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2019-09-15
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ʹἫƷһ٣ϵͳʮ
ףϵͳл֣ԶһӦƷŶ......
ϲ¼Ʒ࣬¼Ʒ˰
ûмƷιϺӴ
עļʮ
ݱǩʱԵ Ե
ؼ֣ǣ  ǣ˼  
һ仰飺

1
һʮһ£ɽ塣
ģ̫ʹСȥҰƺ࿴
ȥĵ죬û
ڶ죬ûлеż
Ȼ죬졭û˻ϿʼĻţﰲοԼ̫ĶŮ˹ͼҰƺǰ̫˵θСӹ˹࿴ϱǹ˹˵ġ
޳ȥĹŮò׼͵ܹܵˣŶס죬Ҳġ
ɵڰ죬ھ졭¹ȥˣδ˻ҲûֻƬϢͷһʼεĵǣĻţ¡ֱľ
ʵԸȥô࣬Ҳѹ̫Сӹ˹̫СܵҲ˽źСӵĲǣǰǣҪٲԼӾҪˡ
Ϊ̫͹˹ߵʱ򣬷ǵһǮҲûǱסŵӸˡ
һʼϱֻܴŮŵĺЩϴźǴӵٳģ˲Ҫ˵ġʵĺܲãûѡûãЩҲˣ߶˸סŵɩЩ
ٶģҲûˡ
ԼûԵģֽ費ˣϴŮ˼죬ʵܲ˺󣬾ȥҰƺš
ߵϣɫеͷϵҲǺء
е㵣Ļꡣ
һѾôˣԼͶͷۻġ˵ҲһڸŰ
Ϊ̫ˣԴһֱǵŵģ̧û
ҰƺǴҲԶʮʮ·ȷʵҲ˶ʱ䡣һҧӳš
ķɳеϴҲ߹Լͺǵ
ӣ˲·Ӷû
㲻ö󣬿ɳԴֺһ͵Ѹ͵ֵסУֻоƮƮģҪһȥƵġ
СŮС߲ˡһƨɶڵϣԴҲš
ϼģֻּš
ֹŷ磬ͣڴ·ϣɲʲôܵζԼҲȽŷǰڣ뱧С·㡣
Ȼ˵Ļںͷ
̹С֮϶СɺϴСҲ̱˵
һӣϼֻޡۿɬҲûһ
һ̣Ҫһȥ
ŻѣѰȴ뵽취ġ
һתͷŲڵϵŮ᲻ˡŮôС˫̥ССò꣬СĹС궼û
Ӹôһһ츣ûѵҪôĸһ
ʹ࣬һӿͷҲ˵ϡ۾Ŀš
Ҳ֪˶ãûˣͣˣҲֹֻµŵĸŮˡ
ǹŶһЩԱմӹ翪ľһĻ
ŵϽ߹ȥһϳŵˡ˵ĸ첲־һ䡣
ĿڶʱһСһָͷŵϺ͹Сõı£˺һᣬŸܵ΢ĺ
ͷһϲҿ̧֣ȥ
һȺ˹ııεڵϵϺ͹Сø˻ȥ
Ů˰ĸŮ˻˸ɾѣЩӡ
ǸݵɩģࡣЩɵ࣬ʱȴĸŮ˵ľˣ
ܿˣɵȵιʳʱɩȴ֣˹ҵϱιȥˣ
СûãǱ۾ڴϡɵాö˵ʱ˾ʶſ졣
һСȥ֮۾Ҳˡ
ֻϣôı۾ֱͦͦڴһǱܸо΢Ϣ׵ɫӲ壬Լ͸ǵ£͸һʬ壬Ҳûˡ
ιȥʳ»¶ԼҲ֪Щʲôһڴϣ۾ϵķ򿴣Ｑֱ޺
Щæˣ龰ͷҲᡣ˻Сһ䣬̫ĺڰ
ɲĺô
¶ϱŮôˣһǮһʳģҲ͹̫ܸɵĳˡ
̫ĺڵĲֹһɸˣıĵס
˵̫ŮˣȷʵǸĽɫ
꣬Ǵӱĵطѵɽ塣
һ·ֵ֣Ĺ˼ҡҲ֪ôģ͸ʱĹͷˡȻûã˾ͽ˻飬˾ϯ
ǻйûͷϻĵ̣һЩСǹʵ
ͷȻ֮ǰйһϱҸ˸ӣҲϵɷ----˹˼ãҪȢңҲ˼ҽŮ޹˭Ҳû뵽Ȣ˸ѹŮˡ
˵ﻹһЩڹ̫ķԷ¹̫ѹģӵĲԶԭĵطǸڵسǡ˵̫ǱҲ޹ˣӡӲùӳġ
ЩҲ˹ͷĶͷʲôʾҲûСǹ̫޹ûãͰѹͷܵķģ˽ﶼ˵̫Ǹġ
йˣҪģͷ˹顣
ͷǸֿñȽˣͷһˣû˼ҿڣϵӺǮϽ
ʱﻹһ˼ǻļҾࡣ˼ʱ᲻üӺͲƲ˾
ЩĶú˵ˡȻڶ죬ǻ˼Ҿͱ˸ũһʲôʱ򣬱㱻˫֣ͷñӣνְPIDOU
ͬĹ˼ң󱻻ֳƶũɷ׵ĺܡ
˼Ҿôӹһ٣󣬹ͷ뾡һа취Ѿ˵Ĺ˹ָͽ˲ӣȥ˱
ʵԭСӹ˹ȥģֻǻͷѾûʱˡСӳԲ̫࣬Ҳ᲻ã߿޿ģûˣΪȫˣֻ˴ӹ˹ߡ
˹ߺûãͷûˡԴˣ̫ͳ˹˼ĵˡ
ȥ˲ӵĹ˹żÿ¶ǮЩǮȫ̫ﲻ˵ĻҲȫƸϣԼСӹ˹ʲôҲɡͦŸĴӣŴһµظɻ
СֱӾ˵ͷ
յۣСǿһͬģҲӣҲˡ
һظ֣һ߰£ĸŮˡ
һŰ˰꣬ڶһһϣʱġ
лҪ˵
鿪ӣղأд塣















2
ϴûôӡ
ǸɱɱģԴѣǰһƬڡ˺ðĹ򣬲ܿԼڵ״
ΪԶѾ˻һɫשķӣŵӲĴȴĸˡ
ֻǶһӣһҲ˶
߹Сĺߺ˼ĹС͹Сɽֱ۾Сĺ˼ְƤˣһ˯ȥ˵ģ
ͷ׵ĺܣⲻǹС뻹˯ֻΪ̫ˣƤоķѾˡ
˵ģԭļ䡣
Ҳ˼䣬֪ٲ취ĸǶҪˡ
ϲò״ԽһΣ»ϡɲϣûȶãˣǶġ
˫Ųȵϵһ̣ǰһһһģˤȥӿڴϣ۾ȴǹѣйȥ֮󣬲һһ߳ӡ
⻹һ䷿һϾɵĳ񡣹ֻмȱ˿ӵ룬˫ӡڳԱߣһŸӵĴס
ԭ֪յģʲôҲûС
ϽһȦ󣬲ĽԱҵ˼ɿƤĺһ鲼鲼װһЩӡ
Ӳ࣬Ҳֻм
ԭѾûЩģ˵Ҳ֪ЩǸӲɩ͹ġ
ԭļ䣬֪ԭͺε·߱˻ԭʳﶼԲˡɩԭӣӲǹСӽȥŸһ˿·
ɩⷬѩ̿콫ϴɾ죬˺Щӣһıٸ鵽
֮˸װţ˽ݡ
һŵζϵӶˡ
ſڴϣһŴ۾Ŀһĺ
һĽкͷʱһᡣ˵⵽ԭĵ׵֮ġ
ЩӺͺһĸ
ڷֱʱʶľͰĸӡʣһСģԼ
С룬Сɺ͹СűȴûԣǾıһĺԡ
ǰϱ۾ιȥʳģŵӣҲܶɶĸ׵ĵĿ־壬ǰѶʳĿѹȥ
ʣµǸǿǳԣҲС
ȷУòű̻
ҲҧһڣһڳԵû˳ȥ
ĺǺġֲ񻹴˿ӣǸҭˡ
ڵӸЩĥϸϸѹûȥȣֲڵҧͷֹɤӡ
ϳԵˣٿǳԵЩ̲סޡ
ǿԼӳȥ˼ˮϲŸоθһ˿СҲû֮ǰôˣٲһһ¡
ͬģܳԵʳѾɸɾˡ
ſڵ£ͷԺǣȴðһ˿ѹȥ
һߵſڵ̨£ܲԼüͷܴˡ
ɿתţһ䣬һ߻Ϊδ뷨ӡ
ԭҲϣȴǸֻ֪İӡ
ǰɷ˹͹ͷߵʱӻǿȥ֮һһȥ˱ԭԽԽˡ
ڵ
ϱӼҾһ㣬Ҳһ㡣ɱԭþͺʱãҲԭӡ
һƽƽģȴҲδܹʲôί£·ߵһ룬ͷֻʱ򣬱ײġ
£µ˾Ρͷֻ·ϣҲΡ
뵽ЩƵ̾˿ںˣһ⴩Խһ꣬ҲõĵͷֻʲôˡȲ˵ײûѵˣ˵ʱֻûأϵиֻҲеĵˡ
Խǰûֻ͸˽֢һġڵϣҲûôֻˡģȥ
ԽĶ࣬Խòôȥˡ
߻ӵȥ̼ҡ
һȥ̼ңϵӶһ¡СڹСɵİ£Ьɵߵߡ
ϴСԥԥ̺˻᲻᲻ˣ
ܲôˡ˵
ǰϣĵˣСܵĽǼ޹ȥТ˳ţŵĻ
̫˵ҪСӹ˹ȥ࿴ϱϾšߵʱʳǮӸϣҲվš
ĺǣԼıˣеڵϡ
֮ǰϱϧ֪֪ΪŮͲһ㣬ҲҪˡ
ǰТĿ¿տɺޣڵϣȴѵ
ʲôСȥ࿴ϱм࿴ϱҪôʱҰƺԶҲڵĴʮʮ·ˡ
иһʱ䣬ضܴüȦˡ˵һȥȥ˰£һŸˡ
ȻĸĳһҲĳ
̫Ǳߵӣϼҵĸڡӵ޵ʱ䣬мݣ߸һס
̫ӣһӷһס
̫Сӹ˹סһסһߡǰ˹ڵʱһӳԷǲּҵģԴӳȥһ֮󣬼û֡
ɹ˹ĻǮмʳȫ̫̫ץĸŮĸĿȫ̫䡣
̫Ǿеĳԡ̫˶Ҫˣ˼ҵĴŻŵģȥ
˲ӳͷʲôģֱӽŴ˾ǡ
ãǰǸױЩҪȻϸŵûС
ɼǳ˱֮ǰôã嵽ǿյ
һľţĸŮ˵Э£˴εĹ򣬲һýȥĶ
ŶϽͷĹԱһӣŮ̱ڵϴڴڵĴŴ
ϢˣҲ˵ˣϲŴӴӶȥ
һţϾͿʼ䵹
̫ӸǱסӣһġΣм䱻һǽһţС䡣
Ψһͬǣ̫ߵӶ˴̫˯ͷӣ˹˯ͷ䡣
ϴӣڹ̫ߵ׸ҵһ׸׵档Ȼڹ˹Ĵ£һװľͰİף
Ŀһ£һͰкüʮ
ľͰԱߣһ̯ӡһͷ˵ѩ׵͡
ЩﻹһѺĿиʮˡԱ߻˼Ƥ˵Ĵܲ
ڹ̫¹һľӡ
ûԿҲûϵֱӰ˿ҵһС򿪲һһĺǡ
ЩϺ޵̲סʹ ϲģĸǺĸ˳ӵȱ¹















3
ӹ̫Ǳ﷭ôʳҲ˵ĺܡ۰Ͱ͵ĶЩʳͣſˮɶԹ̫Ŀ־壬ʹǲǰȥץ
оӵϿɲôֱ࣬ӴľͰѴ˳һ׷ְǽǼƤĴܲ˿Щͳˡ
ûһƮһɷ˵ζ
ܲ˿룬ȫװϡ׷һ϶ӵԣԶڶ١
Сɺ͹С໶һͿʼֻйС룬Ǵ˵㣬ҲЩȻǵҲһЩ
̺ˣ᲻ǰСʡ
ϣ£أ
ʵϣҲûʲôηˡŲңʳԣٵĺܾܿǱ˶Ҫˣǻʲôɺµˡ
һٷĸŮĸ˶ԵĶƤԲ
֮ǰ̫ˣӳе㲻֪ơ
׷һܲ˿ĸŮ˸˲˵Сɺ͹СãֱһŷһŲ
ͷһᣬԹ̫ǸνСӣ͸ˡ
һȦ󣬾һݡ
ȻѾˣ׷ҲˣôʳȻҪȫˡ
˹ľͰİף׸ȫϸװߣһҲȻִӣǽǵĺȫŲߡ
Ͳõڣϸɴһߡַν/ߣ͵⣬⣬ѹ⡣
ܳԵĶһ㶼Ź
˴ϵıӡ
ⶫǱ˸ǵġе񱣬һ뵽ԼǱһﱻһӦһߡ
ӵʱ̲סͷᡣ
Һã̫Ȼ˲ôôǸɾġⱻӿɸɾģҲûʲôζ
ϱĽӶˡ
ţԼǴﱻ浱ӡӣһӸǣһԼǣã
ȫ׵֮ϼɫҲˣ˵ˮԼŮϴһ衣
ٴɵϣŶߺǵϷһ̾
Ĳţǳᵽ仰ˡڹ̫͹˹ؼҺֶȫûˣ᲻ᱩסʱϱʾʱ˵ɣ
һ˯
ʱĸŮĸͷͷҲһ顣
˸ӴͿʼ׼緹ǰװ˵棬׼ǰЩӽ˸ɩϡ
ɩûӣǲŴ˰
϶ô󣬾סڸݵɩˡֹһԺסŵ˼ңûһûġ
֮ûˣҲֱ˽Ҿһ飬¡
еЦֱ˵ôˡ
ϼ޵˼߰ˣҶһԺסŵģ̧ͷͷģ˭˽˭
̫жжŧɶҲΪ£Ժûһָģ˵ǹ̫̫ˡ
ͺñڣɩõϿ϶Ĵ𸴺ϸˣֱ˵͸ôˣ
ʵռ޹ʱ򣬼ǰϱ̫۸ɩ˽ﻹ˵䣬еģ̫ˣҪ˵
ܡǧǣԼһǡµϣĸҷǣ̫ĥ͸һ㣬ҲԽԽ֡ɩʼ򱧲ƽ˽˵䣬˼ԼҲ˵ˡ
ǸӣԸ۸˽˵⼸䣬ѾðŴˡǸţǸġ
棬ʵļ۸ģʱ򣬼֪ܶ˼
ɩǰ̫ɹΣҲӮɣ̫ѲҲǸġ˶ûմ˴˵Ĺ⣬أǽˡ
û뵽ӳģȻżŵһ졣ɩ˵ĺܣܻﻹ²Ľ
Լ˵ⲻͷ˷ܣɩûסܵͷȥˡ
ɩ£Ŵŵ£ʵˡ
Ժôµģѹûᡣʱٳţһ٣ٶٴ׷źȥԡ
пյʱڻ
ڻĻŪһķεģӡͷǿյģһûϡȻѴӹ̫Ǳ͵ʳòװˣһ˺Ūͷڡ
ŻĹֲʳĴķ飬һ˰˸
ֻ˵㹦שûĿɺϾʹĸӰǶ˯ݡ
ÿһ𣬸պõĸǡȻԭڵװ·Ĺѹĸ棬Ǵ󹦸ɡ
ЩʳδһʱϴŹСܲٶˡ
ȰһжŪ׵֮󣬾ϴֹһˡ
ʱ䣬̫Ź˹ǾҪˡԭΪֿ쵽ʮˡÿµʮңϻгѹ˹дźĻ
˹ЩĻǮһֱ̫εץǲ֪˻Ӷġ
ʵҲһݺ󣬾ϴŮ˱ϲЩʳʳԵĲģֻʣһЩʱ̫Сӻˡ
̫ؼҵһ죬ϲڼҡŮŸɩȥɽ￳ˡ
һݣ̫ͿԼűһ
̫ɫʱ䣬æͳԿ׿һ׸ûˣĺܲҲûˣڶӹ˹µͰ͹Ҳͨͨˡ
̫˲ˣܻݡ
¹Ǵŵģ·ʲôı߰㣬ͷСҲñƿˣСĲŵĺ粻Ӱ
Ĺ̫ȥƿڴһһߴСӹ˹Ǳ塣
̫һֱɱϼǱûŵġ̫ƿһ۾ͿǶ˲ٵĺٴ׸һͷǵļɫ׷
ϵŴϣҵԼСӵĺޱ
̫ޱ˳һƨԺӣĿɥĵİźСӵĶ͵ﶼû˰
춯صģԺסŵ˶ˣгֵģȴûһǰȰ˵ġ
˼̫̫ļƷԺûûʶˡֻ֡ЩģﵣϺ
̫óǳϵĶ˰
ϴŮɩ·ϣк͵͵ˣźСӻˣСĵ㡣
˼ѣϵлּŮϺµı飬϶ɩɩӣܲ鷳ҿһºӡ
ɩû⣬ϣͷϣҪ㻹Ƕɣ
űҳǸӣۼˡŹ̫ľϾôȥеÿͷԡ
ȻЩ飬֪ܲ
֪вòȥԭ
Щ飬˲źð졣ЩƤ˺ˣź֡˵ˣЩ£ùһ㲻ʮ塣















4
ŮɩϽϵĲҲжͷһֱ۴ֺ֣ʵľ
ȻһһҪսģһֻСֺȻ˳סϵĸ첲Ҫȥ
عͷϼŹС޵˺ѷΣһĺšҪȥСɺ͹СҲֱᡣ
ͷһᣬֻðοӣģ/µġ
ȻԭԸ𡣿ҲһôǱũˣʺãټ⼸ԱůҲָ˲١
һ£һеԿҲƣǰѧһŮӷȻرͨҲֱ˴ֻܰ
뵽Ще׶ˡɩæӣصǱܹȥ
̫ĳҪһʳǮĸŮ˵µʱǺĸεĸû취ȥ˺ӡ
ŹӣߵԺͷ
շҹѷЩ͵Ķʳôȥ
̫ɤʲôʲô
̫ǸСӹ˹Ҳһĸˣһһ
˵ģҪǹ̫Сġ
ϵȵľһ䡣
̫ö֡ǹ̫Сӹ˹
⵱ɩӵҪû԰ʳСӣǽһ쾭壡
ϵȵ˸ûᣬΰסСǱһʹݽ˳ľͷľһҴ
Сӣġһҹȥֱҵ޵ֱл
û뵽ƽһϣĻǶԺĸεĸһٴŪĴ
ϴ˺һᣬ̫ŷӦ
ڵϺһһƨɴӵɤĶϺŮӣģҴҶӣ
Ĳһɾϳ˹ȥ
һˣڹ̫һ˲䣬Աһ㡣̫̫ĳ徢һʱɲסţȹ̫ӦʱѾ嵽˸ǰҺװСӣݺݵˤһ
Сˤڵϣѹ档
̫СֱСѹúð
ϣ׼ᣬǸľݺݵľ˹ȥ滹ţɥĵģҺˣҵģסҵģõңɩҲ㡣
ôɹӾ͸û۾һģһһµ̫ϴֱĹ̫üϵĹӸ˻ȥϵСӣʱʱҲô¡
Ҳ֪˶ãͣʱڵµˣѾûٷˡ
ֻʱʱߺһ䣬˻
һĻôԺĿɿڴԺֻһ仰˵лĹҧˣҧ˵Ĺл
˭õƽﱻѹϣƢȻһһģʵʵϣ֪жˡ
ٿϣ۵ﶼ˼־̾η塣
ˣһùͷˡжǹɾ֮󣬻Ҳһƨڵϣֱ㶵ķŴ
ﵱڻعˣĵ׿ʼ飬֪ˡⲻ֪ϣӶһƬհ׵ġ
ΪźͺĸСӵʱԺȻһ
ӭ׿ƷϵͳÿһμƷܻӦĽŶ
ŭƷСһ٣ϵͳ֣
ʹἫƷСһ٣ϵͳʮ
ʹἫƷһ٣ϵͳʮ
Ѿʵʱˣעաϣٽ¶еĸּƷ
ɶƷϵͳ
Ȧ˺һᣬԺĪϵͳϾԽˣһϵͳʲôģʵ㲻öСˡ
ֻûܵϺúõĽνĶƷϵͳоһ£ԭſڵϵĹ̫͹˹Ѱ˻ᣬңȭͷͳϻ˹
ۼŹ˹ȭͷҪӵԴʱȻͶˡ
϶һһ
øɩӣ֪˳ˣֻùС͹Сãһ˱Ź˹һȺݺݵҧţϿȥʱ컹ҧŲأ
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໣һҽУ
һ˲䣬˹۵ɫˣδε亹......ֱϿģ̲סе۰
Դˣһϱ֮Ķ̣Ӯˡ
̫ܾʹĸʣ
ӻȥӶûüʰ׵ͼӵĶӳˡ
һţֱߣһھʣźСӶһ٣͵Ǽҵʳ
һŤͷͼŹ̫СվǱߣ߿ϸһĵı顣
˵˰˴ȥ״ˡ
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ȻŴ̶һʱ䣬ԭļ䣬ټʱĹ۲죬һ㡣
˵ݲܼ£νӳҲһͺñǰ̫ԭԭӡԼνĶӳɲʲôģȫ֪
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ûֱӻشʻǰѼ׸׺ͳȫ򿪣øл̫ᣬһؼҷʳˣָܵ˻ȥڿյģøһ㡣ְӺ˹źƵСݹСĿ
һޣӶһޡɱȹ̫Ŷȥ״ʮ㣬ʢ˵ԵÿĶˡټϲǰϴӲ·ϵʱ򣬻ǹֲҾȻġ
Ҳʲһ仰ˣֻó̾һ
˳󣬹ͶŹ̫˵ﰡԼˣ˰ɣ˵仰ˡ
ɰѹ̫˹ǺվŹıӰֱš
һعûԸʰϣ̫вʣȥһѹϣ뵽ǰʱĺ¶ӣҹֻ
ϰһأȥһ۲Ĳ
Ź֮󣬲üŹ̫ģͷһ㡣漴ֿʼͷ
̫ݣһ൱ڸﳭ˸ҡϰŵЩܳԵʳֱȫ˹ȥŴϵޱָˡ
͵͵Щڵػصϸմʱģˡ
Ϻ޵Ҳ֪ڹ̫͹˹ˣҪȥʳָеˡôˣҲ
Ͽʼĥô졣
ĥ˴Ĺ׿ԺĪĶƷϵͳ⣬뵽İ취ֻ
ҪôȥҽǮҪôȥҺ֣ҲԭϹ
˹ÿ¼ǮǼĻǮ̫ţԭ˵ˣ
źȥͶɷȴһɱҲ顣ǾǣԸɷɻĵַ֪
̫Ǳ߻УȻ̫ǲԸġ
ҲûϣǱߣϸˮϴźɵˡ¶ģǶҲȥһҡ
ŽţܴܲǱŪ˹ĵַ
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⣬Ͼʹӻҡңǲܹ黹ǵ㶫С
ʳڲܶһǵ÷Ÿݹ̫͹˹һ棬²ŵЩʳҪõġ
ϰϵͳ档
ϣӶ˯֮Ժźϵͳһֻǰ׹һһ14ԱʼǱһСĻϵǰ
ֻʾţ
ϡ
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ѡĿܶ࣬ʲôͷֻҪһ־ܶһаף֮ʳЩʺڶһȥ
ѡ˰죬ʮ֣һһֻעصĻӡĻ磬ں֮ǰȥɽתһȦͿ˵ɽ׽ġ
һϺϵͳһϢƷѶһƷ󷢷ţעա
ϵȰȣȵƤӶʼˣҲûһëڳ׽˯֮ǰԺֻһ仰ϵͳң
ֻӲûϵڶˣҪź׼ˣҲû
һʵѰ˸ϲĻᣬϵͳȥϵͳһƷУԺ֮⣬ҲûϢˡ
Ūֻܴ˽ӻҵĴˡ
ĸŮĸˣ֣ôҡ
һ·һЩˣȥϾһѹĸ˼ңһʳûˣֻܴӻҽʳ
һסŵģв֪Ǽµġ̫͹˹ֵһ¾һĹҲʹɽ塣
ﻹڱһ¹ϴźСӵ£һ϶ĵôӻҽˣֲϴˡ
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Һڵɽ壬м˶ʮ·кóһ·ɽ··ߵĺܡһ·ͣЪϢһ£ӵϡ
Ȼôͣͣģ˴֮·̵ʱϱϵĹСߺ£ʾҪʺˡ
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߶ɽмһСһȥѹͿ˼ҡ
ĺܣûð취ˣֻܴŹСȥɽһŴѵµҶǿúӶ
СʺʱϾʹŹС͹СڲԶš
Ʈɢһζ
С룬Сɷ׷űӿߣʺó
类ѬĻϱʾҲôΪġȻССѲô˵
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ڹССѸտûãͼŵĲԶкȻĳһɫӰӣһС෴ĵطɱȥ
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ϷĲԾС࣬ô˰
ⲻʻãһʹС຿ŵһĺ壬˰죬ùСҭ˵ʺҲǱҵʺѬġ
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˵֮ǰײϵʱòƻûȫιȥ󣬱ʶ˺þòεġҲ˵ӱʺѬ£ȫûܵġ
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һѾһֱάֵϴźߵʱ֣ڵҡ
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ǵһμ棬Ҳ֪ǲǼ̳ԭļ䣬ŸҲ̳һ֡ĸϴ;׽
ĸô˵Ҳͻش𣬡СǲҪһڶԲأ
ô˵ĸϵһ˲ˣԭҶӵոҲĶ˹
ԭûʲôɲ֪Ϊʲôոĸôһͷһᣬһֱۿ˲͵
ɩҦƲԣӰãͿ첽˳ȥȥɷն
նĴӵϻʱվſھĸ޺һãһֺ޺޵̫ĺڡ
棬ְѹССɺ͹С§ޡ
նȻֻһĸĿ޺ҲѴµˡֻۣҲû˵䣬ĳͷҪܡ
ҦһϽסҪȥ
˼ҵҲ̫۸ˣҵȥն˵
ҦҪȥҲȥ
ոʱҲ˵ˣӣϱ˵ĶԣȥССǻˣһһһȥ˼ָ˵
ոնҲֻܳͷźá
Ҧ˿˵Ӵźһ·һˣȥȥ
ԶԶԣȥĸæᣬŹССֱ˵ǼС࣬ɶˡ
ϳԷʱҦϴһ룬һѼѬСҲһټһ峴ײˣһܲķϡ
̫ڣϴӣһֱڶŶӡŷ˵ζ͹๾Ľл
ĸˣæ˵죬Է
ҦջǲģһٷԵôҶĽ⣬رܴҵĻӭϾͷⲻѰ˼ƽѲܳһٻġ
극Ҧȥ˳ʰռΧһ
ոҶӾ̾ϣӣôġ
ϣҪдš
ķ飬߹˹˳㣬Ҳ֪ɷ򵽵׻ôǰżĸ͵ܵܣǹźͺӡ
д£ոͷҪ߹
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ŵý˹ʱҲռ˵ַڸ˹д£˻ѧձ
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ٿĸĸŹСͷĨᡣոɫǣʲôҲû˵ȴѾ̬ȱˡ
ձܣͷͷһôĹ˹дŵˡ
Ŀڵǿʯͷڸ
ռסһϣڶ죬ռһӣСֶڱҦȥҡռ˶ϣһȥɽ塣
ߵʱҦûİֻӸϣûȥ
ϲҪ
Ҧȴ˵ϰɣõϡӲǰϡ
Űֻӣڻȥһ·ϣͷ̤ʵˡ
صң̫Ǳһռôˣɫͱˡ˹ֱӶɴ಻ˡǹ̫ǿһĨЦǰк׼ҹ׼ţô˰
ոĸûǰһֱ⣬Ҫּң
̫һرͷ..
û꣬ΪǱոĸնձѾվһţŭĿӡ
Ʊǿֻ̫ðʣƢͼȰϣӰƽʱ㻹ǲġ
ǰõĿҶˡ
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ߵʱĸ˶ʮǮϣҲûģЩţͷȥʣ˭ʳ˭һЩɣ
ոҲ˵ɶ±£ίͻؼҡ
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Ķָĸݵɩ
ּҵʱ򣬹ָֻ̫һӺŵʳֲóֻһЩ
Щ棬ϸױӡٰǴİֻӸˣûĹƮһŨζ
Ĺ̫͹˹ȻҲŵˡ
ɩڳ⡣˹ű˵
̫ԶʳТ˳˵
ʱ򣬻θɤšһסŵߣˡ
ڹ̫յôһС͹С಻ܵЩӰ졣в˵ʱ򣬾еŷŲ
ۣһÿӸ˼вˣһ˵£ǷּˣԺ//̺嶼۸ˡ
˵˰죬С͹СĵӲűôһ㡣
ǹСɵľٶϹĿ࿴
ſӣһԼװˡװ붼ðˣȻһСܵ˳ȥ
ĵطûȥͶſڵ¡
˴Ա߾ʣǼҽɶ
СɾʹĻش˵⣡
ðɣһݵ춯͸ˡ
ȻԺȻһǿҴ̼ƷţƷСһΣԷ/ըȴ޿κΣϵͳֶʮ֣
ٽŶ
ϣҲУ
веģѾˡֻǣ˲
ڹСɴ̼̫͹˹ûãͼг߷ɱﻹţ˹˹ˡ
лҪ˵
ΪһϰҪǰֻάһһȺϰˣܶˣôôգ















7
Ϣ̫˳һۣתͷ͸˵Ķﺰ
˹ɿĴ˳˵õһŷ⣬һ
󣬵ʵʵģǿͷװʲô
˰Ĺ˹ֱӰѶ˹̫ϡ̫ϲĽӹݽſʱͷҲ̧ĸ߸ߵģһӵĸ߰
һ£ûü˵ʲôͼŹСŸɿ˽СҲһѹĿԼ
ְΪʲôҲǮСʣΪʲôֻ̺ģǵİְ𣿡
Ȼûϻش𣬾Сɷŭһ𣬡Ųǵİְ֣
е׺ݼˣֱӾͰѴû˹棬¶ĹСŵ۴ޡ
ϸϽѹС౧壬ȲˣŰѹС͹Сɺ˵ְ֪ĻǮ̺һֶûǡԣСɣ㲻˵ְ֡
ϵĻСɺһԴԱһŤȻе㲻Ҳûٶˡ
Сʣǰְ֪ˣͻҲǼ𣿡
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ǽͿˡϵȴջˡ
Ĺ˹źͺڼﶼҪ˲ܣʲôȴ̫͹˹ģЩǼĸĸҲùǺģ˳ӵĹ̫͹˹
ԽԽϺ޲ýȥˤͷŻ𣬰ѹ˹Թˡźӵ治ֻ˹Ҫյź󻹸ҰѶĸݵĺţҾʹӸļޣ
TNNDźӲˣаɣ
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վƽ
ϻݺŴӹ̫Ǳﴫ˵ֿԼϱһﱻʵ̲סˣϵͳ̳ǵ壬ʮ֣һһһޱͶʮ޻
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һܿɣֻϵͳĻִ115ܿͱ65ϵͳҲһϢƷѶһƷͣעա
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˰ҹҹ˾ʱ֡
ûע⵽ĵطһµϢϡ
Ʒʹעգ
ϣǱûˣһôҲ˯̤ʵ˱գģʱʱòӡȻôĵ˺ҹȻͷһ죬Ӵ
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С͹С½ǺµһСĹСֱӱŵ۴ޡ
Ѻӱ壬Ǳ߹Сȴɿɿ½ǵ֣ã
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ʱĿһ˺üȽŶʼе㷢ˡ
ѽǸʲôֶҹģˡ
ôĶһұˡԺסŵˣ˾͵ú͵ƣŵܳһ
Ұ
Ұײڹ˹
һžϲĽкУԽԽ˳ˡ
˺Ұʱ򣬱ݵĴţ˳ȥͼͷĴҰײҵĴǽϡ
ǽϵƶҰĳɵģ֮ǰӶڿǸŰںĶͷҰԴ
Ҳ֪ͷҰж벻ôѰǽϼҵķײһԴǽߡ
ЭϴľŰҰԴŪ˳
ҰԴһ̣ԭͱײ˵ǽĵשǸƵľ͸ˡ
ôҲ벻ǸνĶƷϵͳĽôһķʽ͹ǿԣϺϵͳúõһ䣬ͽأƻİ
ö˶˵һǽôƶˡȲ˵ƲʲôԺαȻڵһУ
ģѾһǽ˸ӣҲٴסȥˡ˭֪˶ӻβι̣һʲô⣬׵ˡ
Ůͻ
Ȼʱ˿̣ﻶϲڶͷҰ˭Ҳûȥϼ˶ǽӳҹҲǸӴϺŸֵͲ˳˹
ͷҰѾǴϼҵǽ˳ĸԺмɹƺ棬Ÿɲǹպͷ䡣
һһģǴҹıˣҲϲ̵Цݡ
ļģ㰡˵˵ôְ
仰ϵ⣬Ұ⣬ͨͨҵİ
ʱһҲʲô֣Ϲ˼ҵ⣡
ǹ̫ں















8
̫һѴ﷢Ұʱ˷ܣ侲һЩ
ĻҲ˱ˡȺеɩ͸һ䣬ײߵģҪ֣ҲϼҵĲŶ԰ӣ㲻ǺϷּôͷҰô˵Ҳҵġ
ԣ
˵Ķԣ
ɩ⻰һвٵӦ͡
ڿۣҲµ̫պ鷳Ȼô˵ô˵ˡЩտ߹̫ˣںڰжŹֱ̫ѹ̫ģ˵ķ˺һ໰
һ˼ܸ
û⵽ôţǹ̫ںڰ˺һᡣ
ֱĴӳ̲סˣһסڣ
ͣˡ
ֵͲһĶŹ̫˹ȥеһжǹģǴҼģ˼Ҫ߸𣿡
еˣ̫ĸҰ
ЩͷϽزƲģ󶼱˸ҲãҲãֻҪһᣬͰЩ˴Ӽͷһ̨ñӣ˫ֱһ·νְ/
Щжң̫֪ġ
֮ǰ̫ͷҰģۣһʱûȥôࡣڱôһʣ˲侲ˡ
һ侲֪ҲúˣҲ˲ͣˡ
󣬹ͺɱɱˡѪˮʲôĶһȥʣµһӡ
üһʮ߽⣡
ɱôõˣԼûмӹôʵġ˳ϵ֣ɱȵ˵
ɱ࣬˵⻰˵
࣬Ǻ¡
ǴҲãǹҲã˿̼ô⣬һϲ̵ġ
Ҫ
ôģ˵ˣʮ飬ÿдСһʮСһֻ߻أǲֱ֣Ӱ֡
û˵ӳġ
м¡ʱְڶ£ʾ񰲾һᣬײڹ˹ҵģҵǽײˡ⣬ø˹ҶһЩû
Ҫֳȥһ⣬˲ˡĴǶûôӶЩҲֻﲻˡ
ǣͳƣ⻧ɽһаʮ˼ҡÿ˼ͳһĽ⣬ʣµʮ⣬Ƿָϵġ
ôһãԭֻЩĴ̲סˣֱ¿ˣƾʲôܷôࡣ
ʵϣչķַҲǴİʮ˼ÿ˲ϡɿÿ̯Ĳ࣬ǺһԵеˡ
һҲеˣֵģٸĿҲá˵й̫ĽлĴսȨʹһҧˣô֣ûøˣ
ڱϣ̾ˣۼôָһң۵ȷʵ١
Ⱥܿ
ЩڵԽɫԽѿڿֱӾȺſڿӣ˵ô֣ǸһȰɣ
˵ѸǰǷǶࡣ
ȻǹѸɹ˹ڲＸ궼ˣĴʵ͹ѸҲûˡƽʱҶһסŵģЩʲôᵱ˵£ϰŴҵˣЩˣֽڿȻô˵ô˵ôô
϶˵УȵպֻҪһΣһܹѽȺϳҲԺˡۼβһͻ
ʱǰ׹һһֻϿüĻ˰С
ϵͳʾҪ⻻޻
һתϽ˵ҲҪˣƽ˾ǡһҪ󣡡
һϲҪˣȺһӰˡ
ɶҪ˵
ϣҼȱȱ޻ԸⲻҪ⣬ֻϣÿҰ޻һС
޻֣Լ֯ڴ˵ǸġϵҪ󣬲֣ĳ˿»вҲٶ˵ʲôˡ
ܿõ˴˵ͬ⡣
㰴˵ȥ֡ӵÿһ˼ңҲ˶ֵ˽ӽ⡣Ӧϵ޻һ͸ͼ
뿪ˣҲźӻݡݺ󣬵һ¾ǰѿ˵׸Ųƶﶥš
ʱ׸׹󣬰˸ߣô֣ҲءһƵʱģŮҲ˰֣Űƹȥġ
׸׽˶ǽ˸ʵϲϵĻңϴ˯
ϣǹ˶ǽżԼһŮ˴ŮôҲġһҲûô˯ãΰѵôۣһΣͼԽԽˡ
ˡ
һţͼŹ̫վǱߵſڣһ߿ˣûõĶײİ嶼زסûù
ˣϷ飬ˡ
ƾ˭ϵıˣﶼ˲Ƣû̫ȥЩ˵ǽ޲һ¡
̫̫Ǳ߻ˡ޲ǽɴվȥôġ
棬˻Թ̫ҲĸεģרŶűƣǿ
꣬ϾԺһ죬ŭƷһ٣ϵͳ֣
Ӵ֮ϲˡ
ͷ̫Ǳ߿ȥֻ̫֮ǰģɫ࣬ŵĻе״ˡɼϽĹǺ
룬Ҫٽȥ
һΣ֣Ǿʮ֡ʮֶԶһһֻصķˣ
˵ԺѻôһһϸĶˡǣ̫Ҳ棬˹˳Ź̫
̫ʱϺô֪Щ˴ָգָɣԹ˹ûô˼ˡ
ô룬Ͼô
໰Ӯ̫͹˹۴ӣָİ
ֻƤһҪҪƤûûƤľͲǶǣҵģҵûùҷϡ
ѹ̫ķۣ˹ȭͷҪˡϸ˳֮ǰܡ
û/ɵӣ
˹ʱѾҰһء
˹վֻſ䣬ִšϾһţһʱ岻˵ˣ˹ϵͳﻹû֡
Ȼ˰šĹ˹ʱʱϼ䡣
һᣬ˹ˣ㽥ͣˡ
ϵȴеδ
ÿϧôһأһ߷Ż֣һϧš















9
޻ˣҲˣްͱӾͿˡϴޱȻԼŮһһްֻްԭļڣ·ѣޱȴ˴
ֻȥɩ뵽ޱʦ
ɩʲô˰޻ϡ

ǰҲ޻ֻһֲϵġֻðɩȥһΡ
Ƕũʱ֣һµءɩҲʱ䣬Ӧˡ
ɽ嵽ϣ߰·صĻʮ·ˡϾ·̫Զе㲻ȥ
ɰѺӷżܾòġ
С˵һῴǵġ
ɩҲ˵ʵڲУôſһ캢ӡ
ɩĴĴŮѾʮˡڴǸˡǹӡǸˬĺӣҲصġ
Сɺ͹СҲʾԼϱͬˡ
ڶһ磬Ϻɩͳˡ
˴޻ĵطϾͰ޻£ʦ
ʦӹ޻ȷŵһ£޻ʮʲôİ
أһװˣһıӡ˵
ãŰɣ
޻Ҫů˻ҪѹߣһӴûСʱǸ㲻ġһɣӵ
ϵһᣬԴۣȥתת
ɩסȥģ
ȥ濴˵
ɩüͷһ壬ʲôͷɶÿġ
ۼϻףһߣС˵Ҫˣһ˼ʦ޻զ찡
ϣܰɣ
ôܣɩˣ㲻ۣ棬ޣզ찡
ôǿˡ
ðɣΪ˷ֹޱʦֽţֻܼȥ
ȵ磬ĲˣޱǴˡϸǮ±ӵ׼ȥˡ
һǴĹ򣬼Ҳ֪ôˣͷĵ
ɩ˵ϹģŵʱǸ˳Ե𣿡
ģˡ˵
˾Լջһ¡ɩΪȻĺˣԼȵ㶫ǻġ
ϲ˵ˡ
ܸܲɩ˵ºӻջȳԵģҲİɣ
˵ϼӿ˲⣬ɩ·һ˵ϣߺӡ
˵Ҳ ձ麢ӴС͵ѧŸɻæҪǷںǵñ˺Űӡ
ϵģϻ˼ҡһţͶſ޵ĸСèһԼ߰ļҡ
ɩҵĹ˴ҲߡһϺɩˣֱ״̺͹ߺܼˡ
Ϊˣ˹һѣײϣỹأ
ɩһײǿԼŮ·һֻϹȻһƬɩܶƿڴ
ݵĹ̫͹˹ѧϡһŽգôžǲ
ʵܲסˣ͸Ÿɩϼ䡣ɩ͹˴𣬡úӶ¡
ɩƫû취˼䣬һѿĴŹ˴ȥˡ
£ҲԼȥ浯޻̫͹͸
̵һ£ӵЩ޻ڼ޻ҲãҲãȫˡ
Ŷûǵ⡣
ĺˣֱӾܶϸ״ȥˡ
źС
ԡ˵ľǡ
ӳüͷˣȥɣ
ΪʲôҪһȥϲߡ
˵Ǵ壬ûϱŵġ
ûоͲܸ𣿡Ϸʣڷּˣּ˾ˡҼǾǷ
һˣô˵ͨ
ҲЦˣұ˶һܸ棬ҾֻܳưͿ˵ͨУﲻңȥĵط棡
˵⻰̧žҪߡ
ۼҪˣˣϽסˣҪȥģ
Ͼ˵ﲻңҾȥ磬粻죬Ҿȥ֡ҾͲţûطԩ״ˡ
ôβġ˵ͨϡ
Цû𻰣ôŹ
֪ϷǸ治ɵ̬ȣûˣֻܸһˡ
˹˼ңҵ̫ϽģѴõĶ˼һȥ
̫Ҫͬ⣬Ͳǹ̫ˡ
ôڻֶʹùеԲ˵ϣӣҲ
ɶˣô
Ͽɲһס
ңЩ飬ֻκͶε𡣱ȷ˵һأ̫͹˹ҪǲǸݺݵĴȥŲԺֻҪеöǱһ֪͸
һΣǾԲܰݵˡ
һӣС룬СɣС࣬ߣϹ磬һȥ״
һߣһߺйˣѧᵱš۸ϱŮﲻǣǾȥܹܵĵطȥ
ֵֺģѹŪաû취ֻȥ˵̫ͷҲˣ㶫ҪٲӾȥˡǺͷ£ҾͲˡ
⣬̫е㺦ˣӲܸɶţңǾǲТ
ˣϵһסøôˣֱӾ˵㣬ҪҲס㣬֪ˡ
˵ţ治ˣ̧ž׼뿪
̫ˣ˳סզܸأңңҲϻأϻҲﶫˡ
˵ϻص£ûãʱûּңһˡ
仰ˡ
̫վԭأһһ׵ġּߣͷǺ¡Сӹ˹İѶִ˳ֱӶм䡣
㣬ߣһȺծﻹֵġ
ɰøʹģСܹܵȥѶӵϼСĴŲϵĻҳۿˡ
ϾͰοǣû£ǽôǵģԺôǡ
С͹С౧ŲવµᣬСġšһ
Сȴ˵Ļ֮۾ת̫ݵķһۣĳޡ
Ȼڶ죬ϸɩڼһްȻ̫ƿڴĸǧĸɵĺ£ץˣ᲻㣡
ﶼɶ¡
ȵ磬ɩ극յǰֱЦҲ֪˭ɵĺ£·棬˺ôһ/ˡ
ҲЦɻͷһ룬԰
һڼɩҲûˡô̫·......
ϺɵӿȥȻһ۾ͶһĹСɡ
ɩߺһʣȻɵġ
ֺֺЦôܸ£Ͳײ˴㣿
СɣҰҹģǶ˯ˣײġ
ԣ̫·£⺢Ԥı֮µĶඣ















10¡̫Ҳ߸ɵĺ£վſڶ߾ƿڴϧǣûеץˣû취
ͷֱŵĹ̫ϾŻСɣ㿴˰ҪһСı//ץˣ²㡣
СɷҲŲᱻأ
٣⺢ӣŶŲסˡ
ֻ̾ĶԼ˵ӻС̡Ĭ˼ϾʽȥСɹͨΪʱû˿̾Ͳ֪𣿡
һ춼û˹ֻҪһ룬ܲµ˭ɵˡԣηˡ
˭ϣС⣬Ȼ̧ͷ´Сһ㣬𣿡
⻰ҭģð춼˵ֻܸУ¹СɲָʲôϸɴඣС룬㿴Ҫȥ͹ҡ
С뿴ϣֿСɣӦһŶ
СһߺȻҲðһ䣬Ҳ￴š
ֱѹСĹǺ󺰣С࣬ͽ
Сŵϱ㣬ϾͺСɣ۸á
Сɲˣߺģֱ˵ԺҲŹСһˡ
Сеţ۾ȥϣϾ˵£㲻棬أ
СĴ󺰡
ȹСŹСȥˣߺֱ֮ŤŤ͵ɵϿȥʱַɿİջһװʲôûзһı顣
ҲùС͹С໹ǹŹСɣһСɱŤһ£׻ûסܳȥˡ
룬Ť־ǿӣĸˣԭӾͲ˵ˣһҪȻҲڱ۸ѲɣǸһҲûɷ˹
뵽˹Ͼ뵽ռҼĹȥţҲ֪˹յû

Gʡ߷
˹ѵ꣬׼սһȥʳãȻͷһ˺ü
ӣԼǲеˡں˹ţһ¡
һõ֣˹һ¡ΪǴռǱ߼ĹġҪ֪ˣռǱ߿һŶûмĹ
ţ˹ԥ˰Ŵ򿪡
Ȱſ꣬˹ۿˡֻץţյĽģֱϵĳˡ
սƲԣôˣǼ𣿡
ҵûˡ˹˵
ϽοֵܣڰЩģΡĸڸǰТ˳޶ǰš£Ҳֻż
Ȼ󣬹˹žһ䣬ûˡ
˵ã¿ˮɰͰ͵һ䣬ˣڲŸɣ
Ҳܰ
˭֪˹⻰ȴˡ
ɵۣܰɣֵܣ
˹ҲòܣǴռҼô˵ġ棬˵˺ܶ¡뵽Щ£˹ץŵճȭͷȭͷյĿֱ֨֨죬˺ôĹԼ侲
侲󣬾㲻˵·龫𣿰Ū㡣

ʮ죬նŵӹˡ
˳Ⱥһ磬Ȼʣ磬ô˰
նûشϵĻǵŵߣãС룬СС࣬˽Ǵʲôˡ
Ҳأ磬ⶼЩʲô
նǺЦһ۹̫Ǳߣ˵˵˵
Ƚţ˶ѵһ£ͰŹˡȹ֮󣬱ӿڴͳһš
۾ʱһ˹ģ
նɲǹġ
ŷͲ𿪹ˣݣռҲ֪ˡϻûӹ㿴ţǱնɻʵӣ
ϴŵһ٣ӲЦЦͣɨä࣬ȥѧЩ
ŶնЦǾͲˣԼֲҡ
εӦһһῴŵʱ򣬺ôװŲϼ֡˭֪̫ˡֱӾһɨ꣬Ȼ󲻿ŵһ䣬ǰɣȥô£Ƕ߹˹
˹棬ǱԼ֪¡ֻ֮˹дţҲΪϲʶ֡
ܷŭһǷŭ̫ϺӡǷŭ̫͹˹
ͷѶҲСĳ
˹˵һֱ֪ͷѾˣС飬Ҳû˺˵һ䡣
һΣĻһٿǮǮȻ龫ʮףǮġϺͺԼųԣ̫ʡˡ¸ǮͶĵռңռӴϡ
ǿܰ૵˵
ն֪ʱҲò˼飬ʮֲ⣬˵Ǹɶô
ЦΪʲô¹˹ǼǮĶ£
Ҫ֪̫ǹ˹ļĸ޹󣬾ŹͷûкֵܹĿ˹ֻ¶Ҳòȥ
ˣԼ˽ȻѱҲͬѪ
¹˹֪ͷˣټǮĶɴʲôҲ˵ʵϣҪϴˣҪ˹дţֻ²Ĺ˹ͻᱻһֱڹʲô֪
ĸһ㣬Ϻöˣֻ¹̫͹˹Ҳ͹˹˵һġ
˼涾
նŶÿ£˵ţ̫ˡ
һܸɵĳ׼ӵŮˣԼĺӶˣֺοǼأ룬Ҳûʲôþȵˡ
ն˵ڹ˹Ѿ֪ˣԺҲٸǱ߼ĶˡҺͺӣҲסˡ
ԶԶԣǲն˵Ҫ۸Сǣ
ͷһůӦţҶ֪ġ
նָˣ˷ܵĽĶһһá
һʮֵĴף龫ȻأһĲ˸ɳЩɹģʲôûУõˡָһĺ˵ЩأҲùġ
նӿڴͳǮЩ÷ġ㲻֪զȡҰǮȡˣٸ͹
ˡ˵
ն˻ˣӣɶ
ðɣںȥ˵Ļ˼Ļò˵ġҲͲ˵ˣնߵʱϷһ龫
նҪУ÷ĸСõģզá
ӲҪúһˣûȥӡ
һӲһӲƵģǱ߹Сһתһֱƿն·
նһæɿ֮Сɣأ
С˵龫˾ˡ
С͹СҲͷ˾ˡ
ºˣϰһ̯״ǺҪģҪǲҪԼȥ˵
զ˵
նӲҪ龫˵ˡ
նһߣϾͺסãôø龫˰
Ҫ֪֮ǰԭһֱöе㻤ʳԼҽûãɶԱˣǿٵ
øոǶϲžþȡ
Сһתͷһ̧һ䣬˾˶ҺãҾԸ
С͹СҲǱ˵˾˺á
٣⼸СѾͷƬӣͲôоʲô֪
ϾǣְҲǺã»ˣǸ
С뿴ϣֿСɣС˵ְֺãҲ
ڹС࣬ǹСĸƨ档С˵ʲô͸ƨɺ˵ʲô
ǹСɣϿ˹ɴһƲٿɣ
ã͵Ӳˡ















11
˹ĻĶʮףϴһ飬׸ĥˡм䣬ϻǮڶ˲ٵʳôŪˡ
͸֮ǰع̫ЩʳһҲЩһ󲿷֡ǣͶ˼˸ߵש顣
ƽʱʱ򣬾Ͱǵáֽӣʳ鲻˵
˹Ǯ£Ҳú˵ڹ̫͹˹ǱѹͲ֪Ѿ˹ͨˡ
ʵ飬Ҳֻһʱ
ʮһ磬ϸɩȥ˼УֻĸѼӱˣҲһֻ
˹˹ǮͶϾźӺúùꡣ
ɩ˵Ҳ̫ˡ
Ͼ˵ûԹЩͷһּңҲŶЩ
϶˵ˣɩͲ˵ˡ
ܿ죬ɩżʲôɻ ɽž򡣾ϱŵı¨װðˡ
̲ס˵ˣӲôġ
ϾЦҲ˵
ɩǸˣĻ֪˼ûԼĻȥԼ˵ˣҲǲȥˡ
Ķ࣬ȴĸˡ
żѼС˵ȥǴѣԺеˡ
ÿ꣬ͷҲġֻļµĵϺӶûݵġˣҲĸԣϴҿ
С˵ţҪȥҵݡСɺ͹Сߣ׼æ
Ϻסǣôѣ⼦ǲŹԡ
ϻ治˵˵ͳ˵ɱһֻˡ
ʱӾߣ᲻뿪ȵðʱζƮӶǡ
ͷǼҼһãʹôһӡ
ֻסĽһģ˭ҪŪ˺òˣȥģﶼܿűӸ׼ȷųλ
סŵĹ̫͹˹˵Ҳŵˡ
ûãݾ
Դûյ˹Ļ̫Ǳߵѹһ͹һ졣ʱʱģϴ߹Ǳˡ
ʱǹ˹ȻҲٲ˾ˡ
ĶˣĶˣĶôˡҪĻǣҲûáԴϸζҰܺǱ˶ˡ

ߵĹСŶʱʱǱݿһۣһģϺЦ˵£̺岻ٹˡ
ô˵Сһ㡣
Сȴһתһð˳
ĹʽĹһʲôðСѾͷӼ﷭һȱ˿ӵȣȡ
ȶ£ͳſڵķƮȥС͹СˣȻҲڹСƨɺæ
ȻûöãĽ͸ˡϸһ˹̫й˹
Сɾ͸ˣһĳŹС͹СＷüŪ۵ġ
ϿĺЦҲ˵ǡ
ʵ˵ףǹ̫͹˹յʱ̫ˡ
ȵ꣬ϾʹСɣˣ
СɾЦĻش𡰸ˣһᣬִյϸǰС˵̺治ҳǾֻ
һϲ㿴ңȴָɲҵģ
ƨˣ
ϡϱʾ޻˵ˡ
ΪڸղţϵͳԶˣǿҴ̼ƷСӣƷһΣϵͳֶʮ֣
ģٽ
У
һ̫͹˹ǱߣܿͲµ˹˹߼Ǯˡ
ͱѣҪ˹̫ˣ
ǰ̫ôʹĴӦּңԼŹ˹߼ĵǮǮûˣ̫Źˣ
ʮҼһԲ̫ͳ嵽Ժм䣬쳶صûĵģ˵Ǯƣүôǣ
춯صģԺסŵ˶ˡ
ܳ
ϳˣ̫һ޵ĸˡڵϴԼؿڣһĸεģҪ˰ֿޣҲˣһŸʲôܺ˴ĥ𣿡
˹ͶԱߣ̫
̫תͷ˵ɩӣÿĻǮǸģզôݣǮأ
˵ʵҪģûôҪġ
뵽ԭܵĿ࣬뵽һֱŵĹ˹һֱӾͶŹ˹˹ȥģãҽͺ㳶˭źģ
ܻѹ˹һμĻ˳϶˾磬ȥˣҪǮ¹ģšС࣬Ҳšǵ˵˵ⰲʲôģ
û뵽Щ¶͹˹˵ˣ̫͹˹ɫʱˢһ¾ͱˡ
˹ֻţһǣûü˵
ǰ׵ȥ඼ûü˼Ҷ˵æֱӾͳ˹ȥ
ԺչֵҲ֪˭⻰һ¾͸ЦˡһЦü˶ûסЦ
ĲС
ɹ̫ҪǿϾʹ˰ݣͲй̫ˣ
ۼŴﶼվǱȥˣһת޺һңҲˣȥ˰ɣ
˵ţҪȥײ˼ҵǽ
Ȼǲģ
Ȳ˵и׶ӹ˹ԱߣǱˣҲĿŹ̫ײԼǽϡ
ģǶ
ǣ̫Ҫײǽǻ˼ңһӾȰϣӣģô˳һЩɣ
˳ô˳ٰѹ˹ĻǮ̫

ͷˣһѾͳ˹ȥֱӾͰѵϵĹ̫һϣﻹţУ㲻һǾͶˣ
˵Ĺ򣬹̫ͱ˼ԶֱϵԺмľڴǽ춼ˣ⾮һˣ˻и飡
˵꣬Ź̫ͷҪ
һɱ֮ǰ̫ѰٻҪĶࡣ룬Χֵģסˡ
ӱ˵ˣǹ̫Ҳˡ
ûֻһϣвѹ˹ĻǮҪˮȥʱ̫ŵֱſңſң
Ҳ˹סϡãŰ˴ˮ߸
̫һ뿪ϵʱȽһ̱˵ϡ񾪿ֵĿϣˣǸӣ񾭲















12
ɹסƷһΣԷηϵͳʮ֣
˵㶵ģ㶵²Ҫġ
̫ĺڣȴϧһ֣ȷʵǽ̫סˡóһʱ䣬ݶû
Ҳ֪̫ǲͣˣϴӣǹһĵꡣ
ȵʮһָҪʼˡ
ǰӵĴӳѴﶼټһ𣬿һᡣ
Ӧͷ/ߣŮ٣ֻҪܸɻģȫҪμӣһ١ڰ꣬ʮꡣ
С룬Сɺ͹СͲȥǹ˹갡׵Ӳ˵ˡǹ̫𿴴˶̫ʵ˼ͻʮأ
γɲ֮ǰͷ´/ߣǿִУûѡ
͵óţ˵ʲô緹֮ˣѹûʱ䡣·ϣɵһƬԶ㿴Χľ
ˣɾϵʱѾ˲ˡ
ֵһᣬ˵ˣӳ˹ſʼɻ
Сһ飬ǸŮһ飬һ顣
õóͷõðͷȥءŮһ飬һѿ񵶣ȥɽϿ
ʣµСֱΪݡһݸ棬βݼ顣һָڸŮһ飬ɽʰ
ܲɵģһطֻ̫Ϊʮֵ꣬˸Ůһ顣ԣҲſ񵶣һɽ
ҰնҪοľǳСȴϵ
Щɻĵãȷϡ£ܳԵġұ֮ǰµظɻǱȽʡˡ̫ǰй˹Ǯϻţһϣûʲô
˲Сʱľͱĥϴˮݣ۵һѾͽĿˣһƨֱߺߣ˵ʲôҲɻˡ
Էʱ򣬴ӳһˡֱӾͶԹ̫˵ҪҾҪ㹤ˡ
һҪ۹֣̫ˣҶһĹƾɶҹְ
/߸տʼ̫͸ս˵ˣԼӱֺãڹͷأᱻ̫һֱӾͺǳ⣬ʲô㿴һ磬Ϳٿ˼ӣ˶
Ͽĵط̫Զڿ졣һĹԱ߾Ͷʮˡʮһ飬ȷʵ۵ġ
Ǹ̫Աȣ͸ˡ
˵̫̫챻ըˡϵķһۣһţͱô࣬ҸɻȻûôˣ
˵ҲŰȥ鰡 Ȼˣ鲻һɵĻһõֵĹҲһ
ȷ˵һ飬ɵĻأõֵĹҲࡣϲĻÿ쵽ֵĹֶģҲ˵һʮ֡
һǸŮ顣ǸɵĻʡһЩ־һЩҲа/Ÿ֡
С飬һֻ߸֡
ÿȼֻһ֣ÿһһͷɾʹˡ
̫ûôͷһЩֲȫֻô˵Ϊ˲ˣˣߡһ⻹ࡣ
߹ȥʱ򣬻ǵ⡣
϶û̫һ磬ԭǸϰ˵ģҲеԲǿ֣۵ĲС
һŷ˵֣һ߻ÿ첽ߡҪ֪ﻹӣøϻȥ
һ߽ԺͼŹСŸƨɶſڡǰһ裬˺˵Ĵײˡ
С£ǰѰײϴˣȻɤӶﺰ㣬㣬Ҳϴˡ
ˣˡܳǹСɣŸɸһ̧ͷؼ˵ϣ˵ֱ
ꡰ󣬹СɾͿʼˡ
Сں棬Ҳϴˣͣһ£ֲ䣬вˣ㳴ˣ
ϽһͼŹСŹڷŹĲˡΪС־ÿιһΣֻܷһСֵĲˡɵĺ棬۾Źӣһٴеģ
ũҵ̨ȽϸߣССΪӪ㣬Ӹպø̨ƽҪ˳ˣ͵վڸһĵط
˿̣Сվϲʳϣӱֱֱġ
ŵϸϽ˹ȥĹ˹
СȴʲôҲû죬ϻˣһЦһ
ôˣҲһװˣһʡ
С˵ɻࡣ
ģеˡ˵ˣ˫̥С͹СɣûأҪļҸôСĺļһ
ԸæԸТ˳Ǻ¡ϲǵĻԣֻúúõĸ˵ǻСõù̫ΣˡЩ£ԼһӾˡ
˵⻰ʱҲ¶ģ´Լ¹ʱ߿㣬ȡ
ϼƻٺãҲǸϲϱ仯ġ
ɽ￳ĻֻһݣûɽˡǸһ飬һȥء
ңҲ֪ģ˵кüӷطĿɺˡǻһʲôء
ָѵطһһߣٷŷϡٰǹȥνˡ
ֻһԭһһܷһĶصĻôһŪ˵һĶˣֵض겻ɡ
ȸϣͻ˴֡
ﲻԸأǾֻܰѴĹʱ
ԭϾĹˣҪԱ硣ϴӼϵϵĵط춼أ˸վһ飬˭
¹ʱ䣬Ҳϵϡǣˡ
¹ʱ䶼ˣݣ͸ˡ
緹ǸҵģǰһЩڣŴѷ͵ȻڵͷϳԷ
ʱ벻ҲǲܹˡСҲģѼȫ˹ȥ
Ÿ˴£Ȳ˵ܲܳԵˡָôɣ;òˡ
ܲһӣũ壬һӵũɣ
ǵ취















13
紺ʵǴżֺġ
ʱʵʵġɸһṦũϵ·һȵչؼңϾֻʣ±һˣϳ˵ÿųͷѡһζʪյĻؼҡ
ǿȵĹǾ͸ҪõĻʳ˵ĸĵġ
ǰϼɩ˵ϲӣżеöǮȥڼÿЩʹÿĲϵĲɫʢ˳ԵĺˣӪȻҲܳԵЩ
ֲǸԼˡ
˲ЩʳϵģÿŷǮҼһȥʣֻ˭ԸģѼҲãҲãɶҪɶ۸һҲû¡
ҪûôʱԼڼףϾͻϸѼӻǼɱˣС顣
СĲ˲࣬ϸģҲҪڰѼѼӲ˿϶ᣬɼӵˮӵΣһ鶪ǻġ
һ緹ʱ֣һﶼϲһԷΨϣÿÿǶһˡ
ⲻΪԵãΪǷ̫ˡ
أҼһĻʳҲҲû˭˶ƤɶɶģŪˡ
£ǳŴͷ/ϸȻԱߣŴǱƮζֻ³ԵҲûôˡ
ĽĽҲ˵лϲǲ֪ǵû
ôˣƾʲôԵõģ˵ˣЩȫǹ˹ĻǮģ׵ĺܡ
ϻʳãҪ˵۵ģǻ̫͹˹ˡ
ƫҲɺ޿յĽԵĺãۺ죬ûɶԸһԷأƫϲ̫͹˹һЩ
ÿι̫͹˹ԼķʱŴǱƮζۺֲĳжѻˡ
˳Ϻ۵ģǺƤܵûһԽԽ㡣
ΪһƷϵͳ
̫͹˹ԽϵͳֵԽǻ졣
ϣȻҲǼõġ
ô˼κ󣬹̫͹˹ܲˡĳ¹̫Ǯ˴ĳһ/˼ҡ
ڶ죬ͷ֣֮󣬹̫͹˹ҲƮζˡ
̫͹˹ͲܳԿˡĳЩ뷨ϣǺһġ
ⲻˡɼȻôˣΪʲôԼһ㣿
ǮǮ˹Ĺż£жǮɹ̫Ͳһˣŵģ˹ͷļҲй˹ȥ˲ӺĻǮ
Ϻ͹С̵ֿ˼㣬˵ЩǮǽ͹˹ãÿʵʣ١
ҪǮϻȲ̫
ʶû˶ܳôãͶӹ˹ֻܿųԵġ
˵һΣȻеڶΣΡ
Ӱʮ໧˼ңҼҶѼѹû١οҲ˶Ըȥġ
Ǿ㲻ÿһֻҲ͵һֻġ̫͸ϱƵģɶϣҲܱϸȥˡ
ôһļѼԽԽ٣۸񣬾Īı˸
ĳ죬̫ȥѼȴΪһû򵽺󣬹̫˺ü˼ң򵽵ļѼȫȥ
ԴûѼˣĻǵȥĴˡҪƽʱã³أûʱ䣬ʱܱĴȥʲôѼˡ
򲻵ѼҲż򼦵ףȾ/ϸʳֻҪ˼Ը۸Ҳ
̫Ϻ棬Ҳȥ򡣶򲻵ǿžȥ򡣷ʳⶫ㣬ûлġֻͷҼһʳʵ࣬ԵȵȥҲã/ϸʳҲãûˡ
򲻵ֻֻܿ
ڶԷʱ򣬴ͷ֣ϸһͷ˵Ĵ
˾ˣӣզ˰
֮ǰĴװˣϿڴ򲻵ˡ
һߣŴ׷Ĺ̫͹˹̵ֱͦر۵Ŀ⡣
Щʳֱ̫˼ңͷ֪һЩԭ򡣾ڨڨЦһ£͵͵̫͹˹ķһۣ˵ˡ
ȻƷϣǱȹ̫͹˹ϲɹ̫ǮҲóǮļ۸߰˸˭пܹȥû˻Ǯȥġ
˼ҹ̫ǮȻʳඣ
ûԺãҪϣҪôϢҪôʹӱĵطҲ¹ؼңˮϴʱϻˮտȻտˮ֮ǰĥɷ۵Ĵס
׺ȻȲ⣬ҲȺʲôһЩϾʹŹСãÿ϶˼Ӳ͡
ȻСòΪʲôϸˣӶģ˵ʲôǾʲô
ȥ˵ԼҰҹ׺£һĶ˿ӹ
ôŹ˲죬ӳѴټһᡣ
Ҫʳˣ
ǰǸŮɽЩľͷʳõġ
˵һһٷҪСʱʮһٷֻҪСʱɽʡʱ䣬ȴͶ뵽ǵУǳʳõ壬
ҪʡһвҪϵ˷ѣ
һᣬ˵ʳãʵֹǶӵкôӵĴǣǺôҲǴģ
ʲôôأ
ԷԼ겻ԼϴҪһǣܱ
һܱȺȻˡ
ﶼڵ´󺰣ʳãҪʳã
ѹ˺üε֣ŰĴǸѹȥʳãǿ϶Ҫģ
Ȼϣûνѵ͡
˵ʳõĺô֮󣬽ţͰҪ˵ˡ
ʳһвƾնҪĶҪӴϼϡУȻҲ˼Ҽһʳ
Ÿ˲پϸĹ̫Ҫˡ















14
ʳõλãѡ˾ÿϵĵط
֮ǰľͷһʱķãˮɡ˴Ｘ΢ľˣ˲һݵʱ䣬Ͱʳø
һУѧűĴ壬һж顣
ڻ˵ҼһҪͲܵʳȥԷʱﶼгԣûа
ˣӲġ
͵ջһջݶͻð̡Ȼʱ򣬹жһȺˣֱӾͳ嵽˼Ҽȥ
ģͰʳˣҲˡ
˵ѾúܶˣôÿϿᣬҪȫѵһٵĻ͸ܲˡûãʳｻһʳ
󣬻ôӻֱڿʱ򣬹һලٱ
һӵٱôľͲʳҹôˡһ˵ͳҲûˡ
һݣ䵹ѡѵˣֱӴߡ
£̫Ż˴Ǯʳǣһ㶼ûʣ£ȫˡ
Ϻüذҹϲ߹̫ڷˣʱʱġϣϡ
ܲ
Щӹ̫ߵľϸʳڶ죬ͳ˴ӵʳϡ
׷Ĳһ
ӵĴǻϲϲĸŽõһ飬ԵĺֳԵıܿģ֮ǰʳǵԹȫ׵Ժȥˡ
еһ߳ԷһߺſںţԷҪǮ˵۹磬ʳԲꡭοʱڵĿںţ
ôĹ˼죬££ĿޡǰͷЩԹʳģҲûˡ
ǲǻиģϾͲ֪ˡϣÿ϶Ц
ZHUXIãʳúãá
ǹ̫ϰҹҲûʲôˡ֮͹˹ĴһϵЦݽĶ
ȻһҪҪɻڲһˣ˹ˣɶҪǮžȥԡôԼأЩߵʳɲͻô
նĳȥ˼٣šһסŵģ̫նŽǱͷһߣ˸תͷԼݡ
ûһǱ̫ǷŴ˵ɶãȢϱһȺûĵծ
ǹҺãZHUXIãǹá
гԣԣϡʩġ
նǱ￴һۣϾ˵
Դʳã̫ʹһʼٵȻܣ̬ȴ
Ǿʳúͻʳˣ̫ʱ䣬ֿʼ
ĻϲǵһˡҪ¶ƽϣϻƽϲôࡣ
նûȥǱˣŵݸϡ
һΣ˹ϼĻʮǮԼʮľƱ
նô˵ģʳˣԷȥǣҾû㻻Ʊʳˡ
Ҳãĺá
ʳðˣҼһѹͲ׼˽ԲƱҪǻʳ֪áһ֪ˣϽС£µĻŪһ˽ʳ壬Žơ
Ҳ䡣еĹĸֱӸЩʳ˼Ҽ//졣
ϰǮƱϣȿš
ʱ򣬱ֽһƱɱʳﰲȫЩ
˹дĲ˵һ¼ĻǮƱֽˣǱ߹ܵϣ׻ˡڵĵȼֲߣϴźȥʱܹŬȡһ죬ܰϺͺӶӹȥ
˵ǸеĶˡ
ȻĲϣ˹ְλȥͺӹȥϾҪô׵ģǹ˹ֺޱġÿһǶѪġ
ȻŲߣеѡǣҸ벿ӽһĴӴźӹȥ仧ȴһĿɲԵġ
ôϻúúõ룬úõļƻһ¡
ź󣬰źǮƱʲôĶȻնһᡣ
ݣ˸ӣÿһש
ٳնһ
նһûǡһЩָĥһ£׷ۣ
װ׵ģĥϸϸģɲǴʯĥĥ֮ĥɵķô
ϱ˵ǰ˲ʳżϻظҼĻǶʮףҶĥˡ˵򵥣ˮϴʱ˳Űˮտˣһݾܳԡ
ҲõʲôǱ˳̴ѹѲ顣
ռ˶ϺãͶұҲʵڡնһ׷ۣʮ
ҪҪնŶһҡͷôõϸҸɶŸСóԣ塣
кܶ࣡ѹɤ˵ǰŪ˲٣صĿɺˡ˵ˣÿ¶ҼǮʳģٲõġ
ţ㲻ҪձǻóأҪǵһ̫࣬ռǱױ˷֣ϻһЩ
նֻý¶
ߵʱʳǲڴġʱ·ƫһЩնݡһʮ׷۲ؽȥԼо΢һЩǿʲôġ
Ҫ֪նһϵųݶĹ̫͸һģնɨһ顣
ֿտճնŹš
죬϶ֻҪһջ˼װģߴա
еĶԺվţеĶſڣеķ·һӸ̫ϵƵģȥݴ
ȻһĹ۵ĹǺˡ˯ʱ䶼˭ʱ˼ȥʲôӰ
Ϊʲôﶼ֪
ͷһҲǶҡôŶ˼죬ʵʲôûЩ˲ŽĲˡ
ӵʳãˡ
ĳϿἯϵʱ򣬸˵˷ѣԺϲĲһĳ֡ÿ˵ĳʳҲĹ֣Ĺ
һ˲䣬ȺȻˡ
վȺŴϻҵı飬̾
ʳõģֻǸʼ
лҪ˵
Ҳд̫࣬дʱɾĺܾãΪЩ±гдϸˡ
Ȼ˽ڣף˽ڿֹû˵ңŬ֣ȡϰ󣬿ÿһЩҲǵ԰Ҹҷ
ǣôôգ















15¡ϺϳϡûķˣͿʼ˵ȼ
Ǻӡ
µһȼ굽ʮһȼʮߣʮ꣬һȼ
ʮˣǾͰ
֮⣬ʮϵˣҲһȼֵʳͬʮ굽ʮĺӡ
ҲʲôνĲһ̸ˣĻͬһŶӣͳһ򷹡
˳Էĵ㣬ԼĳԷһԾųɳӣһһ쵱ķʳ
һʳÿĵʳû֮ǰôˡɷ֮ӵĴǣͲ󹻳ˡ
ϡϡĶʲôƵģȫˮʱ˵ʱһȥӺֿܿˡ
ټڸɵȫÿıʹ󡣷ˮֲ㣬ѹͲϣûԽǰһһС׷һܱˡÿ࣬룬롣
ɲǳԷ룬ũװõĴ롣
ôأ
Բֻ뷨ȥӡ
Щ˼ҲûʵʵİʳȫȥٲһЩģͿʼ͵ųˡЩûʳģʵܲˣͿʼ͵
ׯڵܳԵĶǶġ
ݵʱ򣬳ûע⣬ֱڵ¢ϵСƹϣһҵĽ¾˶ǡ
ǶԻδĴ󶹣һҲժ
ӵ˶͵ԣĽһģ໥ЩҲֻ֪Ҳ㰮ϧֻҪ̫żһ㣬һֻ۱һֻۣ֪ˡ
Ҽһ͵ſ£Ҳ֪ġ
ʳò˳ƤԣǶĻţҪٸ֮ǰһǿ϶вͨˡ
˵ˣҲʼ͵ſ˻
Ȼǿʱ͵ųԵһ㣬վ˶ӵġ
ѰţȥҳԵġ
ģ·ߵģϵģֻҪܳԵģǾͶҪܳԵԽԽ٣ɽȥѰ
ҲȥŪҰˣֻǮȥŪֻǲԼ̫ࡣԣÿڵҰ˶ࡣ
ɩ˵ԽԽûˡ
Ҫ֪ԭȻӣôһӣ̫ĥ˼궼ûĥһŵġ
Ϸһԭļ䣬ĬȻˡ
ԭɽĢȷʵϴͷһ˲䱻
ϲҪЩҰˣҪȻⱾ£Сû͵øһ鰤ˡ
Ȼһأֵ͹ӵ
ĳϳ깤ںڵһƬŵģƿţһҲûС
Ͼ͸Ͻȥʡ
ɩ˵𼱣Ǽ֪ʱҼǸĲǴӺͷһɽˡ
ʱɽɲΪ棬µĺܡ֪ʳԣŷȥŪܳԵġ
ĲҵǴӣ֪ġһ꣬ӳĲߣССģܸɵĽ
ܸɣҲǸĺӡ
һżҪɽȥҺӡ
ɩ˵㼱ɶ㿴춼ˡģϾȻˡ
˵춼ˣǻûŸżĺû취ɩ㣬֪һȺĺɽˣһ޶Եģ
ȥˣתͷɽǱߵķܡɩںιι˼׻׷ȥˡ
ûãɽ¸Ⱥޱӭ͸ˡ
棬ҪС⡣ԶԶľ룬ǰϵθ˳ĺ
ϴս˲ŷ֣һȺСޱÿ˻ǱŴ¨ӡҲ֪װĵʲôȫġ
ҵӣ˫̥С͹СõľǱ¨Сõľӡ
С¨ӶǷڵϣһ·ߵġ
϶ʲôںɩȾȵĳѽǴŪĿҶ˰ôࡣ
ʲôҶ˵ģѹͲڼˣŵһŴʯͷǷˡ
ɩһ·ϸϸãժġ
Сɾͺܵ⣬Ǵȷֵġ
ԭǸһɽŮ߲죬ϴ󣬶˹СϸģڿһɽҵһƬҶˡ
ҲΪȺӲˣԼˣ»ȥɽһǡ
ɩ˾Ϳǣܸɡһᣬֶ˵ҶûؼȥһҪˮһ顣ˮһϣҪȻ²ÿ㡣
ҶʵһζҩҪĹЧȽⶾһֹЧҰҰʲôģζ෢ࡣ
ÿˮһ飬ˮһϣĿζܱһ롣
ҺϼժıȽ϶ֱ࣬һ¨ĿҶˣȥɩ
ɩϲĽˣתͷָ͵ĸ׷ű¨
ģ˵Ҳס
Ȼ͵ġ
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һóĸɼ͵ľԲֹôЩ
֪֪Ҳû˵ȥӹɩݹı¨תԼݡ߽ݣݶ棬̫Ϥˡ
ûġ˳Եͣ˶ܡԭǹ̫ϸɩͿҶˡ
ʵ治ٸ̫ƽˣǱܹ鲻һ顣
С룬ˮǰҶ˳ˮһϣôųԡ
ΪʲôҪô֮ųԣΪͷϣҹ̫ǰʱп
ǹ̫ڿޡ
һ߿һ˹ٲ˵ϡ֡ϣϡֱл
ҵĴ氡ء
˼Ǳ߰ҹԴĶҪˣôһ̼ǻ˵ã
ν˿Σˡ˼ҹ̫ۣϾר
Ȼϻ䣬ö顱һ졣űݺݵĹˣȻûãʱʱ͵
ǿҴ̼ƷţƷСһ٣ϵͳֶʮ֡
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ϴ㶵Ļûףɩʹչɸֵ˵ɵһȥŪö
ȵϣϸȥ˲֪ɩ˵Ūöԭ















16
ҹɩϼҵĺš
ſ˺ϲŷ֣ɩԱ߻վһˡе죬һͬһԺסŵĹƵϱӡ
ȻӶûϣɩǵĿĵأ˶Ȧˡǧ룬û뵽ɩ˵ŪöǴ
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죬Ҳ֪ɩӺôôáϽ֮˾ķֿˡһһߣûһͲӰ
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û͵治͵
ôվһϲźǰͷߡ
һߣ·׸һĥͻ졣ûȵ˷֣Լȸ˸ˡ
һվðŸӡһףʹ󣬶߶µװ
һСģ׵ϣֱҵԼĽš
񶼲ȥˣҪ˵ȥˡֲöɩһ˻ؼңֻվԭصȡ
Ҳ֪׵˶ãѾǵļٵĵزʱһһһ̵۽
˵˵ģϵ
ϸϽŴܣȵ˼ϵĵͷɩ˵ôʲôû
ٿɩӣ˼ǲװĲ˵ҲĹĹĵˡ
ɩ˵ȱ˵ˣϽߣһץˣͲˡ
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Իظ֮ǰɩǴǱ˼׸ϡϲҪɩӾ˵㲻ҪŶ˵꣬׾ܡ
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ҹķֲԾͺȥ׷
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ѲȺмһţ˳һմĺͳ˴ҵǰ
Ⱥʼ۷׷ˡ
˵ʵ͵˭û͵Ͼ˶˵£û취Լһ͵ôģȴʵ벻
͵Եģһֻ۱һֻ۹˶ＸֵôݵģһҪץġ
ҪȻĶҪزסˡ
Ŵһ棬Ѷ˳ְ˺ȥһɱӺ
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е죬Ϊ̫ǮôҲڵҪ˹ҹȥ͵ĵزתһ룬˵㡣
̫еǮȴûϻţһԭҲû˰ʱ¼ǮʳĹ˹
ǰͷʧ˲پϸʳڸǹָϡץŵǵǮһ־һ֡
̫ǣûȫˡ
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໰ĺܲס˵ȥǣΪС屻ץˣͷʹأ
С룬û
СҲ˵ǰģ˼ǣǲ
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ûͬ⣬ӶּˣǸ˵Ĺ֣ǲһġ
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ϻѰûܳɹع̫ҲûѰˣԺ˶֡
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һᣬϾ֪ˡ
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¸ҵõĹ̫һֽɸԼ˵ΪƺҲð
Ͷӵģίʵеˡ
ϾŰѲ˵֪ҪҪ˳źӵԸȥŻŻ̫ʱԭڵϵĹ̫һŲ˵ˡĴӵȾˡ
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лҪ˵
ڳˡ
ⱾҪVˣVԼӸϣҶ֧֡
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17
Żȼĵռң Ȼնյţ żæŵĴӼ˹
ǻڵ ͼնԶܹһܣһﻹں ӣˣˣ
ŵһͷ ûڵԼűϡ
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˹ԭɷǹС룬Сɣ Сõסս˻ԣ ϶ӦôźǸϹȥ
ο ǱҲҪǹȥġû滹һǱ߲Ӵ֤ô
Ͼ˵磬 ȻݰҿźӡھȥҴӡ
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Ұ׷ͺڷ˰ôôİ̫޵ǽһУ֪Ϊ˹жãʤĸһˡ
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㲻ĸֻһĿϡϣᶼҪըˡҲ룬ֱӴӹ˹﷭һⵣһⵣͳŹ˹˹ȥ
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ֱѹ̫ĵɴ۾ָϣϣҾ֪ûۡǼŹûˣ롭..
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Ϊ˹ûˣҪָˡ
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18
Ҫ˵ ϱӻû޹ˡ
ε裬 Ӳվ ðûһ¡һᣬŰݹȥ ʹ˹Ҫ𣿡
˹šһּôĲڣ ҲĪе㲻ˡ˵ ңԼͺˡ
ɹ˹һֻˣ űֲֻܵĽǣŪ˰ҲûŪá
һԼŹ˹Ķͷ϶ðˣһҧ ˹ȥù裬 ˵ ɣ
ϱΪ»ʵϣŹ˹ ꣬ ٵϴɾһ ϳʼ죬 ԽԽȻ
ϴɾ Ϸ˹˹Ĳ档ϵˮϲ˲䣬 ʹСǣ˰ɣȥԵġ
á˹˵ٵһᣬͷġ
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ӣ࣬ŲеӪ͡
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˵⻰ʱŹСԴ֪ôģۿֿʼɬ
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ϰźãְѷһ£ų׼ҽԺģ뵽˹ˣϾ;Χúתת
дˣ֪ﲻԶһСƽʱʱ򣬾ܱߴӵĴŶ
˳ָ·˲ʮӣҵνļС
Ž첻Ǹϼӣϵ˲ࡣŶ·ߡ
ϼģŻѪһȥ˹ӳԡ˼۸󣬾Ͱһӻȫˡ
ΪûװĴӦһȥҽԺߡ
Աߵ˼һô࣬ԼĶͬ־ֻ԰ɣ󣬾ëǮһ
ȷʵ۸ҲˣֻסдŪ
˼ԥΪ۸һҧ˵ҼＱҪǮɣѹˣﻹһعϸɣһǮһģҲë㣡
Ͼ;֣ô⹫۸񻹲عϸˡ
ճɲãҼһǸʵˣҲʲô˵ԵĲҶ
ֿ˵һë˼ëͷǹͷ׷̫ࡣعϸɣȫܳԣ
ڵĵعϸɱȹܻӭ
ȥ·ϣǸϻҲ˵ëǮĵعϸֵҲҪҪȻȸϼʱһһǼϵƤعƤɶģҪ/ëһˡ
һӵģ˴˼˽⡣ȴڲһֻŵĹɼ⹫ж಻ܻӭˡ
һֱ³ճô𣿡
ʻãһׯҺӾͳ̾ﶼʳ˰
ǰҲȥͷҵҰʲôģҲСϴľĵأ̰ڵģʳݶˡ
ǣҰ˶ûóˡҲѹ֣ǹعϸɣƤܻ֮ӭˡ
һųģһѶϽ˲ʱһ£˹Ҳһ¡
С͹СһһҵĿڹ˹ߣһŴ۾Ź˹һСરવĽŻ
СĹС࣬ڶЬӣڹ˹ĲϣӸϵ˿ڴ
⻹һˤ˸첲ϸһΣ˵Ͳ˰Ժ󣬹С˵ϰߡ
Ϥģϲˣˣ˼Ҵ˿ڡ
ϰѺڲҲǴù˹ӺúõദĻġû뵽ǣųȥõĹӾͶϤˡ
˹ǼŵĹզ˰
Ŷˣˡ˵㲹
⼦ҲûطŪ˹˵
Ҳֻ֪ǵʱǻǸĿģһûģһʱ嶯͸ˡ
عϸɺͻϷ˴ͷóԡ˫Ⱥͳ򣬾ʱڹ˹Ĳ档
ϼ˹üͷһֱŹ˵𼱣취
ʲô취أ
ż˸һ˼ҵš˶عϸɣͽ赽˼ҵĳ
ˮɱʱ˼һرĺãǰæšǰŴˮǰŰμëģŪϹֲ˼ġ
˼Ҿ˵»ػҪãǵûҼҡ
˵ףǶعϸá
лҪ˵
𼱣ƷźͼƷСӣûк³ġǣ















19
֮ǰڼ飬 ˸ѡ
ճɺܲã ǴӶùʵ֮ǰڶɻʱ Ҳ⡣ֵҪôеĸɴ಻硣ģ Ҳϸϸģһģû
ͷ ŴﲹһΡɾǲˣҲòȥ
ǣĹ ܵȥŷƱ˼ҵıʺֽ ͸ռд˷š
Ȱߵ˵һ£ ڼϼǹߡţ ׼˵ǮƱ
ϻҪոǮ ոӡϸɴǮƱʲôģ˹ȥ
Ū£ һȻ˵ļ ͵ҽԺȥ˹úȡ
ż Ľ˵  ɩһ ʳһȼ
˹ͷʵܵ⣬ ϻԣ ˵ϣˣǰ/ġүǵģʲô
磬˹ӺˣõģǿɶߡСرԸű˵ﲻõģǺ˹û/أ㲻ȼǰȰ
һ仰µĹ˹ż֣ǺҲǣҲǡ
С໹ںͷ˵Ҳȡ
˹оԼеŲ£ֲȥ˵ӣϵķϸձ˵/ģŲȥأ
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Ȼﻹϣô˹˹һ̨¡
˹ߺ˿ڼٲ˵ʲôˡǾһ£ˣԼûźһŮģǶϡ
ͥλȷʵе㿰ǰ
ŪʲôԵĹ˹ٲ˵һЩ˱˻ԵĻˡ˸ᣬϵǮȫϡ
һһٰʮ顣
Щ꣬󲿷ֵǮܼĵҶ˻ȥϣҲûʲôǮ˹˵⻰ʱɫܲÿ˹̫͹˹ĸǮȴڳԵҲϸϺӳԵ
ʵ˹ӵŵһ̣Ǻ޲ó嵽ǶĸǰҪһ˵ġ
ڣһ뵽˵Ļдʵ飬˹ͷһŻ
˿̣˹ǶԺĵĸӰ顣ǮϺ˵˵ıȽأϲսˡ
Լ壬Լ
˹˵ȥҲãȻȥˣＸߡϵԺ˵ϴ쵼ң˵˰䡣ˣǱܹаŵġ
ģٲＸˡ
ȻദĲ࣬ȴ֪˹˱Ļģȴġ
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Ͼ˵ţҶ֪ġ
ʵչ˹ļƻְλս˹˲˵顣תҵ֮ϼңӦûá
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ɼƻϲϱ仯
ڹ˹õò࣬׼Ժʱ򣬲ӶİãҲˡ
˹ûܻɽ壬Gʡ䵽Gʡ߷ũΪߵڰ˷ĳ
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һݺ󣬹˹ϴŹСãȥGʡ߷ũĳ
Ӳũſڣھũĵط˼ҾͲˡϺ͹˹ֻźӲС
˰Сʱŵũſڡ
˹֤˳Ǳһ˵һ¡˴ԼʮӣһСŴ˳ЦŶԹ˹˵ӭӭͬ־ũ
˽ȥһߣһ߽ԼΣѧũ߷ĳͬ־ֵĵڰ˷ǵطǽŵġ
Gʡı߷ũܴͷʮĶũأһƬɽԣũ棬ֱʮũ
͵ڰũΪţڹ˹û֮ǰڰ˷ûź˽ֵʱѧڼšʱһ˹֤֪̾ͨѧ
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ЩֵĵأҲµʽֲڸƬɽϡ
ڹ˹û֮ǰȻ˵ѧŵڰ˷ũʵϣڰ˷иġ
ճ£г١ƽĴ󲿷飬ڸ
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˹ϻ󶮣ѧ仰˼ֱѧ͵ڵɻгٵĸˡ
ٿʮӣӲߣһ壬ҲеĬѧ˴ˣҲֻǲ䲻һ
ѧ֮󣬳ٴӵ˳ųͷŹ˹ȥסĵط
Ͼע⵽ٵҽеӦþսˣòԭɣ
ȥסһ·ϣپֻ˵仰Ȼ쵼Ϊ쵼ŸҪ򡣡
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סĵطϺ͹˹һ
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ڳٺ˵Ǿ䣬Ϊ쵼򡱵Ļʵ˹Ҳͬġ
ͬͬûʵİ
һשũᣬٴȥ˵ᡣһֻųм䣬һ
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ָм伸˷һЩĿ˵Ůᣬûűͷģû˯ģѡ
ּϴŹСã˵ĸˣռĸλ
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ϿűŲһߵĶʣŲ˼һˣǻ᲻˵İɣ
ɶ˹Ųʱ򣬾ܵİѶһſŲô˵ߵĶһͣ˵ǱҷŶռ˲λáŲʱСһ㣬˼ҶС
аɣ˹ô˵ˣҲˡ
ΪˣҲû취ҵһϾֻܾܵȥһġ
ֻҵˣλøеԶ
ֲߵĿҲˣһǰͷһںͷ
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ǵ»Се˵ʲôֻͷǹСɣһ˫۾Ĵܡ
֮䣬һӴģ˯һ飬Ͽַ˼֡
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˹ķһۺ󣬲Żش𣬡ţˣ˹ְú˹ҽϣŮС룬СɣС࣬캰ӡ
ùɵվһţһˡӡɰǴ˵ġױӣر߹ȥæ˳ҲһԼҽǮ淣ǰǵģ汻ֵũҾ͸һˡڴʳãǱƵġ
ҾһӣũĸСѧѧƤʵĺܡ㣬ŮŮͱӶ£
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Լô˵ԣǱ˵һӲԿ⻰֮󣬾ֻЦЦһ£ũиѧУ
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ȻԺδҪ˼ҰæĵطǮ淶ô˵ˣϻǳ˼ҵ飬ЦŶǮ˵лл˰Ǯ㡣
ǮͰ˰֣һסŵˣ˵ô
ϿһųŵĴ̣ͨ˵Ǯ˵һסŵˡ
Ѵ֮Ǯ淣ǮִϺ͹˹ǣȥʳǱ·
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˵⻰ǸȻðһˣǮ淾ͺǮ淣㲻˵ȥʺôһôãǵȥ˰ɣ
ˣˡǮ淲˵ĺ˹ȥȥϲûֻֽֽȥˡͶൢһʱֻûʱڴߵô𣿡
˾ûĻҴ㣬ҴΪã˵˵ɣ±³Ųڸλˡ˳³˵ˣһأͱʳһ飬µȥɣ
Լ汻˵ʹˣǮ淲ٵˡߣֹճµĹܵĶ࣬һҿ˵ˣͷѾһˡ
˵ֹǮɤʵ̫ˡֹֻҪڳģǶü
ϾͿ˹˹ɶû˵ֻϣת𣿡
ҡҡͷתˣȻȥɣովֻʰϺӵĴ̣˹Ǳ߿ϣɻɶûŪأ
˾ʹߣͷǮ淳ˣͳϺӣ˰
ϾָŹ˹˵ţŻȥʰأ
ǳɡǮ˵һǵðԷʳÿʱǣߵ룬ʮ㣬㡣ÿֻһСʱ˾ʹ򲻵˰
ţ֪ˣллǮɩˡ˵
Ϻ͹˹뿪֮˼ҾǮ淣˭
Ǯ淣Ŷũӡ
ֵĸطȥ˰
ѽǮһĴȣ˵Ҹˡ
˼Ҿͳۣ˵ɶ֪ô˵˼Ұ
Ǯ淣Ҫ֪ɶһũĹ𣿡......
Ȼ󣬵ڶְϣǮǮͿٸܹ˹˵Ƿũ
лҪ˵
㻹һôôգ
мþûˣһл















20
ӣ ǷĳǮ淿վǰĹ˹ ȵͶϲ£ˣ һӣũĹأ
ǮɤŴ һ˵Χ˶ˡȻִĿ⣬ȫ߿˹
ֻøϽ˵ զҲһũĹ𣿡
һĹʳãסһļᡣ
˹Ǳôûʣ ˹Ҳûϸ˵Լߣ ˵ סǽһ൱ϰߡ
һʮ
סŵʱûס Ҳˡ
ʮסһ ϵرģð˳Щһͬص㣬 ǾǸɤŶĺܡ
˶ʱ һ϶߾˵ֱ졣ҲͰˣ ؼЩ˯
ֹһ˴ Ǻü˴
һƬ ֱһ϶û˯á
Ȼ Щ ϣ ҲʮֵĲӦ
ŮᣬЩŮ˶źһס˯ҹʱ
ûвģҪϲǾ͵ʮ׵·Щ˯أ˯˾ͲҪˣƴˣ˶ڵɻæһˣ۵ģԸǾúԼſȥ
ȵˣſھʪյһƬɢһŨɧζ
˽ܲ˵ľǣҲ֪˭ҵĺӣֱӶſϴһƽ
Ϊ飬мŮֱӳˡ
˵ҵĺģҺˡ
һ˵ҼҺˣһҼҺ˰˭˭˭ҵĺӣҲˣ
˭˭˭Ҳˣ˵ҼҺӿˣӲſ򣬸˵ʺˡÿǰͷȥ
˳ָķһȻǰСĵطһ̲򼣡вȥҲֻſڵĺһɣ
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һȺ˾Ϊſʺһϣ˭ҲϳԼҵĺġȻͰʺԭأû
ʵڲܽſôһʺע⻹ȵͷȥֻԼűӣʺʰˡ
ֻһ͸ûסˡ
˹˵סǲС
Ҫ˵ǱߵϣҲûõȥǺӶ࣬ǱҹĶࡣ
кüƵסǱߣһϣ˸˯ˣǾ͵óȥˡȻģϡ
£ΪͺӲЩһģҹˣҸطһˡ
죬Ҳûܿ
ȻЩɧζųζ̳ζζһǽʲôζУûкζ
˵˵ȥҲãǹ˹Ҳáסһ죬˾ܲ־סˡ
ȻָũæǷӣǲܵġĲ˵ǳһ飬ָͬġ˵ְλϣǸ˹ɳˣ˹ֲáΣǱǶҪ˼һµġ
ϾʣԼǷ𣿡
ѡ˹˵֪ǰͷλôߵ𣿡
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Ͽ˹ܲǾΪɣ
һΪɣһ룬˹ͿЦ㵱Ϊʲôڰ˷ĳһֱŰ
ˣʮĸ/ˡϹսɱӣ˲ٵսôҲܻ쵽һ߷Ӿũȥһ
˵ˣ˵Ը̫ͬҲ̫׵ˡ
ڰ˷һũʵѾһֱķˡλɲԸ
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ɵݵһΣΪ޽ⷿӵ顣
ʱũոս˼ҳļƻ޽˷ʱ򣬾޳ɳͲ¥ҲҪÿһӵ󣬵ģñ֤һһ
ũرͶࡣ鷳ģԼǽˡ
ǻͼֽһλϸһԤ㣬Ӹ˼ҽа壬˵˼ʲô˼룡Լɣ
˼ͼ˵ˣʲôѣѹ///ǧѹyanan˯Ҥ
˼Ҹˣˡ
ΪͲ¥£ʰȥ˼Ҹһ״ǣһ״ģֱӾͽ˼ҳλøûˡ
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ԣӵ飬Ҫ͵λ¸ͷ
ɳҪ˵ͨ˼ǰͷĳͲˡڵڰ˷ĳλãһֱôãû˹
ԼǼһֱüͷ˹˵ģ취롣Ҳܽġ˵ְ꣬Լһͷķݡ
С룬СɣСԼһݡ
ƻȥ˹ˣ㣬ͳԡһû£ĵطܲ
ðɣֻܰͷˡ

𿴹˹ǰ˵ɣʵϣΪⷿӵ飬ͺͷ˶Ȼûȹ˹뵽ð취ũȳˡ
ʼũֲӱ͵ˡұ͵Ļ٣нһĶص룬ˣֻʣӲǶ
һô룬ũ˺ܿͷˡȻûãͱ˹˹ͳ١
ٵ˵һֱ
Ȳ˵ճɱͲãƫͷ񻹱ءȻ͵ָһʧôӣͿɼˡ
ⲻһ򵥵͵¼ԤıģŻܣũӦ
飬ϲ鵽ף
ǣ˹Ϊӱ͵飬׵æµźü죬ҲֻڳԷĵһ棬Ȼ˵ϼ仰ˡ
ũˣҲ˽顣
Ҷڲ²⣬˭ô£͵ũʳ˵һ͵͵ô࣬ûܱץס
Ȼڴ۷׷׵ʱĳϣֻͭȻҵֱϾģûӴϵ
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ûеƣںġϱźߵʱмײ˺üˡ
ֻһƬ죬ʱʱһɤ𣬡ģֻǣ椣椣쵽
ü۵Ŀޣֱţ
Ϸ˾ţ֮ߵ˹С͹Сɵߡӵ˵°ˡ
ӵӴ󣬶ûޡ
ʱ˴˻񣬰ú͵ƸˡȻӵſʼĻָƽ
ʱ˺Ȼðһ䣬ץɣ
٣ǡ
ڶһϾ˵ˡ˵ڹ˹Ĵ£ץһ͵С͵
ɶ˵ץũﷴһ㶯Ҳûˡ
ǣϾʹ˹ô°
˹̾һװ
лҪ˵
ûλסǣôôգлΪͶƱӪҺСʹŶ~















21
ϣ ֻҪ˵飬 һºۼ
ũôӱ͵ ͵֪ǿ϶ٲ˵ġʮ֮/ţ Ȼǳڱϡ
ѱƵ˶һ飬Ȼܿɶ
ֻ˹Ϊ ܸɵĳ ͵ũôˣȻʺǿŸհ˴ʣ ߲ſ˸ڣ ҵȫˡ
ճɲã Ҽһũﵱ˵Ļã ٶũܱߵЩӣͲˡ
ƲӣҼһ
һЩһЩҰˣһЩҶӻƤԡɴҶȥڣȥǣûõʱ䣬Ұ˺ҶҲûˡЩҶӺƤ Ҳò˶ãȫˡ
ۼ˶ĲУ Ȼ͹˲ģ ֻˡ
ҵ ȫˣһȥһӶʮĴСӣ˵ʱڵصֱޣѾüˡ
ȷеǣ׼͵ӵͷһ죬Ͷˡ
ˣҲСʮ׳
˺СȻֵʳ٣ҲЩ׳ǳԵĶ࣬Ҳס
˶ˣײĶûܰ׼һݡϯӾˣŰ̧˳ȥ˸ط͸ˡ
ܻţ˭
ʵô͵ߵģߵɽϵС
ڰ˷ũܱߣȷʵкܶɽЩɽӵĺܳɽ棬кܶӡ
ڴɽյũ󻹵ð͵ߵԭ·ȥɼжˡֻ˵ڱƵʱʲôɵĳ
󣬹˹ͳٴˣȥǸ͵ӵĴӡ
ˣϾȵĲУ붼û룬ȫʪģż찡ɹûɹɣôȫأ
˹˵˶ĺˣﻹܵȵüɹٳԡ
Щ͵ĴǣϰҹͰ鵽ʯĥϣùѹĥȥȫĥ󽬡
ĥ󽬺ٵˮɸǲɸŵһߡٰѵˮ󽬸ͱŨŨˡ
ζȳƤҶʲôĺöˡңӡ
ҲЩҲܳԣ᲻ӡԣ˹ͳٴȥʱ򣬻ҵЩǡҪȻʲôˡ
Щֱģ˵ܡ̲סʹ˹ǺأЩǣôˣ
ô죿
Զˣⲻ
һȺĴǲֻ֣ڵĨᡣΣ˹ͷᡣ
Ȼù˹ģǳһľ
ڼЩǺ󣬳Ĭ˺ܾáȻѹ˹һߣУ˵һΥԭ顣
ΣЩǡ˵ʱԵúܼѣ͵Щ룬㵽һ˵ͷϡ
˵⻰ԼǼŹ˹û¹˹ͬ⣬˵֪ôԣºһȥ֯һС
⣬ɵø̾һ䣬¸ǸˣҲֵȥ𾴡
Ҳô𣿡ϵĻ˹۾ˢһ¾
֪ΪΣϼĹ˹ܾеëëġ̲סɵ´һ¹˹ǲʲôң
ȻͼŹ˹ֺõһЦɶҵʱһģҾ˵
˵ʲô
ֻù˹˵͵ߵЩӡҲһ롣
˵ѹأ
˵ץ͵ɵ˭͵ģô͵ģȴҲû˺ô飬ũͷһϢɽһЯ֣
ϲ͸ЦˣҽҪǲ㣬ǲǻ˵˰
а˹Ͻ̬ȣǲңҲġ˵ˣǮȫϽ˹ÿöٹʣҲ֪ģͲҪȥһǮ˹Ҳס
Щ˹ǴҲ˵ڵġ˵ζϲ֪Ȼ˹Ҳ㡣
һᣬɫ˵ûȸ˵£֪ҲԡۼһСҪʵҲѣҲ֪ǡ
ǣʱǸӵˣͶǰĿһЩ·߲˵˺СڴϣһֱţҶҪ࣬Ҫ࡭
ֳʵ޷ȫݳġ
˹ֻ֪ʱվһֻһ˵ܡ˵ҪһеһũʧӣҲǳ嶯֮˵ڵġ
ȻҲѣֻҪũپͶЩˣҪǲǣǾĵöˡ
˵ʱ򣬹˹ЩˣӣҵʱĲˡ
ϿʼĬˡ
Ϊ˹Ĳģ
˵ĺЦַ̡
ûԽ֮ǰʷһ˵ٶ࣬Ҳֻһ䣬ʱడ
ȻĵȴԽۿЩ飬ϲ֪򵥵һ࣬ѹûʱļѡ
˾Ͱ˰ɣϳ̾һֻôܰ˼أ
˵չ޵ġ
û˹ʱһ˵ʱҲһЩû£ܼ£ܰһһѰɣܺùʲô飬Ҹ¸ҲˣҪ㱨ȥ
ΪͬӲսĹ˹ͳˣϣһ֪ͬǾԼĹңŹ֪󣬲᲻Ųʣܲˡ
ֻҪһʱ䣬ȥĵĵȴ
ȴʱУǰĻһ⡣Ǿǣũÿʳ
أȻճֲá
Ϊܰȥʱ䣬˹ͳ춼ڵͷϡԷϴŹСôʳˣ˹ȥġ
˵Ҳ֣͵ӵ֮ũGʡ߷Ĳദĳ٣ȴѵõĸ˹
Ĳ˵ڹϣһ
˹˵ʵϳ˰ɣ治еʱе¿
¿˼˵˼һĺܡ
⻰ɶҲ˵ͿЦ
˹ģͷеëˣʣϳôЦ
ʲôʱϵô˰һۣҼǵãǰ㶼ǽ˼ҳ¸ġڵãϳ£ϳµġ˳ˡ
䣬ԶٳŹ˹Ϲˣ
˹˳־Ͱûķһ˹ȥȻϾͼͷͷһ飬ָĳط
ûˣֻŷȥȻ˹˵ҿطʪȱҪöˡ˵ţȥץһ˹㿴ضǲڳһˮ
ԭ
˵ճɲСäĿĸʲôء֮⣬һ֣ϡ
˵ׯ˿Է첻ȻҲͳׯˡ
ʱ䣬ɺ쳣ΪׯڳһЩ˹ͳٴũйǣܵʮصˮȥˮ
ŵһʱˮ󣬾ڲ˼Ĺ˹ĥļϺһƬˡ
ôź£ЧУǾϼ´񣬵׻ǲһء
ۼ겻ɣͷȻżĺܡ˼ȥĥϣܲũҺʵĵطˮȡˮ
ᣬϼΪʺϴˮĵط˲ϳˣҲæǰɣѧֲũѧרҵʳһ飬ȫ
֪ᴩԽȥũҵѧˡû׼зһЩߣ͸ɺӳ
ȵȣߣ͸ɺĶûоƷӣûа
һԴȻٵ˹ȥʹ˹ͳ٣ũǹ涨ʳҪ٣߲Ҫ٣ǽʲô࣬ûҪɣ
ȻΪʲôôʣ˹ǻش𣬡ͷûҪ󡣡ˣ˵ֿһ۳٣԰ɣϳ£
ԣûҪ󡣡˵
˷ܵһİƣΪʲôһЩϹϰжĶأ
ߣܵʳϹϺͶϣأ·߶֡ȻؼģѹӰ
׿һߣ˵ϹϺͶϡ
ʱϹϻûôƷ֣ԲεĴϹϡһϹϳʮʮĶСǶϣϸͷҲ󰡣
ѹⷽ棬˵κһ߲ˣǶǱȲģ
˵ôһ˵˹Ķˡ̲ס٣ʵϳ£𣿡
ѵõĳĬˡ
лҪ˵
λףֻһŶȻΪҪϼӣʮĸ£ҪŲʮһ㡣мӸ
ƼһҼһѵģ󳬼ڿ죬Ʒá
ʵ˲[촩] byҶƻ
湻ˣҸʵ˼ˣ
ĳ˵ø㣡
ȥ㶥

һȺˣϡҳϣԸĸТ˳԰ҳϣֵѰȴΪԿĴʡ
ʵЩʵˣ
һ硿ˣǮ˽
ڶ硿ߵĺӣĸҪ
硿ʵ˼̸Ÿ׼ҹ

˵Ķ˵飬ʵġ⹫Ҷӣһ֮ڣ̧ˡʮˣĸ˵ġ















22
һֱһԭԺǿˡ
ֲϹϣ ϡȻ ȥ񡣶 νġͶȡɣ
Ҫƽʱˣߵ˹ȥ
 󲿷ֵʳǷաȲ˵ܲˣ˵ǰʱΪ ´Ǽ͵¡
 ũĲܸϽʳٶһЩǲǾܶ෢һЩȼ Щأ
Ҫǰ ʲôʵôҪˡֻҪܳԱ ֻҪܻ
ԣ ٳĬˡ
еʱ򣬳ĬʹĬ
󣬳ٳ̾һ½˹˹졣
˹̴һЩˣũһĶ౻͵˵أ·ˡЩ ȥιţ﷭֮ϹͶ硣
ȵ糤ֲʱ ִˣ Щ磬 ֲ˵ڰ˷ֲ﹡ϣϡ..
ߣ·ߣҲ
ܿ㱻ˣʱһϢ
ͷҪڸصĹ磬ˮԺ
ʲôˮԺأ
רΪʼ׵ȺʱҽԺ滹˲ҽҽҪҽԺΣᾭ顣ֻҪһˮ׵ˣͻὫ˸ˮԺ
ˮԺƣѷʳ
Ϣǹ˹ͳȥᣬҵġ
Ϊ飬˹ѹǶټһ𣬿һᡣ
˹ڻϰˮԺ飬򵥵ĸ˵һ顣˵ˮԺܷʱ򣬵µĹȻ
ǶũĹˣֻҪũ棬õ̸ϣ򵥵ĳԱÿʣһڳʳȥӼüܻǿԵġ˵ˣһʡʡأ
˭һûݰ
һѵʳҾڵºˮԺҪˮԺ
˹ѹ˺üΣѸʱѹȥȻҪֻ
ֻȫҪˮԺ̫࣬ҪҽҲһԾ͵ҪٵģˮԺȫ벻Ļ֧֡
ũʲô
ʳ߲ˣ
ǽճɲãʮĶأ
ָʾGʡߵˮԺһ󲿷ֵʳҪʮũߡ
ǣһʳܿ챻ߡһһĹˮԺÿԺҪӴϺöˮײˡ
ˮԺЩˮײǣϺȵϡ࣬ϳֵܷ࣬һͷȻ˵ֵʳʵ࣬ҪԱǲܵˣȴܱ֤˲ٱ
ˮԺϾҲû˵ĸ˱ˡ
ũȥһʳ׵ʱ򣬻ָÿһȴûӦļ̫ࡣ
ʱģֺϹԼӾ޴ˡ
Ͳ˵ˣ͸ߡ˾ϲģǶϺϹϡ
ȻֵʱûռҪءǴźɺϸģǵȵճɵʱһģĶ
죬һһĶϣϹϾôıˡ
طһӣǵڰ˷ƽʱϺȵķũ˸ͷȻũ˿ˡ
һֳ߲ˣô˼ϺϹϣܲ
Ǳһģͺ˳Ͷȡɣ
٣˼һˣ
ǣͷֻ˵Ҫʳٽ߲˶ٽȴûй涨ʳֻ߲˰
Ȼôһ£ǲܵġ˹˵ˣ첻ǵڰ˷رͲáֱĶΨЩϰϹϰܳ
ԣͶȡɣ첻
ֽܷͣˡ
󣬻ͷˡֱӾ˵ˣ꣬겻Щ
겻ǾǽඣǴﻹֻĿŵڰ˷˽ȥ
״˹ũ칫˼ˣһΧŽ״ֱֺǡ
Ҫ֪ũǾʹû
˹䵽ڰ˷ũĵһ꣬ͰûõĽŪˡΪˣر˵˵Ҫúøлϡ
ϵ鰡
ʲôлĻҪֻһʲôʱũ޷Ӱܲˣִסˡ
˯ʱΧģҹλߺߺߵЩҹˣȥѾܵˡӦãŽӦˣܰȵ˯ˡ
ǰ죬ͻȻˣ˼ҵСðˡ޵Ŀԣȵ˶˯ò˵ƫ˯ĵطŹС͹Сá
һºӳ˯ãºӱȾˡ⼸ϣԼŹС˯ȻùС͹С˯Ա߹С˯ǿ
ƽأɵʲôҲ㡣
ũԷʳãסǼᡣеʱԼͺԵóԵģǶܡ
üϣڿ˯ŵʱʹϵͳ忴Ļ֣ĻɣԼϵͳɶá
ǣѹõĻᶼûˡ
˵䲻һʵڻڹӣû֮ǰɽڡ
룬ʱиԼӣԼĶռ䡣
ᣬ̲סˡŹ˹ͰͷĺЩԹ˵˳˹һֱţһǿľͲŪһӣһסһԼǮޣǮҲⰡ
˵ʵסҲ̫ˡЩûģûӵģôסûɶֽ˻ģҲס𣿡
˵ʱϾ̲סԹһ䣬˺öˣӣϱڲӡ¼ҹһģסᵱȻûˡû⣬ûⰡ
ôһͨԹȷʵǻѹãһûסžžģŹ˹ȫ˳˵ɶһĻҪǹ˹취ϾԼǮȥũׯӣһ䷿ӡ
Ըÿ컨ʱ·ϣҲټסˡ
˹ǰţɵô˵ͻȻϿ˹ãǹ˺ܴһģ˹Ȼץסϵ˫֡
һûù˹ôס
ϺԥĻش𣬡ϻѵס᣿
Ȼ˹ߵЦһ̧ͷͶ˹˹˫۾
˵ģŪ
ôŪ
˹˵Ϊסһ飬һ°ɡҲˣȥҵϢͳˡ˵꣬˻ϺٺɵЦЦģҲ֪ΪΣϾй˵ıŤУ
ֱ˷ֿ֮ϲ͵ķӦȻǵͨ죬һ䣬ޣ˭סһ鰡
һ뵽ոչ˹ԵˣֻεУ
ô죿ھͿʼеҹ˹ˡ
ɻѾ˵ˣںڣˣ
£ֻܿ˹ǱߵİˡɲǸʲô˵
ôһ룬ַſһ㡣ֻҪסӵ飬Ҳһģûϣˡ
ٻصᣬֺΧ̾һ
˯ʱվɰѹС͹Сô˯Ǳڻ϶һЩˡ
죬һһ졣ĸһ˯ůһЩ
ôֹ˺ü죬ȻĳҹϲŸ˯ûáһһᣬŮ˵ļ
һӾŴӴ͸Ĵ¹·ãܳȥһͿɫ£ö˶ĳһȥ
棬Ͼ̲סȥ
Ŀĵأŷ⶯ȫĳﴫġֻῴֵʵ̫ˣѹͼȥ
ǣԱߵһʣ׳ʲô˰
Ǵ˵Ҳģɶ£أ
˵꣬Ա߾ʹһ⻹ɶ°Ӱʱ򣬱£
ˣֲǵһˡ
Ϊʲôô˵أ
£ô˵
ᰴŮ֣ܽʡܶͬʱҲࡣǣǿǵһˡ
ũģܶ඼ϼҴڡ
ǳˣǰڹϯ˾ޡ˵䲻Ļʱ
Ҫˣզأ
ǰȣСڿԼҸطٻô
һ䣬˼ҲԸͷɶˡ
ôأ
ܻһЩˣ̲ס
ǣסŮһЩŮˣͻšȵ˰ҹҶ˯ˣٴͷȥ
ֻҪעһ㣬Լ˯ſС
սʱأǻϺ͹˹ûЩΪ˲СЦ
ڣûеơο͵ǣҲҵưͷصʱûԼŮ˯ĿһСģˡ
զ찡
˵ĳƢһŮˣֱӾĳ˵һš˭ǻģ˭ҳ˵ڶ죬ҲûԸȥ¡
ˣҲû˵˵ˡ
ȴͷһ˵
˵ģʱҹϲǵһءЩҹȥΪҹˡЩߺҲ˯λ˵һӶʮ˯һ飬Ƶġеرʱ򶼸ѹȥ
ȻҪĻǣϴûͷȥ˯ˣżһ㶯ѣֱܿ˯߸ѹȥоǣҵϣ˯ĶһȺӡ
ɼʱһ뵽ĳ˵ɫÿˡ
Աߵûע⵽ɫ˵٣Ҳ֪ôˡ£ôô󣡡
ϰΪˣʲôԵˡ
һᣬͷ˳ˡΧſֵˣԶԷĸÿһЩ˹·
ſˣ浽Ǹʲô״
Ⱥǰģ˵ǹ˹ͳ١˺ͷģŮ
·ʱ򣬶Ծİͷʹš·±˿ǵһ
ᣬ˹Ҳߵǰˡ
ϣ˹˵Ͻȥźӣʲô飬ٸ㡣
ϱ˹˻ȥֵĻΧﲻߡµµĸ˶ˣҲ뿪
ǺرǿģֱӾǼˡ
ǣôģѹõȵڶ˹򡣵ϣǴĻˣܻͷͰȫ˵һ顣
µˣԣǶ˾ӡеˣһڱƹġ
ֵҹŮ˵ˣҹʱ͵͵Ůߡãֱӵץ˸顣
ûһˣʱ򣬻̵סġ
ҲһûסֱӾȻһ͸ֿˡ˯Ա߿ϵһŮˣҲͨJIAN˵ţҲ໡һս
ͷ˵⵱ϹĻʱŮ˾ͱűӶ״ֱޡ죬һ仰û˵
˵ʱǮ淣ǮĴɤžˣ˵Ҫ˵ɶֳ£˵ɶ
֪ʲôå
ͷҪ汻åɾʹˡȻ鵹˵ڶ죬˷ת
˱ȥʵʱ򣬶Դܵ飬ϵˬ졣ɶϹָͨjianȴǵϡ
Ƶ˾˵ץסˣʲô˵
˱˵ŵģ֪˯ǿȥ
ԭһֱͷһ仰Ҳû˵ŮˣҲ۾ʼ˵ˣΪǿӻˡ
ڵϹģ˭Ҳ˭Ҫ˵ˣҲûܵġ
ǱƵ˾ʹȥʡ
һʲ֪Ů˯˱˵Ϊʲôỻ˿˯ù˵š
˵Ŀǻతŵģŵã˼ҹʱ˯˷˸͹˿ȥˡŮҹԺģµλãһſŵ͵ȥ˯
ǣһ˯͸˯ˡ
ֻ˵¸ֵģ
Ҫ˭˭ô
Ҳڱ˵ˣԼ/Ůˣĸоһ⿻ܲҲ˰ɣ
Ȼ˻ۣ˯ɹû
˽µЩʱ׵һߣôһ£˹һκͳ˵޽顣
ϳ°ᣬһҪˡ˹ô˵ġ
ٸմ£Ǻڵġһ˹ֱӣǰûأ
ǻӣͬסҲǴᡣǣô࣬ôôܸųŮᣬҷֿס
һһ˷˯һſЩӵӣǸǻźһ˯ڿϡʱһ˯ȥˣҴûз顣
˹ֻ˵ڸǰǲһˡһҲһ˰
ֱ˵ĳֳĬˡ
˹ͳȴ˵㿴ⷿһ첻ޡ飬ͻеڶ⡣Σóӡ
Ǹᣬô򵥵ġũô๤ˣҪҪٲԼ
Ȼ˹ȴĶƻˡ߸Ӧ˵û£Ҳһƻ˵һˡ
ϳ°㿴ǷӵĵذɣũġשˮأЩҲð졭ΪɶΪũ
ȫأĶȱʳ⻹ʳϣ˿ϡǾ͸ðˡ
˹ָһ飬Գ˵ҪȥΧĴѰˣֻҪԸɻģܱһ٣ÿһٷ
СʱǾһ˵ľȻˮԺˮԺʳֻܱס˲ٶģҲͱȥˡ
ԭһֱ޷Ͷ̫ĳ٣һ㣬û˷Եˡ
ũ¸Ϣܿʹˡ
û뵽پȻͬˡһʱ֮䣬һΪԼֻþˡ˺˺üû
ϣϣûӦ˾һϸ񣬡ɶأûˣſڵ˺˵ܵˣϽȥ
ʲôձĸˣǳʲô
꣬Ͻſܡȵſڣ֮ʱˢһ£͸
Ϊ˲ձĸǹ̫͹˹
һֻ̣˵˹ûȥĸӵ鷳ˣԼˡ
ֻ˵áҪ֪˹Ƕɻأ
лҪ˵
ľˣλףôôգлΪͶƱӪҺСʹŶ~















23
̫͹˹ԣ ǰҪࡣ·ǰЩѣ ɹ̫޶˲ٰ׷ǹ˹ Ҳࡣ
ȻҪǣû˳ʱǹɾ
Ϲʱ Ź̫ǴЦʮº͵ĺ˵ȷеǣ ˵ ﰲš
˫ôһ棬Ϻ͹̫û˵ϻ Ǳ˷ܵĳϺ ϣ ϣ ܵˡ
˳Ϲǹ̫͹˹ϣȥȥ//ģ׻᲻ᴫ
ϵı飬Ҳۿɼˣ ϵĹˣѹû˽ȥ ֱӾſʣ ˵ɣ ôˣ
ʵǣĸôŪƱġ
Ҫ֪ʱɲȺ̧žߣȥȥǻӹ˹ճµʱնһ˴ӹһ𡣿ɽأûãûߵعֿ֤ѹ򲻵Ʊ
̫ûŻشϵĻְѶߵ鷢쵽󣬲˹˵ͷô£ҲĸϢҺ͹ڼ£ҲԲã˯Ҳ˯õġͷʵǲģ͹ˡ
һ˵ģº͡û˼ȴԵˣһΪЩ¡ڼǹţΣôҲȥţƽʲôİɣ
̫⻰˵꣬ǺְԵ񣬾һ
ϧǣϲһס̫ұһȰĺĸҲԸϲС
ǲԸģһ󣬡ԭû
̫⻰ɫͱ˱䣬ӣ⻰զô˵..
ϴĻҺ˵ʲôˣѵ֮ǰԭ𣿵ڶսӵϢʱ򣬲Ǻöӣһһ˹û˵ġôڲ˰Ź̫뿪ڷǰͷ˵ˣ˹үգúõĻš
ˣ´˹̫͹˹һۣţҲ֪ǵΪǮŹѶˡãˣǰͷ˵ҪǺúһߵǮأ
˵ģǮ𣿡
㡪̫ģҭİҲ˵˵ôһ֮Աߵһֱñĵǣû뵽Ȼӵһ˰
òŸպϼ仰ûüѴĸõĹ̫ŭաʶںϳ㣬һ󣬹̫Цһǹ
ǺִĻһ䡣
̫ˢһºˣģһһģָ϶ʼ㣬㡭
˸죬Ҳûǰɽˡ
Ҫôô˵ǹ̫أ
һŮܴӷ롣ӵɽ壬󻹼޸ɽ帻ͷô꣬ѹͷץץģûһġ
ɽ壬Ҳڱ档ǳԭİԸ񣬼ԭİˡ
ϧǣԭûˣ˸ϡ
ɽ̫ϳ˿Ҳ˲ٿࡣǣ侲ˡ侲Ĺ̫ǺҲˡ
ǧѾ˼Ź˹ܵGʡ߷ѵͲ֪Ϻ͹˹ӶǺ֮
֪˻Ȼ̵ġ
뵽Ƿ̣̫ƽٺϴʲôսˣҲũſڸ̫ࡣ
Ź˹Ҫû׼ԺҪܶ꣬ҪһʼͱЦȥԺָжأ
뵽⣬̫¿˿ѹԼŭ𣬶˵ȲЩҽȥȥٺ˵
ȻѹûȥҪǣǲũĹˡչ涨Ǿǲܽȥġʲôֱ˵ɣ
̫ٺõҲҪ˸ˡüͷһۣΣܹǵ˹ʮ⵱ӣϱôţðɣҡ..
ʲôʡ
ǰúøϡͨͨĹ̫ôβ̫ЦһڷųɱﵣãӲҪŲǽȥǰɣˣСѾͷˡ
̫˵ģϻϸһԭļ䡣ԭСʱΪܵ˹̫Ŀ̡һ̥ʮ¾ҪٲĲôŶȥŵµˮѣӶ˵ͷϡ
Ҫ˵£Ĺֵ̫ôŹ̫ոյĿץϵʲôѱһġ
ǣȴʲôԡ
ڹ̫ϲ˵ˣˡЦڿȽȥˣٺúõ˵˵˰ɣ
˵꣬ͺϹ˹Ҫȥ
˴ſڣǱסˡ̫ŭϣʲô
˵ˣũĹˣŽȥϾ͸û̫ŭһģ˵ǰͷũǶ˲룬Ժ˶ˡ˵ˣСӣǿǰƵġ
˵˵һķˣ̫ɫ䡣
ȵĳɶǰƣ
ţǰơϾ˵͵˶ＸֵصĺͨǮ
ʱ˶ӶϽˣ˼Ǳ߾ָˡ
һߣ̫ϵĻģŭġһֱѻŵŭȫ˳Ĺָ̫ϣƿڴJIANˣʲôأҶӲãҶٲãҲϹ˼ΨһĶˣ
⻰һһʲôй˹ǹ˼ΨһĶ硣Ѳɣ˼ҹ˹Ϲ˼ҵ˰
쿪ʵǹ̫⻰˼뵽ľ
̫ϾȵĬ̬ȣʱֵڣҺ͹ȥ˰ɣ
Ͼָ棬ûȨȥȥ

˵˹˹͵ǰˣŲҾô˽ȥأ
ǹ̫ɫ䣬вҡ
ұʲô˰һ±ơ˵ʵڻûŪ̫ҪЮʲô
һ˹ǹͷĶӣǹ˼ҵ֡ⲻã
ǹ˹͹̫Ҳã˹Ҳãɶϵû
˵䲻ģϻԸ˹͹̫Լ˹ĸʲôϵûСҪĻôЩ꣬˹ĻȥǮǲǾթ/ƭ壬Ǹȫ׷˰
˵ģûĸӵʱ򻹺áһˣϾô꣬ôǮʳԺĸӸռȥͷͲܰ
ǾһϻιιҲιĸǿ
ϧǣ˹͹˹ͬĸֵܵûġ̫֮˵˹ǹ˼ΨһĶĻԵģʵϡ
ΪСڵͷѲʱû
ǻ̫żĿŵķܣû취ȥ˴Ȼһ˼ҴҲ˵ˣⱲӱҪˡ
ǽ̫ũû˵Ҫ˹ҵϵԭҲǹ̫Ϊģ















24
ֻù̫һһϵģ أ Ⱳע˵ˡ£Ů 㲻ùȥͷ
ϲĿ˹ȥʲôԼֻŮ˹ôǾͷˡ
 ̫üͷһҲԹʲô ҪԹأ ԹԼá˹ҪӣǲҪϣ ȢһȢһ ܴӦҪڹ˼ң ڹ˹ߣ Ǿֻ˳ԼֺԼ͹Ƚ˹Ȣϱ˶ӣԿǸǵǸ֮Т·ˡ
Ƚ˶ӣˣҲиǹ̫͹˹ ֪˹϶ʹ޲е£Ѿ˼ ǧټƵĴɽ屼GʡũҪԭ
Ȼ ʱǲ֪˹ŵũǰϵĵַҵ˲ӣ ִãŴũ
ЩҲҪˣڲҲСũģԼͶӸסһܲû˳Եġ
֮ǰҲƻˡ
ȲҪȥҹ˹ϡ˶ӣ͵㡣㣬Լź
Ȼƻͦõģȴһ㣬ϻ᲻ͬ⡣
ǵͬ⣬˻ر
ʲôԼԹҪԹԹԼãȲ˵ǲŮҪӵˡǣһֶ˭ɵģ
˭һŶӽҪٲиµظɻŵµĴѪ塣˵䲻ĻûΪȥƴѾʴˡ
ãһҵԼɳ룬Լ
ϾʹֵزԼ˲ȥϸȥֺáֺò˵Ҫ˼һӶȥɵӣ
ǣԭӡôɻйС룬СԼСŮ
ŮôˣŮһȶӲˣ
һ¹˹ŮҪӣҲܴӦ
ĺˣֱЦˣҲֻŮҲûҵȥţǶʳҸҲȸǺĸΣ˳ӵǿ
ͲָŹ̫͹˹˺Ļģˡ
̫ʱˣۿϣвͲȥҹ
òȥңϸɴ˼˵ͷæҽȥһҼҹ
ϣһһӰԵһھʹӦߵʱ򣬴ԼϳԿյǰС˵ҪǸӲ۸ˣʹƵˣ⸽Ѳߣһ˼Ҿ
ôеЦá˼ҵ飬ˣлл
治ģһ·ܣܹȥ˵ġ
һߵĹ̫͹˹û뵽Ǹӵ̬ȡǿעûжӣԼΪźСӣԸվͷ˵ǰˣùĶȥТ˵취ǶĸҲãǶϣǹ˹Ƕһð취
Ͼô˵˹ʼϹ˼ҵ֡˹ǿѪֵܡϣʲôϵܱѪԵϵܵ˰
ۼŹ˹Ҫˣ˹е麦ˡʵе˹ģСֵܴŲͬһĸ׶ģСĹϵһֱͲܡ˹̲סʿˮŹ̫Сĺһ䣬
ˡ
̫תͷһ񣬴źɸֵʲô
˹˵Ȼ˰ǿǹ˹ǻ˵Ĺ˹
ϧû˵ڣһƬ˶һͿһȺޱŶ߷ܹ
ǰͷͷһɲǹ˹ҵĹСأ
ҲתһͼŹСһͣũһȺӣһڵģ
Ⱥأÿ棬ٵôһ
һ߳ܣСɵﻹԼˡ
Ҳ֪СɶʱôĺˣģϷֲ˰ֻũĲĺӣͷ˰ɣ
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ͬ𾪵ģй̫͹˹
ǹ̫ûеõҪġţֿŹСɴôһȺӶɱġɰѹ̫ģָϾϣûˡô㻹붯ִ˰ϣϰ
˵ţ߿
ⲻãһɱĹСɻΪҪ۸ˣһҪų;˹ȥˡ
һȺޱõָһģӵʯͷģҵġʲôͲܲ˵ӡ
ɱСȺӣȻСҲСǼܲס࣬ӻⴥ֮£̫͹˹ûüӦϻ氤˺ü¡
Ҫ˵ܴص˻治ڣǴϣܹ۰⻹ǱһȺСӴ򣬸öջ
˿ɺ޵ʲôأȺӻһģӲ˿˾ܣ͸//սһģϵ൱ĬüΣ̫͹˹ҪץĳӵʱԱܴܳһ谭ǵĶȻǻṦ򣬿Ҫץֵĺӣָˡ
ôһ̵ĹϾͼȺӰԼãȴһֱûܸɵˡ
Ź̫͹˹һȺޱΧŹ֮£ͷܵģ˵ɶһĻֻ泩
ϸ˵Ļǣ̫͹˹Ǳ߰ᣬûжϵͳˡ
ƷŰһ£ϵͳ֣
ƷСӰһ£ϵͳ֣
Ʒְһ£ϵͳ֣
ҲķˣȺǵɱÿȥĻֻ֣֡ϵͳʾһһȻÿʾ½Ļֻ֣Ǽܲסడ
ȻҲûһԸɿšȫעעսı߿첻Уȥæһ¹̫͹˹ĶﻹţӣӻС£ǣ
ⲻãһɰѹ̫͹˹ģĸƢθζҪըȥ
ƫƵˣİũũĵطǸѲߵ֮ء
ⲻﺰšӡʱǡþͱѲߵıԱˡ
һɲˡ
˼Ҵܳһ٣ˣȻܵũ۸ũĺˣ
ѽҲڣҲ˰ɣ
⻹˵ã
Ƶһߺȣֵ˳ֱӾͽ̫͹˹ݺסҴ˱ȥ
ȵŹ˹йС뻹йСҴҸϹʱſѾһ˶ûˡ
٣أΣûˡ
С͹Сᣬ۾վરવµǹС࣬ﺿţң̫ˡ
һġ
ȥҹ˹һȦҲûŹ˹Ǽã㺰ס˺ӡǡ
ͬһʱ̣
̫͹˹˵ıŤ˽أȺޱվһ顣Ǳ߹̫͹˹ڸƵ˽ľ߾СʹСɣôܹģССأ
Сɾͻش˵棬壬֪֪ҵ˵Ҫȥҵ˵Ǹˣ۸㡣
ȻǹСȽŵÿ죬¾ʹһȺܹϡСҪչ˹С࣬ܵ㡣ȥҹ˹

˹ӵǱϢʱ򣬱Ѿϰ̣ȷһˡ
ţǹ̫͹˹鷳ˡΪҪˣԺһƬİæ£ᡣ
ԣһоᡣ
¹ܹ̫͹˹ж಻ƶµĶ壬Ǿᡣ
ԼȥũȺǵļҳȥ˵ɣ飬Ҳܲˡ
ȻҪô˵
̫ܸɣ˵һãȫũŮһ˵ȥܲ˵Ӯ˵۵Ȱ
£˳ԸưͿʹˡ࣬Ҳֻܰ¼ǹϡ
ϻǺ
̫͹˹ĸõһУһ㶼ûõ˵ôһܸĲŹˡ
ⲻҴҸϵƵĹ˹һͼһӰ˹ﻹţˡҪٲҾҪ˴
ŵĹ˹ŹС͹СϽԱһ㿪˹̫һ֮󣬻ʶľͻһ䣬ﲻǶ˶ʮ𣿡
һʵûסЦˡ
û˵˹˵˹һ仰Ĺ̫һվǣҰ
лҪ˵
ûˣôôգ















25
Ŷ 㰡˹ǹ̫ 䵭˲١ƳڽĹ˹ ˵ɣǽҪʲôҪǮҪ
̫ҭһ£ ǹ㡭
ң˹Աӹһϵ˹ȥ һԼ¡ôһ վŵĹ̫͹˹һԱȣȫͲһˣ ĵҵ궼˵ ҹŮˣ Ҳȥ֪ģ ҿеҪ𰡣
⻰һֳɹҭ˹̫һءЩıԱСҲܵȼٿ̫͹˹񶼿ʼˡ
̫Щģģʶľͽͣң ڲӻģԡ
Ȼ⻰˵ ˭ţ
˹ǲŵģ Ŷ ô˵ĻżеǮҪźͺӣҲǹඣ
˵̫ʶľͷҪˡ
˹ֱӴĻǲǺ˵ģֻҪɽȥʾ֪ˡҿɶ˵ˣӺŮ·ϣǴӳ˾Ȼġ
ԣҲû¡֪̫ˣĸɽһ£ʳʱ
̫û˵ˣվߺ޵ĿϡŹ˹ȴǴҵġ
ǰ˹ûϲ˳ͷ鶼˳Ψ˹飬̫ࡣǻ̫֪ڹͷ˹ӵķжء
ͷҪ͹˹ȥ̫ڼһ޶ϵģڳɹİĹ˹˹˹
Ƕʱ䣬̫ͷҪǹ˹һСģսͺˡ
ϧǰͷǹͷ˹ûȴÿ¸Ǯ
ǮĹٰ̫Ź˹ȥˣȴʱʱﲻƽ⡣˹ÿ¶ܼôǮڲһжǮ
Դˣ̫һìܡҪ͹˹ȥӣ᲻õġҪ˹ÿµйʣЩӹ˹ġΪǹ˹ռ˹˹ıˡ
Խ࣬Խƽ⡣
ǹ̫һÿ´ӹ˹õǮһ̲סġֲû취й˹ȥϺ͹Сϡ
Ҫ˵ҪϺ͹СõûǵӡǣǼ˼ҹĺãŷȥĥ·ĥǣ͸ĥ˹˹һ
ҪЩ̯ˣһһڹ˹ǰȴʼӡ
ǣһ뵽ҪǾʹҪǰʱֿӣְٰ̫Ը⡣ֿ࣬һξ͹ˡ
ԣ̫ʼߣΪʲôΪϹ˼ҰҴŹȥףϹ˼󰡣˭ã˭ϲأ
˵ʲô˹Ĵվתȥһۡ
ʲôû˵
û˵Ĭϡ
̫ˣһᣬѹ˹ǰϱʱСӣˡҿɲϹ˼Ҷ˺ҲżŸȥ࿴ϱ࿴ľЩŵ˻ȥʱ䡭
ڽͣϺ͹Сã³򣬲⡣
̫Ϳʼƣ͹ֵܡ˵ֵܣǴϹͷŽȽ˻˺ӣǺӿɲֶӣֶӺ׶ӣҲûģ
˹⻰ûֻǷֻճȭͷյĽģð˳
̫˺һᣬûȵ˹ڣ϶ʱּ֮ɫһҧ㿴㽫ǿ϶ûˡûӲаԺ󡭡Ժ˶ӡңҾһ
˹Ⱦˣô֮ǰ˵Ĳһˣ
̫Ͳźۼһ£ʹ˸ɫ󣬹˹ֻ㬵ı졣
ϵüͷһ˹·˵̫͹˹ж󰡣δĶӶˡ
̫ҲڵŹ˹Ļش
ǧ룬˭û뵽ǣ˹۾Ĭ˰󡣺ȻһԵľͳ˹ȥһѴӹ̫ѹ˹˳һٿᣡ
˹ڲô꣬Ҫ˹ǹ˹ֻаķˡֻһȭһȭ͸һģĹ˹໡ҽС
̫־ŭҪʲôȥҪæȴŭĹ˹һѸƿˡ˸Ǳˤ˵ϡ
û˰̫˹һƣֱӾ˵ȥæﲻˡɼŶӹ˹˹Ŀ۵ֻڵϺΧվŵһȦˣȴûһǰæġ
ĲУˣҪ˰
ˣֱѹ˹ĸһ̲һ̱ڵϵĹ˹ˡ
̫Ͻæҵ˹ȥҵڹ˹ȥҵĹɱ°
ۣ˹һ/ţһ߳Ź̫޺ҸҪҰ
̫۵ĲˣǼűı׵Ĺ˹һ˺󣬶Ź˹ҧгݵ˵ƾʲôҶӣңҪȥ㣡
ȥ˹һվǣȥҲûãǼ£ܵܲʮ˻һ޳ֻźóŸĺɸ֣Ϊôˣԣ棬ﶼν
ǽҲûģ̫Դʼˡ
˹򲻳ɲţⶼΪã
㡪ָ̫ϵָͷ
ƫ˹ùȻЦһ£ǲҪũ𣿺ð
ɶ
̫͹˹˲ˣһŵĿ˹ȥ
ȻͼŹ˹ˣ¶һ죨ħʹЦݣȻˡ룬˵ĶԡҺϷûˣֻôһܵܡ
һúõĹһٵĽһζ䲻¡
⣬ǴһλûԺһٵ˼
˹ŵһֵĶŹ̫ҲҪ⣬ҲҪ⡭ᱻģĻᱻģ
ֱѹ̫۵ĹǺ§Ź˹һİο۲ﰡ
У˹ˡ
̫ŭǶҪ߻𣿡
˹߿ԣЩߵǮɣ
Ǯ̫Уĵģƾʲôһ
ƾʲô˹Ҳ˵ˣǸĵġǼȻǼˣҵܵܡҪúý˳ɲţƾʲôȥ
̫ˣ˵ˡ
Ҫôҽ˹ѡ񣬡ҪôͲһˡһˣûʸôǮ
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ôġ˹˵·ѡĸ
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˹ûشˣֻסֺ󣬰ָͷյǽһ֨֨졣в˼Զˡ
̫͹˹ˡ
Ǯ治С
ոչ˹˹ĺݾԼ˵񣬶˵֮󣬹˹ܵʲôĴ
ңûǮ˰ֻ̫ܿޡ
ð졣˹ֱұƵҪֽͱʣǰĵϣŹ˹˵д
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д
Щ˹ĻȥǮͨͨǷծķʽдȻ˹ҲѡȥдֻдĻ˾͵
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˹˵㵱ũͽ߾ߵ˵ģ
ȻǷôдˡ
̫ôŹ˹ˡ
ӹ˹֮ȫ̼û˵һ仰ϣῪˣҺܺ棬ôɽ嵽Gʡġ
û˫عֵ֤ΪӦýäɣΪһطĺùϾãӲܡ
٣ȥһˡ















26
ھʮǰ кܶˣ ũЩʣͶǨ㵽ȥʱ һ˳֮Ϊä
ĳϣǴһʵġ
ûƲκαΪäˣͷѷ ЩΪ治òϴȥԹ̫͹˹ˣʹһҲһ㣬 Ը̫͹˹
Ȼ ̫͹˹ϵĻɫ䡣
˹Ҳܾȣäǣ ä˵ô㵽ƱģҪ֪ û˫عֵ֤ ˻վѹͲƱģ
⣬ Ҳܺ棬͹ȥ֪ˡ˵ףҲǲ²⣬ûʮİա
һҪ͹֣̫͹˹ʱͺ ϾԽ϶ԼĲ²⡣̫Ӳ Ϲ˵ʲô ˭˵äģ
ǲǵģ ϶øˡϱƵļˣͽ̫͹˹Ťȥ˹֡
Ǳһʣäġ
Ҫ˵̫˻Ǹģû֤ʱڻվѹ򲻵Ʊʹʲô취أ
ڻվһʶֵģһ֤ʡù˹ȥæ˵Ҫ˼ƱԭصžС
˼ǧлĵлɽȴǰƱˣתŸѹƱ֤˼Һ˵֤ˣûȥ¿
˼Ϊ֤УͷɥѾƱ֤ȥ˿
̫͹˹Ϳ˸֤ҪƱһ·Gʡ
ͷäˣĶϸ
һȷ˹̫͹˹äݣǱͽ˸Ҳֹǹˣ󻹻Ӱ˵˫֣ǲͻԭ
ŭἫƷСһ٣ɹ嵽Էϵͳʮ
ɹ弫ƷСӣǲͶԷؼңϵͳһ٣
ɹ弫ƷţǲͶԷؼңϵͳ٣
֣߳ԺһϵͳĻʾֻ˹͹̫Ļֽôһ
Ϊòش𣬽û뵽һΣϵͳȻػˣ߼Ʒսв࣬ɹ֮ĽȻҲ᲻һ
ԣϵͳĻֲһڸϱʾ̫ļƷֵҪ߹˹ô
Ұ죬ʾһ¾ȡڹ˹Ǳ߽Ļֱȹ̫ٵ£ڳɹİеƷµĶԱ£ϾԼûҪȥôˡ
ܺãǰδеĺá
ע⣬Ѿһǧϵͳ׶ΡУĳЩãǰ׼
ʲôϾˣΪʲôû˵
ϵͳʱʼ1098......
ϣϵͳϵͳôӣһû׼أ
ʱҪȥĹ˹վԭһģ̲סʵӣôˡ
32..1ʱϵͳʼ
Ȼ󣬹˹ͼһ˾͵ŵϽסˣһ潹ĺţӣӣҰ
ʱѾû˼ȥӦ˹ˡڳ׵ιȥ֮ǰϵͳϵͳרſңѾѾģ͸ôá˵ʲô׼ʱ䣬Ȼֻʮ룡
ʮӣ׼ëŶ

ٴʶǱ˵ġ
Ӧģ˵ǰ㣬͸ǻԣ
ԣҪԻ㲻˵㻰
ǣƭӣƭӣԺҲҪƭһˣ
˵ûƭ㣬ﶼεˣҲûǵġˣһǻ
ôһƬߴߴĳУ۾Ȼͷ֣Լ֪ʲôʱɻ˴ᡣ
ԱſСԴǹС͹Сࡣ
һˣ˶ܸˡСһĺСȴɿĴȥһһСࡣ
໹ȵģһ͵Ǽ⣬ŵһζϵĶӣҲϵĽл
СͰȥ˶
Ҳ˲ϲ鿴ϵͳˣ۾⣬泳ֵģڸ
꣬ͼĹСһ̵˳ȥûһںСɣСɣˣ
ĹСֱӾ͡໡һһһĳ˽嵽ϵǰ黶ϲˣﺰţˡ
ֻüһСɣܿ㱻һȺޱĿȥ
ЩǣŹСɣһԸ̫͹˹ȺӰ
˿̣һȺޱⲻȥϣգգ۾ܾ飬òе㲻ͷ
ûüʹСɣ⵽ôһµʱ򡣾ùСһԺǲ˵˵ҪС㣬岻ãأ㻹ô泳
СɾίͰ͵ĽͣҸ˵˰..һأǲˡ
뵽ǰЩԻϵ֮ǰһ飬ԼǰԼԼµһ㡣ɵñ۾Լû
˼Ӻϲ۾ʹСɣ˵ɣʲô顣
Сɳϲ˼һЦİ˵һ顣
ԭ̫͹˹ϵ죬СΪܰﵽϣȺޱȥæʱ򣬾ͳŵ˴ҡֻҪǰȥԸĸεĺ̺ͺ壬СɾȥҪǮԣ
ԣ˴Эݶ̫͹˹һĻ
üǿ鶼˺üˡ£ͲǹСɵĺټҡ˼һȺޱһ顣
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һΣȺޱС˵㻰ƭ˴ҡѹ֮ǰȺڼ塰ַСɵһΪ
˵ʵڹСɵһΪ治֪ǸػǸñ
Ҫ۵ӣ֮УСɵĵҲͰˣƫ뷨ÿÿҵ취Լ뷨ʵ֡
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֪Լһ˸ɲӮ̫͹˹û//һȺޱæɹˡɵСֻǵ˳ɹûпǵʧܡ
Ҫǹ̫͹˹ܸһ㣬ȺӷӦһ㣬ٻⲻũطأûȺƵ˼ʱϵΪȺޱܴӮ˰
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Сûֽӣֻ۾һĶϿ
Ҳû㲻Ǯ ǾùСɵ̫˵㣬ԺΪӴԿŹ˹Ǯˣ Ҳû취ˣ ֻܵͷ
ͷһ㣬Ǳ߹СɾͽӹǮ һܳȥˡ
ּŹС͹СҲվһ߿ţ ĺ˵Լƫģ ˹ɴִӶóǮ һ˸һ飬ҲȥɣҺ˵Ự
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˹ǱһͷϾͲȻŭһŭ֮£ץϵͷŹ˹˹ȥҿȥ׸ɣ
ֻážһ벻֮£˹˸š
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ϵͳ֮ǰֲϵͳδֻܶһ򵥵һʳ鼮ѧϰܣ档
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ǰ壬 һΪԼۻֻþˡ
Լϵͳ쵽ϵ뷨 ϵͳ忪ʼˣ ҲڱˡȣҲˡ
ϣѾѾģ˰

˵ʵ Ѷȵȼٿɱȹ̫Ѹˡһʱ֮䣬 ô һ޴ֵĸо
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ѾӽˣҲԽԽ䡣
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˰Լ칫ң ˰칫Һһ仰 ֲǸɵӣ ٻ˼ôˣʱһӾˣֱӾȥ ʳ¸ʲôǱܻԾһԾʲôˣ ô֪
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ͲյǸϣ̬ҲһӷˡʵڳˣϵĸоǺܸӵġ
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30
ũ ˶ӡĹ ϱȥ칫ҵϢ ʹũ
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ǲӦˣ òã
Ϻҵʲôλ˳ˣ ũôˣ ôͷǵöһأ
ʵʲôֻҪǹ˹ţ λͻһֱš
ڹ˹ ͦϲġ
ȣ ˹һ ǶǴӲϹս̵ˡǵľʮɺϵһսˣòޡģ
Ϊÿκ͹˹죬رͶ˵ģԴ䵽ũ Ѿܶûܺͱйͬˡ
Σ˹ӻ ȴһԭ򡣿˵ һλѵõĺͬ־
پã ĺͬ־ǲܱļ˺ȵģ
ȻЩ뷨˭û˵
Լһı˵ĶˣϲĬĬ£
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λһִͨ𾪵ǣ˵Ϊʵ̫⡣
ϹҲҲκһ㣬Ұ㶢ļԷһļӰ쵽㣿
룬ɪɪˡ
Ȼô˵ٻͶˡ
ȥʳóԷʦҲٸʲôŴˡΪ˱ӣ˵ʱֶıȱ˵Ļ
ַ̫֮ˣ˼ҾͳϱǸЦ
ʦĿԣҲΪ˼ҡֻ˼Ҹ٣ǾͳԶٰɣʵˣԼǮȥ
ЩũĴҲٸСʲôԵˣ㲻ΪֺϺ͹˹Ҳˡ
ʵǳٵĴڵڰ˷ũǳģλϵģûһֵõõġ
Ҳаɣ
ϾãҲһ¡
ҲٵģϸСڸһõ֪ϰߡ
ҪȱʲôԸǮȥʵڲУϵͳأ
ڴﶼסڴϵͳһϾ̫ˡ
еϣԼܳΪһֵӵˡ
Ҳϵʮְʱ򣬹ηַӵϡΪ˱֤ԵĹƽԣ쵼ǩ
ȰѸģʸַӵһְȻְÿһ̨ȥǩ
ǩǰ˵ƬװںüͲЩƬϷΪֺͿհ׵
հ׵Ȼû鵽õһַӲסȥ˼ˡֵһһһдȥˡ
һд⿴û鵽ֻǳ鵽һ˭û˵
˹ΪҪⳡְᡣ̨ǩģϡ
ǩĵطͷ⣬ųɶ飬һһǰߡֵ˭ʱ˭ȥǼͲһǩ
ûеģͰǩӷ׼õ˵ģʱͲߣߵǰͷǼǴǩӵݹȥǼǺԼеķӡ
һΪõĲֻ֮࣬ܰһְԻн֮ı鲻ϡ
ŵλñȽϿ˵ʵûϣˡ
ŶԽԽǰԽԽࡣۼžͿҪֵˣʱϾ쵽һĿڶԼ
˳Ŀһͼųʮ
ˣ˻ǣû˰
ٵǸľ۾գһ£Ƶһ㡣ֵϿʼˣλ³ôģȻߵǰˡ
ºˣԭվڳǩ̨һ涢ŴһҲǷֹ˶ֽŵļũְΪ˱Լ̬ȣҲʼݶˡ
֪ģֻ֪һַӵĳǩ֪ģΪҪأ
ֱϸһӻƫ뷢ֲܷ
˼Ҷôˣ
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ȻؼǣƽҲûã˾ͲǸýġ
ǣֻ쵽ն飬Ͻǩˡ֣ѡһͲǳɴľʹһ
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Ȼˣ
Աߵ˼ˣͳЦͬ־ϲ˰
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ҪǿˮͷãҪǿǱߣϾҪˡ
Ҫ֪ʱĲȫǺޣִĹ⿿ķӣǲ͵ÿζ
һסɾٵסʮϰ
һ뵽ʱüȵĲãƫһ̧ͷͳλٸֻ쳤˲ӣ
֪뿴ʲôþأɴͰǩ˹ȥ¸㿴ɣ
λֽ˹ȥˡ
ӹȥ㣬ٻǩߵǼǴϸǼꡣ
ֱӾ͸Цˡ
ȵȫǩȥ˹˹
˹ǱҲ֪ϳˣ˵ãǿˮǱߡ
һ˹ô˵Ͼһ漴뵽˳٣Ͼ̲ס˹²ۣˣũǲû¸˰
˹˵ţⲻǱǰЩ
ѹ֡˵ٹ̫ˣԲôľôĹԼ
ȥ治а
ԼٱôȥҪƷ衣
Ϊ˷ֹΪ̫Уʱʱ̵̿ĶԼϾãбҪλ¸ҵ
ǣϻ˺üʱ䣬ڣһ취















31
ˣ 治ĳЩط رֵء
ԭԼǿ
ȻԴˣ ͬģҲɼ
ߣĺۡģ ˵ġ
ˣֻ취 תע
ũ ûʲôȸõķչũҪˡ
һũҪ뷢չãȻøϡũ Ҫʳ߲˵Ĳϡ
ɵڰ˷ũһ
ʮռһũ ʵũ Ҫ СһʣµģȫӲɽ
ЩֵũأҲµصʽֲڸƬɽϡ
ҲΪڰ˷һֱʮ׵һҪΪͷ˶ϺϹѹӵ߲ˣټϸũʳ߲˴գ ֻǸ񽱣䲻ڰ˷ͷϡ
ͷҲ˵ˣ 겻öϺϹϽˡ
Ҳ˵ ڰ˷Ҫ Ǿ͵ôӱĵط취ˡ
ϰԼļƻȸ˹˵ˡ
Ȼӵڶ죬ȥ칫˳١
Ȼų٣Ͽ϶ֱ˵ԼΪ˲ϱ˶ţƻеʱ򣬼ǶųˣЩҲǲֱ˵ġ
Ͼ˵ũˣũȲʮһصķҲϡǲΪԱҪչԪصطУǾͻĵط
ĵطָľҵ
ũҲУֻࡣʮʵеĶʳΪʵԸģʽ
Ҳ˵ÿũιġЩũιЩ󲿷ʱ򣬶Ϊ˹Ӧũְ
Ҳϵ˼ʼ˼
ȻҲΪչͲЩũˡԭô֣ô֡ң취ú֡Щ˵ĵطҲ˷ѰָľһƬӵɽˡ
Щɽû취ֲũġȴ԰ΧһȦֳһּ
ҪôˣǶũǾһ󹤳̡
Ҫľôһ󹤳̡
ֻũĻ࣬أܰѳ˸ס߱ס˽ţûôйȥԼˡ
ʵϣİ취ҲЧˡٳᣬĿʼ˼ϵˡ
ôȥõֲЩũأԼֳЩ͸ǳٺ͹˹ȥǵˡ
ûԱĶţǺˡ
ڹǰһڵѽϵڸ˳ˡްЬӻϣǹһꡣ
ûã˹͸ų볡ȥˡ
ǴͷٿһְᡣεְҪݣľڳ﷢չֳ
ϲ֪ͷũֳ󣬸˸߶ȵ֧֡Ǳ߻Ҫũﰲżר
˵רңȷʵһ汾¡
˼һͽũһ飬о˵ص֮󣬾ʹũˣ˻ʡ
ũﲻֵصĿõϣӡһЩļ㣬Žһ顣
ЩһЩӲĩغɽչҰȫ˸һʱ䣬ȵ˴֣ȫȥ
רҰֶѷʷ̷ʡ
ڼһߣȦɽصҪȦͷÿ֦Ҳÿˡи޵ȦȦʲôҲҪӿٶȥꡣ
ôһҲֻǳһæˣũһæ
ũﵽҪ͸ĶĵطÿҪɽһЩҵľҪæ޽ȦͼȦ϶ûʲôʱȥܺˡ
ûãѧУͿѧֱӾͰѹС͹С˫̥ͽѧУ
ڹС࣬ͲѧУա
ֲҷôһũﲻȥܡСȥѧʱֱӾͰѹСȥ
ϵѧУʦ
С˵ֲֹһ˴ȥѧкö˶أʱ˶æѹûʱܺӡԼҼһǴĴСġ
ʵСͣںܶ˼ܰæɵСҪ˹ܵһأ
Ǳ߹Сɻ˵أö˻ŵܵѧ
Ҫڱϵĺӣһ£ǸжСˡԣСģ治ʲô
ȥѧʱһǣŹС࣬һøСʡѧУ˽ʦ󣬾ͰСʷԼλԱߣùСǡ
С˵С֡
СѧУʦʹӲ˵ϾãȥҲǸ취
һʱģҲĺð취ֻʱùСôŹС͹Сȥѧ
ѧУԲãҲûʡšʲôɰЩ۸񰺹ıɣҲһһ
ÿϣõСﶼģѧУûԺãˡ
˭֪ôãȴũ˸ˡ
öѧУũСѧѧģ϶ʮְŮǣԼСΧС
ЩСãҪͬһĺǡ
Ҹĸסһ飬˼ҵĵã˴óԵġԼأʲôûС
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ӽֵ߳ŭˣ˵Ǹ˼һ˼ֻŮûɲԾͳԣþãǼжģǮŽǷȢϱá
ЩҳֵģҲ
˵ܱȣ˼ûӡ
Ǹ˵ǣ˼ûû
ôŮƽȵģʵϣܶ˹ﻹΪкǼ̳мҵڽӴġ̫͹˹ũſֵһʹôﶼ֪ӣҲ˺ˡ
Щ£û¶ᱻڱ˵лأ
Щ˵治˵˹ϣȴ˵ǡ˵ĶˣĺӾ͸סˡ
Ȼĳ죬ϾͺȻӵϢ˵ŮѧУˡ
Ϻ͹˹Ͻ飬ҴææĸϵѧУȻʦİ칫Լҵӡ
˲ȥȰһԣ¼һ¡ûʲô֮һ
ʱϲע⵽ԱߣվĸСԱȹССãȻҪǱĶˡ
ֻ⼸е죬ǳĺӡֻһʱģû⵽˭ҵĺˡ
˹Ǳ߿һۣ˹յĿ׼ʦأͷһ˭˭ҼҶӸˡ
ţͳŮˡ
һƣũЩˡ
һǵǸȥԼСлԲֻеӡ󡣹ƼǼģǽʲôȴ֪ˡ
Ůˣ˵ӵˡ
˴˸棬ֶˡ
΢һ󣬸ϽȥԼҵĺӡһۻŮˡֻĸӵϣǶǴˣ
˵أϾСҲÿ˵ϣŹκۡ
ͷĴɨѣǶ֦ġϸּӲɨз϶Ǵȴۡ
ĸкϵһ֪ɨϵ֦ιȥĺۼ
ۼź϶ˣлԲǼҳܰݰž˵ҵĺ۸ˣôôΡ
ҲʲôûˣôһҧԼҵĺ۸ˣ˵ԼŮһôСĸкϣ˭ǳԿһ
ۼ˫ҪˣʦϽסͰѴµ˵һ¡
ʼǹС䵥ʱ򣬰ĳʳ˸ˡ˵ѾͷƬӶǱ˼ҵģòųôá
ֱĹСһ˸ɲӮĸȥҹС͹СɣȻСֱҺɨѣȥˡ
СŹС࣬档
ŮӣĸԭǹС͹Сġǣϴι̫ߺ󣬹˹涯˼ȥ̹Сɡ
СˣҲȥѧһ㡣
ѧʱ䲻Ҫ˵ıûСɶͬ꼶СкȴǺܿġ
˵С˹һɺݾ
ʵеʱС֮Ĵܣһ˭˭Ӯ
ºֵǸӡοСﻹšɨѡ
Զ֮ⳡԱеսƫƫ͹С߸Ӯˡ
鵽ˡ
ȻԣµĲԼҵĺӡԷĸкӣȻûӮŮҲʵ㲻һʵ顣
ĻǾ䣬ѾͷƬòųôá
ѾͷôˣѾͷҲģǾı
ҾһкҲûϵô룬Ҳô˵ԼҵĺӣԸôô裬Լҵ¡ҼҵѾͷһԸ죬ֹ˭˰˭˵Ұǣ
ž˺ôһͨϺϹ˹ŹСûȥ
˵ڶ죬ֱӾ͸˰һıƽʱ࣬üģ͸ǣϲŮĽġ
ȫũ˾Ͷ֪ˣ˹ж౦Ůˡ
ôıǵũϵӰ졣Ͼ󻷾ټԿη˵˶ˣСܹӰ졣
ɻûҳõİ취ĳһ÷ѧֱӾ͸һϴġϲ
ڷѧİ·סã˵ȥֱӾСһӡ
СʶĽˣٿȥ˾ˡ
ǸĺӣǸŮ 
Ѻһ꺢Ӿܡ˵ǹģƶûˡ















32
һ˴˵°ŵġ
ƿһǣ һۡĸ´ĺӣ Ƕˣ Ŵͣ۵Ĵš
һޣСͿʼɫ գ۾һֱϿ
º˼̫࣬ϻȰοС룬 £ û㡣һǶԵġ˵ţ ϰѺӺӱ˹ Ȼźӣ ȥ˸ڴᡣǵã ǰʱ䣬һ꺢ӣỹ̡
˸ᣬȻڿҵλ꺢ӵĴ㡣
ͷ˭Ҷѡ
ũЩŮˣ꺢Ӷܴźӵ̡кЩˣӻţ һҪµظɻźӵöˣּææϻȥιһκӡеʱϲˣ ǾͶЩһιӵˡ
ⷽҶܻ⣬ æһιԼӣ ҪǻʣģźӶˣͰι
λһϱ˸ſ޵ĺӹ˵ͽӹȥιˡֻһιһ̲סʣ⺢˭ҵİôûũ
Ͼüͷ˵Ҳ֪˭ҵĺӣҼС룬ֱӾ͸˻ˡ
һ۾ˣôôĵˣԼĺҲˣ
ؼǻֱ˼Сϡ
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ˬĴӦˣһ䣬һҪǵùѺӱߡڵģϽﲻˡ
﷢Ǻܿ϶Ķ˼Ҵ˵һߺӡ
ҵ˹ʱ򣬹˹רڵ˵Ż
Դ߹ɫмֲ˹ʣʲô˰
ǼרҲϵɫ쵽ϿʲôҪԹ˹˵࿴һۺ󣬱ʶȤ˸ˡ
һߣϾͿһ˵ҴŮּ˸Ů޻
ʲô˹Եþȼˡ
Ͼͽľ˵һ飬ҲܹС롣һˣͲĴܳС뻳һܡ±˵СˣǸҲһܼʱķӦ
ӽӶˣֲǸʲôĶܲľͰôСһӤȻôؼҰɣ
Ҫ⺢Ӻܾܿͻû
ô˵ܹһ
ԣС뽫ӱҲǵڶ·ѡˡ
˹꣬˼һ²˵˵С뻳ӵˣǲǹġ
ҪȻ˷ѧʱ䣬ôӣô˭ңƫƫ׼˹С롣ܣѹͲ˷Ӧʱ䡣
˵ǹģûˡ
һϣĸ˹һҲ˶׼˹С롣߸ȷе˵Ƕ׼Ǽҡ
ֻϾͲˣôˣôͷǵðѺǼأ
Ϊʲô
˹˵˭ǼֻŮ˭۹Ůأ߸Ӧ˵˭Ǽ۹Ů۵ģũƬû˲֪ˡ
˵ף˼ҰѺСɻǳ׼Ǽһ㡣
ԼҹŮҸ˼£
һĶˣ۹Ů۵ԼҵĹŮ˵ˣֲʥĸŸӶܵԼŮ۵ġ
Ǳ˳׼һ㣬ӹΪ˾Ӧ
˵ˣϾС뻳ӵˣһũƬˡ٣ԼҵĴһ˽⡣
ǵ˭أũʮũܱߣдССʮӡ
ҪȥʮũܱߴͲһ򵥵ˣµĻֹ
һһ⺢ӵĸĸܱߵĴӡΪŮǲݵĽæ£Ѻô죿
ҪĻ⺢ӵ˭ҵģ͸޴Ӳˡ
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һ붼˾ĵ
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˵ʵ¡
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ȻѲ飬»ǵò顣ҲҪ飬ðȥ顣ҪȻҪôӣ鷳ָࡣ
ȣµø߳١
ˣĳЩʱ򣬻Ǻܿס
λһ˵鷢һӣ˵ҪúõĲ顣ҵ죬λгȥ˵صĸ˵Ǻúò飬ӵ顣
˻ӣʲô
£Ҳܸɿš͵øܡ
ҷǵҪܣ⺢ӣҲܷýǱߵ˸ưˡ
ڸǱ벻ܣԸԸܵģѹòȥͷۡ
гôһڣǱԸҲԸ⣬Ը⣬ǻǵԸ⡣ѹûѡ
ٵĴũܱһϵе쵼˲֪˲ġ׼飬ʮͷţҲء
Ǳ߲ɣֻҪҰ˼˵һбȥ˿޵ǵֹȫڳĸԱһڳٵ˼οΡ
ֻ˺һ죬ڶ츾ʹũҵϡһͱ̬ȣģӿ϶ôġǱʵʱҲʵ⺢ˣֻܺԺϣȰæšɺҲ˰׿Ըعʹһ̷ۣףһٵĸϱ֤⺢ӵĵ裬һᾡҳ
ҳаҪҲ⺢ӿ϶䵽ǸͷϡѾѾģ˭ãǵðѳͷ¿ˡ
аɣô˵ˣҲֻʱһ⺢ˡ
ʱڸģǶǸѡıˡ˶ԱϣһܴƣǾǶԸǳ˽⡣Ҹ˶࣬ҪʲôҲ㡣
Ȼ͹ȥĵ죬Ǳ߾֪ͨϣ˵ӵĵҵˣߴźһȥ
һϽϹ˹ϺӾȥ˸
ϵϲƿŽȥأʲôûӭͳһˣͨһ͸ϵǰ
Ͳıôһŵϱź˼ŹԼǰˣһ±ƣ⵽ʲô















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¹ ˣ ⶼͷһ⡣
˷Ӧ ǵû𶡵ͬ飬ĻбЮ֣ǿȵķŭġ
Ѵ Ժúõ˵ҪæҲóϿҵˡһַʽ
˰æ ýǿ
ϵ ʱҲǰŮˣϹ˹ֱƿˣ ϾͽһŮͬһ ˵ţ ˵ҵӸĸˡǺã ÿ԰⺢Ӹȥˡ
ǽ˸ˡ
ǱͲı˸ӣٽȥһڵλͷ͸ʺһģӦˡ
ڵϵλҲû뵽ϻô̬ȣʱסˡһϽǱߵۼ̾Ҫ뿪ˣһż ͶŹ˹˳ ǲ߰
Ȼ ϵǵġô֮ǰС뻳£ Ҳǳ׼Ǽңˡ
¿˵ĺܶˡ
˭ϵƾʲôǣߡ
Ů˾̧ͷһֿۣʼľ½ǣңҡ˸죬ҲûһĻ
ϿʼͷʲôϽ˵
Ǳߵ˼ˣϽǰһ˵λͬ־ŴУҳ......ؼһ㣬ŮҲġ
ףȴǺܳһ׮¡
Ŵм޵ҳ壬ĸĸǹŮʱҲһĻǸŮ
˺üŮһֱż̧ͷŴһܵĴ֪ˡȻѵģȴںͷ
̾˵Ŵͬ־ţҲ֪˸˵µĺӲˣӾǾ
ҪôѺҪôͰѺˡ
Ŵ²֣Ҳ᲻ӵӡȻżȻ˵˹ӣ۹Ů۵ҪǣŶͷ
ѧУſһ죬ŴѰ˻ᡣŹСճһѾͽ˹ȥȻȾܡ
ɵģǹźӡһ·û׷Ŵܻȥ͵͵ĸŹС롭һֱĽӱũĴţŰġ
Ǳ߰ԭԭ˵һ飬ϵŴҲ޵һﺰˣǸҹŮһ·ɡ
ģȷʵǺܿΪ˱ȵһλϺ͹˹ﶼ
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Ȼ˿̲֪˹ǷٱţҲ֪˾ٱһ仰顣
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38
ͷһӵأ شһӽׯˡЩһ ֪ˡ˵ ʵܶڶˣ̷һ飬ȴǿԵġ
˵Ҫׯֵúã ڵһλ

Ͻȥĵڶ죬ͷǱ߾˶
ôǰѵ˵Ӳݣ ֦ мʣµĻѻȫͳһһ飬ʼѧ˵ ̷ʡ
ϼˣ ǺһЩ
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¶ȵױȶߣԾŴŽЩǷ͵ȴһһ̷ׯϣ ɹҲԡ
ԼǴǶ֪Ͻͷģ ţ ŴԵҲ˲١
ҪǴ˵㼦ʲôģ Ҳϡ
Ҳ˵񼦵һ۸ıȽ϶࣬ͱⲻеĸͷеĸͷСͷģϲһЩ
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ͷǷֵȼġ
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˵ģϾûһֻëġҪֻһˣһǮȫߡ
ȻűĺܸɾֻдǴƤӵ֡±ȴòˡ
нͷûô⣬Ҳûô֡СҲϲԣǹСɺ͹ССģر𰮿йͷ
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꺢ӵϸ˵ЩȫǹͷǮ
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ҲǣԶԲ˻ôࡣʲôȥӪ
֪ӳߵҪԭ򣬹˹˵ǵóԵĺð
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Сִһ꣬ϸɴҲͽѧУ
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Щϵ϶ǴЦġ
Ҳˣͷ࿴ϸϣͷһЩڴĶȥԡ
ʹϹһ顣
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ЩҲûãֻ֤һ㣬Ǽר͵Ǹĳġ
רʱ˹Ѿũˡ
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ȷ˵ɽģũ򾮣ءȵһϵе顣Ҫ˵ĴʵҲûУֻ࣬ڹϵĴˡĴ룬ȴһֱŴߵġ
ģģձġ
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ʱ˹dangxiaoѧϰҲˡ

ʰʱ򣬹СԱ߰æڹСɺ͹ССģͷǵĻǡأ
ôȥ̲סʡ
ѧһѧУ춼õأС˵ҪʰĶ࣬һǰʰɣ
⻰ûܾãСصû¡СôµģȻдϲҲ۵ġ
ʵҪ˵СȻϴ󣬿Сɻ˫̥أʵϻͬһġɾΪôӣСҪһĹСɶһЩ
ȥ棬С붼Ը⣬ֻˡ
ȵСĶʰĲˣͷ˹Ҳ˴ţˡ
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39
ٻصũ ԭסӣ ͷָˡ꣬ ũ¥Ҳûطס
·ֵ¥һţ408һؼȲˮ ҲŲ
һСɾ˵  ûŴá
СƨһģںҲһ˵ٿС룬 Ȼû˵ʲô Ҳ֪ ҲǸϲŴӡ
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סĿռС ϲҪŶӣˮϴ軹ҪŶӡڳʳ棬Ҳû취ŴɶԼɶ
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ʳĳʳڶǶʳģ˺Сǰշʳġǿ϶ģ ҪԱڶˡڻԵжã Ǹǲܵˡ
˹Ǳߣ صũ ҲæòС
ȥѧϰ꣬ũʵҲùȻ󲿷ũض࣬ʳҲࡣܴ󻷾Ӱ죬ʳڼͷȴһһء
ͷʳˣũְָܷȻˡ
ũ𴦲һĵطڣߵְɵĻũĻõȴְĹʡ
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ϱҲú¯żڼú͹˹ӵ͡
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ΪũҪչеְˡ
ȻûãϢʹũˡһҹ֮䣬ϷԼԵֱˡ
ҲҪ˵˭óԵģ͵ԼֻǣС߶ϣСϹϵġ
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󲿷ֵļʳҪϽģǣȻũְֵܷһֵġһ飬ְ˵ջġ
ũղͬ׶Σøֲͬĳʳÿһͷ׳ġ
ɱʶһϱߵһ׻ķͣϹ˵۹⡣
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װŶ ũġеһȺǣ׷ܡ
ֶԸ񲻴ģ ũ Ҫǿճʱ򣬻ѳͣũĺȥȵĿĵأҪװˣ ҲԾһһ
Ȼĳϸϴѵʱͷ֣ Сɺ͹СϣкüɫӡǡϸһţŹɲζ
һʣ ֪ǸũȺ ȻС䵽ġڹС룬Ҳȥˡ ϸ Ѳܺúõġ
Ͼ˵һ ôϡ𣿡
þʹһ飬СЦǹ˹˷ܵ˵ Ȼϡˣ  ũġ
Ҫ֪ʮũʮһСΨǵڰ˷ԭеģΪû֣Ӳֻܰڲֿš
Ȼÿε˽ʳʱ򣬱ũǿһһȥֻ͡ǷǼţһһ͡
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˹ СúСӣ Ҳһ£ôҲ˵һ Ҳȥһǡôһ·ҹ ۰ɣˣԶûȥŪԵġ
еûô˵˵ģ ձæˡ ȥŪԵˡ
˵ţϾŹС룬ųʳˡ
ձ˼Ļ𳵣 ֶġųԵˣ ̻ʵġȳˣַˡ
ϾߵĴ˯ ձ˯õĴȡȻŹ˹ ûϢ˳ȥ
һ˹ʣ Ǽ߳ʲô𣿡
֮ʣҪձܹˣһûǰߴк ʱϲԡ
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ֻһٻصܾãá
ǲá˹üũǵд//ˡ

ٴμ˼ǱһЦշһġſף֪ﶼЩʲôµˣȴͷƤ飬ĵ׷
Ȼ͸ĵԤϵһ
ٴλũߵ鶼ܡһʱ䣬ͷļ˹˹ͳߵ쵼˵ҪũŲһ顣
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˹˹ôһʹ ˡ
˹һȣ ˹ũ˵棬һᡣֱĵʱ޻֮ Ӳְǰ ôһӡ
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СȥѧУ Сȥ˲ӡһӣ ߱ˣʣһСˡ
ͷһξã Լⲻʮƽ׵ķӣ ԵôôĿ䡣
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ȻпܱǣͷԼҶҲʵûôȥ˼ҵˡ
ϴû취󲿷ֵһֱӽӶһ߲ʲ˵ģܶʱҲһģǷľӶࡣ
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ƫǮûⷽԾסϣ˷ˣСգҪ㡣
Ϻһ䣬⵽ʲô°ô˷ܣôȲˡ
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üͷϽԼķзһߣַסǮǻ̽ӣŪЩˡ
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ũô˵Ҳôʮˡ˵ũȫʶҲԺܿ϶˵ٷ֮ʮϵˣ֪ġ
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Уȥг˹Ӧˡ
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оԲһֱ׷ǣһ򵥵Ĺ£ܱ鷳׷ĵСʹһ¸ԣͳһ¸﷢Ǹɣ















47
СѧУѧ ڶͽ˻е
еʵũ治 Ҫǹ⿿·ĻһСʱǹ˹Сг ÿҲϽСʱ
һµİ С˵ᣬסǱȥ
̹С͹СҺ һŮҪ뿪ˣ˵ һе᲻á
᲻ãҲ һĳˣ Ҫ뿪ҵġ
뵽⣬ҲûһھǷԣ ֻ˵ Ҫס߷㣬ǱסȥҲСʱˣ Ҫũ
Сͷǿ϶ģһпҾͻ
ɻ˵  ûôˡ
еߵĻʵأ ҪѧĻС͵ûʮֵŬ
ǰûסڳߣ˾͵øϻȥڳˣǸһ˼ѧϰϱˡ
ھǷżˣ϶һܵȵС
һֻʣϺ͹˹ˣŪúһʱ䣬ϾÿģرĲ
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СˣֻԼڼʰԵģϻеȥСࡣ
ˣػضһĻζ
СϣҲˣǶϴĳʳˣֱ˵Ŀ̫ʱˡҺüæģ㣬߾ֻܶˡ
˵ãһ˵ϾۣҲòôƴɣ
С˵ǲУһأʦ̣Ȼܶѧ͸Ͻѧ㡣ҪģʵĶһиȤ
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˵ĻҲϰˡֻţڶѧϰѧϰӵĽӣΪ˽ѧˣԺͶˡ
ֻ뷨ãʵȴܹǸС
СڻеһǺüꡣȵ߳ʦˣȴʡȥˡϳϢֱӾ͸סˡ
СȻܸˣ§ϵļЦ˵ںˣȥʡˣĺܣҲܷ˰ɣ
ǣûСȥѧҵֱӸʡǵҽԺСܱȥʡǣȷʵøһЩ
ǣҲζţСڲӻزСҲʡҽԺ֮󣬹СҲҪԶˡ
ʵ󶮴뷨ǼϣܳɲţһԼһͺáȻˣһסһ͸ˡ
Ͼ̲סԹ˹˵ٶʲôãˣһͶԶˡ
˹ЦҪϻô˵أ
Ҫ鵽ϵģҲֻǷˡ
лҪ˵
Ȿˣллλһ·ˡ
Ƽһ¿ģղأôôգ
Ůֵ
İԽɽ磬ǧ࣬޵˽ڡ
ȴڳӤ죬һⱻ
ִˣصһһꡣ
һ꣬ΪԣĸȥμһĿһɽŮΪһµݡ
һĽݣԱȫصĹڿΪ˺Ķ
Ǹɽ߳ŮȴΪֹۣϵ̬ȣȦһڷ˿߳ɽ壬ΪĴǡ
÷δҲŮΪִ˻顣
......
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