲôֻҪŵİѧϰĳҲͲſ˯ãҲŰ˰

ȵǣſ϶˯ˣô𵽰õԱߣ˰羹Ȼֿסջ󣬶˶ѧ
ٽϰ˰סĶ˵ǣʱҲ̫ľȷģ˰츳һ࿪ҲӦġ
Ѿ뿪ѧУôãΪΌܶ飬û뵽ڿʦѧľȻҲȥˡ
ĳ̽ĹԽǳһȤʺϸСǿɣϤԣƽţҲɵԡ
ĳ̿Ŀ࣬һԱ佫Щ汾µģֲڻ̫ƾӱһֱΪ̫ĸ
ĿνϢһӣǰǴɣûʵģ߶Ϣ
˵½ĿΣڲһЩѽʫˣ㾫һ㣬޿Ľҳû죬һ͸ˡ
ƽ۾תתߣ
壬벻С˾ˣ


31 
ԭѾѩ, ϰƶߵľӻصŷֿû, û뵽Ȼյš
ŵǶӥ, ӥڲԭϵõģӥƫϣ˵Ϊ, ӥҲôɫ˹Įɹʱĳһӥ
Ҳƫϵ, ûӥӥҲû, Ÿֻӥҹ, ˮûһڡ
ӥ, ûӥһԼġ
ӥǹ֮ǰ, ͱӥＸûûˣҪ찾һ
ӥ˶ûûȣԼҲˣˮһڻιӥĳ, û뵽ӥȻ
ʱ, ͹ֻӥ죬ʵ֪˽¶ֻӥͷ, ǲڶǰֱ˵, ֻܽнӥӡ
ϰι, Žӥ˨ŵ, ӥһѣ
ͷĴΪҹ
ұϵͷȻҲʮϤһ񷣬ϰӥһͷ
ϰһ߲һ룬컹ͦģһҲûдӥƶߣ͸ţҲ֪ôҹġ
ͷϺ񻹺һ飬ѵǲԵʱˣ
ҺͷԼӥŴľϤԼ죬մһڣĿӥһ
дļ򵥣û֣ȴϰԽԽȥʢأ˵СƽҲʮ
Ϊչ˵ĶģдʱƽҲԱߣֽĩմźɫϣһССİӡСһƽġ
Ѿûƽˣ֪ʲôˣ˵ѾˣҲ塣
ھʱһֱԼ˵ƽɰϲնҫϰĽĲˡ
Σ;ȥƽһҪǳ˼⣬ϰߵҲøȥ
Ž궬ʱҪҪҲȥʢʹǺС磬û뵽˯˵ͷˡ
կɣʱӦû£ϰֱӳʣ
Ҫȥʢ

һڿѾϵö컳Ӫھˣס潲ձܣƽ仰۾
ƾʲôֻҪݿ࣬ϰ˾˵ҲӲ
˵ɾ͸ɣѰֽдţʦ潲ڵHHд
ΪջϰʹƽС˾˵˼ϲ֮飬ߴǰʢԼҲһˣ
˵Ͻڿεĺƽôڿεľֱ飬ʦһһ˵ƽһҲ
ƽ˵ͬʱ漰һЩû˵ڴ䣬ÿϤһҪ
Ȼڹ¹ھˣ˲˶˵̫ӺѧҲΪ˵ʮֲĸϸȻ΢˵㣬ҲǿǻԲ
ڹ¹źŮȻ˵Ĳ̫ãҲ˶
ƽʱ˵ʱǻʱʱ˼Сף٣ƽδϰ
ϰΪ˵ﶼʮճģҲԼֵֻĵ˵ͺӣôػؼҶ
ڲͬˣҪʦΣ
ƽͼѧ࣬ѧǰʦ΢ϰһ·
si
ƽſ죬ƽֱˡ
νʮﲻͬﲻͬע٣еԶѧᵯ࣬ͷҪһµġ
ƽǰϲʦ޿ҲҲܲˣںᵽϽڿζĸоˡ
˵죬ԱһŤͷСжȻǿѾڲƭϰݣһ仰Ҫβˡ
ͷҲ̧кƽ
죬֬ͳӡ
ƽ
˭װһ֬ܰ
ǵʱͿʵӡ̫ץʱǸҴȤ
˵һ仰Ҳдˣѱʷ£Լһ֬ɫƽץʱǺǳЩƽķơ
Ҹˡ
ƽ
ջǾ仰˻һ֬ܡ
ֽīδɣһֻװֺСŵĩβȵ̧һۺɫСӡȻѾӡ˷Ƶֽҳϡ
СĴֽδɵīĿνϢʱƽ뿪˷䡣
̫տԶεһ˿ҲûУޱ޼ʵĳڡ
΢Ƭ̣ȻƽָԶԶһСڵ㣬
ǵʹˡ
˵ĹǸСڵԽԽռٸ£ƽһԭһֻݵĺࡣ
һʱΪԭ岶ʱĺð֣ǳ˵ӥʵָͽϴĺࡢݡ
ƽִʱһϿĺܣžϵץϹܵ۾
ûۣצһֻֻƽԼνƽ
ǿµĴԱһ
죬վϣ
ƽ⡣
ڸӰӾмּӥģû˵ӥվϵġ
ǶµõӥҲǵʹϯ϶컹Լҫˣ˵ʱ
û뵽ڶλ˵ֵѡ
˵ֵֻΪ⣬дſң
ֻҹҾͽѱأУ˭Ҳûѱ¼
Ȼ˵ĹϵΪƽ˲٣ϰߵĺͻ̫ʱȵǻûı䣬ֵ
Ұ˸㸸ֻӥʮء
ƽ
ĺɰ
ţȴȫһӣ˸ƣ˳һ˫ۣ
ʮ壬
쵱㡣
żȻӥվֱϵͼƬݣ֪Ϊʲôĺվڵϣе㺩ġ
Ͷʻͦ
ͷΪϰվֻûкʵץλãڵϵţֻҡһΣһԵøˣƽûסЦ
һ㺣б׼˵첢ǼƷĵͨѩףûһ˿ɫƷ֡צ
ȻǰɫģɫмŲ㣬ͬˡ
ȻѾѱӥӦˣ
ƽִĹҵһౣС֡
Ӧòᡰ̡ɣ
챧ŵʱûʲôоԼվڵϣƽҪ΢̧ͷܿͷعƣ͵ÿһˡ
üһߡ
ֻƢͦõģƽֻûԼʹ̣ҲûҪ۸˵˼
ƽ˳֣ʣ֬ɫȫĨϡ
ɫɫϾ͸ȾһۺԿǡ
ۿſҪһڿεʱٵϰһľƵСܣȥ
ȥҰŴľ
ΪԼӥδ֪ĸϰ񣬵ǶͬݵİŴľӦʮϤôĴԼʹ˿ƶߡ

ϰ񿴵źμҴҵıʢαƽ§ŲƭѧãǺˡ
ϰֽҿôҲû濴йؽѧֵݡ
ַֽƽ֬ӡҲԾһԻЦ
ѽˣд㻹ֵܾҪһ飡
ƽСŵͷ
ţϲС˾
ʮͿƶߵϰҪʢĺѧһʱ乬ڰѧεȻɷ硣
ȴļ϶λʿĺ۸ǰſҵ
ŪѾԼĺ񶼿ʼĪпָģ
ĳһץԼմӹĵĸѯʣ
үҪҪҲȥ飿


32 
˵һѧζ, ѧҲЩȱȱôһѧ, õȤͻԶѧϰ±öࡣ
ʽǰ, ʦѧȤʱ˵ĸõ˼µķӡ
ʦͿʲ
Ҵһ, ֮սȫʤλ֪, ֮սһꣿ
𣺡꣡
ʦ˹նգ
ɹŲԭ, ǴĽںʱУ
ϰ֣³, 죡
ʦĳ, ŵһĿξ˵ѧ,
ʵѶȵģʥʦ׿˽˽ѧ֮磬еӶ
ƽſڣǧǧ
λʦ
վǰ
˵Ҳ˵ãֲҸϳȥҵİɣ
ڿҵֵʱ򣬹Ĺ﹫ȫǲͬľ
çŶ̩ٶȱȦǰ¶, ﹫æýͷö, ϶ˮݡ
ܳƲܶѾڹԼеֵ, ⣬춼Ը
ʢа繫, ͻȻȥѧĶ, ⼸յ˹﹫İ
ȻͻС, ϲĴڰ֮ӰС
κһϣ﹫ҲԸҶ̫ΪѳĴͺìܵġ
Ȼڿϵͣ﹫֪ûһܶԼĸ׵ͻܽǺبڶͻ̫֮Զһ̡
ٶ֮ͬǰһԣԼã죬ּ취ΪçŶ̩
첻ϰæ̲סִ̫ìܼϲÿƣײ˺͸ͬˣҲçŶ̩
ԣ˵ڱС
ҪȥѧãջҪȥӪתȦӰǹ﹫ҹţһºڷߵҹȵ˳˹Ķ졣
ǰǸЩϤӰһ˲
㣿
﹫ʱδʶԹ﹫ӡ󲢲Լλ㣬ϴνӴƽʱ
ҹǰʲô𣿡
ʵµ˹﹫Ϊ˸çŶ̩çŶ̩ͻ̫ڵײʱҲڳ
һ˵һһսȫ޳ɻ̫ս滮ô˵ھ·Ǻ̫ģçŶ̩ȷʵ硣
ΪçŶ̩ǻǲٶѿˣҹЩȥɡ
֮ϴçŶ̩ʱͬڳ˵ʵôˣֻȦѣ󲻾ǵĸ˶ԹôνΪЩ޹ؽҪִսǿɾǴˡ
﹫㲣
ǿ¶һЦݣ
ȥ˵ɣҪ㣬ﰢͺ
Ѿܶûӱ˿ˣ΢΢ס﹫ŵ
ꡭ
վڶĸۡſڣҡΣ֪ʱʼһϸСѩѩжȻ
ȥ꣬Ȼ˼£޸ʱҲõ޵ʱ˰ɣε֪Ҷ£
ƿڵĸţͷҲص
ҪУҵһҪȥһ飬ذɡ
Ѿ߽УǸˣӰڷѩȴԵЩȡ
к̺Ĺܼң
ɽ㡣
ʱ﹫ᵽ˶֣ϾΥμ˰ͺĸ׻Цš
Ȼûĸ׵ҲΪθһҪĸѳᣬЩѡ
ֻǺѹ
ĸ׳û뵽Ϊӣûܱ˴Ķҩ

˶ˣǼڰСѧĵطŲԱߵһңλҲࡣ
ƽм䣬ϰһһңһš
ڶ죬ƽ߿տյϯѵõĸе⣬ն컹˵һҪڿУбȹϰôȴˣ
Ϊ˷ѧϰһֱסڹ¹ˣҲȹһˣһȥ
û죬ǻΪǶˣû뵽ȻһԵѧ
ƽСܲ˼ԱߵϰԹ
С壬У
ǲǺֵܰ
ѧȻǣ
ϰͬߵĵͷ
Ǿǣ˲У
û˶죬Ϳʲʦô
Թ鱧Թ£ǻӦȵļĿУ̷鱾ʹĿʼʱš
һѧھӪݺݵķйһԾѾйϣһúˣڰ˸
֮⣬̫⣬ŵʯʨԱˣһһСһһңС
ƽϰ
һԴԼһĿУ֪˵ѧôˣܲӦȥ
ӭȻǶǴĿ⡣
ƽȴʯʨ
廵
ѧôһи׼ѽ
ϰԱͣ
Ǿǣ㵹ǰ˵һ
ֽסƽתְŵԱ߸߸ߵϣЦŸ˵Ǹ
ҴˣϷƸ

Щ챼ͣһ̲УڶֵܽǶûдӦ˵ҲʧˣԼŮ񶼲Ըæ顣
﹫÷ԲȥеԼ﷢ʱ˳ˡ
ҹǰһ
ˡЩԹܶһǸȷʵҲһֱ˼ԲߣЩͷ빫ˡ
صͬСɣһܷçŶ̩ˣЩıæܴ죬ù﹫ʶµļѡ
ʱȴ˵취ˣ﹫һסȵ֣
棿а취Ҹˣȥ
ȵͷȴûмŴ﹫ǵ
Īȷʵоȱүķӣֻӹգвܾͻǣ˵֮ǰǸǷԸΪ˾ȱүðķգ
ֻҪܾȸ磬Щʲô﹫
˵ʲôçŶ̩ҵ׸磬о֮Ȼϧһдۣ


33 
﹫ôҲû뵽, ˵ķӾȻҪƣ̫çŶֵ̩ҲѾزǰ, ԴӸ֡
˹Ů, ֻź,
ȵ֮ʱçŶ̩ڸϱ, һͬΪ룬Тز᲻ʣʱЩ̿ͣһơ
òˮģ,
;д̿ͻȻ֣çŶ̩Ӣ£ս̿, , 󺹸çŶ̩ȼ֮, 䲻ٽһ, ֹ, λ˶ز¡
ƻ﹫, һڲ,
ֻ, ̿͵ѡ, ҪçŶ̩պú, ĪҪº󱻴󺹷ֶ߲ź, ñүЩ, ԵøΪʵЩ
ܵļƻ, ﹫һѺ
𣿡
ǲαǳָűǲסĦ
Ѿ벻õİ취ˣȫ֮ߣȻǸá
﹫̾˿а취ҲڻһĪչҲûмһˡ
ܵİ취Уɣ۾ıȫɡ³ɣø縴λ죬ȻգĿǰΨһİ취ˡ
ֻǸЩ˾ܽȦظҲ᲻Ը⡣
ֻǡ
﹫һǣ
һԵݵĿƣ̫۾𣿡
вĴ̿ͣѾͻеǵǰȴֻ˸һˣδҲԵ̫ˡ
뵽﹫дһʣֱ˵
˵ҪȫŴ󺹵Ĳ¼ɣǻҪˡ
ˣ˼޹˵﹫¶ɫ
˭
£һ죬ܳһЦݣ
ҪЧȺȻǴԽصԽá
󺹿صˣ﹫һӾ뵽˹뵽ʢ֪Ļ̫谮ˣ
˼ǡͰ˰磿
ҡͷԾ΢Цŵ
Ϊǵļƻһʧ֪飬ҲǵļƻǴ󺹵ĹһУΪ˵ʲˡ
˵ݣȷʵܵΪʣĿǰΪŮˣֻҪ˺Լ취ˣ﹫ЩĲ̡
⡭
Ὣָϣº͵
Żʽ㣬ֻҪܰﵽʽçŶ̩磬Щ˲ʲô
أһһΪÿǣ﹫жӯﰵ룬¶ˣҲܡ
ģʽһԸзִЩ³֮󣬻ʽçŶ̩ԶǵĴ
߹﹫ȵǵĶǰ
ҪŹ﹫ҲûҪ˵ԼӰΪʲ
ôֱӶԺͰ˰֣
ܴüĿ˸ղԹ﹫ʱЦݣκ԰˰ģ˰ǴͿƶ߶ŵС磬ͬѰ
һƵʱ򣬹﹫һԸ԰˰֣Լβ˳ˮһ飬ٽŹ﹫ɱʱ򣬻ЩԼ˽ȥûͷϣҲԼ֡
׷ȥԼҲⳡɱˣϴɣֻҪЩƤ֮ࡣ
ֻҪܳĸӣӮش󺹵ĳ谮һԼİ磬ʲôԸ⡣
һһ﹫ΪķҲˣûٽԼ뷨͸ֻ˵
ȥѶ뿪ǰµһ£취װĮˣçżʿУмǲҪ¶ݡ

ʢĶ˶ٳѩڵأֵһһȷżٵʱ
ܱʼ飬ڼʦµһҵƽд֣οëʶ첲ˣϰдԳдҵҪ䵽ͷϡ
֪жѣдЩʻ࣬һĺ֣ƫƫֵĺңдһֶߡ
λƢֱϿҲ࣬ԶûзĳĬȤ˱ˣ˭ţλĺԱȣǰѷĳ̿˳ˡ
һ֣±ڳһԱߵλ꽻ֵܣ
ǲǲˣȥȥ
Ϊٽ꣬Ъˣ˭뵽úõļھȻҪдҵ
ЩҵˣҪǱдֽϼ¼ģȹ껹ҪУټдĴ֣оԼĳԲ˶ݿ࣬һ顣
λ꽻ûҲ뿪ãһɵĿ
ƽСüëĵͷ
˵öԣһ磬ֵܺȾȥ
ϰͬͷ
˵öԣһ磬Ҳ
²࣬Ҳ˵ҵЪǰӺӵĻ̫
ղʲô
ƽ;˾ֵƣ
̫Ѿһˣң󺹣վǰҲ˿飬ҵҵĿеѧǶҵҪ󣬲ɢѧ
һİ繫ͻȻõ˶ݵĽţŷӵӿѧá
ƽֶ̽Ỵ̂˾˰ʰ˵ɢѧСһֱţܵñ˭졣
ĺôվﵲţͦߣŵĿ϶סˡ
ƽһԱ߼ȥͻȻúܵקţҲȥҽҲˡ
̧ͷ
Ŷ˳е찡
ףôе
·ҲǺڵء
̫ƽĺӰ
ɶӵСȶڡ
ǴǺȾƵģ͵²̫࣬ʵе࣬Ȼһʱ֪ôӺ𣬲ջѡʳƺ⡣
Ȼոչʮʲô
ƽ⣬Ҫꡣ
Ѿ̫׽Ҳֻ̧ܲͷŰ΢Цͼȡء
Сѩɰǵ˶ԲСӣŴ۾ЦʱֱȵĿ̫Ȼһףʲô¶ЧģξͲС
ƽϵģ̫ʯĳһҪʳȻ
̫ʻĹ򣬶ϰҲѾʰ˰ֻ˸һתͿǰĻ̫Ҳʡ
ƽڻ̫гĬǰһЩ⣬
Ҵ簡˸ôˣ
̫
Լ˵ôˣСӹд磬˸磬˱֣㳤˱֣
̫ЩӲɫǸոշӦ
˸磬⣬ֵ꽻ЩеûģƽҴͦ˵ġ
̫
꽻Сֿˡ
֪Ϊʲôһ;ÿ϶ƽ˶ϰСӷ
ƽ˵꽻ʲô˼
䣬ѵƽȽ
ƽ
ôˣ˵Ĳ𣿡
̫
ǶԣǸоеֵֹġ
꽻ȷʵ֮䣬֮ɣ
ԱһãĵܵܺСӣٿһаĶӣֻһӿͷ
ôۡ
Ϊʲô
ھӪʮּȷֵܼ˳ôվû̫һ仰ˣ
첻⡣
缸䣬̫Ƴһۣ
ǲ˵һҪȥ
Щ̫ûƽȥ棬ͻȻʵ⣬Ͼһ˵ǺΣյ£쵱ƻ
ã̽ʣ
ǰ˸Ҳȥ


34 
ѧ÷˼, ûûУ绹һҪĻ̫֪Լĸ, Ȼĸȥ˳⡣
ϰзִ硭ƨ
, ֻûƽŸͷ, ǸŪһƥС
ҲѾˣֻ֪Ϊʲôֻ˰˶, ûսţҲ˳գǣţҲͱ΢Щ
˵Ҫ, ϸСӣ붼С, ƽ, С, Ȼĺг
̫һ, Ҳ, , ֻõ,
С翴Щ, ˤ, Ǿأ
, Ȼ˺ϰ̾, ƽţ, ɫ, һٱҪһɱҲ֪ʲôʱѧġ
˵ǹҼһҪЩ˵ֲ̫øų̫ƽ޹˷һʱ䣬뵽ϻҪۣͨͻȻĺۡ
ϰͶ˾ƣЪڶ츮ϣƽˣԼߣ̫ҪŶӻعȥһ·룬Զˡ
Ϣļڣûս£ƶƣҲҪϰ䣬ƽȥѧúҰһ˾ƨɺ浽ܡ
ٹգҲ٣̫ϣģͳīֽ⣬ڿȴ춼ûĶӣ̲סڣ
㲻װǶ˵ˣ㲻д֣ȥɣֲʲôˮޣ˻Ҫд֡
ƽлл꣡
ûգ·ˡ
⼸һֱѩرѩţʳʮ˵Ҫ׽ȸȥأ
̫
Сܵô죬ôӣ΢һ°

תأϦҹ硣
ƽСӲֺ֪˾ȥˣ˶ǰĻ̫ҲѾλã˲Źһѩ١
ӭһ˵ĿҴҶô˿ţڣƽһܻĸߣ
밲ƽˡ
С氮ԣЩʲôοû˿ʱһЦקƽЩ޵·
ɡ
ƽմĸϲ죬һɫСްͷ糺ɫŽߵСñӣñϻ׹һȦİɫëĵɫ𪣬װ۵ֽŵŴӡ
Ϧҹʵ궼ûʲôرģ̫ܽһһĴ£ٸµһ˵ЩʿĻϳ»顣
Ȼǹ꣬ҲͲ˵ЩƻյĻдҲȹʮ˵
Ȼֶ裬ϲĹ͢裬Կ֮ʱļ赸΢һЩе鱼Ҫˡ
ƽǰϵĵģҲԼһС
ˣȴ˵СЩҲɣ˿١
һ߳һ߿赸Ȼһ룺Ȼʮ嶼ܸ裬˺塣
ңƵŨʱɹҼ赸֮У˶ܳϰ̲סһȦһƬȲ֮
һŵļλֻǲס΢Цʱһھơ
ôأ
ƽĿУһֱš
۾תתһͣЪļ϶վ
ճϦӭ꣬ǲҲ׼
ݰʦ
ͻȻȸղŰһֹ˵ĿⶼͻȻۼԼϣĳվ
ȡȿȡһʫϣףҴ˺̩ͨ񰲡
ʱ˵׼ˣ
ÿ˵İ˰磡
ĳܻɻ̫ĸȻƾźݣǺЩʵѧģͻȻƽҲ˿ţʫĺˮƽƽ׼ԺԽСѧرʫʡ
귶ĳ̵ʫƽͷȻĿתƵԱߣ
Ҳһף
ߣôҵ
ң
̧ͷһϵĴ󺹣̫귶ĳ̵ʫǺ⣬۾Ͱ˰һ¶һģһڴĿ⣬ȻڴĴ
ϧóʫ
ֿձķĳ̣ΣѾͬԹСһڼ𣬿һҪԼ˼ҲûУһڿˮ
ԸִʣΪҹ
ܺãڵģ˰ĿҵǶдˣѧøεһ
֪ѾλƽֳԱħצ
أ
ȣ裡
٣û뵽ɣھӪЩ彫ʿѧˣ

ϦҪ꣬ڶջҪ棬ϯҹЪҹʱ֣мıɸԻظ󺹴źλȥϺ
ȥƽСδŵϦͨͱȥЪϢˣΪչСҲûͬУƽ΢ЩΪ̫صİ磬ҲҪˡ
һֱѩһߵĲ죬ֱǰѱΪģ󺹺λնŮͺǳ˳
ϯϺȶ˾ƣƺȣһ⵹ɢ˲٣۾ȷ飬קĸ첲
ʮĸ㿴ǲçŶ̩ôˣ
ԶһһκʹţçŶ̩ɣδʱҲЩԼ˻þçŶ̩ԼȦôͻȻڴǰ
Ⱥе̫֮çŶ̩ķͶעһۣ
ģçŶ̩һͬ븸
çŶ̩ǰϱмʹԼ˵󺹿ˡֻͬȥΪ룬ȴ
ϣԻظмȦ
У׷ʱ¶ԶԸ˼̫вӦ֮
ˣ˸ʱ
̫һȣ˦һ죬˻ѩֵ̤ѩҹ
ıڻûͣ洦ɼֽмǺ÷ӳѩѩԵøÿ
ƽһγҡҡλεңʢСǻڽ棬͸ƵĹ⣬ɺãҼһȼ
ҹＲвȫбѩߵĲ죬ѹŻѩ΢Ŀ֨׵ıڵڸǹȥ
һ˳ϺнҲ֪Ĺأ·в˵ţڿǵĳݡ
;·δģƽֲ˯ſڴԵһֱ·ķ羰ҲΧǵڡ
ΪԵʣϵ·ܸɾǰϴˣֻŲΪͷϴѾЩˣǶշ죬ִ˫ڵϲסŲڡ
ƽһᣬ˶ܳԱůҪö갡ΪһѾʢлִˣõľƶڹŴʲô취أ
һǳұӻһŲ£캮ضȻЦΧڹٵԿеĳݣȻѾǲˡ
ƽſڴþûжеҲģǵԱߣ֣
˯һ


35 
ʱ·̵ĸ֪Ҳй, ƽʮֿ·;ʵҲŰʱתǰһ, Ϻߡ
ΪϺǰ, ֻأǲԸ͹ټҴ򽻵Ǿ·, , Ҫࡣ
ǵĳݿǰȺӭǰλǣ, źŮ³
Լ, Ȼٰƽϱһ˸Ż̫Ϻ, ĶǰãΪյλ, Ⱥ˲䰲
Ϊ, ƽһ, ʾ, Լ߽ȥ
ϺŬǰס֮˵ĹأסʹµĴֿ, Ŭҹסȥ
﷿ݵĹƱʢʹҪЩ, аŬϹšͺλλ, ǽϻһŬĻ
̫Ⱦ, ȻλүС̾ݣçŶ̩оزߵ׵ǰ漸λЩڶĿȵվܺԵĿͷһƬ
ݹλת㳯Żֱֱ̫ȥ˵ûϵһû̫˰벽
çŶ̩ףͦˣﶼſǻͻȻԵе㻬
󺹣çŶ̩֪ˣ飬Ӣ䣬ȴԴЩͶٰ㲻ʵ񼫣Ѵǡ
ԴǿУٲȻһĻڸ֮⣬
֪´ôԭ£˴ΰݹçŶ̩̻ظ˼Ŵ죬Ŵҵֶ
˵һͷؿ£λնˣçŶ̩˼£ѵӹ
ƽԶ£
ֵĳڶײ㰢ʱӲĲء
ƽ
֪Ϊʲôһ㲻Ծ
ն˵çŶ̩Ը³çƢҲֱЩԴײϴôͻȻתԣ
çŶ̩֪֪ȤĴҲ³ҡ
ʷҲЩƫģʤдʷʵгҲΪСƵĶļ
ʮ壬ˡ
죺
ʲô͸ˣ
һãȻȫûԼ˼ƽָָǰ棬Ѿϣ㣬һɲǶ졣
Ľһ䣬
ˡ
ʱܵСı˭ץסѱһݲģ
Ǳ߶ѾλǰȥçŶ̩Ծû̫δǻԱߵλպŮ˽
çŶ̩ڵأͷţΧ˽·ԶֻԼڲסʱҲ·ú
ȷʵвȻ̫˼﹫˵һȽȦ֮ٶͼ֮һʱ
ç
̩Ըȣĵľڸλλǰ̫ܾԼȻټϴɱ˫£һξͿԳɹ
ڻ̫ĳĬԽԽ飬϶ðһ亹֪˶ã̫ڿ˽ڣ
ֵìܣТ㹧ķϣЩȻҪѾ˼£Ҳ͹ˡ
ˣ
˼ǣҪȦ
çŶ̩һʱ侹ȻԼĶ䣬͵̧ͷ۾һգҲգĶǰˡ
çŶ̩Ľŵӣ̫һЦԷ
类ʱûսʤķͣ첻һȻˣȦա
çŶ̩鼱֮£𾪵ѿڶ
ʲô
ͽȦҲԼˣֻΥĵ˵˼Ȼô
ô
çŶ̩𾪵ӣ̫Ц֪ʣ
ò⣿
ô᲻أֻû뵽Ȼô׵ģֻһʹĿģçŶ̩ٶȹ£ϵЦѹҲѹס
л󺹶䣡
Ϻڸǰ۾ֵֻܣ˾񡣡
̫΢һ٣
绹ʲôҪܵ˵𣿡
ʱ˿̵çŶ̩ѱ֮Ŀϲͷԣﻹ뵽֮ŵĴɱֻû̫дһڵģ̵
ԺһľЧҴ󺹣аԽ֮٣гΪ֤ΥƾδãҾԹԡ
ԳϲУûע⵽̫ϵЦݵЩ
ãǵȻͬһٻعȥɡ

ȼϺҪ̫ǰٻصʹȥġáһгŵúܽһҲС
̫һֻſϺżδأһźıѾݵǰ漸Ĳ
ʱ϶û̿бڣһʱֻǱкһƬ
çŶ̩Լŵǳٴɱжʱǿһ¡
ˣŹŸˣ˸ǲϷˣ
ѩѾ֪ʱͣˣɢȥԣſʬ£ʮӰѩ¹ӳĵ޴Ρ
紵ҡһƬ֮Уγĵڻ̫ǰ󺰵
ݣ
ȻѾռˣçŶ̩ٹ˲ӭǰֶ˵ĵһתֿ´̿͵ͷ­
Ȼغȥţ
̫Ҫ˱ͬӵȥϰγ˴ǰ
عңȥ汣Ůͺǡ
ƽƽߵǣڶĩβۼǰͻ䣬һѱ㽫ƽԼĴ
꣬д̿ͣ
Խڵ
һμ˹Ŵʼҵı䡪̿ͣƽ˵ԼĵǾŸ࣬˷ܸࡣ

ڶмһ϶

Ҷѽ
̿ǵڳˣȻѾϵֻܴԮÿǰƽһ֣̿ҲͳǰƽԽԽǡ
⽣Ӱ֣ŮѾҳһţŮ˺ӾȻǱ̿͵ͻϮŻˡ
Ȼڲԭϳ󣬵δϰһǰ书Լƽĸܾˡ
Ӵ멷϶һͷȥ춯ʱıӣ
ʮ壬ȶ
ҲѣûźӶܴ̿͵ĹʮּѣǱߵŮȴ˱ƽ˵ҲԣŮǵĴɲǱΪѣһҧתǱ߾ŶŮǱȥ
ڴ̿͵ĵ⽣ӰдУѾŮǵλúܽˣ̿͵žǹȥ
ͷðԱͻȻӿһͳһƵ·һȥŮ죬һֱһֱǵĴ̿;͵ɱֵݸһѵ
ǻ̫ܿƣڳ֣һһ̿ͻذΧŽֱķ򣬶鱳ǣȻһ
ƽ඼ͣƴĴ󺰵
Сģ
ͻȻǱѾŮΧס֪ôģһ佣ȴбݹⷽ򣬳ŵǴΪ谮ĺ飡
ŮǾΨ˵ǰһûԱ㵹ȥѪӿ˲͸˶ѩ׷ëɫڽ׵ѩӿ


36 
ֺ̫, ϵʽʱתְ֮ƣܿЩ´̿Χ롣
֮, λҲǳصģ̫ɱǰ, ϲ֪˭ѪΪɫһֺ
ץ, Ҫ, ˭ĵӣ
ϵѾתƲ, ʣļ̿Ͷһ, ӦѸٵĻӵ, ֱǰõ, ת˲֮䣬ֻ¼дµʬ塣
çŶ̩еĴʯ, еĴ̿Ѿֻ˵ͲԶй¶κ, һ, ܵǰĻ̫,
û˰ɣ
̿ͻȻ, Ǻ׼Ƕǳ̵, ӦѸ٣ֻǹЩСʡ
λ˵صľȻçŶ̩, ұһĵ, Ѫ, ˲Լܵ˻̫ǰ
̫еĵĺˣֻ·һЩԣçŶ̩ɨһȦ
û£ˣȰçŶֹ̩Ѫ
䲻ǹ컯գǬҲصϺǰѡĻǳһӣ̫ɫһ
飬ǺĵֶΡ
ȥλڸԼ˿ڻȥԱ߹ػͬŮ캢ӡ
бҽʿʱʱȴõȲ̫ٴߣ켱ŻŵĴŮǾۼĵطܹ
󺹣ˣ󸣽ˣ
ܵڲϣ̫ȺϵʱͿصѪѩѾԹȥ
ǴƬѪ˸ǰֻкڵϣ޴ȥ˴Ψһҽʿ
ָŶѪڲϴָӿ·ôҲ²סѱˮˮ͸ֻǲϵĿ޺ҽʿȾܡ
ѪմȾڰ˵ϣдƬɫ̫һֲѪǺĻ˵ġ
̫СĿ۾ںϸɨ飬ûãûб˵ļ
̫ŵĴ멣ӱ󽫺鱧ղԴ̿ʱ
Ī£ҽʿɣһûµġ
鱻ͻѪʹɱŻˣ˿Ի̫§ȶԼ멱ɳڣֻǿлڲҪȹùá
ŮǵҪõö࣬϶ЩŪˣ̫ѰһȦ˱۾ƽ
ӿ챣ͦãĿԣЩ֪룬Ȼǲ֪ôˣСӿѪȵĳ治ãǵĳ棬ֲ֪ðƽȥСֲʵһֱŤ
ӵĿ⣬̫΢һͷʾ챧ƽлعİб£ȻȻعˡ
һ·ƽһδŪö첻סĵģ᲻
ֳŻˡ
ƽսƴɱˣֳ治Ϊ棬ƽϾֻһ룬Ѫȵĳ棬Ͽ϶جΡ
ƽȷʵǸоԼܵ˳֮ǰδʵģԱĳᷢԼǰ
ѪȵģȴģĸԼôΣʱȴԭʲôҲˡ
λ׽Ĵ󸣽ȻΣͷĸǰѪĲһ鲻ϢȪ
ƽһξãֻǵһɢҲȫ

ϺǰһңһʱʰϣһƬҵĺۼ˲ƶȴƺת֮Ų
λ뿪ʱûһӳĬҿٵıʹķ
ȻǸովһյĴɱһʱļҪճУֻܵŮչˣ̷˺̫ҽԺ㵽
ҪĲΪʧѪɫ쳣԰ףһգϲתѡ
źùҩˣǰ۵
͹﹫ˣǵҲзִ磬ô˵Ҫĵط
һ˵ỹڲϵµţ֪һնڽжȹ޵۾׳ҡ
ܴͣҲܻ˿̿ΪԼƿ޳ӣҲЩݣɤɳƣֻ˵
ˣ¡
ܵ˴ָ棬
ԭģ˿պȬˣҲһ̣طڲסҪ̫ҽԺЩ˼Щȥ۵ҩ
ȴҡͷǣ˴Ѫ䦳˻һȴЦŵģ˵
źã󺹿̣Żʱʱ̵̿뵽ҵĺã뵽ܣŮˡ
ѾôãȴһҲû˰磬ǵһƻеĲ̫˳һϣܻʣ
˰ôˣ
ҡҡͷ
 ˰һֱʮүţǵ޷£Ѿȫعȥˡ
ˣ
⻰ʵ⣬ֲûں߼˰磬ԭǱ챧ȥˣֶ˹ϵá
΢ֻۣһƣӿļ䣬
ˣҲȥɣҰϢһᡣ

ʽ󣬽ձû룬λոԻظ̫Ҳڻ˹¹
ЩĲɣüһ㵭ǳù˵ôأƽҲһ㷢ȣŵˣоѣŮǰƽԿ
մȾѪ·ѾҲϸϴ˺ܶ飬ȻΧһϴѪζ
һҹδߣ˾ţ°Ƥϳ˵ɫۼ̫ۣϽ§ڻ
ôã
ôϢ˯һɡ
ùδôأ˵˿Ȼûô˯ţҡҡͷֻǵ
󺹣ȥùãùˣϺչ
಻СڲԭʱҲ׺ʢд󺹰ٰշҪչˣʵԼλùø鲢
ΣѵĹͷ˷׷ΨԼͦȣֻԼǷܲ٣һҪڲ࣬źתúſϰģʶڴ̫Լչ˹ùá
ղžһң鱾˾ţΣͷֻȣ˼̫ףֻǡ
ЩҲò˵ܵΣұ˱ǣǴ̿ͱҲ֪ܽôȴ˵ǰ档
ü
ʲô˼
ЩH»̫úֻ֪ҸںմȾıơ
ܴ˾٣ɻúպȫȻʲô˼»Ժ鲻̫룬ǾίЩҲú֮Щ׼
﹫γ˽̸ʱźŮ˳ȥ֮ǰҲѾ˴ɱ£Щ˵㣬ҲӲ˼һξ;ÿǷķȻû֤ݣǣСùá
鼫ͬĻ
˵ʲô󸣽׹ùãΪ˱Ҳˣ󺹲ȥùҲͰˣôùõĺãأ
佣Ӱ̹˷׷׶ܣΨܲΣȣùöԼ۰Ҫģùøеί
֮ǹ﹫çŶ̩ڰıǰһƣǰõġܺߡЩ̫֪
Ϻʱ̫ѾçŶ̩ᣬֱçŶ̩ʵһ̽
һУȻҪⳡϷȫף̫Ҳǣֻ뿴ЩСΪȨʲôزû뵽ǵļƻЩ˵顣
ݸеǰϴ֣̿д̣çŶ̩ȼйͰźõļƻֻǲ֪ΪһǷ֪飬ǵıаĽɫأ
ܶׯ󷽣ֺܵøϲһָģ󹬣ԼҲʮַġ
̫׹֮ǰδģŮԴױѰ³һּܲʺ飬˴ҲͰˣպǣ¶
ܺͺ׹ֶƶߵŮһͬģ̫ûܾȻἵԼֶŮ˵زЩͻҲװġ
ʱûҵ֤ݣֻǻɶѣֹ̫ٺͺοܵȷʵҲʵֻǿӲ
֮ȥպҪСġ


37 
Щ, 䶼֪˴ɱ£˹ҿçŶ̩ȼݼʱ, 󺹰Ȼһֱۣȴƾҳϣû졣
ɱ֮δ䶨ʹѲߵһʮıո籧Թ,
Щ۵Ĵ̿ͣҽҪˡ
ٴϰƽ, ɱһ֣ﻹٸ̫ڣ֮, Ŀҵдˡ
ͬЩ䣬ûʲôҪȥʮͤȥŶʱܺͲľ̩¹棬Ϧ, ȴһζûټˡ
֪, ľ̩ζϵɩɩôܶЩе˼أ
ֻҪսϻ, һ, ̲ס뵽ǸԭЦĵĹ, ̫Ȼľ̩, ҪԼĺ
ǸԭϵĻһõĹ͸±ܣڼżĥһ
ҿѽô£ֻçŶ̩çżøˣһС˻죬ֵ
һ仰񣬶˼ŸôٺͲľ̩棬ȴ˵
ʲôȼй϶Լģڳ˭֪̫õȣű˲˼淴ƤãүǷˡ
һȴͻȻ˶͵÷²յײһ죬
ǲҲȥҹ㣿
ⶼĶĶ
һ£ôͻȻˣ
˵ʲôʱ򣿡
çŶ̩ոձʱ򣬹﹫ûҹ㣿
ͷ˵ǶǼǰˣçŶ̩ձּ̫Ȧʱƹ﹫ʢǶұˣȻҲ©Լ
ǰôˣ
һԶͻԶǰҲ΢ԥһ£µܱܵƻ·ʣ
Ҳ˵˶𣿡
ŶɫȴɵС˿Ƶģɵ
˵˰ûš
ͬᵽͺʱɫ߷ߣʱѾȫͻͷαҡΣŶһûûεЦ
Ҹ˵Ҷûţ
ϵģçżѩҹţôҲԸվſڵȣ֪˵ʲô𣿡
˵ʲô
ͻȻһŶġ
ֻ첻мƲƲ죬
çż˵ͶҶԸȻûҲ֪ʱռ޹ҲѾ޳ȥˣй棬ƭңұȥɡ
һݸçŶ̩Ż̫ɫ̫ԾڸλλǰçŶ̩޲ʹϴ̫ﻢ£Ҳű
ġ
çŶ̩֪βˣҫٲȻԼɾȼݹˣٱεһ졣
çżøǲ֪˽磬ѵָŻ̫ûһ
ܵܲ͵ȥͺãһ죬
Ժǰ˺Ҫ㣬ϾǵĽ㣬ֱ䡣
ų鲻ԸĴӦ
֪

¹յе㲻ԾƽСĿŰͶɫһǧ֮⣬һΣѾ޹ˡ
ƽóۣǺڵĺͻ̫ս
캣鲢ûˣΪסǰĵڰס˿ʱֵҲĵлˣӶв㡣
Ͻл̫չˣС鶼ʹţŪôСŮҪɫҲǿ಻ԡ
껹ҪŹ̫꣬ѵϾ㺣黹ֱŤҲûҪȥ˼
˳Էһ˯һŴǲ˵Ҫ˵ʲôǸƽͲ
¹һʱͣƽʮȥˣ⴫Ͳ˭˭Ȼûн棬ȥҲľ̩ĸ
ƽ·ˣƽ˱˼мš
ü
Լȥ棬¡
ƽҡҡͷĸԱգգʹ۾ޱȿ
Ƕƽ̸⣬ȥ𣿡
飺ܡ
СôͻȻˡ
ĸ׵ƽ·ǰ̫˸
ҾֻܰﵽˣԼͣ
ƽˣ¹ӵİȻӸԼõ̫ѾԹܶˣҲϸ룬ƾ޾ݵĻɺˣȷʵ̫ʣ׼ٺͺ͡

󺹣
˼ͬʱڣ̫û뵽龹Ȼڣͣ˻ͷ
˵
侲죬ҲȫûзʡĽǶȣΣĹͷǰԼһЩѪܲƭ˵ġ
ǻ̫ûԼǰڮܣ˼Щңֻʣ
֤𣿡
̫ûС
빬һֱĺܺãԭԸˬǲŮС籦ı۰Ҳկɣһֱţ˽ЩĶҲġ
˼ҪҪȱһ֤ݣҪúԹŮЩģǲԼˡ
ת
ôĬôã֤ݱ𣿡
ûУţ
ͻȻ˳̫һʱ죬˳
Լ뷨˵ˣʱһ㶣Щ
ô
ĬƬ̣
Ŵ󺹣Ҳûмʵ֤ݵʱͻɹùãϾǹùþһ
˵ͬܵĹϵѰֶ׺Ϻʵƫ̫ΪԼ˵Ҳʵúʮìܡ
ԸţͬڿƶߣܻԼǲ׹ֶҲǴһ湲ͬ壬ܺαˣ
ռԼԻ̫Ҳû뿪ȥĸԵĺԼģЩٶ۵ʶԼõĳ谮ὫЩòһ
ͷ۾һˮ
󺹷ģ֮Сĵģ⼸ԣл󺹰ݡ
ɷ˵ʲôݲݵģϵһңҸ˻
ΪҪ˵û⣬û뵽֮ϲ̫ŬŴǣǸоȫס
ֽκûκοܣǹԹԵš
ʱ½§У̫̩ͨûҪ
ƽСӺŸϳȥɣڣ⼸նϺúø˵
ǵȵƽһʱװĸһӸɹĹ㿴ûкúʱѶʱƿӾһĻӾ
ƽҵ۾
ѾСȿ˹¹żû뵽ײĳ棬˿ļ벻һСӸÿģ̵˳ȥ
̫Ը˿ڻҩƱʱͷᴵ˴ȻѾͺˡ
Ÿոճȥһʱ
ƽٶ۵ʶԭ谭ĸͺõİʯ͸ðһ˵Ҳ˵

ΪһɱƽͻȻҪѧЩ򣬱Լö˼
̿͵ûвüĿ⼸ղýƽϰԼ
ȴϰѣƽ񽫽һ룬ʱõĵˣ˰óǹҲѧЩǳǹܶƽĳ̣ôƽѡֵΪѡ
󲻵ѣƽߣ˸ӡ
ƽ 
ȻžͺܷܣҲаɡ
ԼＸĿǰС壬ȷʵʲôҲòÿѧѧʽպһ¡
ʲôţ٣ڻǸڣʼƽԼ˸СĿ꣬ÿʱѧûʱʱӶ̵
ѧѧûᣬòãҪһڳŻ˵Ļӡ
ٲԸ¶ʮҲѧ⼸һֱƽϰȻǻЩҵûɣñƪĿҲĿİ
ң˰磬ѧƪɡ
ƽ
Ҫ꣬
ͦǳ
վ
ѧʱϰ֮˵Զֺ˲֪㳣Ӻڡ
ҰѽԼģ

ƽ
ˣϱѧʱֻѧ⼸䣬뿪ѧУô껹ܼǵЩѾܲˡ
ԱߵĶ˷ܾ֣
һһᣬұ
һĿҵö˷ͷ˲ᱳûдȫдˣƽϰԱ߿ˡ
첻ѧ͵͵ѧϰ
С壯ֵǲҪˣ
߾Żһ£С󣬺οôСýߴһûᡣ
һ߹վƽǰȻһȻӣƽܾЮ˽
ֳһ꣬˰Ҳ˰ɣҲõñдֵʱˣӽ֮Ĵҵ˰һ𽻡
ƽǡ
ûģʮ˸¶һ㣬һ꣬һ꣬ĺúݵģ
ϰȻʹЩ½ҲûʲôϾǻ̫ãǽϰ񣬹ܲƶ߲Сϡ
Ҷûɿҵĳͷľãֻõ
Сӽҵ룬ȱ©ķд
ϰĻңѾʢôã£ҲûؿƶˣοûɵĿҵҪˣ
ϾҪؿƶˣҵ¡
Ľã˻һüĿȷ黹죬ϵĽϰǰһã
Ǿٻȥ֮ǰ
ϰ񣺡ǡ
С˵û̫ˣ


38 
︴յļ, Ҳһµս¿ļڣͻ̫ƽѾǸˡ
Ŷ͵С, һϰ뿪ǰСľ, ҲװģĻҪľ
Ȼһ̧ͷǰһˢˢ, սӢˬ, ȣֱƥСʧȺ, ͷ¶
ƽǣ
ң
˷ĿĮɹŵĲ, ֵ, һͳɹ, ָɹŵ۹ٹ, ɼ˼
ŮԺͼ˹, ڲԭչᣬĮɹŶಿ¡ֵ˴ΪС
ַ̫֮⣬϶һ, ̲˲ʵ, ֵ׺Ĭһ, £һĮϲ䡣
, ׯڿգֵ߲鸽ɹԹص, Ϊͼ, ӸؼԱ, ̫ΪʱĮɹŵʱ
ãд̵Ĵ̿ϷֵĴ࣬ǻ̫ټ˳ɹŸˮߣԴɱΪɣ׼һ²
Ȼ֪Щ֪ʿΪʲôҪЩ֤ݵĴΪκβ֮֡
ʱ̫ѾǵݵǼ٣ǸõĽڡ
ʦȥƽߵߵϳ¥ܵĸߣ
ܻܿģӦ˽ǻؿƶء
ȻƽҲ֪ʦسʱ䣬Ȱ˵Ȧĸ׿϶ûġ
ѾղĹܽҲ˳¥֮ϣ֪ˣСĵĲţɳ˿ڲ˼磬ϻһȦ͹ˮëƤΧ
ƽλĸ׵Ĺùãһֱ֪ñһʲô̬ȡ
˵ڴɱվ˺飬ƽȥϺչҲӦõģ鵹ȥأƽһҲûбȥ
ңƽоͶֱŤ죬Ϊ¡
öϣԼйĽӴְԸչԼŮǣʳӶģͺڷʲôһ
ƽ̧ͷԼλ֪γƺĹѣܱȺҪʮ꣬ΪͽҲΪɫÿ
չºͶׯЦݣվʱ°ͼȻԵЩ̱Ȼһֲҿ֮С
ãڲĿ⣬ͷһЦǳ˿ڣֿ̾Ϣһ
˰糤ء
⻰ƽ֪ôӣٹ¾͸õҲȷʵǳһȽƤʵһСҪ
ƽܵ۾ȴһ߬סĸ״ڡ
ˣ
ߴԶѿľջأὫƽЩСסԱߵ

컹ţùδѾ˴Һ͹ùûȥ

̣ϰǰҹûдĿҵȫ˲ߵģ뿪ʢûּ죬յ˻̫ټ
βǿƶ߲ˣй˳ɹŸܵټˮ
ֵˮؾۣ쿴ϰȷֱʱӽ׳ģֿ˿Լдĥıʼ롣

ȷʵЩķˣںдĲƽľ˱ִ̼ˣϿʱʼѧϰ쵱ȻҲʾϿһһ棬ء
ͷķۺɫ֬ձ紵ɹʱѩ䣬Ѿָ˽ףϰӥһڴϿգн
ɶǲԭ壬Ǹӥֻͷӥ֪˴ټľӹģԲС
˴οƶ߲һ֧կɣռΪԴӣֻؿƶߣ̫ĮɹŵҰġ
ͳʢȫʮ֧ɹŲľ񣬹ʮֱҪ䲻ͻϮʤ
˭֪Ϣ©ֵǶӣ̫·Сأöһֵһ·Сö졢һ·
̫ԼçŶ̩ͬУһ·׷ֵ
˭ֵսûУ·죬һ·˳£˲ֵಿȴֵױӰӶûš
ɳӱ֪вಿǣçŶ̩̬ȣԴ󣬾ȻؾಿȻҪǡ
ȫȻǷ˻̫ĴɣձΪƽĳǣɱ¾̫Ľ
ʱôΪλȦʱΪ౴ջмɻ䣬ٷçŶ̩ȴǣȻ̫Ŀˣ
׷ֵδƣҲѷ̫ķңçŶ̩˴ʴʣײŭ
̫Ӵʵļɳ̺վɫ
˵ʲô
çŶ̩ԣǰһ
󺹣ǰɣЩ˵ɫЩ˲Ѫ֪ҲҴ
ɴʴʣֱҪǵֵǵಿ
ƽĳǣʹ֮ǷΪѣѾٰҲȰؽ
սսܵ裬ʿƴֿƽѣЩȫǰݰͣçŶ̩Ȼ˵Ĳء
оˣʮգ̫ȥʹߵɳӱĳţֻȽĽçŶ̩ȴ˵Ҫǡ
ܶյĲһ뷢̫ȻŭçŶ̩״߱ĸɱ桢սﲢȥƴӣѺȵʢз䡣
פɳӱ⣬̫ս£ͺߣҹ
ͻȻңһƬ֮ƬӪʶ
̫оѣƿʣ
޵ϮҲδ׷ֵ䣬³²
յϥ££
󺹣çŶ̩һױҹˣ
ѲߵʱѺçŶ̩Ӫʧ˻𣬼æˮ˾ȣҺûƲȴϨѰңȴçŶ̩Ƕټ
Ľʿ֪٣иȱƥսӡһ·򱱡
ԭɰִƵ죬Ѿ˼ö࣬çŶ̩ҲǲҪˡ
밢ͬçŶ̩ϾӣԼ׸磬ŴηʵǴ˻̫ĵߣԼѾݣçŶ̩ǵ֪ڸģŴŷ
޿̣̣̫յĻ㱨ĬϢ
׷çŶ̩ӱ۴ã̴еֿɵɱ
õĴյӱϾʣ̫çŶ̩ҵһԶסڿڵ˵
취ľҽͳçŶ̩
ǣ
ǻ̫ھе죬û˿ʣ̵ʿֱ׷ȥ
ʷǣ꣬ޱçŶ̩ɣ׷ֵһսȾؼζ


39 
׷ֵδ, ҹçŶֳ̩ҹӣ̫ŭɶڶǰ, ֱ̽ǵಿЯĲ, Ҫ̹ǡ
˴γټɹǼòֵ, ҪЩջ, ô߽سǵ, Ȼ׵塣
ѹ, ССһ߳ǿԵֵģسȨ, ʾԸͬ͡
˲ಿЯĲ, ԭֵֿ׼ʹ͸ֵĲҲһת͸̫
̫ڸͷ֮ϣӸµĸ͵ؽ
ˣǳ⻹
ȴ黹˲ಿѾŵ˻̫ǧ, СƥͲҶ, Ѿĳ⣬⻹гⲻֻ˵ǻ̫ˡ
ǰǼ, һ޴İգνЭ, ҧҧ, ǫ,

ٿ֮ͨ·
̫Ŀ࣬ȻνҪϰͷսףϱԵøѹ
ɳӱһ֮ǣνҲͲ·;ңԶ䲻㣬ΪӦʡ
͢䲼ֻҪأ̫һӦʣνһڴӦ
ãڴ˴̻ͨУ󺹼ҵԼձɿС
˷ҲЩջ񣬲շֵಿɻɣֵҪ´ó֮ͨ·
ֵһ·ӴܣѾຣ磬׷ʵƣټ׷ȥҲˣ̫ձ
һ·򶫣ʦصʢ;УɹŲأټɹŲҲ뿪
ƶߣϰķֱڴ˴սһ·ͬУĬͬʱ˿ҵħצֻг죬ȫڴʱһʱ뵽ֱ𣬲˻
嵶ϰ񣬱˵ᣬ
ܵܣ˴ηֱ֪ʱټΨд˵롣
ϰͬ嵶
磬ұ֮֮ҹط֮գ
Ŷӣܵܵһ֣УͲͷʹޡ
կɣգ
̫
˻ˡ
̫ؿһľկɣǰӣ
죬ǰӦҪɩɩͰ˰ؿƶ̽ף㲻

̫˵Ҫ鸣ƽؿƶߣ
ʲôʱ˵ģ
ô֪
ںϰֵĶ쵱סԹ
˸ô˵ѽ˷Ҹ顭
žǶݵķֿһ£ʮ£Ҫټˣ嵶ϰ
ѵңϲһѣ

ڴ
ϰ񶼲ڵʱ䣬ƽоܹ¶û˲ƴ죬ûһѧ
ʽҪǰȥ飬ƽֲȵѧѡֻһѧãڽҵһţתͷλǿյģұתͷϰλտյҲûС
ƽҲȥһСǶ첻ڣûȥ᲻ĸ׵ǣįѩֻöֲ
Զȥ춼һ룬⣬˴ٴ˷ѣ˰ݲݹһ£ֻ˼λϵõŮƽĲľ̩ĸ¹ͬ졣
岻ãףĳϣֻһЩ
¶ʮģĸµĻ̫ڻԭˮݷʱ
պװϸƶʹ͵̫Яƶԭ̽ףȻôƱʢ
ƽԽһϵĳԶţڿƶ˵ǻң˵ȥԭ档
ִѧĩһ·ݻҪŸʱµ٣ЩڹŴһûУ죬ʮһֵ壬ŴӴںͿʼѧƽѾ롣
뵽ϰͶȻսգôڹؼԼֻѧѧϰ͸ƽˡ
˵Ҫȥƶ߲ԭϢƽʰԼС˷ܵüһҹδߣֻŵڶճӳˡ
˴μȻȥƶߣеȻǿƶλټ϶ֵܵȼˡ
ƶϰԼ˹ټοҲˣ̫Ҳڿƶѡһλ󸣽һҪŵġ
֪ľ̩Ҫؿƶ̽ףڲԭϼܱȹЩոսս£Ҳͬ
Ȼʵ̫˵ֻ˵ͬȥƶߣͬѡһλ󸣽Ϊ׸磬Ҳ˳ŶѰѹء
ʢһ·򱱣𽥼٣ϡ䣬ƬƬɽݳǰ
ǰڳֻܿɭ֣Զǰһ¥ڵԽʢҲûгԶŵƽ۾ˡ
ϣԱߵĴ̽ͷһ޵ɫԶԶĻܿȺɢݼ䣬һ紵ڰ˶ߵĲԳΡ
ԭû̫Ľڵȥԭͬһ޼ʣֿտ˵Լ𺳡
ѹüͣ·һ־ܴա
ԭ״ϳ󣬺鵱ȻҲ⣬뿪ʢǺһƥɫĿͻ̫ͬڶǰʱ˻Ҫһ
̫ɫɫһߴһСкڰɫӳ֣˵ӰԵøͶ
˵ЦòǺţ̣ȫԼи
ľ̩ŮԣȻҲбﲻסûһҲҪƥųһ·εǰУǻŵģֻʣƽˡ
һĶڲľ̩ϣȻû
˼Ѿ˵СƽųͰ͵İĿͶ󷽡
ôû죿
ʮң
ͻȻܳƽһЦеĴս˴ڣ
ʲôأ
ƽ
ȻѼ~
Ӵڰȥ
ϲСˣС屧
һϲĶ̾ƽԼӥСֶ档
Ҳû뵽ԼⱲӻһСͬһһֻҪһֻҪ§ƽû취ֱܳվţֻվӵλá
ǵȻ̫ͻȻԼĶӻϣͷһ㿴ƥԳأӥ˫ᣬԼĶӳûֹȥңӥû취ѳֻһֱ⣬ëҷɡ

̫ĬĬתһδĬ۲Ϊ˳סҪתȥĺ۾
𿴣ö췢һƽô졣
ƶʢľ벻Զ·ձɵչ˺Ԫδȫָܣֶһա
ˮݶӣկɣյĴȻҲŲǨƶܹϲᳬƶߵĹʵء
կɣָϰһ͵ٵϵȴղڼ֧ӣǰ·һͬǰƶʡ


40 
ɫȫ͸ǰ, ڵկɣĴʣƶפػȻΪӭһʮ׼
Щݵ˶ΪʽĴͳװ, ڲԭοտ, ҹϰϰӦò̫ȡ
կɣſƶߴʹվǰ, ׹Ϊơ
Ԫ񽬱ʢ, Ⱦ̫կɣƣ̫, ӹˬ룬΢΢ͷկɣոԼϽ׵Ĺ
ƶߴͿƶߴе̾ƷֱݸͶ, ҲǸɴˬ, ϸԹһ
Ͳľ̩ǹʡ׵Ů, ֻһƣڿƶߴԡ
ŮһһĺòڹƯʱصԭվ, ĸŮ˺һˣ˿ȡ
ƶߴԱһ, תѯʻ̫
, Ůûͬ𣿡
կɣռ״Ҳͣ»ͷ, ,
ǰأ
硣
ƿ¶ͶٺЩƣ԰׵ݣչһЦ
;·ŮЩƣۣ͸¡
ŮɫۺòôԼŮȴ˲԰綼ˣֻܶﲻüˣƶߴɫһӳȥ
ļ̾ƵĺʱɵľҺɿڣֻڿƶߺȵ̾ƱϰĸӺζ
̫ںկɣս̸鸣ҲںͲ𻰣ûעߣùʢƵԼֵһСڣ׵ľҺܸס
ȻŶڻĵݵƽߣ
꣬ĵģǿ
ƽš
ҶҶһڣһڡ
Ҫ˵ĵãܵƽˣòϵĹ˲졣

һ·ٶȲ죬ϻλƣʵƣۣկɣѾڲڱ˽ӿ磬˿ζƮ
̫ã˵ͬŮ̽ףϾǴ죬ӭʽز٣дĹǲӣƶйһӦӵ֮
ļʺĻϯصڲԭտǾƽﲿˤӵĴƬտذڿϯѣＸӳ硣
ſڲݵֱӰϼţƶ߹ʹ˷жǰǲеϯûп͸ߵͣͬƣȻǻ̫կɣϯˡ
ûרŵʦ˶ܵ࣬ͷ볡𣬼ֻھ͵ڵĻϿðͣ֬ʱ䣬ڵµ̿бһĻ𻨡
ϯͲľ̩ΪѾ޵Ůֻڻ̫һ࣬ϰŲںȻģŶƽһ˴С
ƽ
ŸղŶιԼȹƵ룬̾ɿڣȷʵͺЩװƿи߼ζͬȣרſʲôʱ첻עˡ
ô뵽Ա˸ϰ˰м䣬ĻУƽ۾
С˾ˣֺ˲ۡ
ϰս紵ɹС˵ԼúܸˣڵŸԵš
˵İϵƷʲô̶̸֮ĶƵƽǰ
ģ
ǵȻģƽȽһ¶ϰѾķɫϰ͸͵ɹչԡƵģǲѾһɫˡ
ĹҵųԵģڲֻõͷ
ƶ߲ԭʢĹҪСö̫࣬կɣǰ˵ѾԿʼȾƳˣʳ½ū룬ųиϲˡ
ԭûʲô߲ˣʽֻܹȷڵƽǰֱռ˴ӡ
ϰ֪ʲôƵƵٱ˱ǵĿ޶ãƽС
ȱͿϣڻ˿˱ǣӶǿƽĿˮ̾ˡ
ΪһʵĴӣԼַʳ˺һ
óԣ
⽹ۣ΢Щ̿ڣζأͶϵĶطζãȿ⴮㣡
ڹŴκһֱǽڿƶ߹˵дĿȻģκ϶ŵĸոպãһ΢΢ζ
ƽûǴĻѾкڴйʮֻڻϲ㣬ƶܴͨóлһ㣬Ѿʮֲס
ϸĻڿϿǵĺɫĩֻԵĵ׺һ£·ֻץһѿ
Ѿܺóˣƽ˫ֲãȫϾ˵ʲôֻ˵
ԷôóԵĿȣǲԶң
ǵȶϰعԭĿѾ˺һ󶴣СһԵͣˣֲϵǰţֻҲȫ͡
̲סЦ
ƽò
ЩʱܳԵͳˣƽڹһֱϸţӶûĿˡ
˵˵˻ͳĶذʼƽ⣬ԱߵְЩģϰֱպýϵݵƽߣ

ƽ죬

ֻЦˣС˾˻ã
һ϶ֻųԶԱ˻ϰһĥû˼עƶߴǵİӿ
ҹˣֵȴûɢ˼෴˾ƺջһ߳
źƯŮūˣιʣ͵Ĵӣ۾
ģͷֻⳡϲòһλүۣ֦ͷܴӴ˰ūҲá
ȶ˾ƣڸ֮Ѿ㣬Ҳ̳ˡ
ϰһۣ¶ղЦݣǵȻû˼ѱЩ岮ǻ᲻˼ƽǸСӣɼЩ
ƽȥ˯ȥ
Ϊӭӻ̫ĵոµİϰƽڼϣһ·ͽ˸鸣׼
֮⣬鸣Ȼڣȥ˵ˣֻмźŮūϰƽڴԸ
úźС磬˯
ƽԼ˯ˣﻹõű˺壬οϯ͵͵˶ϰľƣʱԼһֵѡ
û˷ˡ
ƽһµס˵ӣ
ȥѽһȥɡ
կɣ꣬½Ǻȶ˾ȫ޹˼ɣӵұ㲻ΪոŮūʲôҪ£οֲǴϿӾͲˡ
ûçŶ̩ö࣬岮ǱɢУŮ캢뿪̫˼ſƶߵӲϯЩνȻֵȥ


41 
ҹӭӵȫǿƶߵĹ, ԱýɹŲĹ壬ȻҲŸԵŮϯ֮ϯҵط档
ŮǼһȺ, һ˵ˤӱǲݲӣԣҵ˰, ƥ, ˼以ҫĺû⡣
ŮǵĻ, һҵɸ, λ鲻úҪԼɩɩϱ, ǺܺõĴȤ
ʱҲҪ, ڻѺ¹ӳ, ڲԭڵ赸ȻԱߵų蹲裬κһ˹¶
ЩͷԵģɹŰԱ̯߰, ЩСͳʳ
һȺŮǴһ, ֶǲഺٰ, Ļ¶һ¶, һ, ˲˶, ͷȥ
һ顣
˵ĳѾʮ, ϰһƽһ첲ߵ÷ɿ, ȶߵȥ֡
ƽ˫أֱԼߡ
֪ôư˹վѾЩȺ֮У̵ĶϰЩͬԵЩ룬·ŮͶɻĿ⡣
Ҷڸô㺢Ӷ˻֣
һӲǶ֪ϰûгɻ飬ǺӾֻǶˣЩ˵Ŀʲô˼Щקƽˡ
תһ룬ƽЩ˿
СֶӳôۿɰôҲѽ
ƽһֱڹţȲԭϳĺȻҪϸˣ紵ɹţװ׾Բۺ۾źƵģֺ
⺢Ӻܻų˿ûﺣƶĳƺţͱ˻̫طֱһģ̳ġ
Ȼ仹СѾܿպòĳˣΪСĶɡ
Ҫô˵ϲɰСӣԶûа취ܵԣԴӰƽڻø˿ĿɰԽԽΧס죬Ҳܵ˭ĺˡ
ôɰ̣Ȼߣ˵
ŮǶ۹ƽˣǳܣвŮ꣬ԼɢģеȺпϤӰ
ĿѾٵΧתһȦûĵǸˣһͲľ̩֪ŵˡ
ϯʱ仹磬׷Ųľ̩뿪ķȥˣöһԿŸż鵽Ũʱܲ˱˿
ƽС֣һĶǰӻӣ
ʮ壬㿴ʲôأ
ûУ
ܲ˵ľ̩û͵ﻥԳɣҲ̫ٶˣƽϣռȺߵ㡣
С˾أǿˤȥ
ϰѾ´ಲϹɫʳƳɵĽȦͬ
һڳϰڿƣҪˤˡ
ƽǱѾΧһȦȺһָ
Ǳߣ

һʱܾ˵岻ʣҪϢƶߴŮҲһϯ
񲻵ʮ꣬ǰֵͣһˣûиʶоֻܺͿƶߴǲŮֻź
ƶߴһƿѹ˵ǣ
ܣôῴ˵
ԭڰܽ²ΧŵıԿİɫƶߴһסȵ֣ǵ²˻ȥ
ԱһվӭĸףЦ
ôˣϯϿɲȱ˶ѽ
ܵĶʵ̫һţЩùһĸ׵۾ƶߴѱס˫ֱֳȥΧŵ

;òԾͲľ̩֪ҪؿƶߣѾ˷װ¿㣬ȴһֱڹװ
ʱէȻܲϵ˿ڣƶߴʧɫ
ⲱϣôһ˰̣
ȻѾ¶ڶǰҲûҪټˣ԰ŵһԣЦŸͣ
ûµģŮһˤСŪ˵ģֻǿſЩʵһҲأ˼ͺˡ
ڿƶߴУܼΪǿЦһ£Ȼ־ıϹԼȻǲԼġ
ܲģ˿ھԲˤż˵ģײ˼ķϣѪģ
ŮڵĲ԰һж˺ͣԪδƶߴ۵Ըӣֻһȥһһ
Ůصˣﻹ˵һػֻ۵֣
˵˿һиģ㻹˵ʵ
ڿƶߴİٰȰ£ܲ˿ڣ
ǡʱɱǴ̿;ֱźȥŮɵ˲֪㣬һ¡
飿
ƶߴһͼˣͲúܳЩʲô⣬ڻ̫︴裬
ʲôʲô£ðѰ˰
üæȥƶߴ죬
ԣ⻰οʢʱҲǾѾͬ˵ˣǴ󺹵ļ裬λȣպǧҪٱͷ
ʲô˿ƶߣ˵ϻġ
ƶߴѶԺʮֲǿͻ̫һܿƶߵӭʱٲȻһ԰ޣжݲˡ
вɵøΪ޷ޣ
ʱźͻ̫ݣٲȻѾǴ󸣽ɣﻹ˼ĵλҲǸûĸεģȴ
õռλã㻹άʲô
ƶߴԽԽ
˸Ůװһӣԭϳô᲻¸Ҫ̫̫ӢԶӶȥˣһӶ
⻰΢Щƫˣ̫Լģʶת־Ҫֶ˼ҵǱһƲɿģȷʵֵĽӴ㲻մߡ
Ǽ٣ĸװʹ඼˼棬
˵ˡ¶մҲʮֺá
⻰Լ𣿷˵岻ϯʱ򣬻̫Ĺһ䣿
ѹӣƶߴΪɸ֣
㲻ֻѹʲôҪɷȥ˵ȥͻ̫˵Ϊ㲻Żɷİ˶ˡ
ܿſƶߴȦĺˣŵ䣬ѹſ
ŮŮûã顣
Ѿѹ֣̲סкʣ·Ѿܾίܳôƶߴͷһμ޳
ԼŮС⣬ˣȥʢ󣬸Ϊµ屻ʶֱΪ̫Ĵ󸣽һ·˳˳ˮûбΪѳ
ƶߴҲۿŮ§ڻСʱźĬĬ˾
֪˶ãƶߴܵĶЩӲŮֹס˿̧ͷ¶ͨһ˫ۣ
Ůʧ̬ˡ
ĸǰﻹõƶߴ̾˿
ѽ̫ˣôͻݵĴ󸣽̫ǲϧ
ҡͷ
ж˵ãңžŮãŮҲˡ
ĸŮ˵ĻŶõĽܿҲ࣬ƶߴĿǰƬԭŮˣϯ̫Ҳãصϯȥˡ
ЩվŮ
̫ˣЩϢ塣

ƶߴȻ˵ҪصϯȥҲֻ·ԶԶһۣǻںȾƣҡҡͷԱߵūѯʣ
ȥĶˣ
ͬĸ츸Ľãç˹ȥ򲼰ɹŷ׸ļޣŮҲ쵽˳޵ʱ
ᵽ˷ֵ̫ǰǴڿƶΪѡ󸣽˼
ʱſƶߴ΢΢һЦ˵
ţ֪Ǽ廹ûŮͶ춼Ҳ󣬻вپպôҲǸǸȥ
ЩƶߴկɣԼ˵󺹵ֵҲҲȢƶߵĹŮ󸣽ȻڴͿƶߵ˸Ϊ档
ƶߴѡģƶ߶ŮļҲһŮֻ
ܵĺˡ
⻹˵㻹кüλֶŮء
Щԥ֧
˵ûûж»Լ
ãȻ˵ľͬĸλˣƶߴŵûⷽ룬ű˼ңԼŮôһѣҲ˼
ѡ׽ˣȻǸã׽˭Լҽø׽ء
Ͳľ̩ʢܣܼ޸һλһĺ˶գҲܰŽܡ
ƶߴϴӦ
ʢ˰Ҳã֪ˡ
ԷſƶߴūѯʴܵȥȥͶֵܼһ棬ǰиӡҲôٳŻ¡


42 
ƽ׵СС˾㽻иһʶɹС, һֻоԼ˶ٵСǣţվȺǰ
Ҳ֪ϰʤűˤѪ, ʹ졣
ϰͲ˵ˣˤӵ̾ʹȥ챾ƽֵģ֪ôţҲս֡
µǶųಲ, ϹɫʳĽȦ, ҵĶԿ䤱, Цźò
ƽòԼĴ, ϰлܻͦӭ, ϳʱ, ԱŮǵĻ˴һЩ
иչƽεСǼ, պ˵ģñ˭󣬵ųȴĿ
ôСźżϰͶĻȸƵ, Ϊ
϶ǲ, ҲŪ·ƽϯض, ʵˤӶԾҲ˲ϣΡ
ԽԽòԾ, һȺµŮһˣ, ⲻִꣿ
ȷʵ, ˼ҷչˡ
Ͷ, ˤ, ԭǾ񣬶һȺȸڿȷʵ룬Ȼƽȥ˯СС˾˵ˡ
ƽקһǸɹСӣָָڳϽֵˣ
˵һȥ˯ˣǺú棬ùҡ
ȻҲǸСһµˡ
·ûԼߣϰţƽҲס˹·ʱƾżеķŤ˹յߡ
һ··ģˤӽƥģЩŮոȷС¡
ƽͦص·ϣԶӵȺȫûע⵽ԼԽԽƫߵһƧĺӱߡ
˵Ǻӣʵǲԭݺύˮһ֧һ粽Խȥ¹¶һԲ⣬ӳ
ˮݶӣפشٽˮԴСϪխӣ֪Ѿߵ˲ıԵƽߣȴ⿴ȽϤӰСӲС
Ӧ˵һȽϤһǳϤ
.ǶͲľ̩ĸ
ϡ˼йŮ⡭ʰɣ
ƽԭأĺͰ֮ıܣ룬Ͳľ̩Ľ̸˵ʲôӦġ
ǰЯǰУƲνܣƽһЩҰʷԣ֮ǰԵһЩദϸҲͻȻ֡
ǰƶߵ·ϣͲľ̩ǲݶУǰϰԼȥʱʱҲ϶ԭżȻ
ƽ
ĽŮ֣ǰǲܴǰС˽ᣬ̸ԭֻһֻ
ǣ
ƽתͷߣ
һǻΪı֮飬ûߴ·һ·Ѱ˷дǵ֮
ϯûǺȵ໥ٱ̫ҲЩ⡣
ƽһƨԱ£ȫ˼Ͷ΢ȵĿ⣬ɣ
һƣлл
СѾ˵İһˮ
̫һ·ҡҡλε߹СӵҪǵ΢Ҳˡ
ǲܸģ̫Թϱŭ
ʲôȥ˯
ƽ
ƽGϡ
ллˣ
.
ȶϰڽ˿ǣ˶Ծ֣ڳһɨͻȻƽˣһۣ˲ͬʱһ١
Ӷˣ̫ɱǰɣ
˦Ĳ
ǽ㿴úӵ𣡡
ϰһɨһ߻ӦΪżٶˣ
ʲôʱ˵ˣôƽã
ǲǽˣҽ˭ˣǵðƽһ˿סġ
ҲƽôС
ߣԽԽ벻ˡ
úúҲߣƽˣҿô󺹺ͽ㽻

˷䣬ͲΪٴһܣʵûӡˣֻǵðƽһˣȫǵŮ߰ݡ
ڶÿҪʱͻȻȺмһ˵СվǰĿİ
ոǸ˵ȥ˯ˣǺú棬
첻ʶСϰʶձ֣ùԼ塣
ʱ˵ƽԼȥˣϰѾһͻȻ뵽ʲôһ
ϵ·
ϰСڲﳤʱǨλûҲҪƼȦƽǴ߹һΣѵʶȥ·ˣ
ϰ˶һۣȻҲѾ뵽˻
ȥң
˼Ⱥ̳ʱķȥǴϢСҲϸȥ
Ҹһ𣡡
ƽȻϵ·ֵ֪ĵطڣ˳Żҵֱȥ˯ԶϰȻʱ·Ҳ
һ·ûҵˣϰԽԽҴܻϣҲ˲У
ˣƽˣ
̬컺˿һһѸղŷʵ棬
󺹣ҺϰղŰǱȥ棬Ƕȥˤûһ̧ͷûٿƽӰˣǵĴ֮ٷܲȷЩȥƽ
˰綪£֪ôСڲҲ߲Զկɣջ
һͽϯڵվ
ƣ죬ôҶȥң
ŵҲȻվһƬºȵվվˣҲ˵ҪһͬȥѰС硣
ȺȵģȻǺӵװ̫
̫կɣ˳㰲ĵһĵܵܺСӣ
ûµģƽողǲŹˣѾŮȥˣģȥ￴ǡ
ϰܵһѾãƽһǰԼԱҪƺȣԼ򷢻ȥˣŮţӦѾ˯ˡ
ʶ̫˵Ļȣ˳ͨ˸ոƽΪʲôԳ֣ԭǱ˾˴ȥ棬֪ôһܻˡ
կɣң̫һ˵ȷʵǸողżƽôӦòֶˣ£
ԣʲôˡ
Ҫ²ƽˣկɣĿڸոոŶϰܹǸСϣ
ܣ󺹺ʮү
Сеģе㶶ܻĸߡ
֮ǰƶߴںͻ̫˵ԼŮկɣҲڷѡʮүʮүΪڿƶǣԵȻǼõġ
һЦ
ǷѾˣͦԵֵġ
ƶߴҲŸֱͣЩֱӾѯʶ죬˵ŻѴǰƣ
ʮүͬÿɻ𣿡
ԭز֪ηӦʵûκ׼ŻΪƽżôͻȻ͵Ե棿
죬ղҲƽˣйС֡
ʵûǸ飬׸粻ڣһʱͰȵĿͶ˻̫
е˼̫ԣװҲѣ̫ЦߴƮƮӹѵ
ദӻţһʱǷˣЩȥϢɡ
ǣܸˣ
ɴ⣬ˡ
ϯ֮󣬿ƶߴկɣʹ˸ɫʾȴӻ̫ͻƣʵ飬͵˵־ϵҪ³ɣҪ̫ͷźá
ֲȢ˼ҵŮƤЩҲ޷ҪŮȥﻹϸš
οŻ̫˼Ҳ˵ĺȷˣܲܳɻҪպദկɣθұƵʶֻǷ΢ҡҡͷܾ˿ƶߴ
ŮһĶʡģŮӲңƶߴҪԼվ
󺹡
ûȿƶߴǰѯʣ̫ȿ˿ڣȫûע⵽ԱֹĿƶߴ
ɫ磬ҲЩˣʧˣλΣ
ѯկɣ͵½ǵ˼ʵϾ˵̫ˣ˶ʶȤ׷׵ͷͣҡվ
Ϊˣ룬
ʹ󺹣
̫ڰϯǰܵٴξٱ
ؾ񣬽ҹѵãλ£лկɣպͿƶߵĿλһ
оƣ̫ɴһչʾп룬λĽкȥĻᶼûƶߴ
ƶߴɫѿǿЦźһָͣһȦɫ̺ۡ
к֣ǰԸ˰̫·ūϯɢֱŻ̫ȥܵҲİŮˡ


43 
·ūͷǰ沽ĴҴ, ͣһǰ̫δ, ƿӴ,
һءȣô㣿
Լеˣ̫ŷӦ, ʢ, էȻƶߣūǲ֪, 쵽󸣽ܵﵹҲпԭ, ûǰ˵
谵ӦѾ˯, Աź, ̫ͻȻЩæҵĴӵѹ
ֹ̧̫ס, Ҳͬѹ
˯ˣ
ȻͷϿһۣ,
ǣ˺úȻ·;ۣ˯ˡ
ãúź, ܶϢ, ǧҪΪ·, 塣
ֻǱū, ̫ͲȵĻͷתҪ뿪ԭ˯ŵȴͻȻ۾
󺹣
Щ΢⣬ȻǸմоѣ̫ĽŲס
ܣˡ
ȻѾˣȻǲת뿪ǻ̫ߴ£
˵һ·ۣôãҲãǱĴ󸣽˵Ҫ󹬣Ҫ˼
ܱȷڴͷЦţڻ̫Сϣ
л󺹹ػްġ
ԴӺ󣬻̫ѾòԼˣյƶߺԼͻȻԼǲΪͶȻ뷽跨Ҫ
ʱˣ󺹱ЪϢɣΪ󺹿¡
ȥ⿪̿۵ֱᵫֹס̫סرȻº͵Цţһޱӣ
ͷ㣬ȫǾձ㲻ˡ
ܵĿһ˲ָֻܿ˷ŵĶׯᣬ
ҲãӲãź򲻺ô󺹣Ǵ͡
⻰Ȼǿȣɴ˾Ҳ͸Щ⣬Ѱܸð䣬̫˳ܵ˼˵ֻЦ
ɫúϢͲˡ
Ŷˣ
̫Ѿ߳ͻȻʲôת
·ţ׹˼Լ壬˰ֵһЩҪôһλͣ¶ԼˣȥͿˡ
ƵϣǴȤһЦŵ
ߣҪСչҸʲô©Ψʡ
⻰ЩˣǲЦ̹±ģ
󺹷ģūűضľź򸣽а©
бڴͷ䴽һЦ
ȵС󺹺οŻء
ɲŻūź򲻺ãҲʲô©ǻǣ㣬ôһ죬
ڿɾˡ
㵽ֹ̫ȻЦţºרעĿܣ·һλΪɷ
ˣˣúЪϢ
£һ͵΢磬͸ӳϵĹӰ̫ܿ뿪Ӱʼգɷ򶼲Ļһͷ
ƶףıտʲͼԶ־Ļϲļ޸̫ʱ㰵¾ģҪΪŮˡ
ƶ̲뵱겢޶£ת۾ȻѾȥô̫꣬ӸյĺԼȴǹ·ˡ
ԭ׸ģԭˡ
ܿڴͷãȻճյЦҲ֪Цʲô
÷·ܱһ紵ɢˣ˵
ȣưˣȴһҲϣҶˣҲԸ࿴һۡ
޴룬ʧӣ
񡭡
ûԽЦԽ𽥵ЦôĵزǺţ
Ұ£һûҪҰѹȨȥأȨԭѾ˺һ룬ʣһҲҪȥǧϴ󸣽λãͷһգΪ˼¡
ȼò֪Ǻã˳űȰ˵Լ֪˵Ĳ԰
ǧҪ˵󺹰顣
᣿

̴ܶٵЦһ
ҪҰȨȥǸ˭
ѡ룬ȲϻۣҲ֪еλܵ˭̫Ǹ˭
˺黹˭أ
л̫ĳ谮С磬̫Ϊı޲ðһ͵ǰοһϽȨ
̫ͲúԶվԼߣǸΨһĴ󸣽ͬͬѨﻹݵ±Ů˷ֺ
ƿԣ
񡭡
ܰڰ֣ʾȲٰԼ˳Ϣ֧壬
˵ҪСģ˵㣬ҲأҪҲҪΪȨЩе˼ʵʵĽȥ
⻰һȶñ飬
ôܻڿƶ߾ͶˣҲ̫
ôܣ飬ʲôء
Щ˵ÿһֶܵģ
ƶ߶˵棬ǣƣû˿ƶ߻ɹŲ䣬̫ǣοûңλѵͬԶҲǰͲðɡ
޽ʢô̫꣬İͬˮлӰüȴղסԭģʧȥȨʧȥ˴󸣽λãʣЩʲôأ
͵ðθһ˲ųĿĹԣһĲˣ
ƫ֣
.
ոУ
ȥľ̩ûллҪͬѰȥ˲ľ̩ȴ˿ա
ȻڻԼ·˻̫·һƣЦʵ
ǴŲǴϡ
̫Ц֣
ֲϵһߣ·Ҳˡ
𣿡
̲סЦûȤ
ѩ;ôסˣ
Ǻ̫Լ˵ǵһʱĳһ仰ʵҲܷڵ龰óȤԼҲúЦĲˣ˵ͷ̫Цͣ
ۣ벻˺üԡ
̫ҲЦЯȥ
Ѿǵܽˣ˲ʮŻ̫һǰͣ£ת
꣬СƽѾ˯ˡ
̫ϵסԼ졣
ղųȥǰ˸ŮƽóֽţӦѾˣֻƽںߺǱ˺˯ò̫ȡ
Ŷӵĺƽȣȫûע⵽Ա߻̫Ŀ⡣
ǵȺ°ƽҴñǣ㿴̫һһԹž⿪ʼԼˣ۾ЦȴϷʣ
ͬƽһ㣬ܸ§˯˰գ
飺ƽףˣ
⡰ܸáǲ֪Ӻ˵ƽСţ΢˵ͻԼ˯ȫûúٹģο̫ԼԱߣйƽ
ƽһţ飬ȷʵǻСӵζ̫Ȼһ̾𣬲ˣ˷մû㣬Ҳǿ㡣
ǣʲôɱȵģɲɰ
ԣ޸̫ǰҲλеĻη壬Լˣ̫ǰ˺Լǰס
ȻؿɿɷĲĺǿ󵽿ԶҲżԴףżɣЦŸˣͺеѰ޷ֺ
𿴻̫װһһҪе׵ӣʵҲЩȣʱſڴһ΢ͳľݡ
˭棿
ƿһ϶һͷֻԴϵĻͦˣ
ף˸ôҲˣ
̫
ҵĺõܵܣҺϯȴǺһޡ
վ棬
ôˣʲô𣿡
Լ˼룬ܾһϿƽص񲻰ģԼŪˡ
һµִӴˣԿһ۲ŰģŲһ̫
ƽȷǻǰɣ
̫š
Ķֶģ̫ôܲôһССԸ
أȥƽñӹ͹ͣ컳
㱧߰ɣ
կɣŵĲ͸ƽԼһںʮסˡ
ҲŴͶѯʵĿͷǿЦ
Ǿʮүչƽˡ
ֻȷһ£ȴƽ޹ʶ˸ӵ񣬶
˭ĺӰѵ
챧ƽתߣȴ̫ס
ˣûȥ𣿡
Ķ֪ûл˵׼ĸ깺Ͳľ̩Գء
Ӹ²ܸɣҪȰȥйӦ
˻ˣҸѾ˯ˣʹƽȥ˯ˣ˸ҲЩЪϢ
û˵꣬ѾƽҲƵˡ


44 
ÿƶǴ, ⼸յҹᣬڽĹҲ½ãƶ, ʮ֡
ֻȻ¡, , ƽЩˣСβһڶϰ, Ѿֲֹһεļ˽ĶͲľ̩
һʼĴʧɫľֹˮ˶Ĭװ, ĿбӵĴ߹ȥ
ϰȻˤӱм飬ҪȥƽͺͶڳ⿴, ȶ, ֧°, ǳһһ̾
죺, ƽ˵ҸǲǷ, 󺹷ˡ
ƽǰ, ɸô찡
Ͷ첻ͬĵǲľ̩ĸ, ô˵Ҳǻֵ̫ܣ·󶥶౻һ, ߹ؼ°ˡ
ɲľ̩Ѽ֮ںܲܳ, ϾǴ󺹵Ů, ˽, ׷ɱȶΣյöࡣ
˿ˤӵϰңһ¸ոͲľ̩ķĬһ̾

磯ĸͷۡ
Եֽסûв͸ǽƽû뵽ֽûմǽһֵܵסʱ̲ס˾ȻǶ
Ůڸ԰࣬˵ʮүʮүҪѡ󸣽Я޴Ůǰᣬʮ꣬޲øѧ·Ůˡ
λ̫ͬϵ׽պȻǰ;ǲɶõĳ
կɣȼټ޶ŮƶĮɹռʵĲݳλˮǴߣɲȫ̫λô
ܵԭ֣λ۵ǵĸˡ
˼Ѿˣ̫֮ҲΣĿתܵܣʱȽǸ
Σ
Ի̫ʳƽͶһֱŵĶŶһ˵ϲǲľ̩
ʲôʲôֱĿбӵߵ룬ֱӻ̫ݼᶨ
󺹣֮ˣ
ǡ
еúܶҲ˿⼴ڵƽʵǲϸȥ
ȶѿڶǸ֣ȥڶǰٵ
ʮ˵˶˼˵ڣ˽˵
˵С޻ߣվ˿ӣһͣ˵һ仰İҲûȷʵ˼Ľ
һһĸûΪذ˰ʢ͹вٲμӹ˰ģĴС³⺢ӵݣЦŶ
˰ԲӣһңʲôǲܵŴһ˵ģ
ƽҡҡͷһĵ
ʮȻӢ²˰ɣȽ׺ߣô˵棬˼˵ѽ

ҾҪӣδҪأôһ˵һ⣬Ը޸ô죿
СӵãֻҪ̫֣ƽģĳŸղ˵Ǹһ
Ҳ˵һңȻһˣοΪʮأλ岮Ҹӣ˽˵ɡ
ôСģҾôҲգ۾Ϊɰ
˵İֲɫضһ㶣Ц
úúã˰磬ʮүȻߣǰ˰Ǵϻۻ顢Ʊأ
ôСʲôӣֻʵǺ̬䣬ôһﻹܹ˼ǵŮӵ˭ΪƽһĺЦ
ɫضЦ׵Ļ̫ٱ
󺹱˰ɣЩ岮Ӧ˰˰磬ٲʿԵǲˣ
һʱ䳡ϳ˿Ŀ̫һҲЦ
ãǱж˽˵̸֮
򲢷һʱ嶯Ҳȷʵ˼ǣֻվ·ǱѰ˵»û̫쿴ЦԼͲľ̩ϣã
ûƽͻȻ˵Լﻢ£ͷÿƽͶƴĸʹɫ̻Ĺ
л󺹣
һ粨ΣƽԼλһʵ
ʮүߣʮүأ
ƽһʱ׼ȥٰһ
죿
첻죬˿ȱƻ̧ͷҲľʹص
쵹ǲߣǶŤ󣬾ǵĹҲǣ
٩ĶȰյĺܺã϶ʱֺȻһЦ̫Ǻһ£Ц̲סƫͷ˹ȥ
üһܳʦˣ
ͶĿ⣬ƽ˸Ĵָ
.
ɢ˵ʲôȽĻ⣬ǺߵĶڶһ͵ڻ̫ǰ
Ѽĳţȥ³¯Ⱥƽһ
ʮ壬ô簡
Щ̫Եڣ֪Ƿһҹû˯
նлƽ
ȥ˲óˣƽû˵꣬СƵļѸٵ
ѽʲôʮͣ
͡ʲô˼
ƽܿıӰоԼֶЩġ
ƽԼ˵ЩһСģ⣬ǲľ̩Ѿǵ¸˽㣬鸣ҲڰаԼ
һ΢
󺹣󣡡

ʵⲢѣѵϢȴŻ̫
Ҫ˵ڵѵ⣬ͷҿ峿ˬгһȺ
̫ڴϣĺͬҲԳλߵѹЦЦ
ϯϾ˵˰ɣ
ȷʵģʱֻܵͷӦǣͲܿԼʹ졣
ֳ̫Ŷͷ΢ۣͬ治
ƽﻢµľǹˡ
Щճ嶯Ҳˣͷ͵ø
֪
ǳõĳĬľ̩ŵ߽񣬺Ͷվһʮ޽ʢСѾˣȶӻЩ
ͬమ󺹳ȫ
Ըأ
̫ˣɲŮò£Ҳǰúܣ
Ǳĸȴͱĵܵ˽ܣù³ȫǷҲ̫߹Ķˣ
ľ̩֮ǰԵĻ̫һֱԻƢõģȻܼҲûж˵ػǰǴӲܻԺϲ
̫ǰδɷԾӣĽ򣬽ȴͻȻдһŪЩһͷˮϸʵ
Ҳ󺹵ĸͬ󺹲δ
֪Ҫ˵Ļʲô̫һϣȻ࣬
Ȼ޽ȻǸ
ľ̩ãȻգգ۾֮ͬǰ˵õĲһ֪λػˡ
Ѳľ̩קǸƣ
󺹲ҪΪѲľ̩𣬶Ըһ˳е
Ŷ
󴦴΢ǣУǺĳӣȻʾԼ̫֡
̫׽ס֣ģʹɫԾɰڳǸβӣ
е
򲢲֪ܵ𷣣ѾǷǲľ̩Ȣܷƴ̫ҲҪȡ
֪ܲһ𣬳ܶԸе
ͬ⣬ΣŲľ̩Զ߸߷ɣǴƹ
̫ʣֱʵƿԣԶ߸߷ɿ϶УƹǷˡ
֧֧ᣬڱһ䣬
˸磬ˡ
̫ûסԼǣ۾ʵǱﲻסˣЦüס˻̫һ£
ˡ

µһԶСԧãȻ̧ͷֻδסЦ⣬̫ȴ
͵͵ʲôӣ
Ĳľ̩ȻҪú飬ڴ֮ǰҪȴһ͵СζһһƮֲ͵
˻ƽæõӦ
ϣ
¾һǰĸ̫һ

̫
С㻹Ĺ
СһԵͣʳЦԣ
ٺ٣㷢
ԳԷ󣬻ѧ컬̫࣬治֪˵ʲôãﱻһȺ󣬰û˵ڵĻҲ˻ȥ
ƽϣȻڵſ佱
ɣڻģء
ﱧһֽһ󣬹һ˱ˣͬҲһ
Ͷȳ԰˾Ͳóˡ
ź˰ƽԼĵط£ڵĵ
ˣɡ
̫
СԱһⷹһϿԣ˵ʲô
޴ӷй̧̫ͷſڵˣϰͷūģһһ̣Ӳվſڡ
ã̽
˸磬̲裬ϰͲ裬һˣܲȽȥѶٹ
ƽŷĶѧѾסˣ
̫
һģǸƽѧõİ
תͷٿԱߵƽС˲棬òˣߣװģĵͷҲΣ
ˣƽҲûʲôõѧ̫תߣٴҵġ
˵жҷӿԥãҲֻʣ
֪
̫Ƴһۣ
ȻأòߣֲˣϹӡ
Ƽϵߺ֮ɫֺЦһ
ֻû뵽ạ̊́ͦܵôꡣ
ϴƶӭ֮ʱʶŻüĿ飬˽ҲŴᣬΪ˶þͻᰴͲסû뵽ƽᵷˣǲ̲ס
ľ̩΢
ǡټ޶ˣ
̫ڵͷ
ȻԲüءľ̩ݡ
Ϊʲô
ޣǲľ̩ݼޣʲô
ãȻһ̧ͷ̫
Ϊǿƶߵӣ
̫Щɸֵ˼
¼ֲʲô£㲻Ĵ󸣽ˣ
ȻģֻǱֱ̫ӵ˵˳вľ̩ˡ
еĸ¼޸Ӳ£ֻ˾Ȼʾ˺ٳ裬Ů˵ȴһ¡
̫΢΢ɫ
Ͼǹ¶Բס㣬㵱ӿƶߴĲƲļױٴ˽ΪһҲЩ
̫Ȣƶ߹ŮһʼҪľǺ飬ֻկɣŮȴǲľ̩
̫ڴ鷿
죬ʮδѵŮӦպ֮ˣʱԼȥԲסľ̩
ʶЩ겼ľ̩̹ͬټʱҲе
ױѾȥˣ滹Ҫţ̫ϰ
Щ챾ȥ㰢ͬ顣
̫ĵҲǽ£ϰæĵͷ
˵ͷ̫ʱΪ֮ĽչҲ̫˳ˣЩӦվһԣСѣ
Ÿʲôл
ˣ֮ǰһϰˣΨжš
ˣ
̫һɵܵܣֵһݸԱ߳ҭ˵ƽ
˼飬гЧ궬УҲȥѧø


45 
էȻ̫ԼĵܵܺԼĸ, կɣΪԼĶ仵ˣŸλˣɻظһ,
ʮүͲľ̩
կɣڵĳЩ, ľ̩Ѿ޽˺ôѾȥô, ȴͻȻҪļ޸ʮıأ
ĪΪʲô¿˻̫˰գ
뵽һæ
, ľ̩ףСڲԭҰû, ҲǶн, Ϊʲôµ˴󺹣Ҳ뿴ڿƶߵıϣԿպұضúùܽ, ٷ´¡
˵ţȻҪ̫
կɣ, ̫ڰ, ֹס룬
կɣն, ǶͶ, ֻǳ֮ˡ
һվԱ߲˵ĶˣЦŵ,
ѾӦ, ˷ǰֻƶ, ľ̩ԸԸ⽫޸ȫƾկɣᡣ
կɣɫĻֿ̫³ʹɫŮЩŰɣ
棿
Ȼ棬һԾŶο˵ѻڲƭˡ
̫ɫ׽̽ŮԸ⣬Ҳͬ⣬ʮү䣬ûɲӦկɣԥԥĵͷ
կɣͬ⣬ֵ̫
˷һ£ľ̩Լԭݼ޽ʮıոδ˷ֶߣҲҪͬϹϵ
̫ݵҪ󲻽ΪԼӣغƶߵӣΪƶ߿ǣΪľ̩ǣկɣмȻ顣
ֻǣԶãҪƶߵ׽ϵʵЩͷʹ
죬òľ̩ΪƶߴĴŮ꣬ƶߴټ޺ԭŮٶһҲעĿ
Ϥľ̩òԵҲղѾ֣ݣҲ˵ʲô
ô˸Ժ̶ٿҲҪ꿪ˡ
֮ǲľ̩Ͷկɣպһ̫ͣһյĺȲ迴Ϸ
ƽŻ飬ҲǱ׾֧֧࣬ᣬֻһζ˵Ժ˼ŮãëͷСˡ
̫һֻЩǰΪȤȥͺһȥԭɢ
վ
ûµĻȻȥˡ
Դ
ٵ뿪ǰľ̩µ⣬
޸ʮүеĲľ̩ô죿
ݣžݻôľ̩鵹Ϊȫ
̫Ц
صǣƲܲˣʱˣǽãľ̩ĺۼԲ֪ĨȥֻҪϧС֡

ϧϧ
ľ̩æ֣̫ȫѾõİ취ˡ
æҵĲ֪Ҫ̫ʲôֳ˿ƶߴ޵Ů븣Դ󺹵ʽͬ
󣬲ľ̩ϥ˸Ϊƶ߸Ϊ¡صĴ
л󺹡
̫ЦЦû˵ʲôתȥɫƮɫӶײ¶һε죬Ƶĺó⡣
ľ̩Ŷ˶һ˲ǧͻȻӵһ
л̫ȫܹǰӵ
.
صϤĵطԭ羰׳Դ̫뿪ܵһձռãȻװҲԲûִ̫αء
ƶߴնŮЩܵƷһԵȫ˳ܵЩѪɫЦ
Ѷô˲Ѫ࣬ź÷ġ
һѾڿƶߴ˽ʮգƼѾã̫Ϊģ²ڿƶ߾ͣܿ뿪ǰƶߴܷġ
ֱۣСʱ
ҳȥɢɢİɡ
ֻǲڲ丽תתƻʱһвֵʱȥԵ˶ˣǣƥȺڲﴩС
ǱˣŮ֧׼̣ܺͿƶߴһ·ʺ
һ޼ʵĲԭϣؿԶεֱɴʱ֣Ϧ̲һɫĺԵĹ⣬紵źӱ߿һɢĻ
õľɫȻܰװ˷ȥ̫ͺһ֣ÿڲԭĿĵҹ䣬˱ϦƬ˴ŵİڡ
ƽɫСʢûдͶ칲һԶԶ󣬾ǰš
ǰ¾ãȴнɿڲԭϷ۵糸
Ҫʹʹڲԭʹ
ƽףһɵȻ֮ɫǲԭϷһڷ磬뿪ںһٿ㡣
ԽԽ̼ͺñ쭳ѪҺ˷ܵĿУڶߺХʢ˦󣬳еߣûë
ԭ׳ڲ࣬ѵϾʱ̣ľɫٶҲǲ԰ף䡣
̫ƫͷ飬Զ޼ʵĲԭֻ㷳ŽԿԺһܾɢȻȥ
ƽżпԼǺţ̵ĸĸڶס˻ǰĿ϶̧ͷһ
룬װ磡
ɲǹװôյķǰУɫͶһʵĹ⣬Ӱϳһ־ĶǵУֻϧʱûлʦܽһԶ档
죬ҡҡͷ
ʮ壬˵ҰͶǻں
𣿡
αȡ裬⻰
Ȼǹ˲ϵġ
綼ȥͲľ̸̩˵׵ܵ׵Ժˣ󺹺ͺ鵱Ȼ˲ƽ⺢ӾǸġ
СӼҼҵģЩ
ɿֱӶޣ
ݣ
ûû˰Լȥɣ
.
紵ݷ˻ķ粻֪ʱת˷ζ˵ƥе̲Գһֻм
ëɫӷƣëĩͺڣ״ȴȹҪ׳Ķ̧࣬ͷ¶һ˫ֻɫĺ۾
ǲԭǣ
֪䣬ǾȻ˱ʮֻԭΧɵİΧȦǱȻƣͷһԾ׵ıǾĺ飡
Сģ
ΣԾͷѾߣ˲ðε࿹̫Ŀѣ˵ǰסȺ
ͷӥ£঵Ƴա
Ȼһסͷȴÿ̫תͷѺԼ󣬶ǰԾȮŭţһҧ̫
ϱûʲôṦ̫ͷǣһһŹ䵽ϣڰ˸ߵĲݵϹѹһƬݡ
ԶԶȺΧסĶˣһֻûһ˫̷ɵߣһڣ
죡ȥæ
ǾԶӪȲΨͷĺ΢Щô
̫ӥצ˫צץͷǵĺ󱳼Σͷǳʹͷ­
̫˻𣬴ѥаγذһͷǵĲ
ֻӥǰӹݹĵ̫һն˹ǵһǰȡ
ǰ֫ǲȥʹڲݵϰһѪЩɵ˼
̫Ҳ˻غߣֹסĶ
û£
˵Ⱥױɥʧ־һɢȺ͵ĲͷǣȻǼֻԴ󷢵ĸǡ
ȺΧúܽĴǣ̤㣬ԭúеļƻ˿գֻ̫ΪܣǸһξ롣
űֱ۲ûбͷ˺һƤ⣬Ǳҧۣ˵΢һĵۣѪ˳ֱ£ڲݵϣѪζȺԡ
ȺͺųȮӲצ繳죯·ᱡ̫һȻԲѪɫ·Щ˺Ŀȴƭˡ
벿ôĵط˵Ⱥ֣οʱҲԡ
̫ü⼸ֻǳֵΣԱǸõʳĿ꣬ϣȺΧź鲻š
û̫ЩţȺҲЩʱȽߺųȺ
˸㣡
ƽף첻ܷԴϣֱûбȽϳֵı˼ȥΨнƥ
ܶȺ֮еĶЩ
§ƽ³ȺİΧȺ΢һң̫ûںһǡ
ƥѱǳʹ͵Ⱥǰûʹ㣬ܲ˵ǰ㣬ƥһ˻ųȥԶԶȺ˦
ɫ̫һǱصһƬ
կɣѶѪͺմȾǵѪپǰһڣ
ô£ȥҽ
̫һסֱϱݺݶ˿ڣָڲӿѪ˰ϴȵ
סƥûбκ˲ýӽٽоḻԻ


46 
ҽͷ, ﻹ˵񣬼ǱƺϰקϽ˻̫
̫ϰ࣯㣬ֱѪģ˿, 米ҲмƤĻˣҾƳϴ˿, ϲԭƵӦǶҩۡ
կɣվһ, ЩѪģ˿ڶΪ, ҽմ˿ڣ㼱סѯ,
, ϵ˿д󰭣
ҽҡͷ
ģҩӦǶҩ˺֮ǰҪˮĪ˿ڣ󺹼米ϵ˶ǲµģǡΨֱһҧЩء
կɣһ
ǸΣ
̫ΰ֮, ʯӲ, ڿƶ˵˳ֱֹ, ƶ߿¶Ѵ̡
۱ҧ, Щ˵˽, ˺֮ǰܿպ᲻Ӱж
˵ҽ̧ͷһۻ̫ɫּæͷȥ, ̲,
ֻҪ, Щǵ̲֮Ҳûд󰭵ġ
ĻҪ˵ҽ˵ûд󰭣ӦҲžųɰգֻ˼̫ݣҰѻ˵̫
̫֪Щ˵ڵĻ漴תοկɣ
ЩСˣȻҽ˵˲£կɣҲ𣬵֮ҪȲΪʲôֻΧź
˵̫˵Ϣ˴ҴҸվһ֮ɫƶߴȴЩ겻ᡣ
ȻǶҩҩ۷ȥ˿ڶʱֹסѪ̫ҽΪԼ˿ڲϲĿ⽫˴ԴһЦ
˵˲£ҲضΧˣ΢һ£Ժȥƥ
Χȥָڻ̫Ѿõ˿棬Ҵʵ
𣿡
гĬãֻ˵ĺֱͨһ˫ۿһ顣
̫ȴͻȻЦֻû˵ȥ飬Լԣʮָգ
ҷ룬˵ۻǲۣ˵۸ԵóҵӢţ˵ܻңô˵̫
鲻֪ΪʲôʱȻ¿Цõˮŵˮ䣬䦿һƬɫ
֮Ϊվ
̫ʱֹסĻЩ٩ζ
ţ˵Ǿͷ˺֮ǰչҡ
Ⱥ֮л̫ܲէȻЩѪģ˿ڣһͣŷۡ
һֱ֪ԼԵȴûһʹ޹ԼԭЩŮһͬ칭εվߡ
㲻սҲܱԼ
ĪˣҪˮˣ
̫ȥˮΣǳ磬

Σʱ̶ܱİŮӣҪЩʲôûˣұˡ
ǿ׳Ҳãս϶δƽʲô˯һͺˡ
ɵĻ鿴ȫѸղҽĻ˶Է磬ŵ׽סֱۣҶ
̫Ц㣬˳ƽ§Լ˼ϵˣ鲢ٶ˾ӵһ
Ĭã̫°͵źķͻȻ̹ϵ
ˣûˡ
ʱҲûڲԭԹǣʢʱֿȭ޲
ֻǳźҧʱ̫ĺˣʲôҲ˲ãֻԼ󣬲˵ֺ
ˣǳ촹Ĵҡ
ҳһţϵ·մѪ˲û̫Ϊ˷ˣϰûѣ¿źЦ
ȻѣΪԺһȥƥ
.
֪˿ѪȣСӿƽûиȥֱĶƥκ˿һ
ʮ壬
ƽЩزǰ޶ڶ԰ڱסĹ۹⳵ԶԶһۣۼˣҲûʲôʵС
ǲʣ淢Լߣһ㶼棬Щˣ
Ұ겻°ɡ
㣬ܵʲôսϵۣɱ⼸ƥö࡭
һ٣Ȼɣȴе׼̫Щսϵս־Լˡ
ܱͷˣ̫Ҳˣնİοƽ˳Ҳ˵Լ
㰢أĪ£
ε˿ѾѪѪҺѩ׵ëѿһʺ죬ЩǰٵأͣĴǡ
ƽͷλã
ʮ壬ﻹǾò̤ʵҪһȥɡ
˵ҵȥҵû£㿴Ѫģ˿ڣجΡ
һƽԲԿǣ
ٵһɣղ㰢˵ÿסƥ⣬һŷЩ
䣬̧ͷһƣӹĴչҲҪһľ룬ԼƽСŲǰ⼸ôҪǣ
쵱һȣ
ʲôģ
ղŶƽţչļ˿ûпһһѾǣסֶˡ
ͷģ˷Ӧܿ죬̵ͷسŶЦ
ʮүǿŰɣСҲܾˣȥϢһɡ
ǵãүû£СҲû¡
Щ˲ϤҲֻǻ̫µģ׸ǣС
ڿƶ߳ģǴʢģδ
ԭί֮ǰôܰƥ׵Ľƶߵˡ
˺ԶһЩ
˵Ǽ˵ҲûǿЦӦ˼
ֻҪ˴սͺãתͻȻоƽӣȥƽ
ʮ壬סǡ
ƽ˵ʱһֱע⼸˵ΪǸͷĺͶ˵˻ģĵȥϲ˴̤㿪ˡ
ҹѣƥֶǿƶߵģͬƽĶ߷
Ҿһˣôѽ
ۿżתҪ뿪ֲãƽϣ
Ǽߣ棡
û˵ָʹĻ˵ҲûΪ׵ǸЦ
˰磬ǼֱŵģǻȥмŮū㰢档
УҪǣ
ƽһ˵һ߶Ŷʹɫյźţæǻ
ԣ˰ģ˰ôô棬ּۻ۵ķݶ
ƽͶվһ࣬⼸ƶߵվһ࣬ƥ֪ǱʲôıİȻγһ΢ĽָС
վŲǼǣҲվŲϵЦȥٳٶ۴ʱҲԾˡ
ֻǡƶ⵽ʲô˼
̫ڿƶˣԭδ֮£ǾȻ֪Ҫǣʲôطȥ
ӣ
ǽշ֮·կɣģ
ĵƽƵ
͸Ͻܣһߺһܣ㰢ȥһ·κ˶Ҫš
ڻûȶԷڽ֮ʣϰԶܹԶ
ԭҺң
ܵߣɫȫ쳣
󺹺Ͱһ͹á
ɫɫĺһϰ룬ǰļ̧̧°ͣ
ʶ𣿡
˭
ϰ˳Ŷָķȥ⼸˺죬ǿƶߴߵˣ־òǣЩԥ
ǡߵôˣ
ϰΪ׵˴ż߹ĽӲɳЦ
ǣ˵ϿЩ쳣ֵܼĺ֣ǹſǷϳײʮүʮүЩᡣ
ϰͷ
ŶҲվԶЩȻʲôһʹ󺹽
˵̫կɣѾ˽ǰŶ˲룬ӿ룬һȺ˴Χס
̫ˣҲ̤ʵЩٽĶſƶ߼˵ĶֻͷһƣﻹƽӰӡ
ƽܻߣսһԶľ룬ϸϸŻ̫תȦ˿
ûκ쳣Ҳ˲Ȼϻһ㵭ѪҲûɫ԰ףƽģ治
ɵЩ̤ʵıҲ̫ԣ̫΢ȣ
ǣСһ
ͷᵽֱôСĵĸо̫ľ棬һƽԴĵĽһ䣬
û£Ƕȥ
.
˳վм䣬˶ӾĽƣѵһʪɫ
ԭǼûһƥȥʳŻ̫õǰƥš
ܲǿƥС۸ɡ
Ⱥ̫˽ⲻȥѯԱկɣļԻ
ڲʳʱƫƫƢ˳ĸǰ
ȻţʵԼҲòܣԻͬҡͷ
󺹣Ⱥϲʳ䵥Ұĸߴ㽡׳ģǵѩʵҲʳʱ򣬿¶ðһԣ֮ȷʵЩ֡
ʱѾԸǽˣҲû̫ڲܵȺʵЩ˼
ܻȺ͵ԣǵʳҰûܣȺû˵ġ
ģ̫ϵҧҲȷʵȺΪ⵹סˣȻƽ˹ʵǰﲻʲôæ
ã֪ˣл
ȻⲻǳϣǾ⣬̫ͷĿƻذϡ
Ըϵжһһ鿴ûüſڣͻȻקӣƽ롣
ǻ̫ȵͷ뿴СһʲôҪ˵
ƽСĵıܿ˻̫˵ֱֻۣקұߵڣᣬ
꣬

ȻˣȻ֪ƽΪʲôͻȻ˵͵͵ģ̫Ǿ˵ûʲôټҲˡ
ûзԸκˣ̫Զ֣һƵϵİӡ
ڿһ˲䣬һЦ
ֲȺ˿ϱͿĨѪҺ֪˻ģڵײ׷µձ̺Ҳ֪ʲôʱ򻻳Ƥ
ΪٸԻȷһ²Լܶϣ̫ǿֻɫմȾŰ߰ѪƤë
̫ȻѾɽڵ컹ţѪײɰĺںɫȻܿʮԡ
̫תߣȻлֻ
ܿ˻Ѫ𣿡
կɣüֻͬԱߣѯǼԻ
ܿ𣿡
˺ѪҺʺɫģһְĺں죬û̫ķֱ𣬼ˮ
΢һ㣬ȥţֻȷ˵ѪѪ
̫óŵǰűüķƤë
ܿʲôƤ𣿡
ѾüʧȥԭḻԻһϳǵƤë
ëƤޣǵëƤйҲûгЩغɫӲëһЩĶë
Ƥ
ǣ
կɣ㵵ظһ飬
ôȥأ
ԭϵ˶֪飬˲޲ףǲԭǵĹʶ
̫˿ԸٿЩ
ЩͿĨȥѪҲѪɡ
ëƤǵģѪȻҲ룬Ի˴˶һۣͷ
ǲȳǣӴ˶٣ʹ󣬲زס˵˭Իһƥǣ˶ҪȥһӣԼƤҲܲ˷֡
֪˭̣ƤѪͿĨºˡ
ԭˣȵԵĳȺصѨһ̲ɣѭζҵǵټ
ҲǣŵѪ˵ζȴǵȻȺı
ȺѾ֪ڲǱ˶ãղץסᣬܲ˵ı


47 
, Ը˻ǴĺԼŮկɣŭɶζҪ̫̬,
󺹷ģҾһҳ, ã
Ҳܶ϶ЩǶԼģǶź飬̫կɣı֤Ҳֻǲÿɷ
Įɹ, û˻̫Ϳƶߵ˱Ȼҡ, ֵҲû룬ͼٶͳһɹ, , սɹ˵һ¡
Ĵֵһ·Ӵ, Ѿຣ磬һ·ƣڱ, زûоƶߵҡ
ÿǶƽڲ丽ˣԼ⻹ͷһθ, û뵽¡
ҿҲǽţִ˶죬ƽܰȻ, , ֪ΪΣܾÿƶߴɫ졣
Ըˡ
̫ü˼֮ʱ, ·ͻȻϤ, ,
ôˣ
Һʮʱм˹ģмɡ
ƽſڻ̫˵˵Сָͷȥָ
˵˵ôСʲô
ѵǱˣ
̫˳ָķһȻҲǿƶߴķ򣬲ƽ˼ӦָǼˡ
ܲˣȿҪְƽ
£˭ָء
ƽ𣡡
Բۣң
˵ǿ׳Ҳô׳ģôǸʮص̣ܹ˵ĵ˵סɢθС
Ϊ˸Ͻû̫ԼƽҲԥˣѸָ֣ſƶߴǼˣ
ǣղҪǣҾе֡
ӿ˵仰ʮֿƵڣ
˵ˣҷɣ
ǣ̫ûš
ô̸ż·ƵģûĹأû뵽ôСĺӻ֪ͦˣʱһůְƽЩ
̫ѯʣǼűƽָŵѾ̲סˣΪ׵˴ӿƶߴ
ʹǴɹæģŰ˰ˣǼ˴ֱŵģΨ˵˰˰磬ûдӦ˰˰粻죬Żᱻ˰ʻɣְֵܼ
ƽ⡣
Ҳû˵ǾְԼǲ΢Եе㲻̫أ
ʱƶߴȺ֮Уǲģ̫Ŀλãûдղ˵ˣʣ
Ȼ⼸Ǵ£Ǵô
ƶߴǿһЦ򶨵ĴȺ߳
ˣ⼸ȷʵҵ£ֵܼĺ֣ǹûб˶ֽţż鿴ƥҵĶ
˵ţɫһ䣬ż

ͼ󺹺Ͱ˰
ҲʮֹԾ˳ſƶߴĻ㵥ϥ¹ƽͻ̫
𣿡
̫ҲãṴ𴽽ǣ
ǼȻˣͽ⼸˽ɱðɡ

ƶߴɻĿѾ͹ˣ̫ôץסţ
Ųǡ
̫΢΢һЦ
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ȻȻūѣҪ͸󺹡
Ϊ˵Щ˵Ļ˼һۣ޵ѵ
ǼԺǴ󺹵ūˣ˵²ԭߣҪСЩ
仰֮䣬˵Ȼ˸ı䣬ͼ飬ֻǹĴͷ
ǡ
̫һֱǣɫƽ΢ЩЦ⣬·ֻǺƽƶߴ˼ūá
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߹վ̫ǰ񣬻̫˵ͷ˵߿ƶߴ
ȻѾǱūˣǱӦȨðɣ
ƶߴҲæͷ
Ȼȫƾ󺹴á
ã
̫ջߣ
ɱһɡ
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⼸˸Һܹܶ꣬Щģ󺹺ڴء
̫ƺܺƢĽ͵
ȻԶ֣ڿƶҲãûĵȥȻҪѡ򵥵İ취ˡ
ͷկɣһۣתſƶߴЦ
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һʱڳĿƶˣ˱죬կɣã֮𾪸ƶߴȫȻľ֣ϰҲһͷԡ
ƽգգ۾
Ŷף
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ڿƶ߹˵Լūɱ裬Ҳ֮һ仰ʲô϶ҲΪľҹЩū˵֮ǡ
սսĿͶ
ƶߴҲȫȻȻûа취
ūǾʿмҾ壬㣬ǰƶߴҲδʲôŵ
ΣʱܺһԼѡ񣬸οѾǿƶߴūˡ
ĵڲһ룬ջ𳤵ιգǱ۾Ҳ֪Ѿߡ
ͼͨ£˶ɸȴһԥҲûУڳĴ󺰵
һȫǿƶߴָʹҲǷ£ʵΰ
Űͼһ仰˵꣬ͻȻޱȰƶߴ㵵ĵ۾·𲻸ŰͼԼ
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һΪ飬ת֮ǾȻΪ˻ʳңǺĸΣ
·ڸ飬ƶߴžĩ˺ݺݵ
ʩµĽ̷˵ǶͣūʳӣҲԼ䲻䣬üΪǷµĴۣ
⻰һüҾв˿ſƶߴȻЩηηͼɫգ·ںԼʱһʱڿˡ
̫ȴûƶߴŰͼ
ǼȻѾ˱ҾȻҲˣָʹó֤ȻԻ
˻һͼʱ˶裬ڵϣƶߴԸǵĻһһʮĽµƤȡѪҹձ̺׮׮޾ϸ
֤Ͱǰ֮²ݵƶߴû˸ղѵʱ棬վ澪š
ѾǰԤ룬׶Щ˵Щŭ̫һʱû˵ɫ֪
ѾƶߴһѾʧˣûܺ飬ʯͷԼĽš
зպޣҧʹ֮αȫ̫ɡ
Ϊ֮ƣΨ˶
߬һƣָĿ̳Ŀ̺ۣʹЩҲ¶˾ġ
վʹļ׵ʹƶߴ
ͿǴİ֮ˣΪҪˡ
ţ£ĸŮ˱ͷʹޣǲ֪ĿˣΪǷʲô˲õĴء
ƽһ֪󹬹ĶǣŮΪˣǳе£û뵽¾ȻҲеĳߣܵ˺ˣЩĸˡ
Ǻ󸣽ƶߴǲԭŮˣ˴ʱȴһĸŮ棬޵ʵڿǺһпơ
ƽŵתͷȥ»̫ᱻǿ޵ˣŹƶߴ
Ȼʵתֻ̫ȫǵĮôһֿϷĽζƺǰһĻ˵ûκЧãû˿ݣֻǾĿǱݡ
ƽ
ˣİ
ã̫ͣ
կɣҲ˵ֻԼֹס˿תŻ̫£߬ǰ˵½ǣ¶ͨһ˫ۣ
һʱϣϾҵĸףԸĸܹ󺹿Ƕ޵ķϣҲڿƶô֮ķϣԼӿˡ
Ȧͨ죬ŵ̬ĿǴ
ƽֿʼˣֲ߬˻̫·
ӦңɱΣ
̫վδû߿ܵ˼ҲûЦЦĿſƶߴ
ŶԭǴ
ƽıȴ״ɻĽʵ
Ǵ뺣һԩ޳𣬺ŮΪʲôҪأס
ʣҼʺ飬ΪҵŮƽ
ڻ̫΢ӣÿƶߴʹҲͲסڶ
֮ȫһ˵⣬޸ɣﱻĥòƾʲôܵõ̫ĳ谮ҵŮȴֻ˥ȥҲģ
ƶߴ޺޵ҧĿֱӴվڻ̫ߵĺ飬Ҫ̻ˣ
ҵȻҪɱΪҵŮ·
̫ɫ߿һסߣûбƶߴＤŭ侲ǴһеĲƵģ
ԣ̱ЩɻΪܲƽĸŮĪ֮ǰδ𣿡
޹أȫһ˵⣬
ƶߴֱͦˣ¶˿ѾȫȻη壬
ܼȥʢô꣬ڲԭûţŰͼĻҲˣȥһӣƤѪΪú鱻Ⱥαļ󡣡
˵㣬ȷʵ⣬ȻѾˣһһ˵˵ŮҪɱҪϤ㣡
ֱԲ䣬мֲԭŮҵĺˬţǰЩç˹󸣽ķâҲ¶
̫µЦһ
Ǻá
󺹿ܺͿƶߵˡԸã󸣽֮λֻܻˡ
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󺹣ϾҲҵĶܷҵıϡ
ƶߴﲻվţһǣһ˫ŮȴΪ飬ⳡ浹мֺЦ̫ҲЦˣ
ǿƶߵ£֣ȻǴã󱾺ʲô
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ϾڿƶˣϣկɣյĴù⡣
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׸կɣ̫΢ģƽ˻غߣ
ڲԭϱܲţǴ𱾺˵㣬ƶߴʢֻţһջأΪǿƶߵӣ²ǰǺΪ֮
һۻŵļū
Ǽ˿ܣĽŲ̤벽Խɾ͵ظɱϱ
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֪һλȥѾǹԮܻΪԼԵܵǣۣƶߴ
㴦ãܲ£

ɻתͷĸףû뵽ƶߴͻȻдһȻĸ˵ԼʢҲûҪڿƶߡ
ƶߴȴֻǿŻ̫
ƫ躣ĸӣŮĺҲܳ裬ӹûͷ°ɡ
ȰĸףֻðĿͶ̫æ͵
ңȫ֪飬ֻںίŻ´£Լá
̫ĳһЦƺûаǨŭ˼
֪㣬岻ãķ֧ţպҪԾĵΪء
ܣƺƶߴŵҪ󣬰תͷظһ飬
ڿƶߣ
̫Цҡͷ·˵ڵһ伫ƽĻ
ϴδͬ³أһֻ۱һֳֻۣ£Ϊ˱İȫĸŮǲҪˡ
˵꣬Ҳ仰Ȼ󲨣ƽֱȥʱӿʱ糱ˮȥ
ϰ˴˶ڶԷ۾пɻ𾪣ׯ󹬵ĵ䷶ô漰׹ƣ˺ıݺ˵֣
կɣĿǵʱΨһֳˣºҲֻ˵˵ͻȻֽ̫¶Լõоֻͷʹѡ
Ҳ֧Ųס̱ڵأȼæסȴ겻૳
֪ˣԭȫ֪
ûв͸ǽע⣬ȻܷЩ˿﹫ĵõϢǵ˭ӲŽ˺
˭ģּıʿ˭ıһͼɱĴɱ̫ʲôֻ֪̲õʱһ


48 
ƽ, ˿ƶ֮ճʮ졣
Ϊ˱ˣǣĻ֣ԸóĲľ̩Ͷ, һֱԭĺ鶼Щѻˡ
ĸ׺飬կɣڻ̫ǰľû棬⼸˵СĹ
ȴ̫ƺ޽٣·, ֮ǰͬദ, ʶջֶ̫, կɣĸ÷ƽ˾ϻ̳Ͽ
Դӵմ˿ƶߴҲûг, ̫ţŮǶ
ڿƶʮգҽȷ˻̫˿ڻָĺܺ, Ϊһ, ˸ӦǶҩｻǡ
ǻ̫կɣһҪǴҽ, ֱ̫ȫϣٽд˻
ʱѾ쵽£ԭתʺٴˣȻǣֱϵ˿ڣںǿҪ, ̫
ƽ̺, ԾɺͶͬһ, һͬʢĻһܡ
ڿƶߵĵλһǧ, ֵ׵ʱʮͬദĺܺá
ûͲľִ̩ǶԷɵĵزҲǻ飬˶Ѿˣ׮¹Ҳܶ
ȻƽŶȻľͷÿÿǺգȻݵøһ㡣
ǰǻ̫ͺ󿴿ǣֶеĶͲľ̩һŤͷߡ
ƽ
ͻȻоµЩ롣
ʱͬ¹ѵϰϧλС˾ԾڿƶߣҪȵѩʢ
ܵѾУأһ·ͽţʵϾǱ
ʱԾɲǷ󸣽ʱһĵϲÿϯҪס
ǷϵܣϷ飬ȻᱻָժϢƶߣԵ˿ҲԺЩ΢ʡ
ܹ֮¼ȻѾǰصʢ󣬻̫ȥһֺ
³رΪ˺ڴ˽Ҳˡ
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ӰߴѰ϶룬˭ϤüЩɬĹ
󺹡
콫ǲ鵽ԭԭ³أ³û˵ıƢֻǾվ꣬Ƥû̧һ¡
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֪
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ʹɼ尾̫һ֪Ǵ
ʵϣԼҪ侲ö࣬ѽ꣬³ģ
󺹷ģҲԸڹУ󺹰Ҽȥֻպƴʡ
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̫Ĭһ˲ÿǷ³أֻĸŮ룬վǿ˺ӣ
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ûʢʲô粨޳ȥŮƾ̫ã³زҲû飬ܿıµϲڸǹȥ
Ͷ˵ڿƶѡ˺Ĵ󸣽˵ĸһã̫ŮיŮָ˿ƶߵϰ
ѧĶ׳󣬵ȶϰһλѧ룬ĳ̻Ȼ֣ԭѧѧȻѾڲ֪䷭˱
ĺǶŸ˰ŽѧѾ뿪ѧöĺҲˣרŴ֣ѲһĳҲѧá
ʤ⺢·ҡأ˵Ҳڳݲ壬ôȻ̫ż
ĳ̿ƽܾлں²졣
ְ˰ĺͷλˣֻѧǸƫãÿҵҪҹ
ƽżλµڣЩԲסǣұ֤궬ʱ˵żٵϢѧʦ׼ǻˡ
.
ȥײçŶ̩ɥʢûϲ£תֵܵĻճ̣˸ҲﱸĲˡ
ʹڶ֮ǰȢһλ󸣽
λ󸣽ǿƶߴټ޺ĴŮа꣬ţ͹λľ̩оŷƣֻ̫û˵ʲôȻˡ
λүĻ£˸ֿʼﱸͼ޺˶Ҫϰ뿪ǰﱸãһؿƶߡ
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ʱ÷ɿ죬ת۾Ϳ˴ѩڣӻ֪ҪȥδƽҪԼһѧˡ
ĳվ鷿ǰ棬ѧ΢һСܱ۽𾦵̷֣ͱڣ˰ڷ
ýͼƽע⣬
Сӡƣ콫˹Ҳ٣˰磬һʲô

ƽл񣬱ĳдһʣɲɣСѧرƪĿ֮һDNAļ䡣
Ҳû룬ӵ
ȿ־ܣ١
ĳ̣˰
ԭΪ˰⣬û˵ʲô衶ӡһһ¡
û뵽˰翴ΣʵΪûݶѾˣ֪˽˶ٿ๦ѧʦЩˡ
Ҽʢ˰ٴϻۣȻͬ졣
ƽ²ŷӦԣֻ˼ƪӡȫûнֲ÷ŷ񶼷²ְͯˡ
ſϣҲ˻᲻ճīֻޱȡ
Խ֮Ϊ֪ѰСӦʲôӵģ֮չ¶׽棬װɵҲˡ
ټϻ̫еƲΪպƣʢǶ״ϻ۵Ĵ˵
ųһطͷĳ̶ʮַģҲٹƽſ޿ͻȻһϤİ
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ƽһյͷԻʱͻȻϵͳ˵ܾ
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˵ϵͳˣʵƽʮָмԽӵѾõĸĸ飬ֻж̶µԵ֣ʵǲʡ
ϵͳ˵ľҲΪû뵽վ֮ϵͳ伣ôá
ûдٻϵͳԶߡ
ƽٻʲô
ʾ֭Ѱ⣬ϵͳɣ˳һ¸м֮顣
û뵽ϵͳȴ飬һ޸Ļе˵
ҪʱϵͳͻԶ֣޷ٻ~
ƽ顣
ȭͷӲˣȻǸ˵ϵͳ
ϵͳ~
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ʵʵ˵Ƥˡ
ȻͲöϵͳʲô룬ϰͷת˸򣬰ī֭ϲøЩ
л˵Һú¡
ϵͳ~
֪ΪʲôƽȻоϵͳġŮϲã˷ܣȲ
˰ɣ
ƽָͷ
ȷʵ³ߣ¹Ѿڸ˻ܣʱӦѾڳﱸյϯˣֻѧ
Ȼбϵͳӵǰ֮ϾѾȥôãƽɥʧ˾裬ֻϵֽ
ǰôˣ
ϵͳ̫ˣ˵һͽѧۣŴַ࣬
ƽͣлֱ˵Щơ
ϵͳõġ
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ϵͳȻأҾ㲻Ϊ𣿡
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˵ôһ䣬û뵽ϵͳĳĬˣ˼ֿԣ뵽ϵͳµʱԼǻҲߡ
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㻹߰
ϵͳɳĬƽĻţֹ
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𲻴Ӧ
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ΪԽģһ뱻Ǻĵ׵ͽѧҲͰˣ꾹ȻҪϵͳڹŴҪ¿ʹ
ãϵͳǱ߶ûжƽִߴһ飬
ָأ㵹ǷѽȻô㣿
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ǴԽ߽ʱϵͳָ֮ۻʲôģô̸һ¡
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أ
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ȫƾԼȻٸϵͳ׹ôû£ԣһӾôһ̾͹ȥˡ
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ƽС
ǵ纣ѧʱľһƽͻȻ˺̣ܶƽһͷĸ׻
裡ΪߣҸ̫ˡ

ȻӦϵͳҪҪ󣬵ʵƽȫͷ븻˫ӰģΨиԣܴ裬ķչҲƶԣ
ڱ˵ԣܳԱףȥϵͳĻҪ
ͷʹƽڷ϶̾ģʳʡ
ʵҲ㲻ζʢλÿ䣬ÿһضҪʳԲ߲ˣĶǻ̫ׯֵģʮ
ļã˶ĳҲֻܱ֮ŻһЩʳ
⻰˵ȥһֺβʳӵĲʶ˼伲࣬ʵˣǳҲǻġ
ƽͶϰȥʳ
Ѱ˼ѲöЩɹ壬⣬ںȾƣһƬҶҲûУ뺮йأҲͳʳϰйأ߲˺ȱ
߲޹ؽҪȱԶƲȥĴ⡣
СӼҼҵģʲôأ̾ʱ̲ס
ôˣǷ˲θڣ
ƽҡͷ˵׵֣ƬؿգܳϱѾʮҸˡ
ƽһÿʣͻķŪĺҲЩв
ǡΪĿҵ̫ࣿ
Ȼ޳ɻ̫ǰƽѧںӵĽ⣬һʮģɵ̬ϣϾƽͻСܰĸͬ׼Ҫ
д꣬ձ㲻дˣȥѧãȥ˵
ӱһصĿҵȻǺãë˱ʹ󲿵Ҫ󼫸ߣдŴֶˣƽĵĻ
Խϵͳ֮Ĺ棬˵»ᱻʲôаץȥƽֲܰԼ˵ĸֻøԼһ̰ɣ
ȥ档
ֵ˺ĳƣȥʢתתͨ˻УкڴйʳϣҲͨ
һʹֵؿʼ
ƽ⣬Σȳȥû֮ͨûǴĻ峯˿ڱ⼸ָ߲﹦û
ʵҲ֮Ҫ취ӻ̫Ǳ֣ȴ취Щн
ֻһ仰浽˱̫ʱƽ֪ôԷҪ
ǳʲô£ҵ֮£淴ȥҲ޿ɺǡ
ƽһϲͣ̾˶յû񣬺ҲЩۣ±ͷ
ð
˶غͶţʵھýѧ࣬⼸ձ㲻ȥˣһͬúɢɢġ


49 
ںͻ簮, ڶյֵĲٰһ죬ƽԾɿԲȥѧ
ȥѧð˼٣̷ɢ纳ɼ򵥵٣ͷڷһءֻǶһŶױ㡣
ȥϵ, ֲĻһ򵥵ɫ, ȻѾ˵ƽ,
߰ɣȥɢɢġ
ɴƽڷ֣ĸ׺Щ⡣
ĻװַŲŲĶׯ, Ҫ̶ȣضǳµĻۡ
ĸ͵ܳȥôܲң
˴ŮȺ͸ƽ, ҲǻѰѣ͵͵ĳȥˣһ·һѲߵҲû
ʱ󹬶ûʲô⳼ڵĹأǳҲֻҪݸ, ο̫ѾǺ˵㡣
ΪʲôҪ͵͵ߣƽҲʹ, ֻһЦ,
, һʱ㺹겻, ϰˡ
ԭ, ѩֶ, ʱΪ, ڶ, ЩԺһת䣬㲻ٳ
춼ССʵȤѰ͵ܳȥ档
ʢ̫籦ʱڿƶߺǻûСġ
ȿƶ߶ķѩʹƬԭҰûʲôͷʢϾ޵Ķǣ࣬춼ʮ֣ǰ氮ʵͣﻹڹס
һȥ͵ܳ飬Ѳߵʱ·߶ˣһ·͵ܳȥһ˶
ֻЩȻƽϸ˵͵ֲʲôֵЧµĺ£ȥתƻ⣬
ƽûееļȥɣմȥ棬ϵˣϱĻ̡
ƽȥ治ͬϾˣȫͱӪУǻǳֱ⣬ڵķֻܴƳһۡ
ÿ·Ǽʱǽճϵɣ˹źһ·УҲӿУٶȽ֪Ѿ쵽ˡ
ȺǰУƧͣ£߸˵ƽȺ
黻ѣֻѰ̼˼ҵķˣźӣŮͣϼֵȺа㲻ۡ
ƽ²ĸף
͵ܳ𣿡
ҡҡͷƺЩźƵģ
Щˣһ²ֻˡ
ƽ
һλ
Ҳһء
ÿȺܼƽò̫̤ʵܾȺǱʲôΣգ⻹ϴϺʱ佣ͻȻźµĺ֢
ֻһŮպͰ˶ػƽʱߵģҲ˵ƽʱֻһŮ
ôУ
Ҳ̫Σˡ
ƽĿ⾯
ΧȺڲ֪ǲЩȺ֮ƺô̫Ծġ
ѡƷڵǵķ򿴣Ȼǳɷ¶׹⣬ǳӣܹ˾Щ̫ȫʱ
һֻ䵽ͷ
꣬Ƿˡ
ͷŤת
Ȼ㺹ԺͲǳˡ
ƽ
ܺãڱⷽ棬Ȼʧ
͵ܳˣ˰бˣƽģʼΧ
йǴͿʼλãǳĲ磬̯ϳԷ˶ϡϡģһѾֵʱ򣬵·ȴʽ̷ߺڶ
ϱọ̈̄ÿ꼯бſ֧̯ӣƷг
ׯѡʽµĲƥڳ⣬ԱԼҷĲŮҲ⣬ֻͨһƥۿűֲЩ粼ׯľϸǱˣȥҲ΢Щá
ʱһůţձ̺ƤëֻǼЩĺӣԼóëƤ֮ϻһͦ¹ǡ
·ĽׯתһȦƥϸС
ⲼϱģȻ繬֯ϸʤڻʣƽһã´γ
ƽ䵱һϸ¼ӣԼС߬ŲϱȻͷ
Ҫƥ
£ҲׯĳˣƹЦĨ˺ͷһͬɫ־ƽá
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ȻؾʾͲѰ˼ҵķС㣬Ǻ˴ԶɹҲ磬Щͷˡ
ƹԽͳ⣬ȻʣȴûʹֻĹ˵ݣҲҹġ
˶ӹĳУĬĬں棬һϸİ˹
ʢһҵӣɾĻһѴ˵Ӭ˳СԵĵȵĴɢд˺Ӷ̲ספ㡣
ͬסŲ
ƽһ֣һһݻȥ
ƽĿЩһȦͷ
ûģҪԣ
ֽķİôĲϵһÿ࣬ʣ࣬˶ص˫̾ͱռˡ
һЩСϲС̷ľļڸм䣬ƥĵĶŮ죬ͨҲźһϽֱ֣һ庢档
ƽǰ·뿪ʱջҲһľܣоɵĻСߣ̷ƳտҲ
ƽĬĬһĸ׵֣
ǲе̫ˣ
գգ۾
ϲ𣿡
ѷͯͻȻ֪˶ٱĲô᲻ϲأ
ƽ۾ģЦһǳǳУ
ϲ
һ̷ֶռˣ͵ļһԱ߾Щʳģýв˲Զ·
ЩĲ򵹲ǲģȻѡʶ·ʱ鶼ߵÿЩƽȴͻȻͣסŲ
Ǹʲôѽ
ͬƷ˶޲ðеƷ̳¿ע⣬Աȴһ˶ڵϣǰһ鲼ڴ
Ҳߺȣôţ˲ͣһʲôԶƽ̫
ȾĽз
˴磬Ҫס
û뵽ĸ׻ͦϽƽԹԵͷĻһףָָԱǸ̷ֵ
ףʲôѽ
ʮ⣬ָһЩСñӣƳȥһֲֵۣ
˽Ρ
˽Σ
ôƵı˵ôΣյ£
ƽˣֲ͵͵ĲҰڳʲô½ͷģԭڵ˽ΣȻڹҹһңڹŴһֱǹӪģ䵹
κͲҶڹŴĽһֱռҪλǽѰռ˵ҶΣûв裬ˮҲܽʣûΣɳҲѡ
μ۹󣬱Ȼ˽εΪŽֹö̫Ҳһֻ۱һֻۣδԴԼ鳣˴й䣬ȻҲǼֲ֡
Ա߻һЩ鵫õũߡʱ߹ӶũԼֵģ٣ˮ顣
ڵͭǮͨв㣣̷ǶͭǮЩũԼĶԽöһ߲ˣһ鷽ܻһ⡣
ƽһһ߿ЩּۻۣЩ佻ĳĬĬǵ
ƽ߳ףͻȻЦ
ϱĻء
ǰϱһ̶֧ӣܱǣȥϢˣҲû֧̯ӣͷľ峵ֱϱĻӦоУĿԱǷžļ뻹ֵĶࡣ
ʢǻеĵطҲˣǴлеĳǳؽ׹ƷʢģȻҲҪһЩۣƷ󣬵˵ùȥ
ƽ۾ź˹ȥ
ˣ
.
ƽź鼷ȺİСŬӲΧ۵ȺмΧȦС
עģȻڱΪĲҶˣֽĲҶƿһǣʱɢг˲Ҷе㡣
Ĳ裡
ȺķŴ򿪲Ҷ̷΢΢һЦҶֽϹǲ鿴ɫԾɱİһ
Ҷ˻ȥ
ƽᶯ˶ӣȷʵǺò裬ˣǾòɢ
ʳζˣδʮ־£ɫζֻȡе㣬ʳ͡
ζŲЩ㷽ҵǳҶζ΢ԴɢЩԱߵִ̯һ˵ľ㡣
̶֧ӵϰȻľ峵ϵĻͬżλµĻƷֿʵ϶һ˵Ĳҵ
ʱǰһĵϣľ峵ϵǼİһֻµİ״ɾƺһֻϸŴɱ
ľҺһԲ뱭УȻ⣬ѾѰеһ
뱱ȣ˸óƣܿʼֻƾƣ˺ĻһֱݱڶƵƷࡣ
̷Ŀ̳ϵ⣬磬ʱѹ˲Ҷ㣬ھ̳Ϸţ
Ϊز֮ůʵ˾Ʒ
ȻЩ䣬ҲȷʵþƵĶӣż֪㣬̯ǰŲ
Ȼ̯ǰ֣Χ£ʵˣҶ;ƶǹۻƽʵĲ࣬ľƣܴһȥݳˡ
һϽӹĲҶǽкòΧתȦũ᲻ãпڴֲԸžˣ΢Щԣ˼ңҧҧȥˣҲ᲻дѰˡ
㿴·λϰҲȫġ
ʢʶˣЩСԱףЩϱʻǱأȵ˵ϱ̶Ϣһ磬˼ұˡ
ƽ¿ţʲôԾƵоǲֻųζǾưˣϡã֮䣬һϤȻζ
ѭζҵ̾ϰ塣
£Ա߲߰룬ض̶֧ӵˡ
֮вͬӳĲһλžͺܾˣȻߣʮֿ࣬ˣһ佫
ƽתһ룬ҲΪ׳ģŸõܱ;вڱ˶ϣЩҶϺ;ƣȫ˵ʢ
ȻھƼ䣬ƶȻ⣬ϰ۹·˷һѺ֣ƽʼʼѾע⡣
ƽ߹һ׼˵ӣ΢Цŵ
λ͹Ҫʲô̶ӶЩʻӦоУ۸񹫵
ľ峵ΪӦĸ߶ȣľͱȽϸߣټĻƽ߻ҪߣŬŲӣҲЩľϻе׶Щʲôϡ
ȻЩ⣬黹ǰ
ЩϡвǶô
ľ峵һڿСļֻľͷϻӣʲôƤҶ˽ǻȻ㣬ڶζŨҵϷһ𣬻ϳЩֵŨζԱСϻﻹż
ƽſţԭ
𽥰ȥЩʧ
̶Ӵӻеı߳ĻƷ٣ϲҶ;ƣԱ߻вƥʹûһҵġ
ʳأ
ĸ߲ﶼȥˣ
ı׻ըɽҩȥˣ
ܴһ̶ֻӣϰǺεȾһˣĿתһȦб˼ʵ
Ǵӹİɣ
Ϊʲôôʣ
ôã黹ǵһα˵ݣɵʮ־档
ϰЦŽ幭ø
ͷϴǶأֻӿؾ£ʶһ۾ܿѵãܴȻޱȣ
ʵҲܴ²³ȥΪѵ⣬һ㺬壬ܱ̫ʹͶĿҲҲڶˡ
ֻ˼ȻѡУʶЩá
һ빧άһģϰŵ
Ҫ˺ؿУǲͨóȻǰֻܺ˽½ף鷳úܡ
ʮֻˣһ֣
С̶ûʲôõóֵģǿϲľȥҲǵһ΢лֻ˲Ҫźá
Ȼ˵˼˼ĻƷǮ㽫Щľһһ̳
ʲôѾҶ࣬гֻҪʢǲĶ̳زˣԼ˽͵ǰ
̶ӵϲЦտҲʮָˣΨƽ죬Ըĸ׾Լ֣Ըл̶ӡ
ٲ˵ˣԱ
û
ν֮
ϰ̶꣬û뵽ձһСͯסˣһȻû˵
ƽղѾˣİڰ֣
ǷϹ˵ģף߰ɡ
Բ˷
ұһ
ղȥѧֵĳָ̱Ͻֲ򣬸ͺʹףתͷ˵ϻ￴ͻȻʹ硣
ôů͵죬ܲȾ˷纮ɣ̧ͷܿͻȻԶһӰЩϤ
Сҡҡλεǣĸ׵ţ·ΪϤ˰мơ
漴ҡҡͷǿˣ鸣ôŰ˰Ͻֺ֡
ǿҲʶ̶ӴվţҲںͷĳ̿ͬһ򣬼ĳһס
ʶ㣬֪Ǻ
˵꣬ϰͻȻӦ
ףҲշأ


50 
Ūȥ, ƽ˻ȥһ磬оҲЩ, СȵڵĲ
ĸ, ƽſڰ˶ػ, ǰߣǸ˲֪ͨʲôѾǲƷͻϣ
ʱѽ, ʳߺƽĿһС̯϶ͣ, Ĵӻһģ
𣿡
ƽ
ûֻҲǲܳڡ
߳תͷƼŵ, ԵĴ߶մһɵЦƽĨȥ
ƽѡ, ʳ, ҲһЩСĳʳ̯, ζ, ǽԡ
н, ˶ҪԷ, Ȼٲʳ, ֵʮֽ㴦
ձűⵣ, һͷ̿¯һͷһŶһ߿ձŷ㣬۸ֱˣһվ̱мΧ£
⽵Ҫһ̶λãټܿڴĹˮԶţȺʱһذȵ̻
ȻĩеӰģ컹ţʳǶȥˬڵĹˮˣ̯ǰͥ䣬ʳȡ
̯ϰЩĽĿԱ̯ĺ⣬ҪȻ´ٿҲߦЩ±ҪĺԱ̯ĲͬˣټЩˬĻƹϰ˿θ
ţͻȻǰһǰһˡ
үѴªС̯룬ôȥʳһò˵ģô亮С̯ϡ
Ͱ͵ع
λλԵʲô
̯ȻǳˣƽҲӣ
⽣ʲô𣿡
ûûˡ
ƽ
ƽŤͷſ˶ĸ֣ɻ
Īڵ⽣
̯ҲûûС
üһͶôһ䡣
ƽϸּ̯ԼղŵΪʲôҪ˽ôһ䣬εˡ
ͷЦ
ĪȤ˼̯ˣҪ⽡
漴պͰ˶ؽղһ·߹ӸС̯ĳʳɰӡ
ƽһ·һ·ѡʲôԵıţʲôձ⡢ըǱɳСӡֻҪ۾ܿģƽ߲ܡ
̯ЩܰڿЩʳ
ʳ󣬺ο׳СӣԲתͷԶպͰ˶ص
ȺһǮȥʲôʲôֻһ˻
Ͱ˰綼ôΪԷ뿪ʶ˶ҡͷ
οһͣճǰ
󣬹¹ΪչŸСһ٣ټϵĺҹЩʵԷ
˱Աߵ£ʵҲûôڹļϳԹԸһھ͵ˡ
ˣ
һߺȣ̯ľǰ棬Ũ׵֭иƤ⽣Ƥ͸Ʈɢƣ֣ϵ׺żС
û̯ϵĿӣȴӻȡ׵ݵ˰ֱߣȸɾ鶾
ͷ֪ʲôȥк壬ˬڣȵŨζַһ
ƽ죬Ҹ۾
㣡׿쳢
̯ľԼͷޣ̲סҪԿһ
ǵȻˣǵǺܲģ˺üʱܲ𣬶Сүڸء
̯ǰͥ䣬ΪζãΪζ۸ҲȻȱԹЩżһҲͰˣԣɰԲ
̯ϰ徹ҲһʱۣԭǷ˺СүǸԱߵļͣ˸˰⽣붼ϸߡ
Թ漴뿪ȥ˶ϣľ̩ѾУ⼸պϲԲȥܹ緹ʱ䣬Ҳýвľ̩˸ܡ
ȥˣľ̩ΪϲɫЩ԰ףǳλУĻţýԼƽʱľ鴫Щ
ǳŽ˵ĹƽӸѰ϶ӣŻĶֱϻ̶ӡ
ߵҲ̫Ϥ·жձţִʮıոǣһƥ˴ԱߵĽֵƹȥֱʢŵլסϰ塣
.
ϰ⣬ǹĺˣϷ˴ŹģҲˮ
ĳʱЩϸãһȥҲǿˡ
ĳ̽õĴ׷ľ峵ϣǴ㳤ģ
ôͻȻ
Ŷ
ϰָָ̧ˣȴǰѾ˵ټֻý΢ЩεĳУ
λǹĹˣСͻȻҪʲôҲû˵ѽھȻҲ֪Ķ
ĳ̶ŷ뿪ķһʱû˵
ĬǰλΣһ飬
ⶫ˵ǹڵĺöҲ˵´ȥʱŵЩ
ĳ̵Ĺעȴұר˾ֲũֻͨڽӴ
ҲżȻڸϿͬڵ˵ʮ֮ǰˣֻ˵ǶܴĿ龥һʱʮ棬
⵹ǲû˵ֲ˰֪ҲΪ棬ⶫУ˵ǴӺϡ
̶ӵ˶۹ⶾ˵ǹ
ıˣ˵ĳıøղǸǰ˰ĿѾ˾ŷ֡
ֻ˵˰ѧ˼٣ԭ͵͵
ѧ֣˰гϢˣǿҵࡣ
.
ʢһŵլӣ뼯вԶԺ䲻С̶֧ڴ
ȥеĻʵ࣬ĻլԺŻڼϼһ¿¾ƣŴӹڻо⣬ɡ
԰շСһʵ۶ĺӡ
˶Դеֱܾ缯ϵǺӻţʲô˭һͨ
ҳе⣬ͱҡˡ
СͽаʣͲ󣬲ʮ꣬ݵһƽʱ̶ӣʢ￴լӣЩЩӣɤӣ
үѣ
ⶥһ˫˯۽˻СţӸߣְСڿ⣬ûʲôȴԵøɰ
Ա߸ŵ˵վͦɣʮơ
ʵʮԱװ˵Ķ˵һҪվͦΣѰ˼ûļ͡
Щʱŷ񲻶ԣ֪ԼĲ²ģ⺢ӹݲֻǲ֪ԼҪʲô
ȻǶǰֻһ
Щ޹أǸͨнˣҪ⣬ʲôԷʣܳá
۾ЦȻ
͵ãԣп۵Ķͻ˵һҽֱӸȥ
ֱŵĶҲ͵˼ҵļţƽĬƽ
֪СүҪЩʲô
˶Щض˵ʱȣƽҲٺ˷ʱ䣬ֱ˵
ҪĶûУӦҵ
֪ʱԼɫ⿴žΪ棬˵ȥ
Ҳ̫֪ʲôЩʱһͼ㣬ͼѰңҵƵģò׼ҲǮжҪ٣Ǯ
ǰλСүĲǴ⣬ǻ̻ܵ˵ԣ΢΢һЦٶʲô
Ч͡
⣬֪Сүƺ
ƽҲû뵽˳һ£
հôС
ͷѯ
ұСӣ̶ЩﻹҪʮգҼǰ߳ǣô¸¾գǻԼڴ˴
ƽͬͷ
С
¸ѧϰ档
̫ãºͲľ̩ļ϶ڣʲô鷳Ͷ̱ԭ·ˡ
͵ſڣ뿪ķþòȴЩ˷ܡ
⺢˵δ˵ҪʲôЩصĲ֪ƣв¶ָ㣬ֻýôСƳϵˡ
ͼֽδͨĻԼܴ׬һʣʱƥһ̶ӡ
Ŷһ·񱼻ʮıոƽȫû뵽ѾԼԲһϷȫȻ˽͵ɡ
.
ʱϵãں鷢ֺӲ˵ʱѾ黹ǡ
Դϴα̫֮󣬶վͶԶԴ˰Ӱû취˰ڵӣڹ˴С˽³ôմ̼£ͬʱһ
Ƽĸ׺Ͳľ̩ĸѰƽȥվм䣬һסһһһֱԱ߿ӣ
ƣʮ帮ҵСء
ľ̩̥񻹲ȣδԼﹴȤܹȥ
ǰԺƽˣСҲ͸ųˣȥʮĻ԰档
ƽǣĸֱ쵽˻԰ľ̩ϲ˼˵Խĸ㣬ȥˣֻʣʯϡ
¼ֻҪůͣ¿ţĻƵķ۵ֳһƬǴʱԷԸŸ󸣽ֵĻ԰ԽȣԽŨ֦Ҷ䲻ʱз衣
ĴŮ˸Уľ̩ɢϢƽ֮ǰڹĻõЩͬ
ƽգ۾Ʋľ̩֪ľ̩ĸ֣ʵûʲô̫ĹϵֻǱ֮ǰĸһ㻹ҪĹϵ
ϰˣԾֻĸҲдˡ
ƽĸľ̩Ҳڿ
ԭȿ㻳вãֵԼ֪ĸ׵Ĳס
ĺӻ£΢΢һ㻡ȣµÿз࣬ɤۣԲȥֻǿһˮ뵽ҪԼ߸£ߡ
ƽôɰСޣǺĴ۾ݰ껭Ƶģ˴Ҳô
ƽһֱԶԶվŲǰľ̩֣
ƽѽĸһ²𣿡
ֻкϲûôٳոҲûٽȥСƽҪѧֻкܳԼ
ƽĥĥİľ̩ߣЩɣʵһ㺦µģһҪ׵úܴ
㱻ץ꣬СŬͲľ̩Ķӱž룬
ĸСһ㰡
ôˣֲǸɱһˣСͲĵͦ࣬ľ̩ץְԼĶϣ
ûµģƽȰƽСܻܵСһˣʱһȥѧ
ʵ΢һ˽

˳ҸһˣԷ
Ҳ΢ôãҲСѹ
ƽԼĶӣĸСӲҪں󣬲ľ̩ϻľͺ˳һ뷹ڼû÷壬ҲûзθĳԵһĵһٱ
Ū뿪ʱľ̩ƽ֣ĸּۻۣƽڸϡ
⼸պʵǶƽȥѧˣСǰ̾̾£ôڲľ̩ҲǲУѯƽ
ƽأǽվĸ˯һնҸطȥҲƥС
ҸͻֽܲȥѧõȻǺãǻܸĸһȥ棬Ǿ͸ˣƽæĵͷ
ţҪͶһ档

һȥ˼Уڶճչ䵽˻ׯڹ¹һ죬ȵգ黹Ҫȥѧõ£ƽԼò˼ˡ
ǶѧϰȴôˣֵΡ
Ŀѧ죬Ȼһգ÷ż٣˰ǿűŬԼ̲ס
ǵƽԼʰѧСʽһţ飬
ѧȥ~
ͷδñ׷
ȥѧ𣬲ٵһհɣմȥء
ƽڰ֣һܵˡ
˲ˣٲȥµĿҵ̫ˡ
ֱѾƽıӰŵִת΢΢һЦع
.
鷿ѧϰΧŨ˶⼸յƽĽͲԼҲһСϢա
ң˵ǹ˰ٳƲģʵǴƽȥأҪԼĶҲôþˡ
ĽĽǼ⼸տҵѧİ˰á
ĳվƽǰŻ˵Ľߣ
վȵ˰һ£͸ǿԷѧˣÿʮŴ֣պ󽻸ҡ
ôеֵֹģƽڤ˼룬Լòˡ
⼸ղûпӹҵҲаʱɡţƽͻȻһ£ܲںŪĻĳ˰ɣ
Ӧð뺹ôԶôüء
ĳ̸˰ӣ˶˲Ŀڣ
˰磬Ϻ𣿡
ƽ
Ȼ
ĳ̲ˣôû
ڿߵ
Ǽٹ˽
ĳ΢ЦŰѽ߸ϣСһ죬
˰ѧòٽ̰˰һʩ̣˰ϻۣȱ˶ѧЩҵҲǿԵġ
ƽ

üͷһչͻȻ
⼸տ˸ϵһ飬ǽũѧģЩⲻ̫ף𣿡
ȻִҪʣҾֻáˮˣ
˰̬Ⱥͻⶼת̫죬зĳһʱЩӦʦȻҪɽȻͷӦʣ
Ȼ˰ʾңұ㾡ѧ𡣡


51 
˰ôһ, ҪŻһ뷨˿գúõñ˿С
ĳûץסŰ˰ĽѧҪԣƽץһͨư˸Ӵţʵ䲻ԴסõĶ
Ī竵ļӸ, СĳԴ, ӿڸ֮, ڰ˰ĳɳòίȰ
ܳã˰Ӧķڶѧ, ĪҪִ̫ѰһʱĶݻ֡
֮, ЩԵõˣôһʿҵ¡
ƽգգ۾
Ҷ
ĳ̾Ĳ, ˰ֵ
Ҳɣ, ȫҪ, , ֮ǰ˭˵ܸ㵽ģ
ĳ̣
СС, ̰ͦġ
Ѿȥô, ͬڵѲ֪ںδ, ûϵ˵, ԭȥʵõϢ, ˼һ·о٣Ѿȥ͢Ϊ٣ȥң
οʮǰֺ֪ⲰϡؼضڳӸλ˺һ·;ͨȻһسǣҵ˵Ŀ΢΢
ֱӾܾ˰粻ʣĳֻõ
ȥǻؼ翴Ѱˣ㽫ػһȥ꣬Ѱˣ˰绹ǲҪ̫ϣ
һֵĿҲǺõģƽæĵͷ
õĺõģлл
ë޶ײ޶ƽȴ
ʶרũҵĹôɷΪλֳˣͷһݱ͸Ʒ
⵹ǲأƾ˰컨׹ٺҲֻǵˣĳ̻ûвϡ
˹ũҵûкӣиûר˾ֲũ𣬸صũ¹ܸ˰λ

ũ¹˵ǸС٣ʵҲڸصĹԱ˰ͻȻ٣»ǡ
ƽṩһµ˼·
ׯĹҲͨũ£˰ʣټǡ
Ҳǽ𣿡
ƽǰδԼҲʹׯĹ£ǰնȥׯʱ򣬼λµǱϹϾֲҲΪͨ
ĳ̵ͷ
Ȼ뾪󺹺͸԰Լ»ׯĹ½н
ƽҾȻлׯҮ
еأͻȻԼǸСء
˰粻֪
ĳȴʮֲ죬˰зأ̫µׯСһЩԵױյķʢء
ƽҡͷҲû˸˵ѽ֪Լ±лׯǴЩˣǸ̶ֱȥѰңǸΪݡ
ǰС޾ӣĳȻ˰꣬ȷʵҲ֪ԼжٲƲ͡
ֻ˵ʵСӣְǰС統Ǹˡ
ĳһЦܰ˰絽ϻۣţССͱǣǰ
˰ﵽףԱԼ֪ȫƽ
͢һλң˵ڱũȫ飬ũ£˰⣬ȥѰ
ƽ
ٿĳ̵Щݣ
л
ǾΣѣֲܳһܵõũȫ飬һͷȥ
⼸һֱ棬Ͼϰ廭ͼƽĴֿҵмżſհֽƾԺеļѼָ߲ͼȫˡ
Ȼử֦Ҷֻ̬ǵĿ龥ʵѳζҲдԱߣ߻ӡ
ƽ⼸ֽ͵Žգֵȥ⣬һ׮ʱɣһȫǿ׻ըΡ
Դڷĳﱩ¶֮ƽҲװˡ
ֻҪǷĳֵضѰ϶Щ÷ĳ̰ãȻһƽЩڵĻ̫п֮
ǰСͯƹɣͷ
ҴˣŲӦöײһȥͰѽյĴֿҵдԭ¡
ϴ̬ãǿͰͣ˭Ҳãǲĳͷˡ
ĳһȻԭ
˰֪ܸģ´μסٷͺá
ţлл
ƽ̧ͷҳһЦݣ
ô֪֣͵ʱĺͼڲںδ𣿡
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ʣũѧ·ţٵд̫¹Ϸ˶ٱ飿
ɶӰô鶼ûѹ
Ĭã
´ʲôʵģ˰粻عⷸ𷣣ֻҪǳпյʱֱ˵ͺá

ܵȴʮֽƵģڻÿܴӷõõϢһµʱܿȥ
³ţƽСĿҵһ˹¹ţٺʽһ̤ѧõš
Ȼ󣬽Ųһתѭż캣ߵǸһ·񱼣ҪЩߣ˻͵͵Ķײϡ
պͰ˶˸һ·ܿѲߵͨĳ˹ţ
ʱ仹ţ̶ӵĻѾȥߺˣ⻹լƵĳ緹˵ƽϢĨĨ죬·룬ȥ˻
ʱȣӵѧ֪ճƽһȲʵ
ˣҵ𣿡
ͷгЦͷӣƽͻȻĿ࿴
Ȼ̶ӵ˾ɵľ͸㵽Ҳ
ȲĴǰȥ

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ȻڿϵĶʱͻȻȴ
ƽ
ֻ֮ĴָС渲һغɫӲǣһöȥ̿ǵӾ֮С
Ƶ̧ͷ⣬

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ƽͬ˵ǼͼֽڻûпƵģֻȥѯ˱߳ʶĹˡ
ͼȥо˺ܾãֻ˵еĺͬڽһƹķΪƣδ
ŴǻɫĶһа³سô
ظϵɣǰļڣϾаڴֻǮѰĻҪЩ
˵֮ϲĵûѹۣˬеİûױ
λӵӣҴˡ
̽ŵ
ͬͼֽоŷء
⺮䣬˰ֲںܶطҰɽ̫ɽһɽϾͺܺʡ
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ƽùϵӣһҧ྿ǲӲǣ¶лƳγεӣҲܳԣֻǴġ
ƽѰ⿴
ҪǸͰ࣬ҲŵʱǴģ˱ɳŴֻζͷҲӴЩŲܳԡ
Ĳһϣһ
һĴСٽڵֲˮƽƽ߬ȭͷ±Ȼһ£
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һµĵȴ˿գƽЩйֻϵͳҲ׵ɣˣȳԸǳҲ
Ѿ˵һÿεʱ򣬼ȻѾˣڼϳٻȥ˿һϲµʱ䣬ȥϴεֳ̯һٲ粻ķ
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ȻʱûнչҪ´ٴϢҲҪһ֮ˣһϢǣת䣬ʦس̫Ҫˡ
ӭ˹齵Ŀе¡ˣ±λ֮ñ
леӣ֪ɰӪҹ̣ȴǰյ
ϤĴţϤλãƽǣźվǰңԶķ
֪䣬ѽ伣سӭѾλ󸣽Ӱȡ֮ǹ¹
¹ǻ̫Ӳγ谮ļˣϥ˻ƽѪС磬仯ȴ﹫ҲĬϡ
̫վȽܳ˵Ļӭһѹ󣬱㳯һѽƽӵ޶ڻ˵ߣ
ֳˣҲЩ
ûƽԼûãôߣֵҲټϺصףͷ˶һɽ
ȷʵˣСӭʱشʲô¡صѣ㴩ЩУȴ˰ͳһ¡طΡ
Ϲŵһ
̫һֱһּΪƵһºļ򣬽˹ͬ§˼Ųǰ̫⣬ʱ伫̡
оס㣬̫ɫЩ㲣ҲЩ°һЩɫĺ磬Ȼϲøࡣ
ΪСİ磬ƽԾűػȨ̫һǣǰһͬųȥ
˷칦磬ͬﱸ˻˺ʢĴơ
Ծ¹ļںһ࣬ɹͬһ̫࣬ףһλ
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칦ѵõķݳϣڽնЩƣǺҲ޷е¡лĳ̵ףֵ໥Ȱͬ
ϯδʱһֱʱĩԾǻ̫ϯһֱڣҲ뿪״󳼿ڳƫףҲɾͬһ뿪
˷λ½ñջķᣬ̫иˣѵõĺȵЩ⣬ҲЩܲˣϯʱһҪź飬Լߡ
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죺
˵úûиӡ
Ҫ˵˽ˣȻǷǶĪڶ֮ǰڣ
㸣ûУǿһѧ
죺
Уǵġ

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̫ѾɽŮǶˮ뿪ȴٳûгƽûеƣŵ߽ڵ
ת䣬ſڵӻ΢һĲϣЩ´ϢƿӷŻԭ
ûŮźֻл̫ͺˣʷһ룬û̫Ӱȴһһڴߡ
ϤĽŲ漴תͷһЦƽɽŲߵ˴ߡ
ߵǰŷ֣־ȻǱ̫˫£סؿڴģֻҪһܾ˯ŵˣֲúһֱڴû뿪
ƽ߹ȥĸԱߣָָյ֣Ķ
ֻ᲻᣿
ֱ۶յģҪ˼˯ŵĻ̫ܽʩϴⷬߣ᲻أؼһӣֱ۾ͻʹѡ
ͬȴʣ
㺹ˡ
ѵü̫۳˯ӣƽľ棬ʱȥᣬСҲֻһӣ飬鷿ĵƳҹҲǳе¡
ƽЩĴսƽʱһĲ̫ͣҲεøɸɾԾճʱǸµһһҲûбϡ
ڿΪо⣬ҪǵҲ࣬üȻչģмһǳĺۡ
ճһֻֽƽ§˳ı
ƽҲϴȥϢɣ㺹һ˯￴ǡ
ǻǲˣڻ˯ʱ
ƽҡҡͷµ
ͳȥˣĿҵû꣬ͰһϢҳȥǣٽˡ
СעĽŲԶȥ¹°ϵȴ۾
žƾúͱƣ˫üӳ֣̫Ȼڳ˺֮⣬κ˵ȫ¾衣
ƽ⣬ֻС鲽ʵǺ˲ͬ뿪ʱǾˡ
Ŀƽ뿪תͷ㿴̫۾ڿԼɫڣȴĿЦ⡣
Щεֹȥ洲˵۾
Ϣɣ۾ʲô
ȴֶֻ̫׽סУһתԼѾ˴ϣȴԾɺŲزסЦ
²ٿһ۶ÿˣƽǳС
ӲңҰա


52 
Ȼת, ƽÿϰ߻Ǳ
ȻνĶҲֻԺһ½ǣһ׼ǲ̫嶯̫ȭ, һն߳, һСʱĹ㲥
ЩЦֻ¹ڵĹѾʮϰˣϹЩ̲ס΢ЦҲɵøе¡
ƽĬһ׳ӥ, Լһ̬Ķ, Ϊβʱ, ͻȻһ
Ϣ磬ֺͺڴһʱ, ̫Щ, ʱһƽȥѧ
ûСȥѧõһ·Ϻƽһ¸Ӹ, ȴû뵽ƿӣƽվͥԺУһ׹ģĶ, ۾Щ
ֻӱӰҲܿƽӦͦ, ֽţ, һһ۵ģֽӲĿɰ
Ǵչᱻ𼦶, ҡҡλε, Щײࡣ
̫ʵ̲ס, ǰ, 
ƽʲô
Сŵһ飬ֻתͷǻֺ̫Եһ
磬ڶѽ鷿ţȱӰ彡ܵġ
ķ룬˿һ̫óλã
Ҫһ𣿡
𷽲ǽӲֵĶ̫Ĭһ˲־ܾ
ˣܺá
֪Сȴģ
ģʹվҲۣɶġ
ƽһĺôϲСȰȵġ
մսϢһ޵Ļ̫

ĲãҲ˵׶жô棬սϵĻӦǹˡ
˵Ӧʱƽƴѧεķ
꣬ѧţҾö첻·ˡ
ȱܲˡ
ʱѧʱյЪҲֻһʱʱˣ
⻰е˼̫ԣ̫Цһ˳ߣһԲԿǣ
Ƕγ̣ÿһյǣͻСٹԺһȥѧˣʱӿ۲źá
ˣ
ƽԭһֱΪ켸λͻȱΣΪǻķҪѶȸĿγ̣ԭڱԼΣ
̫ͣһ˲Ŀζƽϵֽŵ
ҵãѧ񱼳ٶȣӦòڻ¡
ƽ
˭
ջǷĳ̣
ǰһ¶Цݣ
ͻȻеˣǻȥŰɣ
̫ϸһԵЦ⣬
ȥ⽣
ƽ
زһ£
ƽоԼѾĳˣǳȥ⽶֪ô̫һӦöָƣĽǸ
ŵĵȴſܵĿ籩̫꣬ȴûоЩѯҲûУֻǵ
仹СΣأһҪȥ棬ôЩ֡
Ȼڰ˱һջ©ɥĲ߲ŲףǴСð˰ұʶΪá
ˣ
ֺ̫һԲԿǣСӷʮֺ
Լȥϴ֣һȥţȥѧá
.
ڻ̫Ĺݣĳ̵ľľƽڱũҵıĵ·ԽԽԶ
ȻԵġ
ǰӦķƬҶӶûţᱻϲ㵱ϡķƷ¢ϵͲ֪ںδˡ
ϾµʱԺִܼиľٴ룬쵽Щڵֱʹ˷ĳ̺ͻ̫
һƻľ͵඼ǶԷ˼ٽǵĿЩ޸ģߴʮִ̼
ҪҪʩٴһЩǾǵˡ
ƽ޹ʼ磬ʲô˼أֻǸ׳ʱ䣬Ϊ洫ĴͲˡ
.
ʱٿ⺮䣬ƽĴ£ʮ£ѾԼ˸޻ĳ̶ȡ
ʱ򣬻̫ȴͻȻҪ
죬Ѿ˲֪ٳѩѩ֦ҶһƬףƽŷ̿С¯վڹ¹Ĵǰѩ
ŤͷڰԼʰţ
Ҫȥ𣿡
ȥԸС¯鷿飬ô֡
ʦسʱȽˣѵýλͬʱڳϲ¡
λױ۴ɣñʤϸ»յпϲϢ
½̫һˣʮ²ԭױպɹͬ䡣
շѩͣЪǸѵõ죬ֻţⶼŰ˪ղʱԶӥড
ƽŻɫĺƤ֣ϲˮëΧٸԼһë̺ӣ˶ůڵȥ
ľ̩Ѿ˻ڶպص¹ĻȻ̫ԣȻҲû
ʶֻƽŮţ˴ţվЩȤ㽫һССķ϶̧ͷȥ
·ǴմƣƱͽֻϣԺһᱴǹͬϹһë멣ĶӷЩ
öʺיҲ٣ǰУߵúܼ
Ȼ󰢼øֵ·һһʵмֻ
ǰ
֪˺£ëһһ·ƽӴͷסĩĺ
ȵȣôͻȻҪǰȥˣ
ʵʮֲϲܵܣƽ߹ĵøģպضǸλѡ
ʢ˭֪̫ϲ飬ĶҲݼڣگм֮ʣ޲̾ͽƽΪ̫ӡ
ѾǸҲԼӵĴˣȻСһ㽫ƽĻ֮»
Ժסÿٶһͣƽԣ
һͷ¹λ岮ϢڶжӣҲҪʼԡ
ҲЩģƽҲ룬źȥ
ܴܲһȥǰ濴һûӢء
񣺡Ȼ
ٻعѾ칭һֻӣݸԱ߸ǴȥӲ͡
ʱͷһƣʱ־˶ˡ
ԼʱǱƽһӢ˹Ի±˱˹һֱߵǰһ·ϲ֪ж˫۾ˡ
ѵܹӽպ󽻶Ҳûɡ
û˼ƽѵõĻᣬڳˡ
䣬˶ѣ޲ðԼɸ칭ŲֽţΨл̫̩Ȼ
ֻһᱡ£־¶ݺ֮УƺһҲ䣬Ŀּ鷢żʸƿ֦ҶӦ
ƽʱȻ𾴣
˲ηϺ
ԷȻŴһ㣬лл


53 
ҲŴѾ, źеӰԵЧʣƽСӡ
еͷϵģ֮ǰ̫ԸҲͰ, ͬĺҲ̫Ը, ݺݳЦһǿս
ʲô취أǰƽ, ΪǵһδŸô, ŵģ, ⼸ֻӶǽҵġ
ʱĶûкľAĳǰ׼Ǹû, ̫Ѫ, λױһļϣؾѡããԭ
еδԵδ, Ȼʮʹ죬ϾЩ, ƽθСĺӡ
ɫ, Ӿ͵פ, еıʿӺó, ͵ȡģʼӪկ
̫λԵͷϵױǻûл, ããѩԭѩ¹ӦԶӰ̤, һѩ
ӪѾůڵ, ƽڻԱ, ߬£һѩ
ȻǶĲܳȥһԣӪȷʵҲЩĵģµĺӶûиûѩ̣ԴЩҲƥڴԵĶơ
һһپͨ䣬óʱ
̫Ȼûһ·ԵһֱԴԴϵͻͷܹȼ񣬸Ĳֳͬ˲ͬ
ӺͻȻǿųˣӱЩŻϷ֬ڣζʱƮɢ
ƿǶˣƽ̧ͷһæȻˣһҰӪĸо
̫Ů죬ױҲ˼ҲŸԸϵĸ⵱ȻԶ֣˴һ˵Ҳš
ǳȥˣλҲ֣ͻַǰĻ˿ڱ˭ǰζ㡣
ƽһֻӣڻ˿Ļ򣬲ʱ档
ԱߴļżǴ̸⣬һζƮɢ̸㿾΢ӲƣﻹȺģð΢İɫ
ʳζƮɢǰҰҲ˻ƽںͲľ̩ĸʳ̸ʱԶ𽥿˴Եڻˡ
.
ͬʱʢ
̫ڳԣʢǼ㳲ǳƺһӿ
һƬžװ̿¯߽
䣬ůůְɡ
ӹ¯һǺ˵ζҲ֮ܽǻܿü
ܿѯʣȰ˳ű͵
Ǵһȵĺ̿Щŵζίˣ˵꺮䣬̿յĵøЩ̿ķǺһģʵûٶˣڽǿҤţ
ú̿պһ¡
ȱ˵߿ܵɫ
Ըǹ̿ȸλСʵûжˡ
ʡã̿Ҳ˵ס
סڰֻԼλλӣŵУ̿Ѿˣ֮İ»Ҫôȥ
¯ϵİһգܱɫЦ
Ȼұչһǹ񸮵˱ƶҲ̧ͷ𣡡
ǵģ
Դӿƶ߻չ֮ܵƢͱЩ粻Ȼæ͵
ˣȥˣйķ˵Ҳûĸǣǡ
ܴ֪ⷬ˻ûţ
ǰѱĹķЩܶλ񣬹˹߻ݸ߲ȵ͡
˵󣬾Щҧгݵζ
ʧƣȻġ
ȻϲǺ˵ζֻ캮ض壬Ҳ˲ˣֻٽϵ¯ùڻ
ѬζʵǺţüվûȣһ
㻹ȥ
ǣūȥ
æӦ˳ȵǵŵжһ˲źܡ
֪ʵֻﲻʹ죬ǶãƽͶ˱ȡůʱܳ˵Լ
źΪȷ󺹵ߵΨԼӿƶߴһ˿Ρ
£ֻðϺȥ񸮡
ܹȻΪԲЩͻķϣλã˿۷»ǲģݸ߲ȵ͸ǲ˿ʵ
ЩΣܹܰתܵĻҲ֪Щǿѣ䣬ﶼҪ̿ȡůﻹеĶ̿
Ϊѣ
ͱΪˣ䣬ȱ̿Ѿ˼Ӽȥˣ
ȱ֤
ʮ죬µ̿ͽˣʱҵһǸ͡
Ǹﶼû˿̼ˣ̿ǺˣڲУôܵס
ǸӣɱѺˣóõҲǸʵɡ
Ȼ֪˱𹬷ĿԲ󣬵ҿҵЩ̿
ǲ̿𣬰ܹܣҪȰЩ̿ãůЩˣٰѶõĿ¡
ķǷֺõģﻹж̿𣬰˳һܾ̾
ɲУǹ¹ķ鸣Ͱ˰綼ȥˣ⼸յ̿ûü͹ȥ֪ʲôʱҲʮ£Ҳ죬Щ̿ܶġ
¹ﶼǹ¹ͺ˹¹Ǻĸӣôᱻ˿ƶߵӣҲ۲뿪ƶߣҲܰܳˡ
Ҫ̿Ҫ˱ϢССܹĵġ
̿õöˣһƾ֪Ծ
ܹܣԾɣһλ󸣽λһҲûô̿¹ˣôǵ̿𻹶ࣿ
ûк˱ˣе̿ǰλָߵͺֵģԼ㱻˷Ҳ˿ţ
Ǵ󺹷ԸģԼ鷿̿˹¹һ̿һãҲʡЩ
һȣСĵ
ʵ䣬ίλһȡů˶ҲůЩȹ̿ͺЩˡ

̿ȥû˵˵ҳһ̿ȣʮ۵ĵ
ԼķǧʡЩһ鶼ûˡ
ȣ±𹬿ٶ¶ˣҲȹ¹ȡˣæõµ˸˹ȥ
񸮵˰æ̿ðŷѩڻ·ϣѩѲߵиžһʱֻ˵ĽŲ
;ǹͻȻǰһߣ
һԣ˵󸣽òҼʮֹһνݵӶûлţ֪ʲôҹ
ͣһ£
ǿҲ˳룬ұձ֪ӣڽڵȵ˹ǳʲô𣿡
µԸĸģ㹻ֶ񸮰ֵģ⹬˿еġӡ˲²⡣
Բȷʵ
˭
ǰѲתһֿڣǿǹ˻ѹɤӣȶȴޱ
﹫


54 
ⳡѪԳɹķ, ̫ͼλױǰߣȻиżʰױ
һʱ, ԵõҰﲻԼĳãԵĿַȥеױĿ䡣
̫ó, û, ʮĸҲ, ǶֵҲ
ľ̩̫񣬱ֹ
Ű, ض񡣡
չŻϼ˿Ұû, 覴ǣǻ̫һƽĶ
䣿
˰ںƤ̺¶һͷ, ǰֿѣһǶһ, ɪССһţŹֿġ
ƽء
, ڵѩԭ, ôķôѩ, ûи¼ʮ, Ҳʮȣģ΢ͷŵֵܴʲôҲ˵䡣
ȵ˻̫һҲûУôѩԾɫ̸Ц㲻Ϊ纮֡
аİ˰ѩ̫߬һúõѩ˾Ө͸ı
ʣһѩɱأ
һ˫ᱻʧ£㹻ů͵֡
ƽԱߵλ壬ͬʱϿ˲š
һ󺮷Ϯ紵ҡѩ£ƽһͷ̫
ҵ磡
״Ҳ§˻Ĳľ̩
졭ߣҲûкӿԱıԼ
˱һùţԵζһֻֻҰãԵøɸɾ
䣬ǳ棬̸£԰շλױնƽҲصĸߣСʣ
ֻôһ㣬𣿡
ª䣬ûи˰絥һץջѩˮֽš
곤˳˵ѩůѩˮЧӦҲһġ
ƽĻ¶ЩͬɫȻһЦ߸ɱߵ
㺹ȣﶼηҹ䣬Щ
յʢʱ㷢ˣ̫ȵԣƫ鷿ֻԵİ̿裬ǵ΢ĩȶʤޡ
ͳƫ£Ҳ˸ƫ沢ůͶ٣ֽŷ䣬㲻ٹȥ
켸Ĺ룬ôδѣֻٴЩ¯ﻻ̿ٴƬ̾ˡ
ʱˣ̫ԼҲЩҲƫ̿õúطһٺ̫ڹ¹ڵһҲ㲻ͷ뺣ȥˡ
֮л̫ĸС˼һ溮ŰĹű˺£ȴһҲ䡣
.
ʱΪʿǵĬ
֯Χԡ
ǰһױֳֳìһʱ٣ΧȦȵʱ죬ӰͻȻ֣ԽΧȦΧ׷½أΧ֮
Ǵ˴μȻ֮ΧԣûǰѰʱҵһȺв֪һӳããѩԭн
λױֻͨ·˳·ЩҰ˵Ų٣ʵҲڱȽŴԵĳɹ
ȵããѩԭеʱǰ˻Ⱥټ
ӱֹͣнڴ˴פͺͬʱǰŵ
󺹣ԸΪն
һ˶쿪ֻ֮õ
ҲԸ⡣
ΧͬսǲնȺΧȦ֮켣УΪӦ
ȻҪֻλòΧԵģҲ֪ʲô
һְ̫Ŀӹˣնںϣ
ȥױڶ򡣡
ͶһǰУӰ͸ôևNɪ
նλñˣĿмֲޣıӰ
ЩȺ
㰲űȻĵΧԾͬսҲʻ̫ΪʲôԼȥǳںƽһ°ͣ
ߣʮȥ档
ǱѡһƽϸߵĵطսŮǶڴ˴ƽԼ֣ٿһۻ̫
ȷʵҲȥģ̫ƥӦú䣬еúƵĴѾˣʮ崩һͺůͣԼȥӦⲻֵĳŶȥ
һһֱֻӵൽϣȻСʱ˳ֱƽ˴
ѻ̫Ķӹ˹ֿˣʱ˱ƽλõĲʹҲһ㷢ȥ˵̫ͬ
˸磬Ǿ
̫СЩ
аױһڶסּڣ˶ߣ죬י죬Ӷסϡ
̫죬öʴ죬ƺ󷽰Ϊڣһа׼Ƥɤӣַͷαװ֦

Ľǰģкѧò֪ΪмָЦƽ΢Цܣͷһ͡
һսƽС
ƽŲţүȥ׼ѧ񣡡
ƽ
ʲôɱȵİѧѧԼ˵ȥ
ܵĶ֣
ţš
ѩ缲ʳֻٿѩʳѹѩµĲ֦͵µĲи
ѭǰУͷȺ䵥ͬ飬һ̤
µİΧȦҲ֪ΣѾ٣ĳȫעĵȴָ
ʸٿƿգУɫβļʸӺ󷽼ǿͷĻ򣬼ʸӲ룬ͻԶͷֱѩϣѪ
ͷ£ȺʱɧңʿͻȻ죬ʸɣȺǰͻ
ݣ
׼ʱһ§סƽһֿ˫һ˻һ
Ȼϣ漴ȱڣìͻΧȦխȺԶ֣ϱӡ
ʮ壬㣡
ƽڶǰһѷ۵糸ľմ̼
ϵݻǱˣ˻ͻײ쵹࣬ƽץһעⱻ˦ȥˣ̤ıѩĭӶˣ
ʱ죬ڰİʿӿΧ׷½أһȺΧм䣬ʸҷɡ
˵ź˻Ⱥҳײĸ߿һţƽƬ˫ۣĵս֡
һ̣ͻȻսѪڵĸоҲͻȻΧԷʽĺ塣
ֵЭĬսԵˣʱҲǡôЩȫһ֧Ҫұر


55 
һΧ, ĬЭױϸϲ¥̫λױս, Իֲݣ쾡˶顣
ĩϰЯ¸ǰִʢ, ƶͬ꣬ȻҲⲻ˵ıƽ׽ȥ, ѧĥ˼λ¡
ϰ, ֲܾþʢÿֻµʱѧԺĻò, λһͷʹ
ټ϶Ͱ˰, ʲôˣֻҪ˴һ𣬱ħ
ڰ˰Ĵǣ鱾µ˼˺ôЦ
ϰڲ̨, ʦһ⣬ѧ˼Ѿ˴𰸡
, ÿǽսʱ, ȽϰǻҪϲ, ޲ðǼȥԼ
˻ʱͻȻһļ, һÿʱ, Ϣһӣȴתͷ˿Ρ
ӶһԲϣڿϳˣ˰绹Ҫͬһȥܡ
к귽ĳӱЩ֮ҲСûģһ庢ӵģֵģʱҺһƬѧȸỹ֡

ȻҲȫ洦
˰ںѧ츳ƴŵң⣬ǲò͵óһ⡣
ͬȽϸڼ䣬Ա֮µĲҲΪԣǷְ˰ĵңȴ˰ѧǸá
ս̸ֽʵսĽϣڱڻᴩ
ϰ񱾾ɹˣǳ䵱һλá
ϰȻѧˣֵĿ÷ΧЧã۵Ψǡ
ѧ÷żգĳ̡뱫˶һۣͬʱ쳤̾һ˴˶ӶԷпϣͣЩĿ
ƽյıĴ߳˲ٿҵСųɴˡ
֪ΪΣûŵһ뿪ѧãǽλЩˡ
ֻŰͣ࣬תͷ¶һЦݣЦ¶һѩ׵С
ǹðǹЩӼ
ˣ
ĪĪˣҪˡ

ʮţǰ̶һδӱ߳ǻлҪ̶꣬ҲЪһµʱ䣬ٴӱ߳˱ƽʱĻس̣Աһͼ衣
˸˶ڹѣ뷽跨絽˵ֵĶգƽ
⼸̣Ϊ˰ﰲѰȥлó׵ı߳תתλʶĹڻ̣ڴ˺Ϣ
ΪƽǰԸգ֮ĽֻҪϢۺʱҪԼԶվͳ̨ϽĿϾ˼Ӻ͵͵Ǳѧá
棿
ƽѹɤСʵ

յͷ
ҹѸղŸҴ˵Ѿ⴦˴м֣ͷϸƤ죬ô󡣡
һȻԼĪгȭСִʵ˵ǷʵĴСǵڵֲˮƽСٽϷŶ˵ȷʵǷɡ
ѾѰ˷ƽﻹѧסͬԱߵĶϰһϼƣһӿΣھͳȥ⡣
òߵϢһӣ״Ȼ뿪鷿ܹͬɵѧճѧõĴţȻƽż˹˵պߵԱܹѲС·
ƽڲҪ˱ţԼѾܵúܿˣټ߱ȽƫƧѩûмʱɨǱȽϴʵıѩܴٶȾ͸ˡ
СЩ·ˤ
ոѹŵĶ
·᲻ϸ
һ鸣Ű˰ӿΣĽһٰӡ
ﲻĵǣеڸղŸ˰紫ˣ
ǧ𱻷˼λүӿβźãȻūСǡ
սЪ磬Ѿ˺üµѧòѧ̼ģͦˣȴľս
ʲôүôõѧȥһΣ˭ܰүô
λүȻôܿĶЩūţап಻ƽϾ͸˿Ŷ衣
Ī£
ƽͷҲûأѰ˼ǲǸøԼŪһ˫Ь·ܶãֶ࣬ˤҲۣ͵ǰһҲܳͦԶľ롣
ٽڣҪųﱸеĴСϾȥ棬ѴˣϸеʱûܳȥгϦ磬æġ
˰˵ŵһڷ£˾һ·ܳ˺ǰ·ƽŶȥ
ƹͨеļ·ΣʱѾվʢլӵſڡ
˻ͷһθƽЩʣֻլΪ̶ͣӵĳģҲͷ
ţȶǲմͷվһԣһʱǰ㰺ͦˡ
ĿڼתһȦϾͻһЦӱһľϻӣ
СĿǴ
ľϻżöԲɫ龥ٴμϤĶƽۿһȣҪ
ִͷ洦ɼĿŴȻҪշתü£ܴӹڷѾۻһ㣬Ǻòף
ɫ֪ҵĶˣ
Щճɲãׯڳգ˼ģǳһλڽϵƹֲģ˵׻ͺʮָֻ߲ڼأûϻͨ⼸öʮֲס
⼸öͷ󣬱
ڸɵݺ鲼СĵطľϻԱʮãƤûһ
ʵЩ̫ˡ
ƽָͷȥһȥöɢڴľϻĽ䣬һöȭͷСľȻġ
̧ͷ⣬Ĵ۾ȫΣ
ûжˣ
Сεţ˭Ҳ˵Ļȷʵûˣصĵͷ
Ҳûжˣ⼸öʶĹ͵͵ģ˴Ǯء
Ǯ⣬ƽʹĸǮٰæλ˺Ϣ
Ǯʹ죬öһ˵ϻ׬Ĳ࣬һλǮĴˣȻڴӦ
ϰһˣ֪ƽںʲô⡣
Ȼ֪ƽ϶ȱǮ˴Ǯֻôöճģ֪ʲôֲĿ龥ʵԩͷ
̲סڣ
ƽ⵽ʲô
Ȼ
ƽҸ§öӣЦеĿ죬
ʮ壬˵ׯúܽ
Ŭλʱӣ谮ʢׯҲʢǼظǷ֡
ͷ
ǰôˣ
ϴηĳȻ˵ֲصѯԼׯĹ£ƽĿǰûҪ¶Լ뷨Ͼ΢ЩСٹ껹ࡣ
ǰС岻ðײá
ƽŴ۾ȣ
ܲܰׯȵ᳤һƬʱԿ
Ȼԡ
Ȼ֪ǺСֶѵԼôòӦء
ûʳ⵽ǸʲôСֶӻҪԼׯЩֹûĳ컹ǺԥĴӦеǣƽôڡ
ڻַʱڣҪȵůػҲʺٰ⼸öع˱ȥ˶ׯӣǽׯĹ¡
ƽһͷǧׯӵĹҪ⼸öڽΪůĵطȵůЩӷ龥ѿùʱԼٹһֲ
öϰһ԰Ц
СֶӣССҪֳӣ
ȻСӣգҼҶˡ
ȻһƽһŴĿ󣬱㲻ˡ


56 
ѧǹ÷ɿ, ת۾͵˳Ϧҹ磬꺺֮׵λ鸽Ŀеº͹֮Ƿĳ̵ˡ
˹鸽ʱ̫ӭӣ², ¸֮ų, ϦǸ˺ߵĴ, ֮¡
ƽһͱ, ŮַţϹʾݵװ, Ѿ˲֪ٸǷ
ڵĹ¹̫Ҳʰ, һ飬ЩԳı߿ߵźױ
Ůڹнüʤѩƣüڣ, ׾ĶС磬鶯ʱһɫۿɰסȥˣ
̫ǿԼת, վȥһ¶תע⣬ȴʱתͷ
ױ¡ض, ⲻûὫ˵ĵ鳤ϼ꣬鱻ѳȴһ, ׹ŵҡڲͣ, ӳȦȦĵΡ
˻ӳ, ̫ﻹ̵סӱ󽫺һѱס
鴽Ϳ֬Цƫͷܣ
ĪҪˣ֬ο˻ҪͿҪͷ󺹵ȴ
űţԸȣ̫ŲںֵúֻĲһǲſϰݡ
Ǻðɣ
̫ƫͷȥΪǿ
Ҫ¶մ
ֻһ߿ɲУҲҪף
Ƥǣ̫㣬ֻȻź鲻ԸɿԱߵױ̨һƳ
ô
ָһ֧Σͨɻƽ죬ڣϸͣ߶ڿ΢΢β׹ǶɫմʮֻԢǲ
ʲô
Ŀѭ߿ȥһ٣뵽˶Բߣֵ
ѵҽմĲÿԼȥɣҲȥˡ
մһͷ棬Ϊ챦ʯױ㣬ͬԢǼõģ鱦ãȻǲÿ
̫εЦ
֪Ҳ˼
һ֧ʲôںĲԶվԼߵǸ˵˭
Ȼֻ֪ǽֻƵøԶЩЦ̫ͣ
ˣϲȴϻڹ󺹿
ͷùҲкüˣֻ鲻ԸȥҡһǹԼԽƣʺķأ
ױڹ¹Ȼãʩ죬λȻģ̫ҪЩױ㡣
֪鲻ֻΣΪ˼ܣִױ̨ϰùװ˼
һֻζѣ˽µģѵһ֧Ҳ𣿡
סļЦŴս
Ī
ϡ
󺹣
Ĵϣһᵫܵƣ̫̬ͬȼûò
˽һ˲ԥſڣ
ùõ£ûת𣿡
Լ˷ΣϵҲܣ浽زܿǡ
仰ûͷûβģ̫Ѿδ֮⣬Ĭһ˲
ѾܶλˣԼһٴ
֪Щ£ҲֻλϵĹùʧ͸ϾͬԿƶߣѪԵ֮ףαѹء
̫ϸֻΣҶһ£Ϊ⣬
ˣҪʱͬһǰȥ
һǰȥ˵ףʱһӦģȺһһλĵء
ʱ磬̫øʱ̣æ֣ԭأ
𣬴һ̣ͬƽȥ
Ļᣬ̫ܷߣಽĸź˵š
ƽԺеȴһʱԭء
̫ʱĿһɨ֪ԺﻹƽӰСʰֺ֪֮СС˾Լȥˣ֮ǲڹ¹
ǰû뺣ʮָۣЦúЩ⣬
Ҷƽģͬһȥɡ
飺
һȥһȥ׽Ҳʲô
ѵ˲ɣ
ƫſڣ̫֣߼Ȼ̫һ֮ǿȫǡ
ֻһ·Яֶѿڵ˼Ҳû𵽡
ıӰׯ壬Ǵп˼ɫҴң̫õ𴽽ǣװ¹ڣ˼ϢŴż
վַǷ꼸λǰ׼ƽڿӣ꣬Ūÿеº͹еɡ
ϦǾȺһ;ģֻŹ͸裬ȾƳԷͿˣȻѲ⣬ҲԲʹ죬û˵ҪԼ׼Ŀ
׵ĺһһվ꣬˽źȾڵԲ֮ʣһûע⵽мͻȻðԼĪ͵Сͯ
ѽ
ֻ˵û⺢ǴĶðģеһ˾ƱҲŵú塣
ƽ״ְæ˳չһɵЦݣ
Ī£Ҳǻˡ
Ȼ֪ǻˣֻͻȻ֣ר˵ûעʱȷʵЩˡ
ܸ渰ȻѰ˼ҵĺӣٿ⺢ϵĴ磬λӰ磬еº͹һۣҪ

ƽһһϯ
ôƽͺá
ղΪǣȻһЦ԰
λĪ£ǰ񡣡
鸽Ѿ࣬Ȼ˵˺ܶں鸣Ͱ˰Ĵ˵
ʲô̫һǧӢۣȴϣһλƶߵĸٰ谮Ϊ֮⡭
֮Яȷʵм谮֮⣬Ϊȴ޻̸֮
ֶ̫Σʩ˿ɹշЧͶЩ¹鸽֮ڵĶ£֪Ųʵ
ʲô˰ΪĴ͸ʴӱڳˣԣ顭
ЩЩˣһСͯܿʲôպһĸӣֻǻ̫԰˰ˡ
Ȼ԰˰ĴԳʻ̬ȣ԰˰СѾʮϤˡ
ֻǸС˷ڵüλеİ˰ݣеӡתЩ
ǰСͯ˵ʮ˼ҲڵżȻߵģҲٽѰͯ
еתƽ
л˰磬ֻλ˶ȥȴ꣬˻
ƽЦеĵͷм䣬ͷ
ллȥ걻ˣҲλˣǱſˡ
е¡л˰磡
лģ˶һۣвɵøͬһ仰
ͯ˵ħͯ
ƽİõ˵ĵлǫ
ôλǳлңЩл񣿡
쵽ǰСְװ֣Ƶһ󣬿е¿ֻС֣Ц
֪˰ҪЩʲôлأԵ
СϲģܲЩǹ֮ĵģѹǮ˰˰ˡЩ庢ӵСҲʲô
˵ǼΪ˵Ʊ۶࣬λ״ȴ̹ʣƽЩ˼ˡ
˼ЦţڴĿе£
˵״к
ƽ߾ȹȻ͢ԸЩ߲ǻԴӺҳ·ѺȥԼƵ׺Ͽȥҡ
еº͹ǴӺ·飬ϤǴ취УûӴϼλԱ
е£ǡ
ҲǷ˰ڳһƣû£ôȥͰ˰˹
֪ôСʨӴ󿪿ڣھȻҪ


57 
ʷǣʮ, ˰ڳϦ磬¸֮Ԫ˧ͼܱٹ̨ѱ̸Ϊ⣬Ϊ
԰˰ʨӴ󿪿ڵо, еһʱ, һ, ʲô, һŵǧƭһСͯǴɷΪ, ֻǡ
䱸к´ţ, ˴ʵڲȡ֣Ϸ˼ҡڲΨ˼壬˰ˡ
еɫΪ, һ˵ţһͼ׵Ļ̫ԸɫҲԲ, ̫ƱƣһҲûǵķ򿴡
˰ͻȻЩͷԷ裬һʱ벻, ֪⵽ǻ̫˼ֻǰ˰ûһ
ǰ, ֱ̫˵, һء
Ǻ, ֻǰ˰Լ뷨Լ潫˰һ˼Լܵ
׵Ļ̫Ծ̸Ц߷»ȻұߵĹΣһ²ؼ¶࿴һۣͻᱻ˰
ǽ첻飬еصزӦеֻٰ߷ŻǰСͯϡ
ȴ˰練˷ˣûжΣյĺ־塣
ƽȷʵǸˣϻк´ڡ
Ǹã
һ;ܣҲˣ
ͦСظһһͺӢµͣ
Ԫ˧ûµģҲ£
е²ҷġ
°˰곤ʮ꣬Ҳֻ͸Ͷ״ˣĪ˵һʮҲʹã꣬ʲô£̫һĲԼ
˵Щʲôȴ˰һ׽ס֣ƽֻСסһ˻Σֿ
Ǿô˵ˣãȫԪ˧յ֧֣лԶķף
е£
ǣ·˰粻ҹǶĸмˡ
֪ëܴһֻ޶ĵ޶ͺױӿе˺ǱȥƭԱˡ
ееĻ̸ϣƽԼʢţС뾴һȻһתת˷
ܱ٣Ҳһ
ȫ˶ԻĹƱݵȴôҲŲ졣
˰ЦһͼοԱߵĿе²Ÿոձӣƿܺȵӡ
ƽһеţ飬߶մһȦף뷭ʾ⣬Ц÷ɰ
ЦλεдţѽˣҲźİõĿ㣡

ˣһһᣬһƵ˱оҺ
ʲô취أ
ȿе¿Щǵǰ˰磬̫ȻײŲʣǾǷоǻƽοӵĺá
ƽЦеĽӹĿձӣԼСһǰϣȻ˫ס˹̧֣
ֿĿ⣬޵
ܱٹȻˬ
ʵԥ˰Ĺû仰ȻƽҲûӵ˼Թ˵ȥ
ˬˣҲ˲˵
ǰСͯСһӺƣ
붼Ԫ˧̸ӦҲѾˣԪ˧˿Ϊǵĺƹ׳һ䱸´ڵĺһȱЩ֣֪ܱٿɷһ

еҪ˺ԼҪˣ˰Ǵһֺ̡
ȥɿͶĿķĳ̣ʱ˼˷ĳͷϡ
ĳλǵĺ˰ĺ˵ҲеĸԼҪ봬Ա˭֪ЩǲѾ뷶ĳǰùأ
ĳȴʵԩֻһλͬţǱ˰ȥͶȥĿҲʮ̹ʣڣ˭žͱ˷ˡ
һͬͶĿ⣬΢ЩֵΣֻ̧ңһһơ
סˣ
ĳңһתߣȻй
ƽӿе˺ʮԱ淶ĳ˵ĳޣС鲽صԼϯ
ϰͶ춼˼ңҪЩһϯҴܣƽ˷ץգ
̫ˣҴ˶㵽ˣȿ˴ȥаɣ
գȻʮӦһ䣬ūǰܹܽҲ¹빬
ƽʱ
˿ãΨһ˻飬Ҫĵľܾ𣿡
εĵģֻа˶غͶ˶غʵ½и϶С
Ϊ˻飬ϷҪĶҲñּͨۻ۵취ȡᣬܸ
ŶЩɶ֮⣬ƽٽֵס۾һӣ
гܹܣۺ¶԰ȥΨһţѾô꣬ȴģһСС󶼲ܴӦҡ
ձڰ˰ߣ֪λСݣȻкᶼװģջû⣬
˰ĪҪѹūȥˡ
ճ죬СŬϰ䣬ıպһǰ̣û뵽һ쾹Ȼܵ˴
ƽװ˫ֻ֣һЦеӣ
̫ˣҶȻڸǰΪԼ䣬úøɣʱն泤ܹܵλҲδ֪أ
գл˰硣
һףֻ𱻴ͰӾˡ
.
ַǷԶȴһƬȡ
Ϊ꣬е˶֣ϲĵȥͮͮһƬ

Ź󸣽壬֣񸮵ֻڽյĹǰݲݹյһ¡
ҹ캮ȴů͵̫ϵĻѩֶ׹һı衣
վڵſڣظ磬ͬ˼ϻױٲȻǸׯ󷽵Ĺ󸣽
ϯĹ֮˿˿ƵԼԼУҲ֪Ƕô¡֡
ܾȻ̲ס뷢Цͬں֮Уһ֣һ壬Ȼء
ѾڵǰվһʱˣҲ˵ʲô˿ôվţ˺䣬ܵסء
С߹صڣ
Īվ£ůЩǱ足òʵ׹˵㲻ˡ
ԴȥҪ̿λ㱻˳ȥԼҲһٱ룬󺹶Դˡ
رʳһŲܣϵı裬΢ůЩΣա
ԼҸױվڵǰڴӣɬ̣̫㲻飬λС񶼽˳ȥôỹõԼһλ󸣽ء
ֱۣܵ
ǻǽȥɣȻźãأϸȾ˷纮
ȴ϶
ųǱߵĶץסȹֱۣ
ûʲô
Ƭ̣ҡҡͷ
ûУǸˡ
˶ȥˣԶأǱߵֻ簲ܻȥ
ȴִ֣
ˣϸȥǲЦ
ֱϸݵָ߬ȵֱۣٲȻһɫۿȣǿᣬ
񡭡
˻ſڽ֣ȴͻȻŴ΢û
˭
ȾĴսʱ
չرиڹϣҹЩĶ
һǽͷһϢԶȥˡ
˹򿪰һźһƣһֻ֪ʲôֽ
Ƿ߬ģָΪɫſǽֻƺһ߬ס
Цţȣ˶
ߣǾӭ£ȥȾơ


58 
Ϧ, ʱɢϯ, ҪȥϺ, һӳڴǰȴ׸ԸԻؼˡ
Ϊȥ˴ɱ, ·ȥ귭˱λױҲΪĬĸԴ˱С
һ·Ϻȥ, ҲŮǵƷ, ϦҲûܳϯ, ȥϺȻܳ, ǰͱ˺ġ
ƽĸͬһ, ƿԱС, ֵĽֵ̽ͷ̽ԡ
ʢ䣬ʱѩҲ, ѩƬ׷Ĵ, ǵðããһƬ, ɾý˲ƻ̤ϵ㡢ӡЩʱˡ
Ŵѩ, ΢΢̾һ
ѩ׷, ϣиճɡ
˵ϣõ, 칫, ʱֺ, Ī˵ǹڼգũҲ
ҶɽˮܵЩ񣬻ȥɽּ䲶ЩҰյӻǿȥ
ƽĬĬſڴûпĩС¶轵ֺֻһһֻ꣬ǵԸˡ
ȥƹ˷ֲǿ˼ģĿǰһԿƣٹЩС¶ȴ˵ףֻũҪƣյֻΪѡ
Ҳź̾һֻŴܿЩݴڶׯǼöܶ෢ЩѿֹһҲܷ˷
ϺǰȼĻѣĻһӰ޴Σÿ岽Զһ嵶Ľ˵
ƽźһͬ
궼ûʲô⣬ֵֻƽʱ̫ͻȻǰһվ࣬Ὣƽǰƣ
ȥ㺹귨ٿĸͷ
Щƽ̫̫˵ʲô˱ٴһͬͰ¾ϵ档
ʼͷ̫һδµǼɣҲᵽʡ
һĻҲǧӿͷ֪ʲô˼ֻį˵һԡ
ڣϽعȥҪ񣬽˳صʱ磬ɫǺڳġ
λױһͬ浽ǰٸԻظϢȻٹʱλջҪͬȥü
ʱ˵ԣѰ϶ϢЩģ¸պ۾Ҫ򸾱Ŷһͬʮıոʰһͬ빬
СѾͬɻһˣȴûе겼ľ̩ʢʱʹ
ľ̩ʱҲΪƶߴ뿪ԭĴպٻؿƶ̽ףҲƶߴ
ԼλϵҲˣʢΨжһ˿һԣ²ϧ
ϯϣԼͬȵһֻ
˫۾Ͱ͵Ŀţͬ鶼Ĳ
ƶߴȻдܱϾͻСȻѾ޸˶죬ҲûҪĸ׵ĴԶ
Բľ̩ЦŽܽеߣƺ
վԶĪպ󲻴׺ҵĺ˰ɣ
챿ʱߺһʱ֪ѯĳƺǱԼû˼
ľֻ̩ϼٳΪԼã˵䣬ҲԼһôܽԼΪأ
ǵġ
Ǿͺã
ľ̩ȵ֣ԼʵĸͬЦ
ĸģǵÿҲ϶߶߶ֻʮܴſϹʲô˵ϻƵġ
˵һӵ˶Цܵˣߵ࣬ҲЦ
ɩɩɣҸƤ˵˼ˡ
Ҳ֪Լĸ˴£׽Ͳľ̩֮ǰҲĶ죬Լͬλùõͬ׽ľ̩ͻȻʾЩ֪룬˶Χ
ƶߴ׮ʱǡöڳŪҲҸλɩɩ˵ͬĸײֻͬòʱοܡ
ղ֪Ϊβľ̩ͻȻת̬ȣΪʲô̫ˣæӦ
ͬʮĸȥˣɩɩģǧǵýͬס
Ȼ
ľ̩Ц˶һۣȵǣŴ֣ܵ
пձ㳣߶һ˴Ҳģǽ˵ҲãЩº¾ͲˣȥҺ棬ƽҲеģǶһˣαԶء
Сĵľ̩ԲĶӣ֣صĵͷ

ʱҲˣ˯ƬҲãٺ˺ĸӣ̫һ̤Ĵš
ڳﱸżļʽòͬʮ壬춯ȼҴҵܳ
ȴЩڰģ
󺹣Ѿ˯ˡ
˯ˣ
ȼŵܵĲӰڴֽ¼ӰȻʲôȻû
̫µĿһ۵ϹŵȣڹйЩʱգûʵЩŮΪˡ
ȣֱ߽ڡ
Ⱦưأ
Щľܴкһͬơ
̫빴𴽽ǣЦȴ۵ףԼλ󸣽йҲ㲻أ˼ǵù;ƺȡ
ȷ泶ԼԭΪ˾ƣƳһ۸Ů
ͬ˵ȥһѾ
վſһʱѣ˾ƣܼݣԼôܷģɻ̫˵뿪Ҫͬ񵥶˵
Բߣ̫Ѿڵվǰ
Ǿƺð˱ܼˣӿƶ߻⻹ܵһμ̫
ˣԾҡҡλεĸԼƺȣϵķ߽
˭ˡһȾơ

ƿǺöΣμ󺹹
Ƶ˷ģ֪Լ˵ЩʲôҲģӣѾˡ
̫ȴվԭأͻȻڴ
ѣڱǰϷˡ
ЦȻֹҡҡλεվ˫ٵ̫ǰ
˱ףɽ̣Ըó
Ʊݵǰ̫ȴֻǾվţĬעͬǰľƱҲûҪӹ˼
˼Ϣŭ
㻹ʲô䵽⸱Ҷ£ҵһҲҺ𣿡
ľƱһβʣĺȾ̫չʾձ˦˱ӣڵײ졣
ž裬·ҪЩίһ£
Щ˵ô꣬ôׯĹֻʲôأ
ɫһһĴս̫
󺹽УҵһжҵֶŮ
ҧгݣ
˵ܲأ
̫һδˣȴҲûзסܣֻǵ
ȥޣֻĪҪв̤
ͷһЦ
˵Щʲôûңøİĺڵط
̫תָϵİָΪ裬
²Ը˻ǱϾͬڿƶߣһҲܺΪ֮Ҳ׵ͣǰҲϣٳʲô״

ٶȶ̴ٶķһЦ
飬ֻһ飡
ȷʵˣ̫ûϵľƾϣ
˭͵ľƣ
˭ľҪ𣿡
߻ȥϣٿ̫һֽǰİϣ
󺹽չΪ𣬸;Ƶ׻ʽ㣬ֽĶҲģ󺹲֪𣬺αطҪ׿˵أ
﹫Сӵù̫۾ܽǷһ
ȥԼɣȻԸᣬһ̽أһԾ󻼡
̫õ˷ĿѾﵽ㲻ת֮ʻǵ
ѾӦ˺㲻ʳԣçżԻᴦãΪ֮


59 
ʱ, ͬҪĹ磬󸣽δܳϯվڻ̫, ٲȻѽܵλȫȡ, һλܵĴˡ
λ׿, ȻҲδкϡ棬ۻ̫ĸӵ̬ȣֻҪʢ費˥˰ƽ󣬱֪Ҳдһա
, ֻǻ̫Ϊаˡ
ܹǻ̫ͿƶߵŮ֮, ̫λ꣬, ܵȻ׿ڿ޹ҲѾǹȥˡ
Щ˵ǿƶߵˣ˭󸣽һ, ܹûб, ԳԾӵĴҲûйһ䡣
, ֵĹոոɢȥ, ѧҲ˿ΣϰżȥҲûս, ѧԾ¡

εһգòߵѧɢѧ, ѧ뿪, ĳվԼǰ̾һڳ
Ϣ˽һ, ѧǽĴֿҵкһ˵ǿ彡׳òˣҪһҵ뿪δҲԵЩˡ
̾
ΪԼ˵İ鷿ͻȻһͯĳ̧ͷȴ˵ÿɢѧһܳҵİ˰硣
ƽס·ѧö̶ǿˣʱȴ֪ΪΣǰš
ʱ찡˰ѧҲأĳ̿һп
̼ǵð˰ձͽѧõʱ򣬻ֻôһߣʮүһһţºֻôһ㣬¶һڵĶ۾
תȴѾܸ࣬ӻȱʣдһֶּ˵Ҳˡ
ֻĳ̵ȻܸԼΪҪĵĿҵ̫̾ǵ
ҹģΨֽϰ㣬ȱ©շҵࡣ
ƽƶǶĵͷӺƵĳǰͷ
ãܶ༸λͬһֵͬ᲻Щ
Ȼ
ĳ̰ͲһֵЩҪĵĿҵһֵλװϿεصֻǣȥҼλأ
ƽЦеسŷĳ֣ҪԼȷĳ̰ŰɵĸصĿڣ
ȥµʱ򣬸ǳȥΣҲͬȥ𣿡
ȥ£е¡飬̫ڳӭӭӣֻڰ˰翴Ϊ¡أֻ裬һ·棬ֿɲýѧȻһֵĽˡ
ֻǣôö˶˵˵أ
ĳ̵ͷȥƼ˰ЦеĿԼзȫǽ
ͻȻϢпϲ飬һȥͬ궼͢¸֮֮ڣȷʵǿٿˡ
ܸܲѧϼλʶ֮ʿԸù볯ãΪЧҡ
˰ССͣǣٿƽ񶼱
ˣֻƽȴԾװһʲôӣĳ飬
򸸺ԣȥμգЩҵҲ֮֮ˡ
ӭпϲǱȻģҵҪл˰Ľ飬ĳ̵ͷ
л˰磬ȥ󺹽ԡ
ƽԾվŲֻЦеԼҲûҪ뿪˼ĳͻȻһ
ܾð˰粻ģֻΪ˸飬ǻʵ
˰ôû뿪ǿҵϻⲻ̫ף
ڵȵ˷ĳڣƽæĵͷ
ҵϵ⵹żܹҺѧϰҪֻ꣬ǡ˵ƾ٣ܲ취ҲѡЩ˲ţ
һһյůׯĹ½ǼöСıܣŵλҲůЩǰǲ˵Ѿѿóֲ˻δҵƽﻹٳס
©ƫҹ꣬ĳɻؼûҵͬţȥڵ˴ҲجģѾײʣũȫҲΪҸá
Ļׯ¾ټʶ㣬Ҳûмӱķǲֲ֪
ƽԼҲǻԲ֣ⲻôˣżλ͢鸽ڵ⡣
˰۰Ͱ͵̧ͷԼģɷǿ
ĳ̣
αȥأ
Ͷһ졣
ŵںѧĻѬµ˸ˣԼѾȰ˷ĳ̣ƽʵҲӦ
ν̾ˣο˰ղŵĽ黹Ⱥţĳ̻۾
֪ˡ
ĿĴɣƽϲЦտķĳ̵ļ
лõ
˵ЩѸ߸˵СܳţͽĳվԭأһҵҪ˵̫̾һ

תƽСĸҲεͣůˣγ漴ָŰͼԭȸյγҲÿյ硣
£ϰ˿ƶߣͺҲ赽Ӫ̫ĩʢǽı⼸һֱھٽ
ϸ²ľ̩ĸ˵ӣʮҲû˼ѧˣƽֻСµĵڶͬһȥʱһ档
Ǹѧѧ䣬Ůѧϰܼˣѧֻʣƽһˡ
ټһ鷿Ƕλʱ˲٣ֻʣƽ͵õĿԣһţǰ߹վ鰸ǰһһָ
Ҳֻɹ֪˰ξǸͷָЩʲôҲһֻ۱һֻۡ
ֻʣһѧͣ˰ҲˣͻȻˡ
ͻȻ˱ǽѧϰƽڣ
һѽǰΣǸˡ
ﻹȥ
ʮ죬ƽʵܲˣĳһϳԹԼСԲûٶ
СԲǸƵģѰҪЩżֻȴ˰һ㣬ԷҲ㡣
Ѿ͸ˣ̫һԭĶӣٿһ۴ɫЩ棬
ôûżȥ棿
СӳԹܣԼﲻ֪оЩʲôصĻ˽ȥȴЩ
ƽһɫ
꣬Ҫ̸̸
ƽѵӣ̫ҲǿѹסЦ⣬ڳһԳʱӣ
˵
Σֱֱ̫ԴǿУ
꣬ãÿնȥѧֵһ˷ѣ
̫ĵͷϵ
ţ˻
ƽгѧֵȴֻԼһλѧֱ׶ˣ˳һҵ
ԱŸ˵ĺûסЦ
ѧǵγҲȷʵҪһЩĶЩǲɱģȻΪƽһѧı䡣
⼸֪ƽÿҪһԶλƽʮֽţ˵Ҳָ
̫ѾЩĶû뵽ƽ˵˳һ˲ѽ񽻸ƽ
ƽãӦôأ
ƽҾҿһ£Ͳȥѧˡ
ǿ˵
͵͵һۻ̫ɫʹ
ĳÿֻһλֵνҲЩ
ԸһλҲԸһȺ̫ҲЦ
Ϊ롣
ƽĶԾɺȥѣ
ưƽίģɣӦÿζúΣԲȥѧˣһż١
ģ
Ҹ̫ͻȻˣƽʱ˫۷
Ȼ
̫ͷԲϱ˵ߣ
Ϸԡ
ٹ͵ѧ̫ͣҲ뽫ƽƵ̫ŸһȥЩҲͰˣ˶࣬ҲǴ
ˣҪһôƽҲԲƽֵҲǲԡ
ƽκĻγ˹¹ֱ˯ʱȻϲ֮С
̫Уڶɢѧʱĳסƽ
˰ԲˣǧĪҪˣ˿ա
ٿƾٵҲĩҪıпϲڹ鸽ʱ㶨ʮ壬ʱȥּױӦѾ
׮¶䶨ƽ˺ֱׯӡ


60 
˴μûжͬ, ׯӵĹԾɶƽʮֹСĵĴһľϻӣԽҿչʾƽ
ľϻײһĳ, öֿ, ԱŲëʲôƷ׺Уַˤֱů
ƽ
Сı
ׯӵĹ¾֣Сĵһö, ƽǰ
˰ơ
ָԼƽҲѾˣֻϳһͺͺϺɫѿ⣬ϳһ, ûҶӡ
ȹ˼죬öѿ, һͷһβ, м, һͺͺѿ⡣
ͷͷо, ҲǸֲƽԼãƤʵû, Сĺǻ
Сģ±, ˷ЧǸϸѿЩ, Ҳѿ, һǺü顣
,
㽫ĸ䣬ůЩܲڶˣЩź
ׯӵĹӦǣľϻķݸƽȻ˼ţ
һůﶼ䣬ﶼŵá
ƽҲûֹ
Ǽöֲзٰڶ
˲ˣоЩ
£ôУǰ˰
û˵Ķ˽˰ҲֻöĴá
ȥУһöŴӹ»䣬ڵҳһ졣
ƽ
žҿɽҩûˣ
£
žûˣ
ʱһƬ¶ȹȥͺɲɱϵѿһͷ
ūŸ
ƽվ
Ҳһѿѣ˻ٳģôˡ
ڷϧһѿҲѹ
ɣҸֽȥҴعţʣµҵطžС
ʣµķԾɷŻǸľϻһЩԵĶȥˣͶذůУ¹һأײٿ
һ˻ׯ֮ûʲôջ񣬳˴عһ֪ܻܲķѿ
ƽİС̾һϣļи֮пϲ鸽ڣͿеµĺϡ
ЩûԼĵϵͳг˵ˣ֪᲻Զˡ
ƽ΢۾Ĭ
ϵͳϵͳ𣿡
ϢϤԺлȻ
ˣã
ƽֵͷҲҲã
ҶһˣԼδЩģϵͳпյĻ̫ˡ
ɣ
ϵͳСֽ߳Ϊ֪ģ֪֪
Щʲôأ
ƽ۾ַ𣿡
ϵͳԲ𡣡
ƽ
֪
˼ҵϵͳܣϵͳǸ
Թı̫ԣϵͳͣ룬ͻȻ
зİٿƴ뿴𣿡
ƽ
ô˵
תһɫֱ뵱ϵͳһβʺƨ
ллͳͳõͳͳҲ˵Ǹˣ

˵Ǹƽ˼٣̫û뵽Сӵһżپ͸ܳȥ棬綼ûӰ
Ѿڣĳ̸ոȥũҵڷչҪԣ̫Ȼ֪ũΪҲʱΪ
Ͼ䣬ƶ񤣬Ѿ֣ʳճǲ̫ãЩţ
̾һ
˵ıףϾֲѣһζ¹򣬿Ч񡣡
˵ʵǱȽίˣʳһ뿿͢ġ̻ͨУŮϰӣвԭͨ
Ȼĳ̵ĸ̫Ҳ㽫ȫ֪
ҲûҪ㣬ǿƴɱĹһճ۹롣
һȷʵ鶼㣬򡭡
ûʳ˱ȥսк׾ܵõҪüµճɣ׵ķڣ˭໨˼ظأ
ֹһʱѸı䡣
ĳȴûܴŻ̫һ
ԳһУǶ˰˰
ƽ̫˵£
ųȥ棬ˣ
ǣ
ĳԣ
ǰѧֻʣ˰һˣȴжλǱʱͬе⣬оȻá
ĳ̱뽫˰Щӹϧ¸ֱ֪̫Щũҵ˲ţ˳ҲڹƹЩũҵֲ
ƶֲҲɰ˰罻Լһá
»̫ð˰ѧãʥûȴֵأһζ׷ڸ֮вѧ֮ӣܹǶã󻰷һתѡ˴ķ롣
ԳţֵҲˣҪЩо˴죬ЩȻóũ֣ɣⲻֳɵļ鸽֮ڿ𣿡
̫ˣĳϣܴӿе¡鸽ڣпϲļѡũ֮ˣֲľڹƹ㿪
µȻܶЩ˰ӯֹ⣬Ȼв׼

ĳᵽ˰˰磬̫һЩûڰ˰߱ǻ㱨ˣ

⣬ᣬϢ뿪鷿
ĳ뿪칭չ
󺹣һ·˰ˡ
ȻֻжպͰ˶ڰ˰󣬵̫ǽƽģ򲻿İȫһ
μ󺹡
һбѸعȥȷʵǱżᱻƽƫضˡ
ɣ
ЩûʹƽˣʵҲΪƽﶼѧãʵòЩ
̫΢۾ƣ
ƽΣ
ü㷶ĳѡЩֲ˲ţЩƹ㿪ҲЧʵǵޣټԹϰһʱԸı䡣
ԪնôԻͣɹϴ£ȴزס£ȴڲͬԴųⷴ⣬̫ܾûԭ
ũһҵ֮ԭǶݵģ֪Ƿ벻ũйأ
ʵҲϣתΪũΪҲΪͷۡ
վֱ壬
˰һ糣ʱѧɢѧСƬ̣λȥʮүׯ
Ļ˵ȴЩԥ
ֻ˰ʱ˰ʱһʢĻ裬ɰ˶ǣţڽģѾص¹ˡ
̫
ûʲô쳣ͷĳ̸ոյĻˣŻ衭ѵƽҲֵ
֪ˣ̫ʾȥ
ʱ

ڶ
ڶƽûгȥѿڹ¹ͥԺһɹ̫
ʱʱǰһ£
ˡūտˣ˰õĲһһ֦˰籧Żڹ¹Ժһ硣
̫ٱ

ո
󺹣˰ͬһԾڹ¹ﱧŻɹ̫ūŽտˣǸ֦ӦǻģϺɫ
̫
ͻȻеڸƽżô£
СӾû¸𣿣
ȥҲð



ȵգĴԾɺ֮ǰһ̫Ŷǣ
ȥɣֻҪվ޴£պҲһ


61 
ȥǽıٴŮ, ڹУƽŻ̫һȥˡ
˷ıް졢ɹŶδĺ죬㿪ʼ׼, Ϊʮ㡣
îʱݴӴų, ʢǵϻгǡ
̫ս, ȫڶǰ, λҲǰӳصǰ, ڻ̫һǡ
һӢ¿ĺȫ, ĿڳĳڵŹ, ս϶档
̤, ͽ, ˭⼸Աͽս϶Ʋ硣
νպա¡ٶȲ죬ѡֻгǣҲѲ, ðΧ۵˼
Ȼǳȥı, ٴ, ƽƥС, ɰ˶ǰǣ, ѲеĶм䡣
̯Ѿڽֱ֧¯, ҲϢڽֱߵȴ, һʱ, ڽֵΧˮй֧ͨѲС
ǰĺŭͷ֮¶İĿ˲ұӣӥһ֮磬ŵλױҲǸޱȡ
ôȥ˸̣
СֻбһߣϻһССҲͣҲûǣߣѲеĶм䣬ȻԵмֺ̬䡣
ڵָָ㣬ƽ˿Ϊ裬߸˵ָӰ˶ǣյȥӻǹֵָӣѳǰĵĶַˡ
ͨڲ֪СɢͯӡʲôݣС˵ַܷǹ󷽵Ϊˡ
ƽƯװԲЦϲһ·϶Ҳ
ȻѾˣԱڶԱεܲµյ֣о̷С·ƽָŰ˶ǣԼȥһһĿ
ǰĺͬλգӢ¿࣬ݼ㣬ٿ׺ŵС㣬ֺЦУʲô档
ȫȻַһʱΧ۵ȺھܵһָѸС
ȷʵλҲӢޱȣһǾǾÿСһ·˼ô£
ѾЩ·ϵڣר̸Ŷ鳯ǰߣֻΪ˿ϵСһڶһЩʲô˺ġ
Ǻ«Сȵö̴µͭǮСӻģȺģһӹٵݹȥǺ«
Ǻ«Ѱ˼żԳҲ𣬴ƽԶ˶ʱһӵϣһǺ«˸ա
Ǻ«СŻͭǮʱϲЦտСǸСүأ
ƽа˶ذǣÿЩյߣСк
ʮ壬Ǻ«𣿡
ͲһûֲŭƣѲеĶҲǱһ࣬˭űƽеһ˹
ͷȥһ
Ǻ«̵ݵǰƽŬľ֣Цеһ˫ۣ
ʮ壬ԡ
죺
ʵڵǺ«ѾûжʱóˣСֵֶݵĚG
϶ʱЩѣѲԭǼ£ǽӹһ·ŸǺ«ô°
ǣղƽСԽɰԼڴһ˫ۣӵĻƽ᲻ģ
Ŷûж֪ԥʲôƽְֳǰ˵ݣ
ʮѽֶˡ
⻰ﻹԥ̽˹ƽа˶ǣһߡ
ƽƥС͸ۣڴչԱߵλնڳ￴
Ǻ«ܻһȦֲԼֵǣ·Χ۵ҲڿԼʱøˡ
ƽŲЩҲ˵Ŀ⣬ԾǺ«Եúܸˡ
죺
ôڣ
ԵŤˡ
̧־ҧһöɽ髣¹һƬݼʱһƬ
Ծͳԣ˭˭
ȺһֱеעСĶеһλȥΪĺӣҲΪƽŰѺ
λ׿ȻʮᣬǱžͲǣС絷Ұɣ
ԥǻǵĸᵽɤۣȾʱӹʣϽӣС硣
Һãλű㲻ǵḸ׻ǽӹǺ«ҧһڣǶʱһԶҲЩĹۡ
ƣؼף嵶ˣҲߣҪǺ«Сϲ
һǺ«û꣬ƽѾֱµĶעǰǸС̯Χຢӣ̯ͷ϶ͣһǻġ
ָŰ˶ǣȥֻ˼ǰƷ
һ崮ǻԼһƥСģʣµĴФָˡ
񷽲Żƶ֣תƽҲСյĵߣ߸˵ͷ
磬Ըǣ
񣺡
أǲأ
˰ɣϵ󣬲ðɣͷλӦФ嶼ѾǻһǺ«һǻǣˡ
ƽεľٶǰһֱǸˡ
ôһ˵ݶĴǻѾݸˣûҧһҲȥЩǵһİꣿ
ѾȫƽݹţŤͷƵһü
ʢִ̼ܵҲƽǻ˹
ʣŵһǻƽ뵽ǰȥݸ̫룬ֳԳԺȺҲͰˣ浽ǰȥƨɲ
֪ԼСں޼ɵҲû˻˵Щʲôܻͦ
λͺСǰЩСҲ޷ʻ
׼ҵ̫ϣ᲻ϵ󣬶аķգˡ
µץСսƼǸĸҲͬһЦȻ֪ĸİꡣ
ǰƣžʳģ֪׸⻹ճƽǻգֳǰһָ
Ǳȥ
ս˱ųճģոһƿ룬һʱӿͶɳһ
ƽڻͭǮһճڻ
һճҪʱ䣬ôһĹѾ䵽˺ܺ棬ԱΧ۵ڶЩż޲ôߴ̯㣬Сˡ
˶ǣܼƽ§ճϣܿ׷ȥ
ճĶ࣬㹻һһƽӶʼַǷ壬ѾһǺ«Ķ졣
̫˼˿ԱߵĵܵܣùĹĵģֹƽҪһͻȻȻճǰѾţҲǲٳһڡ
һһǰŲƽķΪֹיͼö
ǰĲʹ²ϲʳҿųþףƽٺǽӴ̫Ҵȥ
ñһִֻͻȻ޶סĲӣƽǰʱһ
ƽ
ʲôˣ
߶ͻȻ˱仯ƽԭֻλǵ߼ƽˣ¶ţƴʹɫѾΪʱ
ƽںֳôĶڸһ·ܣ۵ԽԽ󣬼м仹źüλ岮̫ô᲻֪
ѹнٶȣ͵ƽ׷һѱⲻʵСһ§Լǰε
ʵЩͿˡ
ƽ̧ͷһȻѾܿˣʵʵڻ̫ǰˣճױƵĵݵߣŻ̫ɫĳȥſϷġ
ǰһţûκ谭Ҳûƽ㣬ֵϵȤݵҰȻЩ
һ·⿪Ҳ㣬ԭǴ󺹼ҵС磬ֲ˷ɰ´λҡǣһѲкòã


62 
ǽİʿԴ, Ǻ󲻱ٱֻУƽ׺ںҲ΢һʱüӽЩˡ
̫Ὣƽһ, ȷԼǰƽ, ̧, ڿէװһ, ʱ۶
ѵƥ޵, ʹҲ, ѾܵĻӶ, ǰȥ
ͱ緽, ̫޵ֻûȥ, 裯µսѾ۶߶ʱХķƽǰ, סִ̫һֱۡ
ı֮ѡʢǵ, ܿ˳˵صƿƽһ°ɽ赲Ұ, ȴǾѵȻı̨
֮ʱ, Ѿһ۲, ɫ¶أƽһ·ɳ۲ͣЪ, ֱ¶ߵ, , ˻һվ
̫ǰһִһֻ§סƽ㻳ﱧŸޣҲ˿ܼȡ
˻䶨¶ʱһƬɽĲΰ̫֮䣬Ŀ⽫µľӾС
µľ룬ΰ֮룬䶨֮󣬻̫ŽһʱɽҰžֻĪķ
ĬϢƽжס˺ֱĻ̫ڵ
ڽƽ
¶ʱһƬɽл֮żײƽҲһ
ǰ治ûͷ̫ɫղ΢һͣ٣ͻȻ˾⡣
ҹﱸ֪̫࣬Ƿ⣬ֻһͣ٣޴֪ϲŭǸ˼尾ġ
ϴˣֻһʱ̵ĳĬӽеµ˺ʪƽȻعԼҲһ㱡
Ůϵ£书Ҫģ̫ӹշϵӲ칭Բң¶һ
ʸɶڿлһԲĻΣֱУٲаģҿıĻ
ƽͬʱԴףϷļô״аģ
ǿôԶʸļ˶͸˰Ĵ
̫е㶫
ıͷһǱ书򣬻̫ȴҲ칭׼ǰļС
䶨Уƿͬʱǰһſİ붼żʸβҡλ¡
վ侲׵ˡ
֮н䶯УʿŰܶΧм䣬λͬʱڳԶмʤ
ƽָŻ̫ϵףȨע⣬
˵˭Ӯⳡأ
ͽѾԼĶיȥ¸һҲãöΪ˽Сģͷ
ȻͶͣסվûʮأĿǰѾ·
øҲܵܣųϵƣǶֵܳɼЩ
̫żش𣬶Ƿʻȥ
ƽأ˭пӮ
վҰܸߣܽеľ󿴵ͶıȷҧúܽһʮһһʮʱܷʱȵһҲܻʧȥơ
ǲⳡĳɼƽƽѾбˣ붼ĵ
ҵȻѡʮ
̫ζĺЦһ
ʮϵá
ƽŻ̫һֱۣתЦ
ǵȻʮӮýǳԣ
ƽö죬һΪȷʵϵãҲΪʷ¼ڲһԱͽӢսķѱī棬ѡӮ䡣
˻ž벻ʣ뵽̫ղһζЦƽæ䣬
ǺȥһԣƽѡģӢ䣬ɽܵУ϶ܽЩȫ
Ųǵ꣬ڵˡ
żӴȷʵΪ׵ĵõ˼㣬̫ЦŲһ¹ң
ڲңĹǱ㶼ٳЩԽ㡣
ƽ̵ͷ絷⣬
ţ޲ھܳ󣬽ıȫѧΪڶͼ³ҲȥͬǱԣ游⣡
Ļ̫úܸˣ
Ϊʲôǵڶǵһ
ƽͷȻ
һǸѽ
֪ѧЩڣССͻø˾Ƶģ̫ûסЦ
ƶˣ
ƽĲӣվÿøЩ
ʮӮˡ
ЩֻǿθǰˣҪԼʵǿΪн죬Ҫܴһ֧õľӡ
ǵԽ뻮һľǰ칭ߣٶȼ죬ӺɹŶһУʱΪ׳ۣǰļвһ㱻˴⬡
δƵ֧ڱк´࣬ʱ趯ֻͦεվš
Ϯսģ⡭ȫⳡıݣƽվڻ̫ǰЩǰδĳֻ۾ˣվҲᣬ̫⸱⡣
վøߣҲǶڽ֮У̫һ߰ڳ󷨣Ѿ˹֮ϸϸĽƽ
ƫ´죬Ϊյİ˽βͬʼʱһָݣԾɾӣ˿ƣ̬
ıڳƫϯλ뺺Զе¡һع硣
ؾһյ䣬λҲֶسǵ·ϲ軺УƥСЩˣƽԾڻ̫ǰǰڵ
Ŀ֡
ǣǰ··ȻвڵΧۣ˺ƽ㵱һϸҿֵļЦеĳߵڻ֡
.
ϯϯɶ仯ͱյϯ㲻Ϧ羫£Щ⣬һյλ˵Ľ伢
Щһ𣬳Ⱦƣ⣬ϯոǲؾıЧ̫Ϊ⣬ҲŶ˼
Ϊ⣬һûӶˡ
̫ص¹ɨһȦûƼƽӰѯʷȥչ˰˰Ů
ƽѾϢ𣿡
ӿƶһֻŮһȥչ˰˰磬ƽﲢܼ˽ȴһںǰź
ҡҡͷһۣ
˰δعǻϯϣ
һֱڹУû˰οƽҪʰӳźδ˰硣
˵ĶԻҲһ㲻Ծһ̫߰һʵ
ôˣ߲ƽδء
ôأ
Իع¹·һһϤ߲Ҳһ
͹ˣ̫ϯûƽӰΪСȻȥˣôȥôûûع
ᰴס̿۵֣Ҳ·ֻһ룬΢üѳн
ȥһƽûиŶظȥٰѸ
ǰ츮δѾȵˣ̫ʾ
һֱŰ˰磬ƽȥĶˣôû
ﴺǰһĴͷ
󺹣˰ѾŶԪ˧ȥˣԪ˧˰׼еĻܱ٣Ѿڳűǰ뿪һ·ȫ
е£
ǣﴺͷ
һӹ뿪˰ŶԪ˧ȥˡ
̫
Сӣˡ
һʱûӦﴺЩ֪룬̧ͷ̫ٿԱߵĺ鸣ǵɫͻȻﲻԾ
Īǡ
ͻȻͨйϣ̹£
ūŻΪǴѾ׼ģҲûĪǰ˰󺹲֪ūšūŲ֪ˡ
ҪˣֻעŰ˰λԱţʮְȫ˰˰߸Ҳǲ빬Զеġ
Ż̫ĬҲûһָﴺ֣̿
ĪӦķȥˣūȥ׷һ˰ƽƽĴعС
̫ʵżЩӱ֤ƽİȫеº͹͢оԹȻѾ齵˴Ҳģ԰˰粻
ֻţ
Ȼƽ⼸ʵʵĴڹ¹ͲԾԭŻ
ء
˰죬ԱֻʱߣҲ̫ʱʱﴺȻʢУǸȥƽľӦǲˡ
̫Ŷǣ̾˿
ˣٶЩһȥر֤˰İȫʲôʱ
ﴺæӦˣ̫Ź¹ŵһֻǻ˼
ȷʵΩΩФôҲûڻϡ棬ƽȻſеˣ
е¹鸽вһ꣬Ǻʱ˽飿
ȥҲֻ˽ڹϼ棬˽µĻδ˵
󺹡ˣūŲʶ֣ǰ˰ϵģ쿴дʲô
żææܽУһţ뵽ƽδɫͻȻþţ
˰Ī˰ɣ
ֽдǺģѹŲϵã̫һ۱㿴ֽдݣȥ߿õͻ
秣Ǿùģб˶ڲǶǸ֮顣
̫ҳֽݸ飬̲סЦһ
Ǻģն඼ѧˡ


63 
س·;ңԶ, еº͹ϯ̫Ȼв, ƽƬ, һ뿪
Ȼһ·קſеº͹ҺǳüʱϦ, Żδرա
Ϊ˲ıеº͹ǰѾִʢ, ڳפƽһʱ䣬⵽ӪѰˡ
µʿͨеº͹ʱоһ, ˶һ, æӭȥ
˱ھӪפ֮⣬ȿ, һͷޱ, ԱһѾǣ΢΢һͷȥ˵ʲô
æŲ, Ϳ˰Цеĳ֡
ƽʮָˣ
Ԫ˧ܱ٣ּˣ
ƫͷʾһ¶,
λ࣬Щﲻɾ, һ¡
Ǹűʮֻǰ, ݰµ
˰绹ųϦĺͬԱ, Ҫ
˼ҵٲŵԣǾΪ
е΢΢Ӧƽߣ
˰簮أѲ֮˱л˰ˣʡ
ƽһǿůͣԳˣ뿪ʢҪΪС
е»æܾͼƽµͷ
򲻿ɣ˰Ը£ȰȥˣﻹҪͶԶء
˵ǶЩ¸֮꣬˰֮ûӵɾͬһ뿪
˼󺹻֪˽Թմ˰뾩ǵͷҪˣ
˵˵е¾ǲͬƽһصҲһԵͷȻҲ޳ɡ
˿ܵ˼̫ԣصĻλ˼ƽǣҲҴŴ׶һ·кҲĻؼҡ
ƽ룬һСѣ
λģǰбǸΪ˿ͬλΪǸ˼ȻóȻλҪʹԱء
ѻ̫שҪİᣬõİ취ˣû֮һ
Žɣ
˰Ե棿Ǵ⣿
ƽᶨͷ
ȻҼٴּ⣬ڲƭλأ

ƽﳯ˷Ǹǵʱ̫׷һ˰ˣҲһٴͺüٴܿס

ⲢͷһƽڹУ̫Īú֮ǰƽȥ츮ʱͬҹ˯Ҳò̫ȣڶճ֮ǰֻĲѯʡ
еδˣ
عڵϣæ
˰λ˽ų̺ܿ죬ҹλСףϢУЪվ
ƽ𴲵ʱӦվ֮С
ҹ˴ﴺʱһͨһ£ð˰簲Ȼ̼ؾûȵȵ˴󺹴١
̫һͷ֪ҹ뿪δ֪̫࣬ϸʣת
ƽ⼸յΪϸϸ˵ЩˣЩ£һȱ©
ȻǣԻһ㿪ʼȫ׼̫Ƥʱһ
Դ˵ͨĵڶ𣬰˰ȥ˼ѧãţѹյĿγǰѧˡ
ͣ˼һ£Ժл˰統ʱ˵Ļ
ǳʲôεģзĳֵմʱһͬʱ˰绹뷶һع¹ȥţܾˡ
طһҳ
հ˰籧ֵǸȥһʮүׯӣδʱԾЩԼĪһʱڽģ˹¹븣ͬʳձûٳȥ
ʱԱ߼һС֣̿дģּСЩģ壬սЩ
˰绨ֵĶûƳǷ񳤴ЩǸӣӦû
ӿ죬ŷӦǵöЩûõģǿŰ˰ԺﱧŻɹ̫ģʲôҲдЩġ
̼Ӵͼڸǹȥ
ھգҲǰգ˰Ű˶ضһͬȥ˶Ԫ˧ܱڳפľӪ
ͣ
ǡô̫˰죬ص㣬
ϸЩ˵ǱԼ
˫ֽ¼ıӷϣֹԭ
˰λ˺ʹԱ˵һȥΪУλ˱ҴӦ˰˰񣬺֪ôģִӦˡ
СĿŻ̫ɫ
ھӪ޷ūǱԶЩЩδ壬֪˰˵Щʲô
һͷڵϣģ
ˡūȷʵ֪˰ǰδ׼а˰λһȥˣһ·ǰȥеۣūǵĴˡ
¹ֲ˭뵽ƽô͸͵ôԶȥ棬úܡ
οȴԼƽЩӣҪȥѵסɣ
̫üĿ̾˿
ˣɣʹﴺٺ꣬£εĽѵպŰ˰ϸЩ
һ㶣ѱԴӦĸ죬л
л󺹣
Ǹ߸߾ˣЩС͸л̫һݲٺ»ͷֱòʹ
̫Ǽ¼˰ճıӣһĿʮеķһ飬һʱ
һۣƽǲԼİΣôС;вס
ĵܣҲûз֮ģʵǽ˵ġ
ǿе¡ǲ鸽ģ˵Ѿ߰ʢʱʱţȫȷݣ̫ðˡ
һ־ƽɳЩ£֪滮˶ãۣıȫﶼ뵽ˣý᲻
ƽγͷСӳЩԣǷѡ
ĩˣ̫Цһ
Сӹúܣ֪˼ҵ졣
صʱһ̫Ц޶ŭ֮⣬֤˰Ҳȫˣллأ챣ӡ
ʱѾ̫ˣ̲סߴ٣
󺹣쵽ʱˣȥˣЩǰɡ
ЩҲûʲôʵˣ̫վĿԾɹŵĲͣһ˲߱ߵ
°ɣȵջǵΪϸ豾
Ѿ˵⣬ֱųķȥˣϥתŻ̫뿪ķ
ū

еǸʵˣƽĺǴԼвսҩݵˮ뱸ţʱԳΪӭӰ˰Ӳ죬ǰɨһ飬¡
֮£ûôˡ
ʱ䣬ʮԱȥ߰룬һǰѾежˡ
ʹЩ̫Сģһͷףһһм޲ܲˡ
˽ŵġȱһֵֻġ۵ġܵƽּһ뽡ģһ𣬶ԱȹŸˡ
ƽĿЩһһɨϹǿң˵ķɫҪǺϺüȣȷʵЩˣһⶼɫҪ̳һ
ƽ̣Űһڴʻ˶
⸱飬ͻȻ˵ҪȥѰЩʲôãã˼˭֪ܻܲЩ˶ǱſȻľġ
ڴг˱ϾϡȱԴϲʮˣ棬ǶձȺдһĵķϣǿҲˡ
ƽ˹һۣû˵ʲô
û˵ʲôǸĴԱȴ̲סˣڴһͿȣҪѷοȳԱߵæȥı˳
һûѾˣƽʣ
ȥҽʿȳܳ𣿡
ȥһۣæ
˰ģЩ˾ںϣѰССʹԼҽΣȼãõġ
Ǳ߿ֹȻǲʹͻȻʧǱţԼס죬ƽʱ
ƣܱٲ滻ҲҲһλ˰ɣ
ҡͷȻǲԸ滻ˣ
ҲҲ϶ˣϺḻ˰ʹǳе
оģʺϸųء
ʲôƽףƤӵ滻ˣȻٱУһ׳ĴԱ᲻ˣϹͷȥƴ
ƽƳһۣ
𣿡
ͷ
Ȼôƭ˰أ
ƽŶ
ƽ˵Ҫʮ˻ھ͸㷭
ǲԹɫɫãǿȵòͣϴԱͻȻǰ£
ллܱ٣ȼëˣղǺһڷ磬ްġ
ˡ¡ضλϿƽĥĥ϶
ɣǼȻѾܱٸңպҵˣҲ˳⼸µ屶ţѰҪĶзʹ͡
ʾǮ
һǰɷǵļҾ죬ûмҾĻ߲ĵģڿһ룬Ҳ̤ʵ
˲УƽԸٴת˿е£
Ԫ˧һ󣬴˷ʵڲִ٣֮ǰδ˼ȫҪһҽ洬֪ɷ񡭡
֪ҽڹŴ֧˵ĴСʹҪҽΣƽæе±֤
һصʢѰһλҽҽʿ̹ȱҲ㽫Ԫ˧ľҽԭ
е¿˹һۣûԥӦ
򵱲֣ʲô°˰ֻܷԸԵհ죬ǰѾҽԵƬ̣ݾҽʰһ¶С
лԪ˧
˴Ա⣬ƽ֮±ʶĶſеµл񣬱һס
ʹʹã˰ɷˡ
йԱ߱ţ񿴿е˳ۣƽһͷתǼԱ
ȥʱԾãҲԻȥͼҾֻҪʱ֮ǰ˳ʱɡ


64 
Լǲ뿪, ƽټеһλõܣ˲, ݶ˵, Ϊʮֻ飬жա
ͬһ壬, λõΪߣδ빬, ڼС
ڽӵøĴź󣬱ǰյ֪ϢѾǰغ˼յĴںӦ, Ӧǲδġ
Ӹ߰ںдӰ, ЩãҲ, ڴվ, ֪ǰӦҲģж, ƽҲͷ
һϵͳٿƴҲڵϤƽնһĵ֪ʶ, ܶŲţֻñʰԼ˵Ļ
ûҵͼ, ƽƾһĿĻ, ջһż׵ġ
Ȼ½, µλܻģٱעͷ򣬽硢ļĲͬƫƽұ֤϶ĿǰȽһźͼˡ
¶ˣƽٳǰֶһ飬
ǳ󣬱źдԼ½رɣ˳ͻҲĪƳȥ̫Զ
ָͼϵĶغһ
м֧СɺֻҪ˳Űˮķдһ·ϲʧ򣬵ִ׺ϿӦò⡣
ڿ⣬ƽҲǰᣬ
˰ģūŶģͬЩ˴Ա
ƽָ⵹˵˶ǣŷ޹ĺǲԲͨ
ûϵȻӦҲܿΨһͨĹͨʽƽĶյļ
ҾͰһ˶ˣȥĪҪСҲ𱻱۸ˣҵҪĶ뾡취ϧһдҲҪõ
ԭĶ˳ƹ£Ǹм
л˰ΣūűضУ
ѡ㣬յ书ֲرͣƸѡ룬ΪΪԼͼǰ;뵽һվ˰˰λˡ
¾ģ˷ԶУض߾ܣѰ˰ҪĶ㲻ز˰С
洬ӵĽ鱦Ƥëձ̺øǳȥ󽻻裬Ȼֻһ˰κӡ
ʱչؼҵĴԱ½صߣе´ӦľҽҲˡ
Ǿҽλʮˣһۿȥûңȿҩ䣬ƽʱʮְġ
ʱ仹ţƽ԰ҲټһָǰõԼҪҵǼͼһһֵĸǽ⡣
ǱеҪȲѣȥЩԽ֪Խá
ƽ֧ˣҲٹ˼ʲôվм䣬ЩΧվһȦÿһ˶
ʲôͷͷǵԼǸӣҲ˸ҽĻԷ磬š
ƽĺͬ
ЩĺһЩԱ̲ס档
С磬Ժܸأ̫Ϊ˵һ´˭˲֪谮Ľԭӱۣƽ׽ˡ
˲ٽĺ뵱ǲʵʵĻ룬˼ֿԼĺ֮Ҳٱۣȼϣ

ʱ𺽣ƽվڰĿֱͣããϿӰ˷תе¸ŴӺջߣ
˰ģع֮ʱضһʱȥʢͨɫ߷䣬˰泼Ƽݣصȥˡ
ƽ΢Цͷ
жԪ˧Ȼġ
⼸յദƽѾ˴˽⡣
еʮչˣ˵ǶǹӻڵأǸʵˣûʲôӣйԳУԵƷʮֲ
ҲԿеӡܺã԰
ҾͲȥˣҪٽ趼Ԫ˧һãҼ̻طʢҪ򸸺лԪ˧⼸յչˡ
˵ƽ΢΢һ٣忴˹һۣ
һʵ򸸺Ҳлܱˡ
˰׿˵ֻҪһеֻܷԾһͣƽҲٶ˵ʲô˸
Ŀ뿪еһԶȥķȴͻȻЦһ
һδɵСëˣͼǹ
е¼ͬü
̨ԣ˰˴Ѫݹأ빧ϡ
˰ɣ
Цһʮȵһսһҽ󣬿еؿɱ˰ӲˣıԼüоͺŪȥˡ
𴽽ǣû̿е£
㹧Ļǰ˰ôߣҪսҪľҽɿˡ
ս;ҽȷʵϡޱȣеȻʹ˰ϾǾӷ쾭壬Ե߾ܡ
ܣȫȻ˰̲סʣ
˷£˰磬ѵ´׷𣿡
Цһ
ôΪһӵѪǵĲʹ죬˵úкҿ˼ձˣǴ󺹵˼ʲô߲ôֻһСдô׵ġ
еü
ҲӦ԰˰˲һպ󡭡
ôСܳʲô£
׵
д󺹵ĳ谮һʱܳĸף˭֪޳ο滹һսĴ磬պ˵׼
ЦĿеµļ
ͼ֣ԸԩͷҲԸ⣬ˡ

س·ûпе½ѹٶȣƽٶʢǸϣ϶ǸϲŹرǰȥ
Ъһޣһǡ
ƽҡҡλεϣԱ߶յֱ۲ĵѯʣ
ȷֵͬһ԰ɣ
вȷԣҪߣ˱Ǹˣܼթһ͸ˣ̺ð
ЩǮںֻʦڵĳȥð˰ķգƹֲ߲ҲüޣҪЧźá
һЦ
ģõܰŹҲˣܽľضʣתԲܲС
ǾͺǾͺá
ƽӦţȫȻûע⵽ӦѾʢȻһӳ룬ֱȥ

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˱·һȥһŰ˰磬ﴺɥҹɫ
˶ĳޣȨѣ
˰磬ǵˡ
Ȼƽ
͵ʮҡΣ׵ǱϨ˵ƣ˫۷һֱںڰ֮Уʱȴùˣƽɵ۾۽Ҳ߳˼ˮ
۾̧ͷ͸ʵȴô˴죬ƽۣʹȥ
⼸ôʢǡ񡰹¹أ
ţԺ趼ʮϤǰϤĵطƽ̧ͷ
ʱѹʱôˣ
¹ʱƻͨŴ󳨣Ȼʲô˵ĵ
ԶԶſڵѽȥ͵ܶյİ˰ڻعˣ̫뺣鲢ӭ⡣
Ϸ绹ţһȻ࣬ĺɫ멣̫һ£վࡣ
ǵƽոȷԼʱѾصڣ㿴һҲδ룬ĵĳźɱȥ
һ
ӣûüȫſһССײ˹һ
ʮçײʵᣬƽ˵ǰʱ˾ȥô£űˡ
˳ʱԼͬϸĸ󣬸һͱƽ˹˹̫һ
䣬ȥ˵ɡ


65 
էȻƽ, һʱ֮ǰҪ˵Ļǣƽֽ˹ţȴת͵λϡ
ƽɻͣסŲ,

΢Ц,
, ߣƽˡ
ƽ
֪ˣ
ֱո˼ˣż̫̫ͬˣһʱԼɳЩ, Ҫġ
Сͷ, գգ۾,
, ȥ⼸գƽʮ㡣
, ëܷܲ£
ͷ,
ţ֪ˡ
ԶԶվţֻ¶ֺЦݵĹɶ, 
ƽվôԶʲô˵˼βսЩ
ƽ˵ҵսǼëӶܹˣٽһʮΣ, ˵,
, ҹѾ, Ϣɣӱ㲻ˣƽˣ
ٲܾˣ
ƽ̽ŵĨͣתͷ㿪
վס
Աƴ
˴ܣֲ˯һͰˣܵ˽գҲܲա
ƽվסˡ
ΪвǷһֱûв뵽˶ԻеĻ̫űߣѾ·ζס
ʱЦЦͶߣЦһΣգ
ƽȥĶҲ˵
ƽ⡣

˵ùһ㲻ʮ壬ڸŶȥ˵ˡ
һ£Ǵ˵еĸĸ˫
ѣһҪȳס׻˵úãɽǰ·޾֮·
ƽзתѸٳһЦݣͷ
ٺ٣Ҳڰƽ⼸Ҳʮ㣡
ǡ
̫ûסһЦСͬ·Ȼ飡
ǰżëӵĺ飬ǳĻ̫νǰǺлƽǰһЦ
ˣƽôŹͷȴʵĲٹʱҪˣǲԸٴŶͰϢҪء
𣿡΢Ц
ƽƴͷ
Ȼȥ⼸ƽʮ׳лͬһȥͰɡ

Ϊ˷ֹͣ»ͷץס˫ƽһֱͣĽ⼸յļʶʲôеûĶó˵
ӺδβĴԱٵÿնЩʲô׮׮޾ϸһõҲûС
СȰȵģٿ쵽춼岻ȥ޿̣ƽתƻΪ
˵࣬ƽʲʣ
ƽҿʡ
ҡͷлػӲʡ
ֻҪܲ˵һޡ
תתļëӣһһ٣

ƽͷҡ˲˹ģ
ȰѼëӷ£Ҿ͹ȥ
ǲܷµģվȻƽϹ͹ȥ
ëѾˣܵɵӣƽټĹ¹ҴܣСһֱխĽ꣬һһ߹Ǻ
ƽ֪ˡ
֪ˣ
ĶˣǺ顣
ƽ㵽κ棺Ҳ͵ܳȥ
֪͵㻹ܣǹִ򡣡
ˣëȫչƨɡ
ƽءףң
ǲܾȵģ̫תͷŹˣ˹ߣӡ
ƽ׽һﻹܶùȥת۾ͱ̫סˡ
ƽŽżᣬ
ôܻܲң
ֱ̫ӱЦˣ
˴ּۻۣƽʱ̫ˡ
ƽ֪ˣƽ´βء

֮ҹ¹ڵƻͨӰζ洫Ŀſ޺Ǻʵİ˶ҲŴͷ
ĲҲ̲סﰵп࣬ҹɫ󺹴ʱѾڳڹ¹ڣⲻԼô
˰˳վͲһķƽֻͣѾõǣģͳĹոŰ˰磬ѽ֮⡣
¹Ϩ˰Ҳûܳ
ҡҡͷһѾߵƵᣬ˰簤Ȼ˴꺢ӲҪź壬ͼʲôء
ƽǿ˯ŵģҲֲԼۻװģ̫׽鸺˵ĬֻǿԼƨɡ
ûǰһֱһֻ룬ĸ׾ŻŻѣ̫ˣĴ
ƽôҲ벻ףΪʲôôֻ͵ܳȥѰӿεʱ򣬶ʲôû˵ǲǶˣôͻȻôˡ
ѵǳĴء

ϵ̫򣬵˵ڶʱ򣬹¹ֻ˻̫һˣȥᣬֻԸ죬
Źˣȥ˰٣ȥƫš
˰ҹհ˴ҪһµģǣָľӦǸŰ˰ĴﴺͲˡ
ͷ
ǣūȥ졣
Ͷٰգְ˴һʱ룬ƽתѡ
۾ƼڴߣСĹűȥֺõЦţ
ƽ˰ɣ
˵ﻹ
ƽ߻ԣһ˫۾
ˮôգգ͵ˣֿֿɰɫְףһŴӣθɳʵΣգôôһ١
ô׵ľͰ½ҹȥҲУڳһӣ
Ӧ´βôŵԼվܱ֤
ƽʱСװͷ
Ҽסƽ֤Ҳˣ
ҹ޵̫̫ˣ˵֮ģ̫Ӳƽһ亹
ԭûô򵥣˽ԳʢҲͰˣȥôԶĵطʱʲô£̫޳Ī
ȥ˸ҲһԴӣװİ˹ȥԭ߶ע⡭˿ţ̫ҷġ
е¡Ͼ͢ĳӣƽλ÷У˼ȴδô룬в֮ģԼŵʡ
οһ·Ҳȫֵ̾ຣһֱŻɹȻ鸽֪Ƿûģ
ŶԱ߹ñް̣ǲܶԻ̫ôƽһСӣֹ⣬ʵ̫õĿˡ
⻹·ϵͻ״ͻķѩȻΪҹ˵üԣÿΣնᵽˣƽһֶ˵ġ
ȻҲйŻЩΣյĳɷڣЩʵпܷġ
ƽжʱһɽٺ֮УԼٴӦõģԼð˵ǣȻֻһٴʵֵ̫ˡ
ƽȷʵһЩµӣ֪ҹ˵ûЧİ۾
ˣˡ

̫ųļ¼ֽҳҲᣬЦеƵģ
Ǵʲô߲ģ˼һͼСĶô⡣
ⲻʾ䣬һǲҲػɣ
ū˰˵ЩǴϿģҲѧõ
ǲֱƽ̫ǱСӣû˼תʵ
ȥеº͹ƽΣ
ŵ˶һۣﴺϥһǰػ
󺹣еһ·԰˰ʮֹ޲ӣ෽ã԰˰ԸȥǷ¡
Ż̫ϵЦȥﴺǰãͣһ£·Ŭ
ڿе¹Ȱ԰˰繧ʱΪȻƾ޳ϣһʱĳ谮δܳá˽ﻹԳ˵˰ֻѪЩȥϾǰװ
Ŷ𣿡
ҪĻԣ
׿ԣūǲֻƬ
عҲסжʱݵ
Ĭ
͵л̫ȴͻȻһЦݣ̴Ц⣬
ǵǰеºϹӣ˵ֶĲڡ
Ѵǰз˿еµ飬Źһϣ̫ĿɨЦһ
λܱ٣Ƕڲڿúأ˰᲻ãҪ˵
һ˼
ּȥ˵еפйΪο²ɣϼҽտľҽйһּͬ


66 
ƽĳ, ȻȥѧõʱԼúʰϴһ飬Ҳ͵ŵʱ
ÿջ̫鷿ʱ, ƽڹ¹, ųķΡ
뿪ʱƽ˯ţʶջ̫һ̣תһ䣬㿴¹ſվŵǸСӰ
ƽҲͬʱ, ʱǰһ, Сӵ, ̳Ż̫ȥ,
꣡
嵽ǰСͯʱɲסŲ, ǹص, ȻһЦݣ
곯ˣ
̫ϵľ֮ɫһ, Ƥһͷ̫, յ̫ճӶ, ϷŲް쳣
ϡ, ƽôӭˣ
ƽӭӣ̫¹󣬻ڵȡ˳ŮǵĹ
̫֣ϸɵĲ,
̫Ȳ裬˫ַ,
̫Ҫ, ҪǰȥĨһѵӡ
֪Լ˴Ż, תͷ̫İõĿæǰæ󣬰Ҫͣ˼ҲûС
һ糣ƽСı߳Էƻ̫ɫûյ£ûȥѧû̫Ҳûа𱸣Ѿˣ
ţĴʯͷҲ˵أٵĺʱٰһٴˣƽԷʱ֮ǰһ롣
һյűûԣЩĵڣͶˣǳ⣬ʳϾ¹Ȼֻ˼գѾܲˡ
ƽԷϰߺܺãӲʳҲӣСһ뷹ŵøϿ߳ԣȻˣֵĨɾ죬µӱ˳ȥ
Ͷãƽȸˡ

뿪գٴλصϤĵطƽֵ˻ԼСϴ˸
ͶѾˣҲѾ˺һ˳첻СײϵķѿҲûûһƬҶ
ȥǰⶣŮǣǰæʱѻõԺȥɹ̫ȥ⼸գԭͺͺһϺɫСѿϾȻĶҶӡ
·Ѿ͸һƬССҶպѻɽĿɽҩպչҸᡣ
ǻϲ˷ƽﲻס˷֣
ͳ𣿡
ϵͳڣҪ𣿡
Դ˻ԺƽҲûĹ죬ϵͳѾ˺öˣڵȵٻƽĵﶼ˷ܡ
ƽһڴϣп
ͳлл㣬ҾҺõġ
ڴݣʲô¶ܱͨ˳׵ҵ˷ľҲõģʱʡ
Ȼ˴Խһٴ򣬵ܸоʵͶΪĵԽ󻹵õ˸ĸİʵǣ֮ǰ붼ˡ
ҲΪʲô׵ľʹӦϵͳҪԭԭûǿҪ㲻ӦҲô
Խõʵ̫ˣ룬ҪΪ˹ŴķչϹᣬѣҲܱϵͳĻᡣ
ϵͳôɿ鰡Ҷ֪ôˡ
ƽ
ƽлл㣬Ѿõȫȥˡ
СϵͳȻû취һЩǳʵİҲʮֲ飬ԼеĴԽƽǶĿƴһǵ
ԣҪˣȥɡ
ϵͳĬһ˲
ˡ
ƽ
Ҵһ
ʲôϵͳ
þδԼ⻰Щ壬ױᣬϵͳĿİͰ͵Ľ͵
ǣҵ˼ǣˣ׵ĵ
ǻ̫
䣬̫ӰǰʱǿҵⶼһƬӰƽӴһԾȸԾ

ź̫ź˯ƽʱҲһ𣬵̫ƽСʱȽ϶̣һƽͺ۾뿪
ɣƽ˻̫뿪ʱ
ҵԼЬã̫Ѿߵ齱ߣЦüԻԣѯʵ
ƽʲôҪҪ𣿡
ƽͷ룬ҹŸոմҲȥѧãѿȻɻֻһƬҶҪֲʱû¿
ҡҡͷ
̫Ц
ƽŰòã
ƽͱɴƭյ鷿ֱ̤鷿ʱԺģžһԥĹ򣬻̫Ѿ˾ûܾĻᣬһ·ǣ˹
¹Ȼи̫ٳϾϣ̫Ǹоڲ࣬˭˼Щӵ񰡡
㻹ѡ鷿һЩҪͬʱҲܱԼЧʣھ鷿С
켫ɫ̷ԸǸ˰ʵΣ̫ɿƽ֣ʾһרŸ׼λã

ƽ
ôﲻԾ
ȴ̫ɫ糣ѾԼλˣһ۷üȻûٴ˼
ƽԥƬ̣ˡ
ǰտҲո£ֽƬҲûУȻѧϰġ
ȺŮʳһӵ룬ݣжǰϰ˵ˮֻǻطԶ
̧ͷһۻ̫ٿһԼǰƽʱ֮ģȱԼϵĳԳԺȺȣǰǶѷŵЩɢҵۣίʵеⲻס
ƫƫ̫Ӱæ̧֮ͷػ
ʲôԵģǲˣֻܽгȥ
ƽôãҺ
QAQ.
鷿ʮְƽһģ˱飬߿߳ԣСעŲѵӵϣŸոշһҳ̫ȴ̧ͷ
ƽһ֮ɫ
ֿ쵽ּʱˣЩֺƵճɸǲѾһ˰ˡ
̫̾һͣһ£
ƽô
ȿȿȡ
ʲôô
갡ʺп
ƽһڵҭɤȵ˶Ҫȥˣֲⷴԭء
ûϵô˸űѵָ̫ȫ֪һһ𣬼Ȼʼʱûţʵ˾ͺá
ƽ˿ڲ˳˳
ȡ˵˹ʮָ߲䣬Ա⼢ġ
ⶫ̫Ѿ˵ˣֻͨУǵ䣬δֻҲû⡣
ƽֻ֣ñֽϼԾɿƽ
ƽε֪
ƽ
ˣˡ
ܸܲ߻ִ̫ʲô֪ЩϡĲƷִѾ˼ҼһĲΪͨʳ˰ɣ
ԹµȺ˳ӹε⣬
Ƕʱһλ˵ģ˵ʮָ߲Ѿֲֲʳ㡣
˵꣬ƽ̧ȥ̫ɫ
̫֪ûţһ΢Ц
ֻзûԵˣ
ƽ
QAQ.
ôʲô֪
ʹԼѣ˳׺ĺô
˵׺Ѿ˳ź·ȥ˷Ҳ˵ģǸ߲֣˵Թֲ
̫ÿɷ񣬽ʵ
ƽҪ˴ֻҲΪѰЩ߲ЩҲǸģ
ٵһյ
Ѱû̫֪ҲֻǶһͽϣһûҵˡ
ƽҡͷ
ǶԼпģ˲ûйϵ
ȻȻİͷ
ڶ뷶λ޹ءҪ𷣶һ˰ɡ
ӦλˣΪԼܵǣ㹢Ϊ˲ãҲܳǡ
̫ȴ񲢲ĵ˭ЭǶǱڵٸʵף
棬ƽǵ𣿡
ǱͲڣƽμǵã
Աࡣ
мģл̴׵ĶЩϡ

ƽһ߱ţһ߿̫ɫ
бԴʮ˵Ԫ˧ܱͬٴӺʮʶǴԼȥ档
Ϊ֤Լȫͷһȵƽѷĳ̰˳
˵֡䣬̫֣ߴ󣬴رҲȥЩĶ֮Բ¸öɥ־
òױЩƽѼһͷŲ͵͵̧ۿ̫ɫĿ⣬һʱûٶʣвɵһ
ӦҲǺŪȥ˰ɣ


67 
ʮ, пϲ飬̫λױպʹӭӣȥ鸽Ŀе¡ͬȴ
ɽȵصƹ, 㷺гпϲ鸽, ֲ֪
ƽ֮ǰȻϵͳ￴˷İٿƴ˵ûʲôá
һĿ, ÿһʶ, дζ۵Ҳû⣬һؼרҵ֪ʶͻȻ顣
İٿƴԺУʱԵ, ǰչһ, ɴСƾ϶߿Ƽ, ûʲôá
˵Լֲ֪һԼôʮ꺺ӣΪũ, һֽũ͹Ա֮ʣƽ˵
˵ũ, ֲ紵ɹôֲڣ˵ǹԱ, ֲֶʮ־ͨ˵ʲôͷͷǵģׯ԰Ĺ»о, ʲô˵ļٰʽ
ڶׯķѾ˺øߵľ, ٵȥ, Ǹոհٺпϲ鸽ĲڣƽΡί񡱵ѷĳ̸Ͻ̫ԣӽѡũҵֲ˲š
ڹ絽ʱԼλϣһжñѾǰ˺ܾõķĳΪ𾪣ɵѯԭ
ƽ˫۲ϵ
֪ɷһ֮ڳһ֮ڴ٣ʱΪ˶飬Ҳˡ
ĳ̣
ʵ죬֮ϣ뷽跨İʹյڴֵʫ䣬
һڣӢڣ˵ǲǣ
ĳ̣
߳ſõļ϶ĶͥԺеĻݷп
紵̣︴գòֵļڰ
һ˵һ߼ԵĿŷĳʾ⡣
ĳ޿̣
֪ˣ˰Դɢѧȥ󺹡
ĳⲻסƽʱѡũҵ˲ŵĺôΪУΪƽѾǰڻ̫ǰũеĺ˳ΪũѾվƽǰ
ƽΧתһȦΪũҲ̹վο
üкۣԴ֮ɫºĸɸɾʲֵũ񣬵ĳ
˵ֲ֪
ƽվסŲĻʾɡ
Ϊũֱͦ
ǣԭ͢ũһС٣ֲƹ㣬˵Ķ֮Ϊ
ƽ
ûҵѡֵũԱڹƹ㷬ֲ
ǰ찤Ƕٴ˼ѵǣ׵ˣɵ
ũ٣ܳ͢ٺ»طֹ󣬴пΪô뵽ҪͶҴأ
ΪũɫԱ䣬ũЪ˵д٣жԴλ˰˼ֺøУΪһλĴ
˺
ȴ˰ֻͣ˵˰缱Ѱũҵ˲ţֻΪ˵˷óԣ볢ζ˼ʱȥ
û뵽һ꺢ͯȻʳ⣬ЩĿ࿴ˣһ˲ѡʵԸ棬
˳ˣǱչٺ磬Ÿнһ·ϵġ
ԭǱչٺͶģǾ͸ϸʣƽٸʵף
Ϊʲôᱻչأ
˰ССͣȴֵֻĺͯΪũԴҲ
һֱֱͦվţΪӦ˰ߣΪũƽƽ
 ˰Ȼӹڸ㵽˷Ҳ֪𣿡

ƽȻֻ֪ⶫúܽ㲻ȥ˺ϡ
λѡˣܰƹ㷬ֲҲоƽʱǰ
⸱ӱ֪ΪũԳһЦһ꺢֪ͯǺö͢ȴֻԼܣƹ㣬ίʵ̫Щ
뵽Ծò⣬
ԺΪζǳʳˣֻ͢ϲعȸ߲䡣
ȥ󣬳͢ũҵӲӣֻģֻݳ֣Σȴһⶼأһβ֪ŭλˣְ
ᵽЩΪũ÷߿
粻ԸǸԭڳҲֵأصҲһġ
ƽ֪ΪũǸֱ֮ˣǰֲֻ򽻵ﶮùԱơ
ûũȫı붼ͣˣũҲӣֲɫŴ飬ҪѹǵĿʳ洦ɼʳȻ˴չƺҲԤ
Ҫл͢Щ߸ϵĹ壬һλũҵ˲͵ߡ
ΪũԴǿУᵽʱкᣬαƽһ£
˵ũΣΪְֲ֪ʽ𣿡
ˣΪũкᣬƽдһʣȻԣ
׳ɻֻ䷢ѿп顭
ƽˡ
Ϊũ֣ۺᣬ
ҵĸǣߣھͳȥֵء

һ·ĻׯƽƫȡԼʮյķѿ
ԳһƬҶǸѿһ·ʹܣڲ࣬ѾƬչҶҲȥԭϺɫһֲܳˡ
ΪһǸЦˣ
˰羫ʯΪϵѿԭֵģɻӡ
ƽİõİһ䣬ҿֻˣҲŻȥɹ̫
ֻ
ôֵģѵֳַʲôͬ𣿡
Ϊũҡͷ
ҲҲ
䣬ʱҲֵʱء
ƽ
ԭˣڹ⣬Ϥߵԭô
ʱڱô䣬ٹСڵµ㣬⻹ֲʳˡ
ׯĹһ·˷зůһƿţһů
ڵůͣ˵ȱ¯°˰ı˶ʶһֱ̿
Ƿľϻеķѳ˰˸ߵľҶ֦ҶбԵüΪ׳ۡ
ƽΪũ
֮Щúʱأ
ڵ¶㣬ʵӦٵȰ£ľϻеķҶѳôߣµĿ龥Ҳţṩ㹻֣Ȼǲٵˡ
Ϊũ
Ϊ˸õձֲ
ƽŻ˵ڲֵʱ򡭡
ôͻȻҪأ
Ϊũͷ
һżգֻЩһֱůУѿԵҪ磬ѾôߵľҶѿµˡ
ũо˷ֲ׳ɻĿ龥ֻ֦ȡһδҶӵ֦µأˮɳɻ
һۿƽķѿֵҲΪˣ֦ܲɻķҶһôߡ
˵ɱɣöò˶ĵط̷Ը˽һ׼õϸϸһ飬ָ˲裬
˰λԵƬ̣һ̱á
ΪũɫЩȻǶ⼸öķ֪ôǺãڹѾֲڹϧͻȻΣʵൣġ
㣬䣬˷龥˶Щ
͵͵һƽȴ˰ɫ˷ܣŵҲûС
䣬Ŵ˽ƶĵأƽ֪ǳĺأطˮ㣬㲻顣
˵ͷϸߣӣΪũ
ָ֡

µķ±ӿ͵һƬΪũָ£ǽȡ֦֡
ůˣˮҲãһҹ㳤һأٹվֲ֦
ܶʼһУƽͶׯһֱظȻعöȻӿһƬء
ˮ׽桭һֵǺʵģʱˣҲ뵡
ءֲʱԶ˷ܵΪũͬƽǰأٿõĸСͷ̾һȻȻ
ԭһжԤף˵ڰб˼۸ץʱĽͷԭҪַڷַڷ
ڿ͵һƬر÷浽＾ջʱɸôѽ


68 
ƽ͵ķ, żķʱʱϰ£һ¡
Ϣʢ, ֵϢӶܺľӴһ£վס
ʧ׵Ϣ˳һҹƬԭɹȻ
ֵһͳɹ, ɹŵ۹۷, ຣ;С
֪Ϣĵҹ, λһͬ빬̰Ӫ̤ƽಿһͳɹŲԭ
Ƿʱ, ӿܣׯԻώˮʩʣοΪũ, ƽֻÿղŹȥһأѰʱ綼Ż̫鷿
Ҳ֪ǴӺʱγɵϰߣ, һ, һдĿҵ㷭Ҳг
̫żµļ϶̧ͷ㿴Сһһڿ, ֽͿͿ֪дЩʲô֮ĵĿָ, ҲҪ
鷿ĵȻ, תǰİ, һŽܵܣɺԵ鼮űķš
Ǻ鼮ʲôʽУͨеֽӡˢҲдӹѰƤ
͸Ǵ۵ҽҩũС˵飬ӦоУֱǴһݡ
Щ鼮ƽʵЩˣֻȤ̫Ҳˡ
ż˱Ƚ˼ۣ̫Ҳƽ͵ЩϤ
˰۴ӱǳ͵ĸǣڴ𼸺ѾǼ̫ƽļ⣬ʱСȷʵϻۣԼ
Ź̫Ϣһ̣ƽϢʱǰ鷿̫յһͬص¹ȥ

Ѻˣ鷿ȴͨλǵĴæʱˮ
̫񣬴ǰһԭվǰǰһֻ̫һ鰸ȣ
󺹣ҸոյõϢֵˣ̳ԸΪǰ棡
˻һҲסˣҲ׷˵Ըǰĳ˭Ϊȷ鷿жʱҳһš
˵̫ܸñȵõϢȴһֱ޶λȻдʣʱҲ˲ˣųĻᡣ
ֵʵϢʱһ֮У֪ʱȻԽԽãռȻҪ
̫ǵִڶУȴŲһɫǵĲˣ̲ס
ϣֵϢ˶ˣǵþ
żͬͣסִŻָ̫жʱ
̫δԣȴͻȻһСӵ
ʱҲʱ򣬶Īѽ
˭

Ȼһú
˭˵
̫ʲôʱɶˣ
ô˵ˣ
ƽӰ߲Ÿոպ鰸ƽΪ˳¸ļһʱûע⵽ĿҲеġ
ӺƳҾ
ƽλ岮ǰ
Щ˵ƽϤģҪˣˣȺվߣɻ
ƽô
ƽ۾Цк
ʮϺãѽ
ֵγǾҪ£̫㲻֪أ鷿ͬ£ȻŰ˰磡
Ƶɫʱͱˣ
󺹣ֵһ̵󲻵ãð˰ڴ˺֣
ûȻ̫˵ʲôȲͬü
磬ƽȻףзִġ
Ӣȥ󣬴ƱԳԾӣȶ곤࣬ʵƽﲢ򽻵Ӵʱмη塣
Щƫˣ˵ƽȷʵϻۣһСӣֲȥ˵ôˣƽ£Ӳ֡
üë۴ɫ
죬ʲô˼ôĺӣʲôҲֻң
Ƿֺã
ʲôңƽûң
ЦƽǶ쿴ųģӣСӹ֪࣬ٻأֵߵߵĵźȻ
ڳλյĶǣԼĶӣһһһҲûƽ
һ
˵Ҫڳ⻹𣿣
ԭҲôʱ̷սŻ̫⸱ӣһֱģҲûѿڶ
ƽ˵Ȼĵ֪ˣαھ۶ϣ
ۿԽǺҩζԽأ̴ӺǰܣƽҲվм䣬
ĪĪˣλ岮԰꣬ʱҲǳϸϸ

ֵʵ£̫ȻǸ֪Ϣ
ԼĪδʱңŻŵļһʲôŸͷȴģΪƵġ
Ķһغ̫һ΢ɫƽʱѾ鷿ͻ̫ٶ࿪Щ̻֮ͨ;纣·½ķʲôġ
Сڲ÷չũҵֻҪط֣ƽڼ﷢չҵĺôƼ̫ĿⴥǷܺʱʱԹɫͣ˻ͷ
ᣬʮ𼱵Ϣõɫ
̫򿪷ᣬеһžͲ״Ƥֽģһۣ㽫Ƥֽƽ

Ϊ򵥣ֻһ仰
ǰļֿܴһ֣ƽ̫ʶʶļֵ˼

ƽʱûʶԣͷȥѯ
˭ˣ
̫΢΢һЦ
ֵ
ֵһͳɹָտɴ̫ҵɣһνӴʷϷĴ£ƽ˶֪ðڳһʲôı顣
ֽҳ̽
ǡϲꣿ
ֻƬַ·˵ǧ
һΪܹɨ谭ԼɹչϰˣһҲΪԼѡλĴϻԺ
ֿ֮ӣ»ƽѪĹӣϲĶӣҲΪѡպ󴢾˴ϻۣʵ˴ҡ
̫Цͷ
ƽġ
ӱ̫һԣִϵƽʱҲ˺λͬʣ
ȻѾֵ֪Ϣôٸλ岮빬
Ҳ̬ȣϽ̫ô˿żأ
⣬̫±ʣŻش𣬷ʵ
ƽáӦü̷𣿡
ƽͷʱʱ
սˣҪ
̫ȴЦ
ҪģȰϢɢȥǺúõһҡ
ƽ΢΢һ㶣漴
ԭɹ𲿴鸽ֵһʹԿֵҲǰຣøһ·˸³
ԭȱֵвȹ鸽ԽѣԼѾҳһš
ɹѾ̫ԿżҪԼڲȶ̵ְ
ԽԽãԽԽãǲźòѴ֮²˳˵ĽҡƽϢս𡰺ˡ
ͨ˵ƽ˸£̫ĿʱȻ𾴣
е㶫
ѵǴ˵еȨı֮
ϣϢѾɢλǵõϢ빬ʱ򣬹ǲŸոճŵ
̫곤ͨסҪԼƫȥƽ
ƽŻȥҪһͬȥ鷿岮Ҫ˵ʲô𣿡
籾Ѿйۣƽڶ岮ǻѡǳ棬ͷ
ʶλʱƽҲ鷿
λ岮ǵ磬̫Ȼһֱһԣƽĳ羴ϲ¥
Ѱֻ뵽룬ˣλ岮ҲˣӺλʤĻ̫һ뵽ȴ߸ٵıȡ׵ʤ
ƽĽͣڳ˶ʱѻȸȻعһ۴ƣ
ͷ
磬Ҿ˵ƽᵷҰɡ
ƳĬһ̫ķ
̫Ȼ˰֣˭֪Щôƽһ˵ģ˼ǻ̫˼
̫ţʱ̧ͷ
Լһңȹ꣬ƽ


69 
̻빬λǻس̵ĽŲ, ҹһϸ˼һ鷽Ű˰Ļ, жʱ
ֵ, ޱ䣬ǳʱ̫׼, ˼ȷʵȫ, ȻҪһСѡЩ岮ǳˡ
ƽʵж֤Լںֻ֣, ж, 鷿žû˵, ʱ̲סУ
ʮܣ
ȥȣ粢䣬ĲҲ㳤ô̶һ, ʮվء
Խ꿪󣬵¸һֱ, ¼ľһͬ, ԭ׳ʵĺ, ޷εĲݡ
¸໺һԲſ, ȻԵЩ,
Ͷػ, ܵܲµ, ȥȼҩˡ
Ȼͬλֵô˵, ¸֪, صĲѺˡ
һ׮¹ͷ׮ѹҹ֣̿Ҳ԰Ҫݵ̲סһϲµģܡ

ֱλǳ˹ţŷֶ첢ûиƿǣȴ˵ƥ֪Ƕֵܵ
ֵ̫ͬԽԽ˿ƶߵףϵȺЩֵܺ࣬Ҳʲôﳤȥ
λ뿪ʱվԭûǳȥˣߵƽߣ£
ƽʮ巽ô˵綼ˣڸõرʱˡ
ţƽߣƽƽ̲סЦ
ѽѽǿô죬ĳ߸ߣûǮûеأ޴ӻرǷſɺã
ȻûǮûأ
ȻǶƽ˵ŵȴǻ̫Цߵ
ʮͬ㰢ֲʱһ졣
ƽ֪ڴ⡣
սʤֲܷƲģֵҲһɹŴЩ꣬۵ĲƱȴϽɻ̫Ĳ֣ʣµĳԼ֡
յüõǰ˱ȣ
СС²ѽ
죺ССá
ƽš
Ϊѣ
շҪˣС˰æĻ
⻰һ˭ף
æҰ㣡
Ϊũ˵µķƺüˣܶüʮһصķûգŵͶײ
ƽЦýǾô˵ˣ
صͷһΪ
ƽʱϲЦտͶΪĺת̫
꣬Ҹ˸鷳
һһģǰˣλֵȥһģ꣬ҲѾɶһ

ֻӼһƽץס˻ᣬֱ֪ȥʲô
ܹǵܱܵ·ˣ̫εĳŶͷ
Уͬȥ
׼˸߲ҵһԾ
лл˸磡
ߵһŷֵܵûиĶ۷Ѹ˵ı˳
磬лл󺹺ƽ˶䣡
һˣûŪ׵ʲô£̧
̫һͷǻӦ̧ͣ󹬵ķȥˣ
ҹˣذɡ
ƽߣһһҡһε¶ͷЦݹɣ
ʮҹҲĸʺã

¸صУڴü˹﹫̾һ
㣬ôˡ
⻰Ǹʾ䣬ʮƽѾϤֲ֡
﹫ȴɫ
Ȼһ㣬ѵܵ㸮ˣ
¸ҡͷ̾һ
Ҳ˼ôˣҲߣǽ˵𡣡
ߣ﹫ǿڵ¸
㣬Ƿ빬ȥ̫׼˭
¸ҡͷ˭Ҳȥ
˭Ҳȥ
﹫ظһ飬ʲô˼
˼Ǵ˵ڲǳʱȹٷ
¸΢ۣŲȥһˣѾƣӦ﹫ľƣ
Ҳû˵һ𣿡
¸ҡͷ
﹫ȴЩżԴçŶ̩δսȥؽų⿪Ȩģֻ룬ѩϼ˪
ɵ
̫治Ƕֵǳų⣿
¸۾ƣ
Ȼǣˡ
ҵ룬㿴Щ¡
¸಻ԣԼԽ˵ԽְԼ˵ˣ̲סθ
Ҿ˵ʲộ˸磬ǲǻҪһȥ
¸Σ
󺹶˵ˣǱ
﹫Цһ
⻰Լ𣬾⣬˵ʲôʲô
Ϊʲôţ¸෴ʡ
Ҳ﹫̼Ƣ
Ծּұţ
﹫ڡվ˭ˣ
ȥǰǺúõģôͻȻУ
һᵽçŶ̩﹫ʱͱø⼤
ӾдϢ˵籩صʢǵֻһõĹľ̫˿ӣݲݽᡣ
﹫žҲǺ
ţŭ˿ʱŶһǰ㣬
ɥδΪ簧Ÿǻؿƶ̽ף￴óֵ壡
﹫ִִ֣ΪçŶ̩һǱ̫ɱ˻̫
Ī˵ڲû֤ݣ֤ݣçŶ̩Ĵ£Ǳ󺹰дˣҲ˵Щʲô
Ѵ󺹱ƼˣçŶ̩Щ׮׮ڳ˵߱ĸ治ɱڵ̨ٶסˡ
﹫಻壬¸ֻͷʹѣȰ㣬ֻ˵
ֵϢǴ󺹷ųҵ֪ϤϢͨǧʲôɵ¡
﹫ͷ·籡ŭ
㿴ŰɣһҪ籨
㣬ˣ
¸಻ŵۣҲ˲ò壬Ź﹫
ʢǱ鲼󺹵ߣʲô֪
﹫ͬȥ
ôҪΪ籨㲻Ȼ˿ϰң
¸𾪵Ըӣ
ȥˣ
ӹ﹫˵˹ʱ£¸ޱȺ£㾹ȻϹ¶ı鸣Ͱ˰磬Ǳ֪ˣ붼롣
ȴ﹫Цһ
̫Ѫ飬УԱ⣬Ȼİ취㿴Űɣܻû̫ۣ
ԵŮŵһ¸Ƴһۣ
㣬յܴ󸣽¶Ǳ֪ˣѱҲܵǣ㡭
Щ¸ѾȰˣ﹫תֱӷȥ
ҲǱ̫ܱס죡
㣡
¸ﻹסŹ﹫ıӰȥҪ˼һѪԱߵŮæǰʮոʱһš


70 
¸Ϳʼڳи, ģҹڸѪҲԸȥ, ЩֵҲ֪
ֵµĹԱǵǽػ, ֻ, һֱܶ﹫շ뿪Ҳû
ûս£׼, ȴѾǰ֪Ϣڰ׼, ʢʱָֻյ

һȴδ֦ܲɻġ;ز۵, Լʮ꣬鷬Ƕʮ, ÿһƽϸػ
ȵĵһ˪, Ҷ÷, ͵ջʱ, ô÷, Ӧϸٽﲻ⡣
˾, ת䣬ƽָͷŷյĵȥׯƵҲ˸һձȥ, Ūû̫ҲʱӰ, ϰԵ̧ͷ, ȴŰġ
, ʮ, ƽ۾, Ծýյıů͡
ȥѧûЩʱ, ⻹ţڱﲻԸ⶯ͥԺȴѾ˶
ŮŲģʮһ󳯣ÿ·ţӦǻ̫Ҫȥˡ
պЩѰڻرƽһȴͻȻʲôһԾ
Ŵߵ·һߴһ߳
գ˪ˣ
Ž˳ųŷһ磬
˰˪أѡ
ƽĶٷһ˷ţ䣬
ǱϢ˵ɽҩ𣿡
ҡͷһ磬Ѿܳȥƽ
ʱô磬ڹŻûǵʱϢҲݲٶϢһᡣ
ƽڵϣϸоשʯϷһԼİף˪ֲֻ̫ȷʵǱЩ
˳źһθÿʱܾÿĸɾ
ƽָڵϣָ¶Ⱥܿ콫שʯůԭɫȷʵһ㱡˪ǰΪũľ飬ķӦǲˡ
˰ѾˣҴҵŮǺܿϴˮ裬ƽ˿ڣȵˮһ
ոϴϣ첻֪ʱſڣʰϣóȣ
˰Ȼˣȥʹһš
ʱ磬̫ҲøЩÿС⼸վͲܺһˣƽǵźͶһԡ
ܿ¹޵ڼûе𣬻ǻһƬʱܿ߶Ӱ
ΪƿĲƽɻ̫û
󺹣˰絽ˡ
̫ȻˣʱѾ̧ͷعͷһۣǣһõЦ⣬ûΪƽ˼
ȻӦ̧ʳָڴ䣬

꣬˯š
Ż̫ҪƽЩϱ㲻Լ֣ͬһŴϣȻҪӡ
һ£̫ϴӦ
ź֣ر֤ˣ糿һæҲãŽ§ڻС
˺˹̫ԳʱԼŵı֤ȫ׵˾⣬
§ůһů
ʱԼůȱѣ΢ģ̫ůͣЩԼҲůֻﻹܵõ࣬׽´һ
ڶ䣬ҹۣ𴲵Ļ˺顣
̫׼ʱһ䴫΢⣬ָġü۴飬Ūͷϵҡ
úܣ߬סҵָҧһڣΰţ۶ûͰ˴齡
Ħָӡ̫ãŵ뿪ˌ

¹ڼ䣬һϢһ鷿
Ϣһ䣬Ǿ֮ŵԲһů齣ǹϵõĿ˵ãҲڴ˴д˯ʱƽ䱻һ᣸
ƽһǱסĵطͷ԰밲Ļ˻ȥֻ̧
̫ͷ֪ˣֻһٷԵðޱȣֻ΢ĵߵ졣
ƽȥ鷿´ƽҲͰˣٴȥĲ̫ˣ߻̫ƽе¿ִһ̫߰ȭڵȵΪũĴš
ΪũǱѵģ˪ȥţŸոմ򿪣ŵ˾ͰϢݸ˶ա
ʵڹڣٵЩʱգϾ⺮䣬Ϊũ򻹲̫ϤΪЩ·ڵﶳˣձԿʼˡ
˵ƽ˫۷Ź⣬յĹʵҪԼߢŸٷҲˣգ
֪ˣȥ绹Ҫȥѧãұ˺һȥׯٷһȡ
մӦȥˣƽ̴ӲϳĶưСũߣ룬ʮҪóˣ

˳ᣬȥʮͤתһȦȻظԼǰ˸ӡ
ƽ˶һٷȻ·һ·ׯӡ
ԴӴƽһغ󣬶ҲûܹԼׯôڣŷ֣Ѿڳ˳ɹ
ƽҪһͲľ·˫ЬߣվڵͷЩ֪Ӻֻ֣ʵ
ƽǽʲôѽ
Ҳûƽ˵ҪֵֹӣҶӺҲſſ˰󣬻е㷢ڴܳԵӡ
ʮͲ˰ɡ
ƽͬĴ磬ҲǴһ·ߣ⣬¶۵һֱۣ
һСŵĳͷ
ԾԾԵĳ嵽Ŷ֣
ڵصѽɣʼڰɣ
ûʲôָģׯũǰһѴͷ·ѵµĿ龥ΪũǰʾǾ͸ں棬ڵ١
죺
Լʱ˷ˣȥҳ鲻
ȥˣ˼ٺСһѧãѾͨ˶ĺôҲЩŲˡ
ȥӪ￴ʿǲϰһ似еǸõ¿ɸɣΪʲôҪ

ǰ
ƽȻĵͷߴٶ죬
ʮվˣôվţʲôʱꣿ
ũǸʲôõģ
پͺˣΪʲôҪԼ
ŶԾɻԥƽһҩ
ɣ˭ڵ࣡
仰νץסص㣬ֻߣӱ˵
ȻˣСӼҼҵģѵܱ𣡡
ô˵ҲǸ׳ĳԣûһ赡䣬Źµƣѧô١
ȻһСӣٵ÷ɿ죬ٶȲһͳƽ׷˱ȿʼΪũ
ƽڿҿҵıӰЦŶΪũʹ˸ɫŶıӰ
ʮ壬㵹ǵȵѽ


71 
ٵһ, ָۣճһŶѳСɽһط, ƽǳɾ͸С
ȻǶӮ, ֻٶȣϸһ귬ڳʮ, ֻģȻߵԶ, ĳɹΪũ
¸ڶŸɨβ, ƽͶڵ, ѱٵʱСŪϻ߿ķ
ÿһ귬Լʮö, ֣Ϊũ־ź, ʸ, ķȻСһ, Ҳʮࡣ
ũѷ, ȻװʮһƳʮƽԹһ, ʱŴ͡
ԭö˽񾹱ǧ, ڵͷϺôһ, ֲ˵߲Ҳ̫ˡ
Ƥû˵ķҪ, ľͿԳ, ûо, ٣ȻҲء
ƽʱʹȻҲǴǳһ㣬ٽֽǺôһƬء
ʮ壬͸ɣûؼųԿųԣôãˡ
˶ĵأæ٣ƽʹָһķָ˶֮һΪѾʮִˡ
Ƕ첻ôΪɴ۾
ƽÿٰ
Կһ磬Ȼֻܳģ
Ȼ֪СֶΪʲôôڳĶȻϷôӹ֣ȻǺö
ָƽԲ󣬺覴õ
ҪǸ
ƽͷûأĸһסı
ǲܣʮˣȻׯҸղˣǧ߰ʮöȱһöͱųˡ
ȻûôıȥܳвһӾͰѶסˡ
죺
ô
æũÿöö͵ǱôСĵıһӾȥ˶
ƽָһתΪũ
ֳķȫŪ
ΪũϼҴڵĹʮϸףһ˫û׵ĶŮˣһһ쵱Ȼܳꡣ
˰ʮүҲķٸʢе׹Ƿһ֣ÿҶϲϼ飬ֱӾʹһأ
οȻóԣڹʱѾԹˣЩð˰ʢƹ㿪Ҫ
ֻϲôźƹ㣬Ҳܸմһմ⡣
ʶƾƽĺ⣬
л˰񰮣ƾܣʳöȥͺãҲм˾óũ¹ȴ£˰ƽʹѾ㹻ˡ
ΪũȻѡֻһũ¹٣ٺ»޼ǮȫЩĳƺã˰粻լӣðѼҾ˹ٸһٺ»
˰翴Щ£ʹ
ҺڣӼͬŶΪԣ
ӹٽΪ͢ЧΣΪũĻøƶڶܳԵñԥ˺ܾãǾһʣ
ˡҶһ䣬֪˰Ҫѷڹƹ㿪أ
ԭƹ㣬ַϼģϵΪֲΪũŴ񲢲̫ũҵչ״ҲȹںЩ
βڶµأ
ɽ˵Ȼơ
ƽ۾Ц
ģƹ㷬ֲڱУʱİֻǧҪƴǲźá
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ЦӯӯĴӦˣǰΪũæĻȥ
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ķʣһ㣬˲ţָų
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ŷֹţȴ˿ҵת֣ŵ˸λүϡ
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СӼҼҵʲô£˳Ծ棬Ƹûϡ
˴ƣҲͬ뷨ЩѾ͡ݣôΪһʳġ
˰ͳ÷ӣһ˳һҲˡ
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ʮıոϵĵճ
ҲˣСһﱻľ̩ļãԲལűƽʱҪ׳Щ
Ѿֶһ˳˹İ鷬ľ̩ٸԣޣôҲ岻
ôһڳԲͿޣôʱѾѧã㻹ΪһڳԵĿ޿䡣
ֶӷ
ԣȥƽҪ
ͷδż뿪һԣ⻰Ц
˰˵ˣСϲԣȥʮүҪࡣ
ƽڶׯֶ£ҲԼ˵ˣԭзĶ
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ҹ
ӽ̿ѿ, һ˵Ĳľ, Ҳ, Ƥһǳһ飬̫ܳԵӡ
̫ͺ֪ƽ海Щʲô, æ˲ϳԣȴû뵽˽Ķһݡ
ƽ
̫һڣⶫܳ𣿡
ƽ˳ӣԭӵĻԣʵڡȫΪҪԼǿ׳Ի˲̫Ҫ, ӹ, Щá
ƽ
һз˱Ϊʿ, ձʱҲΪжġҡ, ˶ֵǿġǰ, ôң
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ҳԸ㿴
ŻҺ۵Ķ, ȴ¶ƲӲӵȿڵðỤ̋ζΪɢ
ƽҸİһڣʱ
ΥĿζ
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΢ȵȿϹŴڼֻ´ݼ㣬̿￾һʱһѬζȻ
ƽſꡪƤȿӵĵطȴյߣ
ǲǺ𣿡
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꣬ó𣿡
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ƽ֪ڵ뷨϶Ҫ˵
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Ȼ˶˵ãƽתת۾ЦеĻصԼλ
ͶϲãֳͬǧķأʹԶԲ꣡
Ȼ΢ѹ
ŷôջʮŰɡ
˵ϵƽҲʵ˵̫ġ
ͣһųԺǵǾЩˣֱӸ̫˵߲ڹƹ㡱΢ػһ£Լᡣ
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ܲĶ
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ôʲôҪ·Ҫͬ˽˵
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˸磬ǰƽµʳʳ֪û, Щȥ, С̰ú, ŵܵȥңҵֻ˸ˡ
öм檣ȴʮ˲ŵӣȻˤˣ»ˡ
СҲǿҪԣֻŲˣÿյ˲ʱͰ͵ſڵţŹֿģҲֻûȥƤӻ̫취
ԭΪ˷ǿڸ֮пͣСӲЩǳԵ˺óԵı㲻úŪˡ
̫ŶͷЦ
Ϊˣֻȥƽ᲻ٷЩ
շ󣬱ƽʣµСȴ֪Щ˲ֵģڶׯûдЩΪ
һɹٷȥķȷʵǲˡ
һַǳĸо̫º룬ܾƽ˵Ҫһķǹ˵ġ
͵ԼȥҪϸȥڹƹ㷬ֲðһ̯¶Լ
Լİ취вͨƽȥЩ岮취ⲻǼöʾš
ƽⷨõĺãס˸ϺǵĲ棬ЩĲϾİæ
ֻƽȻҪԼͱЩһͬ˵ˣҲһѡ
̫ʾöʸԼһ¹ȥ
ϣȥ˾ܣ˸
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Ÿׯ԰ͬһطһ飬뿴ЩʲôΪũһ̴ֲ·ȻɾЬϻմ࣬һûΪ˽⻻ѡ
ͦΣЩ࣬û˿֮Ǹ̤ʵϸɵģҲмŪĻڱڲƭ˰硪ƽվһ黹֪˭Ū˭Сתһ͹
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̫ԣũٶȼ죬ӹƹ滮ʢǲһۡŪĻׯǰֻ졣
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Ȳ˼ҹΣҲǳʱľĺݡ
ԭóֵ˳Լߣĺȴոձӿƶɲľ
̫Ŀں˯ϣ˯һҹŮӵĴԾɱˮŻһɫЦʱģ
ָ̫ĲĴǣԭ˯ŵĺ鱻ѣ׽סҵָ״Ĵ΢΢ſȻһҧȥ
齫ǵҵָҧڱݼ䣬
֡
ָ΢΢һʹȺɽ֮ĳͶµһԣˡ
еĹ԰ųߵĺȴ⣬ǲһֻΡ
̫˿

Ⱥ˯۾㿴̫۾һգҲգضԼĿƲƻҪˣҲ㹻Ҳࡣ
ס죬
󺹸ˣ˳ʱ
˵ĵ䣬ȫȻİ裬̫һͰ˻
Ǵӣղ賯ᡣ
ǾССʱҲ쵽ˡ
ֵסţţҲһκ죬
̫ˡ
ԭûһͰ˼źɬڵӣ̫ҲЩŪ˼
죬ȥ˴Сվڹ¹ˡ
ĳ컹ûӦȷס죬ֱǿȻ̫Ѻ˻ȥתͷ潹
ģ˱ϴˮ裬ȥ
˵һǰһǺ鸣˴󺹣첻֪Ӧľ䣬ͷȴϴϹ밲İ˰߶Ըš
ƽһƶ
Ҷġ
Ҳֻ˰ˣԥԥķԸȥŮǶűõϴþߣƿ
Ĳһӵ롣
ȻƬ̣̫ưקˌ

ƽýջ̫ıЩͬϸһԼ֡
ʱϴȻ밲ٺͰһͬţͬղ޲ͬ⼸տҲûиңκҵҲдˣôԡ
˵߳ģ΢̤һ»̫ΪɷϣӦģ˶ڴ˴Ҳû״
ȷʵĻ̥ǳǳԼ뼸٣еϢ˵Ѿ˰ϣǰ
ûüء
Ϊʲô
ĿȰʱһ˵ûʲô£ǰѧķ
νź͵͵̧ͷ̫ɫȴȻȰĿʱƽ̲סˣСķ˵
꣬տʲô𣿡
׵ûУֻ̫ΪǸţԼƤĶҲ÷Уɵö࿴˼۰ˡ
һ
£ˣע¡
Ż̫Լη䣬ƽע⵽·⻹ͷһιػԼѡ
ƽɣ
ʡãлػ
̫һʱ䷹˵ĿⶼԼͶע̫ҲЩڣæ⣬
ȡ˵ѧҵҲʮֿ̿࣬ܺãúøǶ飬Ҫʲôֻܸ˵
˻һƽʱøԾˣѧǷĳֵʱȥ̫㱨ѧϰЧأ
ȷʵ
Ȼ֪̫ΪʲôҪ˵õĻһܷƽ̾¿ԼҪ
л꣬һ¡
̫һ٣
Сӣĳ̵ûп㣬Լû𣿣
ӱǻ߳һšڻƽϤǸ飬
˵
Ϥĵƽʱ˵ܵ
ȥգԪ˧͸ĺˡ
˻һʱᣬü̫һƤƽסĵ˵Ĵ𸴡
ԭҰˣ̫ЦЦ
ʰˣ
֪Īƽͷһ˫۾ڴ
ҹʰ
̧̫һ°ͣ
ȥȥɣֻǱԭӦҺʲô
ǵüǵã
ӲǵãëӳƨҲǵأ
ƽæĵĸ̫ͺһ˼һ׸⣬
ǵأȥȥͻأ֤վǱ־룬ٴһӸߴ͵һʧ
ӦСӾҲ͵ܣǰ
һ̫ĺ֣
ƽˣзִģأٸҲߣԼվٴһٳˡ
ƽ
׵
ãȸˣ
ѾҪˣȥٰӣ̷һˣʱ˳˹¹Ψһļëӡ

յС벻ƲûʲôѾʮ£˵ĸЩʳջҲ磬ʮǰҲˣѩҲٵʳ˶иûʲô¡
λ鷿Щǰ̫ͬ˵ЩžͷӣͷۣгƵ۵ҰģҲ֪ʱδ죬ЩڻʲôҪ¡
˼λʱţر˵شﴺѾŰ˰ȥˣеĻױӣʮס
̫۾˵ͷǸΣһ̲ߣ޷ӡ
ȥѸˣղˡ
ֲҹû¹⣬ԭѩ߳¹ŷֵһʪ⣬ѩĺۼⳡѩĲ󣬵ҲѾˡ
αؽкһ·ܺ䣬鷿ѹӲ࣬͵һյҲǿԵġ
뿪һʱֻ̫ص˹¹
Ҳʵʵһ˵İˣߵһնҪͺӰ룬ϲǿٽ黳ҹǸΡ
˵ʮůֻһ£Ƕһǳķɫǻ̫üģЦź
ҾĶҲȥҵ֣ҹͲˡ
û˵Ǹʲô֪
һλ֪ĵİˣҡ
ʮָָۣϸ۾Цӯӯ֣̫ȥ

̫ǸΡ
ʢǣڶϱǻȢ˹Ϊรһɫ£ϲ֮ϡ
ۿһУͻȻһĵͷûм׷ѺԼߣͻڲڵĴйңȻٴߡ
ͺһֿܡ
Ϊ֮ǰĲãβݲ԰ף۾Ҳġ
ֻлҪգ˭úίμֱ

ѲնͬһΣ˵·ʱзģ뺣Ĵôꡣ
̫ź黽죬
ƶǲǿҪˣ
ͷ
ѾʮˣϰӵĽų̣ƾ⼸ˡ
̫ƣüģ
Ҳˣ취֧
½겻
ū
ӦŷӦͷ˵ֵҪΪ鸣Եʣ̫Կƶߵһ꣬ԳʢλӸ׺ĽͻȻԸأ


75 
Ƶƺƴ, ǰһͬıĺԱ쾫񣬸սؽ, пеӭӣ档
Ѿǰ˻̫ɣα㲻ϴ͵ܳʢִ, һ·еЩ̫Ѿͷڳ˳ӵӰ
ежʱ΢ЩʢȥϢ, ŵı, ˵˰һѾ·ˡ
û뵽˰żϢ͹ȥĵڶ, е¼æеķ, Դ紦ӭӡ
ƽԶԱ߿С̽ͷ,
Ԫ˧þò
Դƽϴλȥ״, ֪̫ŵ, פͬе·ֿ, ֪Ǩȥ
Աǵ鶼ƽУںصһӦ, Ҳ蹢ٲ֣ƽֻͬеһ˽Ǣ¶˲١
ֻԵúר۸ʵˣſеһֻ޶
еµĴӪں, ۿȥҪڶ, һ˵, ڶƽԾױУһۿȥ
ﺣһѶããƽΪǳʲô£ÿÿ뵽˶˼ֻһס˽ţǳʲô⡣
Һãƽˡ
ձȳʱ࣬Ҳ࣬Ψһ˫۾
ʮ²Żһȥվãð˰絣ǣūʵڸҲ
˵ƽҲˣһѾסյڣ
һҪĶ
֣صͷ
ɰ˰أūȷʵЩûеĶϴ
Ļﻹûж´գȥͨϢԪ˧˵漴˲ʮչˡ
˴γʱ̫ˣձţôԱǻؼžۣȰ˰ʱǻ
ʱʱ磬ֻϡϡ˼бĴԱ洬ľҽ
ڸۿڴϺͰһľţȥλƣžͺΣգˮηߵ˿²ǰ
պĴԱһƽϴȥľխǻƽңֻһǰһŰ˰ÿһսľ
˵ڶ
˰СĽ£Ȼұϴɣ
ƽڰ֣ܾǵĺ⡣
ɱִĶľſˣƽһֻףҲ֪Լȥ˿϶ȥ
ţǰһխľߵýɣչػһԱ塣
ֲôˣ
ϴԱ֣ƶ˼ҲӾĵ֣Ǽеڶӣʱֶ꽥㱻˳ֲ
ֶ뵽ᱻ˹ػʱϻ̳ϿֵĹȥ˵Щĵģ
񡢲ѾˣǶĳ´򣬶л˹ػ
˵ѾǷûס˵˵ŻҪͷһλͷף͵˸Լͷʹá
ƽǰס
ֲôҽģ˲Ҫġ
¾ҽƽֶ
ֲĲǻµ޼һָ꣬ĸЩ
ƽͷ
ܹҪ鷳ʲôȱٵҩģ¾ҽֻ˵ںϲý壬껹ǲҪֲͬˡ
ŶˣͬԪ˧ֻһγѾʢҽȱιҲǰѡ˿洬ҽʿ¾ҽڴϣǻصԭפɡ
дȷʵ಻ףԭŸһأ´ξԲˣɰ˰ȥ֪ȴͻȻЩȷˡ
Щµ
ҡܻܲȥͬһ£ٸ𸴣
Ȼ
ƽͷ
¾ҽܻȥͬﺣҲҪЪôҲҪ·ݲŻٳء
˵ûֵܵȻ˼дʱпΣգ̫Ĳȷԣ޿ɱĴ̼ҲΪˡ
ڵͻ̫С϶ᱻ̫׷ȣųȥ
˵伸Ѿߵ˺ʢŻĺգǰһƿţ
˰뿴
ѾˣԭʢŽóȥ׵ӽǽţ֮аƽϤİĶ޴½š
Щĳаڷųһҵ룬ΪûôʵֻܷűĸԶѷţźĻζͬı߽һš
۵ľǶڲһףƽпҲĶ
һһףմһѣҲʢһôӣϸʮĶ⡣
Ա߾ֻƤѾ࣬ѿãֱֵȥѿˡ
ƽץŶգļ
Сӣĸںͷأ
հѴĶһһָƽϡʯľģм׵
Ϊıͬƽ˵Ĳ̫һƽҪܸĸ߲˸챦Ⲣճ֮ܽ׵Ķ˸顣
ϰŵж󣬶մӽͳֽŵཷѺѣ
Щ˵ǲֻ֣㳤;䣬ֻӳףūҲֳ֪ʲô
ʵԭǰǾܻʱѾҵƽϵվóһޣù˰УЩ
һ·У˰˵ǸϿһ·˷̵ϼңֻȡϺͱʯ
һγõĶ·Ѿܿ׷ƽԭʢƽŶգֱ뵱¾İ壬ԶԼպ
̶Ӻӡ
˰˳ޣֻ˵
˰ˣⶼūӦģҲˣԺʸĿ
󣬶ձ˰˰¼ڲᣬƽţĶǮӦҲõĲˡ
ɵ˲ᣬǰ벻Ŀȴɻü
ţȥˣ
Ŀǰ벻󣬵ȴ֧٣һ˵ǮˣѲɶճ׸ʲô
ܲǮɣ
һЦ
ʱܣԱ˵ԭʱغܵţղʤ䷳ǴлǾ΢ѵһ£սЩƱ
üһ赭дһ䣬ʱܣ㽫һ·ļնĨ˹ȥһһУֿܵƻܣƽʱȻ𾴡
û˵õܵĻͻй֮޲
ƽ벻ʱڶյͷԻЩ˻ܴľ졣
ֻһԴͻȻһ㣬ƽ
ūγȥ˴Щһֵķˣ͹ԱߵĴ˰Ҫūȥ𣿡
ŲŴ򿪣ƽԲ˫ۣסһ
ǰźɫۣ𷢱ۣʥǰһöɫĴʮּܣִݵͷؼ磬˫ֺʮ΢΢׵
š
üһոѴʿˣ


76 
һšȻ̴, ȴƳϣƽ˵ģ֪ǲĴܾûԼһֱһʥš
ƽ
,
ͳ, ˵ʿ˻ȥ𣿡
ȻҲǶմϡ, ƽҪ
ʿ൱Ļϵĺƽݱ䣬ԼĻûأҮս
ϵͳòײŴӺ̵ģȷҪ
ƽе, ǧһʿ, ࣬ǣ
ҪǴʿûðҴȥҲ鷳
ʲô
񣬻ʹ
ڵĴ⽨ȫ, ȥҲֻܵū
ҴʿЩӻֲ̳һ֪ûмֽ𷢱۵ˣҰ֮жĽܶж, ȥȫ鷳ˡ
ڳ˲˵, ǸתЩµĴʿϢ񣬴Ҵһڡ
ƽǰĴʿĬһ,
Ķĸӻȥ, ҲҪ
˰һƢ, ǳĺ˵С׺һЦӯӯģһϴԱû˵
֪ǰֵķð˰òˣĸߴڴϰ﹤ҲðʲôҪӻȥ
ǰ˰磬ĹˣȻ⣬Ӧ
ū
ǰһǯסʿı۰ѹ첲۳״Ǵʹİһ
ȡ
էȻʹ˲ѿڶĲĸһڹǻֵĺģƽü
ȵȡ
ͻȻˣʿҲǺ洦
Щ̵ĴʿΪõ˸׵Ľǵڴ̲ʱʱΪȽ֪ʶһߴһߴ֪ʶ
йĻԴԶ˶ҲŶص׷һʱڱͬʱиʿڱ׵ġ
Ȼʮ͵Ŀѧ֪ʶԼִѧв࣬ӦʱҲǲá
һˣǳԺֲͬˣһЩ͹˲һ뷨ͺ
δеЩڹŴпյ뷨ǰڡôһ룬ʿҲС
ƽֹͣסŴʿǰеĲδ֡
ƽִսǴʿڵ߲ƽ
ʲô֣
ֱۻŤı󣬴ʿʹ˻˻
ԼɪҽԼɪһʿǡǳ͢𣿡
Լɪ͢Ųϸһֱ½дʿ̣Ǿ˼׿ŬԭѾռһϯ֮أҽѺõĹͨ
ԭ
ȴû뵽ṳ̂϶أҪһСͻȥˣȻǰ⺢ӿ»ΧΪףӦһ塣
ǰĳʵԼɪʼϲ͵
ߵ͢ûж⣬桢ǵĻʵ𣿡
Լɪľ⴬ϾϵĴԱڵһμʱҲķɫͷֳ˼𾪡
ǰĺȴ֪Ϊ򶨣Ȼûбֳ˿ĺ棬ԼһҲûκαʾ
ѵĹ壬һӶ
ƽҡͷ
Ӧǲеġ
Ͻһ˵̫ڻûгƵۣٵꡣ
ĻʵҪ߱߳ǣӹȥĳֵˣԼɪ͵ظ˵ĿԱӭӴʿˣƽ˹ء
ѾҪԼɪեȡֵƽ۾תת̾һ
Ȼ㻹߰ɣǺúȥ
Ҳߣ
Լɪˣʵ˵⣬һᱻߣòײ½һ鶼ûдܾʹ뿪
ƽ״Ϊѣ
ǡʲôأ
һʱ䲻֪˵ԼãԼɪͷ϶˺һֻûѹסֲסȻ
ңãҶѧѧġҶ֪Խ̸ǡ
ƽ𣿡
Լɪ
ոɿ֣嵽߱ӣչʾƽָָԼͷ
õģңҴĺ飡ͷͷҲǵã
ᣬ٣ĿѾﵽˣƽ΢΢һЦתͷԶյ
ȥԺ
˵ģԼɪʱסⲻǺģΪ̣꣬ûк˵
ȷʵΪȣ˳紬̣ʶһֱûҪߣǡ
һЩԵϸ֦ĩͻȻӿͷϵȻһֱúĽǵŷ֮ǰĻȫͬ
ߴˣ

Ȼﴫ̶ǴҲû̫ϰôҪﰡԼɪʱã
һֻһƽʱƽİ
£ǲǻˣ㰲ס¾С
ԼɪжţջҲˣƽһ̷ʢǰƽѡЩ鱦͸е£л
һ˳ĶĶֱӱ˳ǽũƽŶһ˹
ͦ࣬ȥһۣ˳ٰԼɪ½һ£ϾҪԺһ鼮Ҫ֪̫һ

콥Хı󣬲ԭϲݳɿݣţѾȦµҲðӲɱ
ű̾Ȳõģƫ˲֣
ԶײĴ
⵱ȻǴѾľܻȵ
ľӷתеıյȥʢ鸽ѾȥˣȴѶط̫ʲô˼
ԭĺܺõֵϢһҹ֮䴫Ƭԭûл̫ƲȻѾ˲Ϊλɱշ
Ѿ£ٳٷֲʤƣìܲԾҪͽ͵ȥ
ңٽû٣һֻ׵ķᣬ˭˶һ
̫£ԭ鸴ɹŸľżһֵŸӣΪԼһɽ
ͳֵѹס죬ԭ鸽ɹŸ̫շ£̩жܣԸžͳȥܸΪԼ㡣
ľӱ۾һĸȥʢֹ̫鸽֮¡
ŸͼͣʢķȥˣͼͲ渣ϣΪ֮ƣֻнŴŴźñȫ壬ΪǵĺҸȹ̵

ʢߣչ˳һ񣬶ͲϵĴߴٻ̫ʮ壬̳ȥǰѾó죬żöʵ졣


77 
ֵ, Ȼû䣬̫ĲѾ˲ԭϵ֮İ, سƵѾǰ
ǽʱ, Ϊ˱ʾ¡, կɣƺϰһͬǰ
ЯŸոյִʢս˳, 㱻ס
ڿƶߵĳǰЦеĳ,
ѩ;, ˶Զˡ
Źڻ̫ߵԶԶӭ, Ʋ֪ΪüһͶ, Ҫ, ˲ҵ׷
ϰÿ궬춼Ҫںסϼ, Ҳʶ, æʵ
ܹǰ, Ǵ·Ըֵܣ
ͷҡҡͷ
, ǹƱӵġ
ӱǰһ,
λǽɹĹɽ棬Ʊ¾սֽЩξ, Ȼ׼, ѯ˼
ѾԭɹŶ, Ź鸽ɹŲ̫࣬ƽƣɹŰ£ҲԼկɣ˵
ȻǴȻвӣҲû˲ִ٣û󺹱ҪȥУֱӸɽˡ
˵ıӰ˳źֹһ䣬žӪķȥˣ췽Цеתϰ
˶ɣ󺹺͸Ѿõˣ˰Ҳڣڴء
СԼأƽΪӭԼҪÿα϶ҪЩԼϡ
СӲֵ֪Щʲôϻ˵ҪԼóԵġ
ϰҲûϸѾʢǣȴ󺹣ֱӸȥ˾Ӫµкβףųˡ
һ£ǹɽʶ޾ϸֱƻ˵ǲǸɹˣܲܵһͳ˧ôʲô֪
ԭʹʱ̣˹ҪߣҲûʲôٽȥΨмЩϾһú飬ϣ˽¾Ȼһ涼û󺹡

ϰִʢ֧˵С¾룬ϰһŮڿƶչŮûͬ˱ˡ
ֻѧðգ˽дϰĵһٷ˿Ͱ˿ڶƽʹ˿Σֱũ
һҫԼںϵǻϼĴȻֵԭȥµõܰ
ɿǺҪʱϰһЩȥһũ¹٣㲻ڲԭϵƹˡ
һҫ˶λ֣˳ﻮԼС˾˺СȥϹ䡣
ϰ϶û֪벻볢һ£ԸҲûϵƽȥҲġ
һ죬ƽʹڰıԵʵмѾǱԵˣϰסں֮
ʱȳƽڼë֮¡
鵱ŵܵܵ棬еļëӻȥҲǣҲǣϰ˵һ侭ԣ¶һģƾʲôֻƽҪ
ϰڳ̫ҲðﺣסƽĲӣһͣٵĹ׵ܾܵͱŶˣֻʣվԭأðѼëӶŷžĲϡ
ȶŴ˱ȥΪũũ𣬸ϰֵؼɣȻϰЩܣΪūЩԼѧ
СũĹԱֵؼɣڸЩƵůﻹԶ֣ŪҲʾϸž
ȵϰƽԼũ¹ٺͰ̤Ϲ;ѾǸ֪ũʱҹֱǷֵˡ

ֵ󣬲ľӸͶܵĴ»صʵأ;Уԭ鸽ɹŸҲ׷ȥ
һ·;ոԭֵ±ȳɹŸʩڴ̫Ƴ
£ڲʵԶʮﴦפХԭԾʮֺ䣬ʿʿǡ
ù緹Ӫӭ˲ʹڣֵľӵĸӪʺ˵⣬˳һż㡣
չǷŴɨһ飬˶ʱһ
˵ģ
˵߽ŵݸöʣҲȥƬ̺˶һۣһ뿴ˡ
ӭǵĿ⣬ʹ˰벽
żдū֪飬˵λ⣬Ժǰλ̸
˷Ӧ䣬˰壬
ãǰƬҲҪ󣡡
ʹ뿪Ӫü𱸵
죬㷽̫ˡ
Ϊһ֮컹̫Щ˵ϲŭɫôҪʹʱͱֵ˼ȣ˾ÿлǡ
磬ǿǴ
쾪õɴ۾Ҳƽθ࣬
Ԫʧһֱд˵˲ԭɹŸսƵԣЩɹŲѧˣõҴţǰ
ͣһ˲΢ŵ
˵ߵ£ӸʼǾһֱѰⷽҲﰵѰ޹ԭֵէȻţܲȣ
Ȼ˶֪һ˵ʱڲסȻ֣
Ȼ֪شòɫľۣҪЮңָΣ
Ǿ͸£˭˭
첻ΪȻƲƲ죬
αսǱʤľӴĲ壬˴޴ȥûвҽǣǸٶЩʱգû˾ȥ˭ĵù˭
˵ͷתͷѯʼöʵ
磬˵ǲǣ
ҪҲˣģöֵܵĶԻ㱼侹Ȼö˵úҲеʩͦʹ졣
ֻս²ֻʹʹ죬ʱҲʮֱ󣬼ö΢΢һЦ
ǣҲǡ
ѯ˻ŵ
ʱ䱦˰˵Ҫˣ㲻ǻӦ˸æͲڴ̫ãȥ˰᲻С壿
죺
Ŷƽ˵Ҫ⣬ո˲øϽȥأ
֪ʹڶ죬ľ׼һʱһ˹ȻӪ֮⡣
Ƴ˶һۣ˵ҳһ㣬ҪղСֵˡ
ϵסԼ졣
ľǴˣ̸Ҳеʮ˳մҲδʲôֵҪԼĲ鸽𣬻༸λһ˳


78 
߶Բеĺ˳, ʢǽũůһҲѾˡ
Ϊũȷ˿µأƽʢ棬ϤĵվԱ, ʱʶֵİմж֡
, ͷ飬
ǽũŷ˯Ĵ򿪴ţ׼ſڼɨһӭӼ, ű㿴ǰѹѹȺ, úһЩ֪롣
Ȼ˰Ѿǰ˵, ջаյ, ؾţʱ仹, ѹѹһƬͷҲû, ⳡ˲¡
ŷ£ʵֵطҲʮֺ£ŷŻҼûע⣬ʵǶҴսֻԶԶΧſڡ
ũȻһũ֣ϾǴǰ칫ĵط, ЩѰո⵽ˣ˵ʱ򻹻ǷǮ, λĺأ
ϵڱľͷһŻĺ, 컹Ͱ, ϽũǰŶӡ
һ겻֪ʲô, ֻҪֻܰ˾͸һǮʵ͢߼չȥ
Щʾ˵ֺһܽʮĹӣþһٽܻʮģʮ棬üֻСء
ǮȻ̫࣬Ͼǰ׵õģǰݺеأһưˮˣʩʵʱҲ΢չһ㣬֮ʲôòˣȺź
͢˲棬Ǽٵ
ǼٵģֳĶǾ׵ˣҲǱ̬Ĺũˣû뵽ǰѾվˡ
ŷϽѾ򿪵ĴŹˣִţŵĳũׯϣ㽫λ㱨λˡ
֪հչȡ磬Ϊũͼλũ¹ҹԾûߣŷͨϽϴ·ſڸϡ
ũſڰڿһһСӣΪũŴӺ棬ĥʣʾǰ˹ǼϢ
ԭվǰİ㿴ңҿ㣬˭ҲԸһǰȻ¶˺
ĵػûοҪũſںţʱֵܶˣȺͦ
ȣ
ͷ˲ңƽΪũ˵ǰǲң˻ȥŷǰļֱˣΪũһҪǰڰ׼õ˹ˡ
ʱһ
ô֣
شˣ󡣡
ס
ʶֲ̫࣬һľԼ֣ͷһοԼƯֽϣһԴ뿴øһ㣬˴˵ڶ⡣
Ϊũ΢һ飬
סĸأ
ˣûҴ
е飬ô켸绹Ҫסﰡ
ׯ⣬һɤʮ˸ˣ˵˵˴壬ҵ׶ˡ

֧֧
ش󡢴ˣҾǸũôôҪס
˫ע۾һ۶Ȼǲ뱻Ƿֵ͵һ䣬ô˵Ŀʵ̫ˣװֲ˶ѡ
֪ǵĹǣΪũĽͣ
ȵɻͻᷢһɻǮסĶȥǣ
ԭˣʿˮ
Ҵˣסڴڵһң˵˴ﺰһɤӣ׼ҵҡ
ãΪũסַʼ£ǰúõֽҳݸ
϶ߵŶ죬ƾúǧˣдĿ֣ʱҪܸ㻻Ǯء
ͷΪũ
һ
ŶһŤͷŻ˵ӴȻһСͯվڵϣЦеĳ֣
졣
糿ƽҹΪũһ˯ũһ¼һ硣
Ǽλũ¹͸Ͻȥůģˮ飬һĨʵɫײӻûѿһƬͺͺʱڸ
ɵߵǸСͯǰ⺢ӿŲͣ˼ҵĺ統ңµظɻҲͰˣôټҲúأ
Сӵģڳ
ÿȥֻ֣ÿ͸һǮֲҲûϵǹ⵷ģòǮҪպĲ⳥һʮһģǶʮģҪҪȥ֣ҿ롣
ʮģɲСĿ˻Ⱥʱɧ˵˽һƬ
ƽ˶ֵ
Ҳõģʮǿµؾܻɻ
ȶȺ˹Ȼ̧ͷЦеѯ
Ҫѽ
ѾټҵĲֻ̣ҪźֲҲûгͷֻ˾ǰ׵õǮ
ҧҧ
СӣҪвУ
Ȼ
ֱߵ磬ƽ
ƾңҰ
Ϊũõëʣīû͸ˣЩģƽ̿ʣʻ࣬Ϊ͵ֱд˸5
ڵĴûͨпֻ֣˵ǶصıǣҲ±˷ð
ƽдúƾͷһ󣬶
ؼȥ;ϣʱˮƽʩʵʱӴŸһ㣬ⶫ׻ָֻ߲Ҫط㹻أ̫֣ҶӶҲժԡ
˵ʵҲ˵Χڱһֱ˵ģ
Ҳżʵڵ£＾˪ͿˣȵӳлиʾٳҲỵСı˾У˵ȥգ
ôڹǰõǮ
ƽ̶˵Χ۵İҲܿΪũǰӴ˳
ֲҲûгͷ˻ǺһҪ꣬ǧһϾֻһΣָٻ
ũ¹ů·٣ԴԴϵſڹӦΪũӺ棬һҲûЪճȺĶǸİգЩдƾǾЩȥ
һհǱȽʣֵҲȽ϶࣬ȹϢ֮Ĵ򴫲½ӭһˡ
ЩƽԼĻׯҲҪ֣ҪũֵģЩǿеĽʿֲЩʣµĲַ
Ҫʱ䣬ũ϶˽һ£ʱһãסĽũҲྡ
ʹũҵֲ⣬Ϊũλũ¹֪޲ԣƽҲն
СۣÿɰȺļҳ̣Ѹ¶˸顣
ûգĴضѾˣũĴʮ׺ͣһҲûйټӣΪ˸Ƿ磬˼нСӣСӸɰ䰮İԡ
ǺͰһֵأʲôʱԹʣ껹߲ܰʳ
һ֮󣬰յѾȫ¼ڲᣬΪũѼ¼õƾ֤ƽ
ƽЦеĽӹ
ЩλǶˣҽгӹǱũǰȳһ칦硣
ǱЩȵĲӱ§ڻ׼عȥϸպãȵλ岮ʱʹ򿪼¼ֱӴǵµĸȥա
һͬУʡʱʡʡȥ˽ͨһм׬ۣνʮֱ


79 
, ֵлطʢһ˹˳ļλֵĸľӴڼ, ¶ּ
ͣʢ֮, һױǣǰ·, ؽܻ̽ϵİҲԹ, ε
Ϣǰܱ̫ԭļƻ, Ӧ·ȫòĲٻطʢ
漰, 󣬲ֻ, ˼öʵ, 칲ͬʹʢ
ʱʢǵλ׺һڴǰӭǵĹ
Զ, ·, Ҳת۵˽ǰ
߸㣬һ߿˻, 첽̫ǰϥ, һͷ,
սʤ, Ԫڴ, , ǵλλ£Ω
䣬ĳ漴һĹٹ£
Գм̺λҹ££ɹѶΪ֮£Ϊ֮ˡôף޾Զ˳֮ԣ˳ӦǴͳ
һĳ漴ڵأ
˳֮ԣ˳ӦǴͳ
жֵܣзĳһ຺ԭվڻ̫ߵҲڷӦ
ƹ֮ף
ӵ󺹣ٵλ飬Ҫƴǣ˳ӦǴͳ
곤ġĴѾ̬༸λҲ׷׸Ÿ͡
ǰʱһƬʮ׳ۣĿǰվŵֻʣ̫һˣƽԭվںߣҲżһˡ
ǰžã̫
ƽλأ±Σеλ
ĳԾɹŲһĳҲ򣬹
ǧ֮ʥش͵ǣػʥ֮£飬ԷƱǵλΪ
ˣλ𣬡
̫һѷĳ̣ܶ
ֲʦس֮գȥ칦ݺ顣
̫ǻƵ£ʢ֮УΨй﹫ɫԥһ࣬¸ţźûз
ʱϾ˼ЩǷĻ̥̫֮Ķļ򣬰ѱͬʾ׺
˷ֲһ·ӢηʮĵܻѰ˴ͷ
æƲң
ܲҾӹнսȫ󺹽̵зûݲ
ȼĹ͸˻̫˵תְö
˷ֲսʿʮӢ£öʸͳзոԭ˳ֵɹŲɣʱڲ֮ͥ£Ϳ๦ߡ
һųķȥ˽Ը
ͬǰӭӵĸֻкһˣȻţƽҲһֱĵڿı顣
ɫȻʼϴʱһ˲ײľȣʱԴǰһĻƺ⡣
ƽ˸ˣ򶨵úδ֪̫ǫõҲһλûʲôҰĵĺǰ߲֪һǼ
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ΪʲôûдӦٵλƽú⡣
Թλٵλһͳ£õµıһãƴǲΪѴӦ
õǵһãƽϡǵãҪãܡ̴ǲǿǻΪۡ
ӣҲһء
Ϊ˵
ǰ֪ʷϻʵ£ĳ̹ʱһǶǰѾ֪ˣƽ벻ԭ
ˣһλ˵زֱģ̫ı飬Ҳû̫ȣǼϣǰݵһϷ
Ƕʲôʱͨأ
̫Ҫ£ƽ̫һȥ鷿һͻһ飬ﵽʲôʱֱ˵Ļ
ʵͣʳƽĵסӣ
ΪһҲȣ󸸺ǻΪۣǿϵĻʵ֮λܾˣѵһ㶼𣿡
ƽʳľȱȷŴˣҡͷһЩɬЦݣ漴
㸸Ƕİͼ³ĺǻΪۣΪ°ѵӦ𣿡
ƽ
ˣ˾ǡô

ûգľӾںֵŸӣ⼸λֵĹ˳˲Ʋţ¼鷳
Ϊ˰ǵפأ̫⼸Ϊæµ
ңöʺܿ콫ಿ֮طʢ˶̩̫ܺ
ƽ˯ѺŶ鷿ƽͬǣһղͬ
ֱ̫߷Ŵ治ɫֻʣ
õʱֵΣ
鷿˻̫ͳ죬ףһġ
ǰ˰ĴԼԾ治ɫ
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˵ʲô
ҡͷ
ūܣӪص𣬿ӰӡϣλշūŲҽǰδ˵
̫˸ƣƽָֻ̧ѾˣϢ֮˳鷿
̫˫Ŀͷ¹αϣ
˵
һ׹ڵϣ
󺹣Բ࣬ʮıԴƺжҡֵֶܻԲߣʮ屴ձֱδ֮⣬ֱҪʢڴ󺹣ʮıҲͲδԡ
׶ͬһƺҲûдͬһҲˣ
ūΪʮıղ֮⣬֮Դ󺹸ΪδԽΪԴ֮ġ
ƽ
ʲô
Դ˼
Ҳ֪ⶫǷд⣬Ҳ̫˵㣡
ƽ뵽Ϊ棬ľ̩ĸǣ
ôأ
ʱŵŻ̫͵¹ŵһҲҳ
̫δֳֻۣƽķУ
ƽأ
ƽҾá
⼬ֵ죬
δ׶ţϡ
˵ʱһֱŵĶŻ̫ɫƺǺܵЦһ£⣬һĸҷɡ
̫۾´ƽ
ˣȥɣ
뿪󣬻̫סƽͼɽŻϵĶ
ա
ԴѰĴȻϡƽ̬ȣƽҰһòˤˣ
ⶫ̫أⲻ
̫ƺĹǣЦ
ֻҪ˶֪ڱˤٵкηˤ
ƽ
ȷʵˣҲ̫ˣ
ƽپඥ
ƣ̡
˵Щʲô̫Ц̾ôһ䣬漴ϵۣ
ˣ죬ȥöʡ


80 
ȻѾô˵, ƽжʱ̤ʵ˲٣ŴߵߵĻصԼλϣϸ
ⷽһɫʯ, ԲĴ磬з󣬿ɼʼá
Ͼǻʵ֮Ըϡ֮ϱɣͨûһ˿ɫ񹤼Ϊϸ֮ͷ˫Ŀŭ, ˺֡
а˸֣ڳվõɰȾ, ɫȾ, ѾϴӡıʻԲӣ, Ȥ,
ǿ
ݴ̵㣬ӦС׭, 顰, ֣ʾȨͳ
ֻʼⷽγսƵ, սշת, ֪ٴ, ԵѾƽһЩǳǳĿ̺ۡ
ƽϸһ飬ǲ⽫һߣ½ôص˻ƳСͻ˻̫ϡ
̫ӣƽСӺ棬óַƾ֤ӣԴΪλһ＾Ĳδֱȥչ
ӾͨĲӣ˱Ĳӷһ𼸺ֱΪͬĲƽڷдһ֡Ǯ
Լ࣬ݺĿĶһĿȻ
עддڸʲôƽ˼ƽʱֵķֱֽ̿ӿʼʽ
ŴֱʶʵǱʻ࣬簢ˣƽֲ̣ǾִļӷΪ㡣

ûе̫ãöʺܿ쵽鷿
ܴʱں̫ϵΪ׺񣬵δ˱Ծһȣصĵųͨ󷽲ڼһһΪȫ
̫ϷٵдͷҲֻ̧˵һ֣

л󺹡
öԱߵ£̫ʱвÿգһڳĲ裬תͷѾðһСԴ
˰ЦеĴչ
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ƽЩӣҲȥһأֻģм̯һ˲ᣬطֽ
ҵЩ۾˰绹СһҲԭ
öתߣƽԲԿǣЦ
ƽֳ˲٣ѧúòã
ǵģЩÿһѧϰҲĵİ
磬ķúòãջʱǶǮ
ȻţƽԹԴ
ãǿء
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ƽҲһ¼öʣ
һȥ࣬࣬Ϊ˾ҹģо;࣬嶼ðɣ
öæͷ
öãо;вģҳսϰˣлƽġ
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յϣһ죬
ȥɻ˳
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Щ̫֪öϸ˵һҲ޲ͬս¼ƽ˵ҪҲҪ
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鸽ĲŮǴ˿ںͲƲͬҲһ鷳
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ȥ·ϣƽһֱҪҪȰһڷŷĳ̵£ŵЩҿڡ
ۼ¹ԽԽٹչһܿɫĹš
ٲ˵ˣƽҧҧס˻̫ӣ
꣬ƽտһʫұòã
̫ӦҲܾĻᣬѾȿ˿ڣ
ɽѩƼ¡Ըһˣͷ롣١
ͣһصѾ˳ûҪٱסͷƽĵŻ̫ķӦ
ȴڳһɻ̬ƺ֪ʵĶ棬
Ĳᱳ𣿡
ƽǣҲܱ
ֻѾص˶ѡ
˳ű䣬ŵĵķӦ
˺üϢǰڿ˿ڡ
糣Ц
ʫĲôãûġ
̫ЦԲԿǣƽ۾Ŀ⼫ΪֿҲΪ̹
ƽˣ˭궼ɸģⱲӣ͹ˡ
仰ƽͷˣȻˣԷĵĻع¹ȥˣƽ˵Ż̫ӿ˽Ų
˿ߵ¹ſʱ̫
鷿з£ظ֪
ֻҪ¸ԾɺͶɣƽʲôӦһӹҲС
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81 
ȻѾ¾, ȵÿյĳϣ̫˶Բ˳ںֵǵİ֮
ΪƳ, պβָ, ͳܲಿعʵء
ƺ, Ÿļ޴մ, ̩󸣽Ǽöѹʼ̸֮梣һԵڣļ޸̫õܼöʣͼܸļް̩, 渣ļ޺
ǰ鸽λλ˹ޣΨȱ˴ľӡ
ȴѾ֪ķĳ̺ͼöʣ˶ڲ², ̫Ҫֵ, Ůľ, ּϻۣԴ档
ľԼҲΪġ
ļ֮, ׽¶, ֻ΢΢
ֵλ, ò, ҲӵвƲ, һǸ, ľ, ʢûֵ̫һݵԼʯȹ¡
˽, ˽Ӹλ, Ȼɫ, Ȩɽӹ˵ѡĲľһѡɽ
ЩʱգһҲûмԭĹ󸣽ܣǼκ顣
ƶߵĹŮŲһȷʵǵ̫רˡ
ֻȻòֱò£ʮŮԾͬʮŮһûĻôԼĶء
ֻŻ̫ĳ谮ʹſƶѪİ˰ˣɫ˥û˳谮һᱻɫ
ֻʣռһ󸣽ͷһ͵֮Σ׵ıòֶŮȡڴ𺹹伣
òһʱѹƴϻۣԶľӴ¾ģ谮ʲôãҪȨгһգһΪŮˡ
󺹶ּ£λͻı븣ּл̫ºͣ
ƽɣλȻ˳Ҵ𣬺ϸˡ
û˷ӦһתͻȻ
һǳٳ޷ϣһ´󸣽֪󸣽ɷΪ󣿡
Ĳ̫һľӲ⣬֮ϵ״Ҳ˲͸̫⡣
ٶʲôľǰһ°ݣ
󺹿ˣǽüȻ˳𣬱Ǵ󺹵ĳйǣʡ
ãǱ㲻ˡ
̫λԳнӹһģһּᣬ΢Цʵ
ּ⣬һǽ󹬣ֵŸԾ󻼣ӴԺֺǱƽޣضúô㡣
˻һԲļλɫľӸɫѿ
󺹺αͱˣֵѾΨһѪˣո£ؽ̹ѵݲһ𣿣
һʱѪͷ˲̫࣬ľǿ侲ͼά̫ȡͬ飬ƺͽ͵ġ
̫·ȫȻѿɫԾǸղǸ
󸣽Īﻹеڶּ⣬󸣽ѡҲ޲ɡ
ǵּᣬ
󸣽ĵڶѡǣ뷷ֵŸ.52GGd.ΪӣΪһβ㡣
ּ⣬̫ͣһ£ȻǷǸƽݣЦ⣬
ּⱾ֪ѡɷǿգѾˣֻһʴ󸣽˼汾ѡ֪󸣽Σ
ľǲ֪վڳ֮ϵ״޲ڻ̫顣
ĸֻܴһֵŸպ̳˲֮λҲٽľӻȥһȥĸӡ
ľʢʹվȽŸʮ»̥µĺӣĸĸܶԸµĺ˺ġ
̫ѡһ̫ˡ
ľǿһЦ
δĺû֮ˣѵͶ𣿡
ƽ±в̫ЦףƺͦȲ
󸣽ȥܲбѡ̫ˣʵǲóѡֻ껹δԴ¼Ǵ󸣽Ųಿ翹Ҳֲô
˵ѽľӵһ˿ģԹĳڴ˾ҪζԴ˳أ
²ū˳Ĳǳ񣬻̫ͲϽȥҲʡýԼΪѡ
ľӵžָٽģǿѹԼ侲һδڣ
󺹣ӺιֶûУҲӵİꡭĸҲδ̫˰ɣּ⣬һѡ
ľᵽӣ̫ɵһƫƳ֮Ӱ΢˴
ȷʵӵİֻ꣬ǸСӵӼ󣬾ȻӿΣ͵͵Ĳں͵ᣬӴҪˡ
ӲĲоģľӿ޿䣬⼸λֵĸҲΧ߰ο̫顣
ȳУ
󺹣ΪöԴ󸣽˿̣󸣽ڹ鸽ǹ
ҲֳУ
飬ʩԶݣǰ˳֮
ø񣺡󺹣ԸȢ󸣽ĸһ·

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󸣽¼޸ıգֵŸӴٻز֮λ˱ĺǣĸȻܻ
˲Ƭ̣ӰȻһֻС֣ŽּӰȥˡ
Цһתߣ
󸣽Σ
ֻҪ˶ɻľӵȻӦպ¿ͼıȻȥҪߵл
ľӶл󺹣

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ſհ׵ӱ̯ڵϣƽѲӰ
ЦˣСܵõ죬б͵б³ɢҲܡ
Ц⣬̽
ūȥѰ˰һ
̫ڰ֣
ˣƽ粻֪㵽ȥˣȥ󸣽鷿
ԼĶϻ˽⣬ƽܻ֮Լһȫıӻ֮ʱڹ¹͵ܳȥˣﻹеû

λ״뿪ֵļλԾסں˵ţΧ£ľߡ
ʱڻ̫Ŀļ֮£˵֮ľֻҡҡͷ
ǶȻȥɣȥ԰תתɢġ
λõ˲ĹޣΨľӣӲٻزԼҲֻܼ޸ûʲôȨıգеȻƣȥɢɢҲá
˿߼뿪˳Ψľڻ԰˴죬ïĻ֮Ƴһˡ
ЦеĹ
󸣽ȥ鷿һ𡣡
ڵ䦳亹յڱʮֲһȥһѣڵת
ľ΢΢ף
͡

ü죬ľӹص񣬻̫Ȼ񷽲ųʱǰ㲻飬
ľЩ²⣬ȴֻǵ
֪ټΪ£
˵ڻ԰мľӣȻϲ˿á
󸣽ǴˣͿżɽˡ
̫΢΢һЦ
ʽ㣬̫ʵ󸣽ڵίһ㣬ί󸣽ȸļ޸СĵܷܵҲйʣµġñٶ˵˰ɣ
ѹȻҪʩͬҪֻ˼˺ôŻó
̫ͻľӶģ
³ֻ֮ҪĶӾǲ󸣽ȥ̫󣬴Ȩգܹ㣬ա
û´ôûк֮ǵİ취кֵ֣ܶԪˣʱڶٻָʵû̫ġ
ǵб£ʺľӵȥ¡
çżáŬŮ﹫죬ԭв֮ġ
ľᷢˣǰ˲רֵȻϣȴɽˣȫҪ
̫ʤȯգǹ⽫ǶһҪĸԸȥöӣް취ֻ˳ӡ
ڳϹͱˣ͸ľڹ﹫õͶϡ
ľֵԴԹޱӦοڳ裬ֻԭԭİѳϷѧçżһֶؿçżһԼ˵ĳ⡣
ֻ谴ջ̫ļƻһȥһçżȦףɱĲȶأΪɨƽϰ
ľӿǰ̴Цˣȴ޷ƵĿ־塣
ֶ̫Σ֮ǰ޿ܣܵԲݣصصϤĲԭȥԶʢΪá


82 
ƽȷʵ, ں治ܵץɵӡ
ԳᲢûʲôȤֻ׶̫ľӸļ޸ˣȷµŮˡ
ջȥǲĵ͵Űѷ鷿¶˺, ֪ûò, Ϊ̫Ϊ˰ľӺ
ƽʱɸ, ò˻̫ıֵ֤, ľΪȷʵʡʱʡֿܵסջ󣬶ô
һ룬⽨ʱԺȷʵƽС£ǾҲֻһ֧ԼɷǷ⽨ʱ⣬Ĵ
οһŮ˾ֹסһս, ô˵, һٻ㲻ˡ
̫֮ǰ, Ϊ˹ͬɹŸĹϵҲรԶΪܲΪԺİ
ƽſڽ࣬ȴûȰ, ֺº̫˵Լں, ɸ, ֻ׷˳, ӿβ˵ˡ
ΪصʮֺãҲСס˺ҷһΪ뺹̫ܽĻҲ
ȷʵģľѡɱӣȫԼಿȻͬģĻôؽһǺӻţľȴˣ⺢˻ӣպڲҲǲά衣
ѡĸɱġ
ƽţǰͶӣһЩûסȥ
̫ͥˤŭĿС͵ĿȴˣŲײٴܰװ˼ƽȥòԶӡ
òװӰӾȻȫǿհ׵ģֱ˷ĸ顣
ʱ磬ųҪˣƽܻع¹һͨ־һͻˣܻתȥ˳ǽũ
մ߲һֱũůů˲Ƴϸ¸տ˻½һɫСӣΪũϵãȥȥգ͵ǽˡ
һγɹķᣬɺ죬ʮƯִֽףҹãϲ
ƽЩڻֻ̫䱸ȫոºһ֧ӣִӸļԱŶһȥˡ
ũЩͬﳤòһֲЩũ¹Ƕʶ޴ѯʶգֻƽˡ
ǰЩֻܵľҶͿʱƽҲϵãѾ˹ʵΣƾʳϤֱܷġ
Ǹβ˼Ӧཷȳɺ忴ɫʹСֱܷ档
һصϹϣܽԲĺͳֹʵζ࣬ųԶġ

ƽҪũһʱ䣬Ͻѧѧܣ⼸ȱǰˣܱܷͷ
ԺֻҪũλֽ̾飬Сסգǰֵ˺ɡ
.
ոմӦ˻̫ߣľҲû뵽﹫Ķ졣
ŮȫȻ֪ԼѾ̫eУڶձ㼱Ů˺Щβ֮ģ֮λεѹһš
Ϊ˲Եÿ⣬һʽݣǼλˣλŮ˺֮úǴġ
ļлҪһʽ˻ɩϱôȲֵ׽ãȫ˼ԼΪֻһӡ
ҲȫƷף¸լŮҲ࣬ΪʲôЩŲƲŮˣԸ˰̩һޱգҲû׵ܵա
ľ˺ŷ⣬ĿּʲݵģһЦλ߰Ĺ£ҲѧϸЩġ
ǲϵģֻԸϸԾɽֽŷ֮УԸŮ
Ҷл﹫Щʵ̫ˣľӸмЩʱԵŰݷá

̫ϲֻǽʱ̫˵Ļһֲĸ˹﹫΢ЩۿçżѾŲ˵ĳġ
ľʣͬԼ׽˵ίܵŹ﹫֣
ʢֻнԸңͶ֪󺹾Ȼڲ֮أв˵ҸȥɱΧˣҺް취ֻĴӦ
﹫ߣһ뵽̫ŭӿ
壬ҸçŶ̩ҲǱ˳ôԵȥĶ͸磡
ƾô˵ľȫ¶ģһ䣬ԾԹʹޣ
ͬλǶ˺ùޣΨֻܼ޸ıգҲٻزԭҲֵĴҲЩҡ
˵Ϊã﹫æȰ
ļ޵ǸСĶӷԼˣ޹ȥǽóıǺùޣضúô㡣
ľо΢΢һȻǣ˿ԣȻʹޣŹ﹫ȰԼûı
űȰҲˣʱ¶ԥ
ǣֵܵ쾫Ǻʤ㡣
﹫æƣ
죬ҵǲ̫Χԣ＾õʱڣֻٵ£ǵȵ´γΧ֮ʱɱúͰ˰вԿƶߵŮˣкڣͷ
˵˴﹫ԼҲ⣬¶񣬺ݺȭͷ
ҷҪû̫ҲʹʧζȥԸ

ŮȷʵǷˣ﹫̸ڲ뿪ľӵĸܡ
Թ﹫ӣǸжȻҲ鱩֮ͽ¹¸ңȴǸˣһбĴˡ
ʢѾ෽˵ȴӦȣץסԼͬߣԼգ㽫ƻгľӣжʱ̣͸¶Լİƻ
ðطľڽܿ촫ͬûӦѹ
ڹçż˵ļƻ̱ڴ󺹣ɴ©֡

ʱַͻ䣬˺ס
̫մ鷿㿴ӱڳɫѾѹ˹罥Ĵһ˿⣬ȥתȥ¹һ䣬˵һˮ
̫ŲͣԱ߸ŵĳҫ
㿴µʱÿʣ˵ˣҲˡ
죺ǣ󺹼ó鷿ǰȲūһɡ
̫
µ궼ȵģڵ϶һʪۣһǺ˵ζɡӭ
̫ŮӵӰһ㶣žһתųװŭ
㻰࣬
⻰ĵģһ̧ͷӰ˲丣顣
ͣסŲ
ū͹ͣȥ겻ͣͲȥ
˵겻̫תԱֵˡ
ȷʵǳżˣҲУкڣ̫ﻹ˵
̫̿߼ӹɡȴЩûɡ̫ߣͷļƺҪ˲ؽ
ôˣⳡüһ˿ôá
Լģ𴽽ǣ
ֲģˮһûˣҲ̫СЩ
Щ꺣ȷʵ࣬ǲ׷ɣ̫û˵ʲôֻסҵָͬһɡǣֻص˹¹
ƽڣÿ꣬꾰Ȥѵõĺʱ⡣


83 
պͿ, ӱȹյջҲҪ¶֮ǰļûôˡ
ƽȥũ𿴲˵ʱȽϾ, ĳеȥũתתͻȻСѾ, ֻʣһƻƵ硣
Դһ, һײֵʱڣũũ¹ʮ־ְ, ֹ㰴ķԸһԭһѾ˰
ũز, οﲻأо, ȫֳô, ϼõˡ
ڹе, ȥٿһҲ¡
ƽӸĴͼũæ, һǮǼΪˣϢųȥ, ʱĵԱ߾Χ׳ĺӡ
ɵ÷΢һȥʪ, ˸õӣƽһʼ֡
˴ӵͷ, Ͽһ鲼, ÿһԶһ, ȻýŰһ, Ӹ, , ֻЩѽţƬŶˡ
µػ㼰ʱûգֵĺо̵ѿһ꣬һҹܴܸ֮硣
׸ճʱλũ¹ٻʮϡ棬ճѿ׺Ͷؿɼĺ޲
ԭһƬ󣬺λòһƬ½ϽġȻȫһӡ
Ϊ٣ڻΪע١
׺ͺĲɱӺ״ˣԱҲ
ᣬ׺͸ûʵ֮ǰȷʵòֻ࣬ڴһ׶ߵλýʵڶ롣
ƽû취ǽܸͣܲ˵ȻͬͬͬĿͬƣǲͬɡ
ϵ⣬ϵͳ˰ٿƴҲͲֻҪֳôᡣ
֮лᣬƽҪϵͳһЩαȥֱֳӽѧͲպͲˡ

£춯ڴҡڲΪ˸ƵƣҲΪѹһͷгʵĺǿҡ
﹫û뵽ǵĻ죬ûȵAΧԣȵȵ˻̫
˯˵ͷǱAõĻᡣ
ʢڱ飬çŶ̩󱾾һֱųս֮⣬ֻҪسУһʢǶѴ֮
Ǵ£¸Ʋã﹫ȥ鷿£һ̬ģϾȻû¶κβƽ֮ɫ
̫ıһӦȫĿǰɨһȦƺڲλʽ㣬
ͬʢѾãͿ๦ߣ˴λأͻʽͬһ
佥Ϲ򣬲Ըȥսƴɱƴǵ
יȻУҾˣʢΪ󺹷ǡ
﹫Ҳ
¸ಡţ˧ȥҲֻΪƽ鷳ֻֻʽ㲻ж޷ȥսƴɱΨоĸƸ磬
̫ףƺԲһͬЩźӣ
ǺðɣʢͻʽĸΪⱣ֤󷽰ԶϺ֮ǡ
պΣ˴γޣȥʢ죬Թ﹫˵ֱ
ڳſΪʱ﹫Ͳסĵļ̫δ뿪ƵƵͰ˰ķ
ֵգŴѾƽʱ߾ȫ޿ٻط﹫վڹǰ¶˾ġ
ŵľŹ﹫ı֮ģҪɱúͰ˰в󺹣ŵˤвյսսϴӦͬȥ
﹫ųõĶⱾҲκϣֻǷԸοڹУȥͨ籨ţ©
ǰĹѾжѾû˻ͷ﹫ͬеĸ֮Ѿȼյʵʣ
çŶ̩Ϊ̫վҪ籨𣬵Χסʢǣرճţһ빬ֿ͵ظɱ

ĽѾһ˵ȴͻأĲ䣬﹫ɻȥȴ˵֮ľӡ
˱ѾԼͬˣľҲԼפصĲ죬дͳʵ졣
൱ľӴˣǱˣ﹫ҲΪмѯͣԵɡ
ľߵѹ
֪ʲô
﹫Ȼֻ֪ԼǸŮˣֵһսƴɱȻκһֵܲ
΢΢ü
֪Σ
ľӸĪһЦ
˭õ˭Ļʵۣ̫⣬ڳ鷿
Ȼ̫Ҫɨ﹫ϰٸ﹫Ұһѻոɾ󻼡
ʢ֮󣬼ٿ䣬ĵܵܵǻǻ̫ҹ˰ＱоҲϲҲˣĶӣһϻλһġ
ľŹ﹫ֱ΢΢ʩ
ʱд֮׵ܵǻʵۣλȻһ㣬ٲõıѹ
﹫ԭҲֻҪ̫ûı֮Ҫô̫Ĵѹʮأ¸ҲԼһģԭֻʹʹıһľһ˵ʱĶ
¸ಡţһͬıһϵƣĸܵܵλƳ٣
ٿľӵ񶼱ˣ˵ֵҰģһȻֻǲ֪Ȱ˵ԼǷͼ
ûеڱ£ƽ޹ʵģľҲ֪çżģʱ˵Լ
³֮󣬻ƴಿҵĶ
ã﹫һڴӦ

յʢʱಡ䲻ôأҲǲģûʲô񣬻̫̫ҽ壬̫ҽúÿС˯Ƭ̣ԱҩЧ壬ָ
ʱʮֲϰߣշתòߣ粻úҩ壬ȴѾ˯ϰߣһղ˯û
̫⣬ģ̴ȣն˯˰̣˯ѣȽŲĿ齣ҲỺ
ˣ˰ڵأŷ˵ĳʳ
ƽ¿ȷе˵̫൱ڸ˼٣ʱ綼ȥ鷿ˣɹ֧ʱͻȻˡ
ũĶҲüãҪȥˡҪˣԽԽԣƽԼסջ󣬰ЩȫֵĶժˡ
ཷģڷֵĺϳøɻƤ⽷һóԣҲܳԵʱóˣ۵һ쭳һ֭ˮ¸
޵΢Ķſ
ҿԽ𣿡
Ӧƽ̤С鲽յܽڣ
밲Ȼ˯ȥˮɣ
ڻˮ죬ũǱ߱Сӣ̲ˮҲǳǳģʺϹº㡣
ʾԵһȣȰɵװݵҹƽϣȻѯȣ
ŷô
¹СʲôʳĸǷḻȥеŷòˡ
ҡͷ
ūҲ֪ҿŮʳУŷʲô²ɫ͸񳢳
黻˳ŵ·Ҳû̫⣬
Ǳɡ
ͶŮǸףʳж˳ֻ룬˵ϸϸģΪͷ¹ͶҲԵЩڣ
Ͱ˰밲ŷ˱ū͸ˣͰ˰á
ƽǰıΣù֭ŸԼ֭ˣʱѾˡ
Ůһ·߹ĶҲȺˣֻԵĶĿζ类¹СˣҲúȣһڱˡ
Զ˹˹ģǲİˣһ´ǣ
ζпɣ¹гԺ󲻱ˡ
˰粻ϺȣȰδԵÿ⣬ܱǷֶߣŮް취ȻˣһҲûаܡ
ͷѶʰã
ǣūŸˡ
ƽվԱ͵żˣźֱܣ
߰ɣŪһľɺˡ


84 
ƽ²ȥ, ˳ⳤϲ˵ףԱߵȴԽԽתͷ
ɫ԰, 촽Ѫɫṳ̂¹ĴţĶͷѾϸܵĺ, ǿһЦݣ
Щ̫
û˵, ³һںѪ, ʱҡҡ׹ȷһæ§ס»壬Լļϡ

Ѫ԰׵ɫ麹Ķͷ, ɲжס
ӺڲӿɫѪҺƽ٣Ų֪,
̫ҽŸʲô, ȥ̫ҽ̫ҽԺе̫ҽ
Źŵʱ̫ҽԺķɱȥ
ôжأ
¹̫ͬͰһ, ֻʶӷҪһ, ˭뺹֪ĶԺ¶
ƽ˿ԼٻղŶʲôһõ, СĲӦû, ˯, ΨһֻǺŷ
Ůúܣƽǲŷûзپľ
գȥѸղǸͶŮ׷
ѪѾԣü΢ţȻǼʹӡ
ΧתҲȫȻ޷ѶڰҲ֪Ǻ֣Ҳ֪ں֮Ƿ񻹲Σա
룬ʱ˿̷ণһַ綼һ亹ȵ׹ߡ
֪ʱѾմȾʪ⣬ƽĨһᣬǿԼ
ڣ
غʹﴺ԰һԾһŷ
һֱͬڣûô㣬ƽһ̷Ը
ȥʮıո긣ظ֪ԵɣֻűոС£Ҫˡ
зɿŲŸ¶ĿԱͷһѡֵ
ѵĻȻթǷɾ裿
ܣƽַԼ
ֵϢԲǼٵģһһͳһɹŵ̨ܷԼķѡ
ಿϸҲѾطʵأ¹鸽߶ʣ̫һͬӣô֪ĻɺŮ
ϱ߸ũزסˣԹ˲ϾҲС
죬ԵĲ伴֪ϢҲ֮죬ǻ˭ء
ƽȻһʱΨһĿܾǡ
ڹ
˲࣬ȵ
˷رʢţ壬˭һɲ빬
žž
ͻأ
˭
ƽƳſڣǰȥѰ̫ҽ˶˽űߣʹİ
ƽָҪȥر
¹ŵŮ޴Ķԭ
غʹﴺԭѾ˳ȥųȴĲ֪ʲôˣ˻˹¹
˰ССΣңǲǺõܵܶȥѾоսĺҲҪ㡣
ЩһŮ˵ӰС﹫
ԭ
﹫һȺʿڵΧ£ƽﻹܲףվںǰһ
󵨣չùЩ¶еĽʿǽѵƹı𣡡
ᵽѵ﹫ʱɫһ䣬ŬڣçŶ̩ô޶ôᱻԼĵܱܵƵ˵ز
ԼŮ񣬼ǳо̫嶤һκ˭֪·ɱܳĺ飬˰˰硣
żİ˰ͱ̫մԽٲȻǵﻹ˵Ϻ
뵽Щ﹫ʱŭֲδɵëܽң
תͷԸԱߵмҪ׶ֻһ˰鷳
ǸϹҪԶ֣ɱ˻̫Ů˺صİ磡
˭ң
ƽſ˫ۻںǰ
Ǵİ˰磬˭̤¹һմ󺹻طȻŭСǵľ壡
ȻǿӲޱȣƽɫ󣬵ҹѣǱˣµҲֻܰѻ̫ӡ
ùã;֪ĪɣȰϿ콻ҩȻҶȵسһܰģȻ³زҶԡ
׷ˣ
﹫
㲻Żң̫սʢǶѾҵĿ֮£õ˴ǻΪۣ̫ʲô
Ц˫۷ֱжǷ
һǵʬ壬һ£̫ôϲƶߵŮˣôϲ㣬Ŀȫǵʬ壬ȥ𣿡
﹫ƽ״Ʒ񲣬
ʱҾܸ籨ˣһҲ
ƽ߳һϸܵ亹Ż̫﹫ȻҰģ֪ҲԾʲôˡ
Цصڶߣƽ̿ˮʱ˿ֻԼڻǸĺӣһıǰ
ûһ̱ڸףûûȨ׸Ϊ⣡
﹫ЦˣͻȻγԱĵֱָƽ
ǻϿ춯֣ΪçŶ̩ѵҪȵ̫س
ԥֻзŵһ˲䣬ڹ﹫´ʲôսı
Щǰεʣ˲£ǳ⣬ռƣԾΧƽͺվһȦ彫ǻ󣬴粽ˡ
沢ѩģϹսѪıųƵɫϴѪŵѪζ
Щ׼Լ﹫Ϊ˸çŶ̩ѾħҲܷŹǡ
ӣ
ԽҸֵ꣬Ѿı˰˰زˣȴû뵽ڹ͢䡣
ƽǱƽķУԼȻʱ˵룺˴νܵҴ棬һҪ뷽跨Ūһ֧ԼľӣΣͷܱԼ
ĺͯжĸǰɪɪҲû벽񾪻ȴּᶨԲƽĵԾɰͷ­Ǹη̬
ʽֹ𣿡
Ⱥͻأһѯƽȴͬƽըһžס
ɲǼ죬Χ£Ű˰ͺĽʿǵת򣬽﹫Χ䣬ʱת
֮˵ʹͷ̧ϤĿù﹫εѡ
﹫ֵĿʶ㣡㣡Ŀѣ㲻ڳôڳʢУ
ľվǰ֮ˣװİĻ̫
ֲڣ̧ͷֻǴһ·β֮
̫ժͷֻƽǽͻȻƵĽŲ
תۼִſףȻԶʵ༸죬λ
﹫Ȼعζŵĵɴ۾
ң
̫ǹɾ裬ýһ򾡣
ȻʽΪΣ
̫ȻЦ
Ǳ󿪷֮ţô׵ıסʢǣں֮δҲ̫СƱˡ
µ񣬹﹫ɵҲѾӦ˹붼ڷ죬̫֮װľӵж·ȫûע⵽ߵΣա
ͷٿһľվķ򣬷˵ϣŮȴûκαʿѹţͷڿǵЦ
ûбͬߵıѸ˷ŭˣ﹫ŭ˻ŭ
ľӣҳ㾹ƭң
ȴľ˿ţ߳ȺŹ﹫΢΢һЦ
˵Цˣǹ˳֮ˣôԼıأ

ʷ̫죬ƽһʱûзӦϵĽȴѾ˺ü֣عʱ벦ǰŵȥ̫ҽ
ı֮˵ؽ˸еʱ䣬ھҪ
ţȴ΢ƽקת壬ǰĺЦӯӯԼߡ
ƽ
ô£
ȹѾڸղŵڵϵʱŪˣԾϯضԼߵλãСк
ƽ
ƽһ۾ʹգգǰûʧҲûþԼǰߵѪĨֻʣ
һۼɫ԰ס
ŵһĻ·ԼĻþ

̫ھɱԼҲûȫ䣬﹫ܿƽЦ
ΣѾɱŮˣȪ·ҲкΪ飬Ҳܣ
ЦȻֹۼö˶˵﹫ԾɲԼʧܣƴʿҪס
ôܣ׶ôܻû£
﹫ıλʽĵɫϸϲȴ¶ĵļѣʵ̫Ŭˡ
̫һȥ
ǭ¿¶ɣͬļ㾹ȻõڶΡ
˷ȻԼľʱ㱨ɮ淢﹫ĿǺƽ̫Ծľ
ɨڳˣ
çżáı֤ȷ䣬ﵱѺ˸տ鶨
ͻȻѪѪҺǺɫģٲȻжףƽҪˣƽѯЩѪҺɣ
Ѫô£
գգ۾ٵģҰݮ֭
ž߶ȽţϸڣԭôŨҵݮζ
ƽ
ƽ´Ϸǰҡ
Ҫˡ
δԣ﹫Ļ̫ͻȻԱ߲һ䣬
ԭҪţˣũüղ
ƽ
УҵĴ


85 
治, ⳡþֵıܵ˺ֻƽһŶҪټϺ鱻֭Ūѡ
ƽƺǧ﹣ͷ, Ҳֻĥĥ, л̻˶, оգõĽˡ
﹫ı֮λ, ·¶çżʱԾڤ粻, ŵĹȻ, 𾪡
ճ֮ϣ˸çż󹬣ı, ʢͼıﲢ
ǰλϺĴɱҲçżΪ˸çŶ̩, ǿǼϺʢ, çż㲻
һʱţΪ顣
̫ڰ࣬,
ּçż, ʮպڴ, ˸Ȧ, ¸²ϣò£ıһȫ֪飬һȣΪޱա
췣ûн۴Сְͬı֪鲻Ծ۴ͬȥΪūý
鶨çżúͷľӽ̫Ȼسŵ
󸣽ľƽı֮йشֵŸΪβľӷӻطʵأʾ١
ľڵ£̫ղĶһۣ°ݣ
л󺹶䡣
ֵŸǸСϾպĲľЯӻطգ̫УڣٲȻһһҵӡ
Ŀų뿪ƽܾﲻ̫Ծ
ôˣ
º˳죬Ū֮󣬻̫ľ鷿̸۵ݡ
̫˵ҪľӼӹ﹫˵һһû˵ҪôնçżúͷλҰġ
ľӴҰĲСı˿ֵصٳΪ˭ңǷŻɽ
̫ųȥķƺ͸֧ӿ˲ãĲԭ˫Զ֪Щʲôȴ¶һЦݡ
һͷƽȻˡ
³ΪϷˣľӲһ
̫Цŵƽһ仰ȻƫͷԸ죬
֮һľӣ°øɾЩ˲ףŮ˻صǸ鷳
Աߵĳͷһû˿ľ졣
ƽ
úڵģ
Ȼϲ׵ڱ
ľӴһ뵽վͽͺԼ

αϾǱͶźݺһģƽƾ˶θУɹĸԼֵһγԶеĻᡣ
˾£콥ųĴӻˣûÿе´Աǰ콫ʿϢֱӿ͵ʢ
ڶγᳵ·ŴԾƹ׺Ͽֱ뵺Դͷֱӽ׽غò˹˶׬һ˷ѡ
ҶεӸһ·ƻԱֶʿѾʼĺѰܴˡ
ɽ˾غһһֱƽָʾһֱһܿ½ֲλãҲ˼һɧغ
ĩܲⱣ͢Ѳãʩкߣ˽óףΪ˻ҵغе洬
غ񱾾ͿϺȥ΢ЩǮ棬ֻǿӣ͢㣬˽µóҲֹǶЩĻ·
ѾˣܷôߣѰҪϰӣ۸档
Ϣϱٸãǡһλĺù٣Сɵ˱ߣԮҲ
ӹΣغĸҸղһֻûƵҲҪܣǶŵлǵѻʯ
ռıһ֮սƷۣغ½֮ȴΧŲлũ֮Ķ
ʹϵĲνһļϣҴս̽Χм䣬ػǵսƷ˳˴е
ǱߴսƷҲֻЩʳǽ䱦ûȥҲãԻЩ
Ϊֻǵ͵£ȴЩ˵ɱЩܣկֺܷһԴӷ񱨸Ҫһߡ
޷ݣЩȴں
Ǳѹ̫ˣſʹĽЩܣܰԼ˭ֻôģٲԸֱ۸ӡ

ͰǶˣ
ƽĿĿǰһٶˣϼҴڣСӶ˹Ϊģͷˡ
಻ԸߵĴ±ҲԭѾӼҰǨطٰͻȥҲˡ
չڵϣ
ūţ˰𷣡
𷣵ǲڣȱˣˣֻҪĹ鸽ػ̫Ǽ件ӭġ
ֻû뵽յǼй츳
ϴδһʿδ˰ӣѲ˲²⣬´ǲǾʹ˶ˡ
ƽʾ
Ҳ㣬ܴ˻Ǻ£ʲôȱˡ 
ԼΪõ˿϶նʱ۾һƽȴͻȻһת
ֻԼԼãеأһȥͶԪ˧ǻһƬݾӣȥලе˶뻧а񡣡
޶ֻ᲻أڴԾɻᱻãǡĺڻ˷»ȫûΪū浽ʱɾˡ
ֻŴȴ˻Ҫ⣬ǵĻ
ǰ˰ܵնʱͷ
ūһԱߺúÿţȱ©κһ
ڻ̫ãǱĬģƽҲһ۶
⣬ǼȻͬһӵˣҲԾȺ۶ӣ˼ţʱ̲ɡ
ƽ̫Ũ׼ȷ˵ܵʱʮһ׵ĽĹƽȺŽᡣ
ԽȻ壬ΪԵԵʣ׽ˣȻҲû͸Ҹſѵº͹
ʱϾʱڣЩ˶ǴǱģʵ̫ףֱһָ̫ոյõ˴ŵǻһˣò
ˣЩ˵Ѿˣûдʲô¶
ãƽȲ˹²Ŷϴȥ
һôãϴδĲֺúܺãֻϧûܼ˷һصʢҴһȥס
ȷʵ飬óĦģϴƽЩֵĳԵıȽȤŴʿһ
˷ȥϼңҪռЩ飬ְֲֲ궼
ƽϴ
˰ǧСĴϵĶ˲֣ūλһҵֲ֮꣬ɫ죬֪Ƿж˰ǧСģҪʳ
ң
ƽʱǰһˣ


86 
һʱԾɱֲ, СĵһµĻ֮УΪˮʲ㣬Ĺֻжô
һ׺һ, ѹ֦Ҷ, ΪںϾȵؽɹ, ͮͮɷϲ졣
СĵĽƽһ׿,
˰뿴˹ϲ죬ūţûȥ빬ڳϦϯϻԵʵ׺
ʱﵽװεúͮͮ, ׺һСƵĹӵҲÿ
ôóԵֻ̫ˣȽũյĲһ˰ɡ
ƽԼֱۣһöժ£ָͷԵĲ˲ҳ, ҪС
մʧɫ̼ץסֱ,
˰粻ɣ˹ɫ, о綾, ʳá
Ϊϱ, ǲð˰׳˹Ҫʱк֣Ƿֻ˵û, û˵˹ܳ, һ˰ʳ, а˰ٸԴҲ
֪԰˰͵?, ջǽŵĶƽϵġҡ, ³Լһע⣬˰Ҫⶾ
ūūǷ˹ʱ˵˹ȻѾ˰ٶ꣬ΪɫжĹʵΪƣʶδ˳Թ˰򲻿ǧ֮ա
ֻƽ
ôŰɣս˻ųȷʵζء
кϵͳ
ͳӣ𣿡
ϵͳԳԡ
ƽ
ƽлл
ϵͳĲһûʣѾԼ˵˽
͸ˣƽ̲סһп
ѣøˣ
ϤĵûԺлƽϵͳһаһЦ͵ģݺݴ˸£°Ųϵϡ
ƽһͼ˵ɿԼ
һϼˣԳԣģ
գ˰粻ɣ
ǰ˰Լҵдʡ
Ǹסƽֱۣ
ūº˰𷣣򲻿ա
սţڰԣﴺҲһʼŹȰƽ
ݹأûб˳ԹĹӣǧ򲻿ɳԣ΢ЩʱգūȥЩ̷ǳ֮ȷݣūŵȼ̽ϴϡ
üһһͽôҪ򷢳ȥˡ
Щ˶Լһʿ
ƽ֪ôǽͣԭֻ볢һڣŪ˽Ų˵ʦڵģ˽Ҳ˼
ĺɫȷʵᣬĲжλȫıǵķЩˣʲô֡
ֱŲѣƽһΣ
ҵֱǿԳԵģң
պʹﴺš
˻ҡͷ룬˵һޣ
ūԼܳԡ
ƽ̾˿پۡ
ԣƽǰһݣ
Ҫ㳢
գ
ΪûзֻǸղŰ˰գڴˣ
ūūŶл˰硣
ŵˣҲӦ˰ıǶͣĹԣô˵ء
һһᣬҪǺɫĶȥǧһ֮ʣͻȻһ
ȵȣ
ǰ˰ͻȻ
ϣ۾㿴˰ЦеĲ
ѼԣҪ֡
գǡ
ǣǰ;δѵ΢ػһū
ɫĹƤ¶ɫѣƽİЩɫ޵ֽãˣ
ˣ԰ɡ
գЩһͲ꣬ӣ
ԱߵĴﴺһ񣬴ﴺдŰĪȰ˵һ䣬ԼҲҪһҵʿʹļ
ֵܣҷģһʲôأļҾ壬һգ㲻ǰܶ
⵹ãϵǴ壬ҲֵܽãȻʱͬ˲ףһԡҡĿ־嶼˼֡
ƽúҪһ𣿡
װ׵дšڡ
ðɺðɣץסᣬ㺦¾͸ҳԣҲ¡
ūſԣ
ƽһһڱ㽫ֱ̽ֻǷ߽˽ʱ
ζ
˫е۾յǰֱðˮ
ذ˰磬˻ūţūźжˣ˻챻ˣˮܿƵð˻ᰡ
ɲôǶڲûôԹζֵ߹Ĺ˵ζٵĴ̼ȷʵһ
ƽЦ
˭ҪӻһǵݸգĿԳԣֻЩᡭҲ̫ɣƷϸƷȴܶࡣ
ȻĻζôһ˿ͬʱ㣬ǿƽǰ
Ҳȱԣūݣɷʳá
ն˾ȻĶƽ͵͵ȥժ֣ε̾˿
֪֪ˣҲ˻𣿡
ԣƽֻȥԼҵתע⣬ŵԱߵ£
Σо
̵һĿˮ
ū໰˵˰ūϸϸ

ԹйĺóףҶ˿ӵЩǡöǹûеġ
ʢʱĳóףѾں˹гᵽЩҲǶԾĴ˿񣬻߷ҷĲҶȤ
ʱԹ˲ϾٷĺóȻҲγϤĶףѯʵľǽƷΪʲôûд˿ǸԸЩǽʯ
ǴȥĽ׻ƷҲëձ̺ƤܻӭϾѡýף޷ٽжεһͶá
հԼĹǸƽϾ˰ͨΣδ֪ĺϷ籩ɣҲŪʺϽ׵Ĵ˿Ҷ
⵹ûʲôϵû˻ǮȥֻǽҪĽˡ
ҰԴޣƤǴѹ۹ãһΪ˱Դպ󻨷Ѹָ̬һ棬Ѿ˸߲˿ڻع֡
ƽѹȥĲ֮磬øԻعũԲӡ
˿ǿԿǣɣ׻ڹҲзֲֻʢ˿֮ضڽһԹû֯˿Ļһжͷ
ҪȥУڹƽ׵ġһ˿
ƽԽԽͷ
ˣһʱ̵Ķȥ˿ʹֲǱ룬ǹˣ۸ЩǾˣֲҪʲôݳƷֻҪֳܳԵĶҶЩˡ
뵽ֲ
Щ˲ҳԵҲһҲܳء
ıֻĩ괫йȴûдЩƹ㣬º·١гĶ磬Щ߲Ū
ȵֵסСֺƵΣ˵һıչʲô䱦ݳƷǹϲĶĶǮڰʵڡ
ȴԥѵ
룬Ҫң䱦ҲҪУ˺ôģ
Ŷ
ɺ֮Ķӻ̫ݳƷƽȻûʲôôϲò
ƽ֮ȫȨʲôþͶЩҳǮ
Ŵйһֱó˳ö࣬٣ȴ˹ʲôȥڵó˳ȫմܣ޵ģʱȻǰ취
ůͣƽ°ϣöհ˶к˶󣬴һ취
ǶҲ룬ʲôزУûеģЩͿóȥǮûеĶ
ᵽ֮ջ֪Щ봬ϵĲνһţǸĴٺǴԱһȺһƬ
ңָһ±
˰ūżԭڳɽ£ɽΣʱڱ˽ɽڲãһƷ˲Σܱһʮ±

ɽν׼۹һϧҩģϡȱǻȥɽչٸ߼ˡ
˲Σ
ҩļִҲ۸ʮָ߰ǻʵҰɽΣȻᷭ
ҰɽξûҪˣɽиЩ˹ֳȿԴֲƻ̬
ƽͷ
УȻ˵ԭڳɽ£±㽻㣬ѡ˸𣬲ɽڵ߰㣬˹Լֵġ
ν̣
֮ɽж౦˲Ρ¹סƤһƤ˵Ǿֻ˲κ¹ױȽʺˡ
¹Ҳ¹רЩ¹⹦ЧһЩ˼ڡ
ҪǮС
ƽڴĿ
ν˿ʶ¹˲ţ
˰ڴſСһ˫۾ɰúܣνײסûһڴӦ
ūŲţʶ¹ˡ
ƽ۾ʱȥνæ
ǣˣĶ֣Щ¹Ҳ¡
һѣƽʱȼϣ
̫ˣλмıڣȥȥˣ
Ĳνļеĸл
л³ɣ¹׾ұȣ


87 
˴, Ҳڵţƽ֪Ρ
ȥĶȻܶ, ũҵƷҰԴ, ͱŬƹֲķף۵ͣԺ׼·, úȥرġ
ҰԴȻǿֳͬ, ʲôǶ˾ͲֵǮˣĿչó, ֹƷ͹ҵƷʡ
ҶʹΪȻزʵ, ɣֻĵطӦòѣ˲ϱ˲˿, ǾͿ֯, Ҫ˿񰡰
ڵŵЩ˶Щֵĺӣ˵˭п֪֯˿ļӦôӹѰ, ȻۣƽӶ˴
ڵǼǻľѾЩ䣬ȴŵ£һЩŮ˺Ӷɪɪ
ƽʾȥҶԪ˧ŪЩ·, մӦҪӪȥ, 㿴ѵһӳˡ
Ǻ, е±ȶܵ, ѸʿĶЩЩĹֵ䡣
ƽЦеӭȥ
ǶԪ˧ûЩȼĶ£ǿҪܶˡ
еæƲҵǫŹͣƽڰ֣
ҶԪ˧αƴأã£ҲᰤܶҲͷˡ
ۺʱ˲ǸҪģֻһЩµİգ˰һԱ㽫һٶ˸ԼеȻм
ƽͿеһů·ʵ
֪Ԫ˧ںδ
е¶⣬֪ƽΪʲôͻȻʵļ磬һ˲˼ǧذת
ѵǰ˰绳ЩΪ֮ǰ磬Щ˲ͶԼ
ǰù󺹵ļּǰհ˰絽֮ǰҲּݶӰ˰ԣ˰󺹣С̷ЩȻףղ֪Ϊȴð˰ƽģʱðһ亹
ԩǣҪЩǲ٣֮ǰȷʵδ
񱻰˰ģôǺã
ǰ˾þòԣſеµı飬²ˣƽæͣ
û˼Ҫ˿óףǹⲻ֯죬ұʻļͨ
ԭˣе˿ͬҲǰĪ
ԭɽ˾˵ͨ˿֮֯˵˿ǽһ
Ҳֻһʣôײ˴ˣе¼Ҳͨ˿֮֯취
ʱԱȴͻȻһЩηĻ
˿֯ϱļԭϵġ

ЩҪʱûôֻ࣬ʹĴܣĲǹڣ뿪ܵı
ҲƱû˵ǰ˰רȥֲģ͢ҲΪ˴󿪷֮ţר
ũ
˰ӵĺù٣ֲùڼڽп಻ȴδмĵϢҪǵЩġ
ʱףֻǻط浽˹⣬ͷһϵ⣬ͻȻȻ຦¡
µûãתͷȺǰİ˰ԭǸôɰСʱ־Ѿϻ˼ʮ꣬ôĺǰչ¶⣬Щ˵ġ
˰СĳҲǻǸ˵˼䣬ûţҲûаΪѣ׵ıǡ
Ȼ㰲仧ˣغͻܵ뵽ˣ䴦ȫӡ
ߵĹԱЧҲߣΪǵǼ˻Ǳ߱㷢˶£ʳһʱ䶼߱ˣҲеطסǶپպп
˰ѯ˿֮֯Źôһ졣
Ųô׵ľ͵õ˿֮֯תͷײ˴ˣƽ۾ʱܵ˵ǰ
ģܷҼһˣ
ͷԼĸˣ
ϱ«
ǰĸԼôʮͣɫЩڣһ˫۾Ҳ㣬˶ǰ¡
ƽͬƽӣգգ۾ʵ
«㣬ܲܰ֯˿ѽ
֪ԼòƣСðײ
˻̫ͺ⸱òɫ׾۾ҲԲִǶ˭ȣĶˡ
«һǹ˼ǰ⺢ӵݣȥһİŸȫȻȥЦ
˰СܲӲ˿˿Ҫܶ򣬻ҪרŵĹߣɲһ˿ɵġ
һֿɰĺӣʲôԸ˵ƽϸϸ
ҼϣɩӼԭǷ˿ģҲһƥ˿򵥵˿Ҫ֯졢ȾɫҲҪĸأҪΪӵĻͻҪỨ壬ΪշÿյĿֻһյһ֣Ҫ˾͸ˡ
ƽʱ
òӿһϣˣ˿칤ôӣֲҪô
Ҳ̫ˣôֻ˼һϣء
ίͰ͵ĳ«ӣ
ǽܲܰҸæ
ƽ⸱ӣԼ㣬«ܲӦأӦ
˵ֻҪģһ
ƽЩ˼Ͼʵ̫鷳˼ˣ
ܲеȥһţдȥͣѯһЩ˿֮֯˵ЩɲãͬҪͶҴߣҳʰãλʢȥס
«ڴӦ
úúãȥдţСҵҰʱ
µҲֻ취ˣƽĿź«뿪β
ͣʱβͿ϶ҲģԱ߿еµĿҲȫȥ

ãҪϵͳ𣿡
ϤĵΪʧ䣬ƽҲ᲻ʣ
ʲô𣿡
֮ǰֻϵͳľ飬ⶼûʲôãֻø
ϵͳԿʣﶼգ
ṩȰٿƴΪϽĶŶ˿⡢˲εֲ¹Ǻơó׵ľ֮
ƽ
οˣ
ʻȥһѾӿߵġ侲ʵ
أ
ϵͳһˣƽѾѧˡ
ƽĴϵͳƺԼ͵͵һ㹦ܣܲϵͳڵı顣
ͱڣϵͳ΢΢һЦ
Ҫ󲻸ŶֻҪרķʮꡣ
ʮꣿ
ộ
ƽЩԼĶ䣬ԭΪԼҪϵͳ򹤸ɵģԼ꣬ѾˣٸʮͿˣ
ϵͳôôˣ
ڣƽһڴӦ

ϵͳԼתͷͳŷߵķ׷ȥ
δ磬а취ˣܲýͬһʢȥ
Ųһ٣Ѿ˱ĺԥŲתȥ
˵ҰȻ٣˰ССͣôҪϱأ
ƽ׷ˣ
а취ˣڼרҵ˲ţλһȥʢסиղ˵һҡ
«ʶ֣˰дţʶֵķûиֻɩӵĺӴʣǺҲ֪ȥˣҲûҵ
ƽǰ庢ӣ
ŻûдأСĪѽ
һд֣дƽԸȥȡֽʣ棬ֿ«
һҸȥʢסòã
ǷأźҲԾɿԳ㣬֮ǰͬǸȥʢֵأ
£
⡭ǣûһֵֻ֮أʢк𣿡
˰˼ӸȥʢϣֲȥҲŰ׳ҪЩ¸ɣܰҺڵصֻŮ˼ϡ
ʢȻźȥԺƽҲֵش档
һȥΪ˲÷޷룬Ҳ˳ЩͶƽЦ
δ粻صģȥʢһλסͬһϣǾʵڲóȥɣŰᶫǮԱգȥֵشˡ
ŵȻãع˼үϲŭճɳԷһºܿӦ
˰һûˣûߣ«ֻǰͬ˵
ǿԣֻûз֯þߣ˿񻷽ڷһ˿ɡ
ƽظ֤
ģֻҪϳ˿ʣµİϡ
ĿǰҲ֪ܲòϣһ¸«ĹǮģѧ˹ǮǣݶĹǮҲպ˿֯ȥ
һҲӣһ£Ȼвˣôõ£ܲӦ
֯˿һҲͬļǮֻ˶ЩȺ«СޣѾ˼Լӣûӣ˵߱ߣʮˬ
żϼҴڵģһԿʮĹţмʮ굽겻ȵĺӣŶʵֵˡ
ƽСһӣ
߶ߣܰæҷǮǶȥ飬ͻȥּѧá


88 
һͬжʮ໧˼, ƽôߵĹǮʱסˣҳ, ޷ҲһȥǮ
ԭͬͬ壬պ, סںشյ֧嶼˹, 峤αֱǸƢţļλһ, Ŷ˴Ը뿪ʵ, ҲҪѰһѹ֮档
αֱĳ, ǽһƱǱԸֱ֮ˣ߳Ⱥδ˵, Ⱥ̰
һȦüһ, ſڱ,
ߴߴʲô, ƼˮǮȣҲԼûǸ£˼˵, л֯˿ϵҲԸͬȥ, ȻûǸ, ٸ˼鷳
ģûУ˼ȻǣǷֵطѣǾ͸֪ж˼Ϊѡ
Ⱥֻ᲻סĵͷͣƽԱ߶ˡ
峤ҲǸˣȴһͨٷŻһԵʮƽ⣬ųжȣоͰȺֲԼôʮͣû׷ܵ峤
վڷŶϣǿԼȺ¶һͷ
ĪҪŭλҲȱż˿֯ҪЩӲܽһӱҪˣﱸ֮󻹻йģʱҵһѰλ
ձ峤һ٣ʱ˭ҲȳͷӦȫźαֱαֱ¹ڣǰһ׵
ˣлˡ
лл
ƽαֱԼл֣
͸λϤ˿֮֯ҲȥţԺΪλʣ˸ã˲鼼Ҳʮָмֻ棬ұл

Щ˵ĻʱפأΪеϽƽźˮʢ
Ŀǰûо˿֯ѡַסũ𣬷ũׯ԰еǵطǽиũƽתͷ㱼򺹹ҪҪȥˡ
˷شҪҪ¹ҪŻ̫ũڳɽڲֲΣ÷պչҪһƬأּѧý˳ѧõķ⡣
֮һ£ȫҪһ·аķգôһҲٰ١
Ѿе˺ſڣײ˽鷿ֵɢѧؼҵķĳ̡
ĳ̱Լ͸λѧĿҵеǰͻȻ̧ͷһǰȻͣһڵ
Լ
ƿǰĽ˰Це¶һͷ֣ʺ
ֵųˡ
ϤϤЦݣĳжʱŲһ٣վԭأ
˰硣
ƽ³±̫Ƽ̫ֶҡ˻֣
ʦͽЩģղƽ˼ء
ĳ̣

Ҳš
˰ϴ鿪ũʱ򣬻̫żЦЦƺڳ԰˰ûа뷨һʱģȴԼĴס
԰˰Ҫͬһظ󣬷ĳ̺һƴǵ
˰ոշҲûţһ·۳Ͷ٣Ȼع󺹸Ҫ
ĳ̽ʱ⣬ƽȻѾץס˷ĳ̣ȻͲ׵ķŹϾĳλһ˵ӦԼз
ƽֱץסĳ̵Ӳţ
ҪôСͬлҪ˵Ҫ£緹ȥһٺòã
ָ̯λƣ
³֮ұضٻ٣٣زԿ
԰ӣڵġ
ĳȻѾڳӸλԾʮּӣͲ࣬ҲǷģŵӵζ
ƽɵĸڷĳĬĬƳһԼùеĶӣʾпڸ
ĳ̣
˰ӽеô죬ѵΪô
˱ֱ˵ѵܶŸӲɣ
ƽýУ
˰룬ԵƬ̣ǿǶˣǾȥ
಻˼
ƽһЦĶ
ĳ̣
㲢ûоò˼
ҽ緹óԵģֽǲŸո̤ţϾѾں˽緹
˶಻˵ƽõڷ˵ע³ٷ
ĳ̵Ӷ࣬˻ԼĿ⣬ƽһ̧ͷܿǿԼӴԼֻæͷȥһٷҭ˺üء
˱ǰĺʢ
ԣû˸
ȸʢָĳ̵ϣЦеһģ˵ƽǰ
˰ʢóЩ
ǶϺȻȫǳģܻзȥ̵Ľƽʵݵö⣬һ㺣ףҪڶ͸ǿϰ
ƽԹԵĶл
ллʦĸʦĸã⻹ͷһγڶİأóԣҲ㣬һű֪϶óԡ
ϲ˿ķóԣЦݸ
ϲãβ֪ݵãǰ׼´Ҹҵֲˣ
ƽͷЦһСУ
ȻȻʦĸƽãԺոʦϲ䷹ԡ
仰÷ĻŭţתͷһԼɷ򣬷ĳƽ˵˰Ӿ֣һǸõĺӣ˵Ĳһ
ǸãƽʦģֻʦĸóԵĿ㡣
ƽʳͱѰӴЩ緹ӺһʵʵڵĶϺףĻԵøпŶȡ
Լҷһĳ̱֪Ҫ˵ʲôʵԩ˰ƽѧõңŻƴʱ򲢲ġ
ӿΣԼӣҪѧһӿΣⲻʲô
⺢ӿճһɿӣЦ𣬿˸һѺ֣˸֪˰ظģԼ극ۼſӱҪȥôܲ˵⺢Ӿأ

ʱ̫߾ѾõϢ˵˰ĳѾ·ˣʱ֮ǰضִܵﺹ
̫ʱ˱ҴŴϣûߵ㿴ԼĶһĳĸ֣֪ô˷ĳ̼䣬ĳ̱һ뿪Զȥˡ
վԭأҲǣҲǣǽнԶһʱ֪˵ʲôá
ѾӰСĴչ
ǼǴʱ˰ʱŻطԣ·¹ڱߣôϱˡ
̨ǣǿû粻̫һۣת¹ȥ̵
ţ֪粻Է
ЦӦһ
ʴȣһͣǲԷġ


89 
ʱ˰ͷ˺鷿, ѾվһӣΨһ֪߳Цס,
λ԰꣬ȥͨ
Ҳˣ̫ɿڣƽ̷˽鷿, ,
꣬ƽȥ, ƽʮ˼
˵Ƕģĳǳ鶯󼸲, ͳһ鷿
鷿һƬТ˰˽󺹻, ֻСһ˹̫ŵٱֲס, ¶һЦ
鷿ﻹбˣ̧ͷĳ̣һЦ, ƽĺ󱳣
, ʲô, Ц
ƽ˵ҲŲ, һиЦ, ڲ, ǺǸ
֧ͷƷĳһۣתͷһƨˣⱧԹ
귽ڸʲôƽվȶˡ
ѵܺͷĳ˵
̫ͷһۣ
ȥǱ
Сϸʲôû̬
ƽ۵Ķֱ̫תͷĳ̣һȻ飬
֪ǰкҪ£
ĳװ˵ĶϹϾĹ
Ҳ˵̫ð˰˵ɡ
̫á
õúܣСڴʲô⣬˵ͶҺˡ
˵Ĺƽ׼ˣʱ˶վ鷿УӳнӹˮһǰԼˮ
󣬾Щ࣬һһ
̫ʣЦЦ
˵
ȻҪ̵һƽӻͳó׽˲ᣬŸ̫һ˴γĽˡ
ǿ˴صϡȻְѹ½ˣһת⣬
·ó״пΪƽûԹ㿪ó׬ȡԳ⡣
̫֪ĺóܻӭĽƷļҲ֪ڶݳƷĿȣڹֽĻƷһŪ̸ι㿪ó
׻ظƽ
ʲôȻҪƤë˲¹ڳޣʱڿ²ܹӦ衣
Ѿ˰Ĵϸ㱨ˣսҷҰĲڹɽˮ֮أսޣ°ǳ֮ƣеʤ֮ߡ
ƽʮֻץص㣬
ǰ˼ǡͬ˲¹ֲˣ
˶ѣڣοֲǺݵڣ·óЧҲĺ¡
̫ף
մȥˣֻǱȫˣô¼
벻̫˵ĺ˵Ȼղݣƽ
ͷ
ǵȻģֻҪоģ֤
ŸûʣƽϽһҪ
Ȼ֪ˣǸڳȦһӦҲܴӦɣ
̫
ȻѾ׼ˣСֱôǾô£
˼˵ʲôʲôȷûΪƭ֯˿𣿡
ƽȻȷֲָ֯˿йϵͳѯȻûѧպ«ưô
û취ͣΪ˸һ㣬ֻ˵һأԼֱ
ֱ
ֱʲôã
̫һѹ´ӵĳ嶯
Ǳסũһοֻ˼ңҸʲôطڵˣαȦؽ˲ơ
ƽҡͷ
ǲɣ֯˿ǰװ˷һʱ䣬üʮء
ۼŻ̫ɫתƣ¶Ҫƽ˹ȥסȣһҡһ
ʹӦҰɣƽԤУһܳɹģʱǺööǮأƽֻ裬ʣµĶТ꣡
̫ε̧ͷһ۷ĳֲ̣ڹ¹Сôڣ⳼棬ඪ
ĳӶ֪ţֻǵͷԼĽż⣬ȫȻװԼǸҲ˵ư͡
Ӧƽɡ
Сӻ㲻֪ߣˣΪУҪǿڷĳ̻ϣͲǱôˣҪڵϴ
ģ̫ܶ۷ٿ⸱ûƤûӣ
ӦӦӦ㡣
ģ
ƽ̧ͷ¶һ˫ۡ
Ϸԡ
˱֤࣬ƽһµӵϷ
л꣡
ֽ̫дһ
䣬սȥѡַÿҲԼȥػû϶ѩ֮ǰ깤
ѡַȻҪѡںΣԱ߻һƬյɣ֣̫Ȼȥ˵ѡﶼԣ֮أҲ԰
ѩ֮ǰ깤ض˲öĹȻȫƽæĵͷ
ṩ˲Ű¹ֲΣӦȦؽ̫ü׶󣬽վô࣬Ҳ๻ˡ
һۻһȫûзӦķĳ̣־ԶûԼô򵥡
ʲôһ˵ˣҲʡĵ
ƽ˸ԣ
ѽôԵҺЩҪƵġ
ѵ
Ӵ̫ԴǴĿ⣬ƽͷ̽
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̫
۾ͷƣӦһ
ƽɤӣǻԲ
俪ѧá
Ȼӳˣֶװ˶У̫۾
˵ʲô
ƽظһ飬
ҷ˵俪ѧá
鷿ݾĬĳվ
󺹣Ҳ顣
Ƿƽڹſסĳ̸ؼҽ̸ݣ˰俪ѧãаնʶֶ飬뷨ף÷ĳЩϵȥ
ԼҲû뵽ԼʮˣȻһҪôһĺӣΪףΨһͳߵ뷨վ
ս裬飬ţԾ˼ū룬غѧľлڳʩչѰأͼôѣֵΣ
Ǳ˵ͣһ޹ء
Ż̫þòԣ֪²׵ĿˣܻȥģƽӱһѼëӣҲ֪ղǱ˫־ٹͷ
ɣǡܴ֮ܲӦң
̫
һĴ֮ǰİ뱲Ӷࡣ
ǳµĸǣֱǸµĻħ
Ȳ˵ѧõ£СΪʲô˹Ծľ˼ëӣѵԼôһǿӲĸ
Գôƽһ£֪Լֿûأֻǰﺣ׽סСӵ첻Ӱˣϸˡ
ԣ
ص㲻
Сص㶼ƫˣ̫һһ侲
㵹˵˵ΪʲôҪ俪ѧã
Ͳµдһʣƽ׼
˻žҪѽֲ;Сʫһͱͽѧˣ֪ѧĺô
̫
źۣĴʯͷԼˣСӼôô硣
ǿнͣ
ǰ磬ͨһ𣿡
ǵȻһΪƽõİѽ
ոһʺƨƽʼӣ
ƣʮѧ׿гЧʮ嶼ˣ֮ǰҲּҪ󣬷ӵܰʮ¾飬ҲӦѧö飬ָ˶ܿƾ٣Ҫʶְɡ
пԼ
Լµּ졣
̫ôʣƽСȰȵģ˲Ļᣬ
˵Զģ˵ַʱɷֲֲָҪԱţʮֵĲ㣬պ£ĺѵеĲ鶼Ҫȥ𣿡
ңƽգգ۾
ҪƵ۵ģЩ֮£񣬽аǶŸĺôĹҴǺ£
˻һĳа̾
˵Ȼһ޵Ĳģ浽˹ؼʱ̣˰绹ʮֿ׵ģϣ֮֮˳ٸ󺹻һĴ˭̵סӦأ
úú˰ѧϰһ˵
ƽȻ˵˶ĺô̫ȴûȻӦվԱ߷ĳ̣
ƽԣ֪
Ҫ
̫ƣ⻰ôأ
ȷʵȻ̫ǰ֪ôһ㣬ԸǶǱ˰ӵѽ
ĳƵƵתͷƽСһȴţ
֪ǲ֪أ
̫
ģԼĶӺͳӣһĶǺġ
֪֪֪ǲ֪㿴ʲô
߷ĳ̱ʵƿԣƽȴôһֺ塣ȻѼëȴһԲûҪ˼
ƽһתʱôϷҪǰˣ
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ǵȻƽȻ
˿֯ļ鼮أܲȥɣ
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Ż̫ɫɶҪ˵ˣƽ˿
Ҫ£ҲûнصĻʵۺúŪκһȨգһԶɱѾȫȨ۷ζķ⽨ͳߣԲô׵ĺȥ
Сӱ˵ԼǰգҪʼʩָ̫סĶͷ
һͬ飬ͬҪ˵Ȼȥȥֻ棬ȫޣҲʮ㡣
ƽȴҡͷ
ǲУһû˵أ
ѧѾ𾪵ˣȻû˵꣬Сﵽװ˶£̫Σ
㻹ʲô˵
ƽȻˣҾͲˡ
ҲûʲôӣֱԵ
һ֮ǰ°ӵĺҪǱڸΪūʵЩСˡ
ССͣҪ˸ʲô
̫ͷ۵
˿֯Ҫˣ㵽ߵҾȥͣٸū˶
¾˼ҸӵļˣĳעתԱȥҪðΣյĻ⣬ȴ˰ﲻݣ
˺磬ƽҲҪԼˣ
⻰ȷʵĵģֻƽĿǰֻܽһ׶Ŀ˵
ڹŴû㹻ԼˣҪһһϺǰɱʱ佣Ŷȥʱľçżıӱƽ¹޲ŵʹ
ࡣ
̫Զǵıɡһ裬ҪԼˣıʿǾӡ
۾Բˣĳһ£ûжסеĲյ
ײæյ§˻Ҳ˲òˮ᲻Ūѣͷٲ̧
̫ȴһʱû˻£ûо֪ƽô֪ġ
ĵոçżõĴŮçżı󣬺Ϊ˱ֱ̬ɱԼĵոçżõһŮיȴƴǰ̲ҪҲԼĸһ
ԱȣԵúľˡ
Ҫһɱϣõλߣȷʵ񡣲ܹ¼ɣһˣһȨպ˷ģ֪ӵ
ڲᣬԼ֮󣬺Ұģƽ˵ҲǸ鷳κεΣлᷢƽߣԳٳٲܾϡ
֪һὫ񣿡
ֱ̫塣
ΪʷϾѽѵçżı֮Ѿȥôã컹û
뵽ֿܣƽ۾ҲԲˣĺһ
Ҫ꣡
ʱ˿ΨΪǿһְ취˿ڿˮ̺
ǲ磬Ѳɸǰ𣿲绹ǸҰɣƽҲҪˡ
̫ⱾͲܾϣֲõŷĳ̵˽Сӻֻĵҡ
ؾԲƽˣ̫ɫǳ
˭Ǳ£޹أܺԼˣع¹ȥ
ƽ죬³һ̫Ƴȥһۣ
ٶ˵һ֣ǰӦȫԹԵĹѧȥ飬ʲôˣ絥㡣
ˣƽסԼ죬ԹԹˡ
ĵĶӣ̫֮ŵȥ̾˿ֱ׷ʣ
ҲҪǣ
ֻ˵ѧã̰Ƕʶ֣˰Լرܵ˿ǵ⣬Ȼ̫ôúŪġ
ĳ̳һ̣ӦԵ
Ŀǰֵ֮ʣµ˲ȱȻ档
⻰ûʣҲ̫ϱ治ϲŭֻᳶһ´ǣ赭д𣿡
˰綼£ʲô뵽࣬ĳǻҲɵӿһ⡣
ڻ̫ѹ֮£ĳһҾأ
˵ʵһղһղĸǿͬżķգ֮߼ͳΪ˸׵Ƴ֮
𷽲Ű˰˵
Ӣ֮η塭
̫ζĺЦһ˵
֪ˣ°ɣúÿǵġ
Ȼη壬
ι벻ɣҪı£֮Ҫƽǻۡ
ƽССǣóѰ֣չֳͬѰ츳պضпΪ
ȻҪʢȻηǣ
ôβһ


90 
̫м漸ּвö֪, ټ⣬Ҫ֧ģ¼, Ͼ꣬еǻᡣ
ȳõģײ˰˹¹ĴţסŲ, ƽڵĲ,
ֱӽɣ϶ϲ
¹, ںͲľ̩ܴ, ˵Ȼû취, Աһλȴǿյģǳȥöȡ
ƽȥתһȦóۣǷϲĿǰӦûմ
Ц, ľ̩ĸüڤ˼, ˼ʱʶҧָ, ֵʳָѾͺˡһϾ, Լڿ棬˵ַܷһˣԻƸˡ
ˣطȥͼˡ
ƽصƫֽĥȻʡһ̱,
ͳ, Һ, ԼȥͼвС
ÿҵһµҪѰٿƴõϢϰԡֲȣֻǳдԵĶѲסһǰҪдԽǰһĿ
βһ֯˿ҪǷĳ֮ĹߣԺϵͳѾ˴µͼֽպ«ưͦѵģͼ̫С
ͳ
ģǲֻǸϵͳû֡ô
ƽ~
ҵֽ㣬ػ
ʲô̤ҳ糵糵ʽߡ־ֵúܣ򵥡ͨľȻ֯
Ȼ򵥵֯Ҳܵȥ֯˿Ĺרŵĳߴ磬ϸ΢֮Ѱ֯в
ż򵥵߸ͼѣΪ׷󾫶ȣ滭ȴɣֻġӡİѵˡ
ƽԼƫһֱɽһĨϦûλʲôʱߵĶ֪ʲôʱ̤ķС
ڣ㱻һŵֽȻǿŵ˵
һŵֽƽǰһֱӵſڣֽű߰㣬Լܿһīɫдò˳ġ
ƽʲôأĿҵ𣿡
ŷӦԼĶӳη飬Ѿü첻ȥѧˣĿҵ
ƽſϣ̧ۼǶ̱˻ȥȫȻѾīĸ
ҡ
ֻСèһһС̿
ϴɾپȰɣ̫ˣ²ȥ֡
ƽ˹ȥ̿ʼٿޣ
ôˣͲǶı𣿶ء
С˽һСӶеζ㣬۵ζ˵֮ǻ˲ĲҲ֮ů
˺
ˣƽҲǶıȻ㡣
ƽҲðء
§ŻеСӶͷһֱ۵󱳣ԼҲû֣Цܱκθй¶ĸ׶ˣӵһ׵ķ
ϵһƬңЦŰƽԼС̧
ƽҪˣ˵˵ȥ㸸
̫ŻһûƽƺЩƵģ˻Щû˵ףסȥŵȣѰƽ
еĳСȷʵʪģȦһƬƽǻͼã

Һȥͷ磬ȷʵЧʵ˵̫ķȫȷк̫һӦܵõϢƽԸ⡣
˵̫Ϊʲôȥӷĳ̣ңЩ岮ǣ֮УԸͬĸвӽκδõأֻһ㡣
ƽֻҡҡͷһЦ
ûʲôֻͻȻͶ⼸ղҲֻŴƣҡ
齫ŽɵķƽղġİƷ
ģ
ƽͷ
ȻҺöȥԷɡ
ðɣָỮѩָֽŷĳһͼе֣бһ᲻ã
ͼôôŤһ֯۴ĸǶȿûռУƽź˵ĸһʣȻָסԭȵͻȻоһֻˡ
Ȼһ֯ƽ彩ӲģǸĶһѾܿһЧˡ
ƽ
ƽ㶮Σ
ʵڻȥǸʿڵѧչһˣȫû뵽ԭ߾мθ֡
ʲôУ
֮ǰȻƽЩֹߣ塣
Щϸµͼǵһ˫ռмõ۾ܽÿһ궼ӥÿһϸ𶼷µ˺֡
ͼĿռǻͨģһ۱㿴ͼеĲ֮
ƽ׽סӣ˫۷Ź⣺
ͻȻˣͼòã
飺
ôֲˣ
ӵʳͻȻʧô죿
ƽ߳ɣ
ʳˣҲͲˣɲҪǻͼɣ
Щͼһľǰʱкָ㣬ԭȻôôŤͼֽƽУҲ˴µ״չ١
̫ʱȵʱտʼֻΪƽڸ鷿״˱͵ܳȥˡ
ȣ󲻵ѣֻȥԱߵƫ׽ˡ
.
ڶ죬ƽԸԳĴıͼҵ˹

Ͻӵּ⣬˵ּ⣬ʵֻǴ󺹵Ľǰ⼸յСᣬʱӰ˰ǲʢǽѡַｨһ˿񹤳
ڳϣսӵֵּ⣬һû˯ãڶ𣬵Ⱥ˰絽
˰ûʲôųֻգ俴ֵݣоԺˣŲҪµģ˰СѵﱸҪʹ󺹵
ոȫһϵͳ
佫ӭĿϵİ˰磬Сطʣ
մˣָ֪ҪںδȦؽأ
գ
ʹ˸ɫ
˿ˣղҵ֮ǰ˰飬а˰б£Ϊ
֮ʮԣ
Ҹ
ʰ˰ѽ
䣺
ʮֲԸţ󺹾ȨһĺӣⲻǺ
Ȼ˰ıȫһߡ
ˣѡַ¾ͶͷһҪȸȥ죬ĻҲҪʱܻ֮óʺϵѡַʱȥʵؿ졣
ƽЦеĴָͷһһҪ
ѡַҪ󳡵ؿԱɴɣֲֵȻûٽΣˮҪ̫ׯ񡣡
˿񳧵ѡַƽִӻͳıͼֽݹȥ
˰æЩܸ̳ܲͼĹߣеĳߴҶѾעˣͼӦòѡ
ûܾĻᣬ˰罫еһֽУת˹𣬻̧˻ӣ
࣬Ǵ
䣺ǡ
˰ղ˵ҪͦģģǾЩô£
.
ľӪҲڳϣƽһ·ǣ˲ʱ㵽Ľ
ǰ쾫רŸĶһӪͬҲϱõϢһźս㵽Ӫˡ
Ϊ˰ȥ¹ĻʵͦɵģսĬҪʱദԴ󲿷ֵʱ䣬ʿǻдԵսˢιʳòģֻжݲʱŻͳһι
ڣսֻҹֻҪιһҹݣڶɨһ¾һҹķ㣬춼ɡ
˾۵ô룬Ҫһʣʱ˰ؼֲǸʲô磬Ҫʱջ
ǲ˵ƽˣķˣ
оЮƣȥֲķûֻһĽģֻջʱͳһչۡ
ĽʿʵҲ̫ȱǮֻʵ뿴ʢһưˮͿʼ賤
صķ£׽Ǹʲô
֦ҶѾ˿ݰ֮⣬ٲյĻ᲻ᵢǵص֮
ƽСƵһ֣
λصģһ㣬Ͻ˪ͿˣǰϢഫһ£ʱɣ㲻ٵŲˣջ֮ҲżʱˣȻ˹չ
̫ԼˣƽʵҲ̫վڵԸߵĽ֣
ɣǸģ˭ȥ֣ʮˣȵȵãʱרųһ¹ͬιʳݶι¹ιӦò࣬ñŪ¹úãټǮ
˰ȻĶ߸ɻȽɣ¹һļҪȦιʳɨȽ鷳֮ǰҲδйƵľ飬֪ܲúã˵ס
˳ɵģʵս£ͬҪսŰ˰ȥ¹ͶϾΪĻᣬȻҲҲõ֮ǡ
ԥšţȺϡϡվ˶ʮˣƽߴɨһȦһص㣬Щ˶ͱȽϴģϻһЩ̫ԵĲм˽Żȱָġ
ⶼӰ죬¹ͺãʹЩо飬ƽһ
ˣ˹ˣӽǹҵǲ䣬ɽ»Ὠ¹͸ǵסҾ춼ԸȥͬסҲᰴԭеĵǼǾͽٷ֣صġ
.
û뵽˰ȥľӪץʱһδЪȥԺ˲Ųʱ۷չʱֳڹſڡ
Ű˰ලǴ󺹵˼ҵóʢܱߵĵͼϸоհ˰ҪѡΣؿ֮ء
Ȧؽ±ʱأⶬ䣬Ҫѩ֮ǰ깤ҲҪõػ
ȥ죬ƽֱ˷£˳ŷ˳һƬصףڣΪũҲףһ㣬ʱʱʮֵĲˡ
˸طԷƽҲûأֱĹ
ָŵͼīȦط
˰뿴һڳɽĶϷһڳǽϷ򣬶ͬһ죬ؿԶׯӦҪ󡣡
ƽռв̫ǿϤִĵɫ﷽ʽ󣬿ֻĵͼЩªʵЧ
еĵͼɾɣߣ
˼ȻѾ˴µѡַھȥʵؿɣͼϱϾģۼΪʵ
ȥĳǽϷѡַʮҪƽ̹ǴƬũкУˮׯ˵һΡ
ǹ˵µǶ֣ԭһֳʱЧʸ
߶ԱȲܸõѡʺϵĽ
ַƽûöȥϷ򿴿
˵ڵͼϿֻԼóǽϷе죬汻մƽڷ֣ⲻͨũһ·
һʢǶˮץĵطѡַҪٿһЩũΣοͬҲдƬũׯûٺӣҲʡ
˽ƽƫߣũ˿֯ͬһϣɣֲҲʱͷũũ¹ٹ鿴ҲһξͿԵط
ѡַרҵģѯ
˾ʣ
˵ʵ࣬ѡı߶ͬ京
˰磬ΪѡַԿɣռõũԶ·䣬⵹Ҳ⡣ȦؽҪһʼľѣԳ㣬ԻҪЩۣǴû
֮ﶼԣûǮҲûˣɲˡ
ƽûϵС
ŷӦԴҪ˰ռıأƶȿҲȫ˰
ƽԼС⣬ЩõʹͲ٣ó׶Ҳ˲ϡ챦ʱǮˡ
зϾһʴǮڲŸһǮգۡ
ƽһũĴţһߵ
ַѡ߰ɣǰ棬ڸĴׯ׳Ǯ㿴ŶУҲǮȥͣеǮ֮ԽԽãһͼֽȥǮ֮¾ͽˡ
ֻҪǮʲô¶ܰã˰ĹͼֽҲõľϣʮͿԳ̴Ӧ
ȥﱸѡòϣһϾͿԶȡѩ֮ǰɡ
ƽͷũӭΪũ
쿴ʲôʱ˪ǸȥǮ


91 
Ϊũ⼸ҹ, ˵ʮ֮˪Ǻеõ, ɹȲ, ƽüͷһԼܸУȴòǮĸо
ô, 鱦ʹʤȷʵֵǮĶ, ʵõĻ, Ҫӣ۷ǮҪͭ, 鱦ʯשɺȫʹ
ó׵ϡûô, ܲøСڽϰ̯ɣԼЩ岮־ò̫˼˼ȥҪȥǮ
ƽָΪũ,
Ҽ, ҳǮ
Ϊũס
˰ԴȻ, Ӧÿ, ҿҶӶѾݻˡ
ϸ³, ƽһס
һƬ, Ծʮֿţһ, µİڴУһȦҲֻڵķ, ֽλ׹ҵĺǺݺջһ, λһͬĳ
׵ĿڱѾȥ, ˵ӦʮʺϵǮ֮ƽȴҡͷ
ǲУ׺׼ͷһƹģЩӻ࣬һȽϺʣοڵѾӲˣԡ
Ϊũʧɫ
ΪʱЩժӲ˲˷𣿡
ۣ֮ղĴӺϴ֪˶ٿˣ˰Բ֣úõһƬ׾Ȼ˲ܳԵĶǺã
ΪǳԵĲףѽƽϽο
Īֻ˵ԣ˵ûĳԷĥĥ˾ͿԳˣҽǮӾȥףϸİ
.
ⱼһգصʱֵ̫ɽʱƽ¹һʱ䣬̫ʱӦ鷿ܵÿĻӦûüס
۽ϦһƬɫ˰һƬɫϦ񱼣Ӵһֱ嵽˳鷿
治У˭ҹܴ󺹳谮İ˰أƽܵȳĳײ˸ǣֻײ˼ҵ
һ§סˤƽĶʱ
˰˾ţ
ð˰żʮ˲õĴ¡
ź򣬻̫ԼƿĿԼûȵĶɨһ飬ҲЩţ΢ü
ôˣ
ƽ̧ͷֻǿԾɴ˵΢̫ĺ˰벽
ѧõ»㻹С붼롣
ƽ
˰벽Ķ
ųߣ
ڰҾˣ
̫û˵커Լȵ
˰ʲô˵ɲ˾ҵĿҪˡ
ղֻ˳ֶѣƽҲûӦԼץʲôԭǳûӵˣ
åȻУƽϽ֣ԾɿߵĶ
̫ĿⶢҲЩԼȷʵûеƽҲȫûǰơ
θεǰ˳ֺһƽԲԴ
˵ܵôʲôҪҰꣿ
ƽͷ۾
ҵǮ
̫
裬¸ôˡ
ƽôߣҪ
̫С
Ŵ˽ӡǵҹ̧˹
ȻǮ㣬ڶԴŹѡַ֮أȴӸĴˣȻľԴԴϵ͹ܹ̽ĵĿ˹
.
ҪһȥٷѾˣƽûԶ֣Ϊ߶ȶ˵ЩѶȣ־ٸߣҲҪš
ũеˣũ¹٣аŴׯۣŷˣ׷գӲӵũׯ԰¶שʯ棬޴š
ЩҲҪɹһЩʱղܸõĴܳ
ֲѾȥֻһ˪Ϳٷˣöƽ̽ϢӶϲúܣҶһ㿪ʼߴ٣ҲֻúƤСֶӡ
ƽЦü䣬
ʮһҪٽ
öʵļ۸ԭļ۸ҪǮǱʱöû̫ľΪ
ȽѹӣһвһˣöʲܼҲ֪׹󣬶ҲȷʵȱǮ˿Ҳ࣬һӣڱǧ
ƽĬỊ̆չŻһӣתȥʮֻȥһ㼸ԺԲ㣬׬ʮţ̫׬ˣ
öĴˣ˿֯Ӿͳˣ˷ܵԼ̣
̫ˣ¿ûУظԵƬ̣ʹȥգ
ոս˪ĵطϢЩٽũļӦöѾʼշˣֽЩģƷճˡ
ϸص˲óƽ˲ᣬöʵλƴ֣û¿õ档
Ҵӭ˹ˣ˰سŵ˪֮Ȼչ
һ·ƵĻιϢĴǵ˴ڣַ˼ҶǼڵģҲΪûü٣ϢԺϽȥա
ƽ˲ᣬĻҴĿǰĴӦǼöԤũ㹻ˡ
ȷϹȷʵշģǰѶᵽڣŴǻؼȥãֵ˼ǶʱϲЦտ
˰ֻǮѾˣ߲ڵﲻôźҲܳһƬٳǰƹˣɱԭΪһٽﻹҪ࣬չܵһʣЩǮ㹻
Ǯء
ƽҡҡλΣһ͸¶ۣԱŵӶˡ
һʮģţ۸һչȥԶﳤϲﶪĶȻļǮ
ƽװʧԣסԼ첻ٶ˵һ䣬ǰϢڼ䴫￪ı֣Ǽ˷ĸ߼ۡ
ôأ
˭뵽ֵԭı񣬶ʱ᲻ˣԼҲҵ˰˵ó·ٽ﷬أʡЩ㹻üļá
ҼһĲ඼Щ˴һһϼƣ̾˵Ĳûôߣɲܰеķ˰磬ǵԼЩ
ôʣ˰綼̸۸Ļ⣬ֻòЩ뷬йص⡣
Ӷ⣬ղŷļ۸ģֱǰ
ǰ󣬼ֻǸСޣԭЩŵģЦеƽģɤˬʺ
ޣֵʲôǸʲôõѽŻ˵ĲۣҪʲô
ƽ˲ᱧڻգգ۾һ¶ӣ̽ʳ÷ͺ˳ȥ
ȻǳѽųԿųԣôУŴŴģֺóֶû𣿡
ֲֹ˲˽ʳãⶫִûǵȻ͵ųƽ˻һԱýһȦȺǻʹɫ
ƽװָżһóӸˣ
ǰǲǵˣ귬ճ
˰֪ճʵǡۣũЩǲµð㲻ֳֻһ١һ㡣
Ⱥ߳һеĵׯں˵ʱƵƵ󿴣Һƽӣ
ʵǾˣĶСᣬʵòְ
˻һȺҲ׷׸Ÿ͡
ݼ׾ӣƽҪľ뷽跨İѷڸԵļУװһӣ
Ǻã֮ǰҪ귬ҪһٽĲģҪܷһٽҲղ𣿡
ʵط֣һٽ﷬ɣֻڴĻ̥ҲҺƽӣ⻰æ
ܴ룬һٽеģ˰ġ
ǺðɣҪһٽŶ
ƽΪѵĴ˳͸¶ֲ
ƤķԴһѿֽкٴνǤ壬һ귬Էֳʮء
ǻŶƭСΣƽչķʮԲ覣˶ʮ˼ңոպðѼöʵҪ룬Ҵ˲Ҳɹ㡣
ڻسǵ·ϣλƣѾļ˼ҿʼܻ򿾷ˣζƮɢƽ̲סͷЦ
ЩȥǻһΪӦÿԱضǷ˰ɣһˡ
żöʴŽĵ
һظƮϤ㣬ȴһĺǶѰͲסƽ׶׷¹ӡ
Ůǽ㺣˵ĺԼƽСɸԵİ͡
ڵȽʺͺ˵Ļ׼ڵİ֮ģһ£ƽÿ춼ҪŲͬݵ¿ԱߵĴȥշæýŲմء
İ汾ҲԽԽףһƽԼþ̾ĸ߼ۡ
óݱһЩŤĺҲŤ鷿סƽԿԥ죬ڿڣ
˵ܣΪҲ
ƽҲǼӳҪԣ
񲻺˼ͷ
ǣΪԡ


92 
, ҪȥලѧõĴп˻ȥĹݿλѧѡη, ӹüʵ
ƽһºĳһ, ͻȻ̧ͷһ۾ӣоԼüĶơ
ױ̨ȣ˫˫Ŷȥֻ, ź
Ҿһæˡ
һ, ͷۣ
˵ʲôɵĶȥϣ˵ġ
ⶼѾʮһ, մϢ˵ϰͺͽ, Ѿʢ⡣
·ϰѾߵúˣиձ㵽, ȴ֪ΪΣϢȻĴȴ컹ûӰӡ
˵ڵ, ȥӭӣʶ̫Լ˼٣ûС, Ҳûټ, ϴϺһԵźױ
ʱƽ˵, ԼĳСϸһ϶
ţȷʵ
̫棬ɷнµĵ˵ͷڶ
ƽһ
~㿴˵ҡ
ѾǸŵȺҲӰСܲͷˣܳЩӣ˫˫űȣ°ͻܸױ̨¶һԲԴ
״°һ뱻漷ЩΣ⿴ĺܺ
¾ָ֣ȡݸŵϵĶͷ˫ա
ƽ۾ĸָ֬Ĩһ嵭ĻʱڱǼ⡣
նܣ紵ɹˣûɹ̫ڣֻԭϸ۵ôֲЩ֮һƬǳĺɫ
ƽϸϸĨ֬࣬ƫͷһԱѾ̲סЦˣ΢ЦŽҶ̣
㰢ģŶ͵͵Ĩո࣬Ҳ֪˭Լϡ
ƽ
ô͵͵أ
ԭ㾹Ļ̫
ŵŴ죺
ۣò͵͵Ĩոôң
ֲȼλ岮ǶҪᣬһ棬ԭ͵ű
̫ʮüе˼ǳǳۼϵƤƽ£һƶûУ۾Ծ񣬺ƽճʱӡȾȻûʲôеʮһ֦ζˡ
ǻվں߲Եˣͬ˸䣬̫ڵһ
ȣϰҪ˰ɣȣ£³ȥǡ
ƽһۣԼͬЦ̫ƿԵӣ⻰ʵתҲ̫ӲЩա

·ϳٳûеִʢʵпԭϰʱƽİصƶߣũѧ֪ʶѿпֵա
ζɵҪǻر߲й˳ɹŲУֻ
пƶ߲ƾϰͰ˰ùϵõկɣո£Ϻл
˷ϰǴһͼ̾ƵزһʢţλƵ·ϣžԭʱ䳬ԽԽ࣬Ҳ㲻Ҵ߸ϣ°Ѿˡ
ʢƽ˼ֻ˵ϰһȽһ£ִ˵ҪΪʲֳͬɳŴгϼܻӭ
ũҲ＾ջʱͬǴգ޵ڷֵĺغͲԭɳ϶Ӧãֲֳͬ𣬾Ҫȥũ¹Ƿֱˡ
Ѿ̤̤ʵʵ˶һеũ»Ѿͣƽ˿֯ϸҲѾ깤ǮһǷ̫ˣٽʮӡ
ҪʵʵȥѧһµĿΣȻ͵ŹˣΪ캮ͣѧΥĴʮֺݡ
ƽԾɺͶϰһţֻѧСĺˡ
ŹϰŮһһǵͬһ
ųڵһţǸһþۿ޵СһҲˣƽ壬һȺСΧţƽٲȻ˺
ȥٿǣƾ˵Ҳѧãĳ̵ѹǧ֮£Ҫˡ

ٽأѧÿżˣʢǵĽͷβȴһϢ˵͢Ҫ俪ѧˡ
ǰķǳصĸ䣬֪һλʲôĸۡѾĽɡ
³һͳһġջѧáӡ
ʢһҹ֮ѧãͬ˽ӣջѧõǰŴֲ棬Źӡǹٸͨ档
ǶϽֲ̿ʢ䣬ǰڳæһ֪ʲôĳӣЩǮ
Ǯ궬䣬̿ͷЩˣĺ̿
ĽŲפڽβЩɵĴլǰղŽȥǸˣھӷš
ƽ֣βԭһҾľӣǰ֪ôͻȻţȻһЩæµ
ǰװһ£һЩҾߣʱ䲢̫ã֮һֱŽգٳûٿҵ
̫ϵֻ֣ԭյĴѾһŵľңǱԭһ֡
ԱһȺΧŲ֪ʲôȺٸ˵
ջѧòǮеֻҪпվͿǶʶ֣ÿճʱţʱţ滹̿𡭡
ﻹûͱˣǮ̿ˮ»ֲǮͿԶĺ£
ȺѧʲôѧôųǸСԺӣԭľĵطȻٽȥЩŴ󳨡
ȷʵܿಢŵһˣǰ
øϸЩͻȻק°ڡ
ͷȥק·Ǹĺӣʮϲɰ
ȺӵƽΧһקס
ôȥ뿴ס
ѧ˼٣ȥ˷ĳ̣һͬջѧÿŵЧ
⺢ŴȻ͵ˣⲼϿ͹󣬹Ƶǳвׯӡ
Щͣ
ҡҲҡ
ƽһ
ʲôҵģѣοѧֲҪ㻨Ǯ滹̿𣬿ůˡ
ﻹǾϲܵڱ
ôܲҪǮأ˽һüʮÑҸղŻھӼҵķŽȥˣΪ˶ûǮء
ھţ
ƽЦˣ
Ȼʶǲ͸ðˣ
ӭɻĿ⣬
ȥģȥģԼȥ
ǶջѧȻųǶǰ̽ͷ̽ԣû˸һƽһ
ǰڰŰɵĿ˵һӭϤҲ˿
ƽʱԼҲͷһθ˵ŵĲˣſһֳٳٲϽŵЩëˡ
˿̼ݣϴקİڵһŵλϣ
Դ磬ϿΡ
̿ůڵģȻȼڻԱůͣôȶȣҲѾʮֲˡ
ֻͭĽǵ֮̿ϣзˮཹཱུĲͣżﶢͭæ
ѧû׼ԴҵıӰɣøӻκʱܵ

Ⱥ˵ͷҲҽȥ߷Ѿ飬֧ʯպŰɫʯдһһ
νʦЩ
Ǿȴѧ𡭡
Ҫʼˡ
һλһѧȺվſڴ

ƽöղȺȥȳľţͬʱ
ʱˣٲҿɹ˰
ȷʵڽΣֻԼ壬ϵˣȻھ׽ôʮ졣
ټҪŵв̲סˣһ˴ͷȺͻȻӵ롣
ƽȺһ
Щʱ
̧ͷλмҲͬˡ
ͼλԿ˵ţȷѧʶܽջѧõͬʮˣֻѡһ롣
εĵһϷǷרŹǵģжʱ˲١
ѧѾ˽һ
ڵΣⲻٳ¹ڣŷĳһѧ
ĳ̺Цͷֵĸ
⣬ѧʶѣЩѧ´࣬¡
ʱͷſĳǰ滹վһСӣЦеĿԼ˵վλӦݹأڷ֮¡
޹ְһ飬ΪѡĹϵԷĳ̿һѧ񣬶ǰӣЩ֪ˣ֪ǺʱǺȴڰ֣תˡ
ƽͷĳ̹˳еĸջѧãÿǺͳǶȺǹȽʣµٸ棬ϡϡ˰ѧá
һ쿪ΣѧҺģ϶ҲǿֵľӶ࣬ƽû̫ϣֻϣЩְȥø֪
ջѧ컹ҪһЩʱգֻҪˣһģҲԽԽİҪʶ֡
Ǿ仰˶һɾʵʶɨäʣµ

ԭ򣬷ĳ·ʱڰ˰벽ƽϲ˲ߣ˱ԽԽʵڲͷˣƽ޶ŷĳ̵ߡ
ĳ̳鲻Լӣֻε
˰磬Ϲأ
ֻǺѧõǰ˰ߵݴͬԽ
ƽԾɲ֣
ԼҲţһǰһ˵㡣
ôأ
񲻿ɷϡ
ĳ޷ֻԹ⣬
ջѧѾ֮أ
ȷʵǳĳƽ̣䴴ѧð˰ģѡѧõҲǰ˰⡣
ǰ˰ѣ벻ҪȥЩǡ
˽ӵÑǰջѧֻΪ˽̰նʶ֣ȻԽԽãòƶջǮ
Ǯ⵱ȻϾǸҪǮĵط˻Ȼڳһֵ顣
һ㲻˰ãȻ꿪ƾ٣궼ڿûйԺѡҲҪԼڼҶſƾ١
ͰЩЩƶջѧѽ飬ȡ빱ԺĻᡣ
ѧùԺǮǰ˰Լģѧǿ⹱ԺѧѣһҲһ죬ڸԼլĸ൱ԼԼʡǮһöǵ
ֻҪԺĽǣջѧó˲ˮ̿㲻عˣҲһʺܴĿ֧
룬Ǿ벻һһĹƲߵġ
˰ֻջѧôĳܾ־ڴˣ˰绹иߵ׷ڴµ뷨
ƽ˼һ˲
ͲعˣѶʶֵĵط⣬ڷ絲ӣ컹̿ǲԸ
֪ĳʲôڻʱ򣬽
գգ۾
ſɣȹЩӣջѧñؽȻһ¡


93 
˿֯ȻѾ޽, ùǸƵķ֯þҲѾ׼ȫΪ˶ɣûҶ, еûҶӣҲû취, һмƻҪͣ
ũΪũľջѧǱ֮Ҫű仯ҲЩʱ, ǰʱٷˣƽҲ׼Լżˡ
£ԽԽŨ, ½½ʼװ磬ٳֹϯҲæµ
ʮ, ѧڷ˼١
ƽֲס, ںķĳ̴к,
ãǾӭºù⾰, Ҳʦĸʺã
ĳ̻,
˰Ҳ, ǲЩ, 껹ʮء
ƽҡͷ, ɷнµԼؿ,
ձҪżˣ뵽һ²ٽѧҲټ, ƽﻹЩء
°꼸н²ѧ, ոѧû೤ʱ, ֵ˷żٵʱԾʱÿ졣
治᣿
˰ͷĳ̹
ɣŰ˰ҲǺѧ֮ˣôʱ䲻ѧΣŷż⼸գ֮ǰµĿҵһ
ƽ
أǣ
Ͷ䣬źͷĳվλȫ෴ķװģ
ķء
Ȼתͷŷĳ̣һŲЦ
˵ʲô̫ƽû壬ʱˣҲûؼȥˣҾ
˰һһˣѩë׵һţʮֺ̬䣬ĳƽܵķЦҡҡͷͬʱҲԼϵ·
󣬽궬ȷʵ䡣

ƽûع¹ȥ˶츮ϣȼ˻Ҫ絽һɽӭС
ԭ˵˽ɢѧڶ츮Ͼһۣɢѧʱʰһƽ˷ĳ̣仰ҪҵŵϽˡ
մյ룬Ҷˣжңϰ
Ҳ෬һûԹʱ򣬷һ붼ǷĻʽԷƽͷ
Ҷڳʣƽ˿ƶë⡣
̫ˣջѧõ̿ƻҪһЩ޻Ҳû˼ۣһЩ޻֮˼ȥëձ̺ӦǸѡ
ɹŲԭϣûʢʲôëƷǲûн׵׻ë˶ϧѽ
ƽҧŰ˿Щڳݲ壬
С˾ˣƶжͷ򰡣
ϰԹһ£ĳ˿⻹ǴߵĳԷ˿˴׺ʮˬθ
ͷɣôˣ
ͷëȥϴģӦҲ¼ǧǴ̻
ƽˣ
̫ˣһɣС˾ȥ
ܲܰëңдô
ëҪǸʲô
ϰ붼ҪüëһţζŨԷʱԸᡣ
ƽ۾
ëձ̺ѽô䣬϶ܺģ
ֵܻҪˣ׾˾˵ȻҲһƽæ䣺
С˾ģëҲҪչëǮҸ͸գһʱǮϢ
ϰüľС⻰˵ˣ
ʲôǮǮģ˾˻ҪǮҲ˼ëģڲԭ϶ûҪǾëձ̺Ϊ鷳úܣϴҪϴϰ졣
Щõģʱëİ취ȥϵͳӦܱȹŴëİ취Щ
ƽ΢΢ͷһָҡΣ
С˾⻰Ͳˣ˭Ǯ鷳أ
ССͻͦżǮǿɶ˵ˣƽݺ׬һʣǮŸյִ֣ë⡣
ľָ̩һƽĶͷ۵ԣ
ϵ˶ʱЦ
ƽ˳ָķŶҲЦ
ĸĽǲǣ½һһˣС˾˻ҪҲЩëʢǾĸ
صҪ˿֯׵ƹ㣬ѷһңϸķľǴȫȨġ
ò˵ƶߵŮǺȷʵͦͣ¹ܼһѺ֣λҵĿ¶ʮŷ
ϰɹŲԭƹ㣬ëͽľ̩ĸȥƹũģƽҲר־о˿֯͸ѧȥˡ
ľ̩ЦȣԱߵĴһ
ƣ͸ǷˣСԴ⣬ǰǮɻѽƾʲô
ƽȥסĸ첲ػλΣ
Ȼƾĸƽõĸ
һ߱Ųľ̩ĸ첲һסܵĸ첲ͬȵҡΣûк˱ˣ
ƽõͰƽ

ﻹ᲻Ӧ
ƽ߻ʢĺǼһҲ˵
ƽٽĸ𲻴Ӧ
ӦӦЦ
˭Ǿͳһأ

¹ǰѩˣС˳ѩƽżСһѵġ
ѩԲԲһ滹úѳһ֣鿴źϲûù˻껭ɰѩլ
Ϧվʮ֣˰õũϯ˲ٴû²ʽ
һϳͷ׹ֿʼЩ¶ָõȥ
ƽԼλҰһţ
˲λλʮλԶ׵Ĺ󣬳ŵڻʱ꣬ȻڴСﶼ׵߹
֣ʮ˳תšˡ
ʮ³壬˶īıģƶ߰ʹɹıģԪ˧еıģͬȰ̫Ƶۡ
ѹȷʵ˳Ƶ۵ʱˡ
ʮһգļգ̫ΪʥʵۡԪ£ȷΪ塱峯Ӵ˽
ʷĳִӲκ֮Ԥ֮еı䶯ֹͣת̫ߣ˰ز˸ı䣬֮ǰƹ㵽˹⡭ʷı䣬Ӳֹͣ
ضᷢԽͣЪֻǳһһ
ʮ̫꣬Ԫ£ʢǻĹΪ壬鸽ɹףأ
ƫʷһºϹû幬Ψй¹һ֦㡣
еĽܹ˹ҲͰˡ
ҺͳҲˣܾòǰѾΪ̫Ϊ˹˼Ϳƶߵӣûдĵǰ
ôƶߵһλҲûеõأ
պз޵ĿƶŮֻк鸣÷
ʻ񲿵һλɣ½ģȴСˣǰҲῴɫ֮˶ᣬȴƫҪʸ
ʲôƶߵһλ
֮ǰûļأ̫װɵ
²ǼǴˣ޽Ĵֻһˡ
ͣżЦ⣬ȴ๣
ƶֻһŮûнãֲֻ֣ͬǻˡ
ʻĳͬסƶ
֮£û˱޸ˡ
ǷǵǾʲô취أ
񲿳æǣ̫壬ϣƺЩ㴹üĿ
࣬˳


94 
ջѧʼ, С꿪ʼżٵʮ壬ʱ̫̣Ч, ȵ£ƽֺͷĳ̵ȺһͬȥתһȦ
ȻϣջѧţѰٵһȺ˵Ӱ, εѾͨ˼ҵĺӡ
ȺǴ굽ʮ겻ȣŴССĲ, ɾ, ˼, ǵĴƺΪָ, ԽԽӡ
ƽվſһЦеתѯһͬǰļλ
ջѧѾˣǿʲôûУ
üһšӱ߳һɸ,
̵նʶΪ˿䳤ףҵϾüգڵ˸һȺ޿ѧˡ
̾һ, ԼŵĻЩ˵, Ҳ,
ǲץ, ֻЧ̫, һӳҪ, ʵǵȲ, սҷǶܶ·ġ
ҾҲǣͬ̾ѧõı֣֮ǰŬǰ׷˵ĸо
ʵֻҪǲսţƽȵĵ΢ЩǮļͥսҲͺӽѧʶ֣ҼҶıײ˵
ȻܽĶǺӣջѧú˽ӺҲûʲôͬǻͻ̫ʲôأǰװĵˡ
˿Ϊʧƽȴתת飬ȫȻѹתĳ̣

˼ҪĿĳ̱Ҳһȭ޻ϵıЩӵŬùʮɥ
ƽѾ˰ӶˣʱƽϤЦݣ־ô򵥡
ʶĳҡҡͷ
֪˶ܶʶ֣ЩԣҲδƫ̫Զϣ˰绹а취
ĳ̵־שҪĶᣬϸÿο˭ʣƽһвý͵ȫϷĳơ
óӵ˹ȻһƽЦһλ
Ϊأ
ϰľˣڼѧֵҲס
λòʣһ׳룬дһֺý£ԸҲʮֳȡ
ټʼλ֮һûѧʱжôӡƽʵδӹȴѾͬŶ԰˰ġߡ
һѳ룬˷粻΢Цţ
ãѧһһϦ£»Ҫӳ顣
ʧĺдϣһһ룬̫ƽżͥԺʯ£
Ҫȥְ͢Ҫȥѧֵλٺ»λȻòƣɰҲҪѽնѧö飬˭ȥǮң
⻹ˣն鱾ۣҲ൱ѧϰḶ́ϰԵƼˣȫȻ˰ǹĲ˰㵽йϣ˶һ
㶡
ôˣղˣһղһǮԷйѧöأ
һҪΪƱæϾ飬ǵջѧǰ׿ˣ
ǰһȥƽϼ˵㼤
ǵǰѡ˲ʱλҪڵһЩı䣬ôŸտʼͶǵİɥʧأ
̾Ҵףɥʧģ飬˵ѡǲпģصѹڼϣͷ·һ
˶û˵˼ƽǶȼ
ȱйŲ֪ǷûУĺӼռһ룬ԽԽ١˵ʲô
˸ӣһ̧ͷƼλ۰Ͱ͵ĿԼС꣬ȴίģȻѾܴ
ƽҲ˼ǲˣŵ
˵ЩĺǶȥõ˽ˣڵջѧֻ൱Ǽ򵥿ɣȻҲųԾûֵѧˡ
뵽ʵǼֵø˵£̲סݸ
ĸӴ̶£ѾջѧõĻ״Ѹжϳѡ񡣡
ƽָʶỮʯ
ǼȻжȻҲ֪ĺôҪǸոĻᡣ
˰˼ǣڵⲻǳڲϣǳȱϣѾջѧãʲôİ취أ
ĳüʮ˰˵Ҫˣʲôʾ
ôίѾʮϰˡ
ƽ˫̯һ죬͸¶һɽʣ
ھǸ㼺ǵջѧ취ЩĺӵȻҪѧǵĸҲӦܶʶ֣¾㱸ֻһЩᡣ
ų룬оһЩͷ
ȻҪΪƱæûϾɢʱ
յ˰Ŀ⣬
ѧõʱǳʱʱٶһЩʱǻؼҳԹ󣬻ʱѧһٳɶ࣬ʱҲЩЧ
һҲһ֣
ǼȻ糿ʼʱҲǰһʱ쳤ջѧõʱ仹һЩ
ôΪƱͨҪҪֶ룬ȻЩѧ֪ʶҲûйˡ
տʼջѧãƽûϾк֡ҹУǾ֤ʵɨäֶΣЧȺ
û뵽λʮϵҹУϵϾеż˼ˡ
ƽͷ϶Ц۾
̫ˣȻƳ¾ͰˣʢǵԭǺʱ룬Ƴһʱʱ
ͷȻǶʱҲ˯ѧÿʱǻȥá
һûӦ˰Ļʲô˼ѾϡͿĴӦƽת򱫳ȣ
ԭǳʱţҲвٰƣҪϵϾǲǰѿŵʱîʱʣ
ҲͷȷʵճʱҲˣӦܸЩ
׮¶ѾгȥƽԴʿУۺᣬοмĶøոպã
λǵİ±иʱˡ
ֻҹУ͵ջѧõʱ仹ʶһغ£Ҫ֡
һһЩ뷨ǻͨһЩֶΣưʶ֣дֲʱ͸¶֮ûר˸УҪԼĶ
ٱҪеֳۣķ桭
ƽѭѭգҹȻϹ
˷У̻ۣд࣬һжƹʶ֣˳ҵ
ƽ۾ͷЦһɣ
ҵĿǰɻܣ½òã
̣һãһڴӦ
ĳ̣
λͬǣ侲Щ
ۼŰ˰һһİУҪǣͬǰûκ⣬̶仰ͱ˼񣬻̵ģ˰˻ڰŰ˰Ǯ
׮¶Ѿгȥƽ̩ͨЦеĿĳ̣

ĳ̻æ񣺡
ƽֱѹɤĳ
λͬǶΪǵջѧúͰʶֶ龡ľǲҲʾأ
ǰСһЦգŴ۾Եֿɰ޹ĳᣬ
ǳôʾأ
ƽ̧ͷ΢Ц
ֻջѧòҷչҪ෽˲ţʲôѧѧѧҽѧƣǻҪֿѧá
ĳ̣С
Ȼ˰ңһӡ


95 
ջѧ䴴ʽѧ, иҵר˲, ƽԼġ
мλڳгڱֻԼѳıߣսȺ۾Զڡ
ȻԵмֲ, ܹԾĺ, ǹλӦҲûʲôþεġ
׮䶨, ֻ۹ĺϢƽ˿, Լǳǳһµļ١
һ, Ȼͻ뵽õĶ, ƽ̱ڴ, ۾װ,
ͳ, Ĺɹ𣿡
סѾ˹, ߲ƹԱ֤ܼ֣ʽѧҲѾִ, ֿ꣬ѧӦ졣
ʱƹһ£ɨäִٰѧƹ㿪, ˵ģˮƽ϶һ, ƷҲŵõϴĸơ
й, ˿֯Ѿ, ëֻתů, Ѿֹ͵ĹԶ
ȵͶṩĹλũҵ֮ԸṩľҵᣬԴ
ɵĹҵƷͨóԶ磬йĶó׹֮ϡݳƷı㳵ǵĶ⽻һҲʮֵ˳
̶ڵĳЧƽԾѾʮˡ
ϵͳԺðƽȻƽĻеôһ˿ο
Ļͦġ
ǰɣҲôá
ƽٺЦڴһûһҡţ
վߣȻ˲һֱù
ϱȻһ룬ⱲӼͥ˳죬ȻүŶǹƽġ
ϵͳǰҲһֱöá
ô£ϵͳˣ
⻰ƽһ㶣ϵͳֵֹģοǸпȫһϵͳӦñ¶ĸ顣
ѵϵͳɾˣ
ϵͳûУһ£ִƶо仰𣬽ʲôҪ븻ȣȡôţ
˵Ҫ븻·
ƽ˳ڱ¾䣬ִƶʲôʱƶҪ·ģ仰ʵ̫ˣֻнͨˣŸƶ޶ȵչ
ϵͳԣȻˣû·
ƽ
ԭһεֱ۽˿Уãžߴһǵϡ
û·
·̸Ϻ߻ǲߣʢе·ʱ޵ģڹͨ˴ʮֱ
ȥǽ·Ҳǿƽ·档ȥƶߣһֱߵҲǹٵһ·ͨ衣
շʱƽ¹磬ֻŷյϲãǮĿ֣һ·ţϻλƵ԰羰Ȼȫ˻Ҫ
·⡣
ƽԼȻƾ˰ڹٵΪƽ̹·˷ЩʱҲԣع˼᲻Զ·
պҪӸԴӶˣչʱʵũƷȻҪͨׯ·ƽ̹ڵС·ȻͲˡ
ƽĳĬƬ̣
ͳҵĺͳ֪ʲôطܸ𣿻ˮҲС
ʵеһλֱ̳·ģ룬ڵĿƼˮƽܻ꣬һһˮ·Ҳԡ
ϵͳ㵱ʲôԸأ
ƽҪԸȥ֪Եʯ
ϵͳ಻֪ʯɽضǡ
ƽӴһԾĵл
ллͳ磡
콥ů粻ѧõмλţũ𣬸ëǮҲѾȥˣƽżδе䣬һͷʢܱߵɽ

ʮ̫ǻΪۣƽۼ֤һʷµķ̣һΪ棬һ־׹ʮֵĲʵ
ǻ֮󣬹߰ʲôʲôʽ·ݣ㷱ʽŸʽĿ
˴壬̫ŴӴ󺹱Ϊ˻ʵۣλ岮ҲһӺ˶ձ˸ַŵǵһı䣬ֺȫû䡣
˼ܣ鲻ΪֻǴӹ¹˹¹ʷϵĽһޡ
ƽҲûʲôֵþı仯ֻӵһӶѧýѧ˺ǵһԶá
һһѣѧֱǽԴļ˷ѣѹɽ
ܿûʱټˣҶ賤Ҳ賤һֳĲϳúÿ죬ȻҪˣ
ʮһ´ʣ̫пϲսʮ˳ʹ齵ӣϳʴӴ˺ƳΪ
ʱ·˼ټת۾ǳ¶Ϧ

ϦִͳգǲģҲϯԴ˱Ƚӣչʱؽֱ㿪ʼ֧̯λǰﱸϵʢˡ
ϦĵڶձƽԭǿԲѧģһյƽ˺þá
ǽϰҵȥ鷿̫ͬһ۵ĽȾ㿴ʲô飬ҵ
»ȵúܣҹ췱ǣһ죬ʱѾʮ¶ˡ
ãѧȥˡ
һͬùţƽɵͬ˸
̫ͷߴһЦ⣬Ľ˿ǵļŽУ
ţȥɣúǽΣԲȥ鷿ˣһ
ǶŰٵ˼
ƽ߸˵ӦˣԼСһһȥϿε鷿
ºƽ룬ϸһ㣬
ܷһ㲻ͬѰ
Ϊʲôһ̬ûҪȥС˼ʮ⣬Ϊʲôô˻δʩ죬ˣŴ޵
ϧûȥϿֵˣ¹ڵϹ𣬻̫ͺ鶼ڹС
ȼҴҵӭҲʮ־ȣ
ôˣ
Ϊϸ˼٣ô֣˰ϻֻ֪ͨ˯λ帮ϡ
ƽҲܻ
ȻǣæҡͷղֵŮǶ͵ܳȥϦˣźЩǧ֡
ƽڰ̧ͷ죬һԤУ֪
ź˲ڣȻΪӲڣͶְ£ȥˡ
Ǻǣ֪һ˿ߣһɰµķס
Żﴧɹ˿ߣ˼ŵƽʡʵ̻ʢᣬͼʲô
ﲻʵʵͨ
ͼߴ廨
ͼһ˳ɹ
ȿ˿̵ıҲܲ³˰ЩʲôС
ǣԷ𣿡
ƽûԣ
ˣʲô
涼ڹϦ뿴ҲˣȻڽϹʱЩԣǼҴҵһظϣпճԷ
ǿЦ
ԴС˽Ҳżˣȥ


96 
, ϦƽȥˣҲ߰ɡ
˯, ʶδȫ, һͷ, ȴ͸ЩȲ
³, ţҲǳһʮ, ϿϾϿ÷ż١
̫ûС, Ҳûټ, ƽȥ鷿ϴ磬ϸϸ˺, ֻ峣, ʰĻȻһ¡
˵䲻Ҫ, Ҫȥ
鿴ʱٿ̫⸱Բͬ, ־Ϥȴһʱ벻, ̽,
󺹽£
ϰ, һʱĲ̫ҲӲ黳, ĳƺ¶һ޶Ĳź, ֻûСóƺ
ʹ鸽, Ϊ, ûֵɹŲԭҲһƬȣϱսսֵǣġ
һ糣̸ȫ£Լæ͵зżҲȫԵġ
̫ЦתקźӰԼߣһ۾ܻסǰ֫
ָĦսһ㣬׵ʣ
᲻᣿
ĵȶֻһ¾͸ļᱡȺķ·ֱ˼ϣߵƣһ
ʱʣֶŵģʲô
˾ǹģ
Ϸ죬ЦУЩſڽ࣬
ûУ
һƤֵڻ̫ϣЩգ֣
ģ˵Щʲô
ȻЩˣҲǱСĺǻţг軶ʱǻ̫繣żҲ鲻ԽŪ
ҹҹȷʵЩˣ˯һЩʸУЩô˼˵ء
ôһ΢ƾʵ̫΢̫̲סЦͷѣֲ⣬ˣ棬
û˵ʲôôˡ
ԣԴװģĵͷųӣ
Ŷԭˣյģ뵽ȥˣ
ĬĬ˸ۣ˵úյû뷨ϲȥѵǸ
ü٩Цȴһʷ۾жô޹û̫úվӣФƽ˵ƽˣ⹦ȫǺѧġ
ѵʱ⣬ſϱĿָһһŻ̫հ棬Ϸһֻȴ֣İᴦ
̫ţ˲谴ĦܵԹϵİϷһ̣ӡ
ִڣָ壬ԭ巽򳤳һӣڰóԽһ
Ϻڰ׽ţӮ̫ʣ̫ЦŸȴ˵
ˣٲ¾Ҫˣгͷ

Ծɱۣյָ΢΢һ٣ΪſŵԵʣЩ죬ȴĹң
˵Ҽأ䣬һ
ûƭȥ̫Цʼ磬ָʾȥͻһƲ䣬ԾɽŲ
ϾʱԼԼ壬Ѿĥ˸߳գ뵱Χ廹ԼµأԼȴѾӮˡ
룬̫˼
ſŵ˿ָԼ֮ǰһ壬ŲûҪԼЩƣѾӱһơ
ͬҲʮأȷƶӵֱֻϡ
ģ
޻ڣǸʲôأ
̫һ۾˷粻ѣ
ͻȻһЩˣһ
𣿡
ٴһ˫۰ֱ۴ӱס˳Ƶ£ЦŹһš
־ú־úЦ
ΪӮ壬ô۾˵Ϲأ塭
̫§ڻһֱ׳ڸ飬
ûУûûûУ

Ȼû
ҲܣôӮˡ
Ӯ˾Ըķ䣬һԾŶôͲ㻰ˣ
˵Ļţͷһ֪

ұȻôġ
̫˿Ϊ裬ң뵱ͦԺ
ðȢϱ
˵ǲǣ
飺
ǣúúã˲

˺һ磬˻̫߸˵һţûκ¡
Źӵߣ۾ǻ̫˷ڴԼ˫λεдţˣҲȥɡ
ױ磬δ͵ɢͷ𳤷ֻ˵ĳڻ̫ǰ
ϦȻҪƯƯĳŹ
ò֪˶࿴ȥһۻ̫ϴ⣬ʱͻȻЩڣóȥڹϦͦãҹһȵš
ң쳤δŮӵװϦŮ̫ɫ
Ǻ⣿
ʲô
װӣǰסֱۣ
߰ɣ춼Ҫˡ
ʮִĿ̫··˸̲סЦ
Ϧ˼δɻŮĽڣȥֵȻҪЩˡ
ʮ꣬кɫһģԵ÷ü죬ɫ̺죬ƣŮʻȻȥɣƫһ˫Բۣ
ƽ˼ֽˡ
̫ԼˣֻڻУԸ˿ֺ
󺹿ȥվӣߣ˱Ǹ䡣
һЦõԼ֪̫࣬ڱŤЩʲôס̧ۿȥ䴽Ц
ʵҶˣҲͳˣ
Ůӵϸ裬ָ⻹ģ̫ǿȰһֱЯֶȹƬ̶ſ
ϼǼס
ŵƽʣֵúܣƺӵƿƣУǻЦࡣ
ڹ治ˣ̫ڻׯﲼ˳أѼ̨ӦоУӥǰ׼˰꣬ѵϲȵ֦ȵţֻΪһЦ
鰮ЩĸֵƣҪŵҲҪ棬ЩĵƱǵ׺ѼܵΧ
ţ֯Ů³ȵᣬѼ˻ԣׯ˳ƬѼܡ
ɢ㣬֦Ҷҡҷ¹䣬Ӱ涣һ컷⡣
ţ֯Ůû꣬˽ﲻ֪ҹɫ˾Ѽӵߡ
ƸΡ
ΰѼδ۾ֱѾȻ˵ļǸֲ̬
ˣ
;Ӱʣһﲻ˱֮˸Ϊ
ԭþ׵ãమ⡣
ˣ򸴺
̫ᲦŪŰ˼ձ鷢ݸ
һΣΡ


97 
ʮҹ, ʰ䣬࣬, Ի̫ɥ, , ʹѼ, ģơʵ¼١
ĺϼƺȻĿ콵, ڶձƽ, СӻϦûһڵһ޵İ, Ҳ岻á
ת, ССͱڹ֮Уɫף˫۽, ٿһ˿
̫ǵƽʱǳ󲡣Ԫѽ, ׹ǵ԰ȥŵ, ɫһһǵԸǹ񷡣
챣ӣ˰ƽ˳, 
ѩ¹ƻ, ̫ҽΧССԱ޲, ˰ɸת, ûϢﰧʹޡ
Լ˵βð˰̫ҽԺᣬ˵Լ飬ôһҲס˵챣ӣĺһΪʹǡ
ǰһƬããİɫ̲סҪ۾ֲǰǷµѩƬǰɫֽǮ
һоʮңԶ϶Уͷϸֱ棬ԭһƪġ
˭ļģ
ʥʵ۵ڰӣĸƶ飬ڳ¶³ˣʮ壬䣬ꡣ
ǰվŵǺԺѧʿϣ񲿳һ˽أ׵üӿ³ļġ
ǡڰ˭ɥǣ
̫ѵ³仰·ѾþеӿĥѪ
Щصǰ£ӦֻǱ˫ۣһСȥһס
̫һϣ𣬸оͷŷӣֱ̲߬࣬ס
شޣڰ˭ɥǣ
ÿ̫Ҳ֪ڵıһǳĺˣ¶ɲĵѪ˫ۡ
ȵֻһܼ򵥵Ĵ𸴣ҪЩȷĸ֮вǰ˰磬ĺӣƽ
Ӧż̧ȴȻԼҲһ¡
𣬰ۻ룬ʮֽǮԲڷס˫ۣƬοпѩ


Ҳκһ뿪ߣ
ξʵһ֮䣬Ƶս̫۾˲˫ĿէȻĹâʹʶȥѰ˵ĵط
جоѵǷӦʵԿǰٵ𣬻̫֪Լˡ
ƽǰСٵƣο˼ƣһֻоӣȼøľ棬Ҳܵ衣
¶ȸߣѾøɰͰúСϸţһƤĿɬ㡣
̫̫Ѩſϣƽ֪ԼΪʲôôһҵΡ
ƽѾˣߣξ
ǸӲŸո£ССһţȫһ
Ԫ˼ƣص¹ЩƣСһû뵽ȻһΣǱѵģ亹󱳡
μ˰ǳʱûͦССôһԼȴΪ˼ӣಡ齡
ҺãֻΡ
ƽͷſϣԼ۾˫Բ۾̱ŷĹâ
Ǽ㿼ǺûУʹӦƽɡ
̫ǰϤףֻгıҪˣĿⶼȰ˲١
֪ƽʵļ£ҲԸ˼ȥ룬ƽԸɣֻҪƽţʲôǿ
̫ǰڴԲԴͷ
ţʲôУֻҪƽ󣬰ʲôӦ
ģ
ƽϲ⣬ô˯һСͻȻô˵ˣ
̫ҪԼһԾŶ˵ĻӲڣȻģͻȻƽǰơ
⺢ʵǲʵȽϺãͷĶס
ȵȣǸһҪʲô
ǽŸ˵ģôϱأոӦˣŲ֪ʲô¡
ƽɻظһ飬ͬʱСĺ˰벽
괺ůͺ󣬶һӦҰɣ
⼸ƹ㷢չĶвǴӺģǵĶóҲģ졣
ֻǸźȥ䣬ûҪȥܣҲûҪԶ磬ӦܴӦɣ
̫
Ӧ
˭ҰĺӻҪȥܴ
ſƽİͻȻӰˣֻСǷᣬӦôһ٣Żʵʵʲôעⰲȫ
˰벽ҲûãƽŶͷһڣ
붼룬ȥ˯
ƽ໡һסʹСԹ
ӦͲӦŶ
˶ˣ
Ŷճ»ƳټɣĿǰĵ߻ûе


98 
캮, ҹУҪѧʱʱʼأȥôһ, ѧϰʱȱһʱ
ڶȻն, ȴѵЩϾ, ҹУﵹʱЩ
ҹУջѧãһӦɹ, Ͼʼջѧ, , תͳרǵ˽ӡ
, Щʱĵ˳ʱʱʱϢ
һڰ캢ѧ, Ծ˻ʼĿӣ棬ջѧüֱΪ
û뵽ֹ£ʼҷǵûйһʽѧãСҹУ
ҹУʱʼѾתΪ˽ӵջѧ¿֮, ǽ, Ȼջѧõǲͬһ, ͬҲǱѧ֮ʿ
ҹУԾѧ, ֻѧһ, , ڶʮϣ¹Щ֣һѧȫǳˣ
ʮ뷢԰׵ˣֻҪߣĿҲϯѧҹУ߲ܡ
Ψһֻǣɳ͢ɨˡˮ̿ȣȫѧṩ
˵Ҳ֣ҹУǱջѧʩãҲûʥ´طҲǽջѧɢѧĳأ˵д΢Щ񻧼ҡ
֮һ֪ѧѣȴ˿ǵ飬Ƿ裬ꡣ·ѧˣǼˡ
ǰ԰˰һ˷ѽҪԭȫȻá
ƼѣԼˮ̿ǮҪԼɨݣʰΣȥҹУѧģֲȥɻģҪһ£ҹУѧˡ
ΪףջѧõǮ۾գһ£ҹУβһЩݡ
һ˴ԣ˸ͣҹУҪðԼʲɣ»˵˰ǵѧ顣
ƽƵдһʣͷ¶һЦƺȫ⣬
ĪҿŰɡ
̬ȣ·ǮֹĨǵģǼλе˲Լһ
ĳҲǣҲǣŰ˰⸱ȫӣ֪⺢к֡
ǽղܸǷ˵ף˵λͬţԼϻȥҲ˯ž
סƽҪȥִʵ֣
˰ˣ滹ʲôƲߣҲһ˵
ƽƲ죬˵ǣʲôʱ˵Щµʱ𣿡
ĳ̲ȥñʣӣαûͷһһ̱
λһ䣬δʱ
δʱ
δʱôˣ
ƽżһ޵Ĳɫ֪ǸûԼ˼
ε
ңѧʱ򣡼λֻµİûѧܲȹһǰǵѧûѧ
˰ѧһѧټɺ
ʦֵݣʵ³򣬼λһ۵鷿
Ϊ˰ʦԭýڽѧʱȻΪҹУºͰ˰۲ݣֱֱǷˡ
Ȼ˰ƽһƽˣǵĹϵʦͽף֮׾ҵܲ¾֮˽ڻӵĴҵ
Ǳֵô˻ɫٿȻһ䣬

أ£˵ʲôģ
ƽϻס°ݵ֣Ҳ˳סˣ
ô˵˼ǣλıְλҵʦѧǱ֣ѧʱʲôʱʲô£뼸λҸס
ҲһʮҲøչ˼ͥˣҪΪƱæ첢ѧʱҲѧͣ˵õһЩҪ۵ġ
ʼ磬˫һ̯
ǮĶû˻ϧ
ҹķѵѾˣɱջѧȫĻѻҪЩЩˮ̿ǮʲôɨҲֻǾ֮͡
ֻҪŸЩǸϧ֮׵Ļᡣ
Ⲣʲô飬ƽԼǰǸ¶֪ụ̂Զʱ̿࣬ѧѶǿԼһһëģԶĻȻϧ
Ȼȹ΢˵ǮȻ࣬Լ̬ȻҲ˸ı䣬Ǹʱٶ飬Ͽ׵õ֪ʶûôʡˡ
ԭ򡪡ΪûǮԼĿΣǮصϣ޲÷ȥĿ϶ʮ飬©һţԼǮĿˡ


ջѧѾǵ꣬ӦЩǵĹԺҲ˵꣬꿪ƣֵ˸ÿƾٵʱˡ
ԭǿо˱볯Ϊ٣˹ԺƾҲðվȿţٿˣнʿ
ȥʡǣֵˣջѧúҹУĥų˾ү٣ԭжѧʱġ
ֻЩԲһֱȱ˵ĺԺѧЩѧǣǴ洦ˡ
ɳ͢Ӷ˽ʵĽֵó׷֯ĹҲԴ仵ӾȻȹڹúЩ
˵ڼأũңԳɸΪңսҸͶ´󶯣֮ȣƽ͵üֱЩʵˡ
Ч⣬ҳ³ڣӶƣ¹볯̲ó֮ͬС
µûоϣ󣬰ͬλ鷿飬ƽҲڡ
ƽԼѾ֪ٻأȴԺЩİ棬Ĵ
λҪϳ̫ˣʮͣ޷Ѿˣϱ鲼ơ
ȻŸһ£֪ΪΣƽھӪʱִ˲١
밲͵͵Ŀʲôɺͳ
ڱٵĻ㱻̫һʵһСĽӡûд֮ǰãǱץʱȥö
ƽһλϱ
ֶ밲ͬҪͻرܡ
أ̫ӹĽӡתһȦ
⿪̲ͬΣһóˣЩ߰ڸ㣬˼
ƽǾ仰
ʺ
һȵ
ġ
ʵ˵ϽҸŰЩȫ˲źãֻ븺ʵʩ
ʵ¶ѽֻ붯ƤӣĵӶ˸ɣɺøɻԼΣȰȰȡ
̫ȥһۣҪƽվԶŹţ߹ȥˣ
б⻰ʵʵܳʱ˵ʲôԣ˵
ƽһ
רŵĹó˵Ȼá
̫ЩһֱЩԥͳ߶ڷũ֮ҲΪԭʼڹ֮ⷴǲǶԵģ
֮ǰһֱĻرЩ⣬ƽһּǣ˾ʹӦƽ˵ҲʣȨѾȥˣֻҪǸɻ£ڡ
Ҳ֪主ԣ±벻ƽڣʳðǳԱ˶ӣԭëðմů·ĿǰԾڱס
ԭ󡢻ó֮·պܻи࣬һ̲ڸܣΪ˰Ч˶ҲãҲʡЩλȨأְ
һͷ
Ǿ̲֮ͬУλĩһóˣ֣ѡЩԱԺּ
°ݣӦĻû˵ڣȴȱһϡ
ȵȣ귽˵ʲô
ƽüظһ飬
̲
Сֲ֪ЩʲôСеûΡ
̫̿һӣδʣʣʱ̧ͷ
ǰôˣ
ƽ
ɲ˽а
ͼʱһ̲ײûʲôҪûãôô
Ȼ̲˵Ĳһ˼⻹ҪȥģǮҪһġ
ǰ˴գƲʾ
ֲϲܻܲһ
̫
էէشչΪ
ֲȢϱÿʲôã
ΪȻ
һֶѣʲôġ
ֲǺò⣬ƽû취ϸ
ֻüֵ
òУֻ֣벻֣̲֮ܽ
̫Ҳƣַ̲ó˼ܺӦﲻˣ
ɱƽԼղʽˡ
ֲǲֻܻƽ˵ɣǹͽˣ޾ͦá
Ȼͱʹɱˣƽ·°ڣᲽǰ
鶯ЩϤһʱ벻ˣֱСֱ̫壬ͬʱѹ
ȵȣϹоͲУôˣĳ֮ʱһ㣬վ
С߰꣬èӹͣƤֺ
ƽˣСʲôûϵֲ¶ÿʵڲȥȻɵôдСԲˬǰʱ
ελ棬Ÿڵ£λ˻ûŪʹӦˡ
ƽͷ𣿡
̫ͷģԼȥ߹дң
ӵ
ϣлл꣡


99 
λ֮ܿȥ, ƽҲϦ£̫֮ǰϽˡ
սݺͳǰһ㡣
ľ̩ĸһλС, ɰѶЦúϲ£, ԺҲ˳, ﶼ˴, »̫׷ȥ
ƽȥλ帮ݱܣǰͻȻһӰ
ͯʱףܾӰߴΰ, ߴ߷, ԭƺңɼĸ߶, ҲԶû˵
Ȼ, Ŀǰδ
ƽϾֻа꣬ѰĺӸЩȻҪ̧ͷ
̫վİǰͶӰ, һɽһ, סյ͡
ƽͷҲ̧,
ԱվЩ, , յĿҵûдꡣ
Ҫˣܼƻûиж, ôеزأ
, ǰĹӰƬ̵սͶѩֽ, ̫, һڲ,
дϸЩ㡣
Ŀҵдˣﻹֱһ׿ҵдǻ̫λñſڸԶ϶ŲҲץ
ôʱܸʱ
£ȸˣ
ƽ±ʣҵץһѣˣ˶ûӦһ˹š
ԼҲ֪ΪʲôҪץ⼸ֽ뿪ɸɾī㶼ûУóȥãֻʶķӦ
ͬʶӦȥֻյץһѿ
Ŀ£̫ʾԼûץˣ˵̲סЦ
ˡ˰񳤴ˣܵҲʱˣūûץסϻȥԼץɡ
Զ׼Ͳٷϻˣ̫ƵƷ˲裬ȵ²յЦ
ҲСӳˣ
ƽܵķЦ̾
ܵõ죬ҲʱˣٵЩ꣬޶ˡ
ʱˮҴҲͷתۼ䣬ӳˣҲȻЩֵ̿ķ֣ԭĻϡ
ֻô˵ã
λ԰֮
ͷ⣬ֻԼû˸Դһ취æ°ݣ
ϴʢ긻ǿλдһūʵڻ̿֡
أ
̫һЦֻֻ֮İ˵źˣֲĸıʲô
ңû˵Լ˵ٹЩֲ꣬ǵ£޲ûϣ
ѳȥ죬ҲϦ
ֻЩпϸ磬ôİ׷
ԸδˣɽδҪٳþõĻö꣬Ͱһ𣬳þõĻȥ

ԥϳǵıؾ֮·ϣռһλãƽǳͣϵŷ¶ʶҲͨƽ
һȥ㿪ʼ塣
Щˣֻ⾭ǴԺеġ
ĳӲŸ£СһʵʵһҶһ鶹
ͷֻʺϱźӳﶼңֻʯȵš
ƽӱƹȥһ£ŶСӣһٰСˤˣվա
ֻǵ٩䣬
ʮ壬ţ
ͻȻðһһĲѻˣ΢ƽһ̲סԹ
һô·ûġ
ƽСõܵİƤ
·죬ʮһĶڻıϣ趼˲ˣʱһ紵ݶüҴſܹôˣȻûֵܷʮߡ
Ȼ˵˾ǲһ
ƽƲƲ죬ӤСҡΣѰ˼ҵͬ
ǲǰС
˵ͻȻסˣЩΣСõܶˣ֪֡
ƽ̧ͷһ۶죬ԾɶеС棬
ʮ壬ûУСõܽʲô
죺ûУϸ롣
⺢ĳӣȻҪúãӺӽ֮ǰͿʼ룬Ůһϲʵġ
ƽղ˵ֿ֣ʼˡ
𲻳ôҪһȻǶӵʱô
ƽͷҲ̧һֻŶӣȫûע⵽ü˼˼Ѿˡ
ָԼߵʯʣ
ƽ£ֵԼӦˣ콫С֣صĽУ
ƽ㱧ʮȥȥͻء
ƽ
ǣôİҲԼ
úӱӣһʱ䲻֪ǲǸøлΣǸóĴɽתƵУ鶹ıԼˡ
ȥһӣٻʱ˺һֽ񷢴һһһŵĵݸ
ƽСõʲôֺã
ֽϵּңÿ涼ӦעͣΪ˸ߵ۰֮ġ
Щֵĺ壬ĻͬϽˮ˥

ʧˣȻ˻̫ƽԥĻ԰Ͷһ޵֡
һޣҲȻûиСõȷ֣ΪûϢãŵڶѧǷ졣
ôŲУǱ߹Ҳ֣ôһƽɳԲҶȱȥˡ
۽мϢʱ䣬ƽæԸȥũ𿴿ûʲôڡ

ϣˡ
հ¾ģҪҲΪ
˾ˮ֮ǰľǡ
̫ӹƽݹϣûżԣǽ´һƷһƷһ˵ͷ
ţ
ʲô
һûƽ
̫ϵʺ⣬Ц
˼棬ҲѾˣÿˡ
ֻҪƽ͹̬ȣȫ
棬һжʮ㰢鷿ġ
ף¿ʼһ͵ܳȥ°
̫ƱĳСӣûٴһٵͷֻǾ˾еϡ
˼˼ն棬ⲻ֪ǹĻǷˮôôá
ƽʱ죬ҪֻǶԳʳġ
˴ν̫ʤ΢΢һЦһ
𵽳ǽ䳡Խ㡣
ƽȵȣҪ·أʵûѽ
·϶˼꣬ɽʯѰˮҲԴϵͳõΨһЩ鷳
ս⣬ɲãճҪҲʩʱֻѡũеʱ·Ϊʱ
ԭʱ֧䣬ʱԳȥ䣬Σ൱ɾûˣȻҲҪ
·Ȼ޵߰˰ˣ·Ѿɣͨ·̫ƣһʱ䡣
ƽЩԥ
·ûء
˵̫صĹ·ͨ˾ˣÿﶼҪᴩ·
ôҪ޽˼ҵļţ
һжǴӰ˰Լóϳ֧СôһҲ֪øԼСأ
Ŀǰ·ȷʵѾˣ֮Ŀƣ·ȷʵдʣ
ƽԱ񣺡Ҳǡ
Ǿ͸ҹԹԵȥΣ
ָ̫ţ
㵹Ҳ΢һԼҲҪʦɵġ
ƽʦ˵
Ͳ֮ǰƥСˣӥҶǸѡõģʯĹҪԼıˡ
ĴõģƽȻ֪˹ȥȫ̫ϥһˣ
ٺ٣лл꣬һȥǴһͼ³
ϤĹάȻǴԼҶӿ˵Ϊ˳̫Цһ䣬
СӻϹˡ


100 
ǽ䳡ʢԱ, רʼ׾ϰʹã׷ǹ󲻵룬һԸ֮ء
һ·, 䳡ľΧ, ƮмȴһƬɳķճ
ƽ˵Ҫǰ̫, ˯Ѻȴһͬǰǲʶ·طѾˡ
ǳ, ƽȻ֮ǰҪѧϰ, 괺ͬ, һҲҪһεġ
䳡˹һ커, ǴӾӪг˴ȫ䳡һڼˣʱӭŻʼ׾ĵ
̫ͬƽ˵ҪʦϢûͨ浽䳡ߣֻ˹ǰΪ˰ѡ
⼸ɹ˷ַʹȥ, ʣͶ䳡
˰翪ʼѧϰǴ, չдϢæѱ, ϸ¿, ʮƥ, δüȫѱ
ѡѡף
ƽСܵ, ҺҲż̫סֵʾӭӵ˽ǰ
˰Ҳ꣬ӽϰ䣬Ϳ׶׼𣿡
䳡¹ٳӪ죬ϣսӵϢҹ׼ʺϴСĿףȥѲһȦȷڶ첻κβӡ
˰ȻǻӣϰıضǰӣСЩıգǸһŲĻ׹ݶʲôݡ
˰ԭʲôֵԳӭŰ˰ϾͷһԳҪǸŽϰʦҲ˼һ³ӭӡ
û뵽һλˣ˲ǰ˰磬лϡ
ӭǰ
ūŲϣμϣμ˰磬ƥͿ׹׼ˣϺͰ˰Ʋѡ
̫ͷ
ţԱߺŰɡ
˵ô仰ƽС˹СǸӣƤëβ˦ϸߣǸûΪһƥĻܲ졣
ȻѡҶȲˡ
־ܾϣԼǣƽͷŻ̫֣
ҷ
񳤸ˣ̧Щǿһġ֡ˡ
̯бһӲĶûʲô¶ȣ˵֣ƽͷһƣ̫޾
һ෭ļһȥ
㰢òްʮʱٷɣǵ÷ȵЩѰˤˡ
߳ȥԶƽһΪôһ㲻ͬѰζ
ôðˣ
ôأ
ٻٴʮꡣ
ƽҡͷԷθĳϿҵ
ǵǣⲻϾҪѡʦʱ׼ٸϽĸ׵ڡ
̫
á
˴һѣܰھô˵
ȻСܰ¡
ԳĿǰĿ˳ɹǣţһſС
̫վڳߣʾԼȥѡ
ƥƥġ
ϣлл꣡
ƽһͷУڵİ׵ɫɫ֮Ǹǧѡƥƥһƥá
ǰƥСĿ㣬۾ëŵأƢ˳
Աƥǰ׺һӧӣͻȻСȻȡӵһƥͺܿᰡûУģ
һߵԱߣƥ͹ˮԣͦأҲʮ˧ѵõǣͨںȴѩף̤ѩһ㣬ѡֶ𣬾ͽ̤ѩ
ô죿
˵ͻȻͱˣǰЩȫҪ
ѡһƥԣѡδʮѣƽԥ̫Ҳȫߴ٣ֻµĿᡣ
ƽ죬ÿƥת˲ȦѡԼδġսѡ
սѡëɫȲҲףڰ׼Ϊ࣬ӶʱЩƵǡ
̫ͷ
ãԺˣ
ƽով˰죬ΪСӻԼˣפʮƥȫҪȥѾˣû뵽ƽȴֻһƥ
ɼʲôر֮
̫棬
һƥͺԥ˺ܾãȴûѡȴ׵ľѡƥΪʲô
ƽѡԭǡǶžͺܲӲӣ۾һѱʣһ
ƽΧתȦʱߵһɲݣҲôš
ĿбӣȫᱻΧע⣬߰ͷ­һЩɫһһȴͷص͡
ɲѱôǣϵļʮƥУûѱõĲʮƥƽѡƥȴûѱõƥ֮С
ɲɣƢõǸ
Ѿص棬±˷˰ѡƥãƫѡһ
ǣĹап̹࣬
ūʱܸ˰磬ϺͰ˰СЩ𿿽ûѱãΨ˼壬ѡһƥȹѱ֮֡ūٸ͹
ûѱ
ƽЩ˷ܣǲǸô
·ϻ̫͸ӵһλȫĿɿսѡѱʱԼƥ
ǣ˵׿ȷϣת
꣬ϣ
ƽڳһơ
̫
̫ϣ
ƽȻĵͷ
ǲȻأ֪㣬Ҳֻ밢׹Ҳ˳ƽһúӢ
·ɡ
ѱѣ̫ǲУǰڴ˵ѱһƥӪС
ƥΪ̣ʮѱֶ϶˰껹ûѱãԼҲһա
Կ˼ѱΪǳ֮ﲻҷȥѱ޹˼ɣҲһ죬̡
ԸҲûԼˣ⻰ƽ˵֪Ϊʲôֵֹġ
ǡ̧΢Ц
ţ͸¶һ֡
صһʱеͶƽѱˣҲϵĲ
̫֪θϢСͷһһѶӭ
ˮҰ
ƽڵĲ˲裬ſһҵѱ˫շ죬ŵöͷߺֻþմ̼ޱȣ
ԺҲҪԼѱ
̫ժ¹Ƥףֻмպۣʱͻȥ
УٳЩҲ㡣
һƽԴЦ
ǲǸȥѧˣôãôҪѧһ


101 
޹Ϊ, սԹֲͬĹиԵʹ÷Χ˼, ϾͿԿ
ӵܴʱʼϰ䣬ʹõԹ, Թֹй, Ҳʡģϸ, ڴΧ, ʺϸҲСһ;ɡ
ѧ, ƽһõĹȴԹһ
Ĳľĺţǵҽ, гзԱ˰æ, ƽֲֻžðˡ
⹭ĴСûչߣҪһأмŽ˿, ֻһ֮ƽ̧ͷȥɻֿ̫ʼ
޹Ӳ, 󣬻̫ȡĴָϵָȥ,
, , ı
ָһΪ, ָֹ빭ҹӴ, Կסңṩ
öָ̫սû̫෱ĻƣȴΪĦƵģȴһĹ⡣
ƽöİָϣĴָչʾ
꣬еˡ
ָȦһתƽҲת
̫
ָӦĴָؽ²ţǿյ˦־͵ˣ𲻵á
ƽָԼҪϸ̫࣬һʱԣϣæһǰ
ū׼ָ˰ѡ
һָ̰ӲʵСͬƽԣͬѡһöָ
˫ǰֱֿƽ٣̫ƣƽһס̧
һ
٣û
ƽ
ʲô
˵ȫûɣֻ˵һ㣬ࡣ
еĹƺˮճһҽΪ֪õľͷǺεȵӲȣֱǽӲĶסһ
ƽһһȻƴȫȴƺסȻС
һǿЩû
˸֪ƾ֮ǰӰӾľ飬߿̫岮ʱҲ֪
칭£ֱȡٲ֮⣬һ֣мܷɳʮ㲻
ҲˣʡѰ裬ƽ˺ģεѰһ̫Ӱ
ꡭ
ѰЩο̧ͷȴֻ̫ЦǰѺĻ˻ȥ
Цʲô
ȻЦС㣬ӲĺͯʮǿӪбɾж׹ˡ
̫ЦֻŹƽзĸı䡣
˻̫İŹͻȻˣҲٽ׾١
ƽδӦʸңƿ죬ȵǰٲ֮ңһУѳ
Ĺϣ
ٻһѡ
ʥȻѰϰǲһǸڲ࣬ٻǰŹ̫ѡ
ķΪĵȣʮʮʮ˶ĥܡ
̫ƽֹ֣һ飬ƽںƣͻȻɿֺһ
ƽԼԡ
ƽתͷͣĹ˵ͷ
ƽٴһ
ҿڰָ뻢м䣬⻬ĹʸзӲޱȣǰĹ½ͬһ£һֺĸо
ȻԾɾЩ˫۲ΡΡʸҲƫյ㣬м˳ȥԼû뵽Ȼѹ
ƽʶ̧ͷϲãûü˵̫΢ЦͷĴָϵָһ΢ӲĴУ
¹ˣѡ
֪ǶĹܵõ̫ĳޣӦ㲻
δüմմϲֵ
ƽǣʮ㷽ùΪŬлһʯĹ˹ܳΪǴһʿ
Ҳ˵ʯĹҪİٽһ񻰣ʮһٰʮ˫ҲǼµıˡ
ƽȻ𾴡

ůʱһлˣѧϰγ̺ƽ޿ҵ˼Ȥ
̫˽䣬ջʮչһΣҲڴϰӵǼΪĽˡ
ǴʱֻĽƷһ⣬вףͼ³ʦ˫Ϊ˸ߵȭȭ֮ġ
ο̫սɱƴ֮κһͼ³֮¡
Ϊ̫չƽҵǴǰһʵѡ
ݣ϶ϣˣȥƤ֮ս׹УͺŰͼ³ƽµʦ
ּݵǰֻڰ˰ʱٻԱͬǽ䳡˰Ŀҵֵǰ
ƽû뵽ʷϵһλ˾ߣµʦ
λδ޵һͼ³ţ޴գЧУʱʮ꣬ѾսԼƾպվһλ
òʵǱһ˲ţһλӢ˲꽫ԶԶպȨĳԡ
ջ̫һ˼ʥ裬пɱѹƣȨ֮ģȷΪ֮ˣ书ǼΪڣƽΪʦǳ
ƽһۿеصͣյֶΪӰɫܳӰƽϣ
ΪĿǰֻԻ̫ƽʱƥ˳
峯Ĳ֣պٻʱҲͬƥȨҲ
ƽ
ƥ˵ǣԾ䳡ƽÿնҪһʱͬ顣
ϰƽͶʳԱߣһһשӰԻƶϼԺܲȻͬ죬ֻѡǶҪġ
שܶʳ±ȥҪƽֽš
ոټСƤϸۣũŶܣҲǽᱻӲĹĥƣٳ㺹שϣζһˬ˵á
ݶһԣͬһƥ
˰磬ƥô죿
˵Ӱ̫ڴѱסЩˣٿˣȻеЩҲпܡ
ǻʵѱɵ˰˰λԭ˭ȥԣҪˣ
ɰ˰ͻСʲô˭Ҳѱָѱһ飬Ӱֻܾôȥ
һóԳԸúȺȣשڳӵӣʵһ˿Ŀɶ
ƽӻһףѾˣζʮװϣţҲܺóԡ
Լһ룬ʣµķָƥϼǰԺܲ׿̫ȤǶӰ
һ￴ʱͲˣ˷ܵĵǣ޲ðӶΧķ϶ʹ촽ȥƽס
ǰȦӰ׷׵ĿҰ촽ƽðһ󵨵Ĳ룬
ͳ죬Һа취ˡ
ײ߷жպԲɣӰף׾ҲԣصԭǳԻһö
ƽĸϵë
ôǺãԺ˼һװƭ˿ô졭
ӰĻӦǲͷһڵҶ

Ӱлûôһζ࣬ҲǸɶƶٸץһѡ


102 
ѧϰκһּܶһ, Ǿһ̿ĥ֮ܳƽĺѧķϾִʮĻۣⷽû, ΨһЩϰֻԵѧϰ
һ;, ûνġ츳, 鷿ͯ˿ã䳡ҲǸ¶ְˡ
̫˵һƽ֮УϰʱǽƥԱ, Ա㼰ʱס䣬ʹ, ΢ЩЪϢ
ĸӺ֮, ʦͽʵλʦ䣬ΪֹУѰΪֹۺ糾
ƽǰһոһ̬ܵ, һʲô졣
⼸, ƽ϶ĥ˼ӣӰֻǿ, ˴ϵ, ɳҲҷ, صĲ̤
, ԼԭƥСжô˳Ӳ˦ˣֻܵЩˣʵ㲻ʲôȱ㡣
䳡ĵ£ƽյһֻͨѩ׵ĺ֮࣬޲Ľѡ
ǰ˰俪ɵĵһ꣬Ҳشڵ˳ǽ䳡
ϯΪ¡أһ乭ӵܵı޿ΣӣҲǽ˻ᣬϰ˷͡
ӵѣԭĴ鸽ףֻڻʵ۵ٽںͻʺǧڣղѾ곯˰ЩҲӦġ
֪˰俪ɣϵƥͿ׵ȶ˽ɣӥҲ˺񷶳롣
̫񵥣סһЦϢͨҲʵ̫ᴧĦЩ
λ࣬Сллλ
ϯæƲңʵҵЦ˻˻̫仰ʵͶˡ
˷ƽֺãǷҲܻЩЩĺöͬƶһôҲǵЩô
ƶ̫߱λ⼸ũë׻ܲƸʵȡ
񲻼ÿշʱƶȺëȱĲøɾ࣬ȴûݳ٣Щ·չĺô
⼸λ̨ڰӣ֪󣬻̫˼˵ڣ̫˵ļ϶ǵ
ƽԭڶϵĵˮŸ㵽ʣķһۣϱ߳ת˽һµĺ·źò׸̳͵⡣
ů׻Ҫٶ̸һ๬˵ĸ첲;ˡ

ٻ̧ͷԾɫ٩٩̸ȫûҪҪʲô˼ֻԼ
λɹŲ̨Ŀµĸ߲˼ֱ˵ֻŻ̫н֣סİѻʳó׵ķ
ϯ˶ЦƽҲסˣһʱʹۣװɵ㶣֮ǲ⣬ȫ˵ʲôⶺЩ̨ʹ档
֮ȻҪ˫洦вӦ֮
οǼȻʵ˸߲һƬ֮ģܸóȫ
ڣ̫ƺþòǵ˼λ̨ʹǶ̲סˣֱԸ߲ëóҲܽƶմ⣬Ҳһ
̫װԼĻȻ
ԭΪ¶һңλҴӻֱ˵ǡ
һת
˵޲ܣǻȥͰ˰
һƽ̻վ
λĪգóԻλչˣʱʱλúɣũһš
Թ֭ƣ̨ʹǶԼ˳̸һ⡣
õĴ𸴴⣬лͼʹ
лϺͰ˰磬ͣҵȲʤм
ʾⲿ°˴Цݿ䣬
Щһӿˡ
üһԭǣ
ƽĬĬ˸ۣͬëó׺͸Щ˻˵ˡ
һӺɹŲԭϵĴԲͬƽϸȥҲ̫һˡĿ߱ǣΧһȦӣͷϰͷɹ黨裬װ鱦
ǡ
ѵǱֵĻᣬɹŵʹ΢΢һЦ
ϹϵãԴҪϹ⣬ȴ˵ЩߴﹾɹŻĿİ˵øǺͿ
պ幾ΪĲѸɺŮսĿԶȾĿĸΪҪȥһǧ꣬ƺЩ½˿֮·ĳԡ
̶ԭ½˿֮·ƺһתȥԽɹţʢ
·;ѱԭȳ˽֮һ·ϻǵĿ䣬̶ȫԱץʡ
ҺлͼҪǰʢһλһ·УȻ⴫˵иŵʢ
ﲻͨ⣬ֺֻ۾Ҳּۻۣ⼸ԭսƵԣּ漢ֺҲңⲻ˵ȻҪȥĵطı·
Ƭ½ߣһ֧Ů沿䣬ʮ䷢չ׳󣬴µĹңɹ֮磬ٲ˵ǿʢ١
˿֮·ͨһ·ջƥ£õϡ
Ǿ仰˵úãΪΪƽӲɣֻҪųϢΪ棬ЩȻԼҵ·
δٳó֮·ʱƽǲ˹˻ǰˣֵ̫ǿԴԽɹŴǼ˹̹ƹȥͬǽóס
ֻû뵽óʮ˳½ó֮·ܲͨ޹ؽҪˣ˭뵽û꣬ǾȻԼˡ
룬ƽף˿̶ͷǰҲû
ֻ࣬ǽݵǰ
ַ°͵£ķ£
ԣ
ɳϿҡҡͷ̫ÿӣ׼ѵİ˿һü׽֮ͬҲڰ֡
˿׷ŵĶ࣬Щ˽ܲˣƽ˫һ̯֫Ըͣ
Ǿûʲôɽ׵ˡ
Ӹչʾ˳ϣƽҲϵͳİ½عһ½˿֮·óݣҶ˿񡢴ֽȱġ
ҶʹڹĻǲˣֽǺֽԭϹеǣƬľԶĲݳݸƤŽֽãƽҪƽֽۣøֽ䣬㲻ͬóס
йŴִѧһʮֻѽǮĻѧѾֽʷá
佨˸ʽѧã˶ҵԼȤó˽ѧã˼ûǮֽʾɳľ
ڼԼϰ߹ȻʮֺãҲʮֵĻܣϣѧϰĸӷܹЩΪѧÿ죬ѧʢֽ󡱡
˿˿֯˵ѾˣĻʢͺó׻̶ֲӡ
ǴȻƷʼãմӺϴҲһģͬһأԸǵҲɣҲɣƽ̫Ҫ
ǰͯ׾ٵľ;ܾó׵Ҫ׸ľȻҲûҪֵ˼Զֶܿء
ɳϿڴʲ⣬ԲͨöͷðϱȻ˿ʹ״ֶƽ˿֣
ҪҪ˿񡢴Ҫ׺
ӵ˼˵ͨöˣƽæ˳ԼĴ׳˿
𼱣磬ȸųڣҵ˿ô׳ģӦģûл죬Ҵȥתת㿴ϲʲô
ոԼ׮鷳ƽԼλʱ̲סԹĿ˻̫һۡ
˵ϷŪʱЦÿ浽ʱ㷴ҳӶӵģ
ۿĹģģɰ̫䴽Цͷ뺣һ׶ˮȫȻװİԹ
ɳĨ۽Ǿˮͷһڱƣ
һɵζû˿ʹѾƻһЩҲԡ


103 
ӦɹŲó, ƽڴϻ˯ʱͻȻóӣó˾СҲЩˡ
ǰƿ˵Ѿ, ݲ̲֮, Ҳƽġó˾Ѿһ֣Щˡ
һӦﶼֲܣλЩ˶ѡ, ʮַģϾǸó˾, ʲô¶Ҳˡ
ʱΪѡͨ˲, ƽҪ˱ƾٿԱľ, ͼλһо졣
ֻһ, , Ϊƾֿ, ҪԼƵǷֱۡ
ദ˽һ, ô˵̸лܷһЩߣƾپӾΪ, ƽͼ²۵мЩˡ
⻰ȷʵûмλó˾ɺȥһȦλ½Աʮֺ, ľȡ֮硣
֮͢, ֻҪ, ̼ƽ񣬶Զˣһ̼֮ңɹ벻档
ó˾Ȼ˾һӦƷЧеĹԱǴѡһλˡ
ȻʵʵִУλְԱͬ裬¶棬ڳлҪйģȻ׹󣬶ó˾û˳Ͱ˾һͷ
ʺϵոְó˾ѡһֱ󲻶ǻ̫ŻӵӲθƽҪ˹
İ˰簮¾ޡ㣬Ϊһ֮ס
ƽһͷҪϳȷʵˡ
йԱȻЩԵΪó˾ͳܵԭҲһֱǰ˰縺ģʵˣҲ˵ЩԵĻ
ֻɷɢ伯Уԭİڰڵ̨˰ʴӱڹʵС˼룬Щٳ֮вܼܳԷأ
ϸũҲҪٸ˰ְ֯ƾ٣˰Ѳ׳⡣
ǰ˿֯͹·ȴйҪԱ뻧ȫȷˡ
ǳû仧˹ڵòƶȣǼ˿ʱ걨ֱƵӻԾЩҲǰ˰Ĺ͡
ȷ󣬻ȡ˰Ҳӵõ˱˰⣬һ꽻˰ĳɡ
˵ԶûһգҲû֪˰罻˰˶Ǯ˶ˣЩ࣬ٲ֮ǰٿġ
⼸ĹƸĸٲð˰ļλѧںƲ͢ƣȷǸģȨˡ
ͷطˣȴδЩû˺֮ǣ߸˵İѻӪҲ߳ɡ
´ڵľȺ˷˵Ҳǰ˰
Ĺһ䣬ڱ¶ƽΪˡ
ֻ̲ûöݣ֮£ֵõ˲֣ο΢ѪЩ㲻ˡ
ҪȰɵĹԱⷬԺ˼һתͷѷĻ˻ȥ
˰¸񣬵ﲻã˵ڵ¶겻֪ǻǰʲô˰˰磬ǵĹʸջȥ˿ôǺá
񣬰˰Ķ͢Щ귢⣬඼ǰδȴʵں֮
ǰ֯˿񣬶ȹڻҪã˺Ůϲǻʣµı߽һյů֣
ȥ갴Ʒ˲ͬë̺̺Ӳ֪ôģȻ㲻֣ᱡůͣгΪһ̺Ӷܡ
ë̺Ʒʲͬ۸ҲӼĵʮӲȣ˵󣬶ͷǵͬƷʵë̺ͨҪʮӡ
캮һֻһë̺ôãǵһ㣬ǳеĹԱ򣬰˰绹ۿۣι鵽ϿĵȥԴۡ
룬԰˰Ϊó˾ȷʵӦӦ֣ˣ

ڶվǴ󳯣ȥҪѾˣƽһͷͷϡ
˯ã𴲸ɻ
Ϊþƽ˯죬ɹ̨ʹȴ˷ܵðû˯ž
ϹӦˬ죬Ҳó׻µĸ߲ĲܾʹüǿĲҲϲ¥ԭָ˭ưԣδпΪ
ճڵĽֵͬһѡ
⼸⸻ԣڳ޵ģԱһĽֵͷβӣ塣
дͳͣҲ˵Ϊ۵ʳȡˮɾӨ͸״Ϊ˿
ķ֥ӣըףˣϼʱҶһ飬Ŵףһ˱ǣζʮְԵƮʮ֮θڴ󿪡
ŽֵϴɫЩȻڴͬ嶨óԼ̫ˣ¶ӶĹС
ʱݻûŷӭ˰˰ͼλó˾Ĵˡ
ƽԾɸŴСͬһ𳤴ҡڣЦеĽݣ
λϺã𣿡
һ۰Ͱ͵ĶȻûԡ
Ȼû񲿵ˣȱͷԼʾ׽Ҳ֮ѹ⡣
ƽ֣һŶŴСʳв̣̤ݵĴš
ǶȻȻѵأݵͥԺһųͬӣʳвĶںãȻˣתۼֲӰ
һ㲻ͥԺѾϯ
ƽǰкǣ
λչ˲ܣ׸ڣǹŷģ֪
ϸλθڣ
һϣзԵȻãϲθڵдȶǰ˻˼ţŷӹ¹ȴûϽĺθڡ
ǵĸл͸¶ЩźͳɣЩƽȻҲˣֻ֮һЦûٶ˵ʲô
սƽĶ䣬
ķԸ·ӽϲĲʳ֪ζΣܷ⡣
ģǿ϶⡣
ƽʼ磬
һ·ҳԹˣ˵ǻһϵķζ类˲棬ʱŷͷһڴٸҪģ⡣
֮ǰɫֹ˼Σû˼˵˰ʱ䣬Լȥԡ
û뵽ŷ֣ʽ֮ǰΪͬ˼Ϥ̲ʣµľȻ֮ǰʢȫȻûмԵ۽խˡ
һʱû˻ϵʳռס죬žȻͬһϵζȫغˡ
л˰Ȼǰδζã
˵ǰֲ̨ɫڣ̨ɫضڿƶߵϯϴȤƽλ
ӼΪ̨һˬӣɫڶŽյŴе֤һԵۡ
ɫٳԣǱƽ˵ﲻÿ˻һٻٳЩɫӦţȻץһڱ
Щ̨ʹǶˣŻ࣬ʳҲһٷ˽ʱ
ƽҲͺó˾ĹԱǵôã˳ͼ۸⽻һ
ԱˣҲò⣬˷ƶʹϰȻסݣЩӶס츮ϣյȻҲڴС
ʣµЩҲû˭ҿһ̸
ֽſʰֽĨøɸɾƽһеλó˾ԱΪŴ£λڳϸ˼١
ŵķתۼͱ̸Уƽֱ⣬
λȻѾ˿ƶߵ棬֮ǰҲ˸ܳëЩҪȻ󿪼ۣλÿԣǾͶԼ
˰תۼ·ͲǸղǸĺͯˣ̸Ҳɵֱ
ƽɤӣдõļ۸һ˷һݣ
ȣƷʵë۸ǲһģëĴëһëѰëòģҲҪŰ̫ɾˣòʧ
ɫڵͷһ˫۸
ˣ´ɱʱһëջӦҲϲ١
Σƶ͹ëǴϴһģǵȻҲһȻ쳤վëĶһŽ˳Ģ
᳤ĢʹﲻסЦһ
ƽ΢Ц
Ȼϴëķһȥѧϰ֮ǰһ֤
λѧᣬġ
Ҫϴë
λ̨ʹǸҲǹеĴֻūɣѧϰϴëʵǸս
ǵͼЩûϴҲԣĬزʹּۻۣƽʱ䣬
ϴҲԣϴëչۻһ㣬һһǮ
뷨˶ʱĬˣϴһһģϴһʮģɲǵһ㣬ǰʮأ
ǲϴëˮأܶЩǮأ
뷨ոðԺѾ˰˰
УƽλָҪźŪŶëϴˮأҪɹȻһ·żջģĢëֵǮġ
ˣ
˰ǶĻ׳ǰɣ
ûˣ
˶ͷƽЦеļ˵
󶨼۾һʮˣ۸ԾҪӸëƷ¸ʮϴë͵ȼۣëƷʺãʮһҲգëƷʲãһһģλˣ
һ˵ô࣬ƽ˿ˮɤӣαһ
̫Կ͹ĳ˷һһƽ̯ʣµľͿλĿˡ
̸еĻ˰ԼܸɣеҪ˵ˣѡֻǩ벻ǩ
ԱŵһйԱ·ֻǹ䵱ֽ飬ˢˢд飬īδɱݵǰ
ʹԼʾԲ̨ʱλԼ̨Եʮֱˡ
ɫڵһһǩԼָ֣Ͻӡ
ǰֲǩˣŰ˰һǳԿġ
ͷ༸λ̨ҲǩԼʹǻڴдָʾ
ƽҲߴ٣ǷԸȥľ¥ʳͬʱѯѾǩԼļλ̨
λʲô簲š
Ҿ¥ģǮ⣬ǵˡ
˶˵ģʢգ¶Ūǲ֪˵ϲʲôˣ˰綴棬ŶǰŵŸ
˰磬ëļ۸ܲһ£ٹЩ𣿡
лͼʹЩΨһ˵дŻغʾġ
˵ʱƽɫڳֵܣڿƶɫضһɫڿɲô
һ뻹˵Ҫĸƣ˲飬һϿҵĺۿҡͷ
ëռȻʮֹˣһˣϴëҪϴߡ֯ӡȵȣҪһ͵нҪʮģȥҲò˼ĵ󣬻ҪǮҪǮĲҪǮ۸ʵѾˡ
˵ȥ¾Ҫѻ̫ıŪˣɲңлͼʹæסڣ
ɱˣ˰Īޡ
ƽĨһ۽ǲڵᣬʣ
飬׬ЩǮиλ
Цˡ
ʹæƲңȻָƽһµġϲ
ڰ˫ֽգЩԺҲЩ˼Ƶģ
ȻѾϹԼιҲëˣҲϴˡ𣿡
ƽա
һ϶Ĵ𸴣лͼʹǩ֣Աһ֣
˰룬ʹȥ
ƽ
ϳƱǰɣ
ҲͻľٶˣҶΪ˰ͺôôҲ⣿
ëƽûȥ۵ı׼ǵó⳧ӵܹܹ
лͼʹԾѾڰ˰ǰ˾թӡë
ʵҲ˵ﻰһںĺֿʼ۰Ͱ͵Ŀ
ƽָѹǵԼ
λ԰꣬һ׮˵һ׮ëԼǩ𣿡
ԼĶѾǩˣҲѾŻ˸ԵĲ䣬ֻҪٵȼ죬˶ͷ
µֽһʽݣó˾һݣ˴ȥһҲ̤ʵ
ãھ˵
ƽ֣ó˾λȻԣŲԵſֺһйԱԭó˾λá
ũΪũΪףԾΧƽߣЩ˼ˣ̸еĻһˣΨа˰绹ڡ
ЦݲãɰΪũǰдõļĿһ˷һݣ
ʮһũﻹбģĿˣеĶֽϿۼΪʵҿԴλȥǿ̸
еżĿϣвٶհ˰ϳֹģʱЩ˵ǳŽˣͷӶΧһȦ
ƽҲһڿΪũīܺãּĿҲһĿȻƽĸ˸Ĵָ
Ϊũϰ˷粻ְ˰˰Ŀ佱ӵ̲ס
ûʹˣһȺ˰죬Ҳûȷ
ۿ;ᵽʱƽվְҷ
Ҳõŵʱˣڳеľ¥˷ˣҲøλûԹ²ˣڲԶһ߹ȥ
ƽ΢΢һЦ
λҲ˳㿴ʲôϲģңǮǺ
ǰ¥Ȼ˴·ƽְõǰ棬Լ׺Ⱥĩβ
ˣ㿴ŵ㣬Ժչʱëⲻͬ磬͸ʮļۡ
Ǻнһֳ֣£ƽѹķԸԱߵĲ
Ա֮ʩëɾһëһʲô͸һ붫һҿ˭ưͳԻ
æͷǡ
ɫԥƽƫͷĿƵǰлͼʹϣ
л˵˵ôµġ
Ҳ֪ԼСˣغò˵
ǵëԭǿƶߺһ֣Щݶɹǵİô죿
㣬ԭ£ƽιһ裬
ǻģѼӡ죬мƻ
ʢϺԭͬë̺ˣ޷Զ
˰ƶѾ˰취̷ġ
ƽΣҵ˶˻գ
ȥ˹ǩ˱ʴ󵥣ٽ̸ǳںѡַϸѡַ
æµĶȥΪ̫ʡȥµİ˶Ҳٲˡ
ƽס
Żó˾øصܹѡЩо˵ʢѧϰ֯µĹѵ


104 
ƽľ¥óϯߵı׼, ЩҲͬ˸ʹ죬㷹ʱ·, ȥʱԾûǰ͵ɢʳ
һ˻ʱҪȥׯû, ԾҲΪƣϵĸҲܾԼֻǳü־
˰˴٣⹤̷ܹͷһݣѾſڵ˰ʱ
ʱƽȥʳһͬȥۿлͼëۡ
, ԾǴ̫, һ·Ѿˮ, ƽ׼űվȺ
һ·ҲգټʢҲм, ëôţζʮֺš
Щë׼ɱӺ, ϸĻ̴ȥϴ, Ҳ˳е
˭뵽Ƿˮƿǰƺιһ׹⣬ܹǰϸϸһ, תͷ˶ʮһĳɽۡ
˵ļ۸ʮһһ¾ͷ˱, лͼʹ϶ʱЦ, ˸Ľѡ
ƽ
ǰ鷿˵лͼ̫ʵ, ûѹҲˣôôӣ
ھܹܵĸǾеľˣƽɫ죬ƺļ۸Щ
̴չػɫΪѣ
˰ˡѾѹˣЩëѾϴʮָɾҲɹøֻپϴһͿԼӹˡ
ܹԽ˵ԽͣоĽͲð˰⣬Ǽ䣬
ϾǸǵĵһ׮⣬Ǹ̫ͣҲԥ
ƽ
ףǾָ߼۸лͼġ
ëֻϴһ飬ϴֿԴľҵλЩʵѧᾫϸͶҲ˹ʵҪɹëϴ̫ɾ
ʱեȡ浱ȻҪӾѹۿʼҲˣɹëϴøɸɾٷչµĸλ
̧ͷƽѾһܵˣлͼʹЦ
ϲϲʮһ൱ߵļ۸ˣ˷ʹȥлͼĳɹȻãͣҲʹһ·ĳۣƽǰϲˡ
ʹĻŭţʵл
Ҳл˰翶ѧſƶߴëģΨֲɾںӱ߽ϴأˡ
ƽͬЦеĻͬʱﰵϰһʣ
׬ǮķӶܽ͵͵ѧȥС˾Ҳ߯ĴЩ

ë±ϣΨлͼԼ棬ϢתǣԼƽ˳ũΪũ˵ſڣӭׯ԰
µׯ賤ϹƮļڣĿһƬ滺ĵɫɫ޵ĹʵزסҶ¶˶
׬ǮȻģǶǰ׼õķʢ̣ƻ֭ˮĻңѣϺȥƤɸָ״
һ·ֻøпʮǰǴӰɽˮңֻ֪֪ũߣຮƶ֮أɽˮѾǼõȥ
ããԭ֮ϣҼͼ棬ôתۼʮȥķչɹȴѾԶԶ
ԲɼѲҪıֶΣҲÿԷӵԭֳʳ߲ˡ
ũׯƽͲˣһȺ˼ֱ˵￴ŵﳤϡĲУһ󻹸һרŸǽ͵ͳʳġ
ʳĶƽ˸ֵĲʽȻҪУ۵ʱֻҪ򵥵һ硭ֻ֮ҪܳԵĶȫǱˡ
ƽũһߣܸǵΪũ˼ũ˵ĻԴչһҪǵҲΪó״·
Щ˺ˮĿǰƹЧ̫ԣˣˣ϶ӵĶҪ
̶̼꣬䷬׵ļ۸Ѿ˺ͬʳܲͬıУļ۸һأʵ߹Ȼǹ
ƽԭǴȵһ㣬Ҫ㣬ʱţȻΪũ˵Ϊ·ǻΪҪ
Ҳ֪һ԰ӵʲôɹģֵǹôãһʱ֮ЩڹˣҲԼĿġ
ɫڽӹƽݹȥ˿ĺ
ֵܰ԰ĶŪôЩ˺ˮΪôڲԭϵǹªˣȻд붼û
˵˵Щ˼
ЦΪ֣ιΪҲ㱥˿ڸˡ
ɫڵû˵ٻΨŵǸпտҲǰѹ̺͵ĶˣǹĿˣʱֿʼȲ衣
ƽȥԱߵĵժ˼޶¼ƹˮϴˣԼҧһڣȻ༸ݸɫڣ
Ըƹϣʣ
лֵܣ
ɫˬ죬̶̼ʱֺƽһʣӹͬƽһһƹϣֿ
ѾǳƽˣǾɫ޵ЩˣҲ治ɫ
ͮͮĹζأζ٣֭ˮ棬ˮʣɫڳһԣܿ˵δ֪޹ӵĺ¡
ɫֿ죬ܿϴõͻƹϵݵǡĳһʱЩ̫ڽӵˡ
ԭ̸ǰ̸óףǩëԼʱһڵŻƹϺУôҲ·ͷྵĸо
ƽĽŻƹϣЦеķʣ
λҵĲ԰ôͬ˵һŶ

һ·ȥŵľ¥һ·ϵȻⲻҪЩƷӣоͰƽڳ￪˿̡
˿ڲԭϡǵսƷҲ᲻ãǵ͸壬Ҳֻƥòˡ
˻ͷһһҵ￴˿۸Ҳʮֹ
λ̨ƴ֣±ҪԲӣŮûȥѣԱ߹̨ڵĽҲҪһȫˡ
ⲻˣƽƼԼ˿񳧣ԼԴȥѡ࣬ȴϵļ۸Ҫһɡ
۸񹫵˿񣬻ǹӪջ˭ܶס˵±İ壬Ҫƽƥ˿񣬻ȥ
ȻɫڣֲԣЩǮǰƽҪ˿ΣͷһҪЩôŵ߹ȥϺüղųԹס
еĶǶѾˣֻûȴȱ˰ιĸоʵ˾úܡ
ʹڲҲλЩݵĹ壬ԸãǮëó׿Դ̨˿ζˣһСӿζĶϲ
ԳȥеĿġסζĹϹռ˴ͷ
лͼëǮʱҲƴ֣ı㲻ˣ˵ҪдŻȥʾ

ЩҪƷֺũĹԱǺ˶˽һʱȵ̸˼ǮһеԼǩϣѾϦ¡
˸߸˵߳ũҲȫûзӦǵĿԭֻԼȻڲ֪ԭƻ޹صĶֻôߵķʵǺá
˰緽Ż˵ΪһףǲĶʵûгߣ߻ṩ͵ҷ񣬱ηĲȡ
ƣôƽ⣬ýǵȼü֮
ϰ˰绹Ҫǣ֪ʲôòˣĺþƣβصƣȻҪȵ˵ͷᣬ·ȽŴβУ

̨ǲ뿪̫ãվ䣬ҲԼӻ̫֮ûԵ£ŴʢĶձԻȥˡ
ʹҪգȴӲдصżºʹǩԼɹʹǵµײ½ȫ뿪
½˿֮·Խɹŵ̶֧ҲʢѰҵĻ
ȷʵЩ˿񣬵ܸǵĳС̶һ˵ķãɳڽϹ˰£ҵĻ֯ë̺
ݳƷܻӭЩ֯˿񣬻ЩͬƵë̺ҲһµĳҲö֪

պ̸⣬ƽҪȥũʳչ
й·ѾǵĶʯǶһվʲôҲ˵ʲôҲǺޱ
Ȼ׵ʱ򣬵ȻͬгũǻԸҹݵæµ
۵߼۵ġ
òװеʹˣƽҪȥ๤˳ȥ￴ѵռ֪ʶ
ŲУڸ࣬Ϊ˸ɻ֣붬֯ҪǽΪ˽ʡɱȡů̿裬ϹʱҲܿЩƽһڻؾ
̿ôܷڵë׷ɵķ֯أΪȼƷԱ߲˵Ĺʶ
һţƽ԰еĳӶһ飬޲þŸȸ֪ʶ
ԭֻǿƶһëɹҪٶĸӡ
ǻȥץʱ䣬һëס
вʹûжԼȥĬزѾ˵һë򣬵˵
˿ںһֱž޴гɳǧΪ˼ƥ˿˿ʱҲˡ
һƽʮæµһֱ˰µס
ڷӦʱѾпûȥǽ䳡ˣ֮ǰϰĺòܰӱԵҪ˻ȥˣΪѾࡣ
³еĹƸĸڻ̫ʮģּеĵڶ죬ó˾ĹԱһ
˾£ת½ҲѾϣƽָ죬ֿʼѧѧĿҵŲ
ϤĴݲУϤζһµĿҵǷ·ĽϾҪ֪ʶѼһ
ݶ࣬ѧ仹ɹģƽʮʮѰеļʸѾѧøֲͬ߷
Ūû̫ÿյʮղȵһ飬ԵΪɹ
ƽڻ̫Ĺ˼бԵʱԼжüҪˡ
̫Դ
Ҷʮֲ
ҲĲ˵ôһ䣬ƽȻѧҵʮִϻۣҵҲ츳˵ǡͯҲţ滹ǳƵһľġ
ƽͼٶѰһ飬ֿʣ
𣿡
̫ĬƬ̣
ȻģΪӲƭˡ
볤͵ûɣСĻġ
һ϶ƽ˵ʱֱڵˣĻ˹


105 
ɹŸëůЩʼ, ԴԴϵ彮ڸĹͣë, Ȳԭز
겻Ъ, ʢԭϣʢǽ˫ȡ裬˭һڵóʢ
о׻˵ĺ, Ĳľͬ⣬չëܸ׬Ǯ
ëԼģһĵĳɱ, ûҪҲˣ弴ֻüҲ׬ġ
ԭعϡҲʺⶫǿ, ˮܻȥƬԲ, ˴壬һʽ
ô, һ滹̫ԣڶܸѾЩ, ꣬ǲҲССĲһЩʱˣ
ɹŸʹ彻׵˲, , ȴǲû, 궼ǿ״̬
תѾǳˣ꣬ʹó꣬ëƷûǮ
ǮĶȥˣ
ǰ˼⣬կɣҲƣ
ôȥëôණһѩеʱ򶼲ЪţǮĶȥˣ
կɣűԼйϰеĲԡ
ǶˣǲҰҲ̳СӸòΪԼѿƶ֮λƶĻԹԹЩóðɣ
ԣկɣ
㲻ǻƽëӵ⣬ë̺⣬ķֳأ
ֵֹģͻȻѪҪЩʹ彻׵˲ᣬȻְԼйͷʡ
ϰͷԣȴ½ڲͳһƱȥ
ޣ
˲˵ڵӯ໹вһӣеƱȴɺдġһ
ϰ˸կɣԾɾˣһűֽƬҲţֻôǮ
ǺʹóױɹŲֻ꣬һȥƥƤӶֹۡ
կɣ˫ȴþû˵һ仰ϰĥһ㡣
կɣ£ԼҲҵطȻûͷһαһ
֪ɣƽȻӱĲǣһò
ɵɲ֪Ǹ˭ѧģկɣӵۣ
治˽ˣ
ϰԩ
˵ʲôǮﹻ˽̵ģҪǮأ
կɣϻʵǱýϰΣ
㿴ԼϴģٿõģϴǴӴë˵ᱡůͻˣҸ㱸һӣõ˿ƽ˿֯ģϹʽҲǴӴģʹ򣬶衣
˵կɣϴģ˵İ裬
ޱӶõıӳƽ͵ģϴļ׶׼ˣԼźãҪöޱˣǲҪǮȥ𣿡
ϰſڵˮ账ָ
ӣϴֲ߲ûԱ߲˶ˣ
ЩľѶϣľԺµ˶ûУһ߲󣬼Ҽҹɥ
˴壬ýС취βƽʱ˲ٵӣΪëҲʢѧ˲١
ϰԽ˵Խ÷
Һòײڲôһﶼ˻ؼϴַǰϴֵĺϰߣֲƾѵҪӴ𣿡
ϣ
ˮյڻղ̫Ĵƽ辶ճȴҪһ׾ƾ֪߰Ǯ
дõֽⱾ˲õֽԭǶʹƤֽֽȻЩܱƤ˶ˡ

ϰԽ˵ԽָĶ·˵˸顣
ŵӣ
ֱ޻ӣʲôɳģҲ˵ۣҪģһĲҪǮ
˵֪Ȼһ붼ǴӴģկɣƿԡ
⡭
ʲô⣬˵ôҲֻ˵˰ĴٿǲĶ
ϰկɣ˴ʣ·˼Ͽųͷ񣬲ԭûôĹأк࣬
̨Сá
կɣڷŵУֻһͷϰ΢ЦȤ
ֵܣؼȥ˳ԷʱСϱ񡣡
аͼϰ񳤼꣬򣬸ڶ߿һƬȻøԣʮࡣ
ϱֲ˵˻ز㲻񣬲˳⻰Ȥ
ϰ˵ͼЦһȴߣϰ
СʲôʱͷҺȣܵܣҪԼɼңѳͷԼֵˡ
ϰЦ
ҵʲô£ƴҵ㣬һһʮȥ򡣡
ͼлŲҴҵ뿪ɫѾȥûǰصϱ˵óóĲ
ϰıӰ
ҲˣǮȥũˣӴũ߷Ĳӣڼ񡣡
֮еҶˣ裬Ĳӵתëֳһ
СһΪ˿ƶߣȴԼ⻳ɣկɣӿ֮飬˵ʲôϰѹ
ȥЩл梁ͺ´ڣƵļͷ޹Щԭǲģڽϡ
㵽ֹϰû˵ȥկ
ɣҲѾˡ
һССѾҰģߵɹŲԭȻѾԲɵġ
Щսôܻͨ
ںƽϣ̫Ѿ御ˣЩƶڲԭϱĸǡ
⵽ΪֹϰŲԶֵļͯͻȻѯկɣ
ûʲôһ
ʲôһأ
ǵȷʵȼǰҪ࣬콥Ѿȼ𣬴̴ӸƮ
ǼӿŶͣŸɾǾһǹʱڿ¼ڣֱıļ档
ʲôһǡǸʱһеĺӶ档
ôЩʹЩĺӣ
կɣԥ
ѵǡƶ⼸꺢ӱˣ
ϰ񣺡
ӹúˣӷˣʲô
կɣˣ̾˿
Щ굱˦ƹϰˣô¶֪ӳ¶ĺֻҪѧȥʢˣԿЩĺϳ档
ϰֱҲûʢѧƣѧ֪꣬ѧǺõģ
ƽʢ˲֪ѧã֮ۻң˵ǽʲôʩ̡ѧշѵߣͷĻڳסϣʣµǮ
˲дÿһʳ붼жˣĴӴ幺ֵĹҵƷƷȥ˴ʵ룬ЩëĸóзֵõһǮҲûýԼĿڴ
ϰЩϸկɣ
ëȷʵ׬Ҳ׬ܴӲûоӪķֳ󣬱ɹŲ䶼Ǯ¶
ëڿƶչȻȥȥ˷ѣõȫ黹ӯ಻һѾϰеˡ
ŲפһȦӵϸͻȻŴǰĿûõƶߵõˣܹһõ¡
կɣŲΪ˺ӵѧҵΪţֲֳִݵͻȻСӺһֱĳƸʺ֮
ܾԼ岻ã²̳˵λӡ
ϰļ
Ҷˡ
۶ô죬ڸǰҲֻǸСӣϰһͷȥ
֪ͺã
կɣļ򣬵һչġ˼ĶԻ
Ҷܲڰ鳤֮󣬰ﰢػƶߣ
һӦ⻰̫ϰü
Լܣҿûգķ񣬹һҪȥʢܲƽЩͶʵĲҵøЩǮȥҳ졣
װɵ㶵ıµһկɣЦЦû˵ʲô


ɹŸëǮİѼ죬Ѽëë׷ȥɻȥʼҵӦƸǮ·ӶҲǮ
ˣɹˣİնǮΨи̨͹ûǮ
ƽó˾˵⼸Ľˣһ߸˵Լ׼ģʱЦ۾
ȻºͬƵó˾Աǵ
ôŰ죡


106 
¿ƾʼڳ, Ǵ˲ڼңƽƴʱ
̫ҰĲֹڹ֮ⷽأ, ũҲѾĴ, óõĲƸµԸṩ˵
ǰĶԿѾʼԼöʺͶΪȷ棬ʲݳǡ
λڴ, ڴ˴פ˽ݳͬǵϵͬʱҲΪ˹ǵǰء
ҵ뿪ʢפأΧݣһ, ѾΧһ³ǡ
˳꣬ΧӪݺΧˮйͨǶϾվá
̫Զս, º󲿷ֵʱ䶼ڽǰߣսҪ쳣, δκһ˼еս춼ȥǰߡ
ʢ޽, Ψرǰս²ػش, ǰԶúܣʢһɷɡ
λʦȥս, ƽѧ, ȥԳԼϰ, ʯͷҲᷳˡ
ᷳ˱ҪЩ˼ķ񣬻ǵȱǮʱ롣
ţʢйŹţŸʽԺѧдŶƽ顣
ʽʽѧڳǰ½ɣһʽѧѧѧõѧӦʱˡ
˵ɾ͸ɣƽںſͣסŲӲŤתһֵĴȥˡ

ѾòҪϳˣ񲻶࣬Ҳģ׻޷Ҳ벻ʫƲ裬׵Ҳ࿴ᣬҲֻÿȥ˰署ѧЩ˼
ʮûֵ˰Ͽεĵ죬ĳ̼ӭ˿ˡ
ڼ߶˰Լӻ࣬߶
ƽ𣬻ʱ»˿Ӷʱ˵ģӸָĻζһݺĽȻТʦĸڿ졣
ǿЩĳڳӸλû̫ĳţҪʲô򲻵˰ģʵ
·ƽѾˣ˰ͻ˻죬ŷ
߸ƽſԵңңһ䡰ڼҽˣתѾ˴á
ĳӭ˶ѧӰݰ˰磬ֱӣƽ˷ܵŷĳߣ
ͻȻЩ£ȥ鷿˵
ϰŷĵģĳ̰ѵƽķƣ
˰糢׾ģӺҬǡ
ǳתˣӴ½ϱ߳صߣϧ½·ͨȻԺ½˵ĸЩ
ҬҬضܴţֻҪúñ棬һĲỵ
ȣ鷿ıһˮŷȣųЩ÷硣
ƽҪͣԶԶһŮ
˰ĵģģѾˣʦĸµˡ
ĳ̣
ˡ
һʱԣƽЦ
ʳУѸղŷĳƵƽߵĵƻǰȻƽǰӡ
һңŵˮֻƽǰĳûС
ĳ̻û˵ʲôֵ
Ҿһˣô˸ʲôٳһֺη
ĳ̣
ԩôˣɷһҲû˵ѽ
ƽûң
ǾǣôܸСԵأлʦĸ
˰磬ԡ
˽ƽķƣЦеһ˫ۣȴ֣
˰²ʱӦҵʱԷҲôҪ̸ɣҾͲˡ
˵⻰ȥ磬ʳƮȻȥֻʣƽķĳԾЦͣ
ĳҲΣ
˰ĪЦˣĺϲƣôһҾʧˡ
GԲӣƽҡһָʦĸΪϲϲҡ
Լĺϲ˶һ֪ɫҲҪµʱɲΪҪ棬ƽԼ๫ӵ̫ˣԲҪҴҵĽЩĶ졣
ϾԼһԹģĳ̿Ծû̫ףûҪˡ
ƽĺһ
ѽĽôãȻʦĸҳˣǻǵð죬ҡ
ĳȻ԰˰緽˵Ļϰߣ˰Ѿʮϰˡ
Σ
ȻΪ
һ˵˰ĵӣ⺢ӷˣڶŻɺƽۣʼ˼ЩӵĿԣȻԸڣѾʼΰ˰µĵˣЩܸһЩõĸı䡣
ƽ۾
񺹰ս⣬ż٣񲿵˿Уǲǵʽѧã
ĳ̵Ȼǵã˰翪ԺջѧãҹУһȳ
˵ʵ²˶ó徭ԣʫ£ЩȫҲֻһ棬Щѡ˲ţܻһʵߡ
оͷԣȴѧʫ£óѧȴ徭һʵֵּķʽк֣ܶһҪ״Ԫ
ǵȳĵһƣ֮ʱƽûҪʽѧãֿơ
Ŀߴͳƾ٣Ȼѧ徭ƶԿڹѧģͼȡ
ó⾭̵ģѧ˺ϸֱ֮˰ͳܵó˾óѧϰĽ񲿵롭
֮˰Ŀںǣȫķѡγ˲š
ЩѧгѧһһΪ˰ĹʵҪ̫˲ˣ񲿿һ;츳±ѧɡ
ѧһһԶûп꿪˿ƾ٣ȥָÿˡ
Ǳڶ£⺮䣬ԣ»ᶳ˾ǣ⿼ԵʱһƵġ
ϾĿƾٶʮ壬ǴҲȻ¿Ϊ̫ս⣬޴࣬㵢ˡ
ĳ̽ʣ
˼ǣƾ٣
ƽͷ
£·ݸõʱˣܾûǰ֪ͨȥҪһ¡
Ӧȥ񲿵ͬͨںƽλһ£̫衣
ƾ֮ӦӦ֣ĳ̾ôӦûô򵥣ȻƽñֽϹճһ֣ƹ
ȻЦý
ʱҲ˳ұһ£
ѧʱ򣬼Ǹϵһѧϰ뵡ڣȻкܶѧĴǣߴͳƾ֮ǻʲô
ƽٰ㱣֤󣬿ԼЩƹũ·ѧӲġ
˵һ˵㻰ܽЩѧǵĭӸˡ
ĳ֪æ˰ҲԼȥ̫취ӲΪԸǣ̫࣬Ӣۡ
αأⲻڶˣʽѧõĿǿ˰Ӳĥģ䲻֪ѵǻ
̫ôɵ¿ڣЩһ䶼ûиѵΪ˶ʶ֣
»Ű˰ɡ
˵ջѧúҹУĿѾ˾̫̾ĶˣԭʽѧǱģǶ俪Ѿ㹻ˣҪѭ򽥽һһһڳԲɸӡ
һº֪ô£˰ĳһգ̫ȻϴӦˣıʵ˾档
еԭ˰綼˵ֻ˵̫⼸ݣЩ簮ĳ̶ˣȥʦ֪ʲôĴ
ʱһҿοɫ֪ǲجΣεʲôõģʱϧ
ô˵ȻӦܹǺ£֮£Ǻϸ÷ǡ
ĳ̵ͷ
ʱһһ˰ġ
ƽЦ۾ǰıҶ˸ĳڣ
ұѧǶл


107 
ѧ¿
ûС
ѧһԹ, Զٿ
ҲûС
Ȼʦ˵Ĵѧ˵Ļѻһ֮ǰҲû˻, 궼֯ˣ˲Ŀɾûвˡ
£ƾϢ, ѱƳ, ʢͷβ˴ֲ, ʹſϢÿһ䡣
˰ԣѾûר˺Щֲǰ, һһˡ
˶ϹҹУ, Ҽһһʶֵ, ʹ²ߣһҲ϶
֮ûЩʽѧãֻһЩ˽ӣⲼ˽ķǿģ͢, ƾٿ, ʧ³ս
ʢĹԺ͸ʽʽѧ, ʵ̫ΪΪҪǸѧס⣬ʵڰŲ, ʢĶһѧǡ
ǵ, ѧѧҪѧ, , ѡ, ѧϱ, ѧΪԣܽһ׶εѧϰ
һչֳǿ츳ģֱѧԺ
ִ塢ƴͳı֮£ѧѧ֮䣬Իһ䡰ͬѧ
˵ѧõ˴󲿷ֶһѧģҲٲи⣬Ծˣ塣
ңˡ죬伫׷Ħͻһѧù֮ʱȱһ˷
ھм˽ʿ裬Щѧδҵѧгʲôʧʵǵòʧ
ƽķֻǽ¿˵淢ٲҲ١
һѧ併͵˰꣬СӣںϹץСǺ׵ľܴһƬ
Щʮ嶯Դɣƽв£Ҳ˸Ρ
˰ԭܶŹķԱ䳡رսƾ٣ֱӱս٣һһࡣ
ڴֻһأƽⰲݵġ
ûκγͷҲûȥѧѧ˶֪ǰ˸ùĸڰӸλɹӣǳк֮ӡ
Ҳûκܵͱȥ˸䳡һʱҲûж
Եһİ˺ԶԶǽһƬïֶ
ԺѧһƬѰг·ײҪҾǸ˽ѧвԶѾƾò⡣

ѧͳһʽ¥һһ꼶ͳѧúѧøѧ̿ѧøһһãȽ˾
⻹ͳѧõѧһƬɰ峿飬ѧõѧ䱸ʵأֳĿǰֻһһ¥
ѧס޵®һƬɺζͬʳշѵ·ѵԡأīֽĵ̡
ƽ껹ûôУѧǵǮӹһָ̣ʨӴ󿪿ڣųʮ룬һۡ
ѧǡʱֻǼۺһĽѧ࣬ӣ½½ָҲѧΧٲȻѾһ΢ͳˡ
ѧǡ롰ѧɡͬԢ⼫ã֪˭֣̱ѧм
˷ƣϢһѧǣɸѧ꼶ڰ༶ſŴֲ档
ͯʲôУǲδϸƿӦ꼶ѧ߿ͨʱԲֻҪ꼶ĸɡ
ԸӦɸͳʵϸûѧѡأ꼶ѧ³
δӦǰѧǰ꼶Ŀγѧ꣬ӦУټŬꡣ
һǰǰǾ꣬ƽЩʱʱ룬ͦɣȻͺľˡ
οԽƽȡһ£һ󿼣СĴλᡣ
ԲУѧҲ㲻ЩˣÿѧֻԵĽЩѧѺͲѣһӣΨгԷԸס޶Ǯ
άתҪǮѧջǮˮôһѧǻȻЩ̯λѺ˰ҲֻǱˮнƽڲ֪˶ԭôǮ
ĳ̫ƾ٣ƽԼ֣ҲȥˣȥҪǮġ
عƣӦѧӦһǧءӡӡͳһװȣǺôһʿ
ƽڵʽڸҵ֮תһʱҪóһʼǮЩѾ̫ڣǴһʡ
ĳ̵ȷΪ˽ʡƽĽǮźͺ̫Ļһͬ
źּƽץͷ˰ޣдҳֽһŷ⡣
ƽǲæ˸װţȻŷôᣬôҲװҳֽӡ
˺ͷ⣬ƽһ֪ɻǲɣûֻŷ澹Ȼֻһֽ
̫Ļһ仰ǮȥҪԿϡ
˵һͬģҲһͬյģԼĻֻһ仰Ƕأ
ƽ̧ͷȥϵŷ⡣
Ѻһָֽ䣬ΪдʲôЩԥ֪ҪҪݸƽҲֱһ첻Ķڰա
ƽĸȻѾˣ˸ǴǸӣǸʮֺãѧĺӡ
һĿʮеؿ˼ҳûп꣬ǰ涼˵սµģƫ»Щٶ˵ݡ
ǰϵݸƽ᲻̻ҲۣҪԼֲ˼ġ
εԴƽ
6
ֽôҲʮҳ˵Ĳô
ƽǿᣬ
˽ԿǲҽЩǮá
ʴģ
Բ
ݺû̫һʣ

ӦԵѧһǧٰʮһɼռɣӵռķ֮ʣ߳ɶǺˡ
ӵܶлּ̫ģЩɹžٵöࡣ
˴Ӧɹſ󲿷԰ɹźͿƶߣֻǼλɹŲĹӵܡ
ƽûôģƬɹŲԭϺӶܼѵĶ飬ǮͳĻҪԲԴĹ׺ҳϻġ
ĳ̳ȥȻǵĻȥգȴͬһģ̫һڽսʢܷġ
ƽһڵЩ͹ͷʹˣصĳ˼зʲô
ⲻǳСˣֿʼԼĳһףûߥޣôͻȻҪƾ٣
ڳУܸԼҵٺòǻ̫ûôԥɰԵһ׼֡
ĳ̲ҵһʱ㽫Ϣ֪ƽ
˷ֵУĳȥԺƽ༸λƽֱ񲿣Ϣ
񲿹£ֵʱӺϢһȺ
岿ƽʵйЩµӣΪѧõ£졣
ƽ͵ڹſڵʯͷʨԱߣԶԶӰ̸߸˵ӭȥ
磬ˣ
̫·Ȩ񲿶ʱͷöæϴοʱء
񲿳δڻڵóӶˣԸѾǰսȥѪƴɱҲԸ񲿹𰲰ȵţЦصİ˰¸¸ôԡ
ԭΪ̫ʢûʲôҲؽӴⷪʹѧõ¼ǰ˰ѾͼλһͬҲġ
ֻҪ΢һ³йԱ͹ǵΪǹ淶Щһֻ۱һֻҲ͹ȥˡ
껹ţʦسҲûףسﱸеʱ˭뵽˰粻Բıô
ƽó˾ĳó˾ĩҲǿǿְͬ
ȻûйٽиõĿɽƽƽԿһ㡣
ûϵƽŽﰲοԼԿǸ˵ʱ

˰磬ԼģԿ
һ硱ĴʵҲ̫ˣĬϢȽԼҪ˰繲µʵ
ʹı˱۾·ҪȥӢ¾㣬
ʲôҪ׼ģгϸȥš
ƽ̴ӻǰдõĵӣ
ȣҪһǧ߰٣Ŷһǧ˰ٷ
Ծ
ǵĻֻʮԾ²ٶӡһٷҲãܸЩǷַ֣ѲʱҲ̫ġ
һǧ˰ٷԾ
ܿʱⶼ⡣
ͷƽ
ȻҪͬĿͬһֳͬ򡣡
Ϊˣһǧ߰ȥ׼ô࿼Եķ䣿
ͣ
˰ԴǹԺʼֻһǧ俼Ѿʮֿԣˣƾʱ෿ôҪ˶䣿
ƽͣ
һԭɷֿԵģеԱҪͬӦ˲Ͷ
ѧУǳƽｨ֮ѧ˽ˣ飬
Ȼȿƾ٣ȴϢգȻʽѧٿ
Ծǿԣһȿһ˺ʵǸ̬οӦʽѧõѧǣһпƾͬͳƾһʳԡ
ƽܾ
ǲУþŵĸопԣǿԷΧŨÿ˶ᵽͬĸо
һµʱ䣬ԺҲü
ȻҲͬĵطǾǹԺ޷׼תʹЭͬĿȥĥöá

ǲԺֻһ̤˰ĻӰˡ
˰翴ź˵ʵúŪһҪ˦ƹֻ׳ʼ˼·ͼƻҪϲĳɹʵࡣ
ˣԲסˡ
ԾͳضˣĶ飬ʲô·ƣͳһʽıīֽ⣬ֻҪǮλܿ͸ûϵˡ
ƽҡͷ˳е嵥Ƹ
ûˣ໹һЩСҶдˣࡣ

ƾԺѧʿϣѡʱǰߣɻ̫Թȷϣٻܷͻʢ
յԾȷϣɹͣǰׯ룬ȷƾⲻκй¶
ӡˢֵĹԱСӡȫҲ񲿹ÿպΣʳסжרź򣬵Ѿ²ټˡ
ͳһˣԺβ׶ΣԼලǰս£ݲѸһҲ벻
ǳ󱻷հ£޷չʶ¿ƾٵƽ͹Ĳͬ顣
ǰȡݣŽȥׯѾſڡ
ĿλƽֱԼ˹Ժĵ
ҲߣǰˣҲκ͸ģҷģʱһҪſ֣
⡭˱ӵĹػǰ˰ģƽҪˣǻû취
ΧſһĪչ֮ʱ̽ͷҲƽ˵
ǰ˰һзִģο⹱ԺҲӴˣİɡ
˰ֵĥȥ˲ǮҪ¿ƾٵĿĥòᡣ
òл뿪˰磬Ͳƽһȥׯٸ˰һذ£Ҫˡ

Ϊ룬ҲΪ˷ֹдףοʱ·ͳһʽͳƾǶɫۣƾǳɫǳеĹ¸Ƴġ
ɫǳʺϰµҲϼãһͬ
·ǰջڹԺſڷţ˳˶ԿȸϢŵĺԼ棬ȵʱƾݡ
ѧõ®벻ԶԻȥסµʱҲڸЩջ
֪еĿջΣ⼸սֱߵС̯ʳ϶Ǯ
ƽó˾ǰձЩۣԴγãʳʳʵģʳƷȫֱ
ּգӭ˿ƾ١
Ϊ٣ϽƾٵĿĿΪ٣һлͣΪ˱Ӷٳš
ο࣬ƾٵѲҲٴ¸ߣԺĳ̵ѲѲ뿼ﵽʮһ
ջѧõһ콲ζ߶µ˹ʷԺڰƽޡũ顷飬ǸȥҲץѲˡ
ǰһؽԺѾʮƽʤʦ
ƽдﴺͲͷһ棬ӹǽһң״̬Ǻõòٺá
ʱƳԺųһ˫ڷŹ⣬̷˹ȥ
һϷɣ
ĳ̡ҡĿ
Ǿ˵ô⼸ϿζҲˣƾ¶࣬æ͵ȥ˰署ѧȴն˿գԭѾǰؽԺˡ
ǡ֣˾֮С
ڡǡ̧ͷһͥԺï˰տҲȴﻹ˵Ӱӣ
ǷŴųʱĿмɫӰһǶɰ˰ﻵˡ
ǵƽʱǰǽˣ°˰Ҳûˡ
һѳ룬
ϷͲˣ˰ҵ࣬ŽջϾΰɣ
ƽ

̧ͷѾĺĹԺţٿϱŵĴСжʱðһʡҹѡ
һֽң̽ڣ
һ·æȺú¶æңҾȲˣ
ĳ΢Цڣ
л˰£ҹѾ񣬳Ȳۡ
Ŀ
˰
֪Ķ
һ飬Ѿаں˽ѧļƣ
˵ѧϰҪϵʵʸ⣬ǽվͽƾٲ۰ɡ
ţ˶ڣƽһپ


108 
ʮ, ƾٿʽʼ
ʱǰ˰綨ģԻŵĿԹٸ·ץؼңʮ廹üؼԲ
ƾͬտ, Ϊͬͳƾֿ, ֳ¿ƾ١
ʱ̿ʼ, ʳС̯ø, Ѿ˵ڹԺſڡ
ڴŶԾųӣѼ, Ժƺ½
ƽŹԺŵſΪ˽Ŀ, ӶѾ̽˳ȥֻʣֻŻڹԺ
˸ֽͲ, ɤָ˼ҸѲ,
ѲϸЩ, ؼЬñӽŵװ壬֫ҲǸ, Ȼϸ飬ͷ˼ô, ιţ
ȺʱôЦƽҲЦѧɫ̫ÿ, ôһҲЩסˡ
ſڼַк, Ǹѧ̤ż, Աߵ˵,
ǿƾٵĹأǲϣԺģһǸ㻻һݣټӸȣ
ᣬԼĴѾ˹Ժż̲סͷ
ǿԭװһɫİ˰ƫͷĳգգۣ
֪꣬͸һ̼ȣ˶˲֡
Ծɺᣬֻ֮һղСܡ
˰Ӧʮ꣬Щ˽֪˰Ǻ;谮һʢ
Ŵţ˫۾Ư
ҰԶĲ˰Ļһݸôһ仰Ҳ㹻ˡ
ڰ˰ԣֻһСĲȴþõʻıӰ
ƽѾתȥֽͲָָ㣬
׵ĳû鵽ӻüСˣдֵҲȥϴˣԱ߾ˮףʱڸĵҼ̡
Ҹ˵дֶסģһͻˣһƬڣһ۾ܿ˭ףЩ˼
ֽͲõð죬
Ӧסһף֮ǰһй겻ٿѧҲҪѧģ
˰ǰ߶߶ôһѣȺŵķΧ类嵭֪˭Ӧͣһǻҷ˵֪ˡ
֪ʲôǾ֪ˣ
ƽֽͲǰˣЦ
ƾٵڶ¿ƾŵ·ɫ˶࣬Ҵ˵ط
ѧѧǶ԰˰ҲϤϾƽʱȥӲ죬ǷԼҲܲϼԺѧʿĿΡ
аֵѧӸЦ
ϲ·ɫô죿
ϲã
ƽüװŭҲЦ
ϲõĲ·˻ң·ùģҶ
ûǮ
Ⱥ𣬶ʱЦһƬ
ƽĵüֱĸ
ʱҹʼ󲻵뿪ԵĺŷԺȻס
Уȣ˾ͱˣίԼԻ˶Ӱ쿼ԣԺµģʲô¶Ѳ٣ڳԼ

޲ðҪעЩԴ˵ԼԼ¡
ʱĩпڽϣڵǰպ˳վãȴһε˶ԡ
ƽŲ͹ˮ˵˰Ϳڸʵˣںٵ̫ʦûӡ
ϵױһƣ
˰磬
ƽһȴ֣˶Լڵϣȹʣ
ڹ𣿡
ϯض˭̵ĺǣ
Ҹһߡ
볡ֻ˰ʱȵ䶨̫Ѿڿա
ƣյգƹ⻪ѷ˫ĿܱӣĿƾʽʼǻصԵĸӼȴ
ʱ룬졣
ʱҹΪ˱κ׿ܣǻ˵Ǵ׻ʫʽƽҲزˣձڼλѲٺתơ
ˬٲԺп󾲼һƬ
·춼֪⼸Ҫչѧǣ㣬꣬ΩԺľ֦ҶҡΣɳɳ

ʮʱ죬ͣʣѲٰǰֺõȡ
ƾûʲô̫ˣŵɫҰ׷·ϾҪεƽˮˡ
ҹЩѧľƣŷխټΪķ񣬳ʱЩ˱ûʱǰˣ·һĶ˾
ƽվڿԹٵĹ̨һ㣬Ȼֽһȣ
վǰʮˣǰף󸹬۹𣬽ҵץʱ䷵Բ³һŰֵǿټ
Ҫ˵ģЩ۵ùǺѧǸû
󸹬۹𣬽ֵǿջǸưҲſźһлףԺʱ
ƽһֱĿ͵һ뿪ԺȻλǵҲȳˡ
ļѾӺ˹ԺŻҪգҲùԾȡ
ƽ㲻ˣԼؽԺʱ˭Ҳûüǰ֪ᣬһǰ£ܸøϿع¹ȥƽˡ

ʢǵİȻǺʱһ֣ؽֽҹֵƻ磬ʱ׽ûֻʱҲӦһɡ
ʿһʳУһͷС̯ǰ
򿪣ڵİһӿ³ʳ
ζİռ˵ǻ
Ķļûеģɫûа澫ϸ۸Ҳˣȴɢһ㣬ϸϸлظʣܱ
ǡҲֺʳҲûм˰ɣũҲͲ壬Ҳͻά̫ƽıٹӲдꡣ
ΧС̯ԱߵʳѾ½뿪ʿȴûع
ƾٽֶǸտѧһƬ̣ﻹʣͷ̯һɫ̴˻ϻӡ
һ˵˵ԼеҲڳѧж飬гһҲһȥԺӦƣһֽͷ˵ǿ࣬ȥԣҪǮ
һͷǮʲôĶ˵˵ˣȴѾ̯һͷë
ȣֻһʱЩпʿӰǮӣ
л̯ƾٲѣһҲоӦġ
ӦĶЩүλվͻ볯һ仰ͷ̯üЦƾŲǮ
ʿƴǲֻôһص˿ջ
ûϴ裬ʿȽˮúϴ˸裬ȻĿջԵԼѾִֵ
ͷЩӲȲ֪ô±ģȴҲȣһζζܺá
ǰ˰ģΪ˲Ǹιͷûõ˰ŵĴȣǵõһ׸⡣
ǰ˰˵ƾٲĵĹ涨ǲʳȣʳ嵭ԱⲻҪ鷳
ӱ׷ݸһʳУһŨͳུð˿ġ±ȡ
˵죬˰˵ĳȴղס


109 
ƽع, һ糣ŷ
ŵǼʱ͸ϵͳ죬ͻȻӦǳ꣬ʷްһꡣ
ʷϵĺϾ޽ʢ, û̫ʢ, ȴֻں˶̶̼, ްš
ʱϱ߽еݱɽ֮սǱһֱڸ, ̫ƫ˸ڽɽ֤
ʤѶȻ˧ȴͻȻطִʧϽ
ʮգʢصϢ, ̫ҹⶨսǧڶ֮ǰҹطʢ, ƥսȻûܼһ棬ʵ˶
岻, ʷлйҪļأƶߵĳ, Ψʮʱ㷼źޣ, ֻǲ֪Ƿŵİ˰йء
֮, ƽԾ޿⡣

ĸϬʱվڹ¹ſ, ӹת, ңң֡
ƽչһõЦ, ܹĹн´һȦ
ţɫͷںڣ֮ͬǰްֲӦʮֿġ
ܹˮһˣ
밲⼸Ϣȫޣˡ
ҲϢȫޣϾвغʹﴺ㱨޾ϸΪģӴ˹ܲ˵ġ
ܸøЩѵȻСθһԵľͶ˰£´ξ͸޷͵Ÿ
ӣڣһָָָԱߣ
ˣվԶЩ
ⲻܣڹԺôʱÿղϴ壬·Ҳÿ춼ỻôأ
Ϊƽͷִܵ·ԼԼ˻ɣ
Ȱնϴġ
鴽ЦݱſЦѾ۾
Ӧƽίգգۣ
ƭң
ôղҲѧأ
ȻǺŪģĸ׵ôԼĺӳأ
Ĺĵ֣
ˣһѶȫޣˣ
Ȼģ֪Լƽ̸߸˵ȥ
ٺ٣ϲˣⲻʵû취û˱ţһΣ²Ϊ´һȸ߶
ںСβͣ
ͬ㽲Щѧǰɣ⼸һֱڹԺȤ£ǿɺ

֮͢ʣƾ¼ȡǺܸߡ
ƾӦһǧٰʮһдͳƾٿһǧʮȡǰһ¿ƾٿʮ١
ľٷڹԺãΨɲŵóշЪѡ֮פѺˣɽǰߣĻ̫ײá
Ű
ƽҲȥˣ˳࣬йԺ࣬ɷĳдʷԳɣֶ
ԺſͷܶѧԾɴӦյ֮ɫμ
»˴⣬ɽȻˣǰ˾þòԸ뿪˼ȥֻ̿֡
һϲһǶתҲһϦ֮䣬ƽѧ̬Ȼֲɣ֮С
뿪֮ʱƽ·һƳͻȻһˡ
ϿϲǣƺҲżǰȥң
ƽ̽ͷȥЦ
״Ԫɣ㲻ͬͬѧףôԼһˣ
ĿǰûеԣʿһͷΪ״Ԫ
ԱýѧתͷƺҪ״Ԫɵǳ˸ʲôӡ
ѧǵͬʶҲܻ죬֮ƺƾðģʹһʶ˾ǴӦ
֪״Ԫ˳費ѾǰѾƽǿƵᡣ
ƽ˵
ϲԼ֮ʼһ֮컯㲻ͬΨԸ£費޼ڳá
Ŷ
״ԪɽۣͦȻĻˣƽƬ̣
Ȼ״Ԫɵţҽֶһʮźˡ
Ż٩٩̸¿״ԪĬƬ̣ڱĸ֣
ûͬ硣
ûͬ磬ûһȥףԭˡ
ټ⣬ƽڴԴֺǹ٩Ϻúý˼ҵ
ֶһʮѧôõʦλԺѧʿҲȥѧȻûй㡣
Ҳʮ꺮ʿѧĻһһϦܸı֮ۡ
⵽ײǸոտʼ٣վвԭ֮ص̷
ʿ΢΢ǣ
Ҷѣ׳ˡ
װƽĿϣҲгһղ˵״ԪҲɡȻеģͳˬ

״Ԫ̸ϧջڴ˴ˡ
Լ˹ļλ¿ƾȡЩ˵ȥЩģȥ
ƽδ
֪״Ԫɵ֣
ǲǵã˼ҵĿƶǵãôǲסأ
ֻܾһ»ԵЩʳСʲôġ

ѧֶһʮţɶ̨ʮ꣬˳ĺˡ
ǰȻһ˲°ݣ
󡣡
ǰһֱԴôһͣٱԡ
ֻ࣬ƽ⳶˳ǣһȤһ棬
Ĳɸ߻±ޱ֮򣬵Щˡ
Ծˣλ״ԪĲȻ¼֣˹ɼΪѵõȴûӭ⣬ȲֽϣҲ̫ʵۣλ޲ڡ
˹⣬ű˾棬ִΣУѭ浸ſѡΪףƽķڷ
󲢲ԣվɰأͦΣƺ
ҡƺѧǿʱߺƾҲԶˣƽһЦ
s֮أίˣδӦԺΨоԱ
ʿĬ
ǰУȷǵѾȫܱڸǣƿĽ
λ״Ԫдпϲ鸽ˣȷʵںݣūſܾﲻ̫ԣ볡ʱϸҲΪˣĪ̫ˣСΪϡ
С
Ǳ߻ܷЩߣȻǺˣ˳ܻӣҪټȥ𣿡
ƽ۾ָû
ٲˣɽʹ˾̨ϡ

ԶȥʿԾɾþõԶȥķá
ѡ˰ԭܼ򵥣
۾ӳƽ
˵˾ÿЦһʮĺӣǵһ̶̵ֻͣ棬һЩССݣȻ
ǵģʿһ·ӹڹԽ߳ս·һ˲̤ʢգ·Ȼ
˭ܼǵԭ֮סҰ壿
ʳƣƣ
ҹӣѧţʢ٣ɼһߡ
ũʮ꣬˷վѹƲܣңƣܳɾȹξͬˮѾΣλԲ
սнгȡʿе֮ڲ֮У޹ֺʢ
ӣͲͯգǻѷôβƿأѰһ컯


110 
ƾȡԱܿ챨ȥɽǰ, ̫ս֣Ͼڳеڣʲݵһġ׼ֱ㼸ռ˰ۡ
Ǻ־дڼ, Եò, ں油һС֣ȽŹ֮, 鼴ɣ֮
ƽо, ԼǣȫȨҲң
ְ˹ԱȥͻҲ¿ƾѡʮ˹Ϸϡ
ƽ״ԪɲСľһ㣬ԾһԾƾԼ˵˲ǽǡ
Ա, Ȼƽݣ⼸곣ϲڼʵµѾλ
һλƽ, ƽӦ˵ԱͬίΡ
ȵ˼ǣѧȻѡ, , ѧõٳ²ܺܺõӦҪĥ
ƽҲô, ¿ƾһλʮĽʿ, ΪǰСһ¡
ʱ򲻵ò츳ŬΪҪ, ˱, ƾлһλʮ, վһ
ҲûͲο䣬Ͼ˭뵽Ѹ׼ʮѧĿǰѧˡ
ȻܾͯϣͯԽԽãʮͯҪ𣬼ֻǸ飬ͬҲܲ˰
ƽ
ʮµԺһѧǳְ֮
ãλ⡣
ͳƾǱ⵹ǲѧǴѾڣοķ߱͸ȥԺ
ƽҪߵҪǸʮͯС볯㣬ȥʷԺá
ʷԺ̺ʺͯѧ֪ʶĺһ٣պɾͲ
˳¿ƾٱд̲ģھ飬һá
ƽ͹ǰϷֺõ༸ʮλ¿ƾٽʿɲְλˡ
һֱȱˣѧǶȱ϶ȥĥġ
ó˾Ҫչó׸벻ˣɹŲԭҲŹ̻ó׸ǹģ¡οպйشпΪ
ƽԼ̿ȡˣѹ˲ŵʱͬŹ
뻧ҲʶϧЯ֪Ŀǰȱ˵ľȶǵҪǾ㡣
ӶѾȥЩĵ¿״ԪĹˡ
ԺҪˣλѧʿλƽʦʷԺĴѧʿմӦԼշС
ƫһʣƽ˻ãͻȻ鸴ӡ
ϱ״ԪɾһƪΪ࣬˵ҲҪˡ
ԭû˵˼ó񲿳ְԡ

ڿüңҲ֪λ¿״ԪӦǸ֮ģҲŴ֡
Ǳ˱òɿݷɣĭĽߣ첲ӣ·һҪˣҩζŨ
ͻȻʼһ¶⣬
Ժĳ̣ڳмأȥǱ
Ժϣز֮Уд¼̫ˣ
ʷԺ֣˵ͣǸҲû񲿰ѳҰöôãԼǶϺ㻹ˣ

ǣͻȻ񲿰

ԭƽһ߿֣ζĿһͻȻƽ
סڳƿջ˰˵ˣ͵͵ȥ©вУ
ƽ⣬
˵ԼѾյ¿״Ԫݹ֦᲻ᱻ
-
ʮˣް۴
Ʈף֪ѩʲô紵ŷ£Ƭض̵òҰס
칬ǽɫǣǦѹס񷣬ɥӰ
ٴοϣأ̫ʱһϣһͻϮͷ
ŶķҵĿ֪ΪΣƬƺΪǣʹ֡
ֲʹֻǸоʲôעץסĶѾԽԽԶ
ѵμԼǰ
һеźѵĻһΣֲĻ
˲صϢʱɽսһеظϣͣһʱ̣ҹۡ
ʱؾʱôأ
Ҫȥ˵һ棬
Ǻ˺ѷε
ǵģ
ʲôû˼ȥ룬ûκʱȴʱΪãֻһεģصߡ
ƥΪʲôܵǲָûˣ
ս˲Ϣ䣬˧ԭ뿪ģ
ʱɽս֪ʷϻأ֪˻˵᲻˵ӣز֡
뵽ǵĳ뵽ҹӵĲ࣬Ҳ뵽Լԡ
սɣͿӵ£ٹ꣬սƽЪˣ°һȥǲԭ⡣
ʫ棬ɽҪͬ͡

е£Ψ¹
Ƿڵ
-
¹š
-
Ϊʲôܵȵأ
Ѿ˴ǰҹһ̲Һۣ
ֻһˡ
һȴҲֻǲһ
ǲһ̣ǲԺĳϦһӡ
ԼصĴϢҲϴŰɫ̻
ɥʹߣ̤ʯ·ϣ̶
һĶ죬ԭǲģھһĺÿǷӳ
İѾԶı۾䣬㲵ĲݣͿ֬Ҳڸǣü֮ƺһ㵭İ
֣۾Ծ˱
ԼҲܼһ˫۾ŮЦĻһ󺹡
СĺҲܻһ΢ĻӦ
̫ŻһѪ
-
جǻѵģֻէȻ֮䣬Ѿֲξʵ̫Լеʺ죬ѼѪʹСеĳˡ
Ѫ׵ˮɢòãһеĺۼѾΣɷŵļԾɾþõͷ
̫߳ѲҹʿؼײǰǽݳˣңгҲ֧š
ֻ꣬꣬ɽǺһƬ֮߳ض֮
ɽ⣬ޱ߳ӶԿŻѾȻп
Ҳ뿪ʣþõɫ񷡣
죬ҵָ
-
߸OO@@ģӦǳ׷ˣ̫۾³һ
ʢǱϢ𣿡
ϵôͻȻҪʢϢ
ͷԣֻŻ̫ͻȻѪļ٣
ʵʲôϢ¿ƽʿǵ裬ղþ
ǽ˰費ҪټЩӦϽ֮ս
Щ۶Ѿˣ̫
¹
һˣ
Ųղ䣬ǿȥЪϢūȥҽ
̫Ĭ
ˣѶǽҹ֮սԶãҪʢ
¹ĻǺյһͬ͹ģּȷʵǺɣԾҪԼȥһ۲ſϷġ
г뱻ΧݹԮ̰Ϊ壬ɽ֮սѳ֮˧ڴżλսֵҲʤ˵С
ҹⶨ֮սʮֻ̫һؾ


111 
ҹֵ, սӪѲӹһ˹ţ˵ȥһ, ½
ǴŵɫҴң˵, ֻ˵ܹܷԸǿȥλ졣
Ķ, ҹȥѵʲô飿
˿ҵ, Ჽʵķ, λеһġ
˴, ſŵĳΪƿ, ֻл̫һˣվƽģսɳ̺档
ѯʵǷʲô, ̫ʾǰ,
Ҫȥһˣ˳Ļ¾ܻط⼸ݴ˧, ı
ûŪ巢ʲô£Ѿݵǰ
Ҫ, ˾ǾȨǴ, ĳҲ˵Ǹ˽
ƽֻ, ı, Ҳֱֳ, , ȻñߵΪȡ
̫񽫱Լ, һΪʲôǰɽսΪҪ¡
ʱһʵ
ʢˣ
ض룬ʢ£Щ˽£Ҫȥһˡ
̫ļ
ʮĵλֵвŸɵģأξзѴ㣬޺ܷġ
һ˵ֻӦĵʱˡ
ȭл˻̫Σ˵ԼزУ̲סһ䣬
սҪ𣿡
̫Ĭˡ
Ѿֲֻ֪ܻȥԿһۣȷϺƽ£Ҳܷġ
ǿɽǰߣҲ֮ǰǰ㼯оһıսĹҸȥɡ
һʱžڲһʱʳ仰ʱ˹
ôôˣ˸ʲôˣ
챧ͷܽʣһǸմӴ·ûãϵĿббҲûü档
Ӧ𣬶챻ëˣҲԼЩĻ
ǣҵ˼˵˸磬ôǹǳʲôˣ
˴ƷŵηΧ̫ͬ˿
ã뿪⼸㸨ʮĸִƾסǰƣ½ݡ
æ¹ڱȭ񣬸ɴӦ
ǣ
ս벻ͳЭָӣѵõǶȴ³ç̫ЩۼɳֻõƽһȥǶˡ
ʵ۾²Ÿɣ粢֮мּǣֻûжء
ֵǰߣмöʰø˸̫Ҳɷˡ
ļλͳ춼ѾԶפصļλϲ̫ûٵȣǽ֮һµսƻ˵
ȻĴɻ󣬵
Ȼ֮սԹ滮εļ
ɳϱϾֻģ⣬ʵսĩˣ̫
ս˲Ϣ䣬뿪б仯ϸսս£ʱϱ
ҹǴ˯нƶ֮սǰ󲻹һʱǻˣ˧֮λԼ
ݴ˧ټĻʮƿ֮У˵ξȻ׵Ľиʵ벻
֪̫ͻȻôˣصԼӪл벻ͨⲽ˼⡣
쿴תƣ۾ˣ
ʲôҹ˽ҶˣûµĻҾˣȥ˯һʱ
УһҪȥȰһ»ϣ
Ǿòף
ʱɽ֮սȻռ˼ƣȻзɣΪ˧ôҪĹͷóȻؾأ
ȥôˣ
첻ΪȻ
ϼȻ˵ʢ£ʮҪܴ
οƽﶼǶһͳ˧ѵ˻̫
Ҳʱźˣֲͷһδ̣뿪Ҳûʲôİɣ
ȻУ
˿ûʶҪԣսͬСɣڹ֮սݵ˿и
֣
ʱ뿪ףʢ¿ԽǷαطҪȥأ
оԼﰵﰵʾ˰ҲûףۿҪȥһ̫ۡ
סε
磬ȥɣ
ѵûһҲҪȥ𣿡
һҲҪȥ
ȻС
ͻȻסŮ˽ҹ²ܻΪһ̸Ȼ֣
ⲻһ£սǶϷ
Ƕ첻ٵסӪʵſڣóλã
ȥɣȥҲ̫ų̿ĻӦѾгʮˡ
Ѿף̫סĴһƬ谵澲ĵģҲſڡ
аµʣֻվڣԾǿһˡ
챳Ƶĸ
˵˰ɣƼˡ
ü
֪
ĵͷ
һһɣƽǰһ䣬û뵽˵ˡ
һ䣬ռ˵һҳֽû˵̫ܻ뿪ǰߣֻ˵Ƕǡ
ԭҪǵĵط
Ʋ죬˧ӡǴ£ȥƽһɺˣҪǿá
̫Ѿˣ׷϶ҲѾ
پתѯʶ죬
壬Ϊʲôƽ˵˵
쿴ɵһ
Ȣƽĸ̷ǿǺֵܣ׽̶һ𣿡
򣺡
ȵȣǲﲻ̫Ծ
Ѳû˯ôоأ

еһз·ͬʵغϣǵñ뿪פһʱԾǻҹŸϵʢ
ʱʱ磬ŷһж峿͸һʵ⡣
ﲢˣȷʵǺµģ̫ķŶĳš
ûİɫֽǮûл̻̱ɥʹߣûɫǣԾͬ뿪ʱһ
˯ĺһ󼱴ٵѣƽһһ߹ιֱڵ
ȥ㲻Ҫˣ¹ס˽Ų
ûü˰ʲôƽѾȳڰ֣һȻӣ
˵ˣҶ
쾪ۣ

һ·ҶûŪףɶ
-

ոʱҴŵ£ֻͻȻǰһ㱻˻
û˭ϤϵϢӵѾ˼룬ֻ̧ס˵ļ
ڽǰ
ôһԵͻȻ
о⣬֪̫ûкúչԼΪͣûлطϢôһ˻صʢ
һĬӵױ䣬ŨζӲӲļе㲻᲻ƿ
һ£ֽѾ˵˼ҲվܵйƬ̡
ûƿ̫Լ뵽һµĿףֻԾɲϷſ֣һֻ§һֻ쵽ȥԼĿס
ֻǿ׷һֻôѵοָ΢Ĳⲻǽϵŵᡣ
ָϣָȡֻ֣Цһ߽ϵᣬһߴȤ
ɣһ·࣬ˣò㡣
ֲ嵽˭̫۾߳һ
ȵ⿪˿׵ᣬ̫ҵİЩµĶ˦ϣ§øҪ
Ҫͣȴ֧֧ᣬѻѻ˵̫ˣ
ңʲôҲûˡ
ṴŻ̫ĺ󾱰˴ϣûʲô
ЪһɣĶҲȥŴ󺹡
-
ƽɢѧص¹˯ȥ䳡һʱһʱȥó˾תһȦ˯
Ҳڵûг̫˯һһֱڴ
˺ʲôӦ˯ú죬ֻҪ΢ԶЩͻȻѣŪúʮΣֻðԼ˯
û
ʱôܼڻ̫ˣ˶ˡ
ƽڵڵ̽ȥһͷһָߣ
꣬㰢ˡ
ܲ
ҹûͣƥƽ°ںڹᣡ
ڶȥ鷿ѧ̫ˣѾȫңҪ뿪¹·ʱ˳һԴ
Ȼһ仰û˵ˡ
ƽ
⣿
ְܲ΢һӣ
һ糾꣬Ѫ˿
һˣΪ˿һ۱һᣬ˼ʱԭ·أƽġ


112 
ѾȷϹ鰲, ԾƵ̫һȥûټӰ
㲻֪һһ, ƽϸһⳡսʱ䣬־ȻѾˣⳡսĳ־öȸе, ΧȴϰΪ
ϱߵս¸ûӰ쵽ķΧַǷΪս⣬һдӼ
Ĺ̿Ӧ㣬֮һֱڿͣ, ˵ĺҲѾ, ǰڴսʤϢ
ʦسѾˣ΢Щů⣬ػ, Ѿһũʱڡ
ƽϵͳٿ˶԰, ҿʱ㲻̫Ծسʱʷǰ¡
ս˽ɽɽȵأɶķ߼Ѿȫ, ɽʣһ³Զ, £ϳĽսоͰгٵ, ʤ顣
̫, еһصʢǵ, ղǸѺͷ²һ뻹
ⳡսҲɹžӺͳʾӵԮ, Ϊףʤ, е칦ֵİ졣
ֹ˼ճвƽ, ǵҲص죬ƽԾȥ鷿ѧȥ鷿ЩԱǺͻ̫ȥ䳡ϰ
ƾսھеĵλҲˮǴߣλ۹˻ͳ죬ųơ޵һͼ³
˵ͷΣԾƽʦսĥݻʸ׺ƽЩٸЦˡ
⼸ƽˮƽѾ˳ĽѾڻ£л̫Ŵ׻ʮֲ
ƽ֮ϺŷӦģӪϣݴʦŴοҪλʱЩ
幭أζĹҲŸõ;һ츳Խλӱ
ƽǲ̫ںܿˮƽ޷ǾΧԣֻԸ䲻ᶯĲݰӡ
浽AҰŵκζﶼԴ˼Ǽ̫ˣʵǲ֡
ȻһʱʹˣԺҪѸʱ侫ͽǮҰʵǵòʧĲԸȥᶯİӡ
ݿУĳɹӦǿģƽ˿תͿһѳ/ǹ
֪˰ûлķѧȻС
ƽ
ͻȻоô£
Գ˰죬ƽڶȥ鷿ʱʹִʷ鶼ѾʱʱСӴƵƵĿ

޹ؽҪѹҲһ൱ӴĿοҪͬĺ̸ˣͬɹźͳ
̫ոջس͢иҲҪܽϱƽֻǿ϶ŵһ۶ýͷö
ɹźͳ
˶Ѿȥˣ⼸յȻѱȸջسʱ࣬Ȼ㲻ɣ̫ĵѾ͸˲ܻȥźҪټһࡣ
ʱƽСЦЦƽû˹˻һҲá
ĿӶƻϣ̫ԼҲ̾ˣôۣһ¶ɲãȥء
ԶҲͰˣߣȴһֻôʱô̵ס
룬̫·鷭Ķ֣
ƽ
Ƕѷű࣬ػ̶ȷֺõмЩ޹ؽҪķŽƽ
ƽ㿴࣬ҲʮˣЩиԱʦ̵Ҳ鷿˲ۣҲõΪǵʱˡ
ƽ
´ӵ
ȵȣʮնûƽܾԼʮꡣ
̫𣬳һССɽϣݳϿң
ó˾Լûȥ㡣
ƽ
ÿ˾ֱ˵
⼸ۣⶣµ˾дüЩ΢ôҪ¶ûȥ
̫ңСɽשߣ
񲿵Ҳﰢһͬ˰ɣй·¶ͬǰţС
ˣվһ̫ܴҳࡰûáۣƽϽСɽˡ

һرһţһ·٣ʷԺ·˶ٲ飬Լ±˶ٱũѧٱѧٱ׮׮޾ϸ
ǰˮΣճΡƽԽԽ꣬ѾȥôˣЩΪʲôҪ
ƽﶼЩڶʱĺȦ
ʱڹ¹ţ뵽Ҫȥ鷿Ҫüʱ飬̫ԸֲϷſ
һĲ˵һʲôſϲٶźרĳԷ
ƽû壬ƽе𺳡
ƽС
꣬㷽𣿡
ûУ
ǰ
Ϊά̫ڶǰȣʸڷϣ̫Լܳʵ
ƽ
ûϵ裬Ҽˡ
ֵĵһۣ̫ԼЦͦˣƽ˵Щʲô첽ĴҴҵ߽
շ˹˵²Ǳ߲̫ãɽ²Ǹܶһľʳ
¹ûˣûרŸڻ̫˵ŵĻ˶ˡ
ϵͻȻ仯ƽͺ鶼Щţ̫ȴЦˣ֮⣬
겻ӡ
ż
취ѽӲӵĵǿԹ˵ôȥ¹˾ûˣٺõĺҲˡ
⻰˵߯˼ƽûסЦһ
̫ƳһۣҲЦ
ĳǶȥˣǺȰ齵ʲô취
гɽսϱٿ׽˶ǿܹ֮齵嵱ȻǺãǷҪһڱʲô취
֮ˣ˫ڵжԵλãгڱȻӢ飬Ӱ
̫̾һ
ȥɣʮƶʹˣⲻҲûȰô
ʲôʮƣˣȥȰгĶûʮˣϸûôҪг齵
Ƿ˲Ҳ˵λܶ־ûпȥôᶨֻĿǰ÷ԣҵ취ء
ĳ˵˹齵дãȰǾȰΪã챻˵Ķѣǿʼҳ⣬
ʲôΪϼơơ˼ƲǶûʹ𣿡
Ͷˣƽͷװ࣬ʵתг˼ƣҰʷһֱֵĻ⡣
˵Тׯ̫Ůģ⣬ƣȰúг齵´һ
Ҳ˵ʷТׯ̫ĺĵûںг溺ǰԼĳ̶ȣûʵ۵ŮȥȰҲϹذ
ִŵĳԾԱ죬
˼ƣȥأһϲŮأ
뵽ҰʷƽҲŰǻ
Ǿǣһأ
̫ЦЦ
˭ˣ
֪ȥңǰһλɵһˣѾʮ꣬ԾЩ޳ߡ
һʱ죬
ūžò˫
˵棬ԼҲӦףԽԽС˫ס졣
̫Ц
޿ǲˡ
һûԣѵ͹ˣ˵һģš
⻰û˵̫ȴЩҡ˲˵ĵΣԸ⵱һ˵͡
̫Ϊһ֮ȻʺȥȰг룬һݼܱʾأֲôٷмء
֮໥֣ƶܵ˴ӣϸȴûʲôܰﵽ̫ġ
ϺѧҲ˵ڴЩãҲ΢һæ
Ըһԣ󺹡
˵̫꣬Ѿȴϣ
޲
΢΢ü
ۿ΢ƽģ
ȥȥҵĺϢɣ


113 
˦Ƕ˵ۺ, ƽˬһ·Ѻ²ĵط
гǴҪ˲, Ȼķ²ͬ, ǵ˵䣬һ䲼õΪܵĴͷᣬֻܱΧܡ
, ̫תһ, гۿʿǵѲ, һʱǰѾ͹, ûһֱۣ۾
Ȼɽսܣӷ², ֻ
ƽһװгķſڣʾŵķŴ򿪣Ȼ˵һԣżæµ
, гͬ۾ſڡ
Ŵ򿪣кƬ, ůʱϣʳЩҲ֮ů͹
ƬɫĹâкг΢΢۾, Ұֳһ˵ӰŹ⿴̫, ֻӦǸӡ
ָж, ֪ڸЩʲô, ڴһӡ
, Ǻ̧˻, ۣЦ¶һŽ׵ݡ
ǸܹԵģСг롣
ƽͷμλегξһ佫ӣҲܿѰĹҪһȦ
òü͸һںĲ֮ɫΪ˼գ΢΢Щݣߵĺ뵹Ǵ롣
ƽĿٽɨһȦȷ˷˵ȷʵС
гʷ˵һΪעǱ·ûһԵ𣬺Ҳú룬ȷʵһһעĶ
׵տѾɣ̿Ҳźˣƽкʳʿǰ
ϰϣٸðȡ
еĶźãƽжĥɱ¿ʼˣ
ˣûǵˣǶ߰ɡ
մ˴ӹ˰磬Ϊڷ²ſڿ⣿
˰ȻĵôھҲ˵˰Ĵ˵˰ųУֵõ๡
ʿԥĴǰѺгķϣƽס濴һۣ
û£ſŰɣˣĶȥ𣿡
г۾ڴϣѾɮ붨ȫ˵ʲô
ƽԱʹ˸ɫʾǶȵȥΧںг뷿Χ˶ʱɢøɸɾ
Сտ̯Ѿ׼ϣƽһ߬һѴõ⴮ڿϣһֺ̿˿ζʱɢ
ƺѲߵҲˣ׵ײԶȥ֬̿˿ȴԽԽ
г۾Ѿ뿪ղǸСȴȰ˲˭һͨʱͻ᲻뿪
ſڵӣȴһʱ֪ôˡ
⺢ӼûнҲûдһ仰ôСЩ콫һֱӴһͨδԵȡЩοˮδҲȷʵûʲôˡ
ƽŲô룬С˹⴮ϸȻ棬˷ʱҪһµµ̿
֬ճһ΢ĿڸУ֬䣬̿һưˮùȥŨҵζƮԶ
ζѰĲʳԵˣֱײĳǻŲ벻ŵֻҪƮһ˿ճ·ϡ
ƽڻտ֮˺ܾãûտζЩǲ֪гϲϲ
һ⴮ˣƽְԶйȥˣתͷг뿴ԼĽ͵
һԻ¶ȣòá
˭Ҫ˵Щ
гһԵı۾
ͷһ£ƽЦЦóڶ⴮ڿϡ
ϵʳζأо;ܳһĿ⣬ǼõĲˣгζ϶İ
Ӧƭˣ־ᶨˣϲŵտζܹ鲻ûзӦ
ڶ⴮ˣػƵãƽֳȥһ룬Ȼʼߣһߣ졣
гǿû۾
úܣȻҰ֮أʱϺҷһͨһúõⱩһҲԷôܷô˴³أ
۾ҲСܿϵ⴮Ȼֿʼ˵֣֣

ƽ׼ʳĺܶ࣬⴮סܿųԵĶˣҪʱЩڻʱζԡ
˼Եе壬ڿҶʱг޿̵۾Ц
ҾͶǱ׷ѹˡ
ƽ̧ͷһۣϽֵͷ۵ĲҶ˸棬
̫ˣûԡ
г룺
СֱѲҶúŲԱߵ˿̧ͷٴο
Ҷӽۣ㿾ˡ

гһȭ޻ϵĸоǰ⺢ȻѾˣһĻֻųԣСӾʲô
ֻǣҪԾȥ·ڣαҪηſڣζأ
֮Ͳ뿪
ⲻ֪˭ļıг׼׻
ŶΪҪڴ˴
ƽɻĻһȦʵ
ﲻ𣿡
УôУԼ˶ѾѺӵĵطܹܵһСȥ￾𣿣
гһ׼ƿڴ
ѵΪôĺӹҾͲῪ𣿡
˭
ƽ̧һ˫۾
Ѭġ
ǽ𣿡
г룺
⺢ͬŮ
ͣ۾ԲҪˡ
ͬҰ˲һô۸һܽǵĺͯأ
ٴᡣ
ǲͺˣл
ƽ˵仰תͷһ⴮ŵϣ
лĲ֮⴮
ߣ˵˰˵ص˰ɣʳ˵ͣӹ޳ܣȻһС
г뷽΢һ䱸
˭
²¿
ƽ⴮λΣָָӣ
¶Կ⴮
гƫͷȥһЦǷ»ָ˸ղǸˣ
ߣСӡ
ƽ֪϶Լʱ΢һ¡
ʱվͬ˵ˣ˲ˮײβԾɲʱƽٹԹԵĿԡ
һ˴ʱʵܼį־ֿҲܼѣ۾ʱ䶼гùȥ˺ܾãʵƽҲֻٿ⡣
ζǶˣӹ죬˷ܵ˷ӦҺڣгٶȿڣ
ųӣس֮һϦҼȻܣһᱻµĸ߹ٺ»߷ȥİɣ
ڿƽ̧ͷ
ţ塣
˵⻰ʱ̧ͷ˼һۣҲ㲻Եôˡ
ǺгĻȫ˺ڣҭòϲ¡
Ĳͬ⣬˵ĻҲֻΧƿˣгָ
ⲻҪЩ߰ϣһӣıζͺ
ƽ𿾺õ⳯η˵ݣֻһֻ첲Ųûпż
һǾĺóԣҪ𣿴ҿԸ㿾һֻεģȽһ¡
гϴʾܾƽѾһջ֣
ŶԲˣҪʳġ
г룺
ȻҲûӣǾеô£
ƽԣг뿴꿾ԿٳԿףȻĢֲˣг붼ԼĶ
ܿʱƽǹϨ̿Լ˱
ûȥѧķԵҲܸˣгֲôۣԲˡ
г뱾Ҫ˯ģղԲȣٲϢһ£ϾͻᵽѵıԵ
ѵ֮ǰ̧ͷһǺе飬ֻһ۱Ҳ˯š
Сõǡ顷ʯɽ飬ڹڵѧﶼ
Ȼгֺ֪ķӦ⺢ӵĺȻźԴ磬̸Ȼûһ㲻׵ĵط
ԼһֱԼӣΪԣԾɰС
ԼŮͻȻ临ӡ
ʱƽտܾ֧ˣĻĿףζů
ˣֻǰһСг˻ϻӣԼ٣Щѹũ塢ԿĵóأҲԼĲΨЧԱ̫ƫ
г֮¾ƽüѣҲûԼӯĵ⴮
ʵ˶ݣûб㣬Ψм⴮⿾⴮ǩЩҲˣȻҲӦòںһڰڵĳʳˡ
ƽȻһµλã
֮ǩӵļͷڲܵһȦиʮ£ѪӦɣ
г룺
Ĭţǩ汻˼ͷӣͷĥĲֻ֣ʣһͷɱ±̾߻ĥ
£¸һذס
ʵҲûôѳֻǹȥԼǵЩһֱԼвģŻȥǵǻѹһС
ǸߵˣҲ̰мҾһС
ƽڿʱ𾪼ֱȿµĽǲֻӱʱĺͯڿ飬ѧϰǵĻֱ仯սʧе̿֡
ǰг۶أл̫һ޶ŴΪȰʹ취ҪڣҲҪ߹ٺ»ٻȫ
ԥ֮޷Լųֱһӿ͸
ֲ𣿡
Ǻգգ۾峺ڵĺгԲΪֻԡ
һжļıʼζŨտ̬ܲȣһһ˵С䡢Ǳ飬ÿһǾƺõģ˵ЦԼһƵת
ƽһһߵ
Ҹǽ̴ǲϣҪˣҲ㲻С
ЯΪȰȥʵΪµȣ֪֮ʵϧ֮ܣӢȥų²ߣ֮٣Էһ
һоƣչʾг뿴Ȱ
αؾأҸؽȱܳպпΪ
гȻ죬ǰ⺢ʵת̫Щһ仹ǺӻתɫȰʮͨЩӦˡ
µĴɾƱݵǰƽЦľٱ
Ҿһףƽơ
гڱ㳢ˣⲻǾƣǲʲôҲû˵һľһһ
һ鶼Ѿ˳ˣûסԼڣ壬һܽǺͯ
ƽù⴮
ˣˮδθ壬Ⱥȵˮ档
ڶʱҪͬſϷģ˸Լ
һ䣬·Ͳˡ
гһʵľͬţ
أ
ƽ΢Ц
ع벻жѾҴˡ
⻰ô˵
һսҲʮˣѣ齵ֶȴûߣҪְһ嶼ΪҴЧٴܻϱߣǵĻʵۻ𣿡
ԾڴˣȴҲڴˣٻزȥˣֺγһг뻺۾


114 
ɽ֮սĽǸĳעµ, ƽڹһϵиıҲ𽥳ǰ
Ůԭ壬񲻽ԭͬҲ𽥺, һڴĳýṹֵΪԡ
ٲԾɴŨԵĹְ, Ժš֮Уԭ˾ԺԺȵְѾ걸
ڽ, в˾ʵ, 峯ȴó˾רܶó׺ҵӪ, ͬݹó׵ְ񲿡
󲿷ֵĹְ͢, Ӧܿ죬ΨԳеһЩ̫⡣
ó˾û⣬ְȴе棬нó׺͹ӪҵҵһְԻ塣
ɹҳ澭̱͹׵ˣó˾൱ڴùݺв˾ְܡ
, ǾȻûڳ֮ϼó˾ĳ¶棬ֻ˵Ǻһ, ɹְ
֪λ˵еĳǺҲ, Ȼôļӡ
׵ǣҵְܷ, Ȼû˵ʲôӡ
ʱó˾ϳλڳ󣬼࣬ϷҲûּʾ, ·ֻǸ۵ᱻӵ͸
ÿ±⽻һƵĴ˰, ˳аЩǵĽ, ڳ֮ϴڸм͡
Ǯٶ, ֲΧеʮ㣬ӯ
ҲѹֹʳӦԶСڹڣⳡٹ֮ʱս̫ҲܸǴȥ
ⲻòɽ֮սĹԱǸе죬Ǳһͬţ֮ս鸽ĹԱϰΪˡ
ʲôǿƽͨĽֵֵĺϷյʢԻ͵ѧǺɢڴصĹʱ졣
˰ĵӣ̶̼ʱũҵҵ㽨裬ǣϲ

ԼȰģƽÿҲȥг븮ϲ¡
λ¿״ԪԼһĴ鷳λϧĲɣĹʼִ£ѡȨԼ
㺲֣ڸ󼸺ÿӵ룬庲ԺδãְµֻԺ
Ժѧʿ̶ְҲ̽˻ּ̫ƽġҡ
λȣƽͲ࣬ѰһֻʥѧӲͬսңʮϳɳأ°£ʼ̫ղ¸Ϊղ£ĵýء
ǵŤгӦúܿ죬ͬǺҲͬ棬ֻĹ佫ЩңҲ˿ʣֻš
ĳһͰ˰ڽ۾лʹڵ䱸ʱ·ó˾𣬺г̲סʳеɻ
˰֪ó˾ĳ˭
ʮŪ׹ǿݺԮ˵˭˵ÿó˾˰͹
һˣʵǹھˡ
ƽ˳߿ȥѵЩ⣬
ôˣó˾ĳ𣿡
δ볯ȴ˵ó˾ͬλó˾ĳཻȻǼõġ
гΪˣԵЩ˼¶־ִɫ
ǣɷ˰ó˾ִҳһλˣȴʮֵ͵أϣ֪һλԹף
͵صڣֻҪѧûϳѣҲЩ¹鸽ĹԱǶųʲôˡ
ƽǳǳװһѣ
ţ¡
Ⱥг뷴ӦŲһתó˾ĹȥЦ
Ҵȥ䡣
гĵһӦԾǰ˰ڶ棬Ͼ֪⺢αװļжôװʲôҲģ
ſڵûκҪȥͨ˼Ű˰ԼҡڵĴʱҲĴ˹ġ
⸱ȫ޶õģ˰زڲġ
һʮĺͳĲţŹҵһ뾭һʱ侹Ȼ֪Ǹÿް˰ǹˣǸ˵̫׳ۣΨܡ
һ޶Ӵֱ룬ԵľãһŴС롢ͬ
߹ơó˾ұ߹ơ˾ó˾ְܷпߵĸſڻһСӣÿϸְֵܡ
ƽϳλֱ߾ӭ
⡭
г¶죬
˰ĪͬҿЦɣ
ԶĲ˵͢ҲûʮĻһ˰е£Ҳʵ̫Щ
ó˾ʵж֤˰粢ڿЦ
λӭпڣ̽г湧άһ˵ľ֮
ʵλԭҪʾģû˿ֹԴԼҳĿ˼Ϊܵ
ǧѡԹɫıȻһһģƽд˺г룬ֲźۼش»㱨ͼ
ƽúЦźгó˾תһȦԼãλ˻㱨ʱ䣬
ôˣʲôôżҪ쵱˵
λصĹţһһҵĴǰƽڵʵʵС
ǱߵϢⷽŴţ˵ڱ߳Ƿ͵͵뾳ȲҪţô졣
˶֪սһ֮ս߽֮£ʳӲڽףҵƷһֱԴԴϵͨ߳ǻ
ǵƽеλȥ廥֮Ѱҷ̶ϰ壬࣬Ըó˾ó˾ıԱ
רŸڻеĽףڱ߳ǾסʱȽ϶࣬Է˶

ƽϸһ飬ɫҲ͵͵뾳Ǵ£ܾǸϿȥϱ̫Ҫ
ֽϸ뻳Уȿ϶˵Ϊ
λ㱨ʱҲܾϣдÿˣ򲻿ɵ齫Ҽ̻ع
λȻǣƽȥֻһ²㿪ڣǰдõ²㱨һ
ƽӺżһг㣬Ȼ۷

鷿̫ںͼλĸɽ֮սİ⡣
ĳʩһ
öЩӦӶͣԭĹְԼӰ뼶ʾ¡ֱ½󻳿㣬ܳ
̧̫ʾ˵Ƿĳ̼˵Լ뷨
԰ʱƣͶҴ֮٣Ϣڣ֮͢ҳ
Աŵļв֪˭һҡ
̫üȥȷŷ֮˳ԽͣЦˣ
ǻʵЩ̸δ̸ֻ¡
ܷ񿿶ڵ壬ǵʱ˻ÿǵ⣬꣬ˡ
⼸λҲףĳ˵ֻ˵Щ½ĺЩŴˡ
ָ̫ô
֪λ˼ˣ֮Աԭٸ֮λ֮ⶼС£ɣΨ˵İְ֮һֱɣλ
ʾ˵֣̫ûüڣ㿴ͻȻ˽ͬʱ߸һ
˰У鷿Ҳ
갢꣬ҪʾԽȥ𣿡
ƽعһҲҵ飬ֱ鷿һ𵽵ģ䣬Ѿ鷿г컹ûüͨ塣
̫ǸһЦȴûκ𱸵˼
Ȯ״λЦˡ
⻰ǲӦλ˶˰۽˰桰״ǵʧְˡ
һӶˣƽλ鷿ͱǸڣܽȸȻѧٰ֮ĹԱ
ֱʱӴúܣͻȻˣҪû뵽鷿ôˡ
ƽؾصڻ̫ǰ
꣬Ҫࡣ
˵Ҫ࣬żȥվԭز˵ˡ
ƽʱҲַó˾λ˿ʱ飬֪ܲܵô˵˵ֹĺԡ
ôù۾̫һۣûۣȶԱߵļλ˵
վȵһ½ĹٽףͰǷ˵õ뼶гٶ֮λȲ֮顣
鷿˿̧̫ͣͷƻվŵɵһۣ
˵ˣ
ƽ໡һ˹ȥŻ̫ıԵ
갢꣬͵ô찡
͵ɣ
Ż̫¶ɻƽŷӦִ̫ˣ̴Ժаλôʣ
͵ɾܹˣ̶˴ţ˵Ҵ
ʲô£̫Ц
ͽ£Ȼű߾ߣһ֣ǰѺĵطΧ
ƽ
ְ֣ʱΪʲôڿЦ
ƽÿԼıеʲ⣬ϸ
꣬Ҳ˼ʣϱߵô͵͵ܹǿԵ𣿡
̫ͷ
ȻܹԽԽá
ƽˣϸô죬ôڱ߾⴩Խأ
оԴװһŽȴֻ̫ЦקͣߣһԲԴ
ƽҵɵӣֻ˵뾳ңû˵Ƿ˵ģ귽Żڸ㼸λ뾳һĹ鸽ܱඨũȻԽԽá
ƽ
üһͻȻˣ徹Լ
̫Լߣһ߷Ƿżһߵ
߾ôҪţЩӱ𣬱߳ǻңУ˽µԱ鸽࣬˵Ǻ°
ƽһκһף˶ϡ٣ڵԴũ˵Ǻ£ⲿˣܾЩ
ηֱũ񣬶ϸأ
ֽ̫µã̧ͷ
ôôɵԼ롣
ô룬ƽ֮ǰû⣬ԸȥһºߣҲ˼⣬̫ˣһ׬Ǯ֡
ƽһƨڵϣˣҡͷ
벻Ұɣˡ
СϹ߶ãָ̫Ķͷ
ܼ򵥣ֻҪ뼮ȨҪ鸽ȻԼʱ˲ݲͺܼ𡣡
˼ǡ͵ɲҵ
ƽɫ̫֪ѾӦˣ
ÿ߳ôͨġ·ӡֻҪҧһǮһļٻܵõƬҪٶһˡ
ƽս
ְ֣ĺúڣҪƭ˳ؿֵأҪһʡ
˰æȻԼųҪף±ǰҧһҲֵˡ
ٻʵ滧˿ֵֶأμҹȻֲ
֪
̫ͷ
ԭҲһֱеģ̶ܱ˷ֶߣֻ˵صˡ
ЦŽղŵż
ƽǷ˳ϵӣ
ƽĹͰн֮ܿˮƽ״ԭ꼢ģ࣬⸻鸽
ⲻǴ˵еľ÷˿ЧӦ÷ԴԴϵͶӿ룬ٷãʵѭ
ĸԣ鸽ǲ֤ЩڹĽ軹㲻
ƽԼ֪ԼôָͣԼ
ҵġ𣿡
ֻ̫ƽò˵̽ոɵͷ
ţлƽнʢҶ󡣡


115 
ƽκı̫һͨ, ϵۣѾ졣
ûʲôʱģĩġġɷ, 滹һС֣ԭְλ, ó˾еĹԱͬǰ뼶, ൱ִٲӰࡣ
ΪŴΪĩȵĹó˾ԭ˳֮, йԱĹٽ׶ְͬλĹԱϰ, ǻȥʵͬλƽȡ
˺£
ƽɵ,
л, ȥٿһҵߣһŬ˰Ǯ
Ķеɵ, ̫Ц
Ҳƴ, ҶѾ㹻ˡ
ԭ綼Ҫʹֽ̽õģ;ƽ˲ٰѴٻҲ̫á
ڲŸʱ, Ҫ˵Ļе̫ˣǻ̫룬ʶ,
һ˻, ־ҡڲһ, ڼ޹, һλǲѲŽ, ƽ𣿡
ƽıۣ
ȽȻֽǻǱˣܱһξٱΣôá
ô˵̫ԣ΢Ҳһ㣬
Ȼ˵һβãǶԼֻܸһλᡣ
̫ÿɷֻʵ
ǴһֵΣ
ûԵ޹ʵ⣬˱εĽ֮һƽһ
ãȻͷٹˣ
ãǾ˵İ졣
⼸鷿Ųˣӵ뷨ԼҲǸӼĬɡ
⣬̫ûټȥתһջ
չ꣬ȥ˵궼ٰʽٳʯÿļʮ֣͵߹̤ˡ
ҪҪҪ
ƽͷȻҪģȥȥ棬ǽεļ
ǻֱ̫޶Ӱӵ΢Ц
Ҫͻȥ΢ȥߣվߡ

ʽ˵ǷǳҪļ룬ǹǰһ±Ҫ翪ʼﱸˡ
ʱڣʢļƷͽϽ㣬һĺϻһ˳Ϻ֡
Էٰģȫܱ֮ߵĴ䣬ֻһС͵Ĵˡ
˷΢ΣûЩֻ̣ڰ
˻Ѱ··һ·Ұ߱棬ҹͶõ꣬ôѰ˼Ҵ̤ζ
һ·䣬ȻǰһĺڣҰҺ̣Ǻһͼ
ͷ಻ʱণƽǰԵ֣żĸִЯֻòΩԸ깲н񳯡

˽λ󣬸ǵĹְҲѾⶨϣ󣬻̫ЩԱǵ̬չֳԵĲͬ
ԸԭְһܵãһлһĹְԺг̬ȣЩôѺˡ
ƽҲԼıˣгδְʱƽһȥԼ˽ս
谮죬ʮΪ֮ƽҲ˲ֻҪ䷢չҲЩӵ֧ˡ
Ѷϲٶһ˰磬ɽս󣬻̫иʮţ¼ƽ£ҲĿǰ޷ݵ˽
ƽ֮ͬǰһȥгסԼһȥľӪδ뵽ȴ⵽˾ܾ
гЦһ
˰ֻǸţ¼λ£ΪԸͬҽ
αԷƱ
ƽ˵ţȴЩſڽ࣬Ͼгô˵ԷƱı̫ˡ
ճʥּԺгΪ조ţ¼Ұ󻩡
˴Ȱ˲ȴֻ˸Ʒ˵Ǹ죬ʵϾǻҵļͣ˭ܵˣ
г٣˶ܽ嵱Ȼܺã̫з֮ģֻԸְ֮Ρ
˵嵽˭ܽ䱸һ㣬һԸλУһӵְܺӣֵõ˱㲻ϧζ
˵Ĺְǻ̫ⶨ˲岻ϿڣƽȻ֪Ҳȫް취
гĲķ֮޹أ̫ʱϴʣȰߣΪһλڸ֮ʿ
г뵱Ա̫ضھ֣ܿϧгջûסڣΪ˲ܡ
ٵͺг뻹һڴһսѾͶһ壬ֶѾڳҪְķ
թû̫Թһο˵ӦȴԶţһӱصݺ֯ѲԿؽ翹ʮֱ꣬гսϱ󣬲ֿ׽
λһѶ˹λ֮ΪܱʵȴڼС
ͺг𴦾˵˭ĴЩ
ƽʾ֭ͼο
Ҹ֪֮Խ֮ܣպضܽҵػظλαΪһʱʧԱء
ʵƽҲ̫ͼȰгĻһ뿿һ뿿࣬
Ҹпԡֻ򽫾ɽսϹӢ£вƽ֮λǰźð콫죬ҲЩСպضǨ֮ǧĪҪġ
ҲˣȰҲȰˣܲƭ̫ףźгԾɫƽͻȻһ֣
䲻߹ٺ»ҲûĲܣ˽פ죬罫ҵĲıʦ
ʥּȻ޷ģ
˽֪̫谮˰磬֮ģִЩ²ǿѨ硣
ʱ˰罻ãΪպڳռһϯ֮أһ֣ȵľƽ仰
гаϲ˰վСЩĻ̫ۣ;Щתء
м˵ϼǡôļڴ
𣿰˰Ըó
֪гպԴĹף˻Ҫһʦ֮λѣܰá
ƽ̵ͷ
Ȼҽջعȥ󺹰꣬ģزнɳ
г˵򣬸ƽʵ˸
ɰ˰粻صͿأԱ
˰ϣкгǸм¾պһúñܵյơ


116 
Ԫ1644, Գɹ뱱úɽ
ô̶̵һ仰, Ƕһʢ˥Ļȫ
ƽ䣬ʷĺԼӿȻһ, غ죬ʱ, Ҳֻʷ̫Сһɳ
ûпܣûȴ˵ڶ±ϣ, ȱĲǺĶ죬ҪֵĴ, ҵũҲʱ䡣
, ԭصũӭһĸ߳
ʮ, Գɽ˳Ȩš, ȨĹ
£ũһ·񣬽ݴͬӹأʮѱٱ¡
͢港ǧٿ, ۵һһʮգũ˱ǡ
賿, ڱúɽ, 

ƽڳ鷿ϱһ⴫ľ, ǻŵ, ġ
ԶҪĿö࣬Գũ˳ҲԶԶϣɼģҪȵũ
ʱһƬңµȨϽǣȨԭͶ˳ȨĹԱתͶ壬Գɵ֮ͬС
ƽϣѾܺձǰˣģһξȻȥôˡ
ԳɷĲɱɳʱ뵽Ѽɽ⣬ϢĹһ߳Զ
ʵ̫Ӽƽ𿪵īٹһġ֣ۺͷϷ
ԳڱǴ٣ĴʱͬҲ뵽ɺӦϣѾɽأ̫л֮ǰϾ·ĺг롣
ʮգԳսɽء
¶ʮգԳڱƵۣһѻʵΣ

̫ȫ֮ϸɽأѾ뿪һࡣ
ƽֱԼίε컹û֣֪̿ػµһգ֪һ硣
ɹԳɹռǵǰϦѾʢפؼᣬʵѶ̰Ӫ
ʱ̫еٹǰƽְѴݵ
ʮ̫ӼҰһ飬ֳƣг˾
̫ģԴϲΨ˲Ը⣬ƽûӣһ䣬Ǳһ£ȻΡ
ƽϡͿ˼̫ӣȻû£ϡͿס˹ʹǣסϽǡ
Գɾԭ³ٶȿú˼ټ
ֻǡûܸǵմһҲûԲ¹ԭΣôת֮䣬ʷû䣬ȴأ

رƽףҲĸѡ
ԭڹе
ƽԭ֮ͬҪʱӦⶼǿҪע⡣
غ˿ھʡС¶Ҫǣ̫ϵۿɼ˲١
ƽҲæµˣԭڹƹЩũҲԭĸѧú͸ֹ̫ܾºΣеȫӸ
ʩҪԺͻΪ³ΪȣЩȴпɹľ飬ǿֱãͱ污ص˰գۡ
Ҳһµ⣬ҲĴʵ˰գԭأ˿˰˰ռıء
ԭսңٷϴˣһжҪǮɻָƽЧ⵱·ҳʣԹ
ΪʲˮĹѾ׵С⣬ƽĵһҪǿ
ͳºһ䲼Ӧǡũ̡˿εĽϣԱ֤˰ա
дͲҶˣҲ˿ʵҵҲǲԡ
˺൱׼óףó׳Ȼᷴƶҵķչҵµչṩ˸óײƷ
൱ǿһԴͷһչҵԴͷ
̵ķԭǲùģ̫뵽ôƽڹڳĳɹջǴĬˡ
ƽ뷨ףʩʱչֳԶʱΪǰȥ̫ʵܷġ
ǿѣǧƽϣѾִľ֧ţϵͳԮʱṩֲָ̫ѡ
ƽˣյصص㣬Ƿչũǿ칤תͷ˾׼ƶ
ԭĺó׸ۿȫʽĹڹνڶũݸصˮʵ˼ԼרŻֲɫũҵÿһƬֳ

תʱѹὥصķҲβ̫һڷӦʱȢˡ
ʮףƽʮأ·ӣټСһͨˣϺúѡҲҸ
ƽѾʮˣԼʱӶѾһ꣬ƽȴոѡûж׵ôܲļأ
Ǭ幬鷿̫鷿ƽһһģһӣֻڲ棬һ̧ͷܿ
ʱѾˣһҲٵ飬еۣ̫ƽǰǳ
ǰѾȢ˵ոҪ꣬ȴû䡭
ǺĳӣȢϵŮò˷磬ֻһꡣ
õĵոСӻƽǰҫ
ƽΪһֵĹ˶ĵףûκεĶ֮
ˮ
ڰٴꡣ
̫ԽԽ
½붨ٵˡ
һУ޲ý˵ˣƽܰѵոȢ
ûǵŮӣûУȥƶ߸ѡõģһ㴫񸮹׼
ƽæ֣갢꣬ȵȵȣ֮˲ʣͻСδŮ֮¡
δǣ
̧̫ͷһԼ߽ߵĶӣ΢΢ü
Իһ£ƽȷʵû˼һҲûС
ѾˣѪյͣѵ
촽΢΢
㲻У
о²ʮֵĻƣ̫̲סʳ˿ڡ
ƽһڿˮǺɤȵˣǼֺԼϣ
ȿȿȿȿȣ꣬װ꣬ô뵽ǸȥˣֻΪʱûǵŮӣûο
ߣ
ײӦһô˵ȥײһף
˵ǿŤĹҪһڲ֪㲻ҲʣƽҪǸϡ
ȻԺôɣǻ඼עǸأ
Ǿͺã̫΢һ֪⺢ʮԼ⣬ֻнſĸԸĴӦ
ǻ̫Ȱ˵
ոֻݸ߹󼴿ɣͶѡһλŮףպϲҲ̧Ϊร߶󡣡
ƽŵĵ۾
Ͷһһһ˫ˣ޲ð󹬶ǲɢˣҵУ
̫
Լ˵ʱãƽôһѣȷʵе㲻̫ԾղŻǵҪƽԼѡһǵŮš
ȻЩΣ̫һʱ޻˵ƽû
ȷʵûⷽ˼ֻлڰͶϥ£ԶһóСԶͶš
ȻҲҪԶлϥ£οƽִСԵرĺӡ
˻һ̫ḧƽͷһʱû˵
żĻ£һΪƽȷʵͣΪԼЩ޶ƣȻóһõ¡
飬ܰͷϣָһ¡
ƽɼҺҲһλͨĸ˴Ӽҹĵʫʸ踳ɪպҲͿԷˡ
̫ʵԼ˽ģͽ䲻ھãҲ·ӣЩˡ
֮־ԭص嶼ѾѹϣһƬãԸѾˣЩ⡣
֮ƽʴϻ۵ĺߣҶƽʮַġ
ɽˮԭ׳ЩҲˣҲ뿴
ꡢɽᰣ˳ű̲ϪƯ£ɽˮ֮䣬붼һĿӡ
̵һ̫̾ʼӴ
дúɽӦһҪαɽʹˣʱȽűպ󼴱Ҳˡ
˵˵ţ̫Ȼ䣬
ֻôһССԸƽҲܴӦ𣿡
ƽ
ʣηְֱͻȻΪɿ黹㣿
ƽҲ֪ƽ007
Ϊӱܹƽת÷ɿ죬
괺ʢֵ׳꣬ǿ˫ΧжǰεͷͷҲһ׷ҲûУ˵Լأ
̫һۣ
׺ǸĴˣҲ÷ĵİѴ彻㡣
⵱Ȼ͸ˣһҪжôľѽƽÿ˯һʱúѹ
ֵ̫
֮ǰæڹʵ࣬ҲûȥҵŮ죬ûǵŮӣ㰲żᣬ±

ɲ˰찡
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-
³ˣ̫ʮϣӦʺ֮ԴԼŮǸ硣
ϯߣַǷ
Ϊף٣ʵΪס
˿ʱⳡϯ˹ȴٳûг֡
̫סϯˣԸȥƽôûǳʲôӣǺˡ
ʱȥ̫Ӷ˵Ծֻһ
ƽ
£еֽȥ
ش󺹣ǣ
һԼ죬Ƕ컹ư
ػϣ˰硢ǣ̫ӵһ⣬˵ҪȥѲ£ٻ
̫΢һüŵֶ߬ˣСɫ
У˵ߵǰꡭ迣˺ӣҹϵĴûʱӦѾֱˡ
ģߣϡǵƽʱҲϷת֮Ѿ˰֮⡣
̫ɫ糣Ӧϯˣھٱңףڵ£΢Цҧ
̡ޣץ
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ʮʼ¼
ļǮд̵ţʮ̵㣬̫ӵΪӱףϽΪѡ


117 ⡤ĸ1
, Ǳġ
˵̫꣬ȻټЩ˼
ѵɢĺʱɫ࣬, ͷŵģ͸ĹӰ
ŮӰӳĴֽ, һڡ
Ӽһ·ֻص˿ƶ߲ԭǸĿ, ѩĳ
̫к, ˭ܿ˵˻ʱĻϲԼҲע, ˵⻰ʱ飬жôᡣ
ʱ, һ֮Ե
ƽԶ룬
Ŷһ顣
-
ϹŴ޶, Ŭʱʵж, Ҫһϸλ, Ҫľ飬κС
̫ǰʮҲ, Լ, һβģѻһȨ
ʱĺլಿŮ, ӲǽģȴҪǽԼ, ĸ֧š
ҪĵĻʵ, , һĴŬӱ
ӲܻԼıӣ˶ӣԼһö
վǲһģ
̫֪Ϊ
ϧΪʲôҲѾʱ򣬳Ű͵Լߡ
꣬ʷм빬ʱ䣬֮ǰźܾõԵ֡
-
ҪŬĮɹſս˵͢ãϣ£ĮԵֵš
ŬʮżףӺͼʮսͳһŮ󣬽ĿͶɹŲԭ
ǿ֮ʱɹŲԭȴһλɹŴ󺹡ֵͼָɹŵ۹ĻԻͣһͳƬɹŲԭ𴦴ԡ
ֵĮɹǿʱ°ӣѹȣһļϡ
Ҫˣõİ취ȻˣѪڣɵҫԶһ
ʱƶҶվŲŬսսܺ
˷ŬȢƶߵĹŮƶҲԼĿ
Ĵл̫٣죬λֳ˿ֵŬأδλߡ
ʮ£ŮŬ࣬ΪĿˡ
ʮ£ç˹Ů̫ΪรҲǺʢĹ󸣽
-
꣬ŬЯǰƶ߻ˣʱֵգԭѩǣѩԭһʶ·ΪѣҲĥʿûᡣ
ŬһԺıϹ򣬼ӶƢսӢ䲻
ƶפػмʮʱжԭأѩԭϹһҹ̣ලԱ֤ڶռͬʱ
̣Թƽ
տƶѾźĳǰ˿ƶפأҹＸ˸ԺΧһȦʱѩԭϲʳȺš
ʱĴ˽µȨѾʮּˣֻԾάűϵ棬Ŭ಻ڣǼʱҲԸΧһ
һҹƬ̺ߣȵʰװµһ£˻㣬ƴʱļѸ
ԭϷѩУһ·򵼣ǲҪ侫տռȻҪΪ׼ıѰƶʡ
ԭ壬ˮݶӣǶգפҲһȥʱĵط
̫һ·ѰȥçŶ̩ȥǵÿƶפؾڱߣԴŵ¸һ·
ͻѡмѰȥ辶תͷǰ
Ĵշֵ𣬶žҪһѰƶפأѹסλֵܵķͷǰһͷ
ԭ󣬼ڶѩҺڵ£Ҳܿ˵Ӱ
̫ճ𣬽Աѩԭһѵõĺ˭뵽ʱ˷ѩ
ԭϵĥιʱǦƣϵѩЮŴ˷Ŀ磬ٲȻѾǱѩǰס
Ϣ֮䣬Ȼ˷ѩѩƬжëС׷ҵϣ۾
ѩ·ʧһƬããҲûеƱȽϸߵı¿Եֵѩ̫ͣƥΧһȦվƥΧ£ڵȦݱܡ
һϵƶפڸǰֹȻҪҲţֻһĸããѩԭʧ˷򣬲Ѱ·
ԭϵıѩú޹ɣʱҹҲ˿ͣЪʱֻһʱ硣
շ󣬿̫ķλ̫¹һʱ䣬ѩʱ䲻ǷŴԼͣһʱ
ⳡѩڣʵֻƴЩ缲ѩµѩֻǸոûǵĽű
ͣѩ䣬̣˲ʮ·ѩӳԶȻģĺڵ㡣
ӵ֮⾹Ȼͬڷѩ֮У̫⾪죬Ǵе˽ǰ
ԽԽ죬ǰ˿ԼĪҲʮңûԱߵߣ˭ҵĴģŷѩ񱩣һӶѩԭ֮У
̫ǰҲסŲת
ǰ˱һëӹʵʵͷֻ¶ֻ۾ЩɢҵĴӶñ¶һѻڵķңڽ׵ѩɫӳ¶ԱΪ
ûмˣһ˾һһ˫۾ȫǾ衣
ǻ̫סͣԭûٿº͵ѯʵ
ôһ棬סŷѩ費Ҫؼȥ
ңңһָǰ˵Ҳŵһеľ΢Щ
Ϊ˻ػŵ¶Ų°ڷ΢΢һĿĹâ
͸ĺ解֪⻹ѩӳĶ׹ϣڱʯ淴鱦⡣
̫ŷ֣ǰ˾ȻǸС
ǸѩǣһƥСڲԭϣӼС
ĻǰСͿܱԤҪ΢һ㣬ҲӦǸӡ
Сҡҡͷϵûȥ·ңλ֣ҲǵãҵġҲһؼȥ
Ӧƥˣ̫΢΢һ㶣ˣʶ;ԭϵ˻ʶؼҵ·
ԭСż˲ע͵ܳ棬ˡ
̫ͷЦ
ãǵһͻؼȥѩֳ񳤴Сܲסĺ䣬˻ܡ
ô֪
СﾪĵԲ۾
ô֪ͶӲҳ񣿡
Ҫֻ֪һۣǰСһòƤѩһףûа㱻紵ӣڼＫܳ谮
ÿ춼ڲԭⱼˣС׵ķɫҲѩҪĵӡ
ֻǲ֪һλСģ籦ﳤС͵ܳ˶֪
Ѿһʱ䣬Цŵתͷɵ˸ӣ
㣬ؼȥɡ
ܿС̫֪ʱӦѾƶפزԶˡ
Ŷһ˼һʣȴûʳڣȻǸĿ飬ȫƾԼΪá
ֻǷѩ赲ʱ䣬֪ĸûǰƶʡ
ȵȣ
СˣȴЩƺƵģ
Ŀ˰ɣ˵ڱ˭ҵƶʣΪʲôٴӦҵ¸κˣҾָʵķ򡣡
̫ѾڴˣӲס֣ճһ߿˻
ػ̫Щ£
Ϊô˵ô֪ģ
ʵ𰸣ݻò£Ϳƶ߲˵Ϣԭ˶֪Ȼδ˵Ů·ɹŲͬҲûôͨ
СȻ׼ȷ˵ǵıӦѾˣ֪һλƶ߱յƤŮ
ͶڴдĿˣҲп͵
Сǰ֪뵽ʲôȴͣסˣֻһ˫۾
׺òãҲҪ֪ΪʲôˣԸĶܲܲҪ߰Ͷ͵ܳ棿
֪ԼͲŮǲͬеŮǶڽﵽȥ棬ֻҪڶ
Ĵϯ
ŮǴԼڰʱӵһƥԼȻҲͶѧҲû˸ҽ
ƺһѩ·紵һ̫ɹһɹữˡ
֪ʵΪԼ岻ãͶԲŲòСģ͵͵ܳ棬Ҳǵġ
ãҴӦ㡣
һ˫۾ţ˭ҲľܾҪ󣬻̫ͷһɹ
ģκˡ
ʵսЩѩ;˵İȡʤҲı⡣
ǸСָ·һ˿ƶߣǰת𣬱֮ǿƶڡ
˳˼ʹ˼죬һĵ˵һĮɹʱв䱴մȥŮȻ֪ʵûǷ˼
ŮǺܶ࣬ʮճͷͣϧһֱʮ뿪ƶߣҲûмǸָ·С
籦СѩоһƳ󣬹Ȼֱˡ
귢£̫һҵƶڣնڰʱڵĴҲ˽һʱ
Ŭ˵ҹ·;о˱ѩ̫и˼͡
ڷѩбѵ£һͳ˧һҲѵĿѡȷĵ·ˣҲ
ⳡĶ࣬ǻ̫ȷʵӦġ򵼡һлϧûҵ
ҲҲˣܿ콫׵Ժ
ֱһμ


118 ⡤ĸ2
ٴμ, ʮꡣ
̫ǰƶ߲ˣϿƶ߲Ĳ°ϯ
ʱֵǴĽʢᣬˤӱԣȲֵĴ, Ƶ, һȺҲ׷״ಲҪ³д衣
ռ˲ˤӳ, ԭɢڸԵ˶Χ£ԭŮٶˡ, ˤӳ϶ʱֲѡ
ȻǴŬ, ̫ڴŴ, ̨룬Ȼܾ
̫Ӧ°֮³ԴųಲʽȦɹŴ󺺣һ¾װֻ΢, ԵЩˡ
ʱѾǿƶ߲ѣ¼ҲڱԵʲôݣҵĲ²˭ܻʤ
λǱ̨, λǴıա
һ, ʵĽ׳ʾıϽȦϲŲɫʳ, ʾԺս
һ, ƺһɫѹס˷âƵ, Ѿڿ˼, ˫۾ﻹ͸һ΢΢Ц, ŵĵĴݡ
ڵ²²ж룬Ů˻ǲ׺ֻ۾Ҳ֪Ȼɹ˸óˡ
ɹŴûŹĴһ䣬óһ
ˣ
ȥ̲һ𣬽ɣѹһʱڳϡ
̫ȻˤһͨӦҲ̫
ͬʱҲǱ£˳â䲻һѺʤ˶û뵽λıվȻʤ峡
ֻһƺֻˣƶ߲ԭȴЩӣİյºϳʱҲЩҲסˡ
ϿɣҺֳһţǰֻһµĶ֣̫ڤڤиУʶתͷȺпһӰ
ЩϤȺиֵͻȻ̧ͷϵĶӳűԳĻ⣬ǻϲͺ档
ǰѩԭһ˫۾ͻȻڻС
̫ʧЦ˱ԵĽҪͷȥ룬
С򵼻ǸӣвԼ͵͵ܳ档
ֻ֮ǰѧøЩ֪һ͵·θժøɸɾ
˭Ҳû뵽峡ʤĴⳡôף̫׵ıزƷڵأȦֻͣɫһĲʳսԻ͡
֪ѹڵϵôɵһŲǰһ̫Ѿ´ӵϷ
ô׵˱Ҳû˿ڣݵĵżϵЦų޵
˶Ҽˣʰ·硣
ԭŮֺˬӮùҲŤŤʲôˣ䲻ӣ䲻Ŷӡ
˻ߴӵ̫³λսûʤҲѾӮ˲ԭǵ𾴡
ҲûףãȻĿŻ̫³ӰŰƶһسӵϲͻȻ䵴Ȼ޴棬ȫһͷˮ
ڳʱ̫̼ȣҪˤķЩôԼûз̫Ѿأ
ʧܵ˻ص£̫ȺѰҷĵǸˡ
֮⣬Ϊɱӥһ紵ݶӲ۾ͷܶӳЦЦӵȻҲûм˫ʵ
Сȥ
-
ܺ򲼸ĸŮֱϯɢĻ齵
үϯ˲پƣ𣿡
ŮӵͷҲˮ
ȡѾ
ˡ
ôһƣֻϯ֣ʱͻȻ֮ȷʵЩҡ
̫ᶯ˶壬ܵ˫Уÿһɷ
һҲˣ㻹УǧҪۣЪŰɡ
һΣ´棬
ү˵һ̥Ǹж˷ӣҽҲ˵̥״к
̫ḧĺ󱳣ͣȴ
Ȼǰ͸үϲǸˡ
ܴʱѾһŮѾУͿƶߣеһƽѪС硣
ĺլлеĸҲס磬ȻѾѡ˿ƶߵͿƶߣһȹˡ
˺೤̫ȴЩ˯ţ뿪˷ŵʢᣬ̫ˣֻĶŲԭƬĲ졣
մžͱԳɳѣ뿪
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֮λһҪģĸĹŮΪ󸣽ĸ˾ͻΪ׶ϵһһپ١
ΪһֱûüлСԿƶߣлɣѡ˿ƶ߲ܡ
ںΪׯ󷽣µ壬ڸǰΪЩ֮ľϲˣҪС򵼵һл
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ԭϽҪдʢĿˣ΢Щݵ˶Ҫȥͣŷ֣үүҲç˹ͰȻҲȱϯԹѵлȺ
Ϊ˲ע⣬⻻ѣȴǺܿ챻չȷˡ
Ⱥӵױˣҵ˶ĵط
ҪעЩЩǸԸġ
ֻŸķԸȥõģתͷҲˣֲҾˣֻԼĵܵܺţΪҸһͷĺ
˶£ҲֻǣżѰԼȻ˼ˡ
ڲ˽ԼŮŲˣĶϲ֣ǽôֵʢᡣ
һչ˹ˣʵ뿴ȥԼǰźõλá
ʱ񻹲ǿƶߴ̨ç˹կɣֵһֻӣҲֻǸӵĸѣޡ
ç˹岻ã²ܳˣկɣͰղֵܼҲԽţԵĵ˵ΨĴŮǵߡ
ಡô֪˶ٴξգһǧҲΪòʮ꣬ǳͤͤ˲ԭ϶һ޶
ѰŮˣҲѾףȴƾ˸еס
մ˾˵ʮ֮ǰнѣȥʱתҲãԾܳκβء
οҲǷѡһŹҲδɣϾ۵Ů
ˣկɣ̨֮λȥҲܺúչ˴Ůһӡ
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Ǹλֻܿˤӳ˲һʤ壬ۿ峡϶Ծ֮˵
һ;Ȼζصȹ˵ҩ׼˯
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СȵȻͬһҩиĿ෨ܹһҲʣôҲϰߡ
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ŵŽֵľʱȥһ
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ѵĻô˻棬˵ԭں紵ˡ
տ֣뵽ûеƻĿҰȥǣøĲԭҹɫө档
СֻôһȴӨӨ΢⣬һһǺСƸÿ궼ȥݴץ
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Ĳԭʢ󻹲źԶҲҹȥһЩݴзɵө档
ϰ֮ˣָ֣׽־ɵСΪúܣһϲ׽ʮֻĶֱŵ׽ˡ
׽өڶͻߣɶڱ׽ө˵֮ˡ
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ǱȻ֣Ѿһϣ̫̫ٹȥˣתûлĵطĿĵȥ
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ԶפأݳѾԶ紵ݷڵʹĺ·к¹⡣
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˵ˣϾ͵ܳȥʱ򲢲࣬ڱѩ˵ĻǾ޽С
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өĺû취ԼЩѷĵĹ˸
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ֱǲͣС󣬶ӨĺˮܿЩۣ۾Խ
Ծǻ̫ǰ濪·ŵ˲һ˳ߵ·
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ǻ̫ɫĽһֱ˵ת˺ģ·ûӦ˾Ȼô˳Ľȥ
̸֪ģԭѰʫʱ䣬˵ͨʶǳƵϵġ
Ĵ˾ǿʶںѧҲԣĺı̵ġ
̫ǰߣһ󣬿פʱͻȻͣѯʣ
̫֪֣֪򵼡𣿡
פصĵطѾĻѣ߲ůƵĻӳޱȣֿ
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ͻȻӦԼԾ͵ܳģܱ֣סڡ
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Ĵͷǣʲô˵ʲôϴһɫӣ˵ɫ
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Լڣʾ֭ԼԲ
šǣ޸ɽд糤紵㡯ٵǸ
Ż̫Ȼ̸ܺʫʸ踳ʫӦҲ֪ԼļֱòֻܿʫЩ⾳ˡ
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ȥһʲôֱ󣬹ֱ̫ǰһǼԼϡ
̫ӮǸ½ȦͷϣЦŽͣ
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ˤӵıԳϿһ˫۾ҲźͿөʱһĺڴ
˵СΪ岻ô˲ԭϵȤ
ƸĽȦúܣŲ˼ʳ䱦޲ձ˯
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