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ٵĶúãۣ
ʵĶúãۣÿѧõ
˼ѧϰɼãĿΪΪ
PSκνɫûԭͣԺ
PPSļܿգκʵ
ݱǩ  ִܿ ˬ 
ؼ֣ǣׯεȻ  ǣԤġػǧѧԡ˽һ  
һ仰飺ңû
⣺ѧǿ
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ԭڹ¶ԺׯεȻҪǿûбҵʱʦָһݶݵĹΪӲ˴ˣΪ˲ݹûнӴĻׯεȻͣȫ©㡣û뵽ѿеľ©㾹Ȼһλ۲۵ѧ񡣻ùʽׯεȻѡص֪ʶıˣҲùҸõķչ
ƪഺܶС˵Ʒ֪֪ʶıׯεȻԵѧϰĿ֣ѧ磬ûʲô֪ʶ˵ġ


1 
ׯεȻʵ߳ʱ˳
ʦ֡ׯεȻԳ˻֣ׯεȻʱļ򣬡ôˣ
ûׯεȻ˵ʱ򣬴һ˿ѾύȥһˣҲ֪IMUǱʲôʱɡ
΢΢̣-׶˹Ժȱڣǧ֮һʦû뵽ֱ⼸ʱ䣬ڸ⡣
ׯεȻۣƺˣʦ֣ʵеͷۣҵıҵ⡣ⶼһˣҪӱˣû
ˣСӡһЦ˳ǹƴģŸճأӱϡ
ֱ⼸꣬ҲûмʱɣӱϡһۣˣʦҸ˵顣
ʦ֣˵
֮ǰ˵ڸ̣ÿҲû׬Ǯǰɣͣһ£Сӣʵǲ̸ˣ
治ǡׯεȻ֣͡Ҳ֪һԼĿ⡣ҲǾĿ⣬ⲻĿҪԼҪάֲȥ𣿡
һʲô
ڻܸʦ˵Ժڸʦ˵ɡ
ɡͣһ£Ҳ̫øҼְǼҵһֹ˾׼¼һСĿ
ʦ֣˼ǣׯεȻգ۾ʦֵ˼
ⲻǸҸְ𣿽˵ʱụ̂벻ࡣҿ⼸ͦеġĥׯεȻͦеģӦʱͦࡣ
ͦеġоƿͦеġҲҪҸְи⣬ڲʮ꣬ûĳ꣬˽ŻꡣְĻֻȥ򹤡ȥһ⣬ͻȻô죿
أû뵽ʦָ˵顣
ׯεȻͳﶼǾǴѧѧѧ嫺ѧ˶ׯεȻ֮ǰڹƴ࣬Ϊɼʵ̫ҫ۵Եʣ⻹ûбҵ嫺Լֱ
ʦֵܹϵƽʱܹһ仰ٲŬֻܻؼҵˣⲻ˵ЦȷʵǮټ滹һ硣ؼҲ̳в˲ƲοЩ֮ҲûȤŬѧϰֻܻؼҵһԵĶ档
϶ǲŰģֵܹϵǳá츳Ŭѧϰ
ʦôһ£Ҳʮʱ䣬һżٿӰɣ
ģׯεȻǰһ˫۾ġЩЦãҲɣҲҸ˵ôһ䡣ɣҴϵҸһ¡
ʱڸ绰￴ׯεȻƺѯΣ
ðׯεȻʹͷȷʵѶҪûˡһְһ켸ٿǮҲˡӣȥѧϰҲûжټҳҪϾֻһûгĺӶѡ
·϶߲ͨģôȻֻļְһֱæԼĿ⣬Ҳûȥڰæʵû롣
֪Ҫôźã
Ҳʦ֣ܸһЩְٿǮһ죬Ҳˡ˵ͦõġ
ԼãͦġͷҴϵ㡣
Уʦ֡ׯεȻҲȥû顣
ص֮ʼæż˼ԼûܹɵĿ⡣Ϊǲʿᣬһһ䣬סõǲ̫
̿ݸֽʼڲݸֽдд֮ǰܶĹʽȫѾҪ¿ʼԣͦܵġύ˲ʿҵ֮һʱ䣬IMUһֱ㣬Ҳûҵ磬Ҳͦѵġ
ȻܹͨģϾ-׶˹Ժȱڡǧ֮һҲҪüʱ䣬ûʲô⡣ûĿĿĿ⣬ûǮʵ̫ˣԼüģҲ֪ʦǱߵΡ
ʵڲУķɣܲԼɡ
ׯεȻ̾ϢһϵĲݸֽӶǿյġ
Сʱ֮󣬡ߵߵߵ
ׯεȻţ˵ѾҸ˵ˣû⣬㡣԰סоˣһһǧӡһµʱ䣬ʦܣΣĻҲȥԣҲ׬ǮʱҵǮ׬ײ׬ǳԳԺȺ棬ҲûҪ
ôɵ𣿡ׯεȻһ£ʦ֣ȷǳԳԺȺȣ
ȷ˵һʲô֮ġ
Ҫʲô𣿡ׯεȻͷԼʦ֡
Ҫ룬ûʲôģҸ˵ǲҪ̫СҪҸֹ˾µһˣ㶮ġ
Щ飬ׯεȻܹġ˵ׯεȻҪװɵ㶣ׯεȻҲܹʤΡҪׯεȻһҲû֮ӵļӣׯεȻ嫺ڿϣΪڴѧʱ򣬲μCUMCMһһȽĽģѧУõġ
嫺һ۾ͰѧˣûеׯεȻڹƴѧҵֱӾͱ嫺ץͶֱ
ׯεȻҲûй嫺࿴һͶֱ֮Ŀ⾹Ȼ-׶˹ԺȱĿ⡣
ҶһѧžҪˣ֮һﻹѿˡһʱ䣬IMU㡣ƺڵIMUûׯεȻвʿĴ磬ǱIMUɣׯεȻܹвʿĴ磬ھ󣬻ȥо֮ġǰ;
ׯεȻɣ̫óͱʹϵÿ첻ͼݾ⡣˾ôãû˸ׯεȻְܹ
ҪׯεȻûˣҲ˵޸ĸģҪΪѧϰʵ̫ãţҲܿϹƴࡣ
Сʱ򿿸Ժȥ˹ƴ󿿽ѧ𡣵˾֮󣬽ɾû֮ǰôˡʵ̫ˣòְ⡣
ֻ-׶˹ԺȱڵܹоԵģԼ⡣ܹõ;Ľܹʵʵ⣬ȥʲôְ֮ġ
ʦ֣ġׯεȻԼظﱣ֤װɵ㶣У
׬ǮûǮôأôõ׬ǮᣬҲͰ¶ѣڵȵȣƽҪˣʱܰĵⲻҪΪǮ鷢٣ʿҵ֮󣬾ͿУν̡
ҲˣСЦЦ֪ԼʦܵԸ񡣲ϲԵ޹ʵİҪ飬ôˣܡ
͸ʦһȥȽɣǮҲȽϿĹ
лʦ֣ׯεȻЦ˵ǲӦʰһ·֮ģ
Ͻɣָ˵֮Ҳܵء
ǰׯεȻüͷûʲôȤֻҪ׬ǮܹҰ⼸ͺáһԤУҵϾҪˣ
ʹţɡ˵һ䣬ҼǵһӦųġ
һׯεȻţҶԼԤкģ


2 ʿ
뿪֮ׯεȻʼʰղʦ˵ʲôʱ治һׯεȻʰȽϺã˵ֱ֮Ӿܸߡ
˵ʲôˣȥƵġڵûκε뷨εļְȷʵȥȽɡٱ֮ǰЩְɺ֮ܶ࣬ǰļְǰŽڼ֮ģǸڵĿ֣ǮҲ̫ࡣ
һۻмǧǮѾˡڽڱȽϲѧǮǶġ
⣬۵Сھȥĸ㣬ʦ˵ԳԺȺʮܹõһ»ҪĹʣ⡭ʵ
ǮҲ̫˰ɣ
ʰ˶Ž˻û׼һ¿⡣
ϣ׼ͶʱֻׯεȻóֻæ½ǱߴһŮ˵
ãׯεȻ𣿡
ԣׯεȻǣ
ǮͽǮɡ
ãǮ㡣ׯεȻŶԻӦһλǳˬŮԡŮǿͣ
ӽ쿪ʼľˡǮͣһ£˽ܹģ˵׼μʮĽĿǰɣ
ְׯεȻЩС
Ǯڵ绰ͷĥţСͷС˵ֱӷСӡҲ֪һĹϵͻȻ֮һְСӲҪ
¶е׼ŪСӾǸʲô˼ǮԼкüˣʲôƾˣôôõľˣ̻Щġһֵͷ࣬ϵƺͦġб˵ʲôֻǼְ
ȫǮŪú£
˾Ҳ˵ˣҪ⵵Ŀǹ˾Ƶַ˳ǻ졣
Ȼǹ˾Ƴգ˾ҲׯεȻ淢ڿսĿϵġ
Ҫ֪һȫաӿϵĲҲãǵӻʣһֱǰéġ
ڿ˼Ҫﵱפα
Ǯ㻹ûŪ֮ǰҲǶǣҲǸмα˭ôͷֱӵµĳפαöء
ͷСʻǰ
ûǰǴѧתͷص˹˾ǮׯεȻ˵Сׯǰɣ
ǡ
ɣȥ˾е㼱£ȷʵ벻Ҫ˾ɣֱ֮ӸҴ绰ͳɣ㿴Σ
ŶûϵׯεȻֲǽģûоʲôԵĵطѵַҰɣ
Ǯһ£öûʲôоˡ
СӦͷСʲôǮ㲻̫Ǹ˰ãǮţ˾ĵַׯεȻ֮ǰֻ˵ϵׯεȻȥǮҲ֪ׯεȻʲôط
Ǯ㷢ĵַׯεȻ˳˼
طɣ˵ԶԶ˵ҲҪһСʱҵʱ䣬ʵ̫࣬ҪСʱҡ
Ǯ˵飬ӦÿԵһ°ɣׯεȻЩ̫ȷǮ㷢һϢȥʵ̫࣬ҪСʱңǮൣһЩ
Ǯ㿴ׯεȻϢȷʵͦġ˵˹ϵãͦõİҪʵŪ̫˼Ҳ˵ˣǳְ
ֻϣһûκֵ˾У˵ͦº͵ģǸҲûֵõöడ
ڵȦҲùĳЩи߳ݼԱǳúõĸֵȵ֮ġֻҪֵǶʲôᣬվԭضܹ׬ٵǮȻͦģǮʵȦ
ÿˡŮʵ̫ˡ
Ȧͦھġ
ׯεȻԼߵǰš̽ͷׯεȻôʦܣˣ
ҵ˵е飬ԼȥˡׯεȻЦ˵Ҳʲô£ϰˡ֮ǰͽһĿʱ򣬲Ҳ𣿡
Ҫҿʦܹȥɣ
ô鷳ׯεȻҡͷ˵Լȥͳɡ
ģׯεȻһǲϲ鷳ˣҲûа취
ģʦ֡ׯεȻҡҡ֣ˣʦллҵôõļְ
СӣʦֿʲôЦһ䣬Ͻ߰㣡
õģׯεȻ뿪վʱǰ˲رࡣǻûе°ĸ߷ڣһڸ߷֮ǰܹ﹫˾ġ
˵վ֮ׯεȻ鱾š
˲࣬˹˾һСʱׯεȻĥڸǸǮ绰ȥֻǮ绰ȥ
ӵ绰Ǯպð飬½Це˵ӴСׯˣպã߰顣
¥¡ׯεȻЩɬ˵Ǯ㣬ʲôʱпգ
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ŵԱָָԱߵɳǮ˳ŹԱָŵķȥȻһüĿɳϣһ̫ÿ䡣
һߵģ̫ߡ÷ǳͨһЩءǮüͷ΢΢һ£˾ôһȥμսĿҲõ˵Ŀ֮󣬾ͻᱻ˸絽Աա
ȻˣǮ¶ְҵԵ΢Цߵ˵ǰ
Сׯɡ
ׯεȻæվǮϹ˵ãǮ㣬ׯεȻ
СׯšǮЦеɳϣʲôʱ򵽵ģ
այ
յǮͷǻͦõģûеżɣ
ûûءׯεȻæҡͷ
ģСׯǮ´ׯεȻׯεȻһƺûгƵġĥŲļҵĹҪȦһɣǿֲֽ̫ĹӡټʵǴ̫أ·ȻɾɿȥͦϾɵġ
Сׯ˭ܵô
ʦ֡ׯεȻЦ˵ʦֽܵġ
ʦ֣Ǯһ£СׯȥҲȦ˰ʲôʦ֣
ׯεȻͷƺǮɻ󣬽˵ʦֽгܵġ
Ǯ룬ʲôط˵šȵȣⲻǹ˾ϰĵܵ𣿳ϼſɲֻһֹ˾ѡ˾ֻǳϼµһҵѡ
ϼӵкܶĲҵҹ˾ȦŵϺŵĹ˾ȴֻǳϼŵӹ˾ѡ
ϰĵܵܵʦܣ
ϵǮ΢΢鴤˵ϰĵܵھʿţʦܣô˵ҲǾѧɣ
Сׯڻھأ
ǡׯεȻͷ˼˵ھʿûܹҵʦ֣Ѿҵˡ
ʲʲôĲʿ


3 ż
ǮԼһ˵飬Ĳʿְǹ˾ˣҲͦÿģҪ΢ʰһ£ⲻȦǿѧԣȦ
СׯʲôרҵĲʿʲô֮İɣȥͦ׵ġ˵ѧףǾıϵ֮ģȥͺܲװ
ѧׯεȻҲûʲôıҪЦ˵ǾѧϵĲʿѧѧĲʿѧλ
桭ѧԣǮ㵹һѧѧȥͷǳĸߴϡȦҲûʲôѧ֮ģȻҲ˵ȦûѧԡʵȦѧҲ٣ǱϵѧԻͦġܶ඼ǱϵкܶҲѧԺ֮ġ
Щ˶˵Ȧѧԣʵ׵ѧԣڴڵУ˵ʵѧԣѧԡ
˷˿ᴵһ֮⣬˾ѧԵģͳ͵ѧԻѧԡ˵ǰλׯεȻͨѧ͡ѧѧʿȫTOP2УѧϵĲʿ⼸˵֮ӡοôǲʿѧԣѧ
׵ѧ
ǮѾ뵽˺üӪׯεȻķʽǮЦ˵СׯҪں͹˾
ӦòɡׯεȻûдĽȦֻҪ׬Ǯ⼸¸ŹȥС
ҵĿ⻹û꣬ҼְΪûǮˡȻسǮɬЦͣͷȥЩµģ
ҲΪʦָƼҲġ
ǿϧˡǮЩпٳúÿŮҪȦʲôŮŮ֮ġǿǿŵĺţǮȦϾȦôĹ׬ٷ˿ǮƵ˿Ҳϴء
ĳЩ˿ṥǷǮͨգĳЩ·ƹҼṥ˾ϵԴﵽǸԼҰϴصĿġ
ûʲôǮȦ׬ǡʲôħ֣ƴҪȦλׯεȻãδҪȦ
ȻҪְǾ˵رðɣ׬ǮŹ⼸£˼ҪûǮˡҪ֪ȦǮǷǳġ
˵ׯεȻָսȦμսĿˣÿҲиǧɡûеϵҲȷʵϲˡ֮ܶȦֻҪ㹻ͷ˿ͿԷǳ׬Ǯ
ׯεȻֻҪһ£Ǿѧ񣬿϶ǿԴġɲǼѧԣѧ񰡣
Сׯȷ
ȷׯεȻͷ֪ȦЩǷǳǿ϶׬úܶ࣬Ǯܿ졣
ǺʲôϵרҵͲǱݻǳ裬ңûж־˵ϲĻо⣬ʲô׬Ǯ֮ģֻҪܹԺȾСֲرҪúܶǮԳԺȺ֮ģңѧУĳԷ֮ģѵġ
Ǯ̫ףׯεȻܽţҲõİáοҪʵûа취ҲӦʦ¼ʲôսĿ
ǮЦЦ˸־Ȼ˼˵ԼȦҲȰ˵ׯεȻ
ɡǮ˵˵һ£ְ顣
ׯεȻͷǮ㣬˵
ҪǮ˵óһʼǱʱ׼Ҫ¼Ǯ˵ص㡣
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ׯεȻͷǮ㿴ͣСׯĿСֶһݵĻ㿴ô
ԷҪȦǾνòˡԷأǱֵʵ̫ۣù˾ƵַȦ˿Ǿˡ
װɵ𣿡ׯεȻգ۾Ǯ㣬һװɵ㶵׵ġ
ҲʮѣһҶҲΡ
⡭ǮЩΪѣԷϾǴϰܵܵѧܣװɵ㶣᲻ʲô
ûϵġׯεȻ¶Ц⣬οʦҳ֮ǰ͸˵ֻҪװɵ㶾С
ǮһսĿһ˵𣿡
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룬Ǯ־úѧʱ϶ѧϰģûжʱЩ⣬ҲͲλѧû˵⵵ȫսĿ
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ȻׯεȻͷ֮ǰʱпܴҹͱȥʵһǰ칫Ǽ⡣
ⲻҪſʼ¼ʲôֵġ
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áׯεȻͷǮǰ̳·
ʱѾǰߵӡһ㶫ǮׯεȻȴŷɻǮ㻹ڸׯεȻ˵һЩע
ӴⲻǮ𣿡ԶǮ̧ͷǰһųø߸ߴĴӢҲ󣬺ǿʣ˶ͷǮ㼱æվ˵ԭ硣
ǣ
ҴȥμӽĿˡ粻ǾˣǺǮкܶҵϵʶǮҲ֡
ʶһ£־Ρ˽ܵƹ˶Ա
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ûаɡׯεȻҡͷֵ˲ϤӦ˵ǸûйӴ
ׯεȻ־һװ˼ĸǷǳߵģӢºͣá
áׯεȻͽ־֮˷
˵ҲȥμӡһȥĿ
ǰǮЦ˵磬ҲԵְ
˵ǹ˾ҪƵ˲С𣿡
ǣⲻǹ˾ûҪһ˲μ𣿡
ׯεȻشŽ־ΣŶƺ衣ķǳãǡƹ˶ԱҲһװ˼ĸӣȥҪһ׾ŵӣе㲻˼顣
־תͷü΢΢ôʲô𣿡
ûׯεȻæҡͷرϲƵ治ʶʲô˶ԱÿⶼҪæˣʱעЩ顣
͡СʱЩƹ˶Ա̫һҪһЩ
־ζׯεȻͷۼ衣


4 
Ǯ㵹Ǻĵ÷ǳ죬ׯεȻͽ־һû˵
СǺ츳ƹ˶ԱЦ˵õٽǮЦе˵ҲûнׯεȻϾ˼ְֻѣûбҪ˾ټϣȷʵׯεȻĹϵͦӲġ
𣿡ǮЩ˼˵ⲻʵ̫æˣûʱ俴ƵӦô˲پɡ
˵⽭־γûͦ˧ģüÿʣҲߴ󡣿ȥǸƹ򣬷Ǵġ
Ҫ粻˵϶Ϊ־˶Ա
Ц˵ǮǴæ˰
ׯεȻϷĻڷԱߵĽ־һֱ裬ҲûҪҲʶûʲô˵
ǽ־̧ͷʱҲׯεȻۡ˵ʵׯεȻûͦģȦĿŮǳ࣬ׯεȻҲǳʵǲ̫ߣӦûûгɣţǶҪμһĿţϤһºҲûʲô顣
á־ժ¶ׯεȻ˵ǽ־ΣƹҶӵ˶Ա
áׯεȻعЩãؿ־ΣׯεȻĿǰھǴѧ顣˵ʱЩ˼ŵҪ֡ûоİ˵ĹϵϾһ㶼ѧУ֮ġ˲˵죬ԼԼ顣һ£Ϳʼæ⡣֮󣬻һεʱ䣬˫֪һЩʲô
ͺׯεȻܺͽ־˶飬ʲô֪©ٳⲻ³ǰŪ
־˵һЩѧϵ⣬־οҲĲá
ŰɣϾоǳ룬ѧѧⷽ档
ܶʱׯεȻھϿΣȺѧһ±ƵġȻ֪־ʲôطѧšӦáܲѧרҵİɡ
רҵĻ⡣Ʋ˭͡רҵͬѧϰ֪ʶͬͺǽ־θׯεȻ˵רҵϵ⣬ׯεȻҲһ±Ƶġ
˶һۣ־˵ھ飿
ԡׯεȻͷ
ʲôרҵĳɼӦúܺðɡ
ѧѧׯεȻͷһɣرãöѧǳء
־οׯεȻϵ˵
ѧѧѧİ־ЦЦҲ׼ȥѧš
ׯεȻ촽Ҳ֪˵ʲô
ӦȥѧԺɣţ
ⷽû˽ׯεȻͷӦͦõġ
ǺܺõѧԺ
ͣׯεȻԼǲˣôһСѾˡ־ҲεЦЦҲûҲһβμԵֽĿǰμӹֽĿ𣿡
ûׯεȻҡͷҾְģҲ̫˵ĿǳԳԺȺͺ𣿡ǧʲô֤Լ᲻¶ڡ
Ҳô˵ģһϷ֮ġ־룬ȥ찡
Ӧǰ°ɡׯεȻ׼Ҳ˵õҪȥ೤ʱ䡣̫˿϶ãʵġ
ȿԵɢģܹʱĿӦô
ôð־δ˵⵵սĿ֮ܺǰ𣿡
ûУ㿴𣿡
ûС
Ŀӣ¶εЦݡСףеԵ֡
֮ǰׯεȻСؿ־˵˵ʵ
־ε㲻Ƚº͡ͷûϵ˵ɡ
֮ǰƹ˶Ա߶رߣҪһ׾˰ɣһΪ˶Աء
ˡ־Цͦÿģ⣬鰡ܶ˶˵
Ҿûаɣ򼼺þУ߲ߵġ˭ƹء
˼ƹر˽⡣Сʱڵ￴ûôעˡ
ûϵѧ־˵ҲܳϿңǿȽ϶ɣûо˶
ȷʵûô˶ׯεȻ˫ڲͣشţЩšΪ־γ̫ߣ˧ûкͱĹѧ֮顣
Եúǽš
־ҲׯεȻЩţΪԼׯεȻŵæ˵ŵ𣿡
ûׯεȻæ֣Щε˵ֻѧУʱ򣬺ٺͱ죬ԡ
ûϵ־ЦЦ֪
˳ĬʱǮ˵ӴⲻɻѾ𣿡
Сׯ߰ɡǮǰ֣ׯεȻŽ־εͷ˵ˡ
־λӻ֣º͵Цţ
˵Ϸɻ֮󣬽־ιȻ˷ɻ˵ͷǴһкλû˵
ǮׯεȻߣôǸ˶ԱĵΣ
ͦõһˡʵʵ˵־θĸоǳãƢӦòᱩꡣڱȽºͣǱȽϺƢ˶Ա
һȥգûʲôĻԺϵǮ˵ǳCPҹǱߵҲCPҲӦûCPɣ
ׯεȻһ£Ǯ㣬ʲôǳCP
ǵһе㲻̫ס
ӫĻ֮ġ
⡭ׯεȻ΢΢鴤Ǯ㣬ҷģְֻѡȫû뷨ϡŹֵ黹Ǳ˰ɣοҲð
İɣ˵һ£ûǳCPοǱҲһ˶ԱCPġҵ˼ǣǰϤˣҪһʱ䣬Զ໥һ¡
ŶׯεȻͷ⵹ӦõġǶСףܶ黹ﻥһ£ûʲôֵġǮҲû˵ⲻҪôеģǵÿԷ̬ȡ
ƵʱɫѾȫ־κһǰһƵġ˵ķ䲢һ¥ǽĿ鰲ŵľƵꡣ
ׯεȻѾԹûдڳһ١
׼顣ţߵǰšƵĵƹ£һĸߴ˶Ц˵ׯεȻһȥԷ𣿡
һ£Ȼ־Цú˧ȷѾԹˣҪһ١
ѾԹˡһ˿ǸĿǣׯεȻϳһ˿˼ɫ
ûϵ־ЦãһȥĿɡ
ðׯεȻæͷкܶҶ̫˽⡣
Ҳһǻѧϰɡʱ򣬽־εĶӽлţ˶Ρ
ҪȥԷɣ
־ζׯεȻ˵ҲǣȥԷ㡣
ðʱӭׯεȻҲ¶Ц⡣
־תǰ˼ͻȻת˵ˣҿСҽСׯ᲻᲻̫ã
ͦõġׯεȻû˿ԥ˵ҶôеģʲôҪҽ㽭ɣ
аû⣡־λӻ֣ȥԷˡ
ټׯεȻһţ׼鱾


5 װɵ
ˣׯεȻ׼Ϣһʱ䣬ҲҪϢˡܺãƺʲô鶼ûе㲻ϰء
ʲô鶼ô棬졣⣬żٵʱ򣬿Ҳûôаɡ
ϴ֮ׯεȻڴϣЩ˯šҪδ֪飬˵ʵ˯žڴϷתţׯεȻһֱڲͣţӦô졣ΰûаװɵ㶵Ľɫ᲻˴鷳᲻ñҲΡ
һֱţ˺һʱ䣬۾˯ˡ
ڶϴׯεȻ򿪷žͿǮ⣬ƺ׼šǮׯεȻ˵ӴСׯˣ
Ǯ㡣ׯεȻЦЦ˵ôˣ
ǿɲǮЦŵͷѾϰˣĿĳѾˣϾҪȥĿ¼Ƶĵط
һȥ𣿡
ȻǮЦŶ˵Һ綼òĿ¼ƣúλյ˶ԱһʱС
ʵҲرװɵ㶣ֻҪرĳС
ãǮ㡣ׯεȻ֣صĵͷΪ˲ǿ˵ķͷǾװɵ㶱ȽϺá
Ƶ¥£־Ҳ׼͡
־ζº͵˵ô磿
ӦñɣׯεȻЦŶԽ־εͷòỹ˶֮Źİɡ
־Цŵͷ˵ԣ˶֮ŵƵġ
ҲӦ˶һµġ־οһۡ
˰ɡׯεȻҡҡͷ˶ҴŸϲ顣
ҪȥĿˡ־һһ˵𣿡
ʲôˣ
Ҫô˵
˵һ治֪Ӧô˵Ҳͷ⣬ղǮ㣬Ŷڵ˻˵ڳ϶Ļ졣
ˡׯεȻС˵Ҹ˵顣
־ͣ½Ųº͵˵ôСòҪ˵ʲôĻɣ
ࡣׯεȻͷĻ
ʲôĻ־εͷɺЦ⡣
׼װɵ
־һ£ׯεȻ⡭ĸ߲װɵʰɣ
ȷʵ־ûͨׯεȻҪװɵö˶˵һ߲ҪװɵҪ֪ĸ߲ǿ֮Ӱװɵ˼Ҳ̵;ˡοȦνѧԣٶǰ衣
Ȼ־βôעȦҲ˵ܶ顣رǣ棬кü˶Ů̸֪һЩȦڵ飬ٰ飬ȷʵз
ǲ̫һ֮ӣҪװɵ㶵ġ
ׯεȻ˼˵Ҽְ˾׼һˣҽҲȦⷽ淢չҲ˵ķͷװɵ㶣ʱͺˡҪ˵ʲô飬ְ
ûϵ־ЦЦȥԷɡʱ򣬽־Ҳȷʵǳ
ҪΪׯεȻԱߣѾȥԷˡߵѡ㣬ʼԷ־εٶȱȽϿ죬ׯεȻ˹ġ˳극֮ǮĴ£˽Ŀ
һϳĿͿʼʽ¼ơ
־֮ǰйܶβɷãûһҲеţǲ֪˵Щʲôͣûʲô˵ġڳϣű˴ˣЩΡ
û¼ƹֽĿľ飬˵ׯεȻ˶±Ƶġڳϣڸʻıർ˵Ҫ˵ʲôɣ
־ȿ˵ȥҪ갡
ǰׯεȻ˵ҪĻȥĵطǲǵ갡
־εı¶һ˿Ӳƶ˽µׯεȻԲġͿʼˣŪһ߲Ҫװɵ㶡
Ӧòɡ־ֻׯεȻ
ǾͺáׯεȻžͷЩ̫Ȼ˵ĿסĵطرãҲ֪ǲġ
⡭
־ķˣׯεȻҲʵ̫ˡҪǽĿĹԱҪˡ
ǰŵ˾ͱർЩһۣҲǲ̫ӦĿʮСˣ²۽Ŀ顣
Ȼסò̫ãҲĿľǽӵͺͨࡣʵϣͽĿʵͨҲϲ١
־ε˵Ҳ֪Ρ
硣ׯεȻ˵ƹɡ
ԡ־װͷׯεȻɫгһֹŹֵ֪ׯεȻǴһװף˵ҵѡְֶܹҵѡִü֣ļٵģ
ҪׯεȻǰ־˵־Ļ˭ܹסһЩȥ֣Щִ⡣ׯεȻĿžǳб˵ǫѷͻ˵
ҲׯεȻԼĶλһҶˡͬҲῴĽĿ˵սĿоȤ
־̾Ϣһ֮ǰҲϿ۵˵ʲôҵѡҲܺ͹ְҵѡִ֮ġͲܰ˼ҺôҲְҵѡ֣ôˡ
ׯεȻҲװɵ˵ˣ־λڸпʵׯεȻͦõġ˵Լ˵ķʽȷʵǷһ㡣
ܹܵģĿ֮ׯεȻᱻôͻȻе㿪ʼׯεȻѧְʵ̫ˡ
ർ֮࣬Ƕٴһ˿˷ܵġׯεȻһϳȿʼΣͱֵúܲ˵̣ⲻߺں·趼˵ɵ磬˰ɣ
ʵͦԶǰ̵ģȻҲûгŽĿ֮󣬺ܶҪݵսĿ׳֦ർһ֣һﲻҪȦһʾܰɡô˵ôע⣬ͺڹһ裬óгˡ
ŽĿʱׯεȻԲκεĺ
ĸϽĿʱ򣬲ע˵ҪҲҪίıġôׯεȻ
ôܡ־º͵˵Сׯʵְҵѡֺҵѡ֮кܴĲ࣬ܶרҵԵѵҵѡûоѵġͨ˵ҵѡ֣ǲܴӮרҵѡֵġ
ԭˡׯεȻ˵ô˵רҵѡֻͦġǰһΪרҵѡҲˡ
־ǳ鴤һ£ôԽ˵Խˡ˵ĸоĲȥׯεȻĻû
ְֻѣûôƴıҪɡ
ˣ磬ڹҶӣҲ𣿡ׯεȻװɵ㶡
ڽ־˵ÿһ붼ڼ尾
е棬ܹװʲôز
㡭ǰɡ־κһӣһֱ
ۣŶׯεȻʳһѪѹߵ⣬ǽʲôʱҶӵİ˵ҶӵԱǳǲǴ޵ְ
ѪѹһӾˣ־γĬԱߵıർʹׯεȻʹɫƹ˶Աʵǲ̫áս˺üΣȡ˹ھסӡʵ˭֪ƹЩԡʱׯεȻ˵ֻԵú
ȥڰƹ˶ԱƵġ


6 
Ҫǲȥ֪ҪׯεȻȻĿ϶ǻⲻϵģׯεȻϳ֮ǰӦǾġô˵Ĳ˾ãҪ
ֻҪܻ𣬾ԴԴϵԴȻֺڻ·ߵģؿ϶ҪȾۼȻϴ֮ģർšׯεȻʵò߻ǰһ㣬һ߼ĸӣڽ־ε߾ǺƵġټ˺㣬΢һ£ЩࡣǳÿȦÿʵ̫ˡ
ܹӵôҲǳ֮ǰ󱬷ĺ⼸껥󱬷ԽĶ࣬Ҳѳ֮֡ǰЩȦһ²ˣҪ²ˣܹ׷ǵˣֻܸͬԴ˿ׯεȻһһ·
ȻǺܶսĿڵӾ硢ӰȵȶҪĽɫܶԱ󣬲һĽɫׯεȻ·ͺúܶࡣǺܶĳ֮£ֱ·һȾ
һſھ֪ءԱߵĽ־ɫѾ˲٣ƺׯεȻûзֲԣɼ˵Żǿ˵ɫƵġ
־εͷ΢΢ƫ⣬ûа취ȥˡ֪ׯεȻû˽ƹĽȷʵҲսең˽ƹҲܾûƹ޵еġʲô޵УʲôЦ
־ξǺѪѹˡȫ̺һû˵촽ʵϺǸ䡣ׯεȻ˽־κüۣҲʼƸղԼ˵ˣֲõǸǴ³֮ٸǸɡ
ʻһС
ׯεȻҲĴСʩͽ߷ſĽ־˵磬ߺǱ߲̫һء
־ŤͷׯεȻģ
ǡׯεȻͷ߱ȽԶ
еԶ־ƺʲô飬۾Ҽǵ֮ǰȥһǣʱ򣬲ѾǰˣǱ߷չӦúܶɡ
ԡׯεȻϾҪ˵ڹҷչˮƽˮƽҲ֮ĻǼʱ任һ磬ûǱ߷չá
־εֿʼ鴤û뵽ׯεȻϷ𣿻ô
֮󣬻֪ʲô顣־ҡҡͷͻȻеׯεȻΪһְôƴɡ
ڣЩغΡർҲ֪־ڵǻûӽ־εıУʲô
Ƕһȥ¼ƽĿʲôڴ𣿡
־룬Աർ˵˵Ŀͦɵģ͵ǸԼһڰɡĳɼȷʵȽ⣬սսɼȣһĲࡣ
֪ׯεȻҡͷ˵ܹ⼸Уû뷨
Ҫ𣿡
Եְɡ־ЦЦҾ飬ҪԵֵġ
ܹѵȻׯεȻ־Σ磬Ҳ𣿡
־תͷؿׯεȻ˵ԣˡ
־εϣܹıǳ΢ԴӺܶ෽ͽǶ֮֮ܶ󻹲֪ж˻ׯεȻ֮Ҫ˶Աȶȡ־λͨﲻرĳΪ˶ԱһȺڻġׯεȻ֪ʮǣһȺڻûС
һʼڽĿģ˺֮ܲ󣬻Ҫͽ־Ϲϵ۵ʵ̫ܼ˵ǹڡֳĹԱĬĬ²ׯεȻҪǿǳϼֹ˾ˣѾƿڴ
˶ãׯεȻʵ̫ˡˣƶׯεȻϲ١һòĿİɣ˵˻
Сǵķ֮˲١ĿڳĵıǳʻʱׯεȻĿʵ̫Ǯ˰ɡ
־ƫͷڿŴ⣬ׯεȻǿŵ֪ׯεȻı϶ӿš
ǼװŴķ羰ٺׯεȻ˵ɡָһﻹôˣֳĬׯεȻֽ־ڲҪ˵ûм˵ȥʱ֪־ӦǲҪ˵ġ
ͦںɵı֮ׯεȻɵõһĿ̫Ǯ˰ɣСסֱ϶ҲҪǮ٣ڿ϶׬ôǮġ
ǮĬĬšӾƵ굽ĿһСʱȵʱ򣬿ҲһӲʱ䡣
־³֮ͷߵׯεȻ˵ȷʵͦġ
ҲôΪģӹͦõİ
֮ǰĿѾеһ룬Ϊλ̶α飬λǰർ֮˵λԼܹʤι̶α𣿡
־˵һҪμӼѵҪ̶αǵ˵ġ
ׯεȻֳһ˭̬ȣŵ˵ңûʺϵ̶α
ԱߵĹԱˣҶ֪һҪפĹ̶αô˵᲻ʵ̫һЩ
Ǻں쵽ףһ·ҲԼûϴ飿ֱҲôİ
ôõģർĵشׯεȻĶôΪʲôԼʺϵĿļαأǰûпĿ
ûУҾǾԼʤΡׯεȻֵôͨôš
־εǱĲŵˣĬĬԶһЩ
˶ȥΣҪŻർ˵ֻˡ
־εͷ졢죬Ҳʱ䡣
ׯεȻһ£һΪʲôӭ֮ġ
ർʼׯεȻͣҲǲ뻶ӭǣ֮ǰԼҪȥһģⲻ󲿷ֵĹԱҲųȥˡ
ǽĿҪԼġർͣһ£ѲϣȫԼšȻǿѡȥУǻطϢ
־μæ˵ҪȥУҲҪȥŶɣ
סһ䡣
աׯεȻȻʼߵ¥ݿڵʱȻѽһ־תͷׯεȻ˵Сׯû°ɣ
ûׯεȻԼָͷеۣܰȥ𣿡
־΢΢鴤ׯεȻ飬еͷۡ
УɡʵׯεȻҲ࣬־ɾͽⳡڹԱׯεȻûܡ
Ҳ֪ǲΪ־˶ԱĹϵȥôЩģϲׯεȻĨӡ
ᣬͷһֱڸģ־ηòЦ˵뻻һ·ܲܣ
ʦȻûмȥţ־תͷڴرϵׯεȻǣСׯ㲻ڰɣ


7 
־εǳСׯεȻ֮⣬ͲķǳƣׯεȻҪװøƵġ
ԣǰɡҪ֮ǰ֪ׯεȻǾǴѧѧһׯεȻԶԶġ
ǻᴫȾģ
ˣⲻҾ׬㻨ǮׯεȻҲСظ־ֹţڵͷ˵ͷȻˣû˵˵ʲô
ͺ֮ʲôСƵġ
ҲôһΣң治֪սĿӦô졣ׯεȻͷ֮ǰҲûпսĿ
ǰɡ־οһѾΪׯεȻҲΪʦһֱô˵أûϱôĹ
˵ׯεȻûо顣
һΡׯεȻɬ˵Ҷ֪ʮʱô졣
˵õֻǳԳԺȺ棬߲֪ÿʱÿ̶һͷڶԼζЩëȻ
ׯεȻûнӴյˣǸоǳ¡
ʮʱ䣬ҪţһһҪųۣΪҵ̸ʡ˵ʵׯεȻʼеܲˡ
Ͼֻһͨ˶ѣţⷽûоҲûд㾭ġҪΪʵڸ̫࣬ׯεȻҲƨƨߵ
ȥǷǳ棬Щھ۹µ˵һԺֵĽĿǶڽ־˶ԱׯεȻͨˣǳи
־ׯεȻļ򣬡Ҳ
ǿɾͲˡׯεȻ¶һ˿ε΢ЦʲôǻҪȥ𣿡
־λû˵ׯεȻ˵Ҹղſһ£оסĵطʮ๫ءҹƴҪȥпܻæһЩ
ôģ־һ£ûз⡣
ⲻһֱڿҷȻ˵ģʮ֮ĳĵɽϱׯεȻͣһ£ʼνģǵͼϵĳġǳһ֡
Ҫȥвɹң˶ûлֻˡ֮ǰһۿͳǿʽĳûκεĶҲ±ӦҲȽϿգҪܶġ
ǳȥˣôǾͱҪúڲǡ˵ǳԳԺȺ棬ʵϣҾûǻһЩҪݵĶǿֻǳԳԺȺеġׯεȻüͷҸ˲Ϊô򵥾Ϳ׬ôǮ
־ͻȻ棬һǮ
ٿ飬ǧ飿ׯεȻʼ򣬡Ҿͦġ
־һ£е㵡ׯεȻǮҪһЩҲԣׯεȻֻǼְѡ
Ȼ·Ȼȥ־ζͷأ
ҲûɡׯεȻģ֮Ǯ·̫ÿ˼˵ǲҪǮ˾ᱨˣҲְĹ
еŤ֪˾ƴһ¡ô·۸ǳ󡣶˵ⱲӶôõ·ͻȻõЩ·ҪǮ˵¼Ŀ֮һ͸⡭еĲ
Ǵ֮Ҳܻ˾Ƿװ갡
·ȥָ˭ȥ˴Ķ·Ǹ˶ܻĲ
¥ɡׯεȻɺᣬ־Ц˵Сׯ㻹ǺܴٱöһЩˣ̬ġûô飬ׯεȻһֱ󿴿ƣžͿñȽ϶ࡣ
ׯεȻ¥֮󣬿һȺԱھۼţ˵ʲô߽һЩƺ
Ǿûд¥ǵׯεȻվ¥Ͼܹʵ̫̫գׯεȻվ¥ϣһ¥ûܹׯεȻѾ¥
˵ׯεȻɵװģ
˭֪أ˵˵ҶҪһˡҲǽ־εһβμĽĿ֪ô졣Ҫǽ־ιƲǵҲҪС
ׯεȻʲôʮСˣǰû˵ҲǱϴȣ˵ׯεȻôֵģнɣ
ܰɣԱ˵ҹ۲˺ܾãнӣϳ³ûнӹκεĵ绰
˶Ҳ̫ģҾˣһﵽôǽĿġ
ô˵˻ͦصģ
˵֮ǰͲӵģӦҪںɣ
ǣ˭˵ģںҲôİԶԼϴ׵·ǣ¼Ŀ֮󣬾ͲȦ벻ͨ죬ʮʱ䣬֪Ҫء
԰˵ǮҲȦľˣ֮ǰܲ˵Щ鰡ôԺȦ𣿡
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Ŀ˶ׯεȻ֣ĥ͸һﵽɵһֱװɵҲ㲻ЩΪʲô壿ǷǳΥκһҪںǶֱӰ˶ɾ
ֻһЩԼоϵ˰ˣϻҪװǺֵܡýõӣںˡ
ôĵķ裡ûеĹԱׯεȻھڷƵġ
˵ôԵ˼
վ¥ׯεȻ΢΢Цţǻ˵ˡ¼Ŀ֮󣬾ûдȦȥŻô޿ֵĺ
ˣԱ̧ͷׯεȻش¥첽ߵȺ۵ĹԱ˵ˣ˵ˡ
ӴСׯʦˣԱׯεȻͷʱƺû¼ӰʦϢ
ׯεȻЦ˵ҲʲôׯʦȻھǴѧûǽʦܲġȺˣûһרҵйء
ǽСׯˡׯεȻҿ˿û¼ˣ
ʦϢҪ¼
𡣡æ֣ͦõģһֱֻŵġ
ԱǶһۣһܺú˵ղžǹģ
תˮڷǱߣһ£ǱߵˮԺ𣿡
ԡԱͷͦòģ˵Ҳ󡣺͸ղǸ˵ѪѹߣׯεȻֱˡ
СׯʦҪˮԱҲǴ˶ѣׯεȻ׶ᣬֻҪ̨²ᡣȺԱҲģοׯεȻ˵ͦº͵ģȥһƢˡ
ׯεȻˮǱߵĹԱҪһҿ滹䣬ˮҲͦõġ죬
ˡԱæ֣һʦҴҵȥҲǸձҵãһ˿ɬۡ
Сׯʦ˼
ôˣׯεȻһ߽ˮһЩĪĿǸʦ


8 Ѫѹ
ϵʦǸǸʦôͻȻǸ
ңҲǵһβμӹʦЩګګ˵ԲҸղЩˣûиЩûĵ
ׯεȻº͵Ц˵ûϵʲôţ
սСׯʦСͳɡ
ˡׯεȻűЦ˵Ҵһɣһǽɡ
ûϵģҲʲôҪׯεȻʼ򣬴յСĶߣѹ˵ľУôۣҿŶͦ۵ġ豸ôء
ûûϵġ˶ŪС𶼲֪ô졣ȷʵǸձҵμӹôõĽĿҲס
ֻܸׯεȻûκʮǣҲׯεȻԼĹŪˡòһݹɲôˡ
ׯεȻǼΪº֮ͣǰС𿴼ĲֵֹͬĻͲһˡѵ˵Ǵ˵еľ籾԰ׯεȻΪһСǣͲбർרд籾ҪôӦԼŶԡ
;ˣд籾衣
ѲɣԼڸԼһкڵ裿
СС˵Сׯʦ
СׯСׯεȻСЦ˵ֲǳ˵ϻôҰɡ
ǸղŰŵ˰ɡҡҡͷ˵İɣҾְ򹤵ġ
ǣҵ˼ǣСׯʦԺҪȦȥĻ˵ҪעһȽϺá
СҲʵϣղСׯʦ˵СׯʦôȥĿ֮󣬸Ȧ첻ȥں·Ҳôڵġ
ֻڣûҪ졣
Сסˣؿ
ô˵ɣûҪȦְֻѡׯεȻΪСû˵Ļظһ顣ʵϣСסΪׯεȻ򹤼ְΪûҪȦ顣˵ʵȦ˭Ҫ
СҪǾһҲҪȦʲôЦǿȦǮܿȦȻĲҪ룿ļٵģɣ
Сû°ɡãׯεȻΪСʲô飬ǰζһԼ֡
СعЩεЦ˵Сׯʦ治ҪȦ
İׯεȻͷҸȦ
⡭СһǽĿǵǰսĿֻҪֺһ㣬˵졣ϾҪǿԴٶ࣬ûйԵҲ첻ˡСһҲǲܵġ
С𿴵úׯεȻñȽˬᣬһǵζһǳּŵˣֻҪ˵ǳΪǳΪһǻǿԵġ
ո˿˵ÿмǮɡ
˵ʵʵׯεȻĳȲȫǮѳǺÿˡ
ʲôвŻʲôú֮ģǸЦСڽе֮ǰ;ЩʲôǶŬ֮ľ;úÿе֮ЩǾÿЦȻųЩȷʵŬҪǩ󲿷ֵǣİõĽͬаһķ˿ȺĤݡ
˵ʵС·˿Ȧһаֳĸ˵ķ˿ĳЩ˷裬ֳζа̡
ֻҪһƿͺã䣬£˿ͻ˵ðŬ̫ˡ֮Ļ
ҪרҵʿֱҪĴڡ
⣬뼸˭뵱һء˵ǰɣԱô࣬һ¹ҲͼǧǮȺƿʲôᣬЩСжûбҵӵͨһӶ׬ĲƸ
ҪܹƽͿոһȺԲо²ˣ˭ҪŬءСôõģׯεȻĻᣬ϶Ŭƽ׬Բз˿Ǯ𣿳£˿æϴأַ衣ʲôʮķѧ˶ʿ֮ġ
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СׯʦСѹ˵ּȦкܶԴأǽĿ󲿷ֵʽǳּṩġ
óⳤ̸࣬£ıڵϣһȦܶ˿ġ
ûҪׯεȻʼ򣬡רҵҲѧôǮҺѰġԼȽϺá
Сһ£Сׯʦרҵǣ
ѧѧ
˻Сһѧѧѧ˶ʿɣ
ࡣׯεȻЦЦҲûоС𣬡ⲻûĿʵûǮʦָһְ𣿡
棿ǿˡѧȦֱ޵еĴڡǿѧ԰ׯεȻȥᣬճУ԰˻᲻١
СһֱׯεȻճ꣬ѧԡʲôѧУ˶ʿճͶ˶ʿֱҪ̫ѧԺ
ˡׯεȻҡͷ˵ҾͶȦûȤҲһرϲÿ춼ھ۹µˡҲûбݵҪΪְҹҲ
ׯεȻ̾Ϣ˵Ҫһʱ䣬ҲûļְҪ׬һǮٰѽɡ滹пڵأҲûʱȥļְ
ʵҲͦѵģļְҪٵʱ䡣ְֻʱ䲻࣬׬Ǯܾе㲻̫̤ʵʲô˾ܹõôǮ۶ҪһأʵǺܼѡôһ֮󣬾ԲеڶΡ
СҡҡͷСׯʦҲôֿɵõĻᣬȻһҲҪϧ
־δ¥ʱׯεȻѾӺˮСš
ʱվһԵıർ˵СʦСׯʦҪȥһЩˡ˵ʱ򣬱ർͣһ£֮ǰʦǳʱµһ嵥ҪĳԵġȵ֮ġ
ǻ𣿡־һ嵥һ߿ԱߵĹԱ
ûˡԱҡͷ극СʦСׯʦȥ￴Ϥһ¡
ɻ־κЦ˵ǻͦġ
ׯεȻںˮ־кţ磬Ҫˮ𣿡
־ߵǰ˵СׯŵɣҪĶ
ׯεȻӹ֮󣬿һۣôడǻͦ۵ġ־ͻȻ˵磬㿴ôҲ˶ٶ
־üЩЦػӦ֪ˣһһЩġ
лл硣ׯεȻֺǺǵվȥ
ԱĬĬ²ۣݼֱ޵ˡղŻôºͣһоͷͻһֱǰָ֮󣬶ٹڶҪһ١ȥʵ̫Ƿ
߰ɡ־ת뿪ׯεȻϽŲ
һߣһ졣
Ὺ𽭸磿
ᡣ
Ҳų궼ûʱȥѧĽЩῪˡׯεȻ˵ͦģһѪѹˡ
־λûü»磬ׯεȻ˵˳࣡ǻῪ˳¡
һ־θоԼֶ΢΢š


9 ʧ
ûмׯεȻҪǷˡһƣҪֱӺϡ˻
ô͸һ˵ĸо־תͷׯεȻʦæ¼⾫ʵ˲䡣գ˵ʵ˺X֮⣬Ҳǿܹʲô
ȻׯεȻʦͨھͷǰʱʱ̶
գľǵԼʽҪ˿ͺÿεġ֮ǰҲûᱬ飬Ͼգûʲô㡣ܲסĿʵ̫ʲô˺Xں֮ġ
ȻҲбȽƽĲ֣ʱʱи㡣ڻҲǸտʼҶǵ㻹̫˽⣬ûͦÿġʵУҲͱ
ǽĿ鲻ÿʱÿ̶֮󣬶ϴסׯεȻֱص˾裬ʱ޿̶ң˺޵
ƹڶҪӵӻݺݵһ١
㡭־ûзӺׯεȻ˵ȥ
Ǯ־һǲׯεȻģͦġ⻰ܹ˵
ׯεȻҲ־εɫԣװøƵġ־εɫ˵磬㳵аɣе㺦ء
У־ʱׯεȻ˵һ仰
ԱߵʦˣܹǱֵô쾡£ʵǲ
ãҪׯεȻʮʱ䶼Ļʦ󵽣϶ׯεȻֱǺʷеĺʷ
򿪼ʻң־ȥ
ׯεȻڳĥĥģȥͺǲν־εĳϳ
ϳ־ʹɫׯεȻϳׯεȻһǣ˵磬ĳ𣿡
ׯεȻɷнµ˵Ż־ϣҪϾϣҾԶˡ
ϡׯεȻæţڸʻ
־γĬطû˵ûиģڳϷͷ滹йԱԿǡ
ϳׯεȻɻǱֳܵģ磬ǶѧĿ
ȥɡ־˳ͻش⣬һشҪֿʼȥŻῪ
磬Ϊ˶Աܶʱ䶼ѵûʱ俪ɣ찡Ĳ°ɣ
ô죬Һú¡
ѾׯεȻǽȫϵϣһֱੲݵ˵Żý־˶Ҫˣ֪ڱݣԱиһֱੲݵţر𷳡
㲻˵ͺܰȫ־ŬſҪƢһһܾԼʱضҪѪѹɣʱ䣬ҪѪѹ
ʱĽ־Σſʵһ˶һԱߵׯεȻҲҼ˵ɵӣôܿ־Ѿˡڼ˵ȥ˵Ὥ־ֱӴ򿪳һŽȥ
룬˰ɣûбҪûбҪ
־β˵רĿһԵׯεȻҲս־Σֻੲݵ˵һЩп޵顣
ڽ־ƺûмҲûκεıʾԼûбҪׯεȻɣׯεȻੲݵ˵ûᡣûпׯεȻһۣʮӵʱ䣬ׯεȻһֱ
ʵ־úͷֻۣû˵ѡ
СǵȦͣͣó֮󡣽־³ׯεȻ˵磬û뵽㳵
־ξһ仰϶ҪѪѹߣûнӹĻһ˵ȥɣ
ȻׯεȻһھѪѹߣ´οעһɣ˵ʵڷǳƽҪעС
ıർ˵ղСʦò죬·ϻƽȵġ
ׯεȻ˵һ䣬ģǻˮġ
־ľԼȭͷӲˣ޲ֱһȭׯεȻЦϣ˼ֱǾˡ
߽֮ׯεȻǲֻн־Σһ߶αҪ嵥һŶ
һֱڿ嵥ûע⵽ׯεȻԽԽԶҲûѡκεĶоƵġֲκζȥεˣңαҪĶׯεȻûпһֱۣ뿪
Ƚ־һ󳵵ĶŷׯεȻͲˡ
תڸĵĹԱ˵СׯأôСׯˣ
СׯʦղǸȥˡԱָָ֪ׯεȻװԲУǴҶûе
˵ʵׯεȻôȷʵб㡣ׯεȻԼˣ֪Ҫʲôʱ˵ְֻѡͲҲûдȦչǡĻܽȦͦ۵ġ
˶Ϊңڵͦġܶ˶ϷйʵеѹЩ˵ɾûκνˡôô˵˵ͨˣ챻Ƕٶÿϴ档
ԱׯεȻʵ˽²ҪׯεȻ˵һ£Ժ󲻽ȦϴһҲһ㡣
ôһڵףҪҪȥˣ
ׯεȻϼ֮⣬ǲȥվġͲẦ飬ֲңرΪĲʿϾҪҵ飬Ͳʲô
ѧУҲΪڽĿϵıֿȥǣԾͲҪֻҪܹóɼֻҪΥҼ͵飬ѧУܹ
οǾꡣ
ˣӦûڳС־˵ſ첽У볬֮ѯʳеĹԱׯεȻûС
Ϊеʵ̫࣬Ա룬ҡͷ˵ûм
־ֻܲͣڳ߶ѰׯεȻҲ֪ׯεȻûмסر·ҿҪʮӵʱ䣬·ȥӦҪһСʱׯεȻƵٶȣƸҲûпܵġ
첽ڳв󡣵ǽ־߱жûпׯεȻӰʱĽ־˶±Ƶġ
ׯεȻôʲôطأ벻ͨղûпׯεȻĸߡ߱жûзׯεȻһѲɻ
ػ˺üΣڵׯεȻѾһ֧ܣվͣŽ־Ρ
磬ҪȥطңԱҲ£Ҳû߶⡭ѹԱ˦ֱӲˣǻǵһο
˵ׯεȻȥͻҪеʲô⣬Ҷ˵
ĿŶꡣ
ͷۣʵ̫ͷˡԱԼüģʱ˸һԱ绰
ԭҪȥͣöĹԱȻׯεȻͣű̧ͷգһϽʶ˴绰ȥǣׯεȻû顣
硣ԱǰضԽ־˵Сׯʦͣ
־εı㵡


10 ں
ׯεȻһĥġ־һ뿪УߵͣׯεȻյĳűܡ
Ͳһ־Ϊһǳº͵ˡƢ꣬ͶȣƢѾǳˡ
ׯεȻģ޲óͷϺݺݵһȭһʵ̫־һ˲䣬Ҳ֪ʲôݴ˵ׯεȻֻǺ޵һҪ˺һĸо
Ӵ磡ׯεȻԶͿ־γ仹һЩϸܵĺ顣Ž־˵粻𣿶أ
־εıһ˲úǹ죬ʼɣ⵽ׯεȻıԣװġ
ڳϡ־οׯεȻȷʵе㿴ׯεȻҪʲô˵ׯεȻΪ˺ܷѽġ֪װģǲ̫װô
ׯεȻһȵ˵ôˣ˶Ա
˵ʱׯεȻͣһ¡Ǿ仰ͺں־ξһûĻ֫Ƶģң粻ֲܿġǽôĶȫڳϣܴء
־Ƕڳ鴤ſȫɫ˭ô˵ỳɱںԼɣ
ͺڵĽ־ηǳׯεȻںԼ
һ־иԼЦѿаɡ
𣿡
һܣֲ֪ʲôʱܳҲû򡣡ׯεȻпҪıܣڳġ
Աӽ־κׯεȻĺ½־һȭׯεȻϡ
룬ղŽ־Ϊת˺üȦУһֱûҵˡһﵹãֱ˱ܣܵͣԡֱƣΪôģ
־һ΢΢˵ϳɡ
򿪳ţ־û˵ׯεȻ֮˳
Сֵ˵磬ˣΪûгԱ𣿡
־κҪһȭׯεȻϣûûǰɡ
Ҫڸһ֧ܣ
á־ĿԱߵׯεȻڼ߶߶˵ţѽ磬һֻܶѣԺ뽭Բͺˡ
־εǶʼ鴤ǱܵⲻΪһһʼ볬֮Ϳʼҹ䣬Ȼֱ뿪
վһ˿У
ׯεȻׯεȻһ˲ͣ
ص֮ҲûпׯεȻһۣŶߡһĶׯεȻпյģȴҡڵ
ЩƵġ
ʵѪѹǲûмҽ̡
ôˣæ𣿽־ιҲ֪ׯεȻ϶ææ֪ҪĻ
ҲƢãӮׯεȻΪûׯεȻֺƤɣɣׯεȻҪʲô鶼Żı֡
Ϊʵ̫࣬־Ƿ˺üβŰرġ
ׯεȻһҲûаæ˼ɳϴ򿪵ڿšҲ֪ڿӣڷ
־ػ˺üˣׯεȻһԱߵĹԱҪˣǲ̫ˣԺ󲻽ȦҲûбҪװһʲôǰɣ
˻
æ֮󣬽־ڳϴ֣˳ѯׯεȻСׯҪʲô
ʲôׯεȻһ˵Ż·־Ρ
־εסׯεȻ÷Ƶ˵ɣҿҲʲô
ʲô𣿡
ܡׯεȻش÷ǳˬ죬ⲻǽҪ𣿡
Ҳأ־οЦãʵ治̫
ƽʱæѵʲôʱǰЩʱ䣬˼ʳףҪ֡ھҪֵĻҪׯεȻĳЦ
ׯεȻ˵ǻǳɣҾýòһóԡ
ûжʱ䣬־ܾԼٻܶꡣһʵ̫˵ˣȥҪׯεȻڽĿ顣
ʵ̫ˣûŪôׯεȻô׼ܹʹԼеĵ㡣һһϡƽ飬Ūû
ԣЩΪׯεȻһʲôˣͷǰأͷº˭ׯεȻУһǾѧ
ôô񾩴ѧأ־һֱãΪtopĸУѧӦǱ񣬾ͺһμׯεȻġ
ׯεȻ󲿷ֵʱ䣬˵̱ʲô鶼һ֮ӵģ
һ˲䣬־ηǳԻׯεȻǾѧԷľѧ
תͷׯεȻͿ־ڷŵЦ˵磬ڳ˼ʲôأ
ûʲô־̧ͷҿʼˣ
ɡ
־˵仰ҪʾׯεȻæȻׯεȻһɳϣûҪֵ˼
ý־ζҪˣֲ˼ׯεȻæңڣׯεȻҲһֱɳϡ
յǿͦģ־ĬĬһ֮󣬾պܳĬׯεȻ϶ŵӻӵڿӣڷ
־ξӦҪĵʲô˵СׯӺÿ𣿡
ׯεȻֳ򥣬û˵
־죬ûмȥ״̬ʲô飬˻Ǳˡţ־ҡҡͷʱָ˵ӵʱɫȫ
ׯεȻͻȻվߵ־εǰ˵磬ûأⶼСʱ˰ɣ
ͻȻѯʣ־αֵúΣΪΪ顣ǰڶܳԹסżȥ͵͵Ե㶫ĻԼҪԼⲻס
־ڱ˵һ䣬еóԾͲˣ
ׯεȻߺ˵ˣ磬ʵ̫ˡһΪ˶Աͦء
֮ⲻǽ־ôȥҶӵĻ̫𣿽־˶Ҫˡ˵ûη
Ҳǣھ
⻰ôȥôڳЦԼأ
۾־μׯεȻ
˵Сׯ˵ʵһߺׯεȻ˵һ߳ˡ
磬˵
ô˵ͦʲôģ͡е㲻̫ʵżҲԻһַʽ˵ġ־ξԼ˵ñȽίֻҪһׯεȻ˵ҪôõȵĿ֮УŶܳȥ
ᰡׯεȻڣ˵Ҿͦİ
ѽ磬뷨̫࣬ԲŻ˵ɡ˵⣬ء
ں˭أ˲Ͱѹ˦־εϡ
־ζҪЦˣοԼԼҲ죬ȻҪضＯѵ򣬶Ｘ죬Ļ̲סʹׯεȻһ١
ǹҶ˰ɡ־ԽƽͣׯεȻԽҪ
ֻׯεȻ˵磬ھʲôھ


11 Լ
־ζҪסˣ˭ܹʰһһҪǧлһ־ſԵĺܷŭƹ
ϧҶûпׯεȻͺǿ־εıƵģ˵ôߣʵӦȥġ
𣿡־εڿȥǹŹ֡
԰ƽʱϲ𣿡
аɡ־ιׯεȻܲڼԼ˰ɣҲǻӦƽʱûѵʱ򣬻ѴһҲῴ֮ġ
áׯεȻһ˵ңֻῴ顣
־ıסˣ⻰˼ǣ˶Ա֫ͷԼ򵥣ǰɣ
ƽʱϲʲô飿
ŵѧ顣ׯεȻ̧ͷͦأȥǳģ
־΢΢һ㶣ܾ仰ʲôطԣûͨʲôطԡ
𣿽ʲôְҸҲݶһ¡־ҲܱŤôܾúĸطкܴĴ󡣿벻ŵͦİΪʲôһֻĸоأ
Ӧð
ˡʲôŵѧŵ棬ûںһѣŽ־ûзӦҲû˵Ҫתƽ־εעƽʱ˿֮⣬Ҳ𣿡
١־λشʵʵģȷʵٿ顣żῴԼӰ֮ġ裬ٻ˾Ŀ顣
Ҳ뿴飬ʵǲ֪ÿʲôܶ飬ſ˰ҲûʲôȤ
С˵𣿡־οׯεȻ
ׯεȻЦЦû˵
ƽʱһЩʲô
кܶడׯεȻʼߣ̫ˣҲһһ˵ˡҸ˺ٻῴС˵ҾںܶС˵ûӪûбҪȥ
ǲ־סˣô;ׯεȻһֱأ˵ʲôׯεȻͿʼ˵Ҳ֪Ϊ˽ĿЧڷ٣־ķǳ̶ԱߵĹԱҲ½־λʲôǵ飬ʱ̶ڹע־Ҫִ˵ĻȺԱǻἰʱǰֹġ
϶Ĳȥˣ⻹ôģ־˶ҪըˡĬĬصͷϴˡ˵ʵ̫Ϊˡ
ׯεȻ̨ϣŽ־һֱϴˣЦ˵Ĳɡ
֮ǰԹΣ̫óԵĻʵԲ˵ġ
ˡׯεȻǲװȥΪԼĶ룬ɡ
ӣŽ־˵磬ÿһ㡣
־ÿһЩׯεȻϴַҪϤжϤ
־ζˣԾ˵ղŲ˵㲻𣿡
Ҹղ˵仰𣿡ׯεȻͷ磬ǻ˰ɣ
ϴˡˡһǳɡһСʱѾе鶼ꡣ
ý־һһ㶵ģȫû뵽ô죬ôȡ
㣡־һڣ˵ʵⷹ㡣˵֮ûгԹǳ˼ͥζͶԵĸо̫һׯεȻЦ˵аɣҲͻôˡ
Ƿ̽־ƵģһΪһأû뵽ˡ
־εɫЩǺ죬Ŀ
죬ֲ֪ԼӦ˵ʲôáԭأգ۾ҪֹͣƵġ
ʵ̫ˣԭҪġû뵽ׯεȻֱͽ˶ˣǳ˻Եˡ־Щȥ˵Ҫϴɣ
ȻԡׯεȻףҲһϴ˰ɡ
û⡣
ׯεȻݸ־һ׷ҿ廹ͦǿ׳ģӦûԺܶɡ
Ȼ־ȷʵԷͦģǱׯεȻôһ˵ܾãׯεȻǷͰƵġ
ͷ־ܾò̫ζ
ǳԷʱ򣬽־ͷ˺ü롣ʼ˼ԼǲǶׯεȻʲôƫ˼ҲְѣҲְ򹤵Ĺ˾һʽˣĿ顣
ȻҪ˵ģԲŻô࿰ǺԲеΪľλжûбҵǣׯεȻ£Ϊһϲǡ
ܹﵽϴ׵Ŀġ
ҪׯεȻǣǹ˾һλǲɵܹһӳг
ͨؽڣ־γ̾ϢһׯεȻɱѶˡֻڽĿעһͺã˵Ϊƹ˶ԱҲз˿ġȻȦǷ˿࣬ٻϲġ
ׯεȻһˣûз˿ǼְֻܳΪҶģڽĿСҲ⵽ĿĶǸʱһкܶˡ
ԼװɵôܹһӣʱǱ׷ӣ˵λ˵˵
Ȼǽ־ε뷨ʵׯεȻ뷨ܼ򵥣һģ治Ҫֳʲôѧʶ֮ģǮ˵ǵλǸûбҵġ˵£еΡׯεȻȻΪֻܹҪɵҪװԲвܹλ˸г
ʵǮ㣬ͳּŶׯεȻûκεҪ󡣵ȻǮҲ˵һЩļϾַҪ˳ҪǣǶ֪ոپ²ˡ
ּŵǺǿġ
ׯεȻĥţȻҪôװɵǱûвôʱ䡣ܱ֤ÿÿ붼û˵ʱ
ԼֱӵҶַ
־οׯεȻеѾׯεȻ龰
֮ǰڴʱ򡭡־Ҳûиƽϣ˵Ȥ¡
ׯεȻһһߵͷ
磬ţ
ʮһꡣ־һ£ׯεȻô
ûʲôʮһ꣬Ӧ̸˰ɣ
ûа־ɫһ죬ʱ̸ڼѵڼѵ·ϣô
Ժ˵ɡ
˶ԱͦѵġׯεȻ˵кüʦ֣ѾҪʮˣҲû̸
ʮꣿ־һ£ŷӦׯεȻ˵ʦ²ǴѧЩ˶ʿǲʿ
춼о⣬ÿ춼˵ʲô̸ѧϰׯεȻʼ磬ҲôΪģѧϰãʲô̸
⡭ǽ־±ƣԱߵĹԱҲȫ±ˡ
ׯεȻǲǻ¼Ŀʲôʦ֣ʲô⡣ȵȣһﲻĸѧְĴ˰ɣ
ׯεȻʦСǰ˵Сׯʦ¼Ŀ
ׯεȻԷʱȷʵǻ¼ĿΪԷ̫֣Ȼ־һֱԼȤ£͸ˡ
СׯʦСѹ˵ĸѧУѧ
͡һصУѡׯεȻӦٺٵЦ˵βŽȥɣ
ӦòġСҡҡͷĿﾵͷĿ϶ַļαܶྵͷǻġ
аɡׯεȻһ־Ц˵ʵҾðɣҲ̫⡣
𣿡
ģҾ;ôȻͦõģ֮ǰʵ̫⡣־ͷ˵ò̫á
ҾɡׯεȻ̾ϢŷҾϣҵܹͨ
ƹرϤɣ־κЦ˵Сʱ򿴹
ԡׯεȻͷСʱ򿴹˶Ա˧Ľ
Ժпգ־˵ʵƹͦ򵥵ģҽ㰡
𣿡ׯεȻ۾һһģȥ
ѽ־θŪˡ
ôˣ־κؿ


12 ֤
ʵ˵ʵҸ˵˶񾭲̫˶ʱֽźЭׯεȻͷеε˵һϲô˶ʵ
⵹ûʲôϵ־ͣһ£ҽС
л˰硣
ԱߵС˵СׯʦιǲᲥȥġ
֪ׯεȻͷûϵҾǸҶֻҪܹĳַС
СЦΣ˵ʵȦʵ̫ħáһصѧѧȻҪװɵһûбҵǡ
ֱӱҡ
ҶֵֻҪúÿ۸ߡС˵Ȧ͸ˡ
ׯεȻͽ־һЩĻ⣬극ׯεȻʼŽ־ϴ롣ЩҲᲥģֻװɵƬΡ
ǽ־˵һͺá
ڽĿôǾǽĿ顣
Ͼǵһ¼ĿҲпһ¼ĿǱô⣬ϴ֮˻Щδڽ־˵ׯεȻΨһĶ
͹Ա첻̫ã˼ϰء
ʵׯεȻװɵ㶣˵ĸоͦϲׯεȻġ
죬ͻȻׯεȻֻ
ׯεȻæ֣½
ڵ绰ͷ˵ʦܣ֪IMUǱѾȷʦܣ-׶˹̡
ׯεȻųڵ绰ͷĴ󺰴Уڳﵽ˵ʲôûȥ
ʦ֣˵ʲôţׯεȻûҪóظһΡ
һղڽڵİ칫õϢ㽻ȥģ-׶˹֤Ѿ˽IMUǱȷѾ⿪-׶˹̣ʦܣϾҪһĽѧУҲ׼㽱ˡ
桭𣿡ׯεȻڲţ֤֤⿪-׶˹̡Ҳÿļְ򹤣ڿҪĿ⡣ڵĿ⡪°ͺղ롣
ׯεȻһʦ֣ҡ
ڵ绰ͷ˵ѾҸ˵绰ȥǱߴһʱ䣬У油λá
᲻᲻̫ãׯεȻЩϾ˵Ҫ򹤰šŹһҪߣǲ̫ˣ
˰㡣ڵ绰ͷֺЦ˵Ͻ߻Ҫء
СׯεȻӦһǱ˵ˣ֮ǰǸѧߵıύȥûУ
ׯεȻ㵵˵ύȥûڲ˵Ҳûôࡣ
ˣ˹ٴѧǱҲʾӭȥ
ļٵģׯεȻһֶ΢΢ĲȻҪȥ˹ٴѧޡǲʿҵ֮кܶ⡣ЩڹڣҪöܹͨû׼ȥ˹ٴѧ֮󣬼ʱ䣬ͨоܹͨأ
Ҳûпܵ顣
ܹȥѧʥأȻٺòġ
ׯεȻûдҪȥģǱѹдı֮ǰڸ˵һȥ᲻رټԼҲûʲôǮÿְ׬㻨Ǯ϶ǲԸġ
⿪-׶˹ԺȱڣɿѧṩһĽͲȱǮ¾ҲһʲƵĽһҪȥ˹٣Ȼٺò顣
˭Լ֪ʶ̫أοǵѧʥء
ѧĵطҲ⡣֮ǰʵûǮȥǮˣȻҪȥѧʥصѬա
ǼٵģЦҪҸ粻ҳҲҪȥ˹١
˵ԽԽСׯεȻ֪ʦĵطһ˹ٴѧÿѧ׷ˣȻҪѧĵطѬա
˵⣬ֻ˵ΪԷѧʵ̫ãʦĳ
ǵкܶ˶ֻҪѧиķչͽҲûбҪʲôҹ֮ѹųѧǵѧߵˡ
ֻҪڹⲻʵӦصġ
ȻׯεȻ˵ûڹⲻػ˵һʼֻҪڹõĽȻعĵС
ʵĿлҲǲģ˵ĵطͻнֻǱֱȽϺô󲿷ִʵϵġ
Ȧȣʵн绹ǱȽϺõġ
ôΨһǡҪҪͻؾǡ
Ҫֱߵô˵벻̫ðɣ
Ҹ˵ڵ绰ͷݺݵ˵ʲôԥڲԥʱ򣬸ϽкܶҪҪҲǻûеѧҴʱǸʱ÷ƶĽ϶嶤ġһƶĽûбҪμսĿ׬㻨ǮɣǸʱԼⲻ𣿡
ⲻǻͦԶ𣿡ׯεȻ˵ƶĽ붼롣
˱˻ԡڵ绰ͷ˵ϽϾҪдˡ
аɡׯεȻûа취ͷȴ¡Ҫӱϣܲȥ˹ٵʱ˵ɡ
ҵ绰ׯεȻһԱߵĽ־ҲûׯεȻĵ绰˵ЩʲôƾׯεȻͼ̬ƺһ¡
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ȥͦġ־еͷԣIMUȥһ֯һ֯
IMUȫInternational Mathematical UnionҲǹѧˡ
ׯεȻ֮-׶˹Ժȱ֤ύIMUͿѧ֤һʱ䡣ɣ֤ׯεȻĽ⿪ǧ֮һѧѶ֮һ漰ѧϵĶ
ѧһѧңںܳһʱ䣬ûа취
ջǱׯεȻ¹ڣȻֱǻѧʷѧʷϵһ漣˵ȫѧѧʷϵ漣
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ׯεȻ֪ص֮ƻæܳһʱ䡣Ȼѧߣ֮ŻھɡĥţԼͶѧѧȤ
ҪȻҲֱӶѧѧʵ̫ˣڶԼĿ
־ĸ˵þͲׯεȻ˵˵Сׯ⻹¼Ŀء
ׯεȻʶ¼ƽĿСضԽ־˵磬Ǻؾǰɣ


13 
ǰ־Ҳûж룬ֻǵͷ˵ȷʵǺؾǡ˵ţ̾Ϣһȥ֮ҪʼѵҪʼ۰
ҸһȥׯεȻЦ˵ãǱ߻кܶ飬ҪʦָҴ绰Һȥ
־һ£ׯεȻ˵㲻˵Ҫµʱ𣿸㾭˵𣿹˾֪𣿻᲻ᱻ֮ģ
⵹ǲᡣׯεȻЩΣȷʵô˦ʵǲӦáǱߵ飬ɱϵҪˡ
˵ʦ˵Ѿ֪ͨԼĸ硣Ȼ̫ãûа취Ҳиػġ
˵ʵ̫Ҫ
ûа취ֻô̫Ҫ顣
ʦָ˾˵绰ġׯεȻ˵ʱȷʵǺܲ˼ʦֽģղʦָҴ绰Һȥ˵Ѿ˾˵ˡ
ǾС־εͷֻҪ˾֪Ӧòʲô顣
Ҳͦõġ־οЦƵ˵ҹҪװɵʮ죬ǻġͦõģ컹һʱ䡣ҲһֱôװɵģֻҪûʲô㣬ҿͲˡ
˵Ź˾һƵǡ־üͷ𣿡
ûС˵ʵׯεȻûмû˵ÿ춼æ⡣ʱ俴ʲô֮ģⲻڳ
־οׯεȻĶ˵Ҳû˵ǰĸ֡Ա֪١
ׯεȻεЦһ£Ҳ̫ϲӾ裬һȥarXiv
ޣ־εͷ
˶һۣ˿ʱ䣬֪ǶѾĵҪʮ㡣
˯ɣҪ־λ˸װ䣬ׯεȻЦˣаɣȥϢɡ
˵˹ԱһۣҲ࿪ʼҪ˯
磬㿴ǡׯεȻָָԱƺƺҲ˯־ζ˼תԹԱ˵ҶһˣϢɡҲûʲôˡ
˵ţׯεȻһͬ¥䣬־˳ֽͷڸס
ׯεȻӱó⿪ʼĥ־ϴ裬ΪϴǸŵģͿȻׯεȻҲȥ͵ǣûôģֻϴˮһֱͣĵδšׯεȻЩܼУڵĿЩӵġټϲرóۡׯεȻԣѵġ
üͷ˼ţ־ʲôʱϴģ֪־ˮͷȣׯεȻһ̧۾ܹ־εĺڲͣعš
Ȼһ䣬ǿĸ첲ׯεȻͦ𺳵ġ
ٿԼĸ첲ׯεȻһӾˡˣҵרǼɡ
־һŴߣׯεȻ˵Сׯȥϴ裿
ȻɡׯεȻţĿ⻹ЩѶȣ롣
־ڴϣϢ˵Ҫ𴲣
˵꣬־εͷ˯ΪŴͷԵʣҲҪͷڷһͷͳ׸ˡǽ־ûеȶõʱ䣬ֱӾ˯ˡ
ڽ־˯ܹ࣬ׯεȻ顣
ȵ賿ҪȥʱׯεȻȥϴ˯
Ȼڶ죬ׯεȻͽ־Ǳѵġ
־𴲣ֻһۣĿǲ˯𣿡
˵ţԺ𴲡ԱߵׯεȻ˯ţ˯úСûбѡ
־δţκؿվһ߸ӣƫΪᣬͷȾɫꡣ
˺һʱ䣬ûзӦ
ǸƺҲΣ־γӢżӲʡ첲ϵļǽʵſɵ˶Եɵɵؿ
û˯õԭ򣬳һ£ãǣ
ȷʵ֪ǰ˾˭ҽַ
־εǻعַڻĶ֮һһĽĿΪġǽ־ֺ˵ַܸʶ㣬ҽн־Σһ˶Ա
ޣַؿ־ΣȻû˵־ε֡
²˶Ա
ƹ򡣡
̫ˡַ˵ɫ棬ȫﻹ𾴺͹˵ǹҵƹġ
ʲôġ־ЦЦ
һ𣿡ַ˽⣬ֻ˵˾һ˵Ҫפαµģʲô飬ˣҪ뿪
ַ̫Ϊ𺳡ôҪգȫģ˵˾Ѿ˵ˣλǸҶġںҲǺ찡ֻҪܹո˿׬ǮﻹҪ׶ֻҪﵱʮļαǧ͵ˡ
οֻҪ¶һҪֵ̫ǣֻҪʾСǻз˿ϲģֻҪ˷˿ϴءǮһˡ
ȻæŻȥַŷڼһۣ磬һס𣿡
ûһˡ־μæ˵˯еڹƻ˯
ַЦ˵λΪе飬ˡ
ַ֣Խ־˵ֻڼ
ַ̬ȷǳã־ҲҪ׷ΪͷַƢͺܺáû壬ٶͷҶʶ¶ȽϺõһ֡ȻҲųϲˣ˵ׯεȻ
Ŀĵһʦʦͨ֡
ʱȭͷӲӲرҪϼȭ
һᣬһᡣ־κַ֮󣬵٩˵һ䣬ʦ𣿡
𡣡ַæҡͷˣܿⲿֱݺۼȽأС־ˡ
վűһе֪־εַڶСľׯεȻ˵ʮꡣ
ַֹţǹ˾Ҫʦܣٹ꣬ˣ˾Ǹ˰ɣ
˵ʵȻַ׼֪ܹԺüĺ׬һӶ׬ڼӣʮӶ׬Ǯܻбһ죬ָ²ˣǮķʽʵ̫ˬˡĿ飬ҲÿԳԺȺȣż⣬ȥκҪԵĶ
Щɶǵ˲ŻеĴ֮ǰĵӾʱ򣬿ĳλνݼˡ߿ûģֻܸžԺзȻϴҶλ˺ءڱ󣬶˰λˣ
ûз˿ûҵֵı
Ϸôֻݸ᲻صǣټûз˿ûκεҵֵһݼʵ̫Ц
ɲΪˣûݼҪֵ
ͷֵ壬ֻҪֵһȺǺԲзӵΪգΪΪϴزˡ
˳㣬ոеǮƬ˵仰ܹ׬ô۵оݼֻҪúãԲкǲϵ
ҪԼϴأǺԲлȿʼϴء
ǺԲû˼ģ˵ʲôǾͻʲô
οַܾᣬ˾ˣҪΪҶģ


14 ƻ
еò׼˾⣬Ҫǹ˾߾˸˵ʱ˵ʵѾ˼Ķɡƺÿ궼ỻҲãټϹ˾ȵĵ˺üĶȦƷɣҲһ
Ȼڸܶ࣬˵ԼXŮѣǰûݼʵ̫ȵȡķ˿һ֧֣ۼʼ䣬ȻŶšʵϣǴӺҵֵԼ˿ͲĶ֡Ҫ˶ãĴ󲿷ַ˿Ϲ˾ĶҲǺٺ
ǳּĻҵֹ˾ֻеһѡûʵ͹˾Կң˵˾ˣͷСɲֹ˾˽ģǸ߲˽ģڿս
˸˵ûк͹˾ǩͬͻߡ˭֪һﵽ׻᲻أ˵нأ
ǵıڣˮҵֻҪʵĹ˾ʱװǣˣֱӻһС
ЩǣҲֻǹ˾ƹ˶ѡ
ЦǣĳЩǻΪԼ
ڵַ֪Լ̫һĽĿȷʵΪģǹ˾׻жٵҵֵ»˾ʱ׼ˮõǣѾʼԾԾԣҪеԴͷ˿Ϸֵ
ٹʱ䣬û˻ǵַ
˵սıأòкǿĺ̨ǳϼŵĸ߹֮ģ
ԼҶԼҶַںڻûмͬ˾λˣѾϲٵĵִڳӡ
ϧԷʵ̫ӲǣҪöԷϲ˽Ŀ
ȻԷѾ˽ĿǶԷҶģͷġַнһƻôҪѶԷԼĲС
˵ڶԷû𴲣˶Ѿˡ
λб˻˯ǿԺúñһ
ַֺǺǵ˵Ȼ˯Ǿͱ
־Ҳ֪ƣֻǿ򴰿˵ͦġ
ǰͦġַҲ⣬ջĿʱ򣬿־Ѿʼ˶ַһ£־ΣЦе˵磬׼˶𣿡
ԣһ¡־εͷ׼ȥܲȻ͡
־οַ˵ͦϵģҲûж롣
ôҪҪҲȥһ£
ðַͷ˵磬ƹ˶Աƹ̫ãܽ̽𣿡
԰־κַһ¥߳
ʼűǮĵ·ܲ
һܻһš
磬ˣǹ˾ʦܽʲôţ
ͽ־˭һ䣬ԲŮһˣһнˡ飬ʵȦҲʲô¡һʵĽܹʽ飬ܹиԸõĳͷ
ȦطҲ棬˵Ͻһܹϣȷʵûбûн˻ϲá˵һܹϣΪӵһǿԵġ
ׯεȻСׯ־˳ͻشַ
СׯʦַܰеúУЦ˵Ϥɣ硣
ûҲռ档־룬ʵҾСׯ˵ͦģʱ˵ɡ˵ʱûм˵ȥãׯεȻֻװģûбҪ˵˼ҵǷǡ
СׯͦóԵġ
ַƺžϲѾȥΪжûбҵ͵ǵĹϵɼáܶʱ˵ڱ˿ͦġЩֶдͺˡ
ȻһȺ˿춼ڸϴףҲз˿ϴף·˺ͺڷ۶ᳰǲμӽĿܶ۾ܷ˿һֱڲͣشки˶²
˵ǶɣҲȫʶʶ˴ڣиĺڷۣҪĶԼңȵ֮ġ
νĶûгȦƷҲһȺճδķ˿׷ǣ·ˣĹ۸вá˵νĶҵֵҲֻեȡ˿ĲƸˣ·˵Ǯ϶եȡ˵ġ
ںܶ·˸νĶûȤȦԱ֣·˵ĳЩ·ˣûз۹ǣ֮ǰҲ֪ԱǸ֡·һ׺ĸ裬ǿĳƬΣԱǸֻͦãʻǻǮġ
νǣ󲿷ֶֻи˿²˵ı¡ʲôƷǿŷ˿ʵϣҶܿҲǷ˿˾̫񣬻ΪԼҵ˱˶ѡ
һˮϵĲƷʲôĲܣ˵ˣ󲿷˶ֻǻƿѡ
Ҫûз˿Ҳһˡ
ַķ˿ٶѾȥ˱ң»ڶҪˣҪڲУȹ˾ˣһοɲ˵˵ѡ˿ûжٻһֱȥģֱ˾ǡû˾ͷû˹˾Դ治ж
ٹһ꣬󲿷˶ᳰЦַǸûк͸
Է˿ΪҲȦ·ˡ·ˣȷʵȥ󲿷ǵıݡǵĹ۸оǣⶼܹΪǣڸпһ£õȵ֮ġ
ֶһˣбˡַΣԽԽأҪĿúñһ£ܹһЩ˿
סԼĵλתʵɵԱˡ
ڱһߣûֲʵԱҪλ´ҪҪܶ顣ǣɶ㳪Ƹ裬һ¾ܹǧһֻҪֵĵӾ磬мǧƬ꣬
ͲҪκεŬΪŬžܹ׬ǮҲǶ١ֽϵһϦ֮ȫû֮ǰ֮ΪЩˣһҹ֮䣬ͺ
˵ˣǵ²λʵĺԱͺø֣ͲᵣЩ⡣иʲô飬ĿƾԼı¶ɽ𡣶ҪЩĭĶһûʵֻҪ˾ûз֮ء
컹ǶпȦǲ޴ˡ
ʲôǹ˾˻Ҫʲôطʼأ˵ôöԷΪĲСԼɲܳΪԷģҪá˼ҽ˾ɱҲûпܵġ
ȲöԷ̫ڣҪöԷгԼ¶رð죬ַһŽ־Σһ⡣
ⶼҪ˵ˣʦܻû𴲰ַͻȻûͷûԵ˵ôһ䡣
־ûж룬֪ȦЩƵġ
е飬ʲôɡ־˳˵˯ǰء


15 յ
ʦܣͦǵġַЦ˵仰
־αܵľò̫ԣô˵ׯεȻƵģٴһĸоǿ֮ģҲǶʲô˵Ŀܶʲô
ʦܻҲͦĻġַֺǺǵģǸ־εĸоܲԾҲ˵嵽ַﲻԣǾַ˵ĸоеģ
˵˵ôĸоأ
˵ׯεȻһְ򹤵ˣһûַûַ׼ɵҶַҲöôһôĵɣ
־αܵЩƫׯεȻΪׯεȻһֱװɵûҪ˭Ĺʡһְ򹤵ˣǰ켣Щ鶼̫ԵʣԽ־αܵľׯεȻȻ˵װɵ㶣Ǽְ򹤵Ҫ
ַȥָܺׯεȻΪʲôûƵġ
Ȼַһ仰ǣϵĿͦõģʦܸһһ£Ӧûͦˬġ
賿˯ǲ֪ʦϷ浽賿һ˯ⲻʦǽ컹е飬Ȼȥˡĥţ˻ͦĵģԾܹǻϡ
û뵽ÿ糿ҪϰߺðַֺǺǵ˵ԺÿҲҪֳС
ȻЩһ䶼ûᵽׯεȻ䶼ڰʾ˶ѾˣׯεȻһȻڴ˯Ӧðɣ
־εüͷ΢΢ţû˵
ַ־ΣҲ֪Щ˶Ա̫óڸԼı顣ȦǣڴҶǺͺġ޲ֱӲԷֵܣϽöǡ
о־ƺ̬ϸƫǸûмʦܡҲ֪ʦܾʲôֶΣŻý־ôƫ̻λģַǳأҪǶԷиɽҲûпɽĿɽλĿɽһȼġ
ǿܹ˾ˣֹ˾ĿɽңǽΪʵܹ׬Ǯҹ˾˴ĽǮ
λνʦܣ²ֻǹ˾Ҫô򵥡нģȻҲ²ġ
нĻΪһ˶ԱΪʲô˵ʱôƫԼδıʦأҪ֪Ȼ˵ĶںôҲڶ»ûҲûȫ䣬ֻҪ˾ûԼתҲǲܳɹġ
ڰ·ɱҧ𣬰һиغǽ󱻽˦ˣüʱ䣬ôԴתӦҲ㹻ġ
ͿǲǾҪΪһƷ
뷨ﲻͣתţ˵ʵĲûй˾֣µ֮󡣿˭ܹһţǰƲЩʮСָܹ˵Ȧ죬˭ûеʷ
ҪǱָô
ǲýӣҲ޷֮ذȦǮʵ̫죬Ȧȥ治֪ԼӦʲôѧûбҵ
ΰԺҹ¶ûҪѲҪȥ๤һģһĶǱ๤˭ܵˡ
ƺӦôӲ̽һЩʲô˵־ΪʲôҪάλʦܣ˵λʦھʲôλû˵λʦܣڴ֮ǰʲôµ֮ģҲ˵١λʦ֣ܵû˵
ͺˣȨҲеĻ۰ɣһûУȷ˿ˣ
Ŷ˿Ⱥǵл㲻ʲôһľ²˰ˡ
Ȼտʼҷܴ󡣿·Եð·ҪôǲʶҪôǳֻȺԤƻԽԽٵķ˿ɲʲô
ԣû˻Ầ¡
ʦ˿϶ͦõģҶȲҪˡַֻЦЦڴԲʵҪһ½־κׯεȻĹϵκʵĻˮƽ̫ͣ벻ʲô÷ֻЦЦҲˣ־εͷ
ΧűȺһȦصʱĺˮ־һһ˵ȥʲôû
ûʲô񡣡ַһսĿнСûа취ʵ̫кڣкܶԼҵλҪˣҲֻСġʲôץסɾͲˡ
ΨһžһͶҪáַ¶ְҵЦĿʲôãǶֳСײ̫Ѻá
Ŷ־κЦ˵ܳȥԣ
ܣĿֻȥˣȻԼ
ô죿
û취ֻܶӣǳʳַ̯֣Ĳǰ춼ǲ䷹ԣһǡ⼸λʱ£뿪ˡµļαûҪûԣҲͦѿġ
ȳ˵ɡ־ˮֱӽӡ
ׯεȻڴϣԺضŴ򿪵š
ôˣ־׼ȥԡҳʱ򣬿ׯεȻĿתضЩëׯεȻҡҡͷû˯ѡоֲ̫һֱддֻܿ˼ұûеԣܵ¼arXivоȺǻҲǽһ죬ܻȥ
Ȼǲʿҵ磬񣬽ѧߵύȥ
ĻӦǿȥ˹ٴһʱ䡣
һʱ䣬ڴ˲һξ͹ˡȷţԼ϶ܹѧٶġѧʥֵطׯεȻźǷ־ôԡ߳һ⣬üͷ˵磬ģ
ȿȡ־һҪȥϴ
ׯεȻ·ȥԡϴ
ַҲ֪ʲôʱ¥ϴˡׯεȻͽ־Я¥ݵʱðһֻ뷨˲ʲôɣ
ϣûκı顣Ц⣬˵ͷ˵磬λʦܰɣ
ǰλʦܣò˧̫ߣЩƫᣬ񲻻硣ûôױƷҲһѡûжãҪ˵ÿȦÿʵ̫ˡ˵λʦܲÿûеʲô˵ĵز˹ˣô߲㿴ϵģ
⻹һѧ
ãַ
ãׯεȻׯεȻ֣̫ΪʲôַʱһֵӵĿ⡣
˵ʦģַׯεȻ֮ͻȻ˵ʦͦ۵İɣ
ׯεȻַͦ˵ģҲûط룬Ҳûرۣǲ֪ʲôһ첻飬ôо̫Ծأ֪ӦȥЩ֮ġҲùĿģ֪ԼӦʲôá
ʦܸս빫˾𣿡ַյׯεȻͲӦǸս˾ûжáȻĿŵĺׯεȻԼǿԵġ
ֻܹׯεȻ̫ǣַʲôϵ


16 
ԣս빫˾ûжáׯεȻҲܶžͷ˵Ǽְ򹤲ǣֻεЦ˵кܶ鲻̫ʦֶЯ
һͬѧϰַ˵仰֮תͷԽ־δȤƵ˵磬֮ǰһΪ˾һءû뵽ׯʦ֮󣬾Ȼһˡװģ˵ʦˡ
־εıһ˲ͱúܲԾɵӣȻַܹ⻰϶ڸˡڰ˵ׯεȻ֪ԴҪ˾ʦʦܣҲ˵ַʾ˾ׯεȻԴ
־һʱ֮䲻֪Ӧ˵ʲôԭءׯεȻûַ⻰˼
ΪСרע飬̫ϲЩƵĻټϣѧ֮󣬲ʦǽڻʦ֣лֱ˵ͲôĶׯεȻ˵
Ҳ󣬾ѧϰɼٺãҲǸճĺӡеľʱ䶼˿ϣʱĥ˵ʲô
ׯεȻַ˵⻰ʱ򣬻ΪڻӭԼ
ֺǺǵ˵ѽʦô˼
־εǳ鴤֮ǰһװʱôϬôһʱ˵ĵǺûǻˣ
ⲻӦð
֪֮ǰׯεȻô˵ֱѳζǲ˵ġϣׯεȻһûоµСӡڹ¶ԺʱԺ˺ܺãׯεȻûܹ۸˴ѧţʦǶ
˽ɷǳţרע⡣ںʦʦ޻˵˵֮ǰʮһ˳ġ
֮֮ǰô˵֪͵ǵĳһԼݶ˲ܳг
ȻҲûٵӾ磬ȫϹ
ЧıըҲҪӽϾҪȥ˹ٴѧȥʱ䣬Ȧ»ٶô졣˭ǵһϹӽĿĲְ򹤵ѧأ
־ᳶһׯεȻ·һʱֲׯεȻɵװɵ
Է㣬㻹Ա߸͡⡭ҪǶԷô˵ԼĻָԷһȭöԷ֪϶ûꡣ
ׯεȻôֺǺǵģ֪ӡ
ׯεȻãתͷ־Σ磬ôˣ
ûûʲô顣־εЦЦĲַָ̫
ҲǣׯεȻճ꣬˹ˡĺѧ쾫ѧϰϣûַܹҲʲô顣
Ӧʱɣַϴ˵ҰѲȫϴˣϧҲ֮ǰҲ˵ĿǶֳСʵ̫ˡҿһ£ʳҲûˡ
˵ʵܺóء
־εǳ鴤ʲôձݰҪׯεȻˣַȻǺģż仰Ĺ򣬾ҪׯεȻ֮ǰׯεȻķԷ־ξãȦĳ̬
֮ǰׯεȻȻȥܰᣬ˺㣬Ҳġ
ַĲձݿһСľҪ˵֮£ׯεȻķԷֱǲҪ̫Сơ
Ǹ߶λֹУ
־ôţׯεȻ
ͷ˵ðȥ͡˵ЩԥַֺǺǵ˵ʦܣûйϵϲԷС
Ҳûʲôʵ̫æˣҲûʲôʱ͡Ҳ֪᲻θ
־Ա˶ˣׯεȻȻ͸ɵƵģǣʦҵ˼ǣҾֻһЩ򵥵㣬
ַ¶Цݣôᣬлʦˡ
ׯεȻͷʼԱߵĽ־ζַһʱ䣬ĬĬؾַԶһЩ
ׯεȻδµСƨɲ뱻ַǹʹ
˵ǰׯεȻ˵ӳѾáʱַĲձݣû˻˵ʲôġ־һֱš֮ĲУ֮Ĳޡ˼롣֮ǰׯεȻ˵Ĩǣ˸ۣڣֻׯεȻʵ̫ⶼʲô˰
ձʵ̫ˣֻһʱ䣬˵ʲôʱ򶼻ᱻַָʹȻȦûһʡ͵ĵơ
ׯεȻʼַֺͽ־졣ܿ־ȫ̶һַ̬˵Ҳż˵һ䣬ҪúܾòŻῪڡ
Ҳ룬϶ղŵĲԲѽ־θסˡ
ַҲûдʲôֻҪׯεȻгˡټղһ£ׯεȻɵģȷʵָͦʹġ
ׯεȻʱһһſ⡣ͻȻ顯һʢĴׯεȻһˤ˵ϣŬ˽ӽСʱĳɹôûˡ
ҪǣûжʳģҪȥһһأҪһСʱʱ͵óˡղַ˵ûгͣµθͻȻʢˤϣôַ
־κַһׯεȻһΣæ˵˼Ĳǹģģ
ַͽ־һͬߵµǶѶ־λû˵ַŴȤƵĿ˵ʦܣǴĲҳԶ
ҡׯεȻܾȣûУûС
ѽЦַЦ˵ʦܱţûҪҪȥҽԺ
˰ɣׯεȻɴ۾оܲ˼飬еôҪȥҽԺˣ
־μæԱ˵ȥҴӦаɡַ˼ҪׯεȻȥҽԺҪׯεȻȥҽԺׯεȻȥҽԺɾͲˣָô硣֮ǰׯεȻĻҲˡԵСӣ̫˵
ҪȥҽԺַҪڱô˵ׯεȻ
ַǱŷҪŪׯεȻ־α첻ԣĲմʦԱʵǰﲻׯεȻʲôֻòׯεȻܵžͷô˵򱻷ųׯεȻһ۸ַˡ
ҲΪַ׼һ㣬Ż޼ɵĶׯεȻһ
ˡ־νׯεȻָϣַʱ˵ҾûȥҽԺȽϺá
ʦܣȥҽԺɡ
ˡׯεȻæ֣ʲôЦֻǲ˻ҪȥҽԺָϵĲֲʲô⡣ҪȥҽԺôʵûͨͷַ˵ллʦֹģ治ȥҽԺ
ַׯεȻûϵЦ˵Уʦܾû¾ͺá
ʦܡַһɨأһ˵ղô£
˼һСľͰ͸ˡ
ַҡͷûϵҴͽȥ˻ͳɣǿϧôһ뷹˭֪вͣడ
ׯεȻַ˵ò˼־οóַ㡣ָһڱô˷ء
æοׯεȻСׯûйϵ´עС
磬ȥ˻ɡַһԣղžɨһСᣬˣʲôû


17 뿪Ŀ
ǿȥ˰ɣͺáׯεȻɵģַ֪ӣʵǲҪɨһ£ȻҪͽ־һͬȥ
־ͻȻеׯεȻôһմʦ˵ׯεȻгµСƨ̫˵˶ԱҲǿסġַܹĻлѾˣڱסׯεȻҲ顣
ׯεȻʵʵʼɨأǷǲˣ֮Ķ
־κַ뿪ׯεȻһʵʵĴɨɾȻϰѽذϸɾȻøӽˮȥǾӣǸ
ǰַ̾Ϣ˵ϧԭΪܳ緹أû뵽ûгԵȺ͡˵ţתͷĵʦͱർ𣿡
ҪµθַȥǿټǸڰʾӻǰĹڣһжׯεȻƻõģԷ
־̾ϢԱߵʦͱർСš
һർ˵ǿԳȥԷģҪʮǮڡ
ʮǮڣַɴ۾˼˵ܳʲô
λʦһʮǮı׼
ַһҲҪׯεȻһȥԷ󲿷ֵľͷǸġׯεȻôׯεȻľͷͻ಻١ɲʦܣǸʦܴɡ
־仰֪͸ûдׯεȻȥ
С־Ҳû˵ʲôֻĬĬϳţַ˳úÿױ֮⣬׻ʲôֵñϲĵط
Ὺ࣬ɣַͲ߱κܹô󣬼ֱ漣
ô裬Ȼûб˴Ǻ
ųȻַʵе֮֡꣬ûмôֵˡһǣǼʶȦȷʵͨ˿Ի켣ĵط
˵ĸоͺȦûһƵģ־γĬţû˵һ仰Աߵַ־û˵˵磬˵ʦǲе˰
־û˵ûоׯεȻе˰
ַ֪־ο϶شģҲû׼Ž־λشֱ˵ʦܰɣȥ񻹲̫ϰ߾ͷΪյ˾ðɡ
ⲻٴں˼ҾпɽǽĿȦʵ̫ѶˣڳַһֱͣںׯεȻ־һ仰û˵ڻͷ룬ׯεȻʵ̫ɰˡٲַںׯεȻ
Ͳûָ˵ׯεȻôˡ
еʱ򣬽־֮ڳַַǹģһֱĥĥ䣬Ҫȥ
ׯεȻûڻȥ־ΰĵȴţĥַ֪ҪĵʲôʱŻȥ
˺һӣַŴӳ߳վڳǰûϳ
磬ҪȥԷɣ
־οһʱ䣬׺ַһͬǰ͵Է;ַû˵ׯεȻ緹飬ǽ־θׯεȻһݡ
صʱ򣬽־ν緹ݸׯεȻԱߵַ˵绹ʦܺܺء
־εǳ鴤һ£֪Ӧô˵ַźãһģʵҪֱӸһȭ
ΪׯεȻʲôɣģ־ܾһӦûʲôûʹȻԭҪַװɵׯεȻɵַһֱڲԲԼ߶˵Ĳռý־ζͷ۵УҲׯεȻɵӣûַܹĻ
ڣϵ־κׯεȻص䣬־οׯεȻƺʲôҪ˵ֲ֪Ӻ˵𣬿䶼ͷ˵Ļᱻ¼
룬־λǾڻؼҵ·ϸׯεȻ˵顣
ׯεȻֺǺǵģ磬Ҫȥˣ
ǰ־ϴ裬ڴϿֻׯεȻſϣһ߿鱾һ˵ϵʽɣ
ðַĽ־ΣԽׯεȻԽ˳ۡΪ˶ԱͲ̫ϲ̫ӵˡׯεȻˣ˽·ǳýҲûʲôѧļӡ
ʵͦׯεȻΪѵģׯεȻһǳõˡ
˻ϵʽ־ׯεȻĶ˵˵顣
ׯεȻһ£Сѯʣ磬ôˣ
˯ɣ˵
ڶʱʰö˻ûлַֻһƺ˶־κׯεȻַû뵽ַɲԲ˵ѽ˰ʦܶɣ
ׯεȻҡͷе飬رż
ɲżҪص׼ҵĴ磬ȻҪ׼ȥ˹ٴѧ
εľܵ˵ʵͦõġׯεȻַ֪ƣַһǳõˣҲûʲôӡ
Ҫô˵ϵ۸һȴͻһȴأ
ׯεȻʵó˼ʹϵ˵̺ܵ͡˵ĻֻҪƼӣͲ̫ܹ⡣ⷽ棬ֱֻ˵˼
о棬۶ôƣܻҵ취⿪֤һ⡣
ټϣ󲿷̤̤ʵʵоˣҲĨǵ˵˻ںˡһ԰ɣԼооϣʱȥо˵˵ֱͦ׵ģżĬҲ֮ʡ
оô˵˼һ¿ô
Ҳֻ£ׯεȻ£ȥЩѰ˲̫һͬεļְ뷨ǣȻʦָȡģô˵һûбҵѧټƽʱͲգֻܰԼ⣬һбˡ
Ͳ֪Щͷ֮ᱻôôۡ
ĵ͵ûбˡһжˣҲ̫ϰžͷĻģҪϰµʱ䣬ׯεȻоԼ˶Ҫ
ʦټׯεȻַ˻֣ͽ־ڳϡ
ųûоͷ־С˵Сׯʵǡ
ôˣׯεȻͻȻ־β˵ʲô˵
һ죬ַһֱڹĨǵ˵㣬û𣿡
С𣿡ׯεȻ˶ɵˣⲻͦͰ׵ôǹĨǵ˵ˡ
㰡־γ鴤һǣҪǹôӴѧϰɼͦõģôо̺е㲻̫أ
ׯεȻͷ־βǵһ˵˵ˣҲԲһ
ɣʵʦҲ˵ܶΡ
ʵûоЩҲҪо˵֮ġ
ˡ־̾Ϣһ˵ʵСׯҾðɣĿҪǷųȥˣɾͲˡ֮һҪ
ׯεȻ룬ӦûʱɣҵĵĴ磬ȻҪûʱЩġ
Ҳ̫϶ۣҪʲô飬ԸҴ绰־üͷȻҲ̫ȰˣҾ˶˶йһ£Ӧûò١ҿԴ˶
ðׯεȻЦеصͷǽȥı𣿡
ʱ㷢Ϣ־ׯεȻļ


18 ս
صʱѾǵڶ硣ׯεȻԭҪ뽭־γԷģллڽĿԼİݺչˡû뵽ǽ־͵ǮΪ˶ھǣֻǵطһ극֮ׯεȻص󣬽־ȻҲص
ص֮ׯεȻȥΪżٵԵʣûжѧУ߶ׯεȻҲѧУķʮ⿪-׶˹ԺȱڡֱIMUϣ׵ķƶĽѡˣһܹ÷ƶĽ֡ھѧѧԺѧԺׯεȻǷǳġ
ϧھУ԰ûκһˣźáԭҪȥʦ֣Ҳ֪ʦֵûѧУӦʲôأׯεȻĬĿ䣬ƺ֪ԼӦʲôȽϺá
ʱš
ߵߵߵׯεȻתšվ⣬ׯεȻ˵Ӵʦܻˣ
ʦ֡ׯεȻ˴֣С˵˼ôͻˣԭ˵Ҫأȥʱͻˡ
û취Цҡͷ˵ⲻ𣿿ѾҸ˵ˣҸǱ˵ȥУûô鷳
һ鷳ׯεȻܲ˼ļ򣬡ˣСӾͱ˵ˣȻˣͺúҵҪô졣ҵȻҪġ
ͱЩϸ֦ĩڡׯεȻһüͷׯεȻЦ˵Ҿʦֻ
ʲôġЦãҲˣأҪܹúñҵʲôá
ˣҿɸ㰡ıҵ磬ܶڶġС˵ǾĽڣѧѧĽڣҪ룬ʱıҵж֡
ׯεȻɥһĲı⡣˵ѧѧĽڶʵܹ϶кܶҪܶڽӴĴжΧôͻȻԼ͸԰ĶƵģҪΧ̫ۡˣʵ̫ˣ
ʦܣذɡׯεȻļ׼뿪ׯεȻᣬߵһʱͻȻһû˵æתͷׯεȻ˵ˣׯʦܣء
û˵ȥʲô˰ɣׯεȻ˺üؿʦָ˵ʲô顣
Ҿ͸˵ȥְˣʲôûи˵
ǾͺáׯεȻһʦָ˵ʲôֵֹ顣˵ʵǲȦͷ¶ġ
սΪȻѡѧϰѧѧӦúúõĳСһеģͱҿȥһе顣
û취̯˵ҪʦʵûǮֲҪ鷳ڡȻڲϹŶҲ뷨һֱеġ
սׯεȻͳĽڣݼӢڲʮ֮꣬ǰҲǾѧƱҵ֮ȥ˹̹ѧѧѧϰľѧѧòʿѧλּݴѧУ̺͸ڵľ飬ԭܹڼݴѧУνڵģعûмʱ䡣
սڵ˵ҪǾУεĸ绰عҲûдҪعġ
ҵڣսǴü
ĽڣҪϿƫׯεȻţսڷǳׯεȻϧׯεȻһû¾ȥͼݲϣҪôõarXivϲѯٻȥѯսڡ
ׯεȻ֮ǰûǮȥսûʲôսڶһĿָׯεȻ
ׯεȻúݣڶѾǳˡȥԷʦҲǳáԭƻһʱĿΪٶʵ̫죬ǰ˰ʱ䡣ʵûǮˣΪƽʱͳĹϵܺãȥڡֻȥʦ֣ԭҪóʦְһ£ûʲôĿ֮ġ
û뵽ȥȦεһ£Ȼʱ䲻ãҲһʱ䡣
֪϶ҲҪʹġ
ׯεȻûȥҽݹЩҳׯεȻ̫С͸ԼӲ󡣸ͲׯεȻټׯεȻøкͳе֪ʶʵ̫򵥣ддܲܲɡЩѧ۽硣
ŶׯεȻ˵Ķܲʵ֪ô졣ټϼҳĲΣ󵱼ҽ̵Ҳ֮
ô˺ܳһʱ䣬ŲסׯεȻֻѡʦ֡
ڣͦġĽ˵ڴûеĹңʦܣصѧˡã
ʦǲŬͻؼҼ̳ƲǲŬûзԡׯεȻͳʵ̫Ϥ˶ʿͲʿЩ꣬˻϶һġ
оĿĿԼ˽һġ
ׯεȻͳ˵ܷɡͬڽڣ𾴽ڣܶʱһЩͿ˿ڡǶʦ֣ûЩǡ
Ҳô˵ɡһҼﲻһҲǳԴѡ
˰ׯεȻЦʦ֣ɱǰŸ˰
ɲҡͷ˵һٶأ˵ѧУҪüĽ
ҳô󣬶û׬ôǮĽ
ׯεȻ˳һۣһЦ
ʦܣȥæˣϽȥҽڡ⼸ûм㣬ŵòУʲô顣
˵꣬ߵ
ׯεȻ룬ǽԼȱǮãҲ֪ȥʲôطԵ
æʰһ£ϴ֮󣬴æǰ칫ҡ
칫ǰׯεȻš
ͳŶ룬սЦЦؿׯεȻСׯ⼸òɣ
ׯεȻӦһʱİ칫Ҳûбˡ
սָָǰߵλ˵
ׯεȻΣϣЩµĶսڡ½ͻȻ˵ʲô˫ڴĦţѾЩˮ
⼸ԳԺȺȣֵģͦǰɣ
ׯεȻһ£а룬ʦֲû˵
ˣǳ˵ġսڶׯεȻ˫۾·ܹ͸ׯεȻ˼
˳֮⣬һսͣһ£С鲻˵ȥְϵӣʲôо
ׯεȻ룬Ӧòǰɣ
Ҳǣ˵˵ɣʲôо
̫ˡׯεȻ˵ҾûоѧȽȤѧҲ
㰡սҡҡͷԺʲô飬ȸ˵
ʦһֱ߶أȥԷս˵꣬ׯεȻҪ˵ʲôֱսڸס˵ûʱ䣬ûʱҲҪҼʱ䡣
ڣҲ̫Ե˰ɡ
˭ءսڴװȥӢֿͦʡ
Ϊ˲ӱϣһȥڼ극ɡ
СׯķѧѾύȥˡսڴӳһű񣬡дһ£Ļ˳ǰ˹١
֪ȥ˹١ĽҪˣȥ˹֮㻹Ǳ߸Ĺʣû⡣ս˵ͣһ¡
ɫʲô㣿


19 
ׯεȻεЦһ£˹ٱϾѧʥء
ҵȻ֪˹ѧʥءս˵Ҳ˹̹ʡ˹پѡ˹̹֪Ϊʲô𣿡
ׯεȻһ˵ڵĳɼͷǳɫᱻüѧͬʱ¼ȡһҲ֡
ǽΪʲôѡ˹̹أׯεȻ˵Ϊʲô
ΪǸʵ̫ˡ
ڷɣׯεȻĬĬ²ۡ
ˣˣ˵˵ɣĴ㡣
ôģ˹ٴʱ䣬ҪǱ߶ѧϰһ¡
ѧϰƨսֱ˵˵ǱܽҲ࣬˵ܹ㹲ֵͬ̽˲٣ܽˣûҲǷƶĽĺѡˣҵҪ֪ƶĽѡ˾˭̡ܹ
ڵϿˣׯεȻС˵
Ҳֻ֪иڵϿܽ㰡սЦ˵ѧҶûн̹˭̵ܽ㣿
ȻûùƶĽôҲùѧֶѧɣսüͷҵѧɹ˵ȫǰУҲһҽ̲㣬ҿ˹Ҳû̵ܽ㡣ҲԷƱ˹ѧʥأǾȻгΪѧʥصɡ
ǱߺúúȺƽǡ
ս̾Ϣ˵Ⱳźžûõƽŵ
ǰѶ̫󣬺ʵ֡Ѷȸ󣬸ʵ֡ѧһŵıڵĳɾѾ쿪ˡսվСׯ㲻һһ۾Ϳѧ츳Ǽġ
ǻȫ磬㶼ѧš㲻ҪԷƱҲߡҪƽȥһУţ˹ٴѧ⼸зǳջ񡣡
˵ţսߵׯεȻߣļּ˵СׯпյĻҲȥŷ޹䣬˵ڵϿ˶Ȥأ
ׯεȻЦЦ
λѧѾӣ˵Ǽ棬ǴסǷǳѵġټϣλѾ֮ǰео¼ѧȦģǲб
ׯεȻΪԼֻܹŷȷʵȥ
ǱҲѧңֻսǱĻƴ󲿷ֵˣ˰ɣׯεȻţսҲûл÷ƶĽĽõѧǿ߻ع飬ҲׯεȻû뵽ġ
ˣСҲȱǮˡս˵ʱ򣬻һԺҲں˼Ҫʲôְ֮ģúøרоͳɡ

ǵȥԷıҵҪʼˣںúġ
ãڡׯεȻգ۾Ȼûʲô飬ҿȻȥ˰ɣ
СӡսڿЦõ˵Ҿ͸Ƶģô𣿡
СׯεȻæվҪߣڣȻȥĸģкܶطҪ޸ء
˵ţѾֱ⡣
ս÷Цҡͷ֪˵ʲôǺá
սڵİ칫ҳ֮ׯεȻûֱӻصᣬȥͼҪһЩϡͼݵʱׯεȻɵøпȻǷż٣ͼɽ˺ⶼҪ˰ɣ
ӴСׯˡԱׯεȻϤΪû¶ׯεȻϣҪȻǽ׻ῴ
硣ׯεȻŹԱͷһЩѧ׺ϡ
ȥҰɣǼǾͳɡԱӻ֣ׯεȻԼȥҡ
ׯεȻ̫Ϥÿ춼ܵ鼮֪ܲҪ׺ʲôط
һ׺ϣ̨Ǽ֮ׯεȻ뿪ͼݡԭҲǴͼѧϰģʵ̫ˣ뻹ǻȽϺá
ţׯεȻ׺ϷϣһˮӣĿ
ǿ̫棬ֱֻ˺üΣŻعŴ̫ͬѪһڴϣǵøտʼ׵ʱ糿ţûйõʱ䣬͵ˣׯεȻʹԼ۾ĿתƵԱߵֻϡ
ϣȻսڸĵ绰
½ׯεȻû˵ֻսſھ˵СǲڿϿˣ緹ûԶ԰ɣ˵˺öΣѧϰоҲҪúóԷǲšҿԺҪ忸סôоô˵ǲأ
սڵ绰߶߶ģһҲûݼӢѧţķ緶һͨҳƵģׯεȻֻС˵ڣҡֻǲСĿͷˡ
˼ҵĺӣͷҪҲֻׯεȻͷ֮󲻽ᱻݣᱻĹѪͷҲ֪Ϊã⡣ȫĶͶ뵽׺ϣоУ˼֮⣬ûʱȥ˼顣
ǵعʱ򣬶ӻṾţԵ÷ǳ
ԼɱĶӣׯεȻ¶˼ЦݡսûпҪʹһ١
ͣڳҰɡսֻ˵Ͻģ˵˶ٴΣҪԷҪԷϼǲסҿȥ˹ٴѧҪûôоô졣
ģһᡭչ˺Լġ
㻹չ˺ԼսڶҪЦˣˣϽʦﷹˣ͵ǻȥء
áׯεȻæʰһ£¥ֱ֮ͣ
Ҳǵһڵܿҵڵ򿪣ڶׯεȻ˵Сׯɫȥ̫ð
𣿡ׯεȻû°
Ӫˡս˵֮󣬼ǵÿٶҪԷ
áׯεȻ򿪳ţڸʻϡ
սһ߿һߺׯεȻ߶߶졣
սסʱɫѾȫ
սڽͣڵͣׯεȻ˵СׯҹԺ϶ѧῪġڹ⵱ѧ⼸꣬һȽϺõѧȻҿͦѵġ
ׯεȻԼıӣеΡ
аǱʲôԸҴ绰Ҹ㼸ϵʽ˹ٻм˵ģǾҵġǱߵڣܹһЩæսһ˵һ߽ϣСҪʲô飬˵Ҫǲ˵˭֪ʲôأ
֪ˣڡׯεȻźףǳʦһֱҪȥ˹š
սüͷһȥ˹Ҳǰ׷Ѽʱ䣬ڹڡ
йĺôйڵĺôս룬ּ˵˹ٴ˼֮ҪҪ㿼ǵġ
ڱ˵ʲôһ֮Ļ㵽Ǳȥ֮󣬻кüʱ䣬Ҫٸ˵顣սתׯεȻûļ򣬶ؽϵĻҳĵСӿɱҶۣǱ߶ٻЩġ
ĽڡׯεȻĵ˵ңҪȥ˹٣Ҳ˰ɣ
ĻӦʥܹ֮ȥҸ˽·ȥ


20 ҵ
·ݣׯεȻգ۾սڣЩ̫⣬Ϊʲô·ݣ
Ӣûʲô⣬ϰ֮ģǹڵϰߡ·ݣǱߺܶںͻѧˡʱչһ£ҲȥǱ֮ʹһս˵뵱꣬ҿΪã֪֮ﶼ˼䡣
ڣҵûоǱãֻҪúѧϰѡ
ҲǣСӶƷûʲôر׷ֻҪܹоͺҸˡսҡҡͷѧõѧҲ͸ѧ֪ܹߵһ˵ʵԼ⿪-׶˹ԺȱڵʱЩ𾪡
û𾪡û뵽ׯεȻһ˵ǹƥܹ⿪ǧ֮һѶȣǺܶ޷ġ
аͣɻû˽⿪Ѿ˵Ѷȡִѧķֻ֧Ҫоһ֧Ѿ˲ĳɾ͡ׯεȻһֱеš
սڹ֮ӣ˵֮ӡȻʱѧȤǫ˵ԼǱ˭սšѧϵҵ˹̹ѧѧѧѧʿѧλֻùϵ󽱣ڻع֮ǰҪμݴѧĽڡ
ţȫǺġ
սڴûмׯεȻţʲôһѧͻᣬѧѧϵ֪ʶһҪ̫ɣܶʱֻҪ׺ϾܹĳЩ͸ٻѯ⣬ﵽ˲ʿҵʱ򣬶ѯܶ⡣
ׯεȻʱֻѯʹһιѧϵ⡣֮⣬Լ׺ϣûѯʹκˡ
ʲôţš
Ҫ˽öô͸˾ܹɼеоսûмѧʵ̫ɫսׯεȻصʱý˶ׯεȻսڣЦ˵ӴգСׯҲˡ
ʦáׯεȻϹϾĽôһսڵЦе˵ˣСׯҿ³Է
ׯεȻһԱߵսڡ
սЦһ䣬ҸϽģøȥ
ׯεȻͷʵڲǰϡ
һٷ֮ׯεȻǺսһֱ˵ſ顣սڵЦеؿǣҲû˵
ȵϲҪŵʱսŽׯεȻͻؾ
ٹǱҵ磬ׯεȻҲսڼ̫ãҪһЩͱҵйصĵȵȡ
صᣬׯεȻץʱ顣
ܿ죬ҵ죬ԭ-׶˹Ժȱھһǳ˵Ŀ⣬οǽ⿪⣬ҽ⵱ǲʿҵĿ⡣˸оǳ죬ٺ֮ܶ궼ǽⲻģ۽⵱Ǳҵ⣬δŰ
ѧɽ˺˶̨վŸճׯεȻộȫ֪ѧҺѧң󲿷ֶǰлѧԺѧѧԺʿǰ룬ƣ˵ǻѧѧʿҵһΡ
ׯεȻһ̨һ˫˫棬Ǵ۾ﲻͣŹġ´ʲô©ͺˡս޹⣬ǵ
ׯεȻ𣿡
˿ʼСţô-׶˹Ժȱڣǰ;
ǿɲ˵Ѿǰ˹ٴѧѧߣ˹ǱҲ׼һڵְλҲ֪֮󻹻᲻
ҿͦѵģ˵ǰͽ⿪⣬ⲻ⿪⡣˵ˣ˲ſǹҼġϧ˸־
ˣĸѧѧѧѧѧȥȫǰУϼʱ䣿˵֪ʶͳǰоͱǶܶ࣬˼ҵǮǻѧУǮʱ䣬ܶ෽ȷʵϲ˼ҡͦġ
˭ǻϲ˼ҷң˲أôЩ꣬ȥ˲ж٣˲ж٣ʵﶼСܻѾллˡСտҪνڵģСׯȥƻܵӡҪ˼ʱ䣬ܵνڡǱ߻÷ˮ˹ٴѧǸطʲôоɡоѧǻѧǴѧвٵʽ֧֡Ŀǰǹң϶ġҪҲҪع
ҶĬˣʵˡܶʱвŻΪĳЩأûа취⣬ûʽ֧֣ڹšֻҪܻòƵʽ֧֡
ҪǻǮûм̫꣬෽Ҫӭ׷ϣȻÿĿоѲ٣ÿĿһ£ĿǰҪЩĿľһ֣ʣԵоľѾٵÿ
ôУоĿԱ˶һ㣬˾Ҫһ㡣ƽ䣬ԵоҲиصǲôҪо
ôһ룬Ҳͦõġ
Ժܶѧ֮ѧѡڹⶨӣһҵĹȷʵǷչйұȲ˵ġҹҲɲ٣оޣܶʱ򣬲ܴԼϲĿоڷң˵Ҫɲ١
˱˵ˣҪʼҵˡ
ׯεȻѧˣһ˵һӽǰѾarXivԼNSTLϵģλڶѾƪġ
Ͳ׸ڿʼ㡣в̫ĵطлλָׯεȻתűʿʼںڰдŹʽ
žžžʼӴڰͣĻصѧׯεȻдú档
Ҳû˵רĵؿдںڰϵĹʽܿ죬ڰͱׯεȻдڰ壬ʼд
ʽǳƯ֣ʵ̫ͨ²ôһ䣬ֿʼĿźڰϵĹʽ
ʱһһȥû˵˵ʵͨǴӹʽͼϣκεëˣ˶ѾֹһεĿ֤ʲô׵ĵطѾѯʹսڣͨսѯׯεȻ
ںڰϵ֤֮ǰ֤ˡ
һʱ䣬ѧֻׯεȻںڰд
һ֤д꣬ׯεȻתˣλûʲôط̫
㿴ңҿ㡣֤ʵ̫Ϥˣ֪ٴΡʲôطܶҡͷʾһж˵ġ
ׯεȻˮƽ˵ǲʿҵǵνǳѧ֮Ķǹġ
ҡûвĵط𣿡ׯεȻҲûвμӹʿҵģЩںԺʿһܾƵġô˽죬ûһ˵ȫĬڰɡ
ĬĬţһҵ磬糿ʡһЩ衣ⶼû˵
ϲ㣬ׯʿͻȻվЦ˵ıҵˡ
ׯεȻǳ죬ԭأţͽˣ


21 
һλվǻѧԺѧѧԺʿһϲׯεȻȻΪׯεȻѾȫõ˲ʿҵ֤飬ûκεˮ֡
ϲ㣬ׯʿ
һںԺʿվׯεȻһ±Ƶ״̬СĶûʲôսǰׯεȻСׯϲ㣬ʿҵˡ
ϣܹҵס
ɡׯεȻ㵵˵ЩʡԵġ
ûǶˣƪģҶоЩʡһ۾ܿλԺʿ˵ׯʿϲ㣬ϣܹѧѧͻƺ͹ס
ллׯεȻĬĬţҺᣬȫʿҵǳֱ꣬Ҫ˸ƷƵġңǴ磬ֻ֤ûбۣô£
ںԺʿǣʼ뿪ѧսڿߵׯεȻƺЩѣۼֿؽסׯεȻǵһΪʿҵͨѧĲʿ
ллڡׯεȻֳŽ̨սЦ˵ˣСӽûгԷϽģȥԷ
һʱļڣѡھȥ˳㽫ѧоĽõ֣Ϣһʱ䣿
ˣһȥ˹ٰɡ
Ҿ֪һȲҪȥ˹١սҡҡͷȰϢһʱ䣬ȥģҿӦǵȲǸʱˡ
ôˣׯεȻΪϸһģû뵽ôˡ
ذսǺЦ˵ǷƶĽѡˣǻѧϣ
ҪӵлĵһλƽǲǴõġսڳ˵Ҷкܸߵϣ㲻Ҫκεѹôô졣
ģһṼڴġׯεȻ˵֮սھһһڣǲӦȥʰһ£
ȥɣˣѧУҪ䷢ÿŵʱ䡣սڸĶ˵üĽء
⡭ô𣿡ׯεȻһսЦ˵֮ǰûи˵
˵˵ôǮׯεȻǾúܲ˼飬ôһǮֱӸˣʵ
СӡսׯεȻļ򣬡㻹ǻȥú룬˹ǱߣӦôɡΪѧߣ϶ǲסѧġǱߵǻһְλǷӵ⣬ҪԼ
Ҫʵûа취ҵǿԸһˣ˹ǱߺöˡӦǿԸӵ⣬˵ûʲô飬Ҳѧϵ⡣
ģׯεȻĿսڣսڵ𣿡
ʦܰɣҲǾҵģȥսͣһ£Ұϵʽ㣬Ҫȥ֮ǰúϵһ¡
㣬Ǳزģʲô顣
ллڡׯεȻĵػصᣬϾҪȥǱߣ뻹е᲻ѧУء
׺ϻͼݣʼʰٹҪ䷢ҵ֤飬˳Ὣ⿪-׶˹ԺȱڵĽҲ
˵฻УƾԼŬ׬Ǯ㣡
ׯεȻûȥ֮ǰְ飬˵ʵûǮҲȥְȦļְ
ǵҵ֮󣬽־θϢҪڹڲμӱҪҪȥ
ȻׯεȻͦȥģʱ䲻̫һЩźģ־ηϢ˵Լûʱ䣬Ҫֳ顣
ûʱȥ־εı
ʰ˶ڶȥĴʹǰԭΪЩԱû뵽ܿͰɡ
ׯεȻЩŹ֣ΪҪ֮ģû뵽ôͰ
뿪ʹ֮صᣬΪҪѧУʱ䣬ȶǰŦԼĻƱ꽱֮ǰ˹ٴѧ
Ȼ⼸ʱ䣬ҲķĿ⣬˹ٴѧ֮ҪµĿ⣬оµĿ⡣˳㻹ȥһսڣսЦ˵û뵽ǵСŻв鰡
ׯεȻ˵ʲôֻεͷЦš
սڸһ̣ׯεȻУս˵ڣˡ
СսڵͷĿׯεȻ뿪

ӵ֪ͨǰѧʱׯεȻϡϡȺϣսڳ֣Աߵĳգգ۾
ׯεȻСߵ£ŵ˵ʦܣ콱Ĵӡ
ҳһ٣
ûеׯεȻ˵ԱߵսڶݺݵڳϣϹʲô֣ʦȥⲻóԷ֪թʦܡ
ڡ￴ս˵Ҳ̫ƫ˰ɣ
ÿʲôöʦţô˵Ҳѧ
ܺʦһ𣿡սڵ˳һۡ
̯֣ׯεȻ˵ʦܣʦҲ̫ƫˡ
ׯεȻҽӻսִ˳һ£С㡣
ҾۼҪǰ䷢ѧѧԺѧѧʿҵׯεȻĽ𡣡վڽ̨ϣЦ˵ϲׯʿ⿪-׶˹ԺȱڣͬʱҲϣׯʿܹп⣬Ϊѧѧ촴õδ
ׯεȻϽ̨ߵݸĽҲ֪Цʲô֮ԼõʱıһǷǳŹֵġ
ͷ˺üƬׯεȻ̨֮߻ڽžׯεȻĽںͲʿԼʿ
ս˵ʲôʱȥ
ɡׯεȻ룬ҺԿ׽Աȥ
ɡսͣһ£˳Ұѽλĵ绰㣬ŦԼ֮ϵ
ллڡ
ҿˡսҡҡͷ㻹ǸлԼɣҪôţҾϲҲûʲôòǡ
ׯεȻҲ˵ʲôԱߵĳ˵ڣҺôҲѧҪһ㰮Ұɡ
һȥսŭĿųҴѧ
ڣʵ̫ˡװӹ֣Ҫʼޡ
ׯεȻԱ˵ʦ֣ס㶼ʿҵôˡ
һֻ̣㣬˵ȥǱֱ֮ӾǸڡԺҪعĻƾǽˡ̾Ϣ˵ٶȣȽڶҪ졣
ĽˡսԱüͷҪȥӣ
ҾþҲͦġＱæ֡
ׯεȻЦţҲ̫λԺ˵ŻԺ˵껰֮󣬴Ҹ뿪սںȻׯεȻĶ˵Сׯ˵μӵǸĿϾҪˡ
һ뵽ԼڽĿϵǷԣҡͷ˵ɱ𿴡
ôںشׯεȻôе㲻̫أ
ǣֻǾýڲӦÿǸĿ
𿴾ˡ
ׯεȻ˵꣬첽뿪
սںͳһۣôˣ


22 Ŀ
˵ϲһڵʱ䡣ׯεȻǰ֮ǰĿûв
ֻҪ뿪ӦεͲᷢǱߣ˻ῴĿɣ˹ٴѧѧҵôأ˭ڵֵֹĽĿ
ӱսںͳʦ֣ׯεȻԼ
ŽڸֻţׯεȻһʱ֮䣬֪ӦӦϵλڡŵȺɻʱֻ
һİĺ룬ӵġλڸĵ绰ɣôôׯεȻ½˵ãׯʿ𣿡
ǣׯεȻǣ
ɣ˹ٴѧѧϵĸڣǳׯʿܹ˹ٴѧڵ绰ͷٺʣȽᣬո˵ϾҪϷɻˣԸ˵һĺԼʱҲѯһ£ȥŦԼ㡣
ׯʿǷǳ˵һ˽⿪-׶˹ԺȱڡҪ֪ҲĽо⣬һ⣬Ƕʧˡɸڸп̾ţ˹ٴѧ֮󣬻ѧһİ٣ҿаġ
ллڡׯεȻһھͰѺźʱ䷢Σ
õģף;졣عҵ˵绰֮󣬾յׯεȻϢ
һۣڵϲѯִʱ䡣
һγׯεȻ黹ЩġһȺϷɻ

սڻصʱѾʮӡǾѧϵĽڣǾѧоĵĸ߼оԱȽϷء
ţϱɳϡ
սףϴţЬʱЦ˵ʲôأ
աϱһŵ˵ҿСׯڵӻˣ
𣿡սȽ׷ɳ£ŵĻϵˣׯεȻ
ǽĿԤɣʲôʱʼˮս׼Ƥ֮һӻׯεȻ˵ţ磬ƹɣ
սܹ־εıȫһģ
ûˮҭסѹСׯĿģҪûгƻᱻ԰סһ١
Сׯ⻰˵ãûûصġսڵϱҡͷǰ»ƹͦҵģһھûõҲֻõһھСׯ⻰ڸ˿𣿡
սڵͷֱܵҪׯεȻ⣬ҪСׯûʲôʱ俴Щƾܶ˵ƹ˶ԱǳŻ˵Ļ
ǵҲǡսڵϱǷǳŵģׯεȻÿ춼ľͷ治ῴ˶֪Щ˶Աĳɼ
ʲôط˵ƹ˶ԱǳԲŻô˵һ䡣֪ƹʧ顣ͺƹ˶ԱҲ֪ׯεȻ⿪ǧһһѶԷʹ㡣
գ⻹ֻһԤƬôСׯôأǽĿ𣿡սڵϱ̫ϤׯεȻˣսû¾ͰؼҳԷ⣬յʱȻ࣬Ǻܶʱն
㾭ࡣսˮô
ҹСׯڽĿ϶˵Щġսڵӱǳ֮ǰҲ¼ƹǳĽĿҲʱսڽ飬ڼŮʱ˳ȦǰҲһǣ÷ӳоͬѧ
Ȧ˶սڵӼ޸ս飬Щġô飬޸һ֪ڡ
Ŀ϶мġ
ս룬ˣСׯѾ˹٣ҹţ⼸ǲġع˭ǵ⵵顣Ҳ磬ҲûʲôáСׯ˲ţ˭ΪϹһսĿ˵䲻᲻صĻͲоҶɵӡ
ҲǡսڵȻᳪϷҪΪսڽӣҲԾڵϡ
˵ϱսڿ˵ҲӦûˡ
ôЦ˵Ǿڼҳ԰ʳˣ
СսҡͷֻǾӦʲô飬ǲϰ࣬ҲһȤòǡڼҲһ飬ĸ˻ҪһĶԡ
ܵʲôҲȫĵͶ뵽ͥսʼ磬ȻֻҸ˵뷨ֻǾҵԼϲ
ô죿
һĶ԰ɡսЦе˵˼Сׯ
أСׯţҲŰսһۣΪսȷʵ˵ûûвҪȫĵͶ뵽ͥУûһ˽ʱ䡣ô˶ԶģӦһЩԼϲ
ҪĻҿ԰ϵһ¡Ĳ˵绹ǻսӵġ
Ҳи뷨ϲϷ衣ҪǿźӻСͦģȫܡ
սں뷨࣬˻Ůˣ׬Ǯһ¡ܵҪиԼҵܹ
ҸҪ㣿ЦһҹСׯӦͦҵġ
ô˵
ҵôǣ֪СׯЩʵ̫кˡƬų֮Сׯ֪ôء
ǿǡսڲ֪ô˵
ҿҲûж೤ʱ䣬ĿҪˡЦ˵Сׯҹȥڹڻָôء
Ǹôսüͷ浱Ĳʿǳصģ
͵Ц˵

˹֮ׯεȻɵİѧУķӡһȥѧУְܿá
Це˵ϲׯʿŶӦýׯڡׯεȻգۣ˹ٴѧһλʮĸڣҲǵһλʿҵ֮󣬾ͳΪڵĲʿ
ׯεȻ֪˵ʲôЦļ򣬡ٹ죬˹ٵĻ˽ǻһᣬʱϣҲȥ
˵ţĳһݸׯεȻ
ãллׯεȻӹһ׼ʱμӵġ
ڡׯεȻЩŤ˹ٴѧͼʲôط
ŵǰ档ͻȻʶׯεȻھҪȥͼݰɣһİ칫Ҷûȥȥͼˣ
ǣ˵СׯɾýСׯһЩ˶ѧϵĸڣȷʵׯεȻ˺ܶࡣ
ϾҪ񱼵֮꣬Сׯڻûе֮ꡣһСׯҲȷʵǿԵġ
ׯεȻһɣڣôˣ
ܵÿ칫Ұɣ
ˡׯεȻҡͷȥͼݿ׺ϣȻ⣬ȥ칫Ҳü
ѧѾҪβְˣ¸ѧڲŻпΡгʱо׺ϣ˳㽫ύȥ
аɡɹԼ϶סׯεȻģģ϶Ҫһ
صң׼ϢȺͻȻ˷һƵƵܿɾͿˡ
ׯεȻǸյ˹ٴѧĸڣ
£ֻɣ˵ȥյѧš
Сׯǽ쿴Сׯİ
װڹڵ϶ء
ӣȷʵͦġҲôɣ
ˣⲻ˵ǵһǡ
һ£æ򿪵ԣҪڵ˾ôСׯġ


23 ɱ
˵һϹڵվׯεȻ֣ȫׯεȻ˵ĿûпôׯεȻ˾ôˣ
ͷе㲻˼飬СׯҲûʲôɣ˵仰治ôɡʵе㲻̫ΪʲôСׯᱻô
Ĳڰɣͱ
ǿҵĺģɿʼׯεȻĻ
ׯεȻǸɵӰɣ֪ƹʧ˵Ļڹİɣ
ӦҲǣׯεȻ˵ƹǶλȷʵЩˡȻҲ֪ڵƹ򵽵ΣЩ˵Уѷֱ棬ӦǵƹȷʵȽϼѡҲôݡ
Ϊһǣ֪һμӽĿ˵˭ˣƹû˽⣬Բз۱ˣƿ㲻ϣֱǡ
ȵȣׯεȻûз˿ȫģ
Ȼһ˿ûУʲôǣѵ𣿻ҳۣ
̫Цˣȥ˿Ǳ߿һۣû֧ׯεȻ˵ǳֵˣȻһ˿ûУȻһϢһﲻûз˿ҲûΧ
ܲȥֿ飿һֱǰܻȦķʵ̫ɺˡ
ǣҾûŪׯεȻҲߣÿͦÿģҲʵ̫ˣʲôãңȦҲûбÿˣ˭ôôǰ
⿴ĿԤҾܹ뵽һ﾿жôˣģɳΪ־ͷ״ʲôطһڳġۣһƬ
ׯεȻ˵ǿսַķ˿ԭĿǼҸĶҽĿ˵ׯεȻк̨Ӧнʽ顣ôĽĿׯεȻһûɫûʵⳤɣȦҲرڣûǼҵķÿҲ֪Ǽҷȶȡ
ɶ˵ƹԣׯεȻĻȷʵͦɵġһһҷȶȣеԻ󰡣˼ҸûᵽַɡôͲַȶˣ־λƹӵ֮أϽ֮ۿɼģ־ҪеƹӵΣҽҲͦģҾͿҲ֪治ƹǹսȷʵûмҪ˭ȶȡ
ⶼûأǾ֪ׯεȻװ
ׯεȻװװҲ֪ûнҲַ֪֪϶нһݼУʸһҲܳΪҲû˭ˡ
ϲׯεȻַҲϲǳŽ־ģַķ˿һֱˢַλҪȫʶ
ܽһ£κ˵ķ˿ͦǵġ·˺޹۸УׯεȻҲԼ̫Ȧ˷ۣķ˿ָ˿һء
ҾûŪׯεȻ˵ǿʲôȦģ
˵Ը˶ԱҲκһǵġ˶ܽȦȦҩ裬ôˣʲôʱŻḴҹעΧþˣһֱڷƬȫûиĸо찡츴
뵱ư޵ʱЩʲô飿ǿʵʵʵңҲļ޸˰顣˵˺ǹڣã
ô˵ѧʱʶһѧϰɼãһƯ˳ѧڵڣǰջع˲֪ôϵϵġ֮ˣⶼǰ
˭ķ˿𣿻ܱǷĶľǡ
ƼûЩǵԭûʵȫһǷ˿˰ɣǷ˿˵òң
룬ûаЩׯεȻҲˣûҪׯεȻЩ˵ʵЩׯεȻûκεɱҲ˵˹ٴѧ˿Щ᲻Ḷ֮һЦкܶ˸
ҲڻȦׯεȻ΢еѣˣụ٩䣬Ҳˡ
ʱׯεȻȴǳգյ˹ٴѧͽӵԹڵİ绰
½ʱׯεȻе±ƣׯ𣿡
ǡׯεȻӦһҲ֪Է˭ʲôթƭ绰ɣ
xxxĿĵݣҿĿϵıַǳʣп𣿡ǷǳʣֱŷųԤ档ѾϱǵصڽĿ֮ܲϴײ̫ĳλׯεȻ֮£ԵΪͰףЧֱ
ϴ׻ˣֻҪǸϴ׵ĽĿȻҪġ
ûׯεȻЩƣȻյĿ룿
Ǯ⡣ݼ˵ֻҪΧ֮ڣǶԸ㡣ǽĿ鲻룬·ǳǵľ˺͹˾ڱĽҪμӽĿ
ƾׯεȻ鶼ׯεȻģϴ׵ȫˡȫȼԼˣֻҪׯεȻڣĻʲôϴ׵ǡ
治Ǯ顣ׯεȻԴǸĿǣڵѧûʱ䡣
ǣׯǮĺعĻƱǿԱ
治ǻعƱ⡣ׯεȻͷ˵ģڸ˹ٴѧעǼǣѧھҪʼڿΣûʱعңһҪ⣬ȵ֮顣ԶԲĻز˹
˵꣬ͣǱߵĵݷӦֱӹҵ绰
Уһʲô᣿ŭˣׯεȻĲ֪ߵǣ˵ǵԴ绰پ˶ϸŸ绰ԼϽĿׯεȻãһҲ˵Լ˹ٴѧڿΡ
ʲôЦǵľͷ˹ٴѧڿء
ݡԱߵǵľ˱ϹϾ˵ǸׯεȻӦ𣿡
ߡݶݺݵ˵һ䣬˲ʶôҡ
ׯεȻһλԼǸʲôôˣʱ򡣡˷ţԱߵĵЦһ˵ңᣬɾûˡ
Ȼҵڶ˵ׯεȻн˵ûн˶ûС
ļٵģ
ģ֮ǰ˵ǳֵľڴҲǴһʱ䣬Ͳ֮ҹƣӦûн֪ԼˣϽĿ˰ɣ
˭֪ءһʲôȻϽĿҵĽĿˡ
ôƮƮһ仰ֱӰׯεȻɱˡ
ׯεȻȷʵͦͷ۵ģΪܶĿ鶼֦һһܾ
ûʲôʱȥϽĿοûбҪȥϽĿ
ׯεȻ֪ȫܾ֮󣬼е̨ƽ̨ĵݣ޲ֱӰɱ⻹ûأͿʼˣƣз˿˻ˣ
տʼׯεȻʵе̨ųҪɱׯεȻû˷Ӧе̨ųϷɱׯεȻ
ׯεȻûΧû֪顣
Ӫһֱڳ


24 ͦ
ׯεȻ֪ҲֻһЦ֮ʲôЦЩӪź˵Ȼµġ
ڵӪֵúܻ죬ֻ̨ܷųɱׯεȻȻ֪ׯεȻûк̨ǵ̨ԲվԼɱׯεȻ顣
ӪžͲһˣǲǵ̨ҪɱׯεȻ˷Ȳһȶ˵
δȱɱׯεȻϡһһγӫĻϣ
ƪ±תغܶΣӪ˵б۾ġ͸ڴ͵̨쵼͵˵Ƶģ˿ʼЦׯεȻ
ⶼûأͿʼƮˡ
ϧׯεȻǼһûΧһҪȥׯεȻΧЦǹԣׯεȻ޵ׯεȻĲ֪ƹӵ״ϲƹ򣬹ԶԭׯεȻ
ַķ˿ֻҲֻһڵľ
ƺׯεȻҪΪһ罻ˣׯεȻׯεȻĻǾ츸ĸֵ֡
е̨͵͵ҪɷׯεȻ
һ£Ȼô˵̨ҪϷɱׯεȻֱֽǷɱׯεȻĵ̨ҪׯεȻôӦ
û뵽ׯεȻĻӦǡûлӦ
ΪׯεȻֱӰˣ˭ǹڳʲôţ˼ûп˽⡣
˹ٵׯεȻմӿѧоǱȡһĽ׼ύµĿ⡣ͬһǰ칫ҡ
ߵ칫ǰָָ˵һ칫ңԺҪʲô飬ֱӸ˵С
õġׯεȻͷˣڣ׼⣬ѾдˣֱӽȥУ
ȻЦлӦׯεȻǸţ˹ٴѧֹоκο⡣
Ҹ˶ԣһǷǳ棬Ŀǣ
°ͺղ룬⡣ׯεȻе㺦ߣΪ֮ǰҾѾоҲ֪ҵĽǽѧѧġ֮ǰĿⶨ-׶˹Ժȱڣ˹ٴѧҪоһ´ѧĿ⡣
°ͺղ룿˶ɵˣǵһ˵Ҫо°ͺղ룬ͬĻڸѧ
Ƕгһգܹ⿪ĳ룬Ϊѧҡ˵Ӵ˳Ϊȷʵʳǣкܸߵλͳɾ͡
ׯεȻһɬС˵ԼҪ⿪°ͺղ롣ʵƾһ֮Ѿ⿪һѧˣǵһμ
ǡСׯ׼Σ
аɡʵо-׶˹֮ǰѾʼо°ͺղ⣬Ϊȥо-׶˹⣬԰֮ǰоŵһߣóӦⲻرɡ٣֮꣬϶ܹ⿪ġ
˵ݵĻׯεȻҲû˭ˡ
СׯԵġɸׯεȻͣڰ칫һ
סýɸׯεȻǰģȻϵ׽١ɽСׯͽɣɸ硣
ɸ磬ҵȥͼһЩ׺ϡ
ׯεȻʰŶһοҪסİ칫ңΪ֮ǰӦö칫
СׯиɶԣһҪǰ
áׯεȻĻӦɣ뿪칫ֱ֮ͼݿʼܶѾϰߣһ첻׺ϣһ¿⣬ܾȱһʲô

硣ܵ־εǰ㿴ȫ²ׯεȻġ
ǰЩ죬ǲμӱûʱ俴ΧȻǷʽѵŸշųѾʹΧϿǵضׯεȻĻ
ȻϲѵġׯεȻλ̫СϲѡһѽĿ֣ȫׯεȻġ
־Ŷѵֻһ£öĶС
˵磬ׯεȻôôоÿ˶
㿴òԣкܶû
ҿΧ涼
־óֻ㿪Χ
ȻΧкܶׯεȻ򱧲ƽ
־̾ϢһǣȦǡֻҪʵ֤ԼҲҪʲô衣ʱģ˵滰Ȧ˼ܶ顣
־vһֱڲμӱѵûʱ俴Χ쿴һ£ʵСׯͦõģֻǲ̫ϲԶԺܶ˽Ƚ١֪ǻƹ˵ǷϣҲҪⴧСׯҺСׯڽĿ֮Ҳϵҵı
⣬ͻȻׯεȻ˵û뵽ġ
ǣͱۏȦĻˮ˰ɣһƹ˶ԱúñúѵˣĲô
ׯεȻͨ찡˵Ÿѵ꣬ý͡ҹҲǽʵ̫ˣƢһѣׯεȻѾȥҽԺˡ
أʵ̫ˣܳɽŮ𣿡
¶ɣǿģټƽϡ
ֻҼҽʵ̫ˣׯεȻ꾫֪ʲôֶΡ
ñ˵ôõˣׯεȻ̣ˡ
֮ûӣֱת˽Χ
ʲôֻĻǰ˶ɵˡѾѧҵܾãǸа죬ϲЩǵ͡ǴѧʱӴƷϲ
ֱŮ񣬲ǵӾ硢ӰǸǲܱġ׵ʵɣһżɵȴƫƫҪʵˡ
־ȥϲϵ˶ǣкȥǳ⣬üĿ͸峺Ӣߴ˭˲ϲأοƢǳáڱϻ˽£Ƿǳ˵ˡ
оǽ־ҲĸԺӰԣҾԾڷ˿ۻͻ
ֻҪпգͻȥĻ򿨣ʹһƷ
vСׯӣʱ̫˵ĺܲҿ˲ֻһŶҶСׯ⺢ӷǳϤرõˣҲһرĺӡϣҲҪΪĿϣ˵Ϊ̫˽⣬Բź˵Ļ֪ȷʵûʲôȤֻ־v
ôˣ
ҪǱˣգգۣոҪմׯεȻ˰
û°ɣ
ǣׯεȻǺηʥ˳ô춼û˰˵һ˰˵
һﻹûΧҾͲţҲΧ
СϢׯεȻ˵ѧϤȥ䷹
İ˲ǽڡʿʦ˵Ǿİ
ңׯεȻǾĲʿܣôǡ
ǰׯεȻ治װģǡ
һ㣬ҪһСѾÿͰѾˣԼ飬ҪԼе
ˣͽǱ˶Բԣ
ɵˣҲɵˡȻ滹кܶ˳ׯεȻλΧ֮󣬲ûɾΧš
ҿһֵţ˵͵ǱׯεȻ͵Ѫͳ


25 ը
ɶ⣿ׯεȻ͵ʲôϵ͵¶Ҫ֣ôʲô͵
ǣׯεȻΪʲô͵
һϹ˻þ
ʲô飿
ôˣ
ϳ˵һ±ƣΧѺȻһѡ
͵ׯεȻ͵Ѫͳ
ׯεȻ⼸챻Ⱥûǻһ˸Ͳ֪ׯεȻ˭֮󣬾ȻһӪϡ
֮ǰ͵ýͱׯεȻʵ͵Ѫͳġ
ôׯεȻ˭أźܶ˶ǳ±ƣׯεȻΪʲô͵ϵһ
ģȫ𱬵սĿһһαׯεȻȥճ꣬ͦÿġһһÿĻƿǰ죬Ϊ˵⣬⵽˴ǵķСһˣ͵ΪʲôҪ͵أ
Ϊ͵Ѿ͵񫣬ǺõĻǻģҪ͵͵ȥʵȻˡ
ֻһǣ͵Ȼǲ͵Ѫͳġе߸ҶׯεȻӡǱ֪ںܶ˶ڳЦׯεȻ
ʣ˽ׯεȻ𣿳ЦׯεȻҲкöʱˣȻʵϣׯεȻǻƼѧҵǴѧѧѧֱҵǧ֮һ-׶˹Ժȱڡ
ҹѧˣiuͨӽ֤֤ׯεȻȷġĽ⿪-׶˹ԺȱڣСϢׯεȻѾΪѧߣǰ˹ٴѧǱߵѧϵĸڡ
͵֮ڹׯεȻ͵ѪͳΪǰҲкü͵ѧѧԼ⿪-׶˹Ժȱڣȴû˺档ֻׯεȻǱ϶ģȻ͵˵Ķ񶾲ֹˣţ͵ֶΣ£ˮȵȣбʼΪд͵ˣϣҲҪࡣ
ʲôûиɣǸſھׯεȻǾѧʿȥ˹ٴѧθڣ
ûһֿԣͬͬգ
Ǹɴ˵˲ͬͬգ඼һòã
ׯεȻĲʿҵգϿģǿ˺͵ϵׯεȻǲһˣ
ɵˣǸׯεȻ˵н𣿡
СϢׯεȻ˵ѧİ˻һѧǳֵĶү𣿡
ԣׯεȻĺ̨ʦֺʦ
ׯʦְǾѧϵš֮ǰڿƴʱͷǳǿսǸʱջعûжãһ۾Ϳׯʦ֣ǵȥֱΪ飬ƴѧϵ;ѧϵìܣôһѧţȷʵֵѧУ󶯸ɸꡣ˵Ѿȥ˹ٵѧˣ
ׯʦֲǾķ𣿽⿪ǧţˣԼȺܶҵڴţҪţƴ˹ٴѧֱܹ֮ξѧϵĽڡܿϧѧоĻûׯʦ֣Ѿܳˡ
˹ٴѧĸڰҲţžѧɡ
ΪƹԣͻȻׯεȻΪʲô˵Щ˵Ļˣλû˽
ַķ˿ѡԭׯС
֮ǰΪĸĪѡʵ̫ˣû뵽ȻеѡҿһۣкûΧ
˶֪˻칤֮⣬ׯʦָûκ˺šΪҪĿľȥarxivnstl׺ϡ
ĤݴУȻ͵ʲôöʲôõģҪԼžǶ̫ĽְֵԵʰɡ
ΣգˣִĻҲ͵жԱ
ܿ죬ƽϲѣΧˣ֪ܿׯεȻһ͵ɵĻѧС
̣
ǻûӦʱ򣬳Ѿ֪ͨׯεȻȻ͵˸ˣ
һĻˣĲ͵˰
˹ͼݿׯεȻ˶ɵˣɵġǰ֪͵޳ܣȻû뵽ܹ޳ֵܵزúúõģҥ͵ˣҪҪô޳ܰ
æ򿪸˲͵ҳһӢİİĳ塣Ĳ͵ˣĻˣ벻ҪĹ
Ȼɣ͵ڲֺһ¾У͵Ҳû뵽鴫Χô㷺ׯεȻ˲֮ίھʦֳһڹڵ
ȻΧģ˳㻹һ͵ʹݡ
ʵȷʵǹٷĶģʹѧԷġٷҲɵӣ֪ҪҲѾȥüĻˣԲִĻˡׯεȻˣһ֪Ͳ͵ˡ
Ǳ͵Ļ飬ǹٷͷڹٷ͵͵Ҳǹٷֲ֧ǡ
Ҷɵӣ͵͵һУû˷ĵ
ѸٷׯεȻĳ壬Ҳȥĵڶ졣
ΧһƬ͡
ׯʹʧ͵г
ҷ·ѾׯУһʵ̫Цˡ
֪͵ϲɣֻû뵽͵ƤѾֵزˡ
Ȼ͵òԣ֮ǰϮ͵պ͵Ӿô˵˵ˣֲǹٷΪǾĹٷΧȥ͵ʹݵΧ⽻¹ʰɣ
ˣû뵽ͷȻо͵ʶˣ
һ˵ú͵û͵ǵĵӾƵģĳЩ͵ԲзۣŹڵĶֵӾ磬Ϊ͵ԭˡ
һ͵˰ɣǻˣʮǮ˳ͦ򵥵ġ
ðһ䣬͵ʮǮ׬𣿡

硣ѵڣ־šһƿˮתͷԱ˵ôˣ
ȥ磬ʶһ񡣡Աǿŵý־κѶ
ʲô˼־ֱڵϣڴڵĺſȪˮ
ׯεȻԱԱߣûп˲òࡣ
㵽Ҫ˵ʲô־ʧЦôѾڸȦƵġ
ǸׯεȻ˹ٴѧĸڡΧϿġ
ʲô־һ£Сׯ˹ٴѧĸڣЦˣھ𣿡
ǰꡣĲʿձҵΪѧߣǰ˹ٴѧޣұ˹ٴѧΪڡ
־˶ɵˣ˵СׯʶСׯȷһˣ
Ǹճ𣿡
Ȼôꣿǰѧ⣬͵Ųʿҵ걻֤ʵ⿪ⲻֱӱҵȥ˹ٴѧ𣿡Աпţ
ȷʵý־û뵽ׯεȻȻô
ˣϻһϢ
ʲôϢ
͵Ǳ˵ׯεȻ͵Ѫͳ
ۡ־αǺˣСׯ͵Ѫͳ
ⲻֱӱ𣿡ҲúЦϢմĵڶ죬ׯεȻʾԼǴĻˣûʲôν͵Ѫͳ
͵˷𣿡־˵š
飬ȴûн


26 ޳
Ҫǲ裬˭ȥһŵˣֻǿֱӴƵġ͵ԱʲôزŻ˶Ҫɣ
һʯǧˣý嶼౨顣
ǽϢʱ˶ܹΪý塣ԭֻ͵ڲǵ˻֮ͷǳ㷺ˡټׯεȻϿɲҺȥ˹ٴѧѧ߼꣬˰͵ˡ
ǻˣɲ뵱ʲô͵ˡ
͵ʹûзκεۣ͵˿ʼׯεȻ˵ƻ͵ͻѺùϵģׯεȻǱɵǸ
ɣ˼һ˵ׯεȻǲҪ͵ȥ͵ˣʲôˡɣ͵˿ʼڮׯεȻ
ϷǳĻң˵ʲôĶУıΪׯεȻĺ̨ǿԲȥޡһĲʿзѧߵҪ󳹲ׯεȻйϵˡ
ׯεȻĳɼʵʵģ˭һ͵ûµȥһе顣
ңiuǳׯεȻ֤ǧ⣬ҿѧоׯεȻȥͬʱ뺯
ׯεȻѧоֻʱׯεȻûб̬ѡ
ϵϢģǼٵģҪǵķֱ档Ȼ磬Զ֪˵жء
ׯεȻͲҲ֪Щ顣Ѿˣûʲôϵˡ
뷨ǳãʵǲпġԾܾе̨Ĳɷãĵ̨ɷãٻҪӵġսԴ绰ӽܲɷãô죿Ҳܲɷð
սڶˣܲܲɷ
ڲɷõʱ䲢ׯεȻҲ˵һԼʱĵᡣǺ͹ҵ̨ѺõĻ
ɿׯεȻʱڰ칫оϡ
˵㶼͵ˣ
ׯεȻ̧ͷץһͷ¶㶼֪ˣ
ڻȦӶˣҶ͵Ц͵ءû뵽ѾԱزҲҪһ²С
˵ˡׯεȻ̾Ϣ֪϶ôƽϢġ
ȻѾ˳壬ţ͵˻裬ָвͨҪˮأģȺ˾ǡ
ɣˣҪ͵׶йѧҴᣬʱȥأǲȥأ
չ⿪ǧѧǾʸǰѧҴģһԻ÷ƶĽһСʱѧᡣ
һ뵽Ҫȥ͵ׯεȻҪֱӾܾiu
ˣǱȥ˰ɣҪȺ͵˷ô죿
Ȼϯ͵ˣ޺ˡʵ޺˺͵Ҳûʲôͬſܻһ㣿
Щ黹ǱˣׯεȻҡҡͷԼֵֹ뷨ϳԺôûĿҪ
æɣѾ˴󲿷ֹڱ͵̨Ĳɷõ绰ҲѾɷù˵ǿɵоⲻҪЩ顣
㰡ҡҡͷѧУҲ͵ѧͽڣ͵ѧԼڣô죿˵㻹ڲϳ⡣Ӧö˰ɣ
Ҿǻˣⲻ͵˵͵˵ôҲܷˣѧУҲ׷ҵΰɣ
ׯεȻ˵ûѧУǲ׷ΡׯεȻǻˣǹ¶ȷʵǻûдֻǸĸֲ͵ɵġ
ô˵أ͵ͦСͦԱġѧУĽںѧ󲿷Ӧöûʲô⣬¶ɣ㻹ҪСһ㡣Ҿ͵˻ʲôΪ
⡭ׯεȻüͷҺܾᣬȥ͵ʱҵҪҪȥ
ȷʵһ⣬пܳΪһ÷ƶĽѧң͵ȷʵͦܵġǱߵַʲô裬֪ģ͵ԱԴ󡣡
ҲΪѣȷʵܼ֡
ϣѾ͵ѿʼһ͵˸˹ٴѧٱţΪׯεȻ͵ˣҪ˹ٴѧׯεȻ
һʼ˹ٴѧûлӦ͵˵Ըǳƫͺ˵ԱԴ
͹ȥƵġ
ԽԽͶߺ;ٱżҪ˹ٴѧռˡӲ͵ͻҲע⵽顣
һע⵽ĹýbΪһƵý塣͵ͻ̴ս˫ʱע⵽ׯεȻ͵Ѻͻսˡ
͵ڹڵվϱׯεȻҥׯεȻǳϮ͵ѧڵĲŽ⿪ǧ֮һ
ҳЦˡƹǲ𣿳˳ϮǾûˡ
ƹ͵ɲʲôôʣ͵ϲƹЦˡ
ƹʲô͵ǵĻƹ͵ˡ
⻰ǰѻ˸Цˣ͵ϲ͵Ļǻ͵͵ĻԭɣҲˣ͵̫Աȥ˹ٴѧдͶߣҪiuҪ֤ׯεȻ֤ǷĽ⿪ǧ⣬һƣׯεȻĳϮ˴͵ѧߵ׺ϡ
bͼӴףѵĶ绹ңרⱨֱӺ˹ٴѧiuҪǸһĽ͡
bϲģ͵ҲġĲͼӴףһھͺѡ
͵һֱbҳҡźҪ˹ٴѧiuһ𸴡
ӣ˵Ŀⶼۼ˹ٺiuϣɻûиκεĽͺͻشΪ飬Ͳûش
arxivϣׯεȻĶѾ˿ꡣûгϮ͵ѧߵģ˭ܹ˽ѧ˶ɵӡ˹ٸûа취ָǿׯεȻ˼ұǻûɣ͵˵͵ˣǳһ£ô͹͵ˡ߼˭ͨ
涼ûз飬ڲ͵ͻ˫ѵսҵںܶ˶
b֮cҲʼٱų´ʿȥǳڹ͵˼ȥվׯεȻһߡ
ӹʱĺǡׯεȻĪϣ
͵ׯεȻϮ
ׯεȻ  ǧ
ׯεȻ  һ
Ŀ黹һϺׯεȻȶȣһǽĿ黨Ǯġ
û뵽͵˵ƤȻô񣬾ȻׯгϮ
žΪ͵͵ϰˣ˭С͵ɣ
ֻһ˾ׯεȻܲ𣿲͵ɣ͵ˮڹڻо͵ׯεȻ
˵˹ٴѧiuĵкܶ͵˷ȥʼʵǿ͵˵Ĳһʲô塣
Ա£ΪԱԷˡ
ҪׯεȻҹƵñ˭֪ׯôˣȺ͵ˣֱ˺޵
˵λ˹ٴѧóԳԣúȺȣûʲôһĵطһȺ͵ȥеĸ˲
飬еĲǶ٣ҵȥһسӣ


27 
ׯεȻȥվԣϾ͵¼arxiv֮ǰһֱ֪͵˶Ѿܵĸ˲
Ϊ˲ҲǺٵ¼ģ˵ûʱ򣬲ȥͼݾо⣬ȥarxivѰϡ˭ûȥ˲Ͽԣֲ֮ġ
ܳһʱ䣬͵ڳܣҵڵʿۡׯεȻûƵģʲôʲôҲûаׯεȻ黹ǲҪׯεȻ֪ĺá˹ٴѧѧȻ˽»ۣǵׯεȻλյ˹ٴѧûжõѧңҲûµۡ
ׯεȻ˵Ǵһֱڹĸо
ֱʥҪ֮ǰѧͽڶ뿪˹ٴѧڼо⣬Ϣʱ¼˲ҪдһЩڲĵĵáû뵽͵͵ĸ˲ԡ
ҷǳ࣬кܶ໪Ѻõԡ
ׯεȻоرֻ֣ʹ÷㷭˼͵ѵĻҲ˵Ϯ͵ڵģ
ׯεȻһҲôһЩЦ
ѵǴ˵е籩Ϊʲôһ㶼ûĸоֻǾȺ˾͸СƵġ˵һ䣬⣿
ʱţׯεȻѧУ治ʶˡһЩ֮⣬ҲûкĸѧͽڽӴţɹůˡ
˹ٵĶ̫ùׯεȻÿæûʱġټڵˣȷʵѶȣɻĸһЩʳĹߵǰ˹Сΰǳãܱߵķȫ˹ٴѧھסĵطüŵģȫǻڻõڵķӡ
ׯεȻûж룬ֱӾͽŴ򿪡
վһλ׵İˣׯεȻеƣ˭
ׯ𣿡˹ٴѧѧôӢĶׯεȻ˵ׯڰɣ
ׯεȻشѧǣ
ãׯڣ͵ĵˡѧϹׯεȻλԳ͵ĵˣѲʦģ
ҽʥ
ŶׯεȻû˵վǰؿλ͵ĵˣҪ֪﾿ǸģѲ￹ˣ
˶ׯεȻϹ˵ϵ飬ʵǱǸ
ʲô飿ׯεȻ˫ֱǰ˵ǹ˵ҳϮҵ飬ʵ㲻ǸֻҪûңڮҳϮ鴿ûйϵ
ΪԼΪ͵
ûϵֻ͵ᣬֲ͵ˣûʲôĻҾȥæˡׯεȻλ͵һ崺ĸо
΢΢ͷ֪ʲô
ˡׯεȻҲļ˵Ȼȥɣ鱾Ϻûйϵ
ׯڣʵڷǳǸʥε˵ŻΪҲѧϵѧ
𣿡ׯεȻЦ˵İɣһһͬʵģԲΪ͵ͻ¶һ׼
ǳлׯڡѧ뿪ׯεȻҡͷ
صǰ˲ϻкܶȻǽ˵Ҳ٣ǻһЩҵڴ֡
޺ˣֱ߹𡣶Ա͵ƺԸѡ
ׯεȻ޶ԵĿЩ˳֣ڸ˲Ϸһ
ׯεȻϣҲҪڼȥҵȷʵص׺ϣѾעѧġңҿԷǳε˵Щ׺û͵ڹ׵ġԼҲ͵λңΪţ˹ٴѧiu󶼻һƽĽΪĳЩ˵һЩǾͻƫ˭
ѧһ飬ϣܹһ㣡
֮ׯεȻֱȥ⣬ûôʱȺ˾һ𣬾ΪôһС¡
ʲôЦʱܱġҪ°ͺղ룬ύȥܻûţܹ֮
ص˲͵ҳarxivʼϡ
˹ٴѧѧϵĽƵ顣ԭʥڣѾȥˡ˭Ⱥ͵һֱͣʼԭ˹ٴѧǲҪģbcѾˡôǻҪһӦ
ׯ飬ʲôҪ˵𣿡
˵ɡһλ˵ԷûиκܹȷׯѧˣѧϮ֤ݡλǿׯģƪȷʵ׺ϵãڿԽܵķΧ֮ڵģ˭ĶһЩѧԵ׺ϣͲʲô顣ңָصׯϮ͵ڵġˡֱԣҲûз֣ׯĺλ͵ڵغϡ
ȷʵˡһλ˵ׯҲΣҼΣĳõ׺֮⣬ûκغϵĵط
漰˹ٴѧ
ȷʵˡһλҲ˵ǣû飬ΪʲôҪϣһҪׯͷǲԵġ
ûҲΪҪׯκεĳͷׯûκεĹ
ʵϣǲûҪׯκεĳͷ˹ٴѧѧϵ˵۵ΪλӦbcҶ֪ЩǿԲᵫbcзǳӰ
ҸΪʵ˵ͺãׯûκεĹҲδκˡ
okҲӵiuʼ飬ׯûк͵⡣
ׯľû⡣Ľڸţ˹ѧϵׯεȻƪʵ̫ϤҳˣҪһȺĵ˵
ʲôЦׯҪĻȺ˵Ǿֱׯ
˹ٻӭţǳϮĵˡ
ȻׯεȻ˹Ҫӵеѧšʮ⿪ǧ֮һĿҲѶȷǳ缶ѧ⡪°ͺղ롣
ƺӦ˵һ£ׯĿ롣
°ͺղ룬λİɡ
ҵϵۣ
ׯǣΪоѧйصĿ⣬û뵽Ǵѧнڿʼ̾û뵽ׯεȻȻѡѧʼ֡
°ͺղ룬Ҳѧ֮һ°ͺղ롣
ܶˣһӶҴҲֻŲŻ顣
˹ٴѧѧϱȵĵλҲȣû־ȣѧʥصĵλĺ֮㶼׷˹ٴѧеϣһλͬһų֡
ܣŲ˹ٴѧֵģ˹ٴѧĸڣλò˼ʱ䣬ܹΪ˹ٴѧĽڡпܽ˹ٸߵоԺû˻Ļᡣ
˹ѧĻŲټǺܶ˶ڻصΪ˹ٴоԼ׵ڸߵ׷
ʹǲ뿪ׯҲһġ
ôλÿΣ


28 Ϣ
ûһ˵ǼַƣΪ״ٽĻ᳤ǧѧ֮һͬʱҲ˹ٴѧѧϵĽڡ
Ϊׯ⿪°ͺղ룬ŵѰѧͽڵġַƼ˵ԣҲΪ°ͺղʲôס
ׯѧҵʱĿ⣬оġһλ˵ׯڻƼѧͶѧʿѧλ
һὫƪϴҿԿҸΪׯзǳˣ˳˵һ£ׯʮʱĿ⡣ܹ缸֪Ļλһȥϧһд۽ׯ˹ٴѧ
ڴšƵһλЦţ˵ѾЩڣΪʲôûܹȥ˵ׯҲȥҵĽ𣿡
˰ɣڡַ˵˵ѾЩˣҼǵŦԼѧУջ˻ŶҲ˵һλգʶġ
λ𣿡ҡͷ˵ûܹ÷ƶĽеϧʵġ
ׯѧ
ԭˣѹׯķЩϤ
ȻҶû⣬ôôľˡ
ַƹҵƵ绰Ϊ״ٽĻ᳤ǧ֮һӦüλׯŶԡ
ԭǴҪȥλԻѧţϧλׯܶҪѰҵʱ򣬶ͼݡ
˹ڷż٣ҲûԶӦȥλһ档˵ܹ֤һλΰѧŵĵŶׯѾһλ֪ѧš
ׯδкܳ·Ҫߣ˵Ϊһλΰѧأ
ַƿ˿ʱ䣬ѾˣȥλѧİɡĿа
뵽ַƺڴׯεȻļ档
ׯεȻоѧͲַ֪λҪ档
ڶׯεȻ磬˹Ҳһʱ䣬ǲ൹ʱϴ֮󣬾ţһȻɴһλȥЩվ⡣
Ӧһλˣ׷Բԣ˫۾ǻ۵Ĺâ
СׯҲûйأֱӽܵλѧϵļַƽڣ״ٽĻ᳤ǧļΪѧһⶨġ
ãַׯεȻַ֣ƺȻׯεȻ֣ׯ֮ǰķǳ
ллĿ佱ׯεȻ¶һ˿Ц⣬кܶطҪ
λַƵģֻǺֵĶѣӦû̽һЩѧϵ⡣ܺͼַĴ̽ѧ⣬ׯεȻȻŹĻᡣ
ɺͼַӭѯʵλҪȻϣǲˮ
ȾͺáַҲûͻشׯεȻԱߵͬ˵ȡ
ϡׯεȻȥݿȣɶԼַ˵ַƽڣׯΣ
ǳ𣿡ַƷһ䣬ׯܹ⿪ǧ֮һѾ˵ѧǾмˮ׼ġ
ѾԽھ󲿷ֵѧңׯᣬ»ַƵȻ˵ѧߣ˹ٴѧǳӭҲΪˣׯĿѾͨ
ݺÿȶׯεȻַ˵ĿѾͨЦѯʣַƽڣղ˵ҵĿͨˣ
û°ͺղ룬Ѿͨ
ллַƽڡ
ɿȥҲΪׯεȻеˣСׯ˵ʲôţһܹͨġ
лʲôַƽʼ˵ֲѧϵΣҪлĻллѧϵΡ
ȻҪлġ
ׯַɫʵϣ㣬ҪһЩѧϵ⡣
õġׯεȻȷڼַƺɵǰ˵
⣬ׯӦ÷ǳ˽⣬ѧʿʱƪҲˣǳƯҲо
ǶǺöǰˡׯεȻе㲻˼Ǹʱ򣬶ⷽʵûر̵⡣
ûر̵ⶼܹô̵⣬ܹʲôزַЦ˵ׯһ㣬ֹֻ̽ѧϵ⡣
˼Щŵģ⣬һμĽڡׯεȻɳϣ˫ֲͣİŪԼ·ȥǳĽš
Ҫ̫šַͣһ£ׯһϢҪ㡣
˵ׯεȻ״ַ̬˵кܶ͵Ͷѧˣ֪𣿡
ׯεȻҡͷ治֪顣
ѾоⱾͲĴСǼˡ˵ϳϮ͵ڵ顭iuǱҲǷ㲢ûгϮκġ
ׯεȻͷȷʵûгϮκεġ
ԣׯ㲻õģЩǻᾡ췢ģҲ֪ʥڣҶڹڡʥ֮ǻ
ллַЩ飬ȷʵûжׯεȻʲôţԵĸлַƸôõϢÿȺԼǰQ˵ᣬҲ˷ꡣ
ô̸̸Σ
Ȼǳ⡣ׯεȻ¶Ц⣬ʼͼַƽԼ̸⡣
һֲ̽ҪǻعʱɫѾһܺѩ˵״ֶ̬
˵ȥˡַ㣬ȻׯεȻ֮ڣӵзǳ̵˽⣬Һܶ˼ά˼·ӱģջ١ǴʱɫѰ˵ҪׯεȻȥ
ׯûµĻҿ̽𣿡
ӭׯεȻЦ˵ַȻֻӭġ
ׯεȻվˣ׼ַҪԷ𣿡
ŶַƺؿׯεȻׯ㾹Ȼ
һ㻪ˡ
ҵϵۣҺܾûгԻˣҿɷַЦеؿׯεȻ
û⡣
Ա˵ַƽڣСׯζǲ֪ܲϰߡ
ûϵԭԭζĻ˺á
ȻѾ飬ϱϲ˹ӣҲͷܵׯεȻ䷹ԡ˹ϵɿƳѣѧϷǳڳһ飬ׯεȻԾһѡ
ϴ˶ܰѳŪģӵһǿ֢ׯεȻԣֱǲܵġ
ׯεȻֱӸɣ̤벽ʱ
㲻ȥæһ˵ĻҪȥׯһЩ顣
εűַƽڣҲȥСׯҽѾֹҽҵĳ
ô˵ׯԣڳӦһѰɡַЦеؿɡ
úȿԼΣַɫ˵м飬һҪѯ㡣
˵ɷ¿ȣû֮ǰΣ


29 
ϾҪΪѧϵĽڣͬ⣬һҪ㡣ַͣһ£ûпǹѧооԱ
ǸһǸ˵ʱûⷽĴ㡣
ӦûҪصɡַź˵˹׵ĻÿطܹӵеģȻѡصҲֻЩϧ˹ʧȥһλѧҡ
ҵѾصмҲҪصɡɵĻ˵еģɣĥ͸
һƹƹҡַһ£ֲǾԻˣûۿˡʱﴫ𺳣ׯû𣿡
ҪġɶׯεȻĳջǷǳĵġ
ðɡַ̯֣ԼҪһׯεȻڳ᲻ʲô飬ôն˵˼ַƵĹǡ
һ֮ׯεȻõķ˶¶Ц˵˼ַƽڣֻһЩҳ㷹
ǳζĸоַЦе˵ӦҵһγڵĻ˰ɡ
֪ϲθڡׯεȻ׺͵ڼַƵԱߣַ֪ƿ϶òӵġΪ˲üַΣҲõķ׺͵棬Ȼ㣬Ҳá
ַƳһζ޲ڣǳû뵽ׯѧ֮⣬Ҳô
ллĿ佱ׯεȻĵ£֮ׯεȻɵʱ̻ʵĳﻹһλַƽڣȻԵ÷ǳʿһСһСڵĳš
ׯεȻֱҡͷ֮ǰɵģ͸˸ƵġоǺЦء
֮ׯεȻַƽͳţɺͼַƽ뿪
㿪ʼ˼·ͼַƽڵĽ̸Ҳкܶջ񡣽Щڲݸֽϣʼ⡣
ڶ죬Ȼַƽǰһλߡ
ׯŵʱãûѩĵׯεȻϣůģַƽЦŸׯεȻкׯá
ãַ˵ţɻؿַƽߵߣλǣ
֣صĸһ¡ַɤӣλǰض˹ٸߵоԺĽڣҲ˹٣㡣
ׯεȻǰһλǻ÷ƶĽֶ򽱵ĴС
æ˵ӭ
ضڽۣԼʽ۵оǳɫѾȫߵѧ
˵Ŀ°ͺղ룿Ц˵ǳˣܿǳҰġ죬ַƸң۷зǳĹ˼⣬ҲҪʶһ¡
ׯεȻЩߣ˵ЦˣǰЩֵһᡣ
ׯ˵ҪţѧţǸδѧĵ·ϣߵøԶῴķ羰
ԡׯεȻͷλ
ͼַһͬׯεȻסĳǳ򵥣һŻõӣһŲ¯Լһ̨ӻûκεĶ䵹ġ
ׯƺ̫ϲ̫صĳ裿Ц˵
ǸհáׯεȻһǸ⣬ҪΪоԵʣûʲôΪЩѾ㹻ˡ
Ȼͷ˵ȷʵѾ㹻ˡ
λҸǳݿȡ
лл㣬ׯׯεȻıӰʲôԱߵļַ˵ׯΣ
ҵģǰĶ𣿡룬ǳǼǰʱⷽһ̶ϵȡų̶ȣܹʲôĵز
ԣŻĶ𣿡ַЦ˵ѵΪҸ㣬ׯĻ˷ǳóԵԭ򡣡
ҵϵۣԲΪˡַƶЦš
λÿȡׯεȻȷ£ɳϣôַǼ⣿
ׯôоһҪӵҪ۵⣿
ׯεȻЦŲ˵ôǱ㿪ʼ۰ɡ
˿ʼʱ䵹ǹúܿ졣֮󣬼ַƺ뿪
ׯεȻҲǳˣҲѧ˺ܶ࣬Щжڿϣһܰ
ַƼÿ춼׼ʱׯεȻķ⣬ʱҲǰַۡƳֵĴɻҪڿ첻٣˶ɵˡڶׯεȻʱ򣬷ַּѾ׵ĴӳҳȱԼݿȡ

ׯεȻͼַ죬ټϼַƶׯεȻϤׯεȻһˡθڣׯεȻϯȺϻǵѧۻᣬ˵ѧۻᣬʵҲĳλڵļУ㣬һЩ⡣
ׯεȻڼַƵǳĶڻߡ
ѾʼƽϢв˷ǽ͵ܡʼմ󲿷˵ȶȶֻмӰˣ͵Ǳһϰݵģ˹ٵĹٷַվׯεȻ
һĿҲʼš
ׯεȻڽģԭǴʮʱ䣬ֻΪ⣬ֻ뿪
ȽĿׯεȻⲿֵʱʥѾȥ
һĿûоׯεȻʲô·ôˣôȦģ
Ҳ˺ðģҪΪĺڷۣ
̫ˣ־ƢôôãׯεȻģȻһ㲻ѪѹˡлκҵĵѪѹ
ûׯεȻĺڷվҪȥ롣
ׯεȻ̫ˡ
Ϊַķ˿ĺ÷ׯεȻǼҷûлһᱻġ
ׯεȻڷ+1
ҿۣö಻ʱŵ˶֪ׯεȻ˭˼ׯεȻͲǺڲɣҲûа취˼˹ٴѧڣ
ͬУׯйǲ±ڵġϾ͵ôãͳһɶû̫ϵˡ
˭ׯȦģ˼ѧȦģȥװɵ׬Ѱˣ⻹һѧУѧɾͻû֮ǰȻҪװɵ׬Ǯ
˵ׯкڹ¶Ժģÿʱ䶼ѧϰ飬Ѿԭˡ
ׯ֮ǰҪȥҽ̣κ̫СЩĸ̫ġʦָôһְԼʲôԲõǮɣԹ󡣡
Ϊʲôһĸо
ׯڻ͵أⶼһµʱˣ͵ûû˵ġв˵һ䣬Լ͵𣿡
˹ٴѧʾׯεȻûκ
iu
ׯεȻûгϮ
ڽĿ֮󣬾ֱѵģԭׯεȻû뵽˶±ˡ
ʲôϴεѾһǰģȥƺƴ󣬵ѿĲࡣշǿѣһ±ƣͷԡ
ׯεȻʲôĪѣ˹ٴѧʲôiuʲôûгϮʲô
ׯεȻëɣ᲻ѣɻΪշ۵ķ˿ǣѡ


30 
͵˵ڵϱϲ
˹ٺiuȻգҪѯһ£Ӿ͵˻᲻˵˹ٴѧƻ͵͵Ĺϵ
ʲôЦְִӣѵ쾭[Ц~]
Ӿ͵ĬĬˮְֹȻŶӹ
͵˿˻˿˻Ĭ
̫ЦˣҾҪ֪Ⱥׯе͵ʲôҪ˵
Ҫ˵кܶ࣬Ҫʲô͵ӦûԴ󵽾˹ƻ֮Ĺϵɡʵϣʲôǵ׼ѪĹӣ
ȻôðһǾ͵˱ˬЦˡ
ĪС²һ䣬ⶼʲôѣⶼʲôۣˮɣǽȥЩ˵ҳһ£治ʲôˮܶûйעκһǡ
˭ΪʲôͻȻѣǰŵȫˮҲû˿˵һǳ顣ô˵أڷȦˡͻȻûпûˮΧеת
ô£ͿʼЦ͵ˣ
Ȼϲ͵Ӿ͵ûóЦ͵ͦİϾ͵ʲô͵Ļˡڴͳֹգʲô͵ʲôƣ͵ǻԴ˭ô֪ʷԴԶ͵ԱԴ
ϲ޺Ҳòȥԭӣǻģڷ޺ı־ܶŴζǻƳģڷ޺˵ķΡ
͵͵޺͵ƳС͵
诿һ´ţ֪ׯεȻΪʲô͵ϵˡԭλѧ⿪ǧ⣬͵ֱҪ͵Ĺ͵ˡ
Ȼλֱ֪֮ӱʾԼĲ͵ˣĻˡ
û뵽͵ͻȻ裬˹ͶׯεȻѧˣҥׯεȻϮ͵ڵġȻiu˹˫˫壬ׯεȻûгϮûѧ˺˭֮ǰֻǾµĳ塣
ϣһЩ˲ҪΪԱׯεȻʲôᡣʱ诶ʼЦˡܾòiu˹ٴѧжһԹ
ûԹ
ôôãiuΪ͵в˹ٹ͵˺ͶߣǲҪĹ
ˣӣ͵Ӧô˵أһׯεȻ˹ٴѧԼiu˶Բԣ
΢ЦϢϲ͵ĵӾղͱ͵˸ϴˡʲôЦ͵͵ֽաڻҲһˡƽʱ￴ֺҲˣҪƽ课ã͵ﶼġ
ϲ͵ǣҲ͵ǻǮڴǴǵϣǲվ͵ĽǶȥġ
ͦģΪׯεȻ⿪ǧ⣬ðɣ֪ʲôǧ⣬Ϊ˻ȥǧһʲôǧ⡣iuǸʲôҲǧȳġ
Ҳʵ̫˰ɣѹܹΪ˹ٴѧѧϵĸڡ
ôôһأ˼ѧϰôãһѧ񣬽ûгɹ֮ǰòְڽĿװɵ㶣İһ̣诺еׯεȻΪʲô˵ôǷˡ
֮ǰ˵ׯεȻǳּȥġ诵⣬ֽƵǾַһĿַǹ̶αǰ·ֿ϶˭ĿΪַҪǣ˭ǵʯ
ڽ죬ׯεȻǼַ֮һӸߴ룬ׯεȻǮ£ңΪһʿûҪҪۣҲû˽ʲôкڡôİ׬ְǮ
ôһ룬诶ׯεȻǺڲġУ뻹еᣬжûĲŻȥĴС
һԡ
֮ǰر𿴲ׯεȻǲӲʹǿĽ֮Ĭˡ뻹еᣬôһţȻҪڽĿϰ׬һЩǮӣԾҪгַĺá⵽ǸʲôĴôıݣôоеݼıĳЩǺϲ١
˵ҿսĿҶʼׯˡҪ֪ׯΪ׬ǮҶҪˡ˵ʵׯݼġȹڴ󲿷ֵҪʵˡǽĻ룬ѪѹҪˡ
ΪĿ˿Ҹԭׯеİ˵ʵҲַ̫ܾãַҪˡԤ棬һ̲ͦġϣҵĴ
ϲַͦˣԤַĻһðĸоַ̲裬ׯݼʤһڴĽĿ

ׯַվ⣬ׯεȻ˵˹ٺiuĹ涼Ѿȥˡ
𣿡ׯεȻЦЦĹϵ·Ҳ·ӦһܼҰɡ
ûַʼ˵Ҵſһ£ǳ͵ԣ˵ͨ˹ٴѧĸԼiuȺڡ
ô˵ɡׯεȻ⣬ǾôôҲҪҡ
һҲ𣿡ַƿׯεȻƶôðҪҪԷϷԺ
ΪʲôҪׯεȻһ䣬֪Էˣαءַǻһϻ
ҧһڣ˲ҧһڡ仰ŵ˼һ蹷ҧ޹һڣλ޹˲ܾǷ蹷һȥҧ蹷һڡ
ˡַЦ˵ԣд˸֮󣬾û˵
û̫֪͵˵Ƣ˵ʲôǴǷǳƫԱ˼ޣԿʼԴΪԼȫģʵϣûж˻ǡׯεȻʼ򣬡Һαغء˷ʱ䣬ңǸͲҵġ˵Ҳǰ˵𣿡
ַ룬ǳտʼܻкͶԷ۵ͷ侲֮ѡ񣬺ׯεȻûʲôһ
Ⱥôģ˵ǸͲǵһɵ顣Ҳģ˵ô࣬罫Щʱо⡣
ˡַƵͷΪׯʢͶԷһЩ֮ġ
ôϣİɣׯεȻʼ򣬡ַƽڣǽҪȥʲôط
һС͵ľۻᣬһЩѣԽܸʶһ¡
ллַׯεȻ΢΢Ϲȥǳʿ

֮ϣ͵һⲻܣׯεȻһͨ˭˭˭һ߼ׯεȻԭҶͦģʲô˶ҪˢׯεȻڲ˹ٴѧiuѾǻھݡ
ȻΪ͵ׯεȻ͵ѪׯεȻ塣
ô飬Լȥ˼ң˼˵ңȻֱߵⶼܹڶԷͷϣ͵ǲԻ·رְ
ȫѲʼ⣬ǹЩѧںѧߣʼɣĹѧҴᣬǵҪҪȥ


31 ǩ
ȥɣȺ͵˻ʲôֵľٶȥɣȺ͵˻ᷢɣǵҪҪȥأѧѧǶʼ⡣
ʵ̫ˣû뵽͵ȻĹȡǰȻһЩѧ²͵ǶΪѧ˵̫ˡ쿴ׯεȻֱ֮֡͵ѧ⿪-׶˹ԺȱڡǹƨͨiuĽ֤ʱ򣬶Цˡ
ȻׯεȻѧ֤ҪׯεȻĪĸĹΪ͵ˡׯεȻֱӷԼ͵ˣȻ͵˿ʼҥڮׯεȻ飬ͷβˡ޹ҲׯεȻ
˹ٴѧiu֮͵˲ûеǸӲ
˭Һ͵˺˭͵ѧͲѧͻȻҧԼһԭȺѧûԩ͵ˣ˵ʵ̫͵ˡƾ͵˵ķ辢ͳѧ͵ˡ
һȹѧҴǿʢᰡΪһȺ͵˴ôõĻᣬֵ
ȿʼ˵ǣӢ׽Ŵѧѧϵһλڣҵڿʼձ̽
ׯҺңΣ룬һץɡ
ׯ̫ǿˣ͵ôȻû˿ıʾ
ѧҴһΣҪ͵׶ٿҺ£Ⱥ͵˷裬Ӧô죿
ǿ룬ĹѧҴ᲻Ҫ͵ٿҪ֪ׯôȥ͵֪ᷢʲôµ顣һλѧѧʷеţҸ˲ϣׯΪǰ͵׶μӹѧҴᣬʲô⡣
ûׯ⿪-׶˹ԺȱڣһԻ÷ƶĽiu϶ׯμεĹѧҴᣬ͵»᲻ʲô⣿
ǵģǳׯΪ͵ĳЩ˶ܵ˺
Ӧ룬ùѧҴ᲻Ҫ͵׶չǵƲμӡ
˵һ£ǲط͵Ǹһܾμ׶ĹѧҴᡣׯĲɣҲʶׯյ˹ٴѧδйκιׯõĴš˹ٵѧңׯһǳƽ͵ˣÿǰͼݺͰ칫֮⣬ûȥκεĵط˵̬ҲǷǳƵġ
ŴҶׯģҼׯеĺܶ๫ʽԼƶϣʱգׯĳ֮ǰκһλ͵ѧڣƺûзׯеĹʽƶϡҸǿҪ͵ׯǸ
ûȻҲо-׶˹ԺȱڣвٵѧҲоׯȻĹ׺ϣһһעͲǳϮдĵʱһЩס϶Ƿǳ顣Ҳ̫ΪʲôһȺȲѧֲѧˣܹһλѧָָ㡣
͵дţҪ͵ׯǸǽƲμĹѧҴᡣ
һҲҪơ
ھȥһȻǩ֮ĸ͵

ׯεȻ֪鷢ڼַƽǰַƽѵסլ
ƿţׯεȻ˶ϵůһӾͳ嵽ϡ
ˣżַЦׯεȻͷҽһ£λׯλ֪ׯİɣ
ׯǧҶׯεȻͷ
λںáׯεȻһڳЩǣܶ඼ʶġأڳˣ׹Ĵǡ
ַ߽ӣׯεȻ˵ׯɡ
ллַƽڡ
һλվ˵ׯұʾǳǸ
ҿΣΪʡԳʾסλ˵ʵǲףΪʲôᱻҥ
ллׯεȻ˵Ҳ벻ͨҾĵ顣
ơƤַׯεȻļ򣬸ܡ
ȻǴУ˹ٸߵоԺĽڣƶĽ
ׯǳܹ㡣һλվ˹ѷ
ҽׯεȻеľսȻڳĶǴСȫǷƶĽѧ֮ڣǶ⼶Ĵ
á
ɭߵҽܷǳ̡
ׯεȻ֪λֶѧ˹ٸߵоԺȻѧԺĽڣѧҡ
ˣׯ°ɡΪ˵ķѷкׯ£һ˶ȡׯεȻԱߣַƸң⼸춼ں۵⡣
ѷΪһλרңȻׯεȻǳȤ֪ׯεȻĿ°ͺղ֮󡣿ϧׯεȻʶҲûʲôϵǼַƣܺƤȥׯεȻļңʶɣҲΪǿ״ٽĻ᳤һݡ
ǵģ⼸ַ۵⣬ҵջܶࡣ
ׯҿ֮ǰġѷп˵Щʶ㣬ұȻһֱӵ˹ٴѧѧλ
̫ˡѷпţҴδô뷨
ллĿ佱ֻһЩ뷨ѡ
ȷʵвٵ©ͷ˵ΪһλʮˣܹоֵزѾԽʮ꣬ʮʱ򡣡
˵ôáׯεȻͷλǷƽֶ򽱵ׯεȻʲôûУܹμȺеľۻѾĸ֡⿪һѧ⣬ҸоȺлкܳԶľҪ׷ϡ
ǵľѧϣܶǶǮûȤǵڵǮ㹻
ңҲÿλжҪ⿪⡣ǻĴء
ׯǳǵľۻᡣѷ˵ôʼʽĽǵĻɡ롭

ĿǰŷޣѾĴѧѧѧں͸ڶǩҪ͵Ǹ顣Ѿȫ޺Ϊ˶͵ȻҲʼתݵǸҼеĽڶѾǩ֡Ȼ˵˵ʲôƻ͵ͻѺùϵʲôЦǻƻ͵ƻ
󲿷ֵĽڶѾǩãߣĺܶڿ飬ûпʼǩ
ǲǩ֣ûʱ䡣
˹ٴѧǵһӦģѧĴУвƶĽ֣صǩ֡ȻֻׯεȻÿȥѷڼʹ⡣
Ͳ֪顣
£˵Ҳ֡ԭ͵ͻѵļսѧ֮ͱùԭ͵Ѻҡź͵Ѿ˵Ⱥ͵ѣ鶼ôãׯεȻ
ׯεȻΪˣʲô鶼ûз
ׯˡѷѾϲϺׯεȻۿĸо̫ˡׯεȻÿÿһЩ˼룬ָоǷѷݵġȷţԼоϣѾһ
ѷڣˡ·ݵѾЩůׯεȻԷѷ΢΢ͷ
ɡѷ˵ļλڻû
ѷׯһȤ£ׯѧ֪𣿡
ŶׯεȻƣѧʲô¡Ѳ˭⿪ѧ⣬ǣ˳ǰۡ
ѷʲô·𣿡ׯεȻżֺ档
ׯȻ֪ѷ˶ɵˡ


32 
Ӧ֪ʲô𣿡ׯεȻѷ𾪵ɫΪԼʲô顣
ֹ˵û˭ѧ֮İ춼arxivʲôµģῴġϧĿǰûµġ
ıɻ󣬿ѷѷڣʲô£
ҶڵƽĹѧҴᡣѷķϣִ£ׯȻʲô֪
Ǹѷڣһǵһ˵
ׯϵƺһҪ󡣡ѷĬ˵Ҽǵƽʱׯɡ
ģҶarxivһЩ׺ϡ
ѹ֡ѷʼ򣬡ƺҲû˸˵飬˶Ϊ֪İɡ
ׯεȻɻʲôϵȻһֱھᣬҪҪȥĹѧҴᣬǡûиҶڵ͵׶ĹѧҴᣬׯεȻû뵽ġ
˵Ҳйϵѷģ㲻Ǳ͵ѹ𣿽ŴѧĽڣǷǳΣյģܶ㣬ʼһЩвζԡ
ԽŴѧĽڷôһ͵׶ٿѧҴȫ֪ѧҶǩ֡Ҫ͵ԼӦҪǸ׶ڼ䣬İȫЩҥҪһĳͷ
⡭ׯεȻͷû뵽Ҷǳӡ
ѷҲ൱ĸׯεȻׯѧϮָأǷǳڮ١ԲǣΪǶ㣬Ƕѧڮ١ÿһλĵѧ߶ӦԾάΪĳɹѧ϶ģҲǴۼ֤ġ
ܶԷںĿģѧ˾޴ţûΪ˵ǸôŴҶǲӦġѷ˵ȻǶׯһЩҪʧҾׯҪԷǸһҪԷ֧һʽΪ⳥С
ѷߵׯεȻߣׯ֪㲻飬飬ѧԣȷʵһǳ飬ҲòעһЩ
ׯεȻ룬ͷ
Բ⣬ѧձΪǶѧڮ١ׯεȻ׷ѧҲҪ׷׵ġ
οѾѧѾǩҪ͵ǸһȺѧˣѧָָ㣬ֻȦˣѧۿǶᡣȺ˷Ҫ赽˽֪ĵزǾͱѧ˼ҵķӦˡ
鲻壬ѧȨ
ʵׯεȻͷ˵Ҳû뵽龹Ȼֵô󡣡
˭Ҳ֪龹Ȼֵֵزѷʼ˵ֻ˵Щʵ̫֪Ȥֻ˵˵Ҳ⵽ѧôһ¶⡣Ⱥ˾ǷһҶˣټbcԵı綼ڱǲ֪Ҳǳѡѧôһ¶⣬˵ҲЩĹ͡ǿֲ´󣬾ǿѧ磬ȨѧԶ⵽һȺӵɡ
ׯεȻ֪˵ʲôãȷʵ𣬿Լķǳ޹ⶼʲô飬ΪʲôҵԴ벻ͨȺ˵жôŹ֣Żôû£Ӳʹɡ
ֻܹô⣬ʵ벻ͨбĽܹͣȺô
ׯģ˶վߵġѷ΢ЦׯεȻļ򣬡ǩõļѾ͵źܹܿյ͵ǱߵĻš

͵ǧ㶼û㵽ϴѧĿʼַ͵׶ĹѧҴᣬҪ͵Ǹ
ֵֵزҪ˵͵֪ǿ϶ڿЦ
͵һֱһֻۣһֻۡ͵˿ʼׯεȻȻǹٷйٷӰӴڣ顣ֵúܴ͵һֱûйܹ͵ϴɾׯεȻҥˮҲòȥ
˭֪Щѧ߿͵ô裬ǶʲôʱҲᱻ͵ɣ޶˵ı͵ҽһϵвʵָǩҪ͵ҸׯεȻǸǽƹѧҴᡣ
ϣѧҴϯɭĶǩ⻹˵áֱ˦ֱ֣ӰᵽڽȥУҲǲܵġ
˵ֱǨٰ졣
͵ļˣ֮ǰ˹ٴѧǹѧҲiuʱһҲżڿϷ˹ĶȺ͵ѣ
鷢ѾǵԤϣ͵ҪǵǸôͻᱻ͵пܹ񻹻ӲԤ顣
ǲǸôiuҵѧԼѧҶȡһЩʩ˵ѧҴĵصᵽңڿܻڸֹԵѧԼѧϣܾ͵ѧߺͽڲμӡ
͵ѧ⵽ܶѧУľա
iuֻǸɢ֯еĴвһѾѧĵߡѧ粻ȭôǸ˾Ϳڮ٣һЩѧĲʵϢѧȨҪҪ
͵Ѿﻢ£˵ɣ͵ѧ翰ѡֻѧѧ˭֪ѧƻ᲻ô͵пѧϾͱų⣬ΪĹµ˵ɣô϶ᱻָģĿ顣
֪ͲôϷġ
͵ᡣ

ѧѧǩֵ͵׶ٰѧҴ
ǩҪ͵Ǹ
͵ׯεȻǸ
ˬˣһҹ֮䣬͵˶վQˡ
⡭͵ڿ϶ܱɣû뵽ȫѧҺѧҾȻǩҪǸׯеǸ˵飬ׯʵ̫޹ˣȷʵӦõǸ
ׯεȻԣְ֮˭ôܹ뵽͵˻赽ֵز
Цˣ֮ǰ͵˻͵˾͸ͷһҼȥˡ
ׯеĸ˲棬ö͵˿ʼɾׯеĻˡ
ȵȣɾЩҪ·ɣ
˵пܣׯкü£ڱѧȭȻҪ·ӡƤôô񣿡
˲̫޳ܣȻǼˡ޳ܵĲ͵ˣҿ͵ͦ޳ܵģžһ޳ܵĹȰɡ
ô˵ںЦ̫ϲȺ͵˿ǣֲܰôı顣
ʵ벻ͨʲôˬġ͵ׯεȻǹҲǵ͵ôӾô˵ЦҲҳЦҡ
Ϊʲôо͵ֶڣ
ѪѹѾˣ
Үǻ𣿲Ǵֵ͵˰ɣ
ô棬Ҳ͵ĻʹͳգֻǵӾճϮ㾫ĸ͵˵ĴͳĻûȣ֪

ˬˬׯεȻһоûУЩڵĶоһ¿⡣
һĽڽѷļС


33 Ӿ
ׯׯεȻͷҾ֪һġ
ڣʲôʱ򿴼Ҳ𣿡ׯεȻЦ˵ŻλǶڣλѧ˺ܶ࣬ҲĻҾԼٺ֪ܶʶΪ˸λֻҪλоۻᣬһƤġ
ׯкܶ˼롣˵Ļǻкܶ·Ҫߡ
˫ʼҵѧĻһĿࡣû뵽ڣ˹ٸߵоԺѧѧԺĽڣѧһѧҡȻһʮ˽Ѻõҵ
Ҫ֪λڣǶԼоͲʿǷǳġЩʱڽεʱʲôԵĵطԴǵ˵ΪˣܶʱڵĹϵʵǲ̫áΪ̫ϲ˵Ĵ©Ȼһλʮҵ
¶Ҫ˵ȥǰڵѧǣһĿࡣ
⻹ǰǸЦҪĽ
ʵݹѧѧ磬ĹŹͷǴӵмߵѧǺܶ಩ʿһӶ󼰲˵ġΪ۽ˣںܶĿ̫һʱΪָֻԷĴ󣬵ڱ˿ǵڸѿ
ڹ˱ߵ˹٣ǳձ顣ڣǷѷڣׯεȻĵһλڡַƽڣǶͦϲڱ˵Ŀϡҡġ
ܶԷ˭ֻҪǲԣǾҪվԷĴ
˹ٴѧܶڶϲڿΣڸʵҲҪӱһЩУׯεȻҲ㡣ƺϾҪˣһ˵ĿΣֻҪвԵĵطǽò̫ǲ̫кĻׯεȻͬҲҪվ˵ġ
ׯַƽڶׯεȻͷҪѧˣ׼𣿡
ȻׯεȻĬһӦûԴʼ𡣡
ȻǽۡׯεȻʼ̸Ӧøѧ˵һЩʲôݡ
ʵϣŴ󲿷ֵѧڴһЩѧѧݡַЦ˵Ƕ⿪-׶˹Ժȱڷǳ棬һ¹ⷽѧ档
ׯεȻΪڣҪЩѧģܻоͦصģ˹ٴѧҲǳټǷƶĽĺѡˣ˹ٴѧзǳķƶĽЩ֪УѣЩνڡѧĶ󽱵κһѧУ̫ࡣ
ֻҪμӽĹѧҴᣬȻǻõѧ߽һСݣȫѧĿȨԵķƶĴ󽱡
档ׯεȻһǸ˵ڻѾܶΣûдȥȵҽ°ͺղ⿪֮󣬻һЩڸ°ͺղı档
ڴšַЦЦׯεȻ̫ᣬѧǳԶû⣬кüʮʱѧоЩϼһһ۾ܹԼ졣ָ峿𴲣Ǿͺ
˵ַͻȻͣһ£ŷ޵λҲǳȤ
ŷ޵λׯεȻе±ƣŷ޵֪ڻͦģ˵⿪İ³˹ڱ˵÷ƶĽ綥ˮƽѧңͬ˹ٴѧڵĸ¡͢˹
ȻλѾ񻯣˴ѧʦڵϿˡ
ŷޣ̫ѧСׯεȻֲ壬ַ˵˵˭ŷ޺͵ѧ֮ĽһֱǷǳܵġ޺һʽѧᣬڻܹ˵ѧǿҪ˵ǿʲôطĻֻ˵ѧû
ûǿʲôطȥƶĽкܶ໪ѧ߶лȡǻõȴ޼˵ѧңûκһλùý
޺ҲǴϸͿʼѾоѧͲкüλƶĽ
ִչ޺ܶ࣬ͻͽҲʮ顣ѧܶʱ򣬲һܹĳɹĿǰĻ˵ҪܹɹĿĿѧȻҪһԵġ
ڻЩǰѧȷʵ⡣ڻǮˣܹóеľ಻٣Ƿֵѧһڻɮ١
˹ٴѧͲһ˹ٴѧѧУҵǮڴ󲿷ֵĿĿǹҳǮҵҲܸѧͨˮƯĿĿǮ
ΪȫõĴѧ֮һ˹ٴѧһֱǳ࣬ĳЩҪ˹ٴѧͶֻֿҪܳǮͿԽ˹ٴѧܲܵõƾǾһˡ
ЩǮ˹ٴѧϻΪĿʽ
˵λǣ϶ǲʶģׯεȻ֪ԼѧС⿪ǧ飬ѧһŷЩʶׯεȻһҲþȣˡ
ַ΢΢һЦȻڵʱѯ
ׯεȻסˣƤڡӾλǷƶĽֽһѧңʼճһˮƽ͸¡͢˹ࡣ
ׯεȻѷڵļѾкöˣǵһμӾ˵Ӿ˹ٴѧĽڣͬ˹ٸߵоԺĽڡ
һμλѧңׯεȻ黹ͦġ
ѷЦׯҼǵҵʱ򣬶ûôɡôҲǷƶĽ
ѷˣ˹ٴѧôõʱ䣬ڻѾŹĵӾׯεȻ͵ȻѷҲ׹ѾѷڣδλӾЩ
ׯѷ˵ʲôһģֻһԴ𣿡
Ҳȷʵ
ȵӾ뷿ʱĽڶѾˡ
һЩſȱ˵λѺ㡣
áӾĿׯεȻׯ԰ɣ
ãӾ
ЦҡͷҵУƺʵûбҪ
õģڡׯεȻ˳ӵ˵һμЩ
΢΢һЦׯ˽Щ顣
õġׯεȻæͷӦ
Ǽ˵۵ɡѷЦſһˣ֪˽Ҫ˵ʱˣǽ꿪ѧǰһξۻᣬλĹۣ⡣
һ·ƫ΢ַ̡ׯεȻһ֮ǰ۵ĶǹۻǼη⣬ⷽҸȷʵ̫óǶڷƫ΢̷ַҵоȽ롣
֪-׶˹Ժȱ༫޷ƫ΢ַ̡
ûһλ˵ҼǵãׯڽЩ޷ƫ΢̵ַʱ򣬷ǳ
ׯεȻһЦĽڿׯεȻȻʾׯεȻԿʼ⡣


34 ټ
õģҾͿʼһ¹ڷƫ΢ַ̡a(t)⺯=0k0ʱʽ(7)תΪ躯f(x)g(t)ֱxt㹻⻬f(x)=01ׯεȻ˵űʿʼСڰϲͣдš
ԱߵĽǿ÷ǳ棬ʱʱͷ
ֱׯεȻ֮΢΢üͷ˼һӣչ
ǳݽͷ˵ֻǣѧ⣬Ǻܶ˶
ѷͼַƶһۣ̫죬ǿܹĽ࣬ѧԸĽ࣬ڼ޷ƫ΢ַϣǸܸĽࡣ
ׯεȻĬһӣȷʵˣҵĽʵ̫ˡ
Ҳûʲô飬ڽ۵ʱһЩҲ޷ġѧ֪ʶЩǶѧĻô֤ѧϣûʲô츳ֱ˵˵ǻֱתȥѧѧơ
»ׯεȻͻȻ뵽λʵĴУ˵֮ǰѧϰʷھͶоʱ򣬲ѡѧרҵȴ˷ƶĽ
Ȼ»ѧϣľ󲿷ûа취ġ
һѧң»ǿܹһˮƽǺλУһξ롣
ôһλ˵ȷʵһλţϧѧȽοľǷѧϵġ
ׯ㲻ҲҪоѧɣѷȻعׯεȻ츳ȴֱѧѧѧ⿪һѧ⡣
Ŀǰû㡣ׯεȻЦе󣬡Ҫѧ϶һʱ䣬Ȼδ˵õģ˵ʲôʱĻȥоѧ
٣ΪĿǰԽѧϡ
ô˭˵һ£ׯεȻͷѷĶԻׯεȻѧϼ츳ѧҲǲضõġ
ѡоѧҲáѧҲãⶼ˵ѡûȥ档
ϵ⣬һҪڶ˵䡭ݹeulere(n)ĶУ2(1)=02(2)=1ڷ(1)y=1ʱɷ(1)ɵk=1k=1ʱ(2k-1)(y1)=s(38)=18Ӷ2k-1=1(y1)=182k-1=3(y1)=62k-1=9(y1)=22k-1=1(y1)=18ʱk=1y1=19273854y=qy1(qy1)=1y=57114y=57114Ƿ(1)Ľ⡭2
ҶýζۻѧǶƫ⡣Ȼżѧͣ󲿷ֶ۶ѧ˵һѵ㣬ҲûжôǿԵģܶʱѧһ룬սѧĻѧҡѧһ룬һԼѧ۸
ׯεȻһһ΢΢ףܿλϵ趼ǷǳߵġȺмҵ̽֡Ҳ˵żĳλѯʱ΢΢һЦԼ뷨г
ȵ꣬Ȼǻƻʱ֡
ڴ٣Ƕʵᡣҷ׷뿪ӾʱߵׯεȻ˵ׯΣ
ðׯεȻȻӦ뿪ѷڵļңʱԷѷ˵ѷڣѧУ
ĿϼѷЦеĸׯεȻȥһ㶮
ׯεȻ֪ѷڹ׼ĽΣ˳㿴ĿǷ;ۻһʵ̫죬ѧĿϾӡ
ӱѷ֮ׯεȻ͵ŵ·˹СС
ׯڽ⿪-׶˹Ժȱڵʱ޷ƫ΢ַ̣ǳʡ
ллĿ佱ׯεȻ΢΢Ϲʾ⣬˵ׯҵʦҪ㡣
ʦׯεȻЩ㵣ûмǴĻڵʦӦλѧʦڵϿ˰ɣ
ûλѾӶЦ˵ǿ-׶˹Ժȱ֤ƪ֮Ҫ뷨ϧʼϵ㣬ټ˹ٴѧ飬ûʱȥԹʱ䣬㡣
һֱ̫á̾ϢƺǳλѧʦϣܹμѧҴ֮ǰŷޣһ档
ţѧϣǿԸٽġ˼˵Ϊϲѧš
˵Ǻѧš˵ʵܹõô޵˲࣬һ͢˹Ҳһʼ򣬡ׯҪĻô˵һ
ׯεȻ붼û룬ֱ˵Ը⡣
ο΢ЦܿׯεȻǾη
һЩׯεȻļ򣬡ȻһλƢŹֵͷţǲġ˵㻹ῴٵָ塣
ڵϿ˵ָׯεȻarxivϿһЩǳ飬ΪڵϿѾԼָȫٵˣܹģһЩģġ飬Ҳϵ
ֽѧ磬˶׷ڵϿ˵ָбΪִεĵߣǵ֮Ķʮΰѧңû֮һ
ָܲܿһԵ֣ǻԵһ˵ׯεȻЦ˵Ե֣ȻܹġûԵ֣ôΰҲܸ͸¶һ֡ң˵ͽЩָٵˡ
Ե𣿡ǳһׯڴĻ档
ˣ˳һ顣ǳ㣬ΪܹΪʮһͣΰѧҡͣһ£֣ص˵ã㽫ѧϵĳɾͣᳬԽ
⻰ׯεȻŪˡʲôЦԽڵϿˣλΰѧңЦãԼһѧɾܹʮ֮һ
СԼ˵˶㣬ѹҲǶׯ
ллׯεȻһѹǸоˡڶûʲôĶڡҪÿһύȥĿ⡣
٣ܶˡ⵽Ǽ򵥻ǸӣҪá
Ƕѧһ־ηȰûоη飬Լܹʲô顣
ׯôˣׯεȻԭسѯһ䡣
ûûʲô顣ׯεȻҡҡͷǳлڡ
ûϵεĹѧҴ֮ͬһǰŷްɡ
áׯεȻһصҵʱиоЩ̫ʵյѧʦڵϿ˵ټ
⡭ʵ̫ϲˡ
ܲܿʦָ壬ֻҪܹʹʦ̸һЩͼϵ⣬ض
ٹ£Ҫȥ͵׶μӹѧҴᣬȷʵЩ֡ҪȺ͵ˣ׻᲻ʲôһֱû͵˵顣ǵҪҪȥμӹѧҴᣬЩò׼⡣
֪Ҫȥ͵μӹѧҴᣬ׻ʲôֵ顣Ⱥ͵ôƫ˵£Ǽٵġ
塱ֻ
лҪ˵1ժй֪һĽƫ΢̵ַľȷо
2ժй֪ۺkգy=2y+sy8Ľ⡷


35 Ľ
ׯεȻóֻʦֳġ
½ʦ֣ôˣ
ʦ˹ٴѧǱ߹Σڵ绰ͷԵüΪģׯεȻЦ˵ʦ̸ˣôˣ
ʲôأЦ˲󣬵ͦ˼ġ
ʦܣġҽ͵һƪǸһ˵Ѿĸ㡣ͣһ£ּ˵˵͵Ǳߣ鶼ѾˣҲ˵û˻ڼ⡣͵֤ڲμӹѧҴڼ䣬ܵκεɧš
ŶׯεȻν˵ĻôҾȥμӹѧҴɡ
ϻＱæ˵Ҳȥ׷ŲţǷǳϣ÷ƶĽˡ
ʱҪǲȥμӹѧҴᣬǼֱڡҲһݣׯεȻȥμӹѧ᾿ʲôΪûм֪Լܹ÷ƶĽģȻȥμӣ
İɣʦ֡ׯεȻ򿪵ԣһȥμӵģȻ͵ҵǸˣһӣǿ⽻¹ʡ
֪ͺáڵ绰ͷ˷ܵ˵ǵҪøƶĽΪƽʦ֣ҲǱӡ
㡣ׯεȻЦͳǳϤʱ˵ûûСûûصġ
ⶼʦֵ֮˵ʽʵҲûʲôԵġ
Сӣ˹ٴѧڡ̾Ϣһھ̣˵˺֮Ĳôôء
ʦ֪ɣǾĲʿҵ֮ӡδڻѧ磬϶һϯ֮ء
ߺ˵ҴñҪ˵ڻѧһϯ֮أѾвλ˰ɡϧĳЩˣҪȥѧʥأҪǲ뿪󣬿Ѿǻѧһͷˡ
Ҳ˵ʵҲӦóׯεȻǲǻһͷɫȤǳôһ˵ȻҪشһ¡
ǵȻҪǲ˵һܸһ֪ȣܺùô۰ɡ
ʦ֣½֪Щô
ɱ˵Ҫ֪ˣǻˡ뵽սǶԴʱ򣬾Щ
ˡׯεȻЦ˵İɣҲ˵ЩģҲҪעһ㣬ģʲô˵ҪǻڴڵĶҿھǴȥˡο˵Ҫ뾩ѧоģǸûлˡ
ҲǣҲǾѧоĵĽ֮һ̾Ϣһûа취ôһôҪȥ˵ģʦҪߵĻѾǾѧоĵĸ߼оԱò˶ڡ
Ҳ˹ٴѧǱӦҲͦġͣһ£ǱӦҲͦʦܰɣʦͻСѾ˺ܶһӶ˵ĳɹо˵ʦܵʵŽʦܵо϶ڸǿ
˹ٴѧǱߣ϶Ҳ޲ʦһӾʹѧУҸоʦܾһưпţҪʦһʵ˯Цѡ
ʦͱ𺮲ˡׯεȻѾarxiv׼ʼ
ʦǱӦϰɣе˵ ûϢɣ˵㻹пأڵʲôţ
ۡׯεȻشѾύ˿ȥ°꣬ҪһЩо
һ˹ٴѧǸڣҲû˭ˡ˵Ǳ߶ƽƸУҪҪ㡣ԣڸУҪġ
ܺ棬СׯһȽ˽˵⡣
ʦ֣˵
Ժ󵽵ҪȥУ
ʱ˵ɡׯεȻȷʵûõҪУȥֱȥоҲУһҪڸУν̡
Ҳǣ˲ţֱȥоҲǿԵڵġϾĴУٹ˹ٴѧĽڣʱعȥоûκġʦܣѾδ·ˣֻ˵
˰ׯεȻͣһ£ƺרעؿĳϡԵ绰ĳ˵ʦ֣Ȳæģڲ۵ϣ֪ڵĿ⣬ͦѶȵġ
Ϊʦ֣϶֪ׯεȻڵĿ°ͺղ롣ֹѶȣǼûʲôȥġȻҲ˵û˻о°ͺղйصокܶ
°ͺղ⣬治˻ȥʲôЦÿ˶оţܹ⿪ѧ⡣
ˣʦһ˵顣
Ӵʦܿ϶ʲôµġŵ绰ׯεȻ죬ҴģׯεȻ϶ʲô¡
һ°ɡׯεȻͣһ£Ӿ
ӾҼǵҲ˹ٴѧĽڣôһʲôо
ǳׯεȻϲ˵˹ٴѧĽڣ˹ٸߵоԺĽǣҲˡ
˵ڣѷڵȵȡ
ǴţıҲһ˿ΪѧϵĲʿܹЩһţ죬֪ܹѧٵĶ˭ҪѧϸһأֻҪѧһ˿ȡģҪѧһĻʹ죬ѧ⣬кܴİ
֮ǰսﵱʿʱʹսѧܶණǴţܹѧĶͨڲ̫һΪţҵڣһǵ۽ǳߡΪѧ͵ʦһ𣬲ĿҲãѯ⡣ţ̸ѧһЩѧ֪ʶ
ԸѧԸΪţĵӣҲΪˣţѧһֱǳš
˵ѧȫһĴţǡƳǰǸͲῴһۣׯʦܣܹôĴţ˵ϻǳ棬óǳ
ҵڲӣɲӡʲôЦǿҵڴţһҵڣһˡ
ȻٶǮţǶ
ׯεȻһꡣţǿ϶ǳ˵ͺׯʦܹʹţ̸ЦһҪ󲻸ߣ綥⼶Ĵţﲻ롣ܹʱսڵĽ̻壬Ѿǳ֪ˡ
ܣʱʦ²һ½ڶԴͶԴʦر𡣵ҲȷʵΪսڡ
ڹϣսڲġڹڣսǸΣʣսھ⼶Ĵţ
սҲһһĿĽӣɮٵĹڣսǻ÷ǳѧڡ
Ľʦ㣬ܹôĴţ̸ѧѧ˺ܶĶɣҪܹôţ̸ۣʲôҶԸ⡣ܸпʦȷʵ̫һڱȽͨѧʿʦأŶݡ
ѹֵ˹ٴѧ֮ôܻӭ˿ھʱ
ʵӾ˵һ顣ׯεȻЩ˷ܡ


36 ѧ֮
ʲô飿е±ƣʦ˽ºѧϵ⣿ʦ⼸ʱ伸ѧѧϣڼΡϵʱȽ١֪ӾóǴΣⷽǵǰȵˮƽ
黹ҪһЩׯεȻ治ǸҫֻҪϢ׽ˡ
Ϊ¶Ժĺӣ׽ˣҲֻʦֺͽڡ
Ӧ¶ܹ˵Ҳֻʦ֡ʦִ绰ʱѾҪ˵顣
صġţʦܣʲô飬Ūôأ㵹Ǹ˵
ʦ֣ٲһ°ɡ
ѵ˹ٸߵоԺ
Ҳǡ
Ǿˣʲô飬Ūʦô˷ܡôãʦ˷ܵе㲻̫ͷԣǰʦҲ˷ܹ˵⿪׶˹Ժȱڵʱ򡣵ô˷ܣܹʦܵڵ绰ͷ㵸һ˷ܸУͷһ
ʲô飬ܹʦô˷ܡ
벻ףʦܣ͸˵ɣˡ
Ӿ˵ڵϿҪҡ
ʲôڵ绰ͷ˻ÿҪʧ
ڵϿҪׯεȻǿǶʮΰѧңִδĵˡΪϵ۵ĸڵϿˡ
ǰʦЦ˵Ҫս̻ʸڵϿ˵ʮ֮һѾ֪ˡ벻һᱻ̻ټ
ս̻ʣǻѧλΰѧҹϵšһƪġ
·աϵ۸ڵϿˡ
ׯεȻ˵ĵӾһѧңôڵϿѧ̻ʣѧϵۡ
ûҪڵϿ顣ʦܾȻҪλѧϵټʵ̫󣬾α϶ûгֹĴУֻܹԼѧϰ߲סϵʱ򣬲ܿλ˼һ۰צʦܾȻҪ͸ڵϿ棬һѾ˵
ġׯεȻ˵Ӿ˵ľ飬ҪȹѧҴ֮󣬺һͬǰŷޡ
ʦܣ㡭죬֪Ӧ˵ʲôáʦʵǻ̫ˣѾʮΰѧټؽʦѧϵĽӦһǧ
ѾҲϲʦܣԺ˵ˡ
ô˵սڶʦܵԴҲʲô¡Ϊʦʵ̫֪Ϊʲôսڻʦôá
ʦȷʵ̫츳ѧϹף϶ܶࡣ
룬ʦܾҪȥѧϵ۸ڵϿˣھһֲ̡࣬ʦֵܣһ
ҵ侲һ¡˺ܾõʱ䣬˵Ӷתˣʦܣ㻹ǵȾɡ
Уʦ֡ׯεȻҲҪ׺ϣֱӹҵ˵绰
ҵ绰֮󣬳￴ݶڳ񡣳ʵ̫ˣڵ̵ʱʦܲʿҵֱӾͳΪȫõѧʥء˹ٴѧĸڡ֪ʲôʱܳΪڽڣڿɼļʦܾܹΪڡ
ֱѧϵټ㲻ѧϵ۵ĴˣҲѧϵ۶Իѧϣڹѧϣλ϶ǲ͵ġҲһѧңпܳΪ¡͢˹ѧҡ
찡սѧϰΪʲô˺֮ĲྐྵȻô
̬Ҫˣ
ׯεȻͳ˵껰֮󣬻Ǻܼƻ׺ϣܿͽ״̬ڼרĵؿҪ˽Ķⷽ棬ׯεȻҪ˽⡣ҪѯʷѷĴһЩСڣ˹ٴѧ̫ȱ۷ĴС
¼ü⣬׼գȥѯһ·ѷڡ
ΪͷѷڵĹϵԭЩûܹͨһʱ뵽ѯλС
صԣׯεȻ׼Ϣ˹ٴѧѧĵһ죬Ҳһ˹ٴѧڿΣ֪˹ٴѧΪȥñȽڼԣҲᱻ˹ٴѧˡ
˹ٴѧУô꣬ʲôźͷûԼ˹ʲǶԽܣׯεȻڼ⣬˹ٴѧ˵Ҳֻˮˮƽѡ
ׯεȻεڿΣϾ˹ٴѧһοʼʽĹԴ˹ٴѧǼ֮󣬾Ѿнˮ⡣
˼µʱ䣬ûϹΡպһϿΣɲѧ²̫õĻ䡣٣ҪԵ˹ٴѧнˮɡʵҲҪһѧڿȷʵҲûʲôԾڻѧˮƽٴڹ⣬ѧˮƽܹ١
ȷʵһ뷨ǲ֪ڻж˻Ϊռ˷ѧߵ΢ʡ
ʵׯεȻͲʲôѧߣֱȥ˹ٴѧְԼֺ֮ǰ⿪Ŀ⣬˹ٴѧһڵְλ
ʱׯεȻҲûô࣬룬ֱ롣ʵսڵ˼Զ׼֪ܲׯεȻֱȥ˹ٴѧְֻҪׯεȻǵãڹ֮󣬲꣬Ǽʮʱ䣬ϣܹص
սǾġڸûȣܶʱսԼҲͦӲڻصȻҲϣ̳õѧҲصڣѧ˲š
һһĴȥһ죬ѧѧǿûвࡣ
ʼռţʵѧϲκιҵ˲ֻ𲽱Ƚѣܶ໪Ѿ֤һ㣬ѧϣȺܶҵ˻ͦƵġ
ǻʽȷʵ̫ţо⡣ָڻѧѧǿĲ໹ҪС١
ׯεȻսڿϣսΪʵЩһѧҺͻûʲô࣬սڿˣܹǶѧ֮۵ϣ
ׯεȻʮ꣬⿪-׶˹ԺȱڣĻµʱ䡣ص׺ϣóۡׯεȻĽ⿪ûܹѧ⡣
ֻʮ갡·мʮʱܹѧоܹߵʲôزûܹԤϵ
ѧֻۣ֮λΪϵ۵ĸڵϿһɽСѧߺͽڣһѧʦǾѧ̻ƺţվѧ֮۵λãٻȱ˵ġ
Դѧʦʡ֮󣬻һЩѧǿˡʼնڹѧǻڶңǻỹǻѧңѧ۷嶼ͦԶġΨׯεȻҪսڸׯεȻһ۵Ļף
ׯεȻۣݹе׺ѧǵĴǡѷ֣ѧŵѧƣΨţܹѧϴﵽһׯεȻֳ츳ֻһѧô򵥡

37 
ֻҪׯεȻڽовŬһЩΪһѧ̻Ҳûпܵġ
ȻҲֻսڵׯεȻϲѧѧȰĿõġսţͳׯεȻɶѧΪִŵľͷ½ѧϵĳɾҲܵ͡
㲻һѧ̻ʣҲǾѧʦһ֣뵽ѧʷϼΪзѧʦ
սѧϰѧѧʱҲѧѧڡϻѧҲҪһһѧҡׯεȻĳ֣Գһѧҵ뷨츳Ȱѧоǿ
ԥشӻƼѧׯεȻڻƼѧѧѧԺȺڣ־ͺ޵ôõһӣǿǿƴѧѧԺͷѡ֣ioĹھҪŵľô嫺һˡ˭ùׯεȻձյǰ꣬ƴĽûҾ鷳
ͲֱӽׯεȻػƼѧȻǾҪҲᱻ110ǻƴĽǿ嫺ǳˬڿҪһ䡣
ׯεȻ֮Ը嫺ѧϰҲΪ嫺Ǻ飬arxivϿ嫺ġǳƯŻѡ嫺ѧϰѧѧ
嫺ĽھͦģҵڴţѧҪ嫺
Ҳǵһ۾ͿׯεȻҪׯεȻʵ̫ɫǴѧƵĻǣƽʱĳɼڻƴġ
ȻׯεȻҲûй嫺֮ׯεȻûôѯ⡣ÿ춼ͼݣо⡣
ֱһϡ嫺ǵã賿
ҵĴűͣôţţׯεȻվ⡣嫺˶ɵˣΪׯεȻʲô飬ׯεȻһ˷ܵĶ˵ڣҽ⿪-׶˹Ժȱڡڽ⿪-׶˹Ժȱڡ
嫺Ϊѣһ±Ƶ״̬ûֻܿׯεȻǳ˷ܵ㵸˺һŻ˵Сׯ˵ʲôţ
ׯεȻĶ̫󣬰Ҳѡ
վڿ˵Сׯ˵⿪ʲôɡ
ԶԶԡׯεȻ˷ܣڣҽ⿪-׶˹Ժȱڡ
ʲôսڷӦʱ˶ɵˡ
Сׯ˵ʲôţ
⿪-׶˹Ժȱڣ𣿡嫺־Լ仰ͦɵġȻׯεȻô㣬ǲʲô
ǰͣһֱѧҺѧ⣬һëͷС⿪ׯεȻ⿪Ȼǻþ޴ΪѧĵһˡҪûнЦɾʹˣԺѧ·Լסˡ
嫺һľׯεȻ᲻ѾķarxivϣѾȥǿô죿
ѧҪҪˡ
Сׯ㷢arxiv𣿡
˰ׯεȻʮ꣬ĳɹôܲarxivϣ޲ֱѸ¡
ЩС嫺ɫ䣬ׯεȻĻʲô⣬֮ǰׯεȻûпȻڻׯεȻƪıׯεȻɵģ϶Ҫ֡ûʲô飬ķȥʲô󣬶ԽׯεȻѧм𺦵ġ
ׯεȻһţɲ뿴һôСʱ䡣
СׯͷarxivϣûͶ壿
ĿǰûСׯεȻҡҡͷҲͶ壬ģҪͶ塣
ʱͶ塣ֻǷarxivϻãarxivÿ춼ƪ-׶˹Ժȱڵģܶ඼ԼѾ⿪-׶˹Ժȱڡд󣬴ҲֻЦЦѡׯεȻѧ̫ĺarxivϴĵĵطȫѧߺͽڶܹɵĽѧϵĵá
ׯεȻ̫ףǲң
Сׯ嫺Ϊ˵Ҳ㣬̫󡣡
ҲƪͶ֮󣬻ɶĲڲͶ壬ҲΪѧ롣嫺ͣһ£ּ˵ƪĴңһΡ
ѾarxivϣҲõһðһ
ڣҡû顣ׯεȻЩ޴룬սڶܺãû顣սЦе˵Сׯ㵱Ȼûⷽ뷨Ƿ֮ĲޡѾôˡ
嫺һʱ䣬Ƚ˯ɡ
ҹģܵˡ嫺ҡҡͷȻܹׯεȻ˷дźĸоڵʿʱ򣬽⿪-׶˹ԺȱڣҲòȥ
죬嫺µһ죬·𿴼һҫѧ֮ȽȽ

ׯεȻ۾ʱ򣬿ΧĻ˹ٴѧУı
ϴ֮򵥵ĳ͡һȽʽװȥЩ̫ׯεȻǰ칫ңɣûͦϡƽġ
ׯεȻеΣڣǲװ̫ʽһ㣿
ȷʵɴׯεȻ·ƽȽеׯεȻ̫һټװȥΪЩײĸо
СׯʵϿҲôʽƽʱϲôʹʲôȥϿΡ˹ٴѧⷽûӲҪ󡣡ׯεȻļ򣬡֪ҪѧչֳȽϺõһ档ɡ
һѾıׯεȻ
һǻȥһ·ɡƽʱҲ̫ƫʽװҪΪǵһϿΣҲᴩôʽ
УĿġɿһʱ䣬üϽȥ·
ׯεȻߺһ͵Ц
ׯεȻϽһ·ȥˡ
ڰ칫ɻ߶߶ĸׯεȻ˵Сׯ·͵һЩооʲôҪ𣿡
ʵҲûʲôҪɣ룬ܹ˹ٴѧѧоӦöͦġֻҪԵУģҾôﵽ˹ٴѧı׼ҲûʲôҪġ
ѡѧеϵ˰Цһ£˵ҲѧУˣܶѧҪ㡣
ׯεȻͷе㲻֪롣
ˣúϿξС˵ҲкܶжҪȥĿΡ
ǰɡׯεȻͷϿ㣬ͦĵġ٣о̫Ĵ󣬲ѧǰ
չΣ
Ҳɣһ롣
˹ٴѧҲмµʱˣûпʼ𣿡ɹеѯʡ
ûׯεȻҡͷһЩϵĶû׼֮ٽжʡ
СׯΪĵ˵ϾǹѧҴˣ㻹һСʱݽ档ô͵˶أҪǳһЩ͵˿϶ҪʵڲУоһȽϼ򵥵Ŀ⣬ǰ-׶˹Ժȱƪıȥݽ棿ҲûڹϽ档
СׯεȻֱӷɵ顣


38 
ׯεȻͲˣΪ¿ⱻ̣ڹѧҴ֮ǰͻһ⣿ǲܵ飬һӶܡ
ϲִ̼ðվٶοڹѧҴ֮ǰ⿪°ͺղ롣٣ܹһЩͻơȺץסѱɺǵģ˵СׯңѧҴѧᣬѾ°ͺղȥˣ
ԡ
ԭأļٵģСׯڻûпʼʰ
ǱҪһЩĲУô죿
ׯεȻ̯֣Ҹ߹ѧҴĹԱߵĻûпʼҪȵٽѧʱύȥ
ǴͻԵѧоɹǱѾӦˡ
ǡɵһιѧҴϯ޺ˣԱ޺͵ˡɻɣôׯεȻ򿪷֮ţҪׯεȻ
ڹѧҴʱһٽׯεȻѧѹ͵㡣
Ͼðͷһѧš仹δܹΪѧʦѧţ޺͵Ҫ顣
Сׯɫ࣬Ҫ룬ڸĻü
áׯεȻִҡͷ
ǣôĺûУرҲҪȥμӹѧҴᡣׯεȻôԼʮѧЦ
°ͺղ룬ׯεȻڻûпʼ֣ʼҲҪ꣬ںüʱܹ⿪
ۿŹѧҴҲǼº·ݣԣµʱ䡣Ѿ·ݣѧҴѮٿ
ټǰ͵µ׾Ҫ
㣬ûмµʱ䡣ôܽ⿪°ͺղ룬ⲻԼǰ;Цɾ鷢
ׯεȻǻˣһĺ嫺ԼչѧңׯεȻǻѧпܵǶѧ۷ˡ޺ѧңжǾ˵һѧһкܳһξġ
ׯεȻͲͬˣĺеǶһʵվѧ۷֮ϡ
ôһѧȥðգҲ˵ܲܳɹȻǸġ޺͵ڵׯεȻѧȨڹϴۿۡڵޣҲǻ޺£͵ȻҲǺ޺绹лһξ롣
޺޲ׯεȻûѧ͵ͬˡ
ׯεȻ֮ǱߵҲûֱӴӦׯεȻׯεȻǻ޺绹͵ʲôϵټϣڵѾʼѹѧܶѧϰƵѧѾǰѧϰׯεȻķѧȻڵûж֣϶ᶯֵġ
ׯεȻԺҪôҪôֱӱֹǰڵѺпܵġ
ѧϾƵĸѧѧ˻صõЩµġڻҲǼʮǰĻ͵ĲԽԽСҲԽԽ»޺͵ĹңԵ治ʲôвͲһˣƽڡѧ߷ǳ࣬⼸ʮʱ䣬˲ڹ֪ѧߺͽڡ
ǻعоһЩڵ˵кģǵûеļô죿
ׯεȻѧߣֱӲо˭ҴƱׯεȻѧϵоᱻӣϵĴѧģ͡
κһѧĿǶԵвĿĿѧģͣǷǳġ
ڵĻѧѾǿõģׯεȻֹʶˮƽѧңôֻԸΪ޴ѹ
ʮǰ飬Ѿûһĺ캽ϵʵ˿һ廯ĴҪһΣ˭֪ׯεȻܹʲô
ִѧϸֺܶ࣬ׯεȻȻֻоѧĳһϸרҡ˵ѧоң뵱꣬ĸڵϿоɹתΪ¿ѧɹׯεȻоǲҲתΪ¿ѧɹӶԵвأ
һĿѧңȫĶѧ˲šΪδѧ֮
Ȼ飬ׯεȻԼ֪Ҳ֪ڵǰɣϿǰҲûʲôͬĵطʵϣĸУѾܾ˲ǰѧĵѧ
ܹ뵽ģҲ޺͵϶ǲġ
롣ɻҪŬȰ˵һׯεȻһ壬㲻ôǵİ
ׯεȻЦĿɣڣ֪İɣҽⲻ°ͺղ룬ҲһܹڹѧҴ֮ǰͻơٲ˹ٴѧĽǶ
ǣǱ˵Ҿ;ãǱһɣ֮ǰѷ˵ķǳѰ˼°ͺղ۲롣ϲҲ۲룬Ҫϲɣ
ׯεȻҡҡͷûбҪ
ǣϲѶҲǳ󣬵Ҳʮʱˣûܹ⿪УΨһһǻѧҵĲ롣ɻҪȰ˵ׯεȻƾׯεȻϵ⡣⼸µʱ䣬ǽⲻϲ룬Ҳܹͻơ
ѧʱׯεȻ϶ǻᱣסġ
Ȼ뷨һ㣬Ҳûʲô󰡡Ҫǲ޺͵˵ıóѡ
ڡׯεȻؿɣҪ˵滰Ǽٻ
ׯεȻô࣬ɻЩ̫ϰߡ
滰Ҳû룬ֱѿڶ
ãҾ˵滰ʵϣϲ˵ЩˡׯεȻһ£Ҫ˶þͿҲ̫ϲûսѶȵѧ֤
򵥣˶ɵˣѧϰǴΣ۱ѧѵһ֣Ҳϵһ֡
ׯεȻ˵ϲ򵥣ûи
ׯεȻ̫Ʈ˹ٴѧʮ̡ڻȲׯεȻŸճĺӣ
ڲŵĻׯεȻ˵ӭڡ
ʲô˼һ£ׯεȻʲô
뵽һֿԡׯεȻҪ֤ϲ˵ʲô⣬ԾڿϽ⿪ϲɣ
ô󣿱˰ɣ
ׯεȻص˵ҵĿξ֪ˡ
ׯεȻͻȻãԼܻûȫʶׯεȻׯεȻİھõ飬·һֽƫִ
ǲѧŶʲôëаţ嫺ҲִͦģżǻͨׯεȻڹؼĳϣƫִļ־õ顣
еô£
ĬĬ뿪칫ңһȼһ̣óֻ嫺绰顣һҪ˵С
ʱԹûչ˺ѧ
ɣ嫺˯Ժذ½ʲôˣʮôҴ绰
սڡڵ绰ͷε˵Сׯ߳ˡ
ʲôսڵ绰ͷʧĴеʲôˣ
侲һ¡һ̡


39 
ǣô侲嫺ڵ绰ͷž˵ŻҰСׯϣõѧҪи̣ҪǸһػŲ׷ɱ㣿
úÿСׯڸңˣ嫺ʧص˵֪֪ҵѧҵˡСׯô£
Ҫǲ˵ھˡ
𼤶ǧ𼤶˶ɵˣû뵽ᵽׯεȻ嫺ôҪ嫺ϱ̫Ҫ嫺ׯεȻ֮ǲʲôֵ鷢
嫺ǰׯεȻԼĺ˰ɣ
˵ܡôС͸ѧѧ嫺ҲǵһνӴôСĲʿټϱҲˣҲǲܵ顣
ġЩݣСׯڹѧҴѧ°ͺղ룬ڻûпʼʡѡһ⣬аһЩһ޺͵ҪҲ֪ׯεȻ͵ֵúܲ졣ׯεȻڹѧҴϳ˵Ŀ϶͵ˡ
޺ҲضãСׯҪڹѧҴɨأҲܸˡۿǱûгʲôţܹûѧôĹʻ϶ңҲּɵġ
嫺侲ɣ˵ܲ飬Ҳܲˡ
⣬ʼûл԰ɣ
ǡɼ˵ˣҲϲΪСׯ˵Ӧûܿҵһͻƿڣô˵ġ
˵ϲ̫򵥶԰ɣ嫺侲ûһ˿ȫղּĸо
գ۾ô֪
ڴѧʱ򣬾оϲ롣嫺˵ǸʱͿҪϲ룬ûмȥ
һʱ䲻֪˵ʲô
ԣϲԣڼ򵥣Ҳܺ⡣Ͼ룬һҪ
صǣھҪϲ롣ڿϣҲ˵ˣֻǲҪʵϻûܹ
ô嫺΢΢üͷȷʵе㼬֡
ǣ˵嫺ѧʵ̫Σˣ취ֹɽ˵ôҪвأѧɾûˡ˹ôںѧֱͳЦˡ
İɡ嫺Ȼ鲻̫׵ׯεȻûаյ顣
ɣҾô˵ɡȻ飬ôȻзǳİգҲڴ֮ͥѧ롣嫺ͣһ£ĵ˵Сׯҷǳ˽⣬ɵӣҲƮˡ飬ʮͷţȻһзִģûаյκ˴Ʊ
˵ҪڿϽ⿪ϲ룿嫺ɵʱǸҷ̡
ֻǲ²⣬Ҿûаա
϶аա嫺ֱ˵˵ûаյ顣
ɵˣԭҪ嫺Ȱ˵һׯεȻģô嫺ȴȰ˵ˣⲻӦð
ˣĻһﲻʲôæ°ͺղ飬룬ֻȰ˵һСׯҵġҳֱ̬ȣʵ̫˽Сׯˣǲͬġ
̾Ϣһ£ɡ
Ҳ̾ģ°ͺղȷʵǳѣҲûпܽ⿪嫺ȷʵׯεȻûа취飬˭ûа취ֹ嫺ׯεȻǺĵģׯεȻǰ;ȥġ
ȷʵ޻˵Ȼ嫺ҲȰׯεȻȰ˵ׯεȻֻϣׯεȻʲôɡ
ص칫ңׯεȻ£Ҳûйѯȥʲô
Сׯɼ˵㲻ҪڿϽ⿪ϲɣ᲻̫ðˣ
ڱƵʱоϲ룬ʵرѡׯεȻʼ磬֮ڿ֪֮ˡ
ͷţ¶ֻҪҾСˣǿɾ˹ٴѧʷЦû֮һ
ֻҪׯεȻֻ˼ǵã˹ٴѧЩʦƻһֱЦׯεȻ
ʵ̫ˣĿΣ֪жٽڶȥ£ֻҪ˵һ㣬ܶᱻ޷Ŵ
ȷʵر⣬ׯεȻɣʼûκεĴ
ǶѧңҲзĿԡοׯεȻǶѧҡ
ֻҪ֤п°ͺղġׯεȻͣһ£ɫ࣬ó򲢲ֹƫ΢ּ޷̡
ɻǾ̫ðգׯεȻһе̬ȣԼ˵Ҳûʲôô
ֻĬĬׯεȻʱ򣬲ʲô
ʱ磬ׯεȻѾʰ˶׼ȥϿΡΪڶѧҲǰȥռλãҲڽ̨ϽΡ
ʱҲ׼ׯεȻһͬǰڡ
ׯεȻ̫ܶĽڶҪȥĿΡʱ뿴ׯεȻУׯεȻʲô
룬ׯεȻҪʲô飬ӦôׯεȻԲ
ׯεȻվʱҲվ
ׯεȻû˵֪ڿ϶ҪȥεģֱҡҲಽĸҡ
ңɴӺŽ룬ƽѧĴҼˣѧнڣҪûλһλ¡
һкüѧӺŽ룬ܹλˡɻܣܶʶĽڶڣƽʱ˹ٴѧڿγ̵˹ٸߵоԺڶصΡ
ɽ˺ģֱզࡣ
žѧŵĴ뵱˹ٴѧҵﵱ̵ʱ򣬻ſȸûжѧǰΣڿׯεȻһ˹ٴѧĴͻȻûɵĸоôһ˿˿ᡣ
Ȼź˵ĴǾԲһġ
˺üӣׯεȻûнšֱۿҪϿεʱ䣬ׯεȻŻҡ
ҺáׯεȻ΢ЦϽ̨ó黹ЩŵġһȫӢĽѧׯεȻ֮ǰûľѧʱûùȫӢĵĽ⡣ϳ˸ѷ׼ȷӢ֮⣬󲿷ûѧ档
ܲǾͺûйϵˡ
ѧǺͽǶؿׯεȻĿмڴҲмӡΪׯεȻȥʵ̫ԵʣûкׯεȻӴˣܶģǰͻȻվһĸڣٻЩ
ЩӣׯεȻһҲûлңʼ٩٩̸ԭÿǴ㽲۵ģͻȻһµ뷨
ׯεȻűʿʼںڰдһݡ
22n22n+1ʱ2n+11

˶סˣɻⲻ÷ɭֲɵϲҪʲô
ѧڽǶʼС
ô£ϲɣҪΪʲôͻȻҪϲ룿
뿴Ƽ򵥣ôȥûͻȻҪʲô
óǷƫ΢̵ַļֻǵĽۻãģϾ۱Ҳںڰдôһ֣Ҫʲô
ҵϵۣׯҪʲôѷʹصɴ۾ŵؿڰϵһ֡
Աߵļַ΢΢üͷ˵ʵׯεȻۻͦȤġϾһµʱ䣬ׯεȻϵҲĿõġǽ⿪ϲ룬ʵǺš
Ҫ⿪ϲ𣿡һߣ˵ȥͦȤģ𣿡
ȷʵȤ˵ǣҷǳģûõĻ»Ϊ˵Ц
İܹ⿪
֪ҡͷɫ࣬˵ʵҶ˽⣬Ӧô³ç
˼бλЦе˵û뵽ջ˹٣顣ȷʵһǳȤˣȻܽ⿪Ļ¾ͻΪ
Ȥͻʱֻһ֮𣿡
ɵĶᵽɤˣׯεȻ׼ڿϽ⿪ϲ룬ⲻѰ·
֪ͲӦׯεȻôһׯεȻҪ֤֤˿ⶼ̫ðա
ɡԱߵѿСׯô£ϵһÿξô³ç
ɿɥһҲңڹѧҴ°ͺղı档ţԱ°ͺղѧ棬ϲһЩҪϲѧ档֮ǰҿһЩģ֪ڹƴʱ򣬶ϲһЩоϣӦⷽһЩͻơңЩûзѧڿϡʱóҲˣ֪Ҫ֤ϲ룬̫ˡ
˵ʱɶҪˡ
ᣬׯεȻԲ̤Ϊ˹ٴѧĸڡҲòȥ嫺ɣ˹ٵĻǶΪׯεȻĳܹûѧ߼̨סׯεȻʱŪ˸¬ȺڵһŹ˾ɡ
ָҪ׷ɱ
Ҳ˯ȾˣȺҪɱĶС
㡭ɸֵ˵ɣҲҪʮˣô¡СׯᣬҲź𣿡
Ҹ嫺˵绰ܲˣôܡŶͷ˹ٴѧĻУǷǳзġׯεȻûȥݷùׯεȻһ˹ٴѧͿʼעλѧš
ɶׯεȻôãһΪ嫺иҲΪЩչ˺ׯεȻ
˹ٴѧ˹̹ѧȵѧĽں͸ڣúչׯεȻ
һĽڣڵ˺ܾãŲعڵǲǿӻѧţɻа֮ġǻصڵǶǷǳԻĺ󱲡
ɫǳѿׯεȻʢɶҪʮˣׯεȻ衣ⲻСׯǰ;Ц
ں޲ֱϽ̨ׯεȻߣⶼʲô飡
Žڡε˵ǲˣ
˵أһۣҴˡ
ˣı˯ˣĬĬСׯһҪ⿪ϲ밡
˵ҲܽţѾսȭͷ̨ϵׯεȻ
Ұһ¡ׯεȻɵ˵֪÷ɭֲеϲ롣
شҶ֪ġׯεȻͣһ£Ҷ˰ɣ
û˵Ҷ桢ġӵĿ
ڻѧʿѧλʱо⡣ׯεȻԴĿûκε飬̹Ȼ˵Ȼǽۣô˳˵һϲɡ
ѵҪ⿪ϲһΪׯεȻҪ⿪ϲ롣ֻǼ򵥵Ľһϲ룬Ҳû⡣˵ׯεȻκһѧڣܹϲ볤ƪõʱ䡣
⿪ͽ룬£
˳㣬볢һ£ʱ꣬ܲܽ⿪ϲ롣ׯεȻ¶һ˿Ц⣬˵ҵֻһܽ⿪ϲ롣
ҵϵۡ
ׯ
ʲô
ׯεȻķ֪Լʲôϲ룡
Ҫڽ⿪ϲ룿
˶ˣòײһû뵽Ȼġ


40 ⿪
кϷˣߵĽڣղŻЩʧ䡣ׯεȻ˵ҪҪ⿪ϲ֮΢΢üһϷĿڰ塣
񷴶Щģׯ⵽ô£ΪʲôͻȻô³ç
ᡣԱߵ˵˽º˭ʱ򣬱һ£ԲŻɡ
ʼ磬ҿȤڣڵʲôƺܵⲻ룬ΪЦȻľģǾûоηѧˤһӣҲǺ£٣δףηѧ
װĲʽڣⲢȤһλѧŴӴ䡣ׯ˵ѧδ֮ǡһҲȤ
ڡ΢Ц˵ׯ˵һҲһɱ䡣Щ˿ģΪ֤˼·кáʵϣδڹѧᡣ٣ǰûκһѧᡣ
Ҳ˹ٴѧȫˣ֤ԼʵʹճЦݣղ˵ʲôšڹѧʿѧλʱ򣬾Ѿʼоϲ롣Ϊ飬ϲ롣ҲͻȻϲû˼ô˵ʵڣǹΪ֮Ҫ֤Լ
ڣǽʲôط𣿡
˹ٴѧѧʥءȫѧһǰéѧУרҵѧڣŵѧ
ֻҪܹĽںѧôͻȫ硣
ȷûЩׯεȻׯεȻӡǳá̿λδѧʦڴʱ˹ٴѧΪЦ
ԣΪڲҪ̫ġҲ£ׯѾ˶Բߡҡͷ¶ǵ˵ǼģׯҲҪ⣬ɣúÿׯǷܹ⿪
˵ˡͷȷʵ˵ˡ
ںһĶᵽɤˡׯεȻʲô⣬űʣׯεȻ΢Цתʼںڰдһ֡

1Ϊ ( a-1) =1 zĳֱҪ
ord (a)=
Ϊord (a) 1 ord (a) =:ord (a) = a1 (od ) Ƶ|a-1  ( a-1) =1 |z

zqɱʾΪq=2k+1ʽ ʽ (q a-1) =1 kΪ
֤q|z ݶ21 ordq (a) =Ӷ
1
ׯεȻԽдԽ죬СʱѾдڰ塣ܶûüڰϵݣѾǰĹʽׯεȻһڰʱȫסǰ֤ݡ
󲿷ֵѧһãؿڰ壬ׯεȻ˼·ٲֵ̺͸ڣ΢΢üͷ˼ţȻҲûܹׯεȻĽࡣ
ǽǻܹׯεȻĽ࣬üͷ룬ڲõׯˣƺѾͻƵĿˡ
ȷʵˡղŻһԲķѷͻȻ룬ׯ֮ǰѾϲͻƣΪĳЩ飬ֹϲоټϣ⼸ѧ٣ܹ⿪ϲ롣
ͻȻˡַЦе˵óѧѧҲڶһϲͨ٣ҿׯпֱӽ⿪ϲ롣
ԱߵĵӾҲ΢΢ףҲѾׯεȻǲܹ⿪ϲ룬ҲܹܶͻƣٸׯεȻһµʱ䣬ôȻǿԽ⿪ġ
ϲ룬ȥǳ򵥡Դ1992빫˶Ҫ⿪ѧеĲ룬ϧʧܸա
빫ʽܼ򵥣Ҫ÷ɭ²ķֲͷǳˡҶ֪Ҫ⿪ϲҪʹɸνɸɸ
ɸĻ˼ǣѴ2nһС˳Сɾ2ı3ı5ıֱnıΪֹʣļΪ2~n֮2
Ҳ˵򵥣ǳѵ顣ѧҶڹ⣬û뵽ǰڻһѧ࣬һ꾹Ȼûиκ˵£㽫ϲ˳
Ҳ֪ΪʲôׯεȻͻȻԭҪ⿪ϲ룬תȥоƫ΢ַ̡ǷǳׯεȻֵܹ⿪λǰЩʱ򣬾ͳΪȫ֪ѧšǵȵȥꡪ֤ʵ⿪-׶˹ԺȱڲŻΪѧš
ʵ˹ٴѧĽڶǳʹôһ꣬Ȼûܹ˹ٴѧʿѧλֱ˹ٴѧʷʧ
ʵ˹ٴѧǲѧģλѧĳɼۣܹ˹ٴѧЩŰĽĶ
ׯεȻĳɼȻЩĽĶֱʹ
Ϊʲôûһ㷢ǰͲ⿪ϲšЩ֪ĽڣԸڻҪׯεȻ˹ٴѧ
ѧһŵѧƣׯεȻţѧоӡ˭ܾһѧأȻûеġ
ϣ֮ǰĽׯεȻͣһ£֮ǰ˼·֮ġ
ʲôѾʼСʵ̫£ԣֱǲġׯεȻ֮ǰĲ裬Ѿۿɼܹ⿪ϲ롣
ΪʲôȥΪʲôȻѾϲ룬תȥо-׶˹Ժȱڡ
޴ɻ˵УׯεȻһʲôˣ
ȤЦ˵ںüǰϲģӦҲǷǳģֻҪڼһʱ䣬ϲܱ⿪ʱϲ롣
ʽʲô߼ѷ̫ׯεȻʲôȤΪһλо۵ĽڣѴʱоϲ룬ȻڻûпɹׯεȻںüǰѾҪ⿪룬Ȼ롣
ѷеܣеˡ
߼̸ϣֻ룬ȻׯڼǰѾҪ⿪ϲ룬ôǲ˵ڽĳ죬ѧϵһ顪Ҳǿģʼ򣬡Ȼֻǲ²⡣
ܹ裬ɣǱΰѧңǧɻĹ
ѧʷϣΰ֮һַƳ˵ׯҵľϲʵ̫ˡ
ڷǳ˵ʵϣӦ뵽һλ⿪ǧѧңܶһϲͨܣ-׶˹̺ۿȥɡ׼ȷ˵ΪһѧϵѧȻҪѧϰ۵ġ
ɣӻδʼѾѧϰѧȻܽͣôʮʱ򣬾ܽ⿪ϲ롣

֤ã22n22n+1ʱ2n+11
֤ͬ22n+1ʱ2n+2 n  2
ׯεȻеıʣˣ˭𣿡
ǳţһ£ʧЦСλӻţȻĽ⿪ϲ롣
һұĵҲذ̫ˣղŲͱ
û˵Ǳ۾ʼ˼ѧһ±ƣٲֵѧʲô
лҪ˵1ժй֪÷ɭ߸˹ƹ㼰о
2ժ԰ٶȰٿƣɸ


41 
ڼʶţ˹ٴϸͰʮֱڡ߳ѧķׯεȻçײȴгˣǵһμ
ҪׯεȻ⿪ҪɵĶˡ룬Щ£дмǼ¡ûпǹûô죿ǳģׯεȻһȷʵ֤ϲ룬ôһأܹô
ðɡׯεȻûʵĽңȻûʣĿΣ͵Ϊֹ
˵ţ鱾뿪ҡþûܹӽ߳ҶҪڿźڰϵļ㹫ʽǲ⡣ǻׯεȻḶ̌˵Щѧо۵ĺüλڣ̡
飬Ͳ⡣
ɿźڰϵĹʽԴڶݺݵһ£ɣԺһҪСׯΣȷʵܹ֤һѧšķ̫ûбҪеķա
ͷɿɥһŽڣҲǲܡĹܲҲ֪ǸճĺӡʱѪ飬ֻҪһͷʲôܡҲǸ˵ôһֱҪұݣ⿪ϲ롣
˵ʵŽڡ棬˵ղСׯ˧˹ٴѧѧʥأȻ⿪һĲ룬Һʲô顣
ţ±λȵĵ¹˰ɡ
üͷ˺һʱ䣬͢˹ڷǳҺͷ͢˹ڲһҸСׯԺ˵Сׯѧ츳ͺǡġ
ϣôˡѧϣ츳оɫ˲죬ֵĵز
ͷ˵ڣȷڿ佱Сׯ𣿡
תͷɣȻڿ佱𣿡
ûûǸ˼ɼæҡͷȥƺЩɵɫе㲻̫ÿ
ӣǺ¡
üͷ˵ɣҪСׯʡģ˹ٴѧˡ
ţڲ˵Сׯʡ𣿡
ɣɺµϣ˵
˵عƵ˵ʲôʱ
̫ȷ
þû
Ѿˡ
嫺ǸһȥİɣЦҡͷˣعˡعܺãΪһЩסҪ͵ʱ򣬿չôãҲҪعһչͼ
ڣڻعҲ˹ٴѧĽڣѧǹ֪ѧҡܻعĻһиõΪһƶ
ЦҡͷСӣҲȰһعˣǰ죬嫺Ҵ绰ˣңСׯҪһַ
ɵϳĽ㽵飬Žڡ
С˵˵ѧϵ۸ڵϿҲҪټСׯû뵽ҲҪСׯַ
ѧϵ۵飬жŹ˵Сׯȷʵλע⣬ѧ츳ױȵġ˵ˣҪСׯʡģڻعҪһ
ɿɥһ治ҲŬûСׯ츳ҪСׯ츳͵ڣҿ϶˹ٸߵоԺĽڡ
˵׼Сׯ˹ٸߵоԺСׯѾ֤ȷʵףСׯͻյ˹ٸߵоԺ뺯ɣСع֮ҲҪúо֮Բع֮һΪǸʱ򣬹ȷʵ̫ҪЩоѧˡҲЩ߹ĳЩ˵ɡ
ڹôõʱ䣬ҷʵⶼ࣬ԶġţͺСׯʲôطᱻһֱţٶҪЩġ˵ϣСɱЩʬλز͵ѧϰ
Ȼ㲻ҵѧҲַƽڵġϣܹ嫺úѧϰһԹõˡ
ɫģҲʧġ
ˡվǰһȦ΢΢ϹʾǣСׯˣҸ˵ô
ţڹȻǵ춹ģܹԼȴҪˡ
ҲϰˡڵҲ˹ٴѧʿ
뿪֮󣬿ׯεȻûԶæ첽ǰׯεȻ
ׯεȻתһ׵鶢
ǣׯεȻϹϾ˵ڣ
û顣Це˵Сׯúܺðǻ˹ٴѧѧִ
ĻׯεȻæ˵Ӧģң缸ǰӦġ
Сׯһǲ̫⡣ڶׯεȻ˵һЩһСׯҲ̫⡣
ôᣬôңҵҡʦӻѧԺԺʿѧԨԨʦӻ޸
֮󣬸ʦӴʩƤ¡͢˹
˵ڹҲ쵱ѧҡܹʦӵϣѧ֮һ¡͢˹λ˵ǳ޺͸ܹ߰˷͢˹ۣ˵ѧϵ츳Ŭһһġ
ׯεȻھʱѾ˵λǰķɣˣׯεȻԼҲǼΪ˷ܡ
Сׯ鿴ׯεȻɫҲ˵ʲôػ˼ѧţûһ˿ôԼ
ȷʵһġ
Ž˵ׯεȻɱϹϾĶ˵黹Щ̫˼ڿԤδׯεȻѧоǱȻġ
˵ʵҲҪóݺׯεȻ̸
ҪƽȵݺׯεȻһġ˵ׯεȻͷѷַǵĴУƽ۴ġ
εºܣܹׯεȻĳ
СׯҲ˵ϡ˵ʵϣҺ֮ǰҪ㣬ǰЩȷʵЩæûʱ䡣
˵ׯεȻСӣͺϵĳģ
⿪ϲ룬ȷʵǳ˵Ҳò˵һ£Ȼ⿪ϲ룬´²Ҫô³ç˹ٴѧûн⿪Ļ֪ʲô𣿡
ҲڿׯεȻֻǾׯεȻȥԱ˸ô죿
ϾҲÿζôԽ⿪ϲ룬ⲻʱΪȫЦһҲûȤ
ΪһλõĻڣȤֻȥֱѡǶׯεȻԣһܴѡһҲҪ鷢ׯεȻ޵ĿԡΪĳЩ飬ׯεȻΪĳЩ˵Ц
ܲ˵һ飬ʲôЦǿԳΪȫѧңΪʲôҪΪçײΪΪȫѧЦ
ŽڡׯεȻ˵֪ڵңģұ֤Ϊçײ顣
˵ҪڹѧҴϣ⿪°ͺղ룿鿴ׯεȻ𣿡
СׯεȻͷģаյģûаգҾԲô
գţСׯ㲻Һܷɣ
ôᡣׯεȻҡҡͷȷʵжෳˡϾ˵ЩҲΪãֲɵӣô֪ܲ
ǾУһô˵ɣһǾôзա鿴ׯεȻ˵أûõĻСׯǿɾǹЦˡ
ǣ֪˼ׯεȻͷŽţҼȻôаյġ
鿴ׯεȻ³çһЩ飬ǲаաȻû˭֪Ǹʱ᲻Ϊ̫ŴԶ·֮ڵġ
ׯεȻܾׯεȻôʵ̫ܻе԰ĳɷ档
϶ǲõģСׯˣ
ˣׯεȻصͷȻׯεȻԣûء
аɡ̾ϢһԸׯεȻҪʲôźá
ǲ˵飬ղ˵ѧʱϲ룬ҿѧʱҪ⿪Ϊʲôûмȥأ
ڵɻҲ˵ɻ󣬼ȻׯεȻڴѧʱͲ⿪⣬ôǳʲôһ飬ûм
⡣


42 ֱ׵
ġׯεȻ֪Щڿ϶ѯ⣬ʵҲͦźģûڴѧʱϲ⿪ʵϣ뵽Լڼȥ϶Ǻܿܽ⿪ġ
Ǹʱսƴ֪ս֮ǰڼݴѧУڡص֮ǾĽڡׯεȻЦ˵ȥսѧϰѧѧԣҾûмоۣо-׶˹ԺȱڣҸսڿǷƫ΢̵ַĿ⡣
ԣͱ嫺ȥ˶԰ɣҡҡͷû뵽ׯεȻʱҪ֪ׯεȻʱ⿪ϲ룬Կ϶˵Ǿ󣬿˹ٴѧҲβɧׯεȻ˹ٴѧ
Сׯû⿪ϲ룬пֱӵ˹ٴѧʿõѧңҲˡѷȵȡЩѧҡ鲻̫ܹ⣬Ϊʲôϲ룬תоƫ΢ַ̣
ΪʱûǮͲ˹ٴѧɡׯεȻҪ˹ٴѧûа취˹ٴѧǸʱ򣬾˹ٴѧҲ
һûǮɻƱˡ˹ٴѧѧѣαģѡ
ھͶʿ˹ٴѧʲôҪǷǳõѧУ
ʦǴ˵ǰ
Ҳǡ΢΢ף˵ׯεȻȷʵͦѵġ⿪ϲ룬˹ٴѧҲܸһʷĽٶ˹ٴѧ˵ûôش
⿪-׶˹Ժȱ֮ȷʵܹ˹ٴѧġ٣Ե⣬ҪĲѧѧ涼ǳܹ⿪Եѧ⡣
ׯεȻĵҲȡ֣ǷǳףԼҪʲôʲôʱʲô顣ȥԼĹ滮Ƿǳġ
СׯС鲻˵˹ٴѧҾСׯڽһЩ
ǣ֪ׯεȻȻ֪ôΪãϾλõѾ꣬͹ڼûʲôϵôʱ䣬ӹѧعЩѧߺͽڣƵģٶй
ڱ֪ѧң֮ǰڸױǴѧνڣ˹ٴѧĽڡǴӸױǴѧʿҵģΪҪ˹ٴѧġ
˵ҲǷǳȤ飬ڵʱ򣬷ǳҪʱ˹ٴѧĶѧҷ͢˹ѧϰ˵ݵѧҾǷ͢˹λ͢˹ǳĮҲڵһЩɼ֮󣬷͢˹ſʼѺΪ˹ٴѧ͢˹ѧϰһʱ䡣
ϧǣ˹ٴѧνʱ͢˹Ѿص־
ˣСׯƺʲôƵģº͵˵Ҫַ
ׯεȻһŽڣ˵λλɣ
ׯεȻģ֪϶ǲµԼ˵λ˭ȻҲǳò£ܱ֪ѧΪˣݼѧλ֮⣬Ҳûбˡ
ߵ޽˹̹
ݼѧλ֮⣬ûλЦ˵ˣ˵ڹѧҴ֮ȥŷ𣿡
ǡׯεȻ΢΢ףȷʵҪǰŷޡ˹ٴѧѧϵĽڣ֪Ҳ֡
㵽ŷޣʱĻȥ־ѧоʼ򣬡룬СׯӦ֪˭ɡ
͢˹ڣׯεȻɴ۾
˵ʵСׯеĽ㡣ôѧ綦ﶼҪ㡣ҡҡͷ꣬Ҫ͢˹ڣҪô㣬㻹û˵أ͢˹ȴҪ㡣
ׯεȻĬȻ֪ݵѧҾǷ͢˹
ҲҪ㡣Ҫʲôʱܹعȥݼ԰ɡ
ǡҪܿһ㡣
ʲôЦλء˹̹޽ŵһλ桤
ڵ˼ĽλѧϵҲҪ㡣
Сׯѧ·ǳҲǳ˵ʵе㵣㣬ǻһŻľַش֮
ĳɫĳЩ˿жд̡ԺҪСġ˵֮ׯεȻļ򣬡ҼҳԸ㷹ɡ
һġׯεȻشôһ䣬ڶ˵һټ֮뿪
뿪֮ǰԼַڡ
ֻ϶ǲعģҪ˹ٸ߸ߵĴϼ꣬Щѧϰһ¡ټϹѧҴ֮Ҫȥŷޣûʲôʱ䡣
ǻعҲҪʥ֮
ׯεȻ黹ǷǳġʲôЦҪΨһһλŵĴ棬ȻҪܲ
ֻȷʵ˵еľַش֮ڵĻɲ˵˵Ƕôصص޲Ż˵Ļ
ǣĶԽ⿪°ͺղǳġ
ţǿڹѧҴᵽ֮ǰͻƣڽ°ͺղ롣
ˣׯʿ첽ǰסׯεȻ
ǣߣׯεȻһ±ƣʶλȥƺһλڡ
ʣʣԽҲ
1994ķƶĽڰúտռΪɫΪúտռ䡢ͷͱۻõķƶĽ
λȻ˹ٴѧĽڣҲ˹ٸߵоԺĽڡ
Ȼ˹پ˹٣߳һˣпǷƶĽֶ򽱵ȵ֮ģпŵ
ʲôʱ򣬻ĴѧҲѧУͺˡĴѧŻѧá
ʽڣáׯεȻ֣ص˵𣿡
Ȼ˵ׯڷһǳо
һЩɡׯεȻһ£úտռȷʵô
ׯεȻЩΣĻҿܿϣؿռ䡣
Ŷʿĵ˵ôׯû˹ٸߵоԺڸߵоԺҲᵢ˹ٴѧθڡ
˹ٸߵоԺׯεȻ㵵ؿ򲼶ʣû뵽ʾȻôֱӵķԼ
ûߵоԺׯоѾҪκ֤ѾǷǳѧңҷǳϵ㣬˹ٸߵоԺҲ˹ٸߵоԺѧѧԺǵĹͬʼ˵ţδׯΪѧǿǡ
ҡׯεȻ˵ЩͰ͡


43 ͷ
ЦеؿׯεȻҲû˵ȴׯεȻ˵꣬ʱׯεȻţңģܣܹӣ룬˹٣ߵȣоԺ𣿡
ȻԡЦ˵Ҳ㣬𣿸ղҿź˵Ӧ˵ɡҲڸߵоԺоԺֻѧҡ
ȻׯǸѧ֮һʼ˵˹ٴѧߵоԺľ벢Զһϣܿһ¡ߵоԺʷ˽ģء˹̹Լ롤ŵ˶ǾʿԼ¡ȵȣڸߵоԺ
˵ˣׯεȻ֪ġ˹ٸߵоԺ˵ѧʥء˶ųʥ̬ǰ˹ٸߵоԺֻΪһۡ
Ȼܹյ˹ٸߵоԺѧѧԺڵ룬ǰ˹ٸߵоԺоԱ
߼оԱʼ˵˹ٴѧνڵĻôҲڸߵоԺνڡ
뺯ƼǻݽȥңӾԼա˹дƼšЦе˵ţ˹ٸߵоԺѧ·ϸӵĴ⡣
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Ҿ֪ġׯεȻ֣Һܿ㣬ׯڷһЩɼƫ΢ַѾ÷ǳáڳһͻơ
һŬġׯεȻһܲڣ֪ģҪ°ͺղ롣
˵飬һλէĸڣĲҪ⿪°ͺղ롣˹ٶ˵ſλէĸڵЦΣ֮ǰ˵µʱҾһֱ⣬ɵӻš
ׯ֪𣿡ʼ˵ҿֻ˻飬һţѧڣ޿ɱ粵оڶ֣ǲ֪ߵغɵӡ
һ֣˹֮ǰûмȻ˹ٴѧȷʵ޿ɱ粵֮أ֮أԳƵŵ˲ࡣ
ҿ˹ٴѧܶ궼ûйšʼ˵ׯܹЩ˹ٴѧĻܹٹ⣬𣿡
⡭ׯεȻһ£򲼶ʲ֪˵ʲôǺá
ׯɡЦе˵ȷʵһţԽ⿪°ͺղġϲ룬֤ʵܹ⿪°ͺղ롣
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뿪֮ׯεȻֱߡ
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϶ᱻŽ׷ɱġ
ص칫ңׯεȻʼϡɽ칫ҵʱ򣬶ׯεȻ˵Сׯʲô
׼Ϻס
㲻ϲϴarXivϣ
ż˹ٴѧƵģ𣿡ׯεȻʾһҲż˹ٴѧƵϴarXivϡ˹ٴѧΪ϶ҲὫƵϴϣʱѧ꿯ҲAnnals of MathematicsҲֱҪ֤
Annals of Mathematics˹ٴѧڿѧĴڿ֮һ
ɱׯεȻôһ˵ԴԼһ䣬æͷˣ鶼ˡ˹ٴѧĿʦעɵĲ֤˭ôûȻ᳭Ϯ֤ȻͶ嵽ѧڿϡ
ЦǰɣԼ£ңѧ磬ƶġѧҲС
ҲǣҹѧУߣͻųƵ㲻׼ϴarXiv𣿡
˵ɣҲϴҹҲ˻ϴġׯεȻЦЦҲ£arXivϾƪĵۡ
ȷʵˣׯεȻս⿪ϲ룬arXivϾѾصۡ
ĵصϣȻҲЩۡûرȥûбҪǷ⿪ϲ룬ͱ˵֣̽Ǳ˵飬ֻҪԼС
˵°ͺղ룬Ҫ顣
ˣҲǸˡϣҡͷ˵ȻһҲںô⿪ϲ𣿡
ңҪǴعҲ¿϶һըԵš
õѧׯεȻ˹ٴѧڣ⿪ϲ롣⣬ţ𺳡
ڡׯεȻͷҲ̧һעЩ𣿡
ǵҲǡΣҹƾʲôʱ֮ܿĲɷ㣬Ҳһ˼ҡ
һ¶ɣɿʼæµ顣
ׯεȻǼ׺ϣڱ˵ϲ֤һǳҪϢ¹оڱĿׯεȻԣһȥʽοӦý⿪ϲ룬ôʱ䣬ڲŽ⿪
ѾǷǳˡ
ԭ⿪ϲ˺üСʱɫȻƻ裬滹ѧ˵Ц
̧ͷ˿ɫСׯŽڲȥҳԸ㷹𣿡
԰ԭüͷоׯεȻȻվˣɲǡԷ飬ôǡ
æʰڣ˰
ȥɡҡҡͷСׯһоҪ鶼ˡ
ׯεȻ뿪ɾͽӵ嫺ĵʼ
ʲôʱع׼ȥʲôطѧ󣬻ݼ
Ҳ꣬ӦȥʲôطҲûã˵ʵܹȥĵطͦġ˹ٴѧʮ꣬һӲʿθڡۿϾҪΪڣع֮󣬻ͦġ
Ͳ֪ԼӦȥʲôطݼǻƴ󣿶ͦģǾѧ˵ӦûĸУִ̣嫺ӼݴѧУص֮Ҳû룬ֱӻؾ
嫺֮䣬Щġ
嫺ܹĸУǳãζصĸУҲ嫺һá
ԣͦġӦȥʲôطݼͻƴǱߣҲнӴʵƫڻƴԶ뾩ݼɽķʡϴ缶ѧУпѧΪ֧ţҪоҲǳ㡣
ƴѧĽҲͦġ
ò׼⣬عڹȥҲûʲô˼ѧģѾȫˡѧģѧᡣ
ͷۡüġ


44 ͳ
ڵļׯεȻе㵣ڻ᲻ѵ
ԭ˵õӿʼԷڶҪߵӣŸյǰһ壬ڴţЦŶׯεȻ˵ӴСׯˣϽģ
Žڣ˼ׯεȻΪվ⣬ڣǾϹǵǸҽڰ칫￴׺ϣʱ䡣
ûϵº͵˵ǳе飬˵㣬ǼһҼҳԷʱҲΪӰ˵ʱ䡣Ҳġ
⻹ڣɡ֡
ׯεȻǺЦƺûģС̤ҡ
Ӵ飬ǣڵ̫̫ڶӣϡׯεȻͺС͸ûгƵġ
Щ죬飬⺢ǣ˹ٴѧѧģ
̫̫ׯεȻڵ̫̫ϹׯεȻյ˹ٴѧûжá
ׯεȻڵ̫̫ɴ۾ŵĴһΪׯεȻҲʮϣ˹ٴѧѧϵĸڰɣ
ǡׯεȻͷ
ڼ߶֡ڵ̫̫Це˵һΪСׯǸ꣬û뵽Ǹ꣬ѹ˵ꡣ
Ž˵Цˣʲô㲻ϡ
Сׯ㰡̫̫ҡͷ˵ҿ˵ܶ˽˵飬Ҷѧ̫˹ٴѧҲͦõʱ䡣Щڣһ˭ֺˣ޲ýӵģ
㣬Ⱥ߰Ľƽ͵̸顣̫̫Ĵָ汾µġ
ׯεȻͷЦû˵
Сׯ㲻Ⱦƣ
˼ŽڣȷʵȾơׯεȻüһε
ڹЦ˵ûϵѧһٺȾΪãƾӰԵ˼𣿡
ׯεȻֻεЦû˵
¶ȷʵ֪ô˵ΪͺȲ˾ƣ˵ҲûбҪȾưսҲ׼Ⱦƣ֮ǰһĿȷʵҪȾơ
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ʲôЦׯεȻսϲѧźȾƣսھͲվˡ
ԷɡǰׯεȻ֣СׯԺҪԻˣʱҼҡҼұûʲô⻪ˣ֤ڡ
ׯεȻ¶Ц⣬ԴˣҵˣСׯ˵ǻġ
ǡׯεȻͷûжʱҪæо
ǾˣСׯԺҪæ̫ûзԣӭʱЦҡͷԭ͸ýԷģһֱûгչ
СׯӢĵǱǰʱ򣬺öˡƺ뵽һЩ£ǰڸױǴѧѧʱǸӢļֱҲ̶á
˵飬ڵ̫̫ҲЦ˵ǸʱӢĻĵʦ·Ѷ½ʹöΡڲʿҵ֮ڸױǴѧӦƸʱΪӢĲ̫ã㱻ˢ
飬ȷʵҲһȤ¡
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Сׯֻ˵Է
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֪ׯεȻãȻҡͷȷʵ֪Ӧ˹ٴѧõʱ䡣
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СׯεȻͷұǷѧߣ꣬϶ҪȥġֻǣҪ˹ٴѧʱ䣬ܹ޶ȵҼȡ˹ٴѧѧϵ˼룬Ȼٻعɡ
־ׯεȻļ򣬡ع֮󣬻оѧ
⣬̫ׯεȻģڡұѧѧѧģҿԸô˵󲿷ֵѧ˵ۡȵȣҼ֪һЩġѧĻѧѧԼѧϣҲǳֹҲ̫عоѧѧԿ϶ǣҪȥоǴѧɡ
Сׯ˵𣿡
ׯεȻãȻĿڡ
ص˵ķƶĽģ˵񽱵ϣܴ󡣡
⡭ΪѧȨĽʵÿһΰ佱֮ǰ͸¶֪˭øý
һǿԲ²ģ꣬ʮµѧңѧĹסŲ²⣬ܹһׯεȻò²һ
ϸΪѧͻףشͻƵѧңƵıׯεȻ
-׶˹Ժȱڣһѧѧ˫⡣ѧҺѧҺҪ⣬ʮȥΧܱ߹ײ֪ж˻÷ƶĽŵѧ
ûһܹ⿪⣬ȻⱻׯεȻλ˽⿪һĿ顣ֻǺۣܶׯεȻһ˽⿪ģǺͱ˽⿪ġׯεȻͶʱֱӰѱ˵ָĨȥԼѧɹ
Ϊţһʮĺӣܹ-׶˹ԺȱڡкܶıۣׯεȻ˭ĺӣԲŻĴ
ʵѧҲټ嫺ڸ˹ٴѧʱ˹ٴѧҲ˼ԣǽׯεȻţׯεȻֻѧֽŵˡܣǴδׯεȻ
ľͿԿƫ΢ּ޷̵֤̱Ͳǿģµġϣܹƫ΢ּ޷̶ֳȵˣ˵ûеġ
ׯεȻģܹ֤ȷһš
ŽڡׯεȻգ۾˵ƶĽ֮ǰͲ͸¶Щݡ
ȷʵܻ˵ѧҴί˶ǩЭ飬ԷƶĽȨԣʱǸ߹ŵġ
Ҳ֪ҶѧңܲѧЩͻԹ㹻÷ƶĽ𣿡˵СׯҾô˵ضԻ÷ƶĽһСʱѧᣬǿɲ˭ܹġ
ׯεȻŷ룬Ž˼ǣĿԻ÷ƶĽ
ûлõĻ˭ȥ
˭Ҳ㣿۾һɣׯεȻЩµӡ
ŽҲô˵ܹ÷ƽѧкܶ࣬һһεĹѧҴûл÷ƶĽ룬ΪչЩܹýٹûа취÷ƶĽѧңŶֵңҲǽɡׯεȻȷʵôһ²⡣
ܴҶ˵÷ƶĽѾˡԴˣһɵ̬ȡ
͸ղ˵кܶ˶ʸ÷ƶĽģűĻׯεȻһʮСǰƶĽ䡣÷ƶĽСһλ1954꣬ѧáƤʱ28ꡣ
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ѧҴᣬԼŵȷʵôһͳڳš


45 龪һ
ҪעǣǹѧҴỹŵġüͷСׯ룬һͶûܹһΪܱ߿ùƶĽԼŵ⡣
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ҲϣܶʱίͱȽϴʸøýѧҡһӣôһλܹ÷ƽѧ߽ѧҶԣƶĽÿѧҵı׷󡣡
Сׯĺͱ˲̫һ˵ô仰һҲûд⿪⣬ܹ÷ƶĽȻǻѧĻȻǲı۵֧ߣǶΪѡǲƽġ-˹ԺȱڵѶĿõģıߡҲ뷽跨ҵһд֤ݣίὫ䷢ˡ
˭ֻҪ⿪ǧ֮һʸ÷ƶĽңضǻ÷ƶĽġƶ˵¶ԷһĺӣίᶼҪѽ䷢ԷΪǵǰʱˮƽ
ԭˡׯεȻ֪ƱлҪࡣ
ĸȦӣйġ
ҲѧȦȥߴһЩȻ滹кܶ಻˵飬ѧȦ󣬻רоĿѧҡܹѧѭȥ
ׯεȻһ϶ɫģʹ󵨵ȥ͵׶ȡƶĽС
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ǻҲСˣǻڻǺܲġŽڳ˵ʱҾ밡ǻѧӦһƶĽûаȻǻǻᣬҲл÷ƶĽΪѧҵġԴӷƶĽδл˻ùýò˵ǻźҲǻѧźϣСׯֲܹźҲֲźġ
ҡɡʵʮʱ䣬кܶ񼶱ʸ÷ƶĽģϧЩնûܹ÷ƶĽò˵һź
ϣׯεȻܹô٣ûҲΪһӵзƶĽĹȣĳΪѧǿϾͺܶӵзƶĽŷ޺͵ȣкܴĲࡣ
Ǿ˵ңСׯ϶ܹ÷ƶĽ
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ׯεȻһЩҲǲֵģҲĵá嫺ʿǱߣѧϰȷѧѧϵоٶȣҪѧѧϵоٶȣѧϵоٶҪһЩ
⼸ص㼸ƫ΢ַ̺ѧϣ˵ѧ䳡ۡų۵ȡ˹֮ӶʼûоۣٶһׯεȻԽܵġ
ڻͦԵ֡
סķоҲû˴šÿҲôһεĿγ̣ʱ䣬˹ٴѧǵĻ˵Ҫʲôɡ

սڡܵ嫺İ칫ңųëëŵģ嫺üͷų˵ˣôëëŵģûһʰ
嫺˼ʿ嫺İ칫ңץĽ⡣ʱ۾ģλʦȻ˵սҵӣǵġ
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֪ʲô嫺ڵڰ칫ë֣Գ˵Ҿëˣģôëꡣ
ǡＱöͷðˣ˵ׯʦ˹ٴѧϿεʱ򣬽⿪ϲˡ
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ΪʲôûϴarxivϣҲ̫ҹæûʱɣһ˵˹ٸߵоԺѾθ߼оԱˡ
ȥǱߵʿüʦʵ̫ʣȺ޵ݡ
ڡɫҪɨسŰɡ
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ʦ̫ɫˣʦʵûýɨʦܳſ϶ܣڻǰɨسŰɡ
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һ߰ɡ龪һһͬʱǺĽʦܣżʱ䣬һѧ롣
Ҳ֪һӣܲܽ⿪һѧ롣
ʦܵӣôͺ˹ƵģҪ⿪ѧ룬ܹ⿪أ


46 
ѧоģһϰʱ䡣ˣ
˵𣿡
սڵǸѧԣǸׯεȻ⿪ϲˡ˹ٴѧͬѧ˵ģǼһ񵱳⿪ֱˡǲʣǸƽȥ׷˹ٸߵоԺ
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ȷʵԱߵ˵ͷ˵׼ڿƴֱģҲ嫺մӹֱɱƴȥˡƴǱһֱˣһڹڴþһĽڣҲûôĵӣֱȥƴҪˡ
ҿ˵ˣڿƴᣬҪ嫺鷳
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ʮһ¥֮ǰַķ˿һׯһ߸giegie衣Ϣ

̳ۣȫûнˮϾǾۣȫϲ⣬Ϻܶ౾Ǿ˶벻⣬˵ȫܹˣǾ͸ˡҲû˭ϣʵûҪ
ׯεȻϵɲرãѾϹѣĳЩ˵ļͲ̫УΪַԲз۵Щˣ̫á˵ǸûпׯεȻѣϾѾγһϢ뷿ͲȥעַţĿѾһʱˡ
ַͿʼµĹһĽĿûַĹϵֺЩַˣׯεȻôַ֣ҲûرԡټׯεȻڵĵڶ죬Բģ˲ٵĺڷۡ
֪ׯεȻһְĲʿȫһ˵̬Ŭƽ޶ȵװɵ㶺Ͷַ·ˣַǲԲַܾ֮Ŭ򹤵ׯεȻ֮䲻֪˶ٸ硣
˼ֻһˣǻʲô˵ʲôС͸ҲǮΪ˳гַΪ˶ԵְĹʣʹַǸʲôׯεȻûͦÿģͿʼԲׯεȻԴﻰںׯεȻк̨ġ
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·˾ٶַҲǲܸЩ۷ۺںһ;ַĳ
ȻһжҪѮַΧʼ˵𡪡
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ַvһˣΪұҪӾ磬Լ¼ƳƬźܲμӡףԸĿ죬Ҳҽһҵʦۣϣܹա
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ַòУеԴ˹ȥڳׯεȻ̨ͬʱں۾͸ׯεȻһʲôʱҪߡ
һϲˣⷬԲ˶Ʒۿ϶Ҳַ֪Ҫ˺
۸ûлӦַַƣQ˼졣ûбҪַΪںĲԼλѾ˹ٴѧڵׯεȻ
ۺôҲǱƱҵַжûжһųΪǡȫǻԵɺ·ģȥѻͦ׷ģҲׯεȻ⿪ǧˣ˼һȦûʲôȥں˼Ҹֲ˭ַܻ
˾ͺ޲ҧһڡ
ۿַΧЦһԱߵľ˻ѯʣۣЦʲô
㣬ַڵģɥ֮Ȯ۵ݹֻ
˻ϲ˵ʲôʲô鲻˵ҲͦģƢҲͦã̡ǣٻ᷸ԭԵĴҪһ㣬֪ϧԼë׶κ̬Ҳ顣
ͷǳˬˣܶǣ֪ϧ˵˻ͦٵġȻ˵֪Դ֮ףŬǰѧϰ
ԺҪתҲףûһ㵱Сİ˭Ϳġܶ࣬ôµģǵһΡ
ʡĺܶࡣ
ӹֻ˿һ˵ۣôģ


47 Ұѧ
ô롣ЦЦҾûʲô˵ģûظ
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ô˵ţƤˣ͵׶λǿԻ÷ƶĽɡֱˢ·ƽ¼֮ǰ÷ƶĽ28ɣܹãֱӰѷƽˢµ18꣬ʮ갡
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ׯҲ֪ȥʲôҰѧУƽڹ𣬴û˵ʲô˹ٴѧʲôǮͽȥҰѧɡ


48 עΧ
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ЦˣǰʮѧУҲҰѧȷʡѧоһ㣬ʡʡѧԺassachetts stitute of technologyʡѧ
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ѧҲ̫Ц˰ɡ˵ʵҪλԳƹѧѧ˼ˡ
˹ٴѧrceton university綥˽оʹѧλus newsѴѧ1λ1ǧȵݣ˵Ұѧ
˹ٴѧѧѧλһǰ壬ȹѧѧߵ֪ȥˣѧȻ˻˹ٴѧҰѧ˹ٴѧѧϵòˣǹѧѧѧԺƮˣ
ȣ϶ƮҪ˵ѧѧ϶˹ٴѧġΣͲǹѧѧ²ǳжûбҵֻ˵ѧɡ
ѧﲻˣ
ַķ˿ԳԼʲôõѧУҵ𣿻ʲô֮ģʮĶ裬ұʾԹҵδǣЩǲǾûЩݾͺһ֪Уǡһ˵
ȻôԲзأҪ˵װʲôѧо衢ѧֱӰʮ̣ʮӵ裬ÿڼ׷ǣַһӿ˲͵ˣ
ҪַԲҳȺԼķ˿һȺʲôħ֡ѧѧ˼۰ɣһ˾ġҪķ˿ͱ󿪳ۼˡۿۼķ˿ɲ٣ڶתˣκûкڵ㡣ĳλǰڵ಻˵Qô±˲֪ĺڵ㣬˿ֻҿŶˡ
Ц˵úĳ˲һнλ𣿡
Ŷףƾʵݼһ֪ٷǳȦ˺üǲŵǣнĳһǣ˶ٸŶȥ۵ΧһȦûз˿˼˵ˣҪʵķԣǷ˿ϵˢԼ˭ҿͲķ˿˼أϴ۱˺Ҳû÷˿˳㿪˼ķ˿ء
ǰɣȦ˿Ҫۼȥˣټ
۷תڣΪϴڣǿڷ˿վһ١ȷʵ飬Ұĺϣʱڵĺ϶ûаǳΨһĺϴžǡҪЬ棬ʲôЬȽϺãðɣǷתڣתˡûкϣʵ̫ˡ˵¶ֱܽˣ
Ǹϲ˰ɣ
۶ԱׯֻҪֵĴˡ㿴ڽĿϱݶôҶҪһˣҪַںѧ㵱Ҷ֪Ƕٱĸ֪㣡
ַķ˿⻬¬Цˡ
꣬Ҫǻ¬ʲôƾǵԴͲġ

ӴСׯׯεȻļ򣬡⼸춼оأ
ǰׯεȻԥĵͷпΡ
ǽۣ
ׯεȻ˿ߵĿα׼һ㣬֮׼˵һЩݡʱԣۺͷһ𿼡
ҪȺѧҡͷˣСׯûΧɣ
ûСׯεȻ˵ôˣҪΧ
ûʲôЦ˵ҿҶΧһûУҪעһɣǻһ¡
ׯεȻɣǲʲô飿
û顣ɷģֻҪһ˿ѡ
ҲǲСׯεȻ˵ڹĶΧǲΪҪǷ˿
ˣⲻǷ˿Ѿ99𣿻һ100ˣСׯҪעΧע100˿ɳׯεȻüŪۣҲҪ˶õʱ䡣
аɡׯεȻͷҲ˵Χкܶʱ֮ġڹ⣬˽ڵޡעΧżڵʱҲǲġ
ע֮ׯεȻ뵽֮ǰʦ˵ׯεȻעΧš
ׯεȻһʱ䣬ʱ㣬ʦӦûû˯ɡҪʦ绰ȥѯһ£ţׯεȻ绰ȥ
Сׯڵ绰ͷϲ˵Сӻ֪ʦ绰أ
ٺ١ׯεȻЦ˵ʦڻû˯أ
ûյҡ
ôͻȻôʦСӴС¾ͲزסҶȦӣʲô飿
ҸעΧʦʲôҹעһʦɡ
Сׯôˣ㵵˵ȻעΧˣĪַںСׯ飬СׯѾ֪ˣ԰Сׯ֪ҲᵱûпעΧҪַߣҲ̫ˡ
ŶŶڵ̫˽ڵ顣ҪעΧһ˿Ͼʱ䣬˽һЩڵʱ֮ġעɣʦʲô
СӡЦ˵ʲôʦע㡣
ҽзɱţСȻ
ʲô֣Цһ䣬Χ֣˹עׯεȻעһֻһٸ˿ˡһǿ֢ڣǵҪ
ʦѾעˡ
õġׯεȻֵһעллʦˡ
ʦΧ𣿡
ʦӣҪΧ𣿡
Ҳǡ
ʲôʱع
Ӧ·ݻɡׯεȻ룬Ӧô˶ã·Ҫȥŷޡ
аСׯɴæˡЦ˵æãԺпջعһҪʦ֪𣿡
ʦÿ춼߶أ⻹ûͣ͸ͷƵġ˵ڹúóԷڹƵģͷԷܵ𣿡
֪ˣʦׯεȻЦ˵ʦرķˡ
԰Ͻعʦԡ
ðʦ߻е飬ҪȥϿˡׯεȻЩ˼˵ȹˡ
Сӣȥæɡ˵عʦز
ðׯεȻĵشӦ˵ׯεȻҲܲȥ
սںرãôһ顣
ҵ绰֮ׯεȻң׼ѧϿΡ
Χķ˿ׯεȻûпֻǷֹעû뵽ķ˿ߴＸǧ򣬲עҲôʮһܿ˷֡
Ϊ񼶵ܵעĳ̶Ƿǳġ
ķ˿һʱ䷢˸ΧΪɱţСȻΧҳһûзһΧֻעˣһһֻ100˿ˣңעҲֻˡ
Ѳֻעˣ
ɱţСȻ˭
źģȥ˷ɱţСȻעһΧѧԺܶꡣ
ôɧ֣žرǷᡣ


49 Χ̱
㿪ѧԺܶΧҳĶλǵ˹С
ΧͼƬرֱУܺ֡ǻкܶƬ¿ķ˿һźգھɶԣкܶˣһСӣȥûͦġ
Ѿԡ
ׯεȻɣ
λȫ˹УĪλ˹ٴѧĴУ
ǴΧģûйעɧΧǹעһɱţСȻǸ˵˭
˵ɱţСȻ᲻ׯεȻ
Ҳ˵ͨׯεȻرϤһ󷢹öׯεȻҳԷƬ˵Ķλ˹٣˹ٴѧĴУׯεȻͦõģׯεȻעΧֱ֮ӹע
ķ˿Ҫ֪˭ɱţСȻ˭
ɻ֪ΧѾΧۣһմմϲΧ
ѧԺܶ꣺ллɱţСȻҵķ˿ڵ100ˣװ
ķ˿Ѿ375ˣ
Ѿ793ˣ
һ£ķ˿Ѿ1007ˡ
ɷΧ֮ٿһΧ˿һֱǡ±ˣʲôˣΪʲôķ˿ڰСʱʱͻȻһǧҪ2000ǣ԰ûзʲôֵ۰
㿪ׯεȻΧׯεȻΧ˿ǵñҪ죬Ҫһ˿ˡ
ׯεȻ˿ˣ԰ȥϿʱ˿
㿪Χҳ񡪡
ɱţСȻ˭
עɱţСȻ
Żعɣ嫺ʱҲ˵ǡû뵽ôׯεȻ嫺ϱȷʵܺáӣׯεȻԼĺ
Χˣ˭ܸңɱţСȻ˭
ԴΧ֮󣬾һֱʮעһֱûбⶼöˣȻͻȻעһСţ᲻Сţ
֣˭ôŹעԼСţ⻹С𣿡
Ǿˣ˵˭ֻעˡһλһֱ˹УܾһλѧС
ܶλ˹еĶǴаɡ
ҲѧԺܶƬֺöׯεȻĺգ⼸·Χġ
ȥӦʮˣͺأôͺһλѧаɣ
λѧл᲻
Χըˣ˿ʷɱţСȻ˭ȻѾ˯˰ɡ
ׯεȻصΧ֮󣬸ûٹ顣Χ˿ѾͻأɵΧҲһĹע
࣬ôҲ˹ٴѧĸڡ˺öΧ˿100ˡкö˿ˮĺţעҪȥˡ
ׯεȻע˳Ͱķ˿ǵһء
磬ܲܺˣ
Ҳ˴ΪҲҪȥϿˡصΧԺΧСһС
ҹ׼˯ֻ
óֻһǾ˴ĵ绰ͦƵģʱ򣬸绰
ҵӴڵ绰ͷòУΧҪըˡ
ʲôˣԴ˺ϸ绰ʮ𼱵û
Χڲ£¹ע˭˿ԽԽ׵ΧԣĨһ亹ҵ㵽ֻô˵˭
ׯεȻ˵ϹѧôҹעϹѧ𣿡
һ£ҿΧܶ˲עׯεȻׯεȻ
Сׯһܹע˭˵û飬Ҿ˯ˡ
ܵóһ°ɡ
˵ʶѡ
ɣһùԱ壬ҥԽԽףҪֹС
ҵ˺ų壬Ǵһǲ֪ע˾˭ׯεȻΧ˿ѾͻʮȻׯεȻûΧ֮ǰͼݽ׺ϣʱעΧʲô顣
Ҫľ°ͺղ룬鶼ŲοΧֻҪ˽һЩŵʱŻ¼
Ͳ֪ΧѾгʮ˿ɵΧҲ˿
ʵҲ⾿Χ˿˶٣ֻЩ΢ǿ֢ѡǿ֢϶βˣɴ಻Χ
ΪׯεȻΧҳûзκһϢķ˿ֻ˽ׯεȻȻׯεȻͲţΧôܻš
ɣΧ֮󣬷кܶ˽ţѯɱţСȻ˭
ҲƣôҶѯ⡣
緹֮ȥׯεȻ˵¡
СׯΧкö˶˭
ׯεȻͷҲû̧ڸǾˡׯεȻΪĺܶɵ֮ģ˵ĺܶѡ
ɶһЩʶˣΧġ
ŶׯεȻȻǾˣֻǹעһʦΧѣû뵽ʦô
ɣɵõׯεȻ׿ϣҲʤ䷳༭һΧ
ѧԺܶ꣺ҶʷɱţСȻ˭˵׿ϣ˵һ£ɱţСȻׯεȻϣҲҪڸҺСׯ˽šֻǾúעΧģû뵽Ȼ飬˼
ȻׯεȻ
ĤݴУλҲ˹ٴѧĴаɣ
ע⣬ַķ˿뵽ս
ǰɣǰɣַķ˿˼֣Ҫַķ˿ûеΧڡ
˿˼ά㲻οǸûбҵļһڻڷĻʲô̵ˡ
˵úе
ע⣬ַķ˿ˣҷУ
ɷΧֱ֮ΧԤΧ⼸϶֣⼸ͱΧˣҪҲСׯһ¡
ׯεȻ˽Ѿַķ˿ݣʲô໰ֻ͸ò񫣬Ҫ෢ׯεȻׯεȻգÿֲƬׯεȻ
Ƿȥ֮ʯ󺣡
˼ׯεȻ϶ͲΧпչȺԲзĵϷʱ䣬һо
ɵΧ˽ҲַԲз۹ݣͬҲǿֲƬɵգٱɵΧ
ׯεȻͲȦˣҲûжԼҡڽĿзǳıݿ̱ЦЦҲ͹ȥˡⶼü£µһĿҪˣַҪׯεȻû˸ַմߣڵſַЦ
ȦѧȦַǱͷӲ̫ѡȦʲôλãѧȦʲôλãûеΪƽʱͨ˿ǻͦĽˣЩѧ˵һ仰顣
ʱô˼ѧб󲻽ѧȨйءڹǰʱʲô
ƽʱֵַܵǶ֮±ۡ
ַҹȥ˿վο˿÷˿ׯεȻɣҲŹҪķ˿ʵַ̫࣬ƻˡ


50 ָ
ׯεȻʰö첽߻ؼҡһµУҪؼҽмСǰóԿ׵ׯεȻš
٣ׯѷׯεȻк
תׯεȻЩ˵ѷô
ׯѷʼ򣬡˵ģ𣿡
ʲôˣׯεȻ̫⣬ѷôͻȻ
ȷʵһ̫顣ѷЦ˵ׯ㲻ýšҲ֪һ
ѷ˵ׯεȻվǰߣȱȡ
ȷʵһȡѷȤ˵ҪǽׯĿγ̷ǳһЩʣҪһ¡
ӭׯεȻ뷿䣬ѷׯεȻҲ뷿䣬˳㽫Źϡ
ׯεȻݿȣѷȻµȴš
룬ѷׯεȻſȷǰ˵мҪ֪ͨң֪ʲô顣
ֱٱѧˡѷſȱڵĿҡͷ˵û뵽ҲҪٱѧˡ
ׯεȻǹŹ֣
ׯȻҲ̫㾿ʲô飬Ǿٱѧˣûκε֤ݣҪǷ̰Ļ˹ٴѧǳԸ⽫Щ֤ύȥѷͷҲ벻ͨׯεȻǻˣϴ͵˷̰ׯεȻѧ˾ˡôֻһ˸ׯεȻѧˣҶòκε֤ݡ
û˻ỳׯεȻʲôЦׯεȻ˹ٴѧѾüˡʲôӵˣҶǳοû֤ݵľٱͺݡ̰ࡣ
˹ٴѧҪ֤ݵģ˭һ֮ʡȻȺӢĶдҲûκε֤ݡŶν֤ݣһֵĻˡ
һֵĻˣׯʶ𣿡
֣ׯεȻǷǳ±Ƶģڻֵʵ̫ˣ֪˭
˵һλǣǡѷ˵˵ķ˿ٱѧˣׯҺͬ㣬Ȼ֪λʲôڡҿǾڷ̰㡣㿴ܲȥǷ̰ʱ˹ٴѧǳṩ֤ݡ
ֵǣׯεȻһͷˮʶʲôֵûаɣͲǵôһ˵Ĵڡ
ׯӣƺǲ֪ôһ˵Ĵڡ
ȷʵׯεȻֱ˵˵Ҳ̫עǣҲӦûкλǽҲ֪λǡ
ѷЦ˵һΪһ
ôλѧľ޽ҺûκεĿɱԡׯεȻҡͷһȲϷİٷ֮һ
ׯҼŵˡѷȤ˵ΪҲǸţ17ͻѧѧѧʿ20˹ٴѧʿѧλ
15ʱѾ˻Ƽѧѧѧʿѧλ16⿪-׶˹Ժȱڣţôֻ㣬ׯѷȤ˵ʵ㲻̫ǫ̫ǫ飬ڱ˿һҫ
룬ǿġ̫㣬Ҫݺ㡣
ллѷڸЩ顣ׯεȻһţ˹ٴѧṫģ𣿡
Ȼѷûκ۵ıҪׯεȻûκѧ۵㣬ƾĳЩ˼ʻǺԵɵĺׯεȻ˹ٴѧĶׯεȻκεĴǲ˹ٴѧ۵㡣
Ҫ֪˹ٴѧ綥оʹѧѧ
ֻҪ۵Ľڣ˹ٴѧԲκһλңׯεȻоԱ˹ٴѧŶ˹ٴѧѾ׼ׯεȻھ·ݸһʢƸʽ
ׯεȻ˹ٴѧѧϵĽڡʿʦ
ׯЩĹάҶ-˹п˹⻬Ե⡣ѷȻбάҶ-˹п˹⻬ѧճԲѹ嶯غ˶̣ͬҲӵķ̡
һѧ⣬ѷҲ嶯ѧרҡׯεȻоΪׯεȻƫ΢ַоΪ룬ƫ΢ַǽ⿪άҶ-˹п˹⻬Է̵Ψһ취
˵ׯεȻȻûκ嶯ѧĿ⣬嶯ѧרҡӹɵģȥѧׯεȻҲܹõġ
ֻׯεȻƺûⷽĴ㣬ҲûнӴѧѷѯƫ΢̵ַ⣬ׯεȻԴ
һȼףĵׯεȻŷ֣ԼûгԷһʲôʱҲûرҪԵĶղŵͦģѾˣǲо
ʰһ¶ʼϢ
ڶ糿𴲣ĵ⣬ر졣Ϸѷڸ˵⣬е±ơ֪ǵ·ɣôˣڻ˾ٱѧˡʲô˿ׯεȻ벻ףȦûôͻȻз˿ٱѧأʲôֵֹ顣
˵ҲûкĸǽɣׯεȻŪҲûй顣
ʵ̫ˣׯεȻ˵С¡ѾùЩ˿ô֣˹ٴѧ̬Ⱦûȷ֤ݣׯεȻǲܿġ
ׯá˹ٴѧ·ϣӭкĽںѧ
ׯεȻϿεʱ䲻̫ãѧУ֪ΪţʲôطǷǳעĿġҲûΧҲ֪ׯεȻԼˡ
ᾭΧڼķ˿ӴַԲз۸Ͳȥķ˿塣
Ψһ廹Χģֻ̬ۡܺã֪ѡΪǿ϶ҪġׯεȻûб̬ûб̬ż̬˿˵ûʲô飬ҶҪżúۺַʵֻǾûбҪַһúܺá
Ҫ֪ԽߣԽױֵַĵǣ׬ǮУαغַԻΪӼ˵Ƕߡ
͸ҲȫûôĶͱҪ
۾˵ż԰ꡣҪλѧĴô̬ģ֪ׯεȻûиڻûнΪһԷѧߵǰ˹ٴѧġ
Ҳô˵Ӧַķ˿һλѧţλѧŻôᡣпܶԹ޴Ĺס
ټϣʱţڹһǰҲ۵ڹ˾ƺҲû˭ҪΪַͷҶĬĬһС
ȷʵׯεȻǱߵ˺ü춼ûлӦ
ǹұѾ³
³ǻձΪٷý֮һֱȦһַ˿жȦǷ֮ءδҲǷɣ͸¶ȦôչȥҽȦὫĳЩȦ̫ħһɱ
ĳЩǣȻַָַķ˿ɻȻ
ǾòͺǰܶεأʵƮƮıԹ
Ȼбɱǣַûʲô飬Ҳûз϶µġ


51 
˽ӽʮʱ䣬ׯεȻ¼Χʱ˶ɵˡ˽ֻҪвˣϵºüΣֻǿת
˽һȫյƵһĪ
治֪Լ˭˭ˣϴô֪ΪԼ˵һ͵Ļ͵˸ˡڣһȺĻʺȷʵׯεȻһͷˮ
ûʲôķ˿Ҳôɡ
һ˿ֱʮȥûе¼Χʱ䣬׷ʲôˣΪʲôͿЩ˵Ļء
ɱţСȻʲôһ£׷ʲôΪʲôյôֵ˽ţϣȷʵеܲˡҲûʲô캦飬ҺĪû˸ҵ׷ʲôˣ
ѽΧˡ
ʵַ裬ںУû뵽ַķ˿ַ˻Ҫ衣飬޹İɣڼɶ¶ûȻҲַܱԲз۳塣
ַķ˿˺xׯʲôϵΪʲôׯлҪǹ
ǣûŪַַ˿Ի·ôɵġȦ飬ѧȦˮ˫ûнׯʲô
ⲻַ˿߼˺ԲоΪԭɡ
ҸմһλеΧһλеΧҲȫĻ˵Ѿ˹ٴѧͶׯѧˣׯб˹ٴѧء
ϢԲзۣʲôʲôԹǷҪׯأȺǲǷˣ
ɱţСȻˣѧϵĽڣңһαͶѧˡѾǵڶˣ׷ʲôΪʲôܱͶѧˣ
̫ˣ
û뵽ַķ˿赽ֵز̫ᣡ
ַķ˿еΧˡ
ׯҰ˼Ҽҷ֪ʲôطȥˡ˻Բ֮⣬ʣڹҰѧƽ
ׯҰ
ׯҰ³[ͼƬ]
ׯεȻ㿪ۿһðɣЩƬһҲ֪Լôͱַķ˿ˡ
ֹ֣
ɱţСȻ˹ٴѧԼΧҶռ֤ݣҲΪʲôᱻҲ׼顣ͥϼ
ׯεȻȷʵûȺˣֱӸ˸绰ȥ
ԼΧ˺Ÿ߳ͼ˳ԼҸʦɲʲôȦˡʦˣ˵ҪͥϼҪͥϼ
ίʦϷͥȷʵûʱ;⵵顣
Ȼַķ˿ΪׯεȻ͸һʦʵ˭ס֮ǰַˣ֪˶ٸĸǲ˵Ҫǣأ󷢸ʦݲ£зڡֻҪ˶࣬˭κβǡЩֽҲǵһ˵ҪȦͷʵ֮ǰҲûʲô
ʱԽԽ񣬷ȦԽԽħ
ȻҲһȺԲзۣ˾Ϳʼ·ֻҪ˵һǼgiegieĲgiegieڷͷӣвյȵһϵзľٶͿʼ֯мɵĽС
Ҫ˵ûʱǵĽ룬ôֵزƾһȺδԲз赽ֵزܣ
ʵҲɻ鵽ɺǰһ£ǹ׼ȦԲС
Ϊ֮ǰöΣҺ඼˵رأ󻹲¡ǺܶԲзۣȥɹ취ֱӿг취عܲǼgiegie飬󵽵Ҳûô
ȻҲҪ취ҪʲôУǾȺԲзˣκζǼgiegie΢ʵĻɵ˶Դ޲öԷȥλʮ塣
β弸ˣ˹ٴѧĻڡʱһһ㷴ӦĻ˵ʧʧҪ˹ٴѧĽڣҲػΪףΪ˱ȺԲλȺԲиõ׷ǣѭԲȥ˰ɣ
ԲУòֵá
Ҳûм˵ϾֻɢӾԲзһǴģľۼһ
Ҷڹķչû뵽Źʱ䣬ׯεȻΧָˡ
ɱţСȻǱˣίռ֤ݲҽʦԺ
ģˡ
ȻǲȦĴбȽϸգ˵ҪԲз۾ҪԲзۡ
ЦˣҾͿȺԲз۵ʲôӦ
úЦܸʲôȥǰͷΧб¾ȥԺ
ӴҺŶȥأǵء
ҲЦһȶȵҰҪǣȥ棬ҪҪڳǮȥԺǣѽźˣǮǰɡ
ҵѪѹѾˣ
Ҳû뵽Ȼˡ
û뵽ֻҪַҪַȥ
ձv粻Ƿ֮أδ겻ǻҥ̰ڿšвҪɴ۵ģ
ֱvЭַΪӼˣƽ̨Լ̨øˡҺԾƷȦδйģ֯۵Ϊ
ձvӰЭʽַΪӼˣеӼƽ̨¼йַӰϡȦλȦ󡣡
Ǳ߸ȥɳռ֤ݣ׼ϷԺַķ˿ߡΧ϶ýֱַɱҿʼηȦ
ʦΧѾϽ֤ݣԺɳַȺ첻µزµķ˿ȻˣɾΧׯεȻׯεȻΧװ·¾õģ
ϧƺеˡ
ʦѾͷµΧ˽ţʵĵַ
ַȷʵĶ˿ׯεȻץ˸Сַӵʦɳʱ˶תֻһ仰ôģ
ַĶ˿ҲһΣȻϲòֵ顣ǵһֲˣ˵ֱӵɳͲԻ
ҲַȦˣȦ˵󲻴˵ССҶܾ棬˽»Էûйϵھͷǰɲô˵˺Ҫ˭鷢
ַҲǺ޼ɹˣΪ˶ȦֲȵߵԭʲôԷܡҪ棬ʱҲ³öԷ治˵ġ
ׯεȻûҪȦҪȦʲôϵɲʲôȦǱ˵Ҫͱ㡣
ȥַץɳʱ򣬼Ҫſˣȫý塣
ֵĸ߲ҲַĶ棬ԭҪ˽˽ĸ߹˶ˡˣ̼ҵĶүɲǾĲʿ
үô
ûи߹ܺɫʦܵУҪ˽˽ᰡ
ûпܣȥҸ磬飬㲻ˡ
ү߹϶ЦݣַС¶ֻҪǶԹ˾̫á
ŶüͷôԹ˾󲻺ãǾĨڣ¶Ҫǲԣǹ˾ϴˡңҽڣʦܵô죿Ҹ㣬ʦܿǵڶ˹ٴѧյѧ˵ľٱˡ
˵Щ鹫˾û˲룿
治֪߹ܼˣǶүʦܣַʲô裿ֲҲˣүʦܻĪǹ¸˭ϲżǸ߹ܻ治֪顣˾Ѿַˣ˭ַ֪ô衣
㲻֪ͷϣָŸ߹ܵıӾһǳ԰׷ģôҪ㶼ַ֪ΧϷ裬ָӷ˿ʦܣһλ˹ٴѧĸڣǸ߹ʲô֪ҪкãҪ˾ͨͨҹ
ȿȣһλɳﳳܡ
ĳѾˣĶ˿ˣе֤Ҳ֤һ㡣˵й̰ڮ˵ΪҲܲԼܺ˵Ӱ졣
֤Ҳ㡣ε˵ˣѾ˷ɣȥ׼ˡ
飬һδˣǿ쿴Ҫѯʳ׼ôġ
δôˣﱾͷϣδءδԲоͲԲˣǳˣӾܺһѵⱲӶֻԲСĶ֪֮½ǵ裬˭Ҫǡ
ǣ˼ǣ
粻Ƿ֮أδҲǻձ˵ġһΪʲôЩˣ˭ܲˡ
ǻֻǺӡҪȰ˵һ³Ȼ֪Ⱥδ˿رˡǻһȺӣڻ쵰ȥ˷Ժ˾֣һǵĽûκεĺô
ôˣ˵ǺӾͿԺʦҲճ꣬ҲǸӣƾʲôҪЩͲóܵĶ
߹óź飬Ѱһ졣


52 ֮
У֪ˡ̾ϢһȺδδǣЩ鶼ԼµĴϵкܶ࣬Щ˲ϲͺӼƽϡЩˣ;δ그ҲҪֹۡ˵ʲôԴֻǾãЩӶٻЩϧ
ǵδܶԶ
Ȼڳô߱ʾ⡣ʦܸճ꣬˵֮ǰ͵ֱǵķ˿
ҿڹڵ̣ҲͳһɱӺҪɷȦôչȥ²ҪΪа̡Ȼַķ˿Լͷײص㴦Щ˿˿ôܷءηȦôܽȥ²ȺʱΪֻ˵¡´Σֵ顣
Ѿֹöε飬˵ʲôΥ֮ģδ˲õʾȺ˿Ҫţ˵ʲôܹ취飬ҹ취ȥȦҪҲηȦ˼ׯεȻĪ壬ҲǹηȦһͷ
֮ǻǷȦֻǸտʼѡ
ͺǻձ˵粻Ƿ֮أδҲǻɲΪûг꣬Ͳ׷
vַɳѯʡ֪ʿ͸¶ׯεȻίоǴѧĳλʦռ֤ݣύԺɳңҲʾ׷סδˣҲ׷ȥׯεȻ
飬ô
ã֮ǰΧ۹ׯεȻΧǸˣ˿ܳ壬Ļ໰пֲͼƬ
Ц˵ʱ˵Լδ꣬šҷ̰ʱ˵Լδ֪꣬Լδˣ
ǻǺӣׯεȻǧҪŹǣ
ׯεȻˣһȺӼƽϡһѧڻһȺСӼƽϣȥСǼע飬ǿȺͦġŶ󰡣ȻҪϷԺ
˵ʲôţλҪȥʲôģⲻϾֳɵλһǴ
鴫
Ц񶾡Ҿ˵ͦԵģҲ֪ׯεȻ˭˵ģһѧڡѧҲҪиѧڵӰɣһȺδ˼ƽϣѵ𣿺αôСǼһ㣬ȥˡ˵ˣһѧڲרĸоδ˳ǽޣûһζҲûһԡŻȻӸԵ壡
ҲҪЦ˼ׯεȻʮ꣬Ⱥ񶾹ô˵ҲʮɣһЩʮ߰꣬ׯεȻ˹ƾʲô˼ׯεȻ͸ţʲôӸԵ壬ҲŻˡˣôڵģ
ҿ֮ǰĽͼׯεȻѾˡⶼˣſʼ֡ôЩ죬ȺԲзҪǵǸҲŪֻ˵ġĳЩ˲Ҫ˵ʲôׯεȻСǼζڲסˣ֪Ǽˣ
һΪ·ˣΧһȫַͼƬǻȪ·ˡ
Ҿ˵漸Χζôأԭζ
˵ʵԽԽ֪ȺȪ·˱ʱ򣬻ʲôĿ֡
ַķ˿Ҫgiegieɱ˾ӣһgiegieΣ
ʵǲ̫ףַķ˿ʲôׯεȻͺַ˺xûйϵַӲҪׯεȻȻ÷˿ׯεȻûпĲǲûӣˣ
ΪֹûпַĲ˰Լ֮⣬𣿡
ַҪԼ߰ɣ
Ϊַ˿ûпĲֻرϨҷ˸ʲô
ׯεȻδ飬Ϻܶ˶ۡ
ٷ̬ǡδ그ҲǷôоôСǸӵȵΪ俪ѣΪûг꣬˾͵ǡ
οܺҲǸճѡ
ȻٷѾԣʦҲȥˣ͸øһ䣬ֻҪȴɳĴԼԺоͺá
ʱȺδ˵ļҳʼðͷ
ͼͼ513ҺãһѧļҳǰЩյһʦԼԺƱ˵ҵĺӲ籩ҷ̰ҸͲ֪飬˵ЩӣÿüݹҪӹúһ㡣ɳ绰˵ʲôܻҪ̡
ǸӰʮ꣬ûпʼǷʲô飬ʲôˡΪʲôҪôơ˵Էһλڣλڸֻ̧֣ͯ޼ɶѡ
ҲʦʦǴҵ𣿺Ӳ£ʦôôԺأ
֪ҵĺҲдΪһˣǴڣôҪһӼƽأĵģ̧֣ŹҵĺӰɡŸ߶δ
ллͷף꣬ҪΪһӡ
ҵ죬̣˵úҪ㺢Ƶġ
԰ɣѵҺȶ񶾱˵ô˵˼ҺһĿˡҺʲô飬ţ˼ֻҪֻع㻹°ܡ
ϢΧԣҺδ꣬һҪŹ
Ӵ߶ĸѧУҪҲһ£ȻգظңҰǸ£
֮ǰҳͺҲͦģĳôץһֱ֡ǵĳʲôдʷˡλҳͦôô̳ôԲеĺӣ
Ҫ˵ʲôǰΧֻ˵ã
°ܣǶȸ״Ҫ°ܺˡ˼ѾܺˣλʮĺǺӣ˼ҸʮĸھͲǺˣ˭ôǸˣұǸԲУ˼ҵı׷λ
ׯڽʮ꣬ĺֻһء˼ѾǸˣҵǺֻڮ˼ңѾˡҪ㣬ֱţһСţ
ԭҪοһ¼ҳģ⡭ǰΧ˶ɵˣ̰գҳܳң°ܣȻǹҶԾӤʵ̫ˡңǾӤҳǾӤ
˵ʵûҳһ˿ڹȫдţҺӻδˣǲҪ̫´λң˼ҺӣƹҺӷ£Ҫ˵ʲôֻǸӡޣȻǸӣҳĽǾ̽ʲôе
ֻ֮˵һҲͬǡ
Ϊʲôˣ⣿У
״v֮ŵأһӶŹͼͼ513
x֮ŵء
ǣ֮ŵء
˿ɵˣ֮ŵʲôԭͦϲ״ģǲûˣʲôתۣ浱ԼΧŮǰɣ


53 ϴ
ǱصȦ״˲𣡡
Ȧ˲״죡
ǱߵȦȻһûĻ״춼綥ѧڣ˲״죡
ճʺxʲôʱڮʿܻ
ǰǸңΧǳΧŮ״Ļ⣿ҿˣϹˣͶ֮ˣһŷŵڣûأ
⻨ŵеأΪɾΧû֪˰ɣһڲ͡
֮أǰһֱôֿʼˣŶ˸ҪҵλĸءںˣǮأ
Цԭͦϲ״ģԴӿĶ֮ϲˣѾǺڷˣ
ûĻӲװ˰ɣ
ЦˣԴ󸴳״ΧŮ׵ĵλѾܶˡ
ϢһŲŶֶ֮֮Ҳ𣿡
ԭֻһȶȵǺΧ˴㵵ķ֣һΣѲˣʼǵĺʷҿʼΧϳǡ
λҳԭҲͼͨ°ܣԼӱΡû뵽ѲˣҲظ
ɱţСȻλҳãҲ˺ŵıˣܵίд顣ȣ˵һ㣬ʦȷʵǸûҲֻǸʮĺӣĺʮ꣬ҵʦʮ꣬һѣҵĺǺӣҼҵʦܾͲǸȻЩͼƬ̰ʦ˵ĻɣôӿˣܺܵĪĹݶίҪԼȥȻǲνĵ£ΪҵĺӱʦСһ꣬пܲһءĵ£ҪҲҪ[ͼƬ][ͼƬ]
֧ׯεȻάȨ
˫޳ɣͣЩѾǸڣЩ˻ڵԲУͨΧˣ
Ļ˵֧֣
ҳһ˲ͻˣһߵ֧ׯεȻû֧ô£
ͼͼ513֪ȷʵдλֻʮ꣬ʼǳˡҼҺӻûг꣬ǴдŹҼҺӰɡֻС񣬺治Ѿ֪ˣǾͱ׷˺𣿡
ǣǲСƨϵڴ࣬ôС˼ҾλȨصˣ
вɣ˵ʱô˼˵Ժ˵Ҫ֧˼ȥԺ档˼ϷԺˣҳַװʲôССˣ
˵
ʲôҳʲôӣһӣƶûоˡ
ҷˣûпҳͺлڹ˼úû°ܣҪСֱǩе°ܡ
ҿҴ𺳣û뵽ô棡ҼرԲ𷹣ҪѼǮҰɣķӾסҲһԭҶԲԣΪұС
տʼҳ˵еıһӻعζⲻ𣿡
Ľͣ⻰⣬Ҳҳʲô˼Ķ˶ȺˡжɣǹˣôŪúǱԵ޹ҪŪƵġ
ˣˣҪļҳԲڳˣôЦ
ҳ˶ɵˣôˣΪʲôûһ֧ģͷѵֻҪҺãҲûôڲˣǼֻһͨͥԷǽڰôԺһͨͥƽϣѾȻ֧ǡ
У취ϲϷԺ飬ǿҪǮ
ҳڼתȦҪҳһ顣ǲô룬ûʲô취ܹ顣
ҪҪý飿Ĵʷ̫죬ýĴʷɲһȼġ
ڹýѾ鶨ˣԸⱨǵý֮١Ǽ춼Ҫע·̵ý֮⣬ҲûýԸⱨǼýҷ˿֮⣬춼ᳰЦ⼸ý塣
͸Ϸһ⼸ý֮󣬴ҵһʱ䲻Ǵ𣬶ǳЦڷʲôš
ʵҲǷżţģƨᵽȥˡ
ҪҪȥǣǼҳ˼⡣ɲǮڶеĺҲ¡ʲôЦԺҪѧԱءҪǱһֻʲôԱ
Уһ鷢
ҳܹҵģƨᵽ߽ϵý塣˵ʲôձȵȡ
Щְֽҵ˵ҽϵʦϵҺ֮ĹϵǼֱǹû
ҲΪЩֽҪעƽʱ֮ĵȵȣŻڵ·ֻҪҳãҲŬ׬ǮҵĴҾͿԷǶͬҡͬңǾǶϴˡ
ûϵֽŵķʽҲ֪ȥϵ
ͷ۵ʱû뵽ֽŵļԼ
Ҫ˯ͷ
ãļҳ𣿡
ǣҳЩ˵˭
㡣绰ͷӦһ
ǣ
ãձļߣҪ˽һЩڵ绰ͷ˵ܹܲɷ𣿡
Ȼԡҳֱϲû뵽Լˡ
˵Ůʮ𣿡
ԶԶԣʮ꣬һͣôء
˵Ů˷Ժܻȥ𣿡
ôҳʼıݣЩҳģΪöŮõ㿴ڣⶼʲô鰡
ǼҲС񣬶˼ңƽʱһԺӡͲ飬һ˴ġǲȥҴӵˣҺӡⲻ۸ǲǴӵǶˣֻǡҳһ߿ޣһ߱Թ̫۸ˣϸУҪ˷Ժ̣ôܶѧⲻһӶ𣿡
ǲôһӵһӰ
ǰżҳĿߣر˷ܣڵ绰ǷǳƽȣԺʲô𣿡
ʲô㣬ֻϣŅ֣̀Źҵĺӡ
飬ϣǱܹһ¡һӵδ˵ҼҺӻܸءǶ˵Ļ𣿡
ǣģһġ
ǵùҵ绰֮󣬸ݲɷдһƪ
ձvﲻӣŹδĻ䣡
ǰЩĳλ״һȺδ飬Ҳɷĳļҳĳ˵ĳλڼ䣬û뵽λھȻһŭ֮£Ҫĳ˵δ꺢һͬϷͥ
ΪǶֻǺӣֻ֮ҪСҪõĳͷǶСкܶõδĳλڣҲô󶯸ɸֻ꣬ΪַһȺӡ
ҳҲ˵ѣûжķ֧ʦңҲ֪ˡ
ĻδѡԼĳλڶһЩ
ߣɡ
ɽȫ졣ŶҲ16أ
úòŶҲʮŶһҪԭŶ[ͼƬ]
ըˣؼɥءأ˼Ҹʮ꣬Ļ䣬һ԰ɡ
ǣôֲͼƬôλڸȺӦõģ˶Ƣɣộֱӵˡ
һΪʲôأ˿һ¡ַķ˿裬ȥĳѧĸڣλѧڸַûʲôǣȫΪַں˵ʱ򣬰ϣ˼ǹ˵ַδԲз˽̰pλڵաؼǣλҲǸճѡ
ɵˣⶼϴף㣬ձ
ձϤζѾˣôӶСģǿġܺߵôձעص㡣Ǹˣͺ£Ťý塣ܺˣרŶűӡ׼˸˳𣿡
ٱˣʲôֽһ۶ûУôܺǰɣ
ձû꣬춼ۣܺҶˡ
ׯεȻ÷Ժһý˼ܺߣôܵģߵڰסܺ߷˼Ӻǰɣ
ձ氡ѹ˵ձֻ˵Ⱥˡ


54 
ȷʵûˣû뵽ձȻôһ˵ıֽ
Χѹرգ
û뵽ǻûпʼأձֱӾ͸ˡ
һӣɵˣձʵ˿Ҳɵˡûпǻûпʼλأôձܲˡ
˸ɵǣձͻȻתػձһƪۡ
ձv粻Ƿ֮أδ겻ǻձv
Ȼձƪɻûɾ˵˫굽˼㡣ֻҪǸˣһ˫۾ܹձƪĹţתصĻձۡ˷Χ˶ɵۡ
Цǳ˫ѧϰˣձ
ձرɻǲͣĻŽǶȳձҪձ˫ζҪˡȥҺʷֱΧҳܹ
㣬ձǴܺߵͬʱҪ˲Ҫձձ
ߣδĻ䡣ҹرۣǻ˼ϵɣձ
ڲװˣװȥˣձ
ǰձͦģ̫ᣬԭձձ
ܻĿΧǳΧ˳㻹Ҫǡڼ˵ֻǻϽ͡飬ǽҲˡ϶ɲʲôӰ죬˳ԤձĿɿԺʵڵв֪Ҫ½١
ҪǺ»֮ϵ׶ǳֻĬĬĲ˵
￴ձΧʱǱ˸˵ġû뵽ձѾ˳ҿΪձʲô߼û뵽ʲô˫ꡣ
ôձѾѻ˵ȥѾѾ֤ݽɳ͵ɳͷԺ˵ˡ
ձܸıʲôȺ
Ѿٱձţûйʱ䣬ձ¼ܲ˵Χš
ׯεȻûֵͦģûйЩĵ飬˹ٸ֤ҲˡԼо°ͺղ룬Ҿ뻪ôԶҪɷҲɷòˡ
Էĵ⣬µ׿ʼׯεȻһֱ⡣ǱһרҵʦҪϿΣϾҲǾ̡ûôྫȺδԼѾɱַ
Ǻܶý嶼ҪɷóȫܾˣʲôЦæġʲôɷãʱоǲ
·ת۾͵ˣȻҳֵúףǳʦһֱûɿڣɳҲֻܹ³̰¡
գŦԼׯεȻ׼˷ɻǰ͵׶μӹѧҴᡣ
źǣûܹ°ͺղһЩͻƣȫ⿪кܳһʱҪߣ¡ׯεȻһҲţȴɻʱѷڡλںϲһоƫ΢ַ̣Ƿƫ΢ַ̣ѯܶࡣ
ׯεȻãλҪѧϵʵ顣
Ҳûж룬ͷѷڵ۾ѧϵۡοϣҲѯʹѷںܶ顣
໥ܹ̽ٽ˫ѧϵĽ
Ϊһûκѧʵˣֻ˵ƫ΢ַܶһѧңʵǿɾͲһˡ
ѷڸһЩݣЩhysical review letters϶ûпݺͲ
hysical review lettersۿ챨ѧڿҲѧڿӰߵѧڿͬѧĴڿhysical review lettersѧҲȨڿ
ׯεȻȫĵͶ뵽оУʱʱῴhysical revieaticsԼacta atheatica⼸ѧѧĶڿarxivҲûмص׺ݡԼ
Ҳ֪ѷڸƫ΢ַ̲ǳڱԭ򣬻ĿǰоĿ⣬ܸ͸¶
ׯѷվׯεȻߣЦ˵ϾҪΪڣʲô𣿡
ûׯεȻҡҡͷѷڣôƫ΢ַϵҪۣ
ׯѷ˵һѾҸݺͲԼƫ΢̶ַǲġ
ȷˡׯεȻͷصȴŷѷڽҪ˵顣
һ㶼棬Ҹķ̵ʲô𣿡
档ׯεȻҡͷ˵֪Ӧǻ֮ķʽҲҪ˽⡣
ѷЦЦ˹ٴѧѧûҲȫѧУ֮⡣
ׯεȻû˵ѷ˵ׯҸ˲̫ϣһλڵϿ
׷ѷѯЩƫ΢ַ̾ʲôˣǸǹʵ֮ġ֮ӴģҲԸӴġ
ׯεȻ϶ԺҪػġڽӴЩǻز˹ġڹɼЩĪĿѧҡ
ʱҲֻһһ
ôׯʲô飿ѷׯεȻļ򣬿ƺʲô飬ѯʵ棿
ׯεȻҡͷѷȷʵо̫Ȥ
okѷ֪ׯεȻѾʲô飬֪Ϊ˭ҶǴˣׯεȻѾ˵˺üΣûȤѷ϶ׯεȻ˵оûȤ϶ҲûȤġ
ȻҲûиƼׯεȻƾׯεȻǻۣ϶ܹݺͲϵĲԣԼƫ΢̵ַļ㸴ԡֻǽȡеһ֣ѷܾãׯεȻƾһķ̣ܹĹʽ
̫ȷټҲ˹ٴѧĽڡׯεȻͦõģҲûбҪ˵顣
ȥׯεȻҲûдκεо
£ׯεȻѡ˹ٴѧҲͬΪ˹ٴѧôѧǵҪʵ飬ĽڣҲֻѡǿд뽫ĳλץߣټׯεȻһоĽڣֻҪûпĹʽûӴ⡣ţܹɳġ
ѷڵȻҲҪׯεȻׯεȻǷǳ͵ġΪʮһΰѧңôׯεȻȻеһλ
ׯεȻ˵ʱԭׯεȻ飬ǻû˵ڡ
ѷں͵ľԼnasaһͬо͵ĺշɻׯεȻĲͼ㹫ʽΪо͵սе۷о
ׯεȻûжģԴûѧڿҵЩ֤ݣׯεȻӷѷڸƫ΢ַзƹʽ
ȻׯεȻһûټơһҲԼķܽʽȫƳ󲿷ֿ϶ǻᱻƳġ
ʱ򣬱ľע⵽ɲһ¡
嫺ڸ߹ҪӵȫǲҪμκδоǵĿ顣ɲǮѧɭпܱװһСӡ
ɥĲĿõġ
ׯɣѷЦ˵ңҿ϶ûκεĶ⡣


55 ż
ׯεȻŷѷȷʵûκεĶ⣬һЩݺͼ㹫ʽøǱѧҪЩŪ
ǵľ϶ôģ԰ѷڽһЩ޹ؽҪ⡣ں⣬ѷڸóѯĻ˵ֻһСΣֻһЩ²ԼѷڶΣա
鵹Σ»пܶ֡ⲻǵһΣҲԲһΡ
ׯεȻûͷ۵Ҫ͵һĥţҪڵôõʱ䣬϶ǲܻعġܲ£ͲҪ¡
ɲΪһgСӴŻعܳΪһg֮󶼲ܻع˵ʲôûô˭֪أɥĲûеߵġֻҪ룬ֻҪʲô
ŶׯεȻõĽִžǰо⣬żĹɡ
ׯεȻԼûдﵽ־磬ĵһҲֻܼװ˳ӵļĹȻһػ
嫺ڸ߹иʦ֣ΪʡѧԺһ;йصĿ⡣⻹ֻйϵĿ⣬Ŀ⡣λʦҪعʱ򣬳˳Ϊλʦڲѧϣǳɫ
عȻΪٵĲѧ˲ţпĲѧ˲š
ʱλʦָû˵ҪعĻļƻȥŷޣȻ෴ػû뵽ǰȥŷ޲μѧǰһ죬׼ıһײˡҵǸҲΪӣΪеѰζˡ
֮ܶׯεȻΪԼսڵʦҪԲΪԼԵһôûС
飬Сʻ괬
һķô죿ׯεȻɲԼʦδѷׯεȻһֱڷΪׯεȻˡ
ҿ϶ׯεȻһڵʲô顣
ׯѷ̽˵ˣ
ׯεȻæҡͷˣѷ
һֻһЩ⣬ҿĶûйϵ
ǾͺáѷΪׯεȻֻҪУׯεȻ˭ѷһҲҪ׷
ѷҲȥμӹѧҴɡ
û
ΪѷڻҪŻȥׯεȻ΢΢һЦ֮ǰѯʹҪŻǰ͵׶
ׯҲ˵˹ٸߵоԺûͦġѷüͷλҪ˹ٴѧĻӦûкܶ๲ͬԡ
λׯεȻͷѷڡ
뿪˹ٴѧкܶ࣬ǰ˹ٴѧҲࡣׯεȻ治̫ѷ˵λλѧţʵ̫࣬˹پͼѧţ˵񡢲ʵȵȣԼ˹ٸߵоԺȵѧţ
ôѧţȷʵ̫֪ѷ˵˭
ϧѾص¹ȥˣĹͬӦúܶࡣ
͢˹𣿡ׯεȻЦ˵ѧҴᣬӦҲȥɡ
ûѷ΢΢ףʱҽʶһ£ҲȲҪʶ㡣
Ŷ㿴Ҷˡ֮ǰ͢˹˵Ҫ㡣ѷԴҶˡ
ׯεȻЦҡͷ˵ûйϵ
߰ɣׯѷׯεȻļ򣬡Ӧòѯʹƫ΢̵ַ⡣
ׯεȻֻЦЦû˵ʵЩƫ΢ַ̺ݣѾ㹻󲿷ֵݺͼ㹫ʽ˵ʵׯεȻЩѾ㹻ˡȻׯεȻоЩδûѧصκоƾЩܹ֪϶Ӧ֪ġ
˷ɻׯεȻ鱾ĬĬķţѷڲһ𡣷ѷͷȲգׯεȻľòյƱ
ɻϻͦĵģׯεȻһ裬һ߿ۡȵ˷ɻſ˾ž޴ӢơׯεȻǺͷѷһͬµķɻ
޴ڷҡҷţׯεȻ̧ͷһۣͦʱֵˡ߹ȥѷ˵ǹѧҴӴģ
ǵġ˲Ų̫Ӣ˵ǹѧҴӴĳԱǷѷ𣿡
˴Ҵ˵ĿׯεȻǲ͵ˣ޺ˡ
ԣǷѷѷҽֶ֮˽ܵλ˹ٴѧĸڣׯεȻ
ׯá˻ΪŵǷѷڵѧ飬û뵽Ȼǽ⿪ǧׯεȻ
Ǻá
ãѷڣׯҽɭɽ̫ɡһλϹԷѷׯεȻ˵ܸܹλ
ׯεȻɭɽ̫ɣ˵ʵе㲻̫⡣ҲһβμӹѧҴԵʣ͵ģյ˵Ӧ͵׶ѧѧӴǡô޺ѧӣӦѧûд
ǣׯεȻѯʵ޺ѧ
ˣǶǾѧѧɭɽ̫ɻش
ѧׯεȻüͷܶ޺ѧҶھѧ
СѯʷѷڣڣѧҴѵӦ𣿡
ʵ࣬ҲٽĹһٰ졣ѷЦ˵˵޺ͻѧᱻɵѧҴĽӴ顣Ϊѧ˲һҵ֯ȫԵѧ֯
ԭˡׯεȻͷʾԼѷڵĻ
ȻܶѧԼĳλڿϣǾܹǰõĴѧҲ˵
ׯεȻЦЦû˵֮ûʸѧġ
ׯص˹ٴѧ֮ͻᵣ˹ٴѧĽԼʿʦյ˵ܹڹѧҴѧѡеĳһλ
˰ɡׯεȻҡҡͷѷڼ˵ׯ֪ܲھжôĳ㣬˶ҪΪѧ
ΪܹǰѧҴѧһ󲿷ֶнڴġׯεȻ˵ѷڣǻһϻӲ
˼ѷЦôȥϢɡ
λԴǻؾƵ𣿡
õġλ޺ѧڵҪѷׯεȻϳʱһλѧܹ
ׯУѧ˵ǻׯεȻЦŵͷλѧȥ٣Ӧڶʮңٵ˽УׯεȻǺѹġ
á
ãׯСѧæңңʦ֡
ׯεȻɵɵվԭأһŵĿǰˡ
ԣʦܡѧɫǺ죬ղ̫ԭõĻ˵ͱ
ǻƼѧо
ޡׯεȻȻȷʵ˵ʦܣܹǰѧҴᣬ˵ڻƴͦġҲܱڴ͵׶
ҲǽӴĳԱ
ǡҡҡͷڵˡ
ˣׯεȻһ£ƴĽ𣿡
ǵġĵͷɫһĻ˵


56 
ƴĽڻҶʶѧԺѧѧԺׯεȻԴƱ󲿷ֵĽʶġ
תͷԷѷ˵ǸѷڣһλʦܣҪ̸һѷڣȻؾƵ𣿡
ȻѷЦ˵ׯôп㡣
ѷڡ
ˣׯɶԣϣ㲻ҪǲμӡѷתׯεȻ˻֣˿˿ѷڣֿ˿ׯεȻ
޴룬֪ô졣
ȴѷȥƵɡׯεȻλѧѧ˻֣һе顣
ǸׯλѧһµľλҪǸš
ȷѷλѧ뿪֮ׯεȻǰ˵ĸڵо
Ԫ޽ڡ
ׯεȻһ£ڻƴͶʱǴӵĽھǼԪޡԭҪڼԪ޽﹥ֱģǰ·ɱ嫺ڡѾڼԪ޽격ʿˣô˵λʦܡ
Ҳܲ˼ͷҽмס
ףͼڵĹϵǣ
Ǽڵӡ
ô֮ǰû˵ׯεȻ룬ʦӼô˵Ҳһʱ䣬ȥڼ䷹ԡôûס
԰ǵü˵һӲ®컹ʲô𣿵ʱڻܻҪˤš
ڵӲֹһɡ
¶ѿɫ˵ʵǱүӱѧѧġ
ŶׯεȻͬĿ򼾰ףڹѧҲϴţһ߳ѧʮ꣬ΪѧܶĹסϧڵĶӺŮûһѧѧӸ˵ˡ
˵ǸøɣҴ˺ü֮꣬ǰүӱѧѧö궼ȥүӣǰЩȥүӺүӴһܡ˵ʱ򣬼׿ׯεȻʱׯʦ־ֳɣ
ǡׯεȻȻܲԼ飬ʱȷֳġ
żҪ򿪻⣬ҲпǼׯεȻ˷ܣ֮ǰһֱүү߶㡣
ׯʦ㲻֪Ǽҵ˶ɺˡ
¶ׯεȻ΢΢鴤Ҳûôɡ
Ҫүÿμͥۻʱ˭˵һֱ˵ׯʦ֣øڻͦׯʦֵġ
⻹ҵĴˣׯεȻĬȻ׼˵ׯʦү˵Ѿ˹ٸߵоԺˣ
ԡׯεȻͷ
״յׯεȻʵҿׯʦһ𣿡
ʰɡׯεȻ̯֣üʣѵ׾Ͳ
ׯʦ㡪ǲҪ˹ٴѧĽںͲʿʦˣ
ԡׯεȻӲͷƤͷǹڵϢҲ̫ʱ˰ɣҲ֪ãô֪ˣ
ׯʦˣʦҲ˹ٴѧ
ŶׯεȻԴһмѧ˹ٴѧڲ֡ǰݷǼλʦˡ
Ϣڸүӵġ˵ʱʦܵ󣬻ү˺þá
춼˲˳ۣҪˣ㶼֪˵Ǽûһܱȵ㡣ⲻüø綼ĦȭƵġ
¶ׯεȻһ£ȷʵͦϲѧģû뵽ڼﻹҪ˵
Ϊʦʵ̫ɫˣ̵ʦ֮󣬿˭˳ۡͷʦӦûƶĽɡ
ׯεȻҡҡͷż𣿡
ǰүϾҪˣⲻǾ͵𣿡
Ҳܾûмˡھʱÿ춼æǧ⣬ȻһЩְ֮ĵȵȣܾöûϵˡ
Ҳ֪ڵоչΣվڻѯʼףڵоչΣ
ǲ̫롣ҡͷкܶѹҪˣҪѧϺ͹̫Ĵȥ˹١ү䵽ȥˣ尾ססԺˡ
ׯεȻĬţû˵
ʵϣ˹ٴѧһЩ顣ׯεȻ˵úģڸоɣ
ǹ֪ģ󲿷ֵоǹҵġЦ˵ǹ⣬ܶоҵ˽˵ġ
ׯεȻͷԣڵʲô飬Ҳ֪԰ɡ
ȷʵٴεͷҲ֪ԭ򡣡
ҲʡׯεȻһΣ
رáЩǵ˵үӵһһʦִүҲȰȰɣֲˣôȥ浣ʲô̵ġ
һȰȰڵġǲ֪ڻ᲻Ȱ˵ˣׯεȻʵ̫ˡһֳԿ͵ʣʲôûǰҲҪʱ򻹺ãˣʲôˡǺܶһأ¾Ҫġ
ȻҲҪôȥ
˵˲һСʱңһ죬һߵżڡ
۾⣬һӾͿ˼ڡ֣үӣ
ڵ˼һۣԱߵһλЦеĶԼС˵Ż
ںáׯεȻĸʺãֺǺǵ˵ӴСׯҲ
ҲǸ׵ġ
ׯѧҡԱߵĽڴׯεȻλûмׯεȻֶ˵λá
ϡӹׯεȻ֣˵ǻƴѧԺĽڡ
Ȳׯѧң˵ҪΪ˹ٴѧĽˣ
ĻׯεȻڿһϽڣ˵СϰСׯô˵ҲСʮ꣬ʲô
ϽڵЦ˵ϻһӡ
Сׯҽ̹õѧҫ˵׽ţСԺҲСׯѧɡ
ǿɲϽ̾Ϣһǲ٣ûĸܸСׯžޣ̫ˣ
ҵһۼСׯʱ֪ѧһ㡣
ׯεȻԱЦϽһģʲôãѧλߣѧҲúãرϲѧЩϲׯεȻѧܶׯεȻͶʱ򣬾ôѧ
˵Ͽ˵۹⣬ĵĴָʱôѧһ۾ׯεȻׯεȻҲٳŸճ꣬Ҫ˹ٴѧѧϵĽڡҪ˵Ǹʱ򻪿ƴ󣬻ûмׯεȻδΪʶѧ֮һ
ڼϵԴޣ඼ǵ٩䡣
ׯεȻҲ̫ˣһʱѧѧпγ̣ȼ׼Լѧϰʱ򣬰·ɱһ嫺
⼸ʱʱ̶̿޲ȥ󣬺嫺һս
Ͻ˵֪Ҳúͼһѧ
˰ɡڻӻ֣嫺ôڵŦԼѧУѧϵĽڣ嫺ǲ˵㹦
ϣǱ־Լ硣
ѧҪʵǡЦЦ˵Сׯƫ΢ַⷽ滹ͦϤġ


57 
ô˵֪϶ǽʲôƫ΢̵ַҪѯ
ڣͷѷһǰЩӣҲƫ΢̵ַѯҡׯεȻͷ͸¶⡣
ѷһѧƫ΢ַϣоôˣʲôѯġ
֮ǰоڴϣӦѧϣûжоƲǹҪһоۣƫ΢ַ̡
ǵ˾Ƶ˵ϽѧڣѧڣһͬҪصƵ˵¶ׯεȻѾ׵߰˰ˡǹоѧĿ⣬˵ĲеоȥÿԼƫ΢ַһ
Ҫһ¡
ȿȡׯεȻ̯֣ڣۿԣĲܲȥ
İɡظ֤Сׯ֤ʲô鶼ûС
ڣҵȻǷĵġׯεȻͷҲ֪սѧϰѧѧҴûκѧʵ飬ҲϤҾҪæҲ̸ֽ
ʱۺͼ㣬ʵǲϵġҪۺͼ㣬ȫһ״̬ʵ⡣
ҵȻ֪ںߺ˵ҶһӵĿˣЩһ֪ܲ
Ͻڸ˵Сׯڷİɣֻһƫ΢ַ̣ʲôˡ
ðɡׯεȻͷӦλʵûа취ҲҪ˹ٴѧ⡣
ϳׯεȻǵһ͵͵ûʲôȤĿбӣԱߵļ׵Ƕʲôܺ档
ׯεȻתͷż˵˷ܰ
С׼ܳԼܸˡ
òϲ͵ɣׯεȻתͷһ۴ľɫ˵ʵûʲôرģҲ֪˷ܵĸо
׼æҡͷʲôЦϲ͵ôϲ͵ֻ֮ǰһֱѧϰûг
㶼֪ΪֻׯεȻͲ࣬үүϽҲʮˡӴ޺ˣȻ＾ֻܺׯεȻ죬һγڲμimoʱ򡣡
ŶׯεȻ򼾰ףμӹimo
μӹ̾Ϣ˵ϴѧ֮ѧѧԭеʱҲҪѧģû뵽Ǳүȥѧѧˡ
ѧѧ˽һ¡ׯεȻЦ˵ҪǰѧѧˣһѧҲǲڻİɡ
̾ϢһǴѧѧѧѧѧѧͲһƫ΢ַ˵ɣͷ۵õС֪֮ⷽ֡ǰڱƵʱһֱѧۣսѧѧѧʱſʼоƫ΢̵ַİɣ
ҲǰɡׯεȻ룬֮ǰѾʼѧϰƫ΢ַֻ̣ûرоȷʵսǱߵʱҲſʼо
ǡ׵ɫȥЩ̫ԣȻҵȷ˾ǲһǰҲѧϰƫ΢ַ̣ǵڽӴʱ˶±Ƶġ
ʵƫ΢ַ̻ͦýģǼƫ΢̵ַĻѧôѧɡ
һĲһʹ飬ҾԼѾŬѧϰˣһûܹѧᡣ
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ȵͣھƵ꣬ׯεȻͼ³ׯεȻŵż³Ͻ³֮Ҳڵżϡ
³ׯεȻߡ
ż˹ٴѧѧϵĽ·ׯεȻк٣ׯ
ׯεȻ΢Цźͼڰס󣬽ͻط䡣ֻмڡϽں
ͿȣҲǼڵ˼
Ųݸֽдһ㹫ʽСׯʽӦô죿
ׯεȻŹʽһۣ˲֮ǰѷڸĹʽʽ˵һģһɣҲм֮
ûа߼ڣֻֿʼڲݸֽдż㲽裬˲Ҫ극ʱׯεȻ̧ͷԼ˵ڣԲԡӦġ
Ųݸֽһ߸ׯεȻ˵Сׯ첻ʲô𣿡
ǡׯεȻͷһɶԣȥҲûйϵ
Сӣڹ˰ʱ䣬õûѧᣬϲɶѧͦġ
ϽԱ˵ϣСׯҲʮ䣬СׯΣҲͦϲġ
Ҳǣ棬ҲҪڵĿû뿪ݸֽɻڶׯεȻ
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С֪ڷҳ˵˵ѧ°ͺղ룬ˣ
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Ǿͺáڵͷлһ˵СҪѧϽ⿪°ͺղ룬Ҳ̫ðˡһǲ޳ɵģСׯ֪
֪Ȼżѧϰʱ䲻̫ãǼʲôԣׯεȻŶ塣һǲ޳ѧģׯεȻððʧʧҪڹѧҴѧϽ⿪°ͺղһּı֡
ΪׯεȻȷʵȫһѧУͬʱҲȴС
Ÿս⿪ǧûõʱ䣬Ҫ֮һ°ͺղ롣ʵе㼱ˣׯεȻҲܵģһ˵ǿǿʲôطټִѧ֧̫࣬ĿϸҲࡣ
ׯεȻǲȫ֪ȫܵģĳһֵΪɫôӦģĳЩܾͻ᲻⡣
ǸѧģǸеġվˣ񣬲ȫ
ȻȥѯׯεȻһЩѧѧ⣬֤һ֪
԰Сȥ˹ٴѧҲǺ޳ɵġͣһ£Ǹóȥ棬ǻҲûжܹѧ˹ٴѧһʦв٣ܹѧҲ١
ѧⶫһҪ츳ҲҪŬʵ츳ܺã˺ܺõĳɾͣϣ㲻ҪڴˡҪࡢõĳɼҶٴηҳĸʦԼѧӳɫҲϣܹһѧңϣܹΪѧҡ˭˵ǻûѧҵģ
ڣѧһʧ
һ򶼲ʧӣҾûǸôĥһ¡˵֮󣬼ҳʽ㻹ÿüʱ䣬Сׯȥæɡ
õġׯεȻͷ뿪ŵᡣ
㿴ڽݸֽϣⲿֵĻӦúܿܽ˰ɡϧС˹ٴѧǾҪҲûа취
ϽŲݸֽĬĿţ˵ׯεȻ˼·ǳĲҲϸؼĹ̺ܿ죬ǿ귽ֱ֮ӿʼд֤Ҳûлٹ򣬾ͽ⿪õ⡣
ٶȺܿ죬ǵĿׯӦܹǿϺüʱꡣϽЦҡͷ˵ׯȷʵ
ô˵ɣۡƫ΢ַ̡ΣҾСׯûκεҲЦ˵ϧڻһ鳤Һöˡ
ڣҲôԷƱܹׯѧѾ˵ǳˡ
̵ˣһˡοҲ̫̣ȫСׯѧɲš
˵ЦˣСׯڴ̥￪ʼѧѧûҲΪڵСׯڡϽЦе˵ϧˣСׯڲ֪ʲôʱܻع
ǰҲ̾ϢһׯεȻعʱ䣬ңңڡû˸ѯׯεȻʲôʱع˵ׯεȻųûжõʱ䡣
֮ǰׯεȻھͻƴŽڴһЩĿͿ⣬ЩĿϺԼûʲôϵġ
ǵׯεȻֵزڹĻѱܶоμһЩ⡣˽оҲǻľġ
ôһׯεȻعϼѡ
ǣҲ֪ׯεȻزȫѧоѧУ֮⣬ׯεȻҪǲܵġ
ôȻׯεȻܹȥĵط࣬˹Ѿõȥ
ѧ**˵˵ѡ
ǻкܶļ㣬ͲܸСׯڿСׯò˼ЩȫܹʡǰʱءϽŲݸֽ棬ҪǸõļ㣬ׯεȻֻҪܹɡ
žѧ츳˺֮ͨɣƴѧѧԺĲʿĿĲûУǵĽҲ̫죬ׯεȻһֱ֣ӽ⿪ǰ¶ûܹ⿪⡣
ҪׯεȻȥ黹ˣ¾ˣ
뿪ڵķ䣬ׯεȻǻص¶ϵһ·ѷڡѷڷǳ˷ܵĸҪһλѸʶǷѷ磬һߺſȣЩׯεȻ׼ȥԸմţͿһλŷ׼š
ׯεȻ㵵ؿ˵˭
ׯׯڡգ۾˹ٴѧׯ𣿡
ׯεȻׯεȻһͷˮĿˣʲô𣿡
ׯڣţѧīѧԺѧ
īѧԺׯεȻüͷоȤ
ĪѧԺĴ׷ݵ1264꣬ʱδеߴ󷨹٣lordcellorwī٣walterdemertonһѧ֯ᡢƶҲīѧԺĳΡһصڣ涨īѧԺεģʽҲԺԺʿֱ֧䣬ǽţѧѧԺص**
Ŷʲô𣿡
ׯڡ˽𷢱ۣȥׯεȻǿ׳ܶ࣬ǱֵЩɬ
ѷȥμɶԡ
ޣׯεȻͷոѷڴ绰Ǳ߸ͦģԭɶѾʼʲôɶԣɶԣ˶ԸûκεļǸʱ䣬ѧ벻
ڱְãҲʲôǱ˵飬ûйϵ
ղҺͷѷڴ绰Ǳھٰɶԣ
ͷһˣǸɶԣѷҲǸȥҴ绰ȥμӵġ
ĶЩˡ
ѧҡС¶Цݣһкܶˡ
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ǵġصͷںԺٰ졣
Уʰһ¡ׯεȻţһױȽʽķװʱ˻վţЦѯʵīѧԺѧѧ
ԡ˿ĵĵͷׯڣǳīѧԺѧϣܹţѧһʢѧݽ
ʲô
ķƤ˹
Ƥ˹ǣ
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˹ٴѧ֪ĽڷǳࡣׯεȻ˵ǿ㲻ʲô
ׯڣѾǳңѾǶΪѧˮƽѾһң긻ǿкܶʱֿ⡣ҪѧϰĿ⡣Ƥ˹żɽ˵ҵĵʦǻ˹
˹ׯεȻ΢Щȣ³˹𣿡
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ׯڣҪһҪѧѧΪѾǹһѧңǻоϻŵϦӡţׯܹѧϰ֮ܶǰû͸Ķ
Ƥ˹бׯεȻüͷֻ˹ٴѧĸڣ𣿡
ׯڣϾҪΪ˹ٴѧĽڣԼʿʦ
ׯεȻƣΪʲôǶ֪ˣһһֱɢϢ
ׯڣѾ֪ѧ֮һϢҶǵһʱעġֻҪѧϰоѧһġ
ǻ˹ǽ⿪ѧңҪ˵ΰѧ֮һҲΪΪʲô㲻Ż˹ѧϰ
Ҳǻ˹ҵĽ飬Ϊҿѧ֪ʶ˹˵ýҵ֪ʶѾˣҪһڣϣ
ңׯεȻ̫ͻ˹δ棬Ϊʲô˹ҪԼѧѧϰ
ĥ𣿡
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˹Ѿ͵ˣ
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Ƶһ¥Ƥ˹ׯεȻԺԺʱУмС١ŮŮ**һ˵գׯεȻе㲻̫Ӧ
һ·Ƥ˹һͬɶԡ
ܣƺͦ˵ġʱһλ˵סׯεȻĽŲӶׯεȻ˵ׯ
ŮŮתͷ뿴ׯεȻ
ȻׯεȻƬѾܹ㣬˹ٴѧƬǿƬͿ˻ǲһġ
һ̣ׯεȻסˡ
ׯ԰ɣЦе˵û뵽￴㡣
ǵһβμӹѧҴɡ
ׯεȻεЦţǣ
Լȡ
ޣԭԼλҲǷƽׯεȻļ˵ׯôоΣ
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ׯεȻûüѯôǴˣԼȾ͸ׯεȻĶ˵ׯҶ˵ܹ÷ƶĽġ
ׯεȻ̯֣¶˵Ҳ㣬Լ÷ƶĽʱίǰ˵𣿡
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ƽʱ˹ٴѧʱ򣬲İ
ׯѷЩ󣬡λׯһЩҪ˵
ŷѷׯεȻߣ뿪Ⱥ
û뵽ׯȻôܻӭѷÿЦĿ˵ղŻأҪƤ˹߻˹㱻ȺΧϣһΪûء
⡭ׯεȻתͷһȺˣ˵˵ЦЦģŪѷڣ˵ǵô£
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߰ɣׯѷڶׯεȻ˵Ҹһλʶ
˵ţׯεȻߵ䡣
˹ڣţѧĬѧԺĽڣҲ˹ٴѧνڡѷܵҲ˵ׯҲ֪˹ڰɡ
ׯá˹Ѻõ֣ׯεȻ뻳˹֣ã˹ڣҶ¼
׹
лҪ˵**ժ԰ٶȰٿţѧīѧԺ


58 
ׯҲܶ֡˹Ц˵Ǽˡ
Ƥ˹ҵѧׯӦü˶԰ɣ
ׯεȻͷ˹ҲһׯεȻֱӶׯεȻ˵ҽȥ˹ٴѧʿ
ׯεȻû˵˹˵ȻҸ˽ͶPh.D
ΪʲôңׯεȻе㲻̫ܹ⣬ɻǴƤ˹˵֮Ѿ˵ġ
ҿׯѧѾǳˡƾ-׶˹ԺȱڣѾѡʮһ͵һѧ֮Уο㻹ôᣬдѵʱо˹Ц˵ǶˣоϺûа취ġ
ѧϵ裬˾̾Ƥ˹ӦܹѧĶ˹̯֣Һܿõһλѧ
ׯѧϻû츳ҲΪ϶ܹѧһΪ˹ǳĸׯεȻ˵ѧԼ֣ׯѧϰõġ
ׯεȻ˵Ƥ˹вݸֽ𣿡
Ƥ˹óʼǱݸׯεȻׯڣ𣿡
ȻԡׯεȻͷַʼǱдһڷĿݸƤ˹˵Ƥ˹ܹ⣬һӭѧϰ
ׯεȻصͻɡĸ֣Ҳ˵Ƥ˹⣬Է׺ϣǲܹȥѯκһλڡԼɣȻɲׯεȻע¶ɡҪȥѯĳλڣׯεȻ˹ٴѧƤ˹ţѧ
ׯεȻҲ֪飬һжҪƤ˹Ծġ
ţ˹ϵѧԾԻеġ
Ƥ˹ӹʼǱ֮˵ׯģһġׯεȻЦЦʵƤ˹㷺Σ
ȷʵûôص鼮Ƥ˹еΣҸŻ˹ѧǴκѧ
һʾԳԿռ䡣ׯεȻ˵껰˹һ䣬Ƥ˹ǰﲻʲôæˡ
лл˹ӦòʲôæɡƤ˹һеĿ⣬˺һʱ䣬ŷѷ˹ԼׯεȻ˵λڣǸӦ뿪һ
õġ˹Ц˵ԸܹһЩʵԵо
ллĺ⣬˹Ƥ˹һת뿪
˹ׯεȻ˵ׯ˵ʵҲ̫
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ΪʲôҪĿ⣬֪óǴͼΡ
ΪҲҪյģΪǵⲻرѡ
˹ЦЦҡͷׯεȻõĲ̫ѣͱеĲ̫ѸҲûйѯׯεȻ⡣
ȻׯεȻѾƤ˹һ⣬Ƥ˹ܹȻܹׯεȻѧϰѧǲܵĻҲƤ˹ûáҪ֪һѧƢŹֵ˲֪ж١ѧңƢЩ̫á
ׯεȻڻ˹ѾƢȽϺõһ͡
ٳ緢˶»ͦõģû˸о߸ϡ
ѾܲˣҪ֪ЩٳţҪһ仰ܲٺ˵ĸûһԼƢ˹ԼҲͦƢ͸ԵġҪƤ˹ʺθڣҲƤ˹ƼׯεȻ
˹ȻǿƤ˹ͶʿҵΪƤ˹ãƼȥ˹ٴѧׯεȻѧϰѧ
ׯڿĿǸ˹žƱ˵ϾҪа佱ˣֻʣ¼ʱ䣬ʲôо𣿡
˵ǼٵġׯεȻ˵ƶĽѧ߽
û˹ףõƶĽǾʹԽʮһΰѧ֮С
ϲ㣬ׯǽ㲻ܻ÷ƶĽƶĽҲһ֮ң˹Ц˵;ͳΪƶĽѡ֡
ҼǵãƶĽѡ˲ṫɡׯεȻŹ֭˼˹ҲȾơ
ȷʵṫѡˣ˵ûʲôѡˡ˹˵޿ģȷʵǷƶĽѡ
Ҳܹ÷ƶĽ˹Ŀ⿴ѷѷأ
һѷЦ˵ͬΪׯǿԻ÷ƶĽġ
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룬ںжׯܻ÷ƶĽİɣѷһھƣ˵ѯһ͵ĽڣǻвͬĿ
̫ʶ˹¾Ʊׯʶܸˣҳֿǰţѧһѧݽ
ׯεȻͬй֭ı˵лл˹룬пյĻһţѧѧݽ
ɶԹ룬ׯεȻͻ˹Լѷ֮󣬱ڽ䣬ȺЦš
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ׯò
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ѣҾѾˡׯεȻʼ򣬡˷ʱ䣬ҸϣصƵڽһЩо
ׯܲһǶ˵Ҽرһˣû֮һ
ллĿ佱ܹ仰ɿ佱
ȻǶͷ˵ׯεĹѧҴᣬڴľı֣ϣ㲻Ҫʧ
ллǶׯεȻת뿪ɶԣЦҪصƵһЩо
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·ʱ䣬Ҳ˿ռ䡣
ֻʣЩ֣üͷ΢΢š
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ݸֽȫ֣ׯεȻͣػţȺʦ̸۵Ĺ̡

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СһֱûиѧĿ⣬֪ôСÿζصġ
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ʱһһĹȥĵӡ
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ܿ죬ʱӡׯεȻķûκεĶƤ˹üҪֱȥׯεȻĴţҪΪл˹ĸ룬ֱӳȥׯεȻĴˡ
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Ҳڹѧ˶ʿ΢΢鴤ʦׯʦҲׯڵʦܡ
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ʦǣôĻ˵ǻ˼׶ţæѯʡ
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𣿡ׯεȻ򷨶͢˹ϴô˵Ӧ˵͢˹ЩȤɡ
Ҳ˵͢˹С˵ǵĿ̰ӳ񡣡
Ҳã͢˹ôͦĬׯεȻӣЦ˵ǲ֪͢˹ҿЦ𣿡
ˣׯ͢˹Ц˵ҸΪǷǳл÷ƶĽģȻҲǳֿȥѧоѧݽ
ȻԡׯεȻףҵȥԼӢȻܵ־
ǵûʲôϵ͢˹ׯεȻٱ˵ׯǰףһ»÷ƶĽɡ
͢˹ׯεȻҡͷ˵Žڵļɲӵġ
𣿡͢˹ЦЦ˵Ҿͦõġ
͢˹ϲͺá
ׯεȻͷ͢˹ٱ֮תⳡʢĹѧҴᡣ
˶С̸̸ۡš֮ǰɶƺҲûʲôׯεȻͻȻЩȻζ
ѧ˶ĹѧҴʱ䣬ھƵһѧоׯεȻȫоĿκɶԡ
ׯ͢˹žƱȥ̫ϲ
ܰɡׯεȻһ·ǵһβμôʢĽᣬ̫ϰߡ
ׯͦû˼ģ԰ɣ͢˹˫۾ƺׯεȻе뷨
ׯεȻֽһ£ûС
֮ǰμʱҲȫûбҪ͢˹Ц˵ֱѧң̸ǳ죬ַԺѧ
ѧҴּѧǿһƽմҶæ⡢²ѽô˾ۼһ𣬻ԴЩ˵УѧǰδĹ۵Ҳ˵͢˹Цеĺһںƣּ˵ԣׯҪôܣѧҴΪе˶һԼ۵ѧĵطᷢµĴ½
лл͢˹ׯεȻ̾Ϣһ̫żˡ
ż͢˹üͷ˵⣬°ͺղΣ
⿪ˡׯεȻΪƶ˵ڽ硣
⿪ˣ͢˹ظׯεȻĻڽ磿
ûׯεȻϵصͷûпЦ͢˹ҲһϲѧɹЦˡ
ׯ֪ûпЦ͢˹˵ȷԼ⿪°ͺղ룿
ȷׯεȻһҽ⿪°ͺղ롣
Ȼˣżʲô͢˹ׯεȻѾ⿪°ͺղ룬㹻Ϣһʱ˰ɡ
ҴѾⶨһ⣬ϣؿռ䡣ׯεȻ˵̫ļˡ
ׯ͢˹װΪʱϢһˡ
͢˹˼ǣׯεȻ򷨶͢˹Ҫ׷͢˹ʲô˼
ҵ˼ǳ򵥣㲻ƴȥо㻹ᣬԺдѵʱоԺúõഺ
ׯεȻǳ鴤һ£ʲôõഺ˹ٴѧȫΪҪѧϸһȫڻڼо
лл͢˹ׯεȻЦ˵һ˼ġ
ׯҵΪôоȥԺĲѧ𣿡
ӦòɡׯεȻ룬ѧСЦˣôܡϲѧ
ر𡣡͢˹룬֮ǰҲһ
ź㲻ܱȡ͢˹ƺҪ˵ʲôû˵ڡ
ׯׯεȻתܹЦŸ͢˹ͷ
˵ڳľ󲿷ѧң˹ٴѧ˹ٸߵоԺйϵ
ׯεȻͬҲЦŶ˴к
ϾҪˡڷеıӣׯʲô飿
ڣŹׯɡţ÷ƶĽʱҲȫû뵽ġ
⡣Ц˵û뵽ܹ÷ƶĽ
ƣҪˡ͢˹ָָ̨


59 ƽ
ҪʼˣׯεȻֹ˵׼䷢ˣ
Ӧǵġ͢˹ͷ֪ΰ䷢
䷢˳ǲһ𣿡
ȫǿ췽ɡԱߵĵ˵ƶĽΪҪѧ󽱣Ӧ佱֮ء
ԣǿ²һ£ׯûл÷ƶĽüͷ˵Ҿãܽûׯ
ׯεȻתͷڣŲң
ɡںЦ˵˭֪أֻһԤжѡ
ȻҪ棬ܵиעɣ͢˹ƺνҪʲôע
Ҫʲôڿ򷨶͢˹ҵĶ͢˹Ҫ
ɡ͢˹˵˭´ˣ͵ǱǸΣ
⡭ׯεȻһ£̫ðɣȻ˵Ҷѧ˵Ǯ϶̫Ҳɡ
ڣΪأ
ûʼ򣬡ҪôĻҾãԶһЩȤ𣿡
λ͢˹¾ƱߵһȦˣ˹ٴѧ˹ٸߵоԺĽǡ͢˹ڽڴģλҪμ𣿡
ȷʵһǳȤ飬Ҷؿ򷨶͢˹ڡ
עʲô
ǱǸ߿˹ٴѧѧڿ͢˹üͷһֲ´ı顣
ȤԱߵĽЦ˵ôʲôأ
ׯܻܲ÷ƶĽ
ׯεȻ˶ˣЦõվԭء
ܺ棡ѷЦ˵ôҾͶׯܻ÷ƶĽ
ѷڣׯǳϤ˭֪ƶĽỨ˭ңʱƶׯãûлãѷڻ᲻Σ
ΣѷЦ˵ΪʲôҪΣ
ҲԶׯܻ÷ƶĽѷЦ˵ׯܹ÷ƶĽ
ѷڷǳᶨ֧ׯЦţ֧ׯεȻ÷ƶĽҲ˾ׯεȻӦû֮÷ƶĽ
˫Ĺ۵㲻ͬš˲ٻδĽڣǸѧߺͽڶУƵĶڶׯ᲻÷ƶĽ
Ϊ˵ׯεȻ̬Ҫˡ
ԭͦţڲţеЦ
ЩѧãһġׯεȻ̾ϢһĬĬվԱߡ
ȻƤ˹ҶѾѡׯھܻܲ񽱣βׯܲܵý˹ٴѧѧڿӦöһǸؼ
ȷˡׯεȻԱֹͻȻһ£תսЦеĿԼСׯʲôأ
ûûʲôׯεȻæҡͷ
ҿô˶һ㲻֪ʲôսںĿȺǾһ𣬺֪ܶЩе֣Ⱥȴʶ
ûһע
ȥȤսڿȺˣֿ˿ׯεȻСׯǵĶעӦɣ
ڣô֪ģ
Ѿкܶڴ굽ܻܲ÷ƶĽսЦ˵Ҳ£Ҳڴ֡
㣬СׯǵĶעʲô
˹ٵѧڿǸׯεȻε̯֣ǧannals of atheatics
Ӧòannals of atheaticsѧĴڿ֮һ˹ٴѧҲôġ˵Ҫ˹ٴѧĽˣðŲʿҵ꣬ҪˡɾҪʿˣСׯʲôо嫺ЦеĿׯεȻȫǶѧ͡˵ʵ͵һѧû֮һ
ҲⱲõһѧ
ôׯεȻ̾Ϣһͷ۵С
ôׯεȻͷ۵ӣ֪ôѧ
ڡׯεȻ˵ôʦֵģ
һ⣬Լȥʲôҡ嫺ׯεȻļ򣬡ͬһ⡣
ɡׯεȻԼͷƺʲô顣
ߵׯεȻ˵ׯʦܣ׼𣿡
׼ʲôׯεȻ˳һۡ
ƽ˷ܵ˵ʦܣҪǻ÷ƽǿɾǵһλ÷ƽĻˡ
֮ǰѾùƶĽˡׯεȻε˵Ҳǵһ÷ƽĻˡ
һ÷ƽʱǵǻҡҡͷ岻һܻ÷ƽѧ綼ǳĻ衣
ܰɡׯεȻû˵Աߵ嫺ĳļ򣬡С˵ɡ
СׯʱҲͦġ
룬ǡôĳɼܹ÷ƽôÿһηƽʼ֮ǰ϶200
ׯεȻҪ촽ž֪ǳš
ŮʿǣǡŻͲӢ˵ӭλѧҴᡣ
ҷǳҵĸߴңϾҪа佱񡣡
ԱߵĳׯεȻĶ˵ϾҪʼ佱ˣСׯô
Ҿ￴ŰׯεȻŹ̨֭ϣѧҴĴƶĽ˹ʡɽ
ԷƶĽΪҪҲѧҪĴ󽱣ֱ֮Ϊѧŵֻ׿ԽδʮѧҲܹ١
˹ǽӦѧȡóɹѧҡ
ɽǽڼѧѧҪߡ
ʡǽǹѧ߼ɾͽ
µһʲô
ׯεȻҡͷ治̫һʲô
ЩμӺüĴж֪һʲôôֻ֪ĬĬصţ١
һɽ˵꣬Աߵĳ̾Ϣ˵ΪһǷƶĽء
ΪѧҴͷϷҿӦòǵһ䷢ս֮ǰҲμӹѧҴᣬһҲ⣬ɽȻ˵ڼѧѧ׵ˣǼѧȡڵһ䷢Ҳܹ˵ȥġ
ɽûķݶׯεȻһڹ֭
ɽsubhash khot
⣬ǻˡȫͬ춯ţׯεȻҲŹơ
subhash khotȡ֮󣬳Ҳʼˣǵѧİ䷢ʱ䣬һȰ䷢⻹治һ
Ľַϣһ
ׯεȻųģЩЦԼûеֵزôʦֵˣ
ʦ֡ׯεȻЦ˵ǰɣһûôţôһҪš
ܲ𣿡ϿܾǷƶĽˡ
Ҳ£ƶĽӦû󡣡սׯεȻͳ˵ô䷢ƶĽġ
Сׯ顣
˵ׯεȻͷսڡ
û÷ƶĽһѧҵյ𣿡
ǡׯεȻҡͷΪ÷ƶĽֻһѧҵ㡣
ʲôԱĿɿڴؿ˵죬ƶĽֻѧҵ㣬𣬱Ц˰ɣôܡ
㣬յ㣬ǶСׯΪֻ㡣սڳ˵ΪСׯӦÿԵѧ߷ġ
ϣˡսڿڣֻϣܹһѧоˣȷʵûжҪ󡣡
ˣڵԴҲ̫˰ɡ
䷢Ǹ˹
嫺üͷѧЦţ·˼˵㿴˵ö԰ɡһ䣬һӦǳʡ
ýstanley osherӦѧ̽ѧڵĽܳʱׯεȻɿʼơ
һβμӹѧҴᣬʲôֻҪƾͶˡ
һʢɶʽʵϣֻɶԡвٵýŲɷЩ񽱵ѡ֣ׯεȻҲ̫ȺѧҴһǧǧ˲룬Աôࡣ˭˵ҪׯεȻ̫Ⱥᱻôء
һֱڹƣʶǲʶֻҪƾͶˡ
οЩȷʵӦùƵģϾЩѾ㹻֤ѧǼѧڣѾ㹻ɫ׿ԽĹס
Ա߻ŲׯεȻʶѧң˵ԱѧңѧҡѧҵȵȡܶʱǶ벻ѧҡԼ㱣׼Ъˡ
ׯεȻҪһʲô
嫺ڵɫҲʼֻʣ³ʡͷƶĽԽǵʱ򣬴ԽϢԴ
ÿ꣬׿ԽѧǾҪ˶Ҫ֪ڹѧ˿꣬׿ԽѧҾЩ
ǻ˹ѧһռܶѧҶٳʮ֮ǰܹ׿Խѧɹ˵ܹһѧ֮Сʮ֮ǰû׿Խѧɹ˵ܳΪһѧҡ׻֤ϣûл÷ƶĽѧô
Ȼûл÷ƶĽҲΪѧҡ
ֻǻ÷ƶĽѧңԳΪʮһѧǣûл÷ƶĽѧңҪѸѪܹ÷ƶĽѧҲڳǡ
䷢ǡƶĽλҪһͣһ£ÿһεĹѧҴᣬӵıǷƶĽ
ѧŵ֮ƵķƶĽ佱񡣡
ѧҴϯ䷢
ׯεȻʼƣԱߵĳѾ˵ʦܣҪǡýûʲôҪ˵Ļ
ƽУׯεȻüͷ
̫װˣʵ̫װˡﲻͣҡͷԱߵ嫺̲ס˵Сʲôʱôװˣ
ϯ̨ǰһſʼ÷ƶĽѧҵһλǡ
˶ס۾һգգĿϯ̨ķ
˫ĿֱӵĴϯɵ˵룬ҶڵһķƶĽҸ˵ƽо޽еһΡ
ʲô˼ҶûŪϯͻȻ˵һЩĪĻ
Ȼѡ׿Խ׵ѧңһϣûл÷ƶĽѧܹٽѡƶĽʱ򣬺ܶˣͷƶĽǳӽǿԻ÷ƶĽϧҪѡ׿ԽѧңҷǳźһЩûܳڷƽ֮Сţûг֮еˣǼŬô֮ƽضġ
⻰˵ãר˵˭Ƶġ
ׯεȻɣͻȻô룬ׯεȻ-˹Ժȱ㹻÷ƶĽҪ˵׿ԽҲǲֵģǲѡѧң󲿷ǵȲ֮ġׯεȻȴܹڵȺöʱ䡣
Ѳɣϯ⻰˵ׯεȻġҪΪһûл÷ƶĽʧо֮󣬱ضƶĽһΪȷʵˡҪ˵겻ܵõƶĽܹ֮÷ƶĽѧңƵıׯεȻ
͢˹üͷֹţѵҴˣӦð
ɣ
ôܣ
ɶϣһЩСۣƺǳ⡣
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˿ʼ΢΢ҡͷЦܶ˵඼Ҫˡѧǣһɫ࣬ڴϯôһǷǵǱ
ðɣҿںĬϯ˵ԻׯεȻ
ڼƫ΢ַУ-׶˹еķͼη׿ԽĹͻƣԼڹ淶۷ĵ߸ѧ
˶ɵסˣղǻΪϯǷڰοׯεȻû뵽һ÷ƶĽ˾ׯεȻ
ׯεȻղҲΪԼ϶ûϷˣ֪·תĴһƬհס
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ӭׯεȻ̨ȡƶĽϯЦ˵ׯεȻӦûõġ
ֳ֮ǰΪҵ᳡߳ؽţׯׯ
СׯϽȥ콱嫺ҲˣׯεȻģͺаˣҲû뵽ҸôͻȻɡ
˵۾վׯεȻɵɵǰ̨ˤһӡ
˳ֳһֲŵ״̬оƮƮȻģ
̨ʱϯׯεȻ˵ׯҸղŵĻŵˣ
ȷʵׯεȻòϣղŴϯǶλô붼Ǹ˵ģܾﲻ̫ԡ
ԭ治Ƕ˵ģ
ӦûõġϯׯεȻ˵ԭҪһϾʵ̫ˡĳɹһҫۣû˻Ԥϵ֮󣬻ɳΪʲôǾھͰ취㡣
ֵϯͣһ£ׯϣܹڽΪѧ׿ԽҴе߸ԵĹס
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ллׯεȻû̫عԺһƬհף֪˵ʲô֮ǳлл
ĳɹɣСӡϯЦ˵˵ʲô𣿡
ҡׯεȻ̨˫۾ݺݵһҷǳлѧ϶йļڣҵĵһλʦҲҹѧʿѧλʱʦҺܶĶҸѧϰۡΣҲǴǸʱʼҶѧ̫һȤ˵ҶѧһҪ׷С
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ҿʼĶԴѧƣǰֻǾú档ȻҲȥ伾ڼҵķڼķǳóԡ
ׯεȻӢ˵е˶ʼ΢Ц
ѧҶǷǳ֪ġңڲѧᣬҲҪ̫ʱ˵ѧɡҿһѧ⣬һҲࡣȤֵһѴʱȥ֤
ҲҪлҵĲʿʦڶλʦ嫺ڡׯεȻֵ嫺ڣҵǴѧʱ嫺ѯңҪʲô⡣
Ҹ߽ڣ淶ۿ⡣ׯεȻЦ˵ǷҪҸҿһá
ʵѾʼ-׶˹ԺȱڡǸʱսڻᾭѯҽȣû˵֮ǰûҸ⡣˵ǳѡĿ⣬ʱ䡣
Ҷ֪ˡׯεȻֵ̯֣һǣ嫺ڼķҲǳóԡ
ׯϲȥ˼ҳԷ͢˹һ£ãͦ°
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žžžͬ춯ţׯεȻһȷʵ֪˵ʲôû뵽Լ÷ƶĽ顣
˵׼ʲôݽˣ˵˴żӵʱ䣬ڶһƪհסһķƽ̨ׯεȻӲĺͱ֣ϲ˻÷ƶĽ
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ׯεȻĬţԱߵĳＤ˵ʦܣҿĽ𣿡
ŵׯεȻƶĽĽƵݸЦãʼջǾãƶĽֻ㡣
ھ󲿷ֵ˵»ڽڣоѧģҲоѧġ˵ѷڣѧңͬʱҲ嶯ѧҡ
ׯεȻͷԱ嫺˵Сׯѧȷʵǳ츳ѧ㻹ҪһЩġ
ׯ˹ٴѧѧѧ϶ǳãϣ˹ٴѧ⼸ܹ༳ȡһЩ֪ʶܹعȻõġ
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嫺ׯεȻҵ˼Ҳ˼
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֪ˡׯεȻͷһŬѧϰġ
嫺Цһ£ƴǵȲôˡ
ׯεȻɵɵؿ嫺ڡ
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֪ǵĽչ̫˳ѧоҲв˲ȥÿ춼ڱԹء
ׯεȻҲû˵嫺˵Ҹ˵ǣϣܹعȻҪʵڲع˭Ҳ벻ǰɡ˹ٴѧоȷʵǳãǹҲʼڸơ˵ôһ񣬾һƣ˭Ҷָָ㣿
㿴˸ָʲô𣿡嫺˵ǷƽǾѧŵܲ𣿡
ҪܹعĻܹҴ޴ĿбܻγһֺЧӦͺ֮ǰع嫺ׯεȻ˵޳ڹѧһЩѧǷǳаġҸ˲̫޳ڹⲻ顣
ڣһؿǵġ
ˡ嫺Ц˵Ҳˣڼƫ΢ַ̡΢ּϣѾκһңҲʲôڡ
ѧϣѾˡ嫺ׯεȻļ򣬡٣ǧġ
ׯεȻЦһҲû˵˵ʵҲ֪ô˵
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ϣؿռ䡣ׯεȻͣһ£ڷЩͻơ
Сӡ嫺ҡͷ˵ǲʲôҪϣؿռĻҲͦõġ
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ģҲġׯεȻ嫺һŶ裬ʾԼһȥѧϰѧơ
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¹֭ıӣѾҪڳκεĶѾһֱС
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Ĳǻ޺ĲǻһμӡׯεȻԼ˵ղŴϯһ£ʱȥط޺
ҲڵͷׯεȻĿżλòˣڣλǣ


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ׯáĻ֣ѺõҪׯεȻ֡
ׯεȻȻܺ˾˭
ǣׯεȻˣҿ϶ƴѧϵûˡվڼڵߣӦǼʶˡ
ׯڿԽï
ïׯεȻïϸооԱʣȥġʲô飬ׯεȻ̫ܹȷïоԱоԱûïʵġ
ׯڡï˵ǹ˲Ź滮ֵġ
ŶׯεȻüͷ˼ǣ
ׯڻعѾǷƽڹҲǶһݣعĴģ϶ïϸĸׯεȻ˵ţڹڵ֮ǰѾ࣬ҪĿѧڼص
ׯεȻͷ
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ï˼ЦЦҲ֪ׯεȻع֮󾿾ʲôׯεȻһ仰˵÷ǳȷģǾׯεȻܺлѧоԵѧо
ں͹⻹кܶ࣬ׯεȻִлع֮󣬿϶кܶڹڹĿڵ
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ȻׯѾҲȰׯڡïװڴóһƬݸׯεȻׯκε飬ԸҴ绰
лл㣬ׯεȻƬïּ˵ׯڣܰһ𣿡
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ԣʱòҪ̫áׯεȻ룬˵ʱ̫ãӦҪȥо
ģرá
ǾͺáׯεȻͷڹ⣬ǻˣһ²ɷҲûʲô顣
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Сׯź˵ǻز˹ˡ
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㰡εҡҡͷҲãڹѧ֮ٻعҲ
İɡׯεȻæοڣһعġ
СׯҲ㲻عز˹㿴ڹĻԽԽأ㵽ʱҪعǱһͷץ
ɡׯεȻõûз赽ֵزһϲı۵ˡ
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ԣյ˵ʲô飬᲻£˭Ҳò׼Ǳߣҿ
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ׯεȻͼԼï˼֮뿪᳡صƵоïԸµ˵ׯڣȥɡ
ðӦʶλ߰ɡ
ȻïƴͷׯεȻһ뿪᳡ƶĽǹѧҴӵѧңýƽУһ˾ȻҪ뿪᳡ķƽǻںͱѧҽ̸š
ֻׯεȻûж˼Щʱ仹ؾƵúõһ¿⡣
ţļߴ˭ǵһ뿪᳡ѧҡĴߵʱļ߾ѾõϢ
߳׵ˣ˻ϤΪܲϤһλǽķƽׯεȻ
һﶼ˺öˣ߾ҪʱСڻкܶ˲ʶׯεȻп϶ߡ
߷ӵǰļ߶ɵˡţ˭ļôȥˣ
ǽǸ÷ƶĽĻˣ԰ͣȷʵС껪ƶĽƶĽСһλ˵ֻʮꡣ
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λ侲һ¡ïׯεȻǰǻƼѧĹԱׯڻؾƵ꣬λʲô⣬һһѯʡ
ׯڡļ߳ɤѯʵ÷ƶĽʲôо
ׯεȻ룬оаɣҾ÷ƶĽ㣬յ㡣ҽ󻹻רעѧоȡõо
ׯڣ˹ٴѧν̣ûлعĴأ
ĿǰûлعĴ㣬ӦûҪ˹ٴѧϺüʱ䡣
ׯڣĸУʲô𣿡
ûκʸҵĸУҵĸУҶûʸȥСЩĸУҲûнׯεȻ
ׯڣΪʲôڲعأΪڲع𣿡
ߵñȽϵ꣬һƵĸо
ׯεȻЦ˵ڲعΪ˹ٴѧԸõĽѧ
ֲһ䣬ҵ˼ǣ˹ٴѧӵкҲһ˼·ϣ˹ٴѧøĽѧ֮ġҲû˵ڵѧУãֻҪѧϰһ¹ѧ飬Ȼع
Ҳ˵Ļعңңڵģ
ׯεȻЩ̫ͷˣλֻʱûлعļƻңһμӹѧҴǻ飬ʱһع⼸ʱ䣬ϣҪڼѯҡ
ׯcļߣǷ׼˹ٴѧν̡ҪΪ˹ٴѧѧϵĽ飬Դôģ
ȷʵ˹ٴѧν̡ׯεȻЦ˵˵ұΪ˹ٴѧڵ飬Ҳ̫ѯһ˹ٴѧصԱ
ׯһλѯʵӢѧݽѧϵĲŻֱͬҹеһ㡣
ׯڣ֪Ӣжѧϵѧ𣿡
⡭Ҳ̫֪ׯεȻеΣôǼżķ˿һ
ּ״εԸУׯεȻǳΡ
ûĻӦûȥţѧһѧݽ档ׯεȻЦ˵ܵ˹룬Ӧûȥġ
ׯΪķƶĽʲô𣿡
͸ղһоСׯεȻ˵տʼܼѾ侲ˡҵûȥоѧˣλټ
˵֮ׯεȻֱӿׯεȻļʵ̫ˡׯεȻƴҪȥûа취
ķƶĽƸŪˣׯεȻɹȺý׷ʡ
صƵ꣬ׯεȻЩǱлл㣬ĻҹƱȺýΧס߲ˡ
ûϵׯڡïЦ˵ʲô⣬ׯڿʱϵҡعҲԡ
ãҼסˡׯεȻͷҲס
ʹݡïЦ˵ׯھͲˣǻҪо𣿡
⣬ЩⰡԭΪҲסھƵءׯεȻһǸģǰïŪÿЦãûϵׯڣⱾӦ顣
ټï˻ֱӿˣصƵ֮ׯεȻ㿪ʼо°ͺղ⿪֮Ŀ⻹Ҫȥ
2030γɵѧֿƣǴӱ⣬ַ̺озչġۺúۣѧִѧĹ۵оάռϵķӺͼۡԿάռĽμѧѧ̣ۣѧȷֿжӦãҲо޸ɶȵϵͳѧߡ1
ϣؿռѧŷÿռƹ㣬ǹʽѧѧĹؼ֮һ2
ѧңҲѧҡѧĻϣоѧ߼ԺϽԡׯεȻоϣؿռҲҪʲôڷĺ棬ҪڷһЩ˶ѡ
Ҳû뵽Ҫ󣬶ô𾪵ĳɹ֮ġ
ׯεȻĵ뿪ɶԣЩҪׯεȻѧһסˣû뵽ׯεȻ뿪ô硣ǰôˣһʲ֪ǻȥоˡ
ʮλȫһѧҵԭ𣿱˶ɶԵʱһĵȥо
ׯεȻ϶ѯʲˣ´μʱӦþѧʱ
ȻûеȵׯεȻѧᣬǹڵýۿʼ
ձvҹλ÷ƶĽѧׯεȻʮûƼѧѧѧʿѧλʮûǴѧѧʿѧλΪ˹ٴѧѧϵڣ˹ٸߵоԺоԱ
ʲôǷƶĽ
ƶĽǹѧҴ䷢Ĵ֮һÿ䷢һΡδʮ꣬Ϊѧ׿ԽͻԹ׵ѧҡ
ýΪѧҴҪĽ֮һֱΪѧŵͬҲѧߵĹԽ֮һøý־Ÿѧѧڣйһˮ׼
ׯεȻƶĽĵҲλȫҹķƶĽ
ôׯεȻλ÷ƶĽģ
ѧҴĽǣڼƫ΢ַУ-׶˹еķͼη׿ԽĹͻƣԼڹ淶۷ĵ߸ѧ
ѧŵȵȣŵûѧ𣿡
ûŵûѧΪŵΪѧףȻҲΪʱܶѧʵ̫ǰԵʣҲܹŵ
˵ѧôλк淶۵ӣע⿴Ǿ䣬ڹ淶߸Եѧѧʿʿ
ѧ˽һ£λõѧʿûѧѧ˵ϣѧңĸѧûоȻҲоѧģǴ඼ѧѧᡣ
ûѧִѧܶࡣܶѧƶ϶Ҫѧ˵λʵҲһλѧңҲûдġ˵֮껹пܻŵѧ
򡭡𣿡
˵۵˵ĿǰϿпܳΪ۵ۺȦۡ
˵Ķɶ
ۣȻĻԪǵӡӡ΢ӺͿ֮ĵ״ӣǺСС״ġҡж˵ġҡȦ״ġҡպңҵĲͬ񶯺˶ͲֲͬĻӣǿתģ۲֤ʲڡеҳ߶ȷǳСٿʵĻԭԤԣżֳ߶ȽϴıĤ״壬߱ΪĤֱ۵˵ռ9 1άʱеd3ĤϣȻĻӺ໥ͳһۡ3
Ȧۣӳ۵΢ŷʵ۵ӻǲܱġʱֻάӹ֣԰ѹתƹ淶۵ۣΪϣῨ-ͱ磨ashtekar-barbero nnectionǶȹ綨ƽӣholonoyԼͨ(fx variable)Ϊʵӻ4
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ôˣҺ֪ׯиۣ
ɶۣ̫
ô˵ɣҲԽдͳһۣǰ˹̹׷Ѱ°ۡźǣλвûܹɹġȻѧҺѧҶ׷ͳһۡпܳɹΪͳһ۵ľۺȦۡܿ˭ܹ֤ҲǴͳһĴڣôǱȰ˹̹ΰѧҡҲô˵Ϊѧĵһˡ
ˣûܹ΢һ㡣Ҳ˵λкпҪ𣿡
ЦˣΪһѧңúõоҹľûκоЩо˳Աů˻øãŶ˼ǵĸڣ㻪ʲôϵԴʲôķƶĽ˭ʲôƶĽǰɣʲôˣҰֵҫڹһҪعƭѰɣ
ôΧôࣿܲǧһ˵ѧҪһȻҰҪϢˡ
ǣһʣЩΪʲôϲʲô¸ø֮ĻΪڡϴο⻰ʱ򣬻ڻյʱ򡣡
ҶҪϢˣҽ컹һ˵ׯл÷ƶĽֲ˳Աůׯִ͵˲ŻǮˡҵ谡Ⱥǲʲô
ʵʵ˵ׯһ·ȷʵȫѧΪʿû˼ȷʵб»ȫѧ𰡣ѧƾýѧһȺѧᣬˡ
ҾˣЩʲôʲôңоһЩʵʵĶʲôЩǮ˳Աů˶ǳ˰ɣûмƶɽЩ˵Ӱɣ
ͳ˺ƶɽ˾ûйϵðɣȺʲôʱѧ߼Ե˼ά˼Ҵоʲôƶɽ˹ĲƨĹϵ
ϸ磬ϲЩȷʵһ߼ûС
ϣĳЩܹףܹƶҲܹѧҡѧǹҵ֮ûпѧҵоƼķչüˣҿͲ֪ȥ˰ɣ֪֪ÿ˶Լıְ벻Ҫ衣
ϢĶܡ
ձȻзˣҲǺܶ࣬һߣձΧ棬һȺ񾭲Ϊձķ̫һ
ձvƶĽׯεȻֱԣع
ռ͵ɷ÷ƶĽׯεȻѯǷعϢֱԽڲعΪ˹ٴѧӵбȹڸõо
ЦձڴׯεȻأ˼ֱӶعˡ
˵ˣ˳϶ˣǳԤ𣿡
ƶĽֱӲعˣ˼ڵóԺúȣܼоԺ˼ҿɾɵĵˡɣЩùԽΪʲôѡ񲻻عĳЩ˻쵱Сۺ죬Цˡ˶ѾˣһȺ޸Сۺ졣
ͣ뻹ǾúܺЦءһƶĽ˼һýֱ˵ع˭
ձǰɣϴα˼ׯεȻˣλ뱻ׯεȻ棿˼˵ع˹ٴѧкܶĶѧߣҪһʱ䣬һЩɹ֮ٻع˼Ǿ仰˵ԶعʲôƱ⣿
ձӾˡ֮ǰﴺʷֱӱ⵳⣬ձСĲˡ
⵳˼˵ʱع⣬˼ҲعƵġҥǰɣ
ձҥͼˣ׼ׯС
Цձ˰ɾʲôɾô±ǰɣ
ԭҪֵģû뵽ձôˡհ֮ǰͦյôôˣ
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ձˣ֮ǰۣɾ˵õý֮Ҫýıأôýҥͨ˲УǵɻŶ
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ڶׯεȻ۳𱬣̾Ҳвٵýϲ࣬˵ʲôׯεȻعʲôʱعֻдʣϾҪ֮ġ
ׯεȻûлӦΪһֱڸϣؿռоʱЩýı
вܵׯεȻΧɱţСȻȥѯ顣
ϧׯεȻѾܾû߹Ҳߡ

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ѧߺͽǣ׷׽ѧⳡׯεȻһСʱѧᣬ°ͺղѧᡣ
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ѧỹûпʼǰСʱѾѧ߽ѧԭѧѧѧߣѧ档
תۼͷ֣ſѾų˳˶ɵˡѧ᲻ׯεȻѧ
ֱܵ£ԽԽӿУпѧʱֻдèСèֻ˼ׯεȻѧᣬ˶֪ʲôطѾôĴǰռλãׯεȻѧ档
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ܶһ㣬ûλãڵ϶ҪׯεȻѧ档ⳡ棬ֱӱ˸
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Ȼ˵ܶѧͽ͵ںٱȥׯεȻѧᣬΪ͵ҪׯεȻѧſȸЦʵϣֳ͵ںѧĴֳң͵Ľںѧǧѧߺͽڶᵽġ
ׯεȻıôſȸЦǺܶ͵ںѧţҶȥׯεȻλƽѧſȸһ켣Ҳû֪
Ŷӵķñ˲ׯεȻѧĽںѧ
жʮӣֳǷڣԭܹǧѧɽ˺ǳ֣вٺµѧóֳֻĻ档
ׯεȻһֱûг֣׺ͼñȽ硣Աߵïǲżڽѧġ
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֪ܶ͵˺ҪܣҲ̫lowˡģֱƷ⣬ʲô֮ġ
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λУһֱͣĽкʲôׯεȻŴϯ˵׼뱨û뵽λóׯεȻ֤ݡ
ȷʵòׯεȻЦõ˵λѧҲӦֻǾְأҲûбҪ
˵꣬ׯεȻֱ߽ѧ
ϯҲŽѧ
ׯεȻѧһɲǣ˵ĿⶼѾׯεȻϡ
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Ҳ˵Ľ⿪°ͺղˡԱ˵Һܺ档
˭أ
ȿȡׯεȻһôҾͿʼ⡣
һתׯεȻںڰдµһ֡


61 ֤
4֮żΪ֮ʹĸ°ͺ
0=21=3 2=5 10=31  nʾСĵnΪż

k|x0 (od k) £kıͶģkͬͬһ ֻȥģkһͬx
x0 (od k)  0
121nȻȥ2 1  nıͶģ1nͬ󣬡ʣ֮Ϊ: (1-d1)  (n-dn) k|ʱdk=1 k ʱdk=2k=12 n121nȻȥ212nıͶģ12  nͬ ʣǶ
1

a0 (od k)  a (od k) (k=0 1 2  n) 1

aǵh bһk֮b0 (od k) ǿ϶ļһiʹb (od i)  (i=1 2  n֮һ) ôa=-biı aǵhìܣ ֻb (od k) bҲһh
ڵʽУ k jģ ʽеļ ǵh
ڲڵȻh ʵ˳ɸǵɸ ɸĽһ̫ ͲʵɸҪҵһּ㷽 ʹֵʵh֮ܽӽΪ˺ü㣬 ʹõɸ㷨
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ѧû˵С۶ûС
ҶΪרעĿźڰ壬©һ㣬ׯεȻҲʵ̫ǿˡ
ܶǰǻûͨ飬ͨׯεȻдںڰϵĹʽȻͨ˲١ڵһŵķ͢˹С˵˼ɸ㷨
ȷʵ˼Ҳţϣ˵۴ʦ֮һ
û˻Ϊֻƫ΢ַ̰ɣ
˵ʵֻҪľ֪ƫ΢ַ̻ǴΣо١ڷ֮ڣҲ̫Զĳۿ϶ġ
ׯεȻɻдŰ飬Ѿдڰ塣ԭֻһСʱѧᣬѾȥСʱ˶ûиоʱ䣬ôһξͰСʱȥˣаСʱʱ䣬ׯεȻܹ⿪°ͺղ
˵ׯεȻĽ⿪°ͺղ⸡˵ԺУǷǳڴׯεȻ°ͺղ롣
ׯεȻٶԽԽ죬Ҷһֿۻҵĸо
ڰ壬ׯεȻд¹ʽ
ʮӣεѧҪˡϴҶѾӳѧ裬°ͺղҲһСʱܹдġȻҲûʲôԹ֮ģֳĴʵ̫ˣô


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ԺڴǮ̴ׯεȻƿţԺ㿴˭ˡ
ׯεȻԺԼվԱߵˡɵˣⲻڻǸôԺĺӣҲܷʲôɣ
ׯεȻʱҲһ¡ôԺˣ
СׯˡԺûнӹƬǸ˵ǰסׯεȻĺ󱳡
ԺׯεȻٴӣȥƺЩҪޡ
Сׯôˣ®𣿡ԺׯεȻϸĴˣҲýʵ˲٣ûðɣ
áׯεȻͷһӾͻϡ
СӡԺׯεȻ㬵ջеƬĬĬվһԡ˵⺢ǸԺȥģ
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ҡͷû˵СֹţҲܴģҴˡôʱһ
㡭Ҫ˵ʲô̾Ϣһʲôû˵
Сׯ㲻®𣿡
ôˣǲǳʲôˣԺĵ˵Ժ˵Ժ
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Сׯôᣬʮɡ
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¶ԺŴ˵Сׯôϰˣ
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Ժ˵
Сׯʲô˵ǮҲҪԺͣİ֣ҪׯεȻľʲôЦׯεȻԺȥĺӣ֪ܲ
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СׯԼţԺҪõǮĵطкܻܶ࣬ҾѾ֪ˡԺЦ˵ǰ׬ǮˣԺǮҲС
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ô˵棬Ҳ˼˵ʲô
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ׯεȻ˿ˣԺ˵ҲɣȻλԺ£Ͳˡ
ԺȳȥˡׯεȻת뿪ͺ˶һۣԺֺǺǵ˵λٸղ˵ʲôţ
ԺóƬݸԺ˵м𣿡
һŷƵƬƬ֪ЩԶ
ԺƬϸĶƬĺֻһģཱུģȥΪɰԺ˺һƬʼ˼ܱǸؾ٣Ŀ
ôСĺӣǸԺģһӡ󡣡
ǣǸԺûôСĺӣңƬһˡԺ˵λʧȥӵļͥƬ
ͷ˵ҵܵܡ
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ĵܵ߶ģ
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˵ӣǱ֮˳ʲô飬ű͵Ժġܣܡû֪Ǳ˹ĺӡ԰ɹ¶
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ôܣź˵ܾˡÿ㶼˵ôɥĻôˣôؼҡ
죬źŭģҡҡͷ
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æԼСת򿪳ţҲȺӦֱӿˡ
ԽԽԶЦˡ
һĳվ

ԺׯεȻֵ˵ǮˣҵõһĽ׼ȫԺЩܹøһЩ
ôࣿԺɵˣСׯôǮ
ѧоҵġׯεȻܿģڵ˹ٴѧÿµĹʶкöءģԺǮ׬ġԺĺǡ
СׯԺΡΡվôȥ˵®𣿡
Ժ֪ҴӻƼѧҵ֮󣬾ȥ˾ǴѧʿѾʿҵˣǰ˹ٴѧν̡
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˵ׯεȻڹõǮĵطɾ͸ˣҪׯεȻǮ
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⺢ӣС;
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ׯεȻʱ;Ϊ˸ԺĺǣҪǧ⣬Իý
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ȥɣȥɡԺ˻֣Ժ߻ЩҪء
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ȻׯεȻȷʵ̫츳ˣ˼ҶڶеʱѾϸУһƼѧĽڿϣֱӱȥࡣⲻʿҵڹ⹤ˡ
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ŽڡׯεȻ߹ȥߴׯεȻЦ˵ׯڰɣ
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ׯڸһ£ͷҵ˼ŵĺܡ
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ŶüͷӢš
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⡭ׯεȻͷ鷳Թˡ
ׯĻЦе˵С
ܹׯţҸпȻ˰Ц˵ҲҪѧҼүָҵı˵Ҫǳɼһ㣬ҲҪǮѧȥʵô궼̫ҾԼĳɼͦġׯֻᣬͻȻеҼүˡ
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ׯεȻ֪˵ʲôһεЦ
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ŶЩţׯǽĸԺģ
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ܿЦֻû뵽ŹȻǲġ
ǸܡׯεȻͻȻ뵽ʲô飬˽н𣿡
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ÿѧԱ̸ǮûǮƨоҪܹ顣ҪǶˣʲô飿
οԷôᣬЦ˵ÿ򻪹ҵĽܶׯ˵Щˮн
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˼Ҫ׷ӵĻǹ˾һЩׯεȻæ֣ҲûоôǮ
Цˣׯڣ˽İ佱⼸죬ʱ𣿡
ׯεȻһ£⼸𣿡
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Ҳǲ̫Ϥѣ΢Ҫѧˣ˽ġ˵Ҳûҳѧ
㣬ѧءڹѧþͲˣûгѧڲҲͦõġ˵ѧҲʲô¡˳ѧûѧʲô˵Ǵһëع
ǰɣҾӦóѧԴӿǸ֮ͻȻףҲѧ
ض³ܵĻЦˣˣղ˵Ҫõ˿ѧΪʲô
Ϊͷˡ˵СͲڣ֪˶ٿࡣôܶ٣Ͼġ
λҲʮꡣܼ˵ĻܽǼҵĿΪʲôѧôˡ϶лǮң
㡣ض³Цһ£Ͻҹ
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磿ӵ绰ʱǱߺܳ֡Цʵأ
ŵ˵㲻ææˣ
Ӧһڣ
ڣҪˡΣϽȰȰɣôȥ͵ȥҽԺ
ַңϹҵ绰ܼݳǰŵ
ͣŵ֮ҵˣ˳


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˼һǸԺĺӡ棬˵Ҫ⺢иļͥ²ʿʱֱӳѧˡҲڣʿҵ֮󣬻Ҫ뵱ѧ߲ܳ
ѧߣץס˹ؼʡ
ûѧǹҳǮɳʵѧߣڹѧòʿѧλ̾Ϣ˵Ҳͦģһ˺ö༶ʮʱһʱɻƼѧĽǣ͵ȥǴѧλڵѧֱӱλڸˡ
λһʲ֪һǽеѧ֮󣬵İȥƼѧ顣
ȻⲻһʱѧʿѧλֱջعĽڸϣŵǴѧֱ˵һʱ䣬ֲʿҵˡѧߣȥ˹ٴѧûеأ˹ٴѧֱӸ˸ڵְλ˵
˰ɣһˣ
ǰɣҲǵһμҡҡͷˣǰ佱񣬵㿪ۡҿһ£Ǹšƫ΢̵ַ׿Խ׺͹淶۵ĵ߸ѧͳһѧţǸѧĴ񰡡
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ͷƭҲǸˡ˼ҶʧȥһӣҪƭ˲Ʋ
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˽͵ϣȥˣϳ֮ڸʻϢôˣ
ͦõġܷ׼ҲȥԺ
Сӣ֪ҪҪǵģԺĺӵ׹ʲôʡһ컹֪㡣С֮Ժ˵ͻؼ֮ҲؼϢ
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˽ͻؼֽ֮ͻؼңŻؼҡ

ڶ죬ׯεȻûͦġ;ǰǴѧμӻ飬ѧʱ˻࣬ڵһšΣׯڣôˣ
սڵѧᡣׯεȻЦ˵ҿ϶
սׯڵĵʦ԰ɣֺǺǵڵһţϧҪ㷢ׯڵĻ˵ׯҲǴѧ֪Уѡ
ׯεȻЦû˵λǱ߶ţźʵ̫źˡ
ΣҲûôׯεȻ̨˵ǱȽŬѣ֪ҲŬĻûκεĳ·
û츳ĻܶŬׯزЦ˵ׯһЩϵ⣬һࡣ
ׯεȻæ˵۲һࡣ
֮ǰҿׯڵϲ֤Ҿ룬ׯڵһǳȻׯڵۣڹڶˮƽ
뻪޸ͳ¾кԶľ롣ׯεȻ˵°ͺղ֤ѧһͿҪҿصɴǲ֪˭ܹ⿪°ͺղ롣
°ͺղ룬衣˵ѧһ׷ׯûҪ⿪𣿡
ׯεȻͷϧûои°ͺղĽһϣؿռ䣬ϣءǲ룬Ҫڳۺ͹淶һЩ顣
ôγ˵ΪһλѧңѧĻȷЩ˷ˡ
ǲ֪ѧżʲôʱ⿪θпѧ֮һ°ͺղԼѧʹϵ顪衣
ѧ׷۷尡
ǰ˶׷۷壬ĸоѧ˲Ҫվ۷֮ϣһɽСׯεȻЦ˵֪ڻûı¡
ׯ˵ЦˣѾȫһѧҡЦţٸׯڼʱ䣬ׯܹ⿪ġ
ɡׯεȻҡͷûμҵҿܻǧ⶯֡
ŶξȣѲׯҪ⿪άҶ˹п˹(okes)̵Ĵ⻬ԣ
ׯεȻЦЦû˵εһׯεȻڼƫ΢ַУ˵ǵһˡҪάҶ˹п˹̵Ĵ⻬ԵĻпܰѧҺͶѧҶûŪ
пܣĺ캽նʵķԾҲ˵
άҶ˹п˹̵Ĵ⻬ԣҪһ£ǧ⾿жôѡׯεȻһԲ˵Ҫ⿪ǧΪҪѽȫԺ
ѧԽԽֵ࣬ʱ򣬻һׯεȻʶС
ӴʦܡׯεȻ֣СӵӺܴ󣬴ׯεȻ
ׯεȻųʦ֣ǣ
ôĺӣ⺢Ҳþšʮ˰ɣ
Ｑæ˵һɰ
⺢ӺûϵҼҺĺӡＱæ˵˼ŵС̫ү
˵ҪѧᣬҪߣС˵һ㣬Ҫ
ôСׯεȻüͷ
˵һء
ׯεȻݸһЦ𣿡
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Ѿ뿪ȥ顣ׯεȻ˵ʦܣ˵˿ѧˣ
ׯεȻͷ
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ԺˡׯεȻֱ˵ôǮҪԷɣ
ȿȣһ̣ܱȵ˹ٴѧĸڡһʦҳԶ£
˯ʱͷһ㣬ʲôеġ
ţˡ￴̨ϣʦֵô꣬÷ƶĽֵ𣿡
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̾Ϣһˡ
˵ţ嫺˹
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ƶĽѧ߽֮һһСӵԴ˵úõţҾְִߡ
СͷׯεȻû⡣Ҳʶӣ˭ҵĺӺҲûʲôϵ
սϾҪѧ棬רĵרעڵѧ档
塣СۿׯεȻƫͷׯεȻ˵ʲô𣿡
˵ѧȳﲮҪ


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ׯεȻû˵ݺݵС˵˵ʲôأʲôбһҪ˶ȥˡ
סСһ£˵Ҫʮ֮һҪʲôֿ϶򡣡
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Сҡҡͷּ˵֪÷ɭ𣿡
СӼҡͷ
Ц˵ôʱѾˣ㰡Զˡ
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СͷҾѧȤˡ
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ʦɽ⿪-׶˹Ժȱڣɱҵ
Сƨ˵ѧȤȥǧ⣬ˡ
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ׯεȻҲ⣬شС֮󣬾Ŀ̨ϵսѧᡣ
СȻѧЩ츳Ҫսڵѧᣬʵ̫ǿûһֱλ˯ˡ
Ҳʼ˯սڽʵ̫룬ʿѾ̫á
ׯεȻǳɵϣűʼǡƺŴѯ嫺ڡ
ҵѧ棬һ䣬˭𣿡Ϊ嫺ڽñȽ룬һʱ仹û˼
ׯεȻֱӾ֣嫺Ц˵Сׯ˵˵ɡ
⣬̵֤е1СڣЩ̫
nά΢Լ֮صĿӼ{uvw}ӼuӳզuӼuÿһxrnеľֲu( x) Ӽuvľֲ任uv= uv 1
άԼ֮صĿڸ{uvw} Ⱥg˻{u x gv x gw x g}΢ӳզuv u nvg˻еĵȼ۵㡢Ӻuvά( g) ĴԿռԼά
1
սתʼ⣬ںڰϲͣдš
Сׯ𣿡
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۾ǽڹ淶ѧ⣬ڳ˵ǱȽѡ
Ⱥʼ׷û˶嫺ڵѧʡ
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ʲô˯ˣҸû˯ðɡ
ðɣû˯ׯεȻ̯֣ڽĹ淶ѧѧ˶٣
ѡץϡɵͷôôء
٣СƨѡСӵ
ׯεȻЦ˵ʦ֣ȻؾƵˡ
СͷҪǰСƨߡ
ׯεȻ뿪֮С˹ӵ˵˵Ҫѧô˯ˣ
Ǹʵ̫ˡСӴλ˯úܺá
㣬ҪʦܡһɣͦţղʦܣȫΨһһġ
ǳ̲ʦܣֲ㡣СӷһۣһΪ̲أԭҲûж
Сӣš
ԡС˸ѳЦˡ
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Ӧǡ嫺ͷʦܿԲȥȥ
ǡûа취ڽ飬ܲ
СһҲȥûô롣嫺뿪СӵԴ˵ûУСƨһȥѧᡣ

Ժͺ³ĸҲ³ʱ³ġССĸԺЩŵ˵𣿡
ǡͷ
ʱû
Գ˵ҪȥǴѧ֡ʱЦ˵ãǺĳϼŶүǾǴѧĲʿⲻȥǴѧ𣿡
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ĻʱЦŻӦ
ʱ߶ţץܵʱҲץ֣ҪǺúö飬һҲǿѧҡ
ʱ֪ô˵ˣ˶ʼæҵġ
˰֣߰ɣȥԺ
߽ԺԺڵǡ־Ըû־ԸҲҪġ־Ըϰϰ࣬ϢϢûֻԺһڸԺ
λˡԺһ븣ԺǶú۹⿴ǡ
ԺǰԺ֣ҵĴøʱĸ׳
ŮʿãáԺͳԼʱ֮󣬡λɣҾڰ칫¥ߡ
ԭ칫¥ƽңԺóԿף򿪵ҡȻҾʰȥȽϸɾ
ǰڸԺڸԺĺӣǵϺͽԺʱ֤ݵƬ֮ģڵҡԺ̾Ϣ˵ֵǮĶǶúԼǱܣȳ֮󻹸ǡ
Щ֮ģȲܸλǿĸĻҿԵǺӴĶóλ
ллԺм˵
λ⿴ɣһȥźӡԺЦô飬ת뿪
ʱͷǸˡ
Ա˵һ䣬ȿɡ
˵ǴʮǰĵʼԺÿĺҲʮʮرࡣǺ鷳ǶƬһңûҵ
ȻʼʮǰģûʧĺӡǱ͸ĸ˫ûݣݲĺӡ
˺ܾõʱ䣬ǻûзƺĺӡǵص߶ĺӣǸĸ˫ĺûע⡣ϾҲǸĸ˫ͽԺ
ʮǰʼҵʮǰûмһЩġ
ʱɫЩˣ̾Ϣ˵Ժɣ
ϵһЩûп꣬˵Щ
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áΣҲֻ
뿪ңԺǡʱܲ˼˵Ժһ¡
˵ԺЦеģȥǳǵ顣
ڵûؼˣǻһЩûܹ֪Ǹ컹ܲңпܾǸԺĳӡ
Ժգͷ˵ȻԣǸԺĺӣԵġ
ɣǸʱ˵һҺԿסԺЦ˵ҪԿҲţˣԲ̫áԿŪˣˡ
ллԺʱһ
뿪ԺҲʼ̾Ϣš˵ʵǺؼˣ١һСҪҵʧĺӡǺôҡ
Ժ߽칫ҡ

ǵ⼸죬ׯεȻÿ춼ھƵϣؿռĿ⡣
ûгţǻ飬ǲμ˼ΡǾûʲô˼ҲûȥֱţׯεȻһͷͷš
Žڣô
Ц˵εȻǲˣ˿ѧİ佱Ǻܶ˶Ҫȥ˵егҲҪֳ
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ׯεȻӹ룬ûüһۣһһˣǰѯʵںׯεȻ𣿡
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Ц˵λ˭ϳ
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ׯεȻѾ̹ȻĽעӣû˵ֻ΢΢۾顣
˾ƵʱׯεȻòпǮȻǺð·ƶ֮ϵľƵֱ꣬ͿԸǡ׸˼µĲҵ
ǮãׯεȻ룬ó뺯ƵڡڷԱĴ£ƵĻ¥㡣
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ׯεȻ̫ϰĳ˸䣬ĬĬվһԡԱžˮǰѯʵʣй֭𣿡
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һׯεȻЩµţ㻹ͦġ
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׼˵ʲôƺׯεȻɻǺʱܣÿׯεȻЦׯڣˣ
ܡׯεȻһ΢΢üͷӵζһЩ
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ׯڣȤ𣿡
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ׯڣϾ˹ٸߵоԺѧѧԺĽˡ
ŶׯεȻһ£ҸճΪ˹ٸߵоԺоԱûжõʱء
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Ϊֵøһ𣿡
ȻԡׯεȻԱߵĺʱ˵ϲ㣬ׯڡڲ˹ٴѧĽڣ˹ٸߵоԺĽڡ
ллܡׯεȻ΢΢ףԱߵĺ˵ׯڵķչܺã֪ûҪعչׯţҹķչõġ
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ׯڻԿһǴѧδŹ˵ôһ䣬Ȼ֪ׯεȻع㲻ȥ󣬿϶ҲҪȥ®ĻƼѧ
ֶѧߣǴѧǣλԸ⵽Ǵѧ
ȻׯεȻȻˣǾĿףǸȥǻƴĶѧУ
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ʱǺ棬վԱûߡںɭһˣҲҪȥطڽҲͦõġ
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ׯεȻ˵֮󣬶ɭЦЦڳһ£ǳ򵥡
ǳ򵥣ʱӶµģӸղ˵ʼ;Լ컨ׯεȻһǳ򵥣зǳ򵥣
ɫûб䣬ô꣬ϲвŭɫѾ÷ǳ졣ûʲô飬ҲûׯεȻ˵עŮŮһһμӰ佱ģǱڡ
ʱЦ˵ְҵˣ֮ǰ˿ѧ£ⲻǼǿһ°𡣡ںʱĽͣׯεȻʾ⡣
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ׯεȻ΢΢һЦû˵֪ΪʲôղżλؾֳʱôԼҵġ
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ҲǡæĵͷͻȻֵˣһ¶˵Ǻ顣ζεֿԣ˵ѾʮĹ¶ȥׯεȻǺؼˣؼǻͦеλġׯεȻô룿ƻΪⲻһЦһȺƭӡׯεȻǲܸжģƻĮ
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ΨһׯεȻϾȽѺãׯεȻ˾ƵҲֻкʱ
죬ȥѯĿģ˵顣ʱСؿˣ֣壬ǿô
Ҳֻôˡݺݵһ̣ȷʵ̫˵ôˣƽʱͦصġ¶Ҳæң벻κΰ취

ڶׯεȻǱڵĵ绰ѵģϴ֮˾ƵĴںܵʱ룬ס˾Ƶġ
ȷʵ˾ƵĻǴѧԱ߾ƵĻ˲٣Ҳܿ
ļǵĸׯεȻ绰Ϊ˹ٴѧļλҪǣǱӦǰŷ޵ģ¡ѷԼ»ڽׯεȻҪһЩѧϵ⡣ԭҪȥľǵׯεȻģ˵ׯεȻȥǣΪҪǰŷޣֻǰׯεȻ
ԭׯεȻ绰ģ뵽ҲǣֱӸڴһ绰ȥӵ绰ڣǸׯεȻ绰ϵǴѧΡ
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߰ɡڳ˵ѷڽˣҪһЩѧϵ顣
Ҽǵ֮ǰоۺȦ۶԰ɣЦ˵Ҳ֪ڽڱ۵Ĵʼ֮һѾоѾ롣Ӧһۡ
ۣׯεȻЦ˵ҸûҪо
ȻڽѾˣڽһ»ǿԵġô˵Ҳѧʿѧϻ֪֪ʶġ
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ҡͷһΣῪǣλӵƵϢһ¡ҿܲȥǴѧһǵѧ
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ׯεȻŪڽһЩʲôоôһ֪ѧ̻ʸڵϿҪԼҪţ
ΣôŰɣׯεȻЩЦһֱȥģʵ̫ˡ
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һ㡣ׯεȻЦ˵ѷҽӴܶΣһλǳ˵ڽڣûôӴҲ̫ȻӦ֪ģΪ˹ٴѧĽڣǻһЩġ
ׯεȻûôӴѷϵİѷһֱׯǺԼƽȵλڶԴǣѷôԴѧģǰҪ̵ȥˡ
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ܶʱѧѯʽ⣬ǶĮ˵ô򵥵㶼ǲҪѧѧˡ
Ҫ˹ٴѧ涨аʱѧ𡣹Ⱥڣ϶شѧκ⡣ΪЩڽǿʵ̫򵥡ô򵥵㶼ᣬѧʲôѧϽתѧȥѧѧѧȥɡ
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ܶʱѧǶеޡòѧУһͦƽ׽˵ĽڣΪʲôǾڵĽء
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ȵȰɡȺ˵
塣ʱǰĥô˵顣
ǰ̾ϢһҲ֪ܲܽܵˡ
Ը̫ʱЦҾһʱܲˣֱӳ


67 ϲ
Уn=2ľԳƽϲͬΪҽ»cabi-yauϵȼ۵ģ͡һkahlerģaģͣһɸṹbģ͡:zͷֱʾģͿģάЧƿԱʾΪڻʸ
1
ڽűСڰдţԱߵķѷһߺſȣһ߿Сڰ塣ɭǸձνйӵģ˵Ǵӣʵǳ䵱Աݿȡװ̷ڼλеǰ
òֺʲôЦòڴǰи¶ĻᣬҪץסɵˣǰɡԼǵԱȻ÷ǳ֣ׯεȻҪȣҪһ֭Сڰϵ˼һ
˵iif۶żпģȼڸṹԼṹϢȫf۵Ľεеŵ㣬оdĤĸdĤϵͳdĤϵͳƽغֱӦdĤҶϵu(1)xxu(1)u(n)ǰ淶ۡ2
»˭۵ĴʼˣѧѧѧҡѧңƶĽо鲼ѧ෽óѧѧоǰgreenschwarzںġۡԳһֱۼҵʥ3˵ǵѧ֮һǰѧֱۣǹعǰˣ󵶣Ū
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ׯڡȻ˽֣ׯεȻعͷ˼ŵĺܺϿĺؾֳ


68 
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ûΪʲôҵʮĹ¶ͻȻ˸ңӡһ𣿡ׯεȻüͷҲţҲš
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ǴѧׯεȻûֱǰǴѧͼݣȥΡǴѧͼȻѵģЩ׺ϣûǴѧϢ̫ò顣ׯεȻ׼εĿƬȥǴѧͼݡ
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ׯεȻãȻתͷվűߵĸˡͳһţʱҲЩͣԵ쳣
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69 
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ΡΡĽһ
ׯεȻ˼оϣûתʲô
˵ţͷоûΪʲô⼸ͻȻķ䣬һжûоҪ
վһСʱׯεȻȻĻоû׷ΪʲôͻȻҲûѯκ顣
ֱ˺ͺʱ򣬺񻪵ɤűʹĸ˶վ⣬ؽţҵ
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ʲôǰȫֽţһ˱ڷܱʼ顣
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ׯεȻûлͷԽ˳ݱȣǣллоһҹûкۣҪڲ㿧ȣƴддžҪ˯š
ȥпȡʱ˵֣塢塢ȽȥɣӰҲͦõġ
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ǴѧʦѧоǾУҵģͳѧʶбڣ˵ҿһۣϣؿռ䡣
Ӧ׼ѧо˵ڼأŰɡ
ɶҲǾУҵģ˵ʵôߴϵĶֺӣģѧңҲ̲
ʱʱ˵˵Ͱ»ڽڳˣ»˭
ȫѧң۵Ĵʼ֮һ۵ĶѧߡͬʱҲһλѧңóѧͽѧһ𡣡
žһׯεȻеıʣ˶һ¡
ˡׯεȻɻûлͷۺȦȻпܳΪ۵ģһ취Խӻų⣬һһۿԽ۵⡣
Ҫ룬Ҳܸ֪ڼΡ˽ѧûдһ۵ĿԡׯεȻתŮʿԳ֪٣
ҶɵˣׯεȻ²Ҫⳬ۵ģʱ˶ҪûˡСͶѧѧر𲻸Ȥôôͷۡ
һȤ˵˵˵ɣôˣ
һҡͷѾʼͷҪǵͺЩȤҲƾϾУ̾
Ҿ˵˵ΰɣΪMҲг֮ĸMеĺĲ֣-ΡׯεȻСڰ壬Ц˵÷ԱСڰ塣
һ֧ʿʼ˵ѧţ һֱһ룬 ҵһͳһ۽ȻѾֵĲͬͳһţٽ֮ѧϵѧͳһ֮;˹Τͳһڵ֮;˹̹һѧ۵ͳһδ;׶˹淶ȻѾڵĸ:ǿͳһ⡣ҲΪһĿĶչһûеõʵֵ֧ΪǾϣͳһۡ١
ڿУ һU (3) SU (3) U (1) 淶βն ôΨһģ ǿơKǷһSU (3) ȺĶ⣬ ȼǷѡƣ ʹU (1) 㡭ڡׯεȻСڰ°ȻдţûпҿıùŹ
׵ģׯεȻѧġʵϣׯεȻǸʹϲˡ
ڳУ ϰ:FmnU (1) ֵĳǿ SKϵı2ά棬 I (S) =SdnFmn I (S) ӵ (Dirac) ӻ ڿնĹ⻬ЭġһЩS I (S) 0 ôKFmn=0ĿնS I (S) =0 ˵ʧĵһࡣȲһʧĿSU (3) ȺĿն ҿָڸĸṹKͿʽͬѡ ֶΨһġڴкܶӦã ͩͨйطƫ΢̵ַԶ ֤롣ۡׯεȻ˵֮󣬿ڳˣô˵𣿡
񻪺ͺҡͷʾԼûʱҪ˯ˣСڰ壬֪ʲôЦ˵Ҳ˵-ѳΪΡΡʽۺһܺõʵ鳡԰ɣܡ
ûׯεȻݺݵصͷôˣ۱ǲʵģô֤ӻǳɹģ
ֻ֮۲֤ĴڵġׯεȻȥڰϵּּ˵Ҫӻ֣ŮʿӦ֪ġ۱M۵Ļ֮һܹ⿪룬һӹ淶ۺѧԼӵ綯ѧ֣ϷһЩѧݡԽѧѧϵ
ǰ»Ѿܳɹˡ
ȻûܹۡׯεȻ΢΢̣һлᣬһܹҳһۣõע͡ⲻѧҺѧõ׷𣿡
ʵϡСӣЦ˵ţѧӦ׷ѧĴͳһѧĴͳһɣ
ȸѾѧͳһ⣬ֻҪȸϼչٷƶĽ֮ѧͳһۡѧͳһҪѧѧļӳ֣սԣ𣿡
Ϊʲôϣؿռ䣬ǻۣ
Ϊһϣ-ǲ롣ϣؿռ䣬ֻҪڽһЩССľϲˡׯεȻЦ˵ڽڿǵҲMۡ
ҵȻܹڽڵϣƪķʱ򣬿ԸѧһЩһĶ
񻪺ܲ⣬˵ѧʿô⣿
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±ʣׯεȻŷˣüͷԣʲôģ
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Ωһʱ֮䲻֪˵ʲôﰲ
ׯεȻŴ⣬Ҳ֪ʲô顣һ΢εڳţׯεȻתͷΩҲڿŴ⡣˶֪Ҫ˵ʲôһӣΩһ䣬ȥ𣿡
ŲɡׯεȻش𣬡߻Ҫ⣬Ǵһʱ䣬һҪȥŷޡ
үүǱߡΩĿЩƯƣүүҲǲǡҲ֪Ӻŷǵ̫ԸڵԽԽǻ֪ȥүү϶еʲôġ
ǣȫõĹȷʵǵׯεȻ̾Ϣ˵ѧ˵˵ȷʵȻò١
ǡΩͷҪ񣿡
롣ׯεȻֱӷ񶨣ȥҪѧиĽ
ΩЦһ£Ļүүġȷʵǻںܶ෽滹Ǹϲϵȥѧϰүӻܸ˰ɡ
ˣôҪȥŷޣΩ̫˽
ΪܵŷǱߵ룬ҪȥλѧϷǳĴáǼλͱȽϴҲ벻ŷޣֻȥŷޡׯεȻ΢΢̣˳ĻӦܹѧܶڹѧĶ
Ωֻ̫ܵͷ˵
ֱʱͺϳʱںСؿׯεȻһ
ׯεȻתͷǵһôش
ȻЩǳúͺмơ㣬ûô⡣
ׯεȻӦһ
Ϣ𣿡
ɡׯεȻ΢΢۾߰ɡ
УȻȥŶʱֺǺǵ˵Ҳǵģһҵˣһ


71 
ҡûСԼûаһΪʲôΪһֻ̫沿ʧء
ȿȡΩһˣʱ磬ˣ߰ɡ
ʱ뿪ɳǰļҡ
һ·ϣׯεȻŴľɫҲ˵ʱÿҪ˵ſ죬;ڳƵ˵
ʵ̫ˣҪ˵ʲôţǺûҪ˵ӡ
ʱ룬ԱߵĺΩΩҲŴ⣬˫һ𣬺ܽšһǰ棬һׯεȻһֿŴ⡣ⱲŵһΣҪ˵ʲôǻߣ˵ڡ
ʻڵ·ϣڵճĬԽ
ûõʱ䣬һߵСׯεȻ³ʱ򣬺ںׯεȻ䣬ʱСڰ壬ΩҪׯεȻõʲô˸ˣֻܸں档
ϵ֮¥ţׯεȻŷ֣⾹Ȼһӣܿ¥ݣķӡ
תͷ¶һȿ޻ѿЦݣˡ
ׯεȻͷסʲôط
Ҵȥɡ
ܴ㹻ºܶˡ˵⼸ջġ
˵ׯεȻ¥ݣǶס¥ϣ¥µķǸ˯ġ
һ¥һͷԼϴԡ䡣¥һߵȻܴ
˹ٴѧԱķӲ󡣡ׯεȻʱ˵ûôǺһ԰ɶ֮ġ
ϲɶ𣿡ʱ˵Ҫǿɶ԰ɣ
ҲˡׯεȻæ֣ʵ̫ϲɶԣϣҲûô˵һֱڽ䲻ǡ
԰ʱͷȥرȤ
Ǹʱ䣬һЩоׯεȻ˵껰򿪷ţķ䡣
䲼õ÷ǳܰԡܵȵȣһӦȫܹ侭˴ɨ䶼һ㲻Ⱦġ
ҷ䣿ׯεȻ㵵Ŀ䣬û뵽ķô
ԣķ䣬˵ţ䣬ҪҰһ°ɡ
áׯεȻЦ˵ԼͿԡ
գ۾յԵЩģ
ׯεȻЦãĲãԼͿ
ʱһº·ɣˣԿأ
ȥáתɱ뿪䣬ʱʱ˵ҺΩ¥µǡ
áׯεȻͷʼ·¹鱾֮ģҲϣϵܶࡣСѧе鱾ڷšܿСѧĿαЩƣǷ滹ǱܿѾЩˡ
ŵҶмҳ棬ׯεȻΪûа汻ʦȫľͲɵþЩЦ
СѧαׯεȻ׺Ϸϡ
߽Կ׷ڵϣǼԿס
ׯεȻףǱ߰ɣһ׺ϣ𣿡
ܡæͷá
ǾСׯεȻ˵ҪҪarxivϲһЩ׺ϡ
Ӧÿ԰ɣû˵arxivҪ¼վ𣿡
ǰׯεȻЦ˵ҵĸ˲͡
ʱڸ˲ϣдһЩϵѧѧϵоĵ֮ġׯεȻ׺ϣǱߵ·֮ģ򿪻ûȫá
æߵ¹ߣҰɡ
ֽŻͦģׯεȻ߸꣬Ǳ߾Ͳˡ
лˡׯεȻʱ¶һЦûϵӦġ
硭ׯεȻСؽţΪòŵׯεȻղŽʲô
һѱסׯεȻֵʵ̫
ׯεȻЦõ˵硣
ʼǸ粻ãңҲôĿࡣ
ĴᶼεׯεȻˣҲ˵ʵȷʵǺĴǸʱ򣬺Сӣ̰ȷʵҲûʲôԵġ˭Ҳ뵽ھԺȻ˸ҰѺӾĺӹߡԼûдׯεȻҲͦġ
û뵽ʲô˶УرׯεȻҪˡ
Ĳָ𣿡Ƿǳ𣬡ҪҵĻ
㣬ҲĴǸҵ˵ĴׯεȻ̾ϢһǸʱҲСôԤϵ
硭ׯεȻѵ˵ҿ촭ˡ
ׯεȻҪһεʱ仺壬ڻеܲˡǿôѹŶ˵Ҳ̫ܡϾΪ߶ˣô꣬ǳ
˵ǶûдΨһд˾ǹˡͻȻˣڶٻЩ̫ϰߡǸղźʵĿٸн
ګګɿׯεȻ֣ؼܾõʱ䡣һģׯεȻҲЩ
ԲŪûУ
áׯεȻ̾Ϣһ磬Ҳ𡭡̫Ҿǵûô꣬һʱ֮仹е㡭ô˵أеܲˡ
ûϵӣΪЦׯεȻҲźЦЦû˵
ȥɡ˫۾עׯεȻׯεȻصϽԿ׷ŽԺ˵磬߰ɡ
¥µʱںˮׯεȻͺһͬЦ˵ֵ˵Ļأ
ǰɡׯεȻЦЦ߰ɣʱ㣬ӦҪȥԷˡ
áʱһ·
˾Ƶ꣬ѾˣɭƺѾȥ˲ںʱĴ£һ䡣ǳĿ߽֮󣬺˵ˡ
ׯεȻͷʱ˵
Ҫ⹫ɡ˵ţɭһׯڻ
⺢ӡɭԴʲôׯڣýкؽڡ
ׯεȻһȿȣʵôжûйϵ
ָָߵλ⹫ɡ
áׯεȻߵе£ԱźͳȻųµġ
ʱͺΩ˾˸λ£Ц˵˹ٴûϰ𣿡
СׯεȻףͼλѧͦġ
ûĴ㰡
ûСׯεȻҡͷ˵˹ٴѧȷʵܹѧܶ࣬ڹѧĶ
ѧϡ
Ҫǹ۵Ĳֶ԰ɣЦ˵˹ٴѧҲܹѧĶ
㲩ʿʦ嫺԰ɣ
ǡׯεȻͷҲʲôܡֻҪѧˣ΢һ¾֪
һﵱȥ˹ٴѧʱһд˷ƼšЦ˵ѧһѧѧȻȥ˹ٴѧ
ׯεȻЩ㵣ôûս飿
һûȥˣﾭЦ˵֪ɡ
Ӧһ嫺ͦġ
ǺܶʱĪְ¶嫺˵ܶΡε˵嫺ع֮󣬲Ǿô
Ҫھ£Ҳߡ
ׯεȻľúܻڴûи˵
֪ׯεȻȵ嫺ҪãҾͷˡ
ׯεȻεͷ嫺Ҳ˵ѧϣѾԼ⹫˵һ¡⹫Ľ嫺
үӡʱ˵Ӧøһ㣬ҵˡ
ǰӦøһ㡣еͷǼ¶


72 
˵˵ţҪˡׯεȻæֽݸУ⡭⹫𣬱ˡׯεȻ˵еŤһν⹫оеΡҶееŤлһ
ܿׯεȻڻĽܡȻҲһӾܹôˡܻܵġ
ֻҪׯεȻڽ飬һ¡
үӡ˵һҵˣҲˡ
ܿƽƽģԸͦõġҲվԳ˵үӣҲһ
úúáվҲ
ʱ˵飬ǵһƴһһ£ôҵˡװҶۡúúõģûû֣㹻ˡ
һٱׯεȻ͸žٱ˵㶫ҿʼһĬĬţû˵
ҪҲûʲô˵ġ
ô꣬ѧϰо֮⣬Ҳûʲô顣
񻪼¶ǣׯεȻ˵ڵЩʲôûŮѰ
ׯεȻһ£ûҾÿ춼ϿΡ
ͷ˵ҪύµĿȥңȥ˹ٴѧѧϰģҲȥġΪʲôҪ̸
СӡЦ˵һҲ뵱ֺһʱ򡭡
ׯεȻؿ񻪣ʱ񻪼˵үӣ˵
ǳˣʲôġл˻֣ʾ񻪿Լ˵ȥ
ֺҸյǵľУѧͺ迪ʼ̸ǸʱǴѧУǸô˵ţ񻪿
ѧԡ˵ʰɣ
ԶԶԣǸʱ򲻽УѧԡѧѧǸʱһпվȥǴѧҲ֪ô׷ġЦ˵ִСͲѧϰû뵽ϲĴѧԡ
ɫЩ죬ԱЦšô꣬鶼ǳá
Сҵ֮˶˺ܶࡣϵķΧʼСӣ͸һģһ
СϲѧϰͰ赶Ūǹġ˵ǳ֮Ҫ죬ⲻӾУҵ֮󣬻浱ˡǸʱ⹫ѧأ簤öζѧȥЦ˵裬СͰѧϰ
ׯεȻЦû˵񻪼˵ү֪СôгϢ϶Ҳο
һűӣׯεȻŹ֭ıӣҲȾơ
ûϵȵ֭ͺã⺢ӡ񻪴ׯεȻԽԽϲ
ллׯεȻ¹֭Է졣
תһȦӺ񻪿ʼ󲮺ˡգְֺԼøʱøøΩԼɭ
ɭıŤŤģǲ̫ׯεȻȻıܺ
е˺ׯεȻԼӦóȥ͸͸͸ԱߵĺС˵֣ȳȥ͸͸
áׯεȻļ򣬡𣿡
ûСׯεȻҡͷֻеơ
ȥɣҪˣȻؼϢ
ûϵׯεȻź˲پƣҡͷ˵Ҿһͽ
ؼҶʵ̫飬ѾʼؽͥҶرĺáͺôûüĺãһӶҪ
˵ʵȻôһ£ׯεȻеܲ˵ġ
ŴҶôĵӣҲ˵ʲôϾҶô꣬ҵҶһͬʱҲǳˣԵЩ޴롣ׯεȻܹģǶҪׯεȻãôׯεȻãԵò֪롣
뿪䣬ׯεȻվűߣڡô˵أ֪Ǻؼҵˣܹаְ󲮶֮ģûжٹҲġׯεȻ˵һȺˣͬʱҲİˡȻʱӴסһ֮ׯεȻӦܹǵġ
߳ţվűߵׯεȻСѯʵôˣ鲻𣿡
ûаׯεȻ¶һ˿Ц⣬磬㿴鲻õ𣿡
̫ϰߣ
ǲ̫ϰ߰ɡׯεȻͷǵһΡ
ˣҪؼϢɣ
áׯεȻҡͷһͺá
Ҫ𣿡֪ô죬޴ģׯεȻúЦ磬ȽȥɣԼһͺá
ǲ̫ģҪʲô飬˵ͺá
ׯεȻͷ磬ȥɡ
֮ׯεȻŲĳǽվ˺һʱ䡣߽Цķ䣬¼졣
ҼҳԷɡЦ˵պò׻һˣ˵Ҳһˣúúףһ²С
С˵Ҫǲȥͱȥˡûйϵġ
˿ׯεȻûʲô
ûʲôֻһȾƵˡׯεȻ̯֣Ǿͺá
Ǿô˰ɡİׯεȻⷽ浹û̫뷨һ֪Ľ
⻰ѾϵˡĲҪܺؼҵĻӦúͷѷһǰŷޣǡȻѾǣǾ˵ҪܺؼҵġȻڻûܹܣԣҲ˵ûнܡٽкؼЩˣܹгڵġ
ˣûȫܡֻܽһ㣬Ҫһʱ䣬ܹȫܡ
ôһͷؼѾˡ
ǣǸӸ˵ĺȾơǺ֮ǽ˴ݻؼҵġ˾ƣҲ˲٣ȵöҪˡ
ֻׯεȻһѵģ֮󣬿ǵģׯεȻϢԼصо򿪵ԣarxivׯεȻʼ׺ϡ
Ҳ֪˶õʱ䣬ųϴҶѾϴˣʣˡׯεȻϴ߳պűںˮ
ϢѾȵԺģ˵ʱ۾΢΢šׯεȻЩЦ磬ϰ𣿡
ҪҪűӣգ۾ôˣ
ûϢɡׯεȻһʱ䣬˵Ѿ賿ˣٲ˯ϰʱҲûо񡣡
ͷȥ˯ˣҲ˯
˵꣬ص䡣
ׯεȻ߽䣬׺ϡ
˺ܳһʱ䣬ʱʱڷ˯ڶϣζ˯ѵģϴһŪžһ߶ׯεȻ˵Էˡ
áׯεȻ߽䣬ϴһ¡
ϴ֮¥ţԼׯεȻ֣Էˡ
ͷڳԷںЦѯʵҪţ̻ǿȣ
֭ׯεȻӡ
ȥե֭Ц˵߰ɣ
ׯεȻͷž·ҰɣҪȥһŷޣȻ˹١
ôżѯʵʲôʱع
ʥڡׯεȻüͷ˹ٴѧʥھͷżˣǸʱһ·ȥ˹١ӦûʲôʱعҪȵʥڵʱ
Ҫǿ⡣룬ׯεȻΪ˲úᣬһ䣬ȽѣҪ˹ٴѧǱߴϽӽһʱ䡣
˵仰ǲҪúǲҪعӦһҲУǱ߻ϰ𣿡
Ҳûʲôϰ߲ϰߵġׯεȻһһ˵ɣ˹ٴѧԱһӣƽʱסпεĻȥ˹ٴѧϿΡûпεʱһ㶼ͼݺ⡣
ٻȥ˹ٸߵоԺׯεȻЦ˵ʱҪȥѧϵ⡣
ûкúóԣĵѯʵ⹫ЩûкúóԷθͦصġúúóԷС
֪˵ţŹ֭ϣҪо𣿡
ׯεȻӦһûʲôĻӦûҪϣؿռо
һŴȥ򼸼·ء
áׯεȻҡͷ˵û׵
·һǸϲоׯεȻ̯֣ô鷳
ȥ𣿡ô˵ׯεȻʮĺӣôʱ򣬳ѧ춼档
ׯεȻ˵ûʲôģʱ䣬࿴һЩ֮ġ
ųĻ˵žˣְֺ͸ҪšʲôԵûУؼҵʱ
ûСׯεȻҡͷûʲôԵģҴҲҪȥǴѧͼݣ׻ǣȻһЩµ׺ϡ
ˡׯεȻ˵ʱͣһ£ɭҪоҵ𣿡
ԡشϾҪҵˡ
ûпǹȥ˹ٴѧׯεȻѯʣҷɭѧϻͦģҪȥ˹ٵĻҿԸƼ»ڽڻ¡ѷǱߡҪȥŷ޵ĻҾð³˹ڻǸ¡͢˹ڶ
ںҪŷ͢˹ѧϰšׯεȻЦ˵ڵĲʿҵ磬͢˹ڻȥˡ
Ǹʱ򣬷͢˹ڻ˹ٴѧѾص־ѧо
ɭ˭ѧϰȽϺã
ڰɣڸѧͽѧϷǳáׯεȻͣһ£ʱҶѧңһλѧҡ
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Ц˵ƫ΢ַϣӦõİɡ
Ҵûκεʵ飬ҵƫ΢ַȫϵݣһʵʣܾ͵ЪˡǷѷڲͬƫ΢ַܶʵġҵĲ̫һ
Ͳɭ𣿡ʱʵɭҲͦõġ
ΡׯεȻ̾ϢһбܴģֻǿѧϷǳȤҶҲвٵȤҪƼһ¡
Ц˵ɭˡ
ȿȡ극ͺϰ࣬ߵʱ򻹲˵һ£ȥ˼ԷвˣرׯεȻǲ̫ˣԲȥ
ׯεȻȻѾˣȥ϶Ҫȥġ
뿪֮󣬳ѯʵڹȥھҪȥ󲮼æ
һȥɡ
Է𣿡
ˣҾǴѧԵʲôͺáׯεȻæҡͷóһſݸׯεȻҲ֪ҪʲôŰɡ
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׺ϣڹϣǰǴѧ
ǴѧʱѧǳࡣϾҪżٵʱͼݶȻʱŵѧׯεȻ˿ͼݣûλõġ
룬ȥͼݿˡǴѧҲԶҲһСʱĹѡ
ǴѧĹվڵȳɭųͣׯεȻߣ̽ԴׯεȻһۡ
ܡɭ˵кҪȥ
ͼݡ
Ҵȥɡɭָָߵλ
ׯεȻŷȹһʱ䣬ɭĳȥϳ֮ɭׯεȻ˵ôżȥͼʲô
ʲôׯεȻüͷ˵Ȼȥ׺ϡ
ϲҪȥ˴Է𣿡ɭҲǸźׯεȻһôУһ߿һ˵ܲȥ𣿡
ҪȥׯεȻ̯֣ȥ֮ǰԭǴǴѧͼݲһЩϵģϧǴѧͼ̫ˡҪ˰ɣôˡ
ǡɭЦŵͷ
ׯεȻɭҪоҵôû׼ҵ飿
׼ˡɭŬŬ죬ѾҪˡ
׼ȥ𣿡
׼ɭε˵Ҿǲȥ⹫ҲưոݵģοҰҲҪҼȥ
ʵȥ˼𣿡ׯεȻüͷɭæ֣ûаȫû˼ȷʵҪȥġǻû뵽ȥʲôطȽϺáҰҪȥǴѧ⹫˼ܹĻõġ
ܣ˵˹ٴѧ𣿡
ı֡ׯεȻüͷ˵ĳɼҼǵǴѧѧϵڻ˵ǷǳõġǴѧѧϵĵһôȥ˹ٴѧǴ´ġ룬ĸȽϺá
ڡǷѷڣׯεȻɭҪоѧĻǵкܶѡ
ɭ˵Ͷȥ԰ɡ
ҲáׯεȻףʱһһƼŵģƼ㲻òģһ˰дġ
ðɭЦһ¡
˼ǣׯεȻҪɭĸĸòѧʱǱߵһжˣɭĸĸǾˡ
Ұ˼ڻãҪѧĻѡһУ˵˹ٴѧ
ͣͼݣɭѯʵҪҪ㣬ϡ
ðׯεȻЦ˵ǽ鷳һ°ɡ
ɡɭׯεȻ˻֣ܣȥ׼ҵĵˡ
ׯεȻͼݣеͼݺǴѧͼݲһû˵ģͷҪôڼò׺ϣҪô档˭û¶ȥͼݴţǳ塣Ҫͼͼݣ͸ùˡ
ׯεȻһЩϵסϣڴ߿š
˳ҪһȣͼǲǮԱһҿԵ͡ׯεȻ͵һȣڴ߰ؿ׺ϡ
һʱ䣬˺ܶϵϣؿռ׺ϡһЩϣͼûеģֻǴѧܹҵׯεȻ˵ЩϿûйϵڷҲСףܾ֮ǰоֻ¼оˡ
鱾һʱ䣬ѾҪˡɭûи绰ıҵ׼رá
ţӦôȥ˵ļ
绰óֻһİĺ룬Ҿǵĺ롣ׯεȻɻذ½ǺʲôطҸǴѧͼûҵ㣿
żׯεȻֱ˵ͼݣǴѧ̫ˣԣǱѧ̫࣬ҲλãҾ͵ͼˡ
ɡһϹ㣬ͼݵſ𣿡
ԡ
ŰݳͼſڣׯεȻվǰæ³˵˺һɣԷ𣿡
ˡ
ϳɡ򿪸ʻλׯεȻֱȥߵʻҶׯεȻ˵иʳ㿴ϲʲô
ׯεȻתͷȫʳôһ˶ɵˣɫЩǺ죬֪ϲʲôҾʲôһ
ҲˡׯεȻЩЦãҲرϲʳʱˣҪһ
εЦׯεȻҡͷŴ⡣
ʻ˺һǰʻһʱ䡣ʻһǰͣͣһųַǷ
ׯεȻüͷôˣ
ǰɡһۣÿζҪôųҲûа취һҪ˺ܶࡣ
ҪǲȥҪؼҰɣ
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Ҳʶľˣڽžͺá
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ںͱ˵ŻׯεȻŵһ߳һ˵ҾֳֶֻԳԡ
ʱ۾ܼ⣬һӾͿׯεȻڽšߵߣЦ˵Ҿֵ֪һС
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ׯεȻܣ˻ͦģ˺ܶ˰ɣ
ǰף˺ܶˡ
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硣ׯεȻҡͷ˵㵽Ҵ·ֳϣڨ𣿡
ׯεȻļ򣬡ԺڹҲҪӱ˵ݹĶǹΣա
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İɣҲġׯεȻźЦһ£һߺŹ֭һ߳ŶԽԽ࣬ڽ䣬ǱȽϰ
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ׯεȻͺ˴ǽһ⡣ʶ˻֪ǺؼҵĹӣϲ⡣
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ĸ˵֮ǰھУʱǵһءʺϵ̾أǸʱȥ̾ӣҪȥɳ
ׯεȻʾܲ絽ʲôȥ̾Ҫȥ񾯡ԼëƤС£Ц˵Ҫȥġ

ΪҪ֪ﰡЦЦҵˣҿܹȥ̾ˡ
ðɣӦ֪ġ
ΨһҪȥɳɣžΪҪǻ᲻ҵ
˵ʵׯεȻúؼӦö˺ܶĶ
ҲֺؼҡҪֻܹǸŰɡؼҿܻȽ컹Ҫá
ôׯεȻҪ˵ʲô𣿡
ҲûʲôرҪ˵ġҡͷ˵Ҿеп
ˡׯεȻԴʲôøпġ
ܶడׯεȻ˵磬̾ӻ᲻Σա
ʲôͦΣյġҡͷ˵ΣվͲȥĵ
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塣վкǰһׯεȻ˵ֵľֳ
ǣ˴ׯεȻ˺һ⺢Ӻ賤ûмأܣ
԰ֳ˵ܲɭ𣿡
Ҽǵңֻðɣһɭһ㡣ֳʱ˵˭
ҵܵܣ˵ֳӦ˵İɣǼʮꡣ
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ҵģֳ⣬û뵽ؼҾȻʮѺҵҲ˵ҲæҹöΡǺؼֻһƬӳδ
⺢ӣԽԽǺֵҲ˼һǰְֺһ
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ǲ԰ֳ˵ôȥԺģ
ĺˣûˣ͡͵˸Ժ
⡭ȷʵ̫һֳҲúܲ˼顣
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Ӱš˵ⲻǵÿ쵼ǵ
ҳǰɣֳͺһֿׯεȻڶлǴѧ
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ׯεȻͷ˹ٴѧѧƸΪڡ
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ôˣׯεȻ⣬ղŲ˵ͦõ
ȿȡæ֣ûʲô飬֪
֣ׯεȻ˵ôһ䣬ֿʼԹԵسԵġ
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˵ܲ
ֵܣֳԱˣκЦ˵ôˣֶŸɡ
ʵҲûС̯֣̫˵ˣֳôˣƽϵġ


73 
ԣׯεȻǺĪҰֵ׵ʲôϵܺ⣬Ц˵ʲôϵУͬѧ£ͬͬѧͬġ
ŶŶׯεȻͷμ˵ֳֺ꣬˶ھУǷУѧڷ׷ˡ
ȵȡׯεȻʱ򣬾ò̫ԾԣУ
ô˵ֺ̯֣һ飬ûֳʲô顣ֳòУʲôҪֱȸߵ͡ⲻϾֳ֮󣬇NɪôáԭΡ
ʲô£ׯεȻ̫⡣
ӸϾǴѧǰҫ˺þá㶼˹ٴѧĸˣ˵ֽϾ뱲ˡҲǾУҵɣӺôǾǴѧѧܾӱһֱ硣ҹƣʱ䣬ҳŇNɪˡκЦҲֳֵ֪ôģ˾͸һһҪܡ
ô꣬ȥģûбȳǵĹϵҲǹˡ̾Ϣ˵ˣ֪ˣǰNɪ
С㰡ε٩ţҿֵܾڽ䣬ôȥǱ棿Ǳвˡ
֪ܲҵģֲϲĵطҡͷ˵ʲôȥ档
ΣϴҲˣֳ£ֻҪֵطοų˵ʵϣⳡػǲġ
Ҫһ£ɶԣǴѧЩڶһѧ֮ġ
ׯεȻûлش𣬺˵ҿУҸ˵һ£϶ܽ賡ءⶰҲס͵ĵط
ⲻ̫ðɣ
ʲôõġЦ˵ǵһʱңĳظѧǲǸ𣿡
ͦ٬ģȥӦúͺؼҷǳϤҲ֪ô飬˵ֻ
ׯεȻֻɵЦһ
Ҫǹϵ⣬ԱߵĺѾʼ˯ſϣۿžҪ˯šαߣֻʣֵڽ䡣
߹е˵عӣû뵽عӾȻﰡ
ʶˣֻǵͷ˵á
Ӵλǡ۾תһ£ǺضӰɣؾֳĶӶ԰ɣ
ׯεȻҡҡͷʾʶˡ
áׯεȻɫ֮䵭˵ʲô𣿡
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ŶׯεȻüͷʲôùϲġ
ڣֵذЦŴӶóһſСС⣬ɾ񡣡
𡣡ׯεȻ֣ҲҪҸ磿
Ұ֣㿴ղհɡԱ˵һ䣬ҵֶܵܵ
һۣ˻ˡ
Ҳ֪̽Ϣһʱ뿪Ҳ˵ĶӲκζͲκζټǴѧУŮҲǸ֪κζ
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ߵľô飬Ժһ顣
̫˽ʱҲǵܶˡ˵λˣǺĵ֮һҪӺļ˿ʼ֡Ǻļ˺ͳסҪ˿ʼֱ֣ǳ˵λ
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ò״ҵСӣСڸԺģⲻ˵С֮ǰջһ£˵ͨСӣѺҪ֪ôСӣ϶ļ۰
С֣пֱܾúӾȻݹпҲ԰ôҲʮִ֪꣬ܲпвǮ
ѲΪͺһ𲻸գ
Щꡭʱ˵˲ٵĳңǸûм˵Ҳǳ֮һׯεȻͷʾ˽⣬ôľ죬и֮ģʵ̫ˡϾǱҹߵģһҲô꾯죬֪жٵĳҡ
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ܻһЩϢġֳͰְֵôͬ£ȫûбҪ£Ҳְֳֺ֪Ĺϵе΢ԣҲܺͰְִЩ顣Ҫ԰ְֵˣ϶Ҫϵġ˵̾Ϣһ˶ΪǼҺܷ⣬˭֪ǼЩ궼Сģ³ʲô飬ñץסѱ
ׯεȻʾ˽⣬֪ˣ硣
ˣȥһ˲ׯεȻеıӣҪ֣ҲҴˡô˹ٴѧĸڣ˹ٸߵоԺоԱÿ¹ʻмġ
ϣҲûرİáֻҪУοΪũ˹ҲûлǮĵطÿ춼⣬ҲûʱȥǮ˸Ǯ˼˭ҪġҪҲòšŹţҲǴһǮġ
ϴּ䣬ׯεȻϴ֣ղǸ˳
ׯεȻһˣĮ˵ʲô𣿡
ضӡ϶ЦݣׯεȻĬĿû˵
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ҪׯεȻܾ÷ǳɴ࣬ҪȥҰְҪҪſׯεȻüͷȤؿˣͺˣƵġ
ɫǵͨ죬ôҲһЩˣֺһСƨҪСƨˣ̣
ض˵Цˣⲻǹϲض𣿡˽п̨ϣջغؼңһЩȱĶ
һʲôȱׯεȻһۣٲߣҾ͸Ұ˵ˣҰλ
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ʲôЦˣߵˣ


74 ɷ
ĶӵˣׯεȻЦһΪֻǸСƨأȻȷʵֻʮ꣬ôҲǹҪֺˣֻ࣬١οϾҪΪ˹ٴѧĽڡʿʦ
ȫжҪȥ˹ٴѧжĵط˹ٴѧҪֺλ˹ٴѧĽڣдƼŵˣ¶ܴŵȥ
ֻҪһԸдƼţ˶ᱧǮׯεȻдƼš
߳䣬ׯεȻءĶӵ˴߾ׯεȻ˳ʵܵܣô¶
ôҪſׯεȻʼ򣬡Ҹ˵ðְ˭Ȼֱˡ
üͷĲ
ùׯεȻҡͷ˵ҼԵ㶫˵ţׯεȻűӿô硣
ûʲô̾Ϣһ԰ɡ
ׯεȻĳŶԱߵĺƺһֱʲô顣ׯεȻҲûйܺԹԵĳţҲ֪絽Щʲô顣
ׯεȻԼѾԱˣѾŻͲ׼ݽ
λ΢˵䡣ɻЦеģȸлλĵǳллλڰæ֮Уܹ
ҪһǺؼ˵ǳ顣ͣһ£ҶǳĿˣô˵ؼ൱ͷļ壬ô˵Ǻؼļͥ˺ؼ֮⣬ûļ塣
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ںؼͻȻ˵һҪѲɺؼҵĸҪˣ
˵˺ʱ֮⣬ͺšҲøߴ˧̸ʱգλû̸٣Ȧӻû֪λǷȻҪ飬λеһλǲص̫ˣ
ֳв˾ЩʧΪλĻպؼҵĹ֮ǲġһǺҲûҲãûгǺؼҵļҽ̣𿴺ʱ磬ǽ֮Ҳû
ʱӣ̫Ǯȥ˵ҲûҸŮϵؼҵļҽ̲Ȼ棬ȴŮ֡˵йϵϲŮˣҲܺͱʲôϵ
Ҷź˵
ׯεȻͺҲͣź˵
죬Ǻؼһӣҵˡ˵֮󣬺ֺǺǵ˵ǳˣܺ͸λϢ
ҶҪ˵ֵģؼҵģҲǺظֳСӣʮǰ߶֮󣬺ؼһ˴Ҫҵӡϧǣʮ궼ûн
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ҿʼСؼҵ𣿡
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ǰؼͷĴ壬᲻ᱻʲôСƭˣ
ܣʲôЦؼҵĺôҲǹֵľֳҵǲúؼһᱻƭȻؼҺûضȻôƶ˵һӼɣ
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ұˣȻҵˣ˲̫ϲ˹עͱˡ
ۼ˿վһİˣ˴ûгֹǶûпǿǸˡǲǴ˵еĺ
ǲǺؾֳĹվߣӦþǺɣ
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ôһпǺؾֳ׶ӡ
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ҲпƭӰɡźͺط˳мƣȥƭǮ
˵֮ǰط˺üζ㱻ƭˣοɱֱ˸ƭˡ
ƭˣʱһ΢ЦߵۼȺУҵǲΪλƭӡ
Ŷ˿ˣⲻҵĹǳ˺ض֮⣬ɾˣҷȥؼҵӰɣ
Ȼ˵ǵڶ󸻺ʵϺͺؼҲеԶѾؼβ͵֣һҲЦ˵ҵ룬ϧǡ
ǲʶλ˿ѧӦ֪ɣ
λ֮ǰǽ˿ѧĵ˿ѧ֮űȷΪؼҵˡƵ˵֮ǰׯεȻ˹ٴѧѧϵĸڡΪĸ˹ѧš˼ҿɲڹڻ죬ǹѧȦء
ؼҵȷʵҲнӴĵطȻλȦӾǺؼӴġЦ˵ôǻΪλ𣿷ƶĽҲǻһλ÷ƶĽѧҡҿǺؼҸ˼ׯڣŶӦýкڡ
˼Ͼǵ˹ٴѧĽڡʿʦԺعҲǷޣ϶ܹΪԺʿѧȦţؼǲһ̣졣ʲô˼ѧȦĴţȣһǹҵıӸпš
˻˵һҿáͦصġ
ôˣһ˼Ҵأ˼һĿѧңͦصģĸǹ֮
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ӣô˵ðɣλҲǹ˾ļ̳ˣǺؼҡֻһӣ϶Ҫ̳й˾ġҵĺв٣ֻһ˾λӿ϶ǲܼ̳й˾ģܹŷֵɺѾǳˣҪɶг
ңλǳϲ˲Ҳ֪ͼʲô
ãüͷҸղſ۵úܿҲûоòðңҲ˼ҵݣ˵
⣬ôᣬ˭뵽ǽڰ
˼ҵ⹫ҲǽڣѧԨԴôͲˣЦһ˵ǴǻǴؼȷʵû򡣵˼ҳ¼ҿǼѧԨԴģУھǴѧУ
ǺؾֳĴҲûж
˼ҵרǴСҪ죬ǺСϲѧϰⲻǼѧԨԴԵ𣿡һȺֻ˵ʲô
ûȤžƱ뿪뿪ıӰڱʼ²ۣʱĺλعӵôġ
ǣܾλֵͦġ
˵˵ҲˣλȻ̳мҵҲܹǵġλضӲ˾̾Ķ󣬾ȻǹĳѧĽڡ
˾ò˼飬ôءΪǴʲôƧﱻҵƭţɹѺؼҵ˶ƭ˹ȥôҲ벻ȻѧĽڣصûҪףǺؼԼȥġ
硣ׯεȻԺ˵ôоö˶ڶҿ
̧ͷȷʵܶ˶С˽Ҳ֪˵ʲôׯεȻĶ˵Ӧ˵ɡ
˵ʲôǵ˵ûͦҵġׯεȻƵͷʲô˵ģ
֪ҲŪʲô˵ģҶָָġôǺ˵ӣׯεȻ˵ҪȻؼҰɣ
ȾˡׯεȻ˵ڻȥҲҪд۰ɡ
ŶͻȻĺ˲پơҲܿýдС󲮼ҵм˾ҽд˾һ¾С
ׯεȻҲȷʵûʲô˼ȥס֮ġ뿪ɶԣúһ˾ǻȥ
֮󣬺ȥϢ컹ҪϰࡣׯεȻڷ￴׺ϣʱʱһЩ֮ġ
˴ȺУֻһϴϰˡвֵܶץ˽ȥһֱҪӺߵ֡ΣֵܲǶ³Ǿ죬治֡®ʡǸֵܣǲ֡˼Ҷסڲӣֲ֡
ȻϴϰǼųءϴҲֻܹͨϷֶݺʵϣаѱûʲôõģ˹֮⣬ţҲһܴüˡ
ҲȥǺݾô죿
ںؼҸϵĺӡҪ⣬Υֶ϶СֶͨαˮؼҶˮţǳеŮǿԺʿ˵ؼҲǣҲгеĹ͡ΪһλԺʿ˶ٻǻܵһЩҪȥܵĻܾͲɳ棬ǹ˳档ǲǺ;ʲôᣬûУ֮ҲǴشġ
ԺʿղٹҵĻܣǿϵĻܣ˼ҵļˣܲùҽ𣿺ܹڣҲΪĹϵ򣬺ôͱ˸ˡ
Ҫ֪ǿǵǹƥȥץǵģڼų֮⣬඼ѾץߡʣµȫһȺСϺףΪزӹһ١˰ѺˣǵϵСᣬ֪;Ӳûг·ġô꣬ȷʵҪҵ취ⲻˣСӡ
һ֪Ҫôءôһֳɽ⹫Ժʿָʲô顣ǮͲһԺĹ¶ɾֳҵĹӣܱƽġ
ʱֻҪһ£Сӷ¶ʱλ˽ĺؾֳһСӣʲôΥ飬аѱ˲ǡһȥλؾֳҲȥηԷġ
ӵӵɲô𣿶ӿӵɲ٣ֵֹľֳ֮ģ׿ӵ
ӵǼܲסСӿӵ
òײŴ̽СǵĸԺסʮʱ䣬һֱԹ¶ݣűǽӻؼҵġǻЩȷʵҲûܹؼҵϢй¶Ͳ࣬۲֮ҲȥؼҵĲܻϢй¶
ܹɹЩϢѾڷǳˡ
ҪӪ˺ö꣬ЩϢǴ̽ġͱ˵ֳкܶˣڲ֪ؼҾȻҵ˺Сӡ
֪к׳ʲôӣû֪ô¶ٻܹǰ֪ؼѾҵ˺ܹӺ֡
ڳߣһԲ
ʱܱ༭ǰԺ˵ؾֳϲһСӿǴϲ°
лл㣬лܱࡣλܱ༭ЦЦлܱҲǹϲô򵥵ɣ
лܱЦĴָؾֳ̾СͿˡ
˵ɣлܱൽʲô顣ѯʣʵ̫ϲý򽻵ܶʱý嶼ϲϲþıΪĵ㣬һֱƫͨȺڡȻƫͨȺڱûʲôԵĵطǡŤʵ쵱ɻ˵ЩζˡܶసԭûʲôԵĵطǱýһ˾Ĵʱ䣬ýˡ
Ժ̫ϲý򽻵ܾԼ˵ĻûǸ˼Ⱥ˵Ǳʱ򣬾ͻ˼ζ
ʷϲ
ġ˵ؾֳСʮʱ䣿
ûףأ
ҪרⱨʮһӡƪȥĻܶඪʧӵļͥҲȼϣǵ˼Ҿͻ᲻һҲʧʮĺӣ֪ȥӣһͥ˵ǶôشĴ٣ҪһϣɣлܱҪһ䶯ԵıֳҶʮʱ䣬ӾеĸԺôһʱ䶼ûҵ
뷢ж١
лܱ˵鲻Ȥ˵Ǵˡȷʵȥһӣһͥ˵ֱǻԵĴЩҲӴİԼҲⷽܺߣܹף֮ȷʵܸٶʧӵļͥһϣϣܹҵӣҲܹһѵļͥعںá
ô˵ƫġ
顣˵һһúͶһ¡̫ϲЩ顣
Ǹ˵һȥһ°ɣͬĻһ绰ġҪһڴӦҪͬС
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ͷŴؼҪô顣̫ܿϲɷðڱǰ֮ġͳĸףҲһԸϲоǲϲ˴šҪĳϿԳ֣Ǳ
ź֣лܱԶС˵ܶҶе㲻̫ԣܾұ绹֪ô
ͷȷʵԽԽζһֱɿֶӱֽҽϵ֮ģǱֽġ
ҾҲ˵ûдƪܹӵļܹͥЩͥһġô꣬ҲǿЩͦ𣿡˵ҵˣܹЩ飬ЩͥиϣҵӡܹҵӣҲǹ˲ǡ
ˡЦ˵֪ؼ֮󣬺һ°ɡӲ̫ϲý壬˶һҲԸš
ҪԸ⣬ˡ
ףҪǲԸ⣬Ȼˡ
ڶԴͺ̬ϷǳһԺ˵һġǵڣЩ飬ǱҪĲСһϸ󣬵Ƕôһĺô˵ҪôûиϵĸһԵĲϣͶԴߵˡ
κ飬ҪѯׯεȻ㹻أܳׯεȻ޲ð֣ׯεȻȻһӵѡ
ֳ߹źͳͷϲǰҵˡ
¶Ц⣬˲̫ϲЦôѣǴǱ΢Ц
ûԴӳͺһֳ֮ʹûȥˣǲԾϲͺƴߵ͡˾ô꣬Ҳû˹顣
ͦ˵ġֳҡͷ˵ôˣǿЪһˡ˵ĳɼܺã
ֹǺܺáԾ̣ʱֳҫӵʱֳһ˵
ⲻǲʿҵˣڵѧУ⺢ӣ⹫˹ٴѧǱߡˣҲ֪Ǳߵʲôӣ˵ͦġ˵ʱѯֳˣӽȥ˹𣿡
ֳһ޲ðѺһˣȥҪǸȥ˹٣Ҵȡ
˵ֳתߣ͵Цôˣڻأ
һʱһĶӿϾʱҫ
ǶϴСˣҲôˣôСƵģʲôҪȽһ¡ҡͷ
ûʲôЦһһķʽɣô꣬ܶͬѧûϵˡҺͦõģΪһϲҶ졣
һЦ˳
ʱ˶컹ͦȤġ
ǰҡҡͷ˵
صʱѾ賿Ѿ˯ú죬ׯεȻڳﵷšվƹƹ죬˳һۣǲܽġ
Сⷽ滹úܺãСͲҲڳʲô
ǾֻڳׯεȻڳæµš
æǰ˵ˣ
ׯεȻ̧ͷͳ裬ǻˡ
æĵͷˣôԼСһ㣬˵źӣ߽׼
ׯεȻæ֣ˣԼС
û£ָׯεȻ֣Ц˵Ҹ˵ֿǴûԹ
أ
Ҳʱ򣬶ġǳԹٴķʼæʱҿʼѧġ
ԭˣźӣׯεȻһȥׯεȻһ֭ôˣ˯
극׼˯ˣղʱͻȻеˣȻҪȥԵоׯεȻ˼ͷЦҡͷ˵顣
˵
ġһ£֯˵ղ󲮼ңܱ༭ְ֡
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ҪҵרⱨԭҲҪרⱨġҺְѰ˼ţöʧӼͥĻ˵Ҳһϣ
ְô꣬ҲǿűֽϵЩżġҺֵ뷨ܵĻЩ鱨飬ܹȲΪӶìܵļͥпҵԼĺӡׯεȻ˵ֶ֮ׯεȻ˵Ȼǰְ뷨Ļˡ
ׯεȻһҲûʲôõ顣
ͷרⱨ
ǵ˵ʱ֮ġׯεȻͷȻоʱ򣬲ôϲ˴š
ɡЦׯεȻԴһ̳ׯεȻ˵
ׯεȻӳһڣͷ˵óԡ
Ҳ̫ˣƳԲꡣ
û¶θڴҪǳԲֳ꣬СЦеؿׯεȻׯεȻԵò֮׼ȥϴӡùӶׯεȻ˵ʱˣϢɣӰϴС
ׯεȻæµĺе㲻֪˵ʲô
Ҳ̫ʲô˰ɣôԼǸµˡ
û¶ȥ˯ɡׯεȻļ򣬡趼أԺЩˣҪҪԵʲô˵С
ˣְһ˵㳢
ðׯεȻͷȥ˯ˡ
ȥɡ˻֣ׯεȻȥ˯
¥֮ׯεȻϴ˸裬Ȼط˯
ĳͺ죬ҸղͬˣúǱ߹ͨãʱС
û⡣ϴӣԳ˵߰ɣҲȥ˯
¶һְɡЦ˵ܾûгˣúҲһ¡
صͷ˵ЦŻص䡣
ڶһ磬ׯεȻоŵʱϵһܱ༭лܱࡣ
ڳڣͨлܱĵ绰
Ӵؾֳҵĺˣ
ˡ˵һ䣬ǰһʱС
û⣬𣿺ؾֳ͹˻һôлܱ룬˵ҪԼһط
ҼҰɡ˵Ҳȥطô鷳ˡ
ɳɳɣллؾֳˡǵͷŰۿɼ϶ҪġȻҲʼϵҵ񣬵ҪĴͷǱصġֽýήأͷţǸעǿļ
ܹ뵽֮˿ĳ
ҵ绰֮󣬺ǰ֣ʼԼ顣⼸ʱ䣬ׯεȻڼо֮⣬ʲô鶼Щ̫ϰߡΪ˹ٴѧʱ򣬾󲿷ֵʱоҪһЩʱ顣˵ϴ·֮ġڼʲôֻҪоͺˡ
ֱˣô껹ǵһĴ
ϣԲٵһӵĲˡϧΪĹϵܻؼҡׯεȻпְô꣬ûԹһؼңְ˺üķͻȻԼġ
ȻֻǺɧѡ
극֮ׯεȻŰæʲô飬ͳ£úõԼ顣
ǵ죬쳣ȡׯεȻڷ￪ſյڼҲһڡׯεȻϰˣҲʼؽܼˡ
ϰ࣬żĩҲҪӰࡣǳҺӣںҵÿ춼Ź֮ġ
ҪȻȥǱ棬ׯεȻڼоû찵أʱҲҪȥǴѧͼݡüζǺ°֮ȥͼݽׯεȻġ
ҶصϣׯεȻͺһĹġ
Ҫϰ࣬ࡣׯεȻ𴲵ʱ򣬳Ѿ緹賿Żģڻ˯Ҳû˴
ԷʱׯεȻ˵иרãûǰɡ
ׯεȻͷ
ڼСĵѯʣҪо𣿡
ҪׯεȻҡҡͷѾ˵ҽͲоˣ춼ûʲô顣
ŹְɡׯεȻ˵ڼô죬ҲͦƵģżŹҲá
ׯεȻͷӦ˳
磬̫ʱׯεȻڼųե֭ź߽ӻ
һ˺üˣʦмߡ
̵ͦģׯεȻҲ塣ϾΪƶĽʱ͵ʱ򣬲ͱΧ߲ˡ
ƣ˵С˼
Ҳһ£ȥҲͦģģǸ𴲵ʱ򣬻ͦǸƵġ
ؾֳЦŸʺãǺؾֳķ˰ɣ
á
λǺؾֳĺӣ߿ȥҲʮģǸģ

Ǻá
ׯεȻصͷá
ǵĲɷþʽʼˣһĿڣһ°ɣؾֳҵСӵģ
ڸԺ˵ʵҲû뵽ڸԺôõʱ䡣Ըĸ˫ݣ֮ǰʱ򣬶ұĶͯĶ֮ͯġȫû뵽Ըĸ˫ݱȥԺġ
ɻʵؾֳôΪʲôСøĸ˫ݱȥԺģ
˵Ǳ˹ߵģ߼˵ôߵģ
ҰһӣǺ䶯ǵļɱǸ˵ļΪ˱Һҷ˳ϰʱ򣬰ˡ
ΪֹׯεȻλߺһ䣬ׯεȻȭͷӲˣѪѹҲˡ
ôؾֳζ˵참ʱ򣬻᲻ʲô󣿻Ϊбʲôԭ򣬲Ż÷˵ļôڸԼƽ
ߵ仰һĿڵɫˡ
ɫѿ˵⻰ʲô˼
ؾֳûпܣץˣʲô֮ģ˱ӵģֻΪĳЩ飬Žӡί
ίҾǻˣׯεȻǹճһĨЦҼǵӳĸ֮û˰ɣû뵽ʮ꣬ȻТлꣿ
λС㣬⻰˼ǣ᣿Ҫԭ
û˵Ȼȷʵôġ
ҪɣȥʱɱŮԭԭҰ֣Լҹķֻн֮ԷȨԭԭ˭ˣֻЩɱŮԲȨȥΣ
ߵķӦԺǿңׯεȻ֮ǰڣ˿ԽӵǲܽӵظҪô˵Ļܺ΢Ŀ
߷ʵʱʧȥĸԶȥԼĶӡ
С㣬úЦׯεȻüͷȻԱߵĺŭѾˣҲòУһԵĺʼҪˡ
⻰˼ǣǻñģ
Ҳ˼߼æ֣ˣֻǾã˿ܱûô
أ
ˣֻǲʧȥѡ
Ծ˼ҵĺӣׯεȻüͷûλС㣬ͬɱ˷ͬ˷嶾ȫ
Ұȥģ
ǡ
ȥģ
ǡ
ҰΪ죬ӦץӦŮԶ԰ɣ
Ҳ˼ˡֻҪ˵һ£˻ԭ򡭡
λС㣬֪ΪʲôҪҲҪ˽ĻҸҪ֪ΪʲôҪҰ֣ΪҰץĶӡҲҪ˽ģҪ˽ΪʲôҪ衣ֻ֪ƾʲôҪҵʱֻһһСӡ˭˵ᷢʲô飿
ڲǺúõ𣿡
㹻ˡׯεȻЦ˵ôТȥǵķǰļͷ𣿡
ʲô˼
˵ǺôТׯεȻ˵٣ҲԭҲԭǸˣȻʵҪԭ£ȥظʱɱŮҪҪԭ
һ˻ӵߵʱͲˣħϣܹס仰Ҳ̽κιڷǲֵͬ⡣ΪܺߣҶֵͬ顣ͬ鷸ӣҲ˵ҡ˵Щ֪ܺЩѾҪ˺ݺһ˰ɣ
ðһ䣬ʦձɣҺѽͣΪʲôԻ·ôڳˡׯεȻ˵仰뿪ңҵĸĸ͸󶼲ǵķʡ
УһıٱΪһ͹˿ڵ˷ʲôϵôô˵
ׯεȻŭֵҪˣⶼʲôߣ˵ôΡʲôֻʱʧȥ˸ĸԶʧȥֻ˵ڡֱ˷ŭûж֣Ǽҽ̫ˡʱҲվ˵ǳȥɣҲӭǡ
ˡׯεȻͻȻ˵֮ǰұɷ˼εľĶԻѾ¼ϣҪκֵıһṫ¼ΧϣУҵʦ֪ܲʦæתһ£ʲôϣܹ˼һ¡
ҸʱȻ࣬ʦ档ׯεȻ˵֮һ¥ݡߺʦǱϳؼҵģǶһ±ơ治֪ΪʲôؼͻȻôƢ֮ǰôɷõʱȻɫÿҲشⰡ
ôؼҾô쭣ʦ˵ô죿
дֱ˵˵ܼдȥֻҪܹȥֽܱ಻ƽôġ
ǡʦЩԥؼȷʵͦǮģʱϷͥҲ鷳
ʲôЦ˵ƪ֮󣬻ûб𣿡
¼𣿡
˵ġ߸ûµģ¼ôͷ˭˭Ҷϲӵ۵˭û¶ȥעܺߡ
ǹôܱƨ¡˵ŤͷߣѾñӦôдˡ
ֻҪƪдܹߺܶࡣ
ؼңѾʼ·ҷҲֵģȥҪˣҪһȭ
лܱӵ绰ʱ򣬻ΪѾɷˡڵ绰ͷܲ˵лܱ࣬ʲô˼
лܱҲһͷˮҪûζ벻µļܹô顣
ׯεȻİѶԻ¼
֮лܱɫˡôȷʵеˡƽʱôûʲô⣬ǺҲǺǵģ˼һ죬ﻰ˵˼Ұԩöӱ˹ߡ
ʲô˼ҪǺµ˵Ķˡ
ؾֳ⡭ʵǲ˼лܱҲɵˣרⱨǸѡʱ䣬ɷó𣿡
ˡŭ˵ǲǱĲɷˡ
˵ֱ꣬ӹ˵绰
лܱ༱æߴ˸绰ȥӵ绰ļ߱лܱͷһʹСƽʱͦõġʲô飿ں˵˵ʲôﻰģ˵˼ҺؾֳԩǸɱ˷֪ҪǴȥǱӰж˼һ¼ô˵ģӣǿǺ䶯һʱץֳ֮ƿ졣ͻȻ˵벻Ǽȥˣ
¼ҪǴǵϰնܰǱˡο˼Һܺߣ˵øӺƵġлܱϽһҲˣϢһʱɡú룬㵽״ʲôط
ԭҪ˵лֱܱӹҵ˵绰ûпչ߽Ʊ磬ʵǰƱ塣飬кܴӰ죬ڻкܶ˶ǵǶʱ䣬Σĳ
ںˣһܹ˵Ұ참ñ˵ļߺֻ˵Ǻ̲ˣֻҪǸ˶̲˰ĻἯһ٣Ȼ
Ҳ˵ЩôԷǸӣ˵йŹ֣ڵ˲ϲӵܺ˭ȥܡ
ܵ˺ôǿľͺá
ԣ߾Լûý屨Ҫôô
ȻڱֽддýܹˣֻҪдöһ㣬˭ܺؼҵĺǲǱ˹ģʼͬ˷ɱ˷
ߵڰ飬Ҳһˣ˵Ǽ졣Ǻܶྯıǳ֮֡
ÿ춼ҪݶһձļʽѧϰһǵĴʷձʵͽ

ؼңһĿڣòᡣׯεȻԼѪѹˣȻ¼УûҪ¼ȥǸλһ߲ôҲ벻ЩߵԻ·ȷʵڳ˵ġ
ֻҪΪ򣬿伫
Ȼ飬ҪøҪŤдƪ
øۣ˺һǺųԾæȰ˵ˡΪôһֵá
ôô˵Ҫˣô࣬ôôƵ˵
ųĺ󱳣Ҳ֪˵ʲô
ׯεȻһ֮ɲȺϲ飬ˣˡ
ׯεȻ޵޲ֱˡһʢУҵۡ
ˡׯεȻź˵磬˵ᵹһҡ
ûбҪûбҪׯεȻæҡͷС
ʵ̫ˡҪЦˣǣ
ׯεȻҡͷҲǳ֪ôûκõġˣҪǺۣд㡣Ȼûʲô¶϶Ӳ˵ġһʱ֮࣬϶Ҫġ
ȥоˡׯεȻ̾Ϣһ¥о
ο˳һӣŽοáںصȥˡ
ԴǸ뿪֮󣬺ؼָֻƽϳԷʱ򣬴ҵ鶼ˡΪҪϰ࣬ȥϢͳ¥¿ţׯεȻ¥о
ڶ죬ׯεȻ𴲲ر硣ͣȥλЩ飬ׯεȻһȥ֡
ʱ򣬻˳ׯεȻһ䣬ûѧڵǱߣ϶гȥʲôطҲһЩ
裬ƽʱ˹ٴѧҲȥĵطûõ󡣶ң֮ǰҲѧѧᡣ˰ɣͱѧˡׯεȻæҡͷ뵽ѧħ;úÿ¡Ҫȥѧˡ
áЦ˵ѧˡ
̳ͣ⣬̳
ׯεȻʵ̫ϲ̳ΪĶȽϹûбҪôõĶûȥ̳̳֮󣬳ʼׯεȻѡ·
ׯεȻ̫ϲԼ·ˣҪ·
裬ȥܡׯεȻתܵĵط˹ȥڸѡ·ׯεȻǰ̨˺һһ¡
ʵǲ·ˣû뵽£֮ǰڴ󲮼￴Ǹִ˹˱ͳɷģϻе̣ȥͲʲôˡ
ϣҲͨҵӢ̫һ
ׯεȻüͷţô겻ɢⶼһˣճţͱ˸ҵˣǸǰɣ
ض̳Цú𺡣


75 ®
ׯεȻ˷ǳ񣬿˵λʲô𣿡
ȻׯεȻ񣬵ɲɫ˵ضӣˣǼ
ŶׯεȻףλ壬ʲô𣿡
Ц˵ضһ˳̳
Һ˭̳Ҫ𣿡ׯεȻüͷ֪˽ӽ϶ûаʲôĵġ˵Ϊ׵⣬ԲŻӽ
ׯεȻ˵ʱһӲһ붺Ū˵˼
һ˶಻áô֪ܲׯεȻǺͳһͬģضӣкü椣㡣
ŶׯεȻˣ˼
ض벻Ҫ
ԭ𱰡ׯεȻܴ󣬼ڱܵ˶ˣ˵ɫԾ
סˣ͸绰ׯεȻóֱֻĶӣ֪ˡλضӴͷβˣλضӣҲôµġпǸӲԵټֱҶһֵׯεȻҪ绰ڻѲȵץȥɳ
ҪȥɳǰİױɾͲˡοɳ
ĶӵģׯεȻ΢ЦţʲôЦׯεȻǱ˾˾ǺׯεȻʱ򣬻Щƣ㱨ģ
Աߵͬѯʵظ磬ʶ
ظʶģʲôӸ֮İɣⲻǸǵĹѶ
ҵܵܣ׵ġ˵ô£
ղиˣҪҪȥ֮ģˣһ𱡣ܾƶĶ𣡡ׯεȻͦͦţûаסô˵ˣҾͱˡ
ׯεȻָָӦмƵ
СԱ˵λƵߡ
ͬ¿һ£ˣǴ󲮼ҴҪǮˡ룬϶Ǻ͸г𣬲Żôϧо֮⣬û顣һ㣬ǳģԵԱ˵һлл
ѯʵ𣿡
ǰׯεȻЦ˵·Ҿһ֪ǸͻȻʹܳˡ
û¶ɣ
û¡ׯεȻҡͷЦ˵绹ϰأ
ǰׯεȻԴôˣ
ûʲôҾҪʸ硣
ʸʲô飿Ц˵Ҫʲô
ؼҳԷ𣿡
Ҫͷȥˡ
áׯεȻӱ֮󣬼Աܡ
ͬ»ʱͬ»ڸп˵ֵܵĸ鲻̫ôظܵܵĸ黹ͦġ
Ľɡĵ˵еܾܵǺã㲻
ưѺظNɪģ֪ĻΪظ罻Ůء
ȥȥȥһȥܿģׯεȻܣ߳ꡣĸ׻ѡ·ׯεȻʱ򣬶˵һ£ļ·ÿһЩ
裬·ܶˣҪ·ˡׯεȻЩͷۣҪĸôȥҪֱȥ˹ٴѧˡ
ѡһĵ˵Ӧ·ˣҲܴ·
ׯεȻʵûа취ѡһñȽϺÿ··֮󣬳ҪׯεȻѡĶׯεȻеܲˡĶѾ㹻ˣǵģ֪ô˵ȽϺá
裬ûʲôرҪġңôණҲȥһҪȥŷޣȻȥ˹ٴѧʥҪôණʹ߰
ûϵЦ˵ǲܴȥ˹٣ⲻǻعҲܹõ𣿡
һʱ䣬ׯεȻĶ
еͷۣصҵʱ򣬻ͦ۵ġǲô̳ģ⻹һô̳
еƣˣؼ̱֮ɳϣׯεȻʲôҪǳȵŸׯεȻ·
ųͷׯεȻֻܸпϲֵʵ̫ˡҪˣû¶Ƶġ
衣ׯεȻϢһ֮վų˵ȥˡ
ûôоѧϵ⣬Ӧʱоѧϵˡص䣬ׯεȻϿʼ
ׯεȻо񣬵Ϻؼҵʱ򣬳ſʼһؼҵģһзСӻͦ˧ġ·ׯεȻʱ򻹿һۣׯεȻоûд
ֱҪԷʱ򣬺ŶׯεȻ˵ҪԷˣԷɡ
áׯεȻе飬ׯεȻϡ·룬˳ѯׯεȻһ䣬ʲôʱп𣿡
ôˣׯεȻϣ֣Ҫʲôֱ˵һֱ˵һ֪˵ʲôء
ʵҲûʲô¡ЦЦ˵ǰҪȥ®ʡүүûпյĻǾˡ
ŶׯεȻͷһ£ڵо̫żջؼңǻвġүүҲӦõģ˵ð
ʲôʱȥ
ɣðְݣҲݼ١ȥ®ʡүү
šׯεȻͷǰְ֣ҿȥ𣿡
԰Ц˵ĸڣ
ڡׯεȻͷ˵ڻƼѧʱĵʦҲǼȥġ
ð֣ǵȥְҲúúøл˼ҼڲС
ׯεȻ극ܻطоʱȥ®ʡƵסһʱ䡣ڻʱ䣬úоһ¡
֮ԽԽȡʼϮʱ˻˯ׯεȻѾʰòˣһһ®ӡ
ݼ٣Ҳݼ١һ˶ȥүүׯεȻֻ˵ҵүүһȥͦˡ
˵ǵ®֮󣬶ջǣʲôʱȥׯεȻֻ֪˵ͣԼͻȥˡ
ׯεȻʰõĶǺͺãһ
˵үү®ǿԾ˳ȥҼڣȥڼ䷹ԡ
˼Ҫȥڼлڡ
ǻׯεȻںһݸׯεȻҪ𣿡
԰ׯεȻͺһ裬ĸԱ˵Ż
Ϸɻ֮ׯεȻŶ˯ˡǺҡѵģѡ
ׯεȻ۾磬ˣ
ˣ߰ɣӡվӷԭҲҪģׯεȻ˵ʲôɡ
һĿ߳ʱ򣬺Ѿվڻǡ
ӴˡЦ˵ôˣ
ׯεȻûݰ
úóԷɡׯεȻԴ߰ɣڵء
ԷˡׯεȻźյ˵
úóԷУǵ̫˵㣬ó׳ʵһСЦ˵ϳɡ
˾ɵˣտôõĳǵһμôˡ˵ǺյĶӺΩǺշǱߵŮնûô
λ˭úô裿򵥰


76 
ϳתͷׯεȻ˵®Ϥɣ
رϤׯεȻͷ˵®ʱһ㶼šԿѧϤ
ӴЦ˵ȥѧ
żȥΡ
ڣüͷ˵˵ļǲǻƼѧѧϵǸ
԰ʶڣׯεȻĵ˵ҵĵʦʱ򣬾Ǽڴҡ
ԡЦ˵ҶˣڻƼѧ࣬ǻƴѧڣ϶ʶġ
Ҳʶ
ʶɣǺͻƴѧϵЩӴġ˵źմׯεȻ԰ǰһֱкôûп
ⲻѧ𣿺ö಩ʿûʸżоأֻǸżȥοѧżһЩѧϵĴ
ѾˡտʼׯεȻһ˿磬ǺؼҵһʶǳԭѾǳĺӣô꣬ô࣬ôӲװôõĺӣȻóС
СׯεȻ²˵ڻƼѧֱĻ˵ῴңҼǵǸʱ򼾽˵;кҲ֪ǲǶǡ
ôûڻƴ飿ƴҲĸУɣ
ٺ١ׯεȻεЦЦսѧѧ͡սȥ˾Ǵѧֱ
ңǴѧʵңҲǹʵңطҲȲϰ
ʲôط
ѧʵңҪĲ֣һ״̬ׯεȻһ˵ǶѧϷǳҪһڣӵɻȵȶҪõʵġ
Ҳ
ǵûСׯεȻܳʵҡͷȥʵ顣⼸ֻ꣬оѧоѧѧѧ档ѧĲ֣ۺ͹淶ۡûдоѧĶ
Щϧ˵ҲоʵĻǹҵĿѧ϶֮ǰðɡ
һġׯεȻ˵Щ̸ֽܶ㶼Ҫ״̬²ܹɵġŵʵСʵϣûĸʵ״̬ҵڻоѧѧûоѧⷽҪʵѧ
˹ٴѧǱߣ˹ٸߵоǱ߼оġ
Ҫоʲô
ۡׯεȻҲѿڶҪѡһоĻҿ϶ѡۣźܶѧң׷Ҳۡ
Ҳǰɣ
ǰɡׯεȻЦ˵ܹۣΪʷΰѧңԽء˹̹Ϊһѧң˭Ҫʷء
Ҳǡ룬ȷʵΪһѧңܹ˹̹˶֪ΰ޽ջûа취ܾġ
ܿϧڲۣڳۺ͹淶ϼһЩɼׯεȻЦ˵ңѾMۺȦۣҪ۵ĻҪٴһµۣӻһǳҿ顣֪ԼҲȥ⣬һҾԼ֮ӦþͻῪʼɡ
˵ţǾ͵˲һǰ
ȥ̫װ޵ķҲͦӵģ˵Ǳ˵ǰ˾ʮƽ֣Щưܡ
ǰţһԱŶԺ˵׳
үôˣ
׳Ϣһһֱ߶˵ҪӡɳϿֽء
΢΢̣ǿˡүȲҪЩ˼װģĿֽأԺһ˵߰ɣүءһֱ˵ҪСء
˵ţ߽䣬ҲŽȥׯεȻ
ׯεȻһ䣬үү廹𣿡
ɡͷ˵Ӳأ⼸궼ڶʻرá
߽ûκθûʵļҾߣ䶼ǰʮķ񣬺ܶҾƺЩɫˡ
ɳϣׯεȻû˵űֽϸĶš
ʱӲ߳һˣ˵үӣ軹
ׯεȻСתͷһ£ǸžװҲסˡ
εȻô
硣ׯεȻСؽš
˵Ҳڰ
ز濴ׯεȻʹɫҪѯׯεȻʲô
˷еıֽԼ˵С氡
үү漱æǰ˵ʲô飿
ʶ
ʶʶͷ˵εȻҼүӵѧڼǴأ˵õѧ
ͷҲˣЦ˵װ
С棬߰ɡ˵ﻹеء
áׯεȻʹһɫʾϽߡׯεȻôߣԱߵĺ˵۾ǲʲô⣿ҪҪȥҽԺһ£
һֱͣسׯεȻգ۾żһֱգ۾Ͳһܴܵʲôأ
ߵׯεȻ˵һ䣬εȻ𣿡
ʶ棬ǿүүϤӣǶʶˡż˵ҵܵܣҪܡ
磬߰ɡׯεȻ̯֡
ӵʺţô¶εȻôںؼң
뿪֮ԽԽԾׯεȻӦ˹ٴѧ֮ǰү˵ׯεȻѾȥ˹ٴѧš
ͼһԡǴСͲϲѧϰүʱׯεȻһׯεȻ;÷ǳķꡣҪΪǱׯεȻ󣬹Ҫܵġ
ôׯεȻͻȻиˣǵׯεȻǹ¶
뿪ֻ֮ʣºؼҵˡ
˿ׯεȻһۣɡ
ׯεȻͷЦ˵ǰżͷѧ
ڼҵʦ֮ǰڻƼѧʱ򣬼ڴѧ⡣ׯεȻ֪үүͼʲôԹȥүүԼڻͦģ
Сӵʦ
֡ʱ˵֮ǰڻƼѧ࣬Ǽȥġ
Ŷ˴ׯεȻո˵ڵڣһ
ǡͷŴ˵ãܺáҿԺĸ˻˵Ǻؼҳ˿ѧҡ
ʲôģ
ѧѧׯεȻЦ˵оѧѧ
ܺãܺá˷ǳ⣬үүϸׯεȻ߽֮ϸĴׯεȻ
üһɱ֮ڿȥǳ飬Ҳڸǲסüǹɱ֮
ׯεȻһӣ˿ĵ˵°ɡôˣӡʿҵ˰ɣ
ҵˡׯεȻԴʲôطĲʿ
Ǵѧѧѧ
ãܺáʮɣ
ǣүүպʮꡣ
ãܺðȻǿļˣѾЩ㵸үүҶסһʱɣ
ׯεȻͷʱ˵үӣ㿴Ǹյ®ⲻͦ۵ģϢһ°ɡ
ȥɣȥϢ˶ׯεȻ˻֣ׯεȻظվܵߡ
סһݰɣղʰһ¡˵ȥҼҳԷĸôءԺһ仰ǶׯεȻ˵ġ
á
ȵȣѲεȻǺؼˣôû˵ɺƣ߳ؼϳ֮󣬻飬ԽԽò̫ԡ
ȥׯεȻɣڿ϶ǲУȥϰࡣ
ׯεȻʵҲûô˯ϢûǲҲ˯šڷһȦϣǽ淢
ׯεȻѯʵϢһ£
áׯεȻҡԴ˵һЩ飬ϢûͲ˯
ɡڴϢׯεȻһĥ顣
ֱŵʱ򣬺𴲣ھȡׯεȻ֮ǰûʲôվ˵߰ɣȥҳԷ
үүأһ䡣
Ѿȥˣ翴һֽ͹ȥˡ
뿪·ϣʱвؼңЩƺʶڶͷȻҲвֱԹؼҡʱΪ̫æͲܻЩҲˣʶʵ̫
ǰţǺտţЦŶ˵
ÿׯεȻܹİҲǳ¾ɣʮǰİһֱûôΩ¶ܻүүɳϿűֽһ߽ʱ򣬶ĸ߳ׯεȻЦ˵ɡ
ׯεȻӦһĸׯεȻϸţ⺢ӣԽԽϲɰ

ȿȡһʮˣˣú˰ɣ
ԣҲ㶼ˣˡĸæתҵȥ
ׯεȻԴ˵ĸһο㣬е㼤Ҫְ
û¡ׯεȻҡͷļ򣬡ȥ°ɣҪԷˡ
ׯεȻںߣӻţŵӻţЩµĸоڳо֮⣬Ҳʲô
ҪϺһʱ䣬Ҳ֪ӦôźáÿȥҼڵĻ᲻춼һЩƫ΢ַϵļ㡣
ǲԸ＾㣬ǺܶͷѷڸļغϵģׯεȻȥѷڸƫ΢ַ̼㵹ƻȥƾЩ̫ÿˡŷѷڵ鷳һ鷳
Ҫڵʱ䣬ǲҪȥоȽϺá
ʲôأתͷׯεȻóׯεȻǰһ¡ׯεȻҡҡͷûʲô硣
ĸʱ߹˵ˣԳԷˣϽԷɡ
үӣԷ
еıֽߵϣׯεȻǸźϲġ
Էʱû˵ϰʳ޲Էʱû˵ǳ극ֺ֮ׯεȻ˺һʱ䡣ǻصҵʱ򣬶ѾҪ賿
ׯεȻʵǲУϴ裬ڴϾ˯ˡ
ڶ𴲣ûʲô飬үүͰְԺ߳ţ˵үүְ֣ҳȥе顣
үүһ߶һ߶ׯεȻ˵ȥ棿
Ҳǳȥ档ׯεȻҡͷȥҼڣһЩ⡣
ɡ˻ҲׯεȻүүɫ䣬ֻ΢Է
ׯεȻԥһ£ûв˻΢仯ܾͲ緹ˣϵʱɡ
ҲС˻صͷ֮ǰ®飬®ӦúϤɣ
ϤׯεȻЦţ˻˵ȥɣʱҲӽ㣬®Ϥܶﻹ̫Ϥ
ȷʵׯεȻһҪ˵ҵ·ǲ̫ܡǸߣ߳ȥǽʱȽ鷳һɤӣ
Ӧ֣߳үү
ָָǰȥҽ賵ȥ
á
ô鷳ׯεȻ֣ҵ˼ȥС
˻˵®һξ룬Сʱһ೵Ҫǳȥ浹ǿԵȵȡ飬ȥȽϺá
ϵͷ𣿡
ûСׯεȻûбҪϵڣʱ򻪹ƼѧҲ쿼ꡣӦڼģҪҼһЩѧ⡣ڹƫ΢̷ַ棬϶ǲ۵ġ٣ǲۣҲۡżҲⲿֵۣڹ⣬˭Ҳ׻᲻عټбڲׯεȻȥģ֮ǰѯƫ΢ַ̺ͷѷڸƫ΢̶ַ࣬һ޷ʽ
ҪƻȥׯεȻȷʵʵǱ˲֪֪ҲׯεȻƫ΢̷ַ棬϶ѧߡϧǣûʵ顣
žǴ۵ķ򣬷ѷںͼڸҸƫ΢ַ̣ĵļ㲿֣Щ㶼ǵļ㣬ֻһЩ߽ϵĲѡ
ֻׯεȻƾЩͲܹŵƵеƫ΢ַʽû뵽ġׯεȻƫ΢ַϵĳɾʵǱСġ
˻Цʱ򣬼ΪࡣׯεȻڵˣ̲סе﷢ֽڵһʵʵɱׯεȻ˵һǳ£顣
˻ĵһۣǰүүǴˣָо˵·δ͡
쵽죬˻̬ȶͦġ
ܿСӡϵʣȷʵЩԽӽ
첽ȥң赽֮ׯεȻǰ˵Ωĳϳɡ
áׯεȻ򿪳ţڳϣ˻ͺټ֮󡣶Ժ˵磬ΩĳῪ𣿻᲻᲻̫ϰߣ
ɡЦ˵֮ǰΩĳҿüΣͦ˽ġ
ˣס
Ұλ÷ϡׯεȻ˵ţóֻڼλ÷

ͣ¥£һǰС󷿣ǼڵļҰͦġ
磬һȥɡ
ˡҡͷ˵ȥҼڣҾͲˣҪؼҵʱҴ绰㡣
л硣ׯεȻ³С󷿡ЦҡͷׯεȻֵӣҲɵ΢΢̡Ȼиܻܵͦõġ
ǰׯεȻš
ߵߵߵŴ򿪣˯վűߡׯεȻʱϸֳһ˿ŭôˣ
˹𣿡
ҡׯεȻ΢΢üͷڣֲģһȥ
㡭˿ȥ䲻ҲǶʮӡøߴƤڣԵü㣬üʣĿǣȥҲһ˧硣ֻںŤҧгݵĶׯεȻ겻ɢ
ҾúС˵ʵͦ۵ġׯεȻƣ˵أǸ磿
ׯεȻ˵ͺһӣ뱻ǰɣ
ŲھͿʼˣ
ǡڵں˭˵أ
һһׯεȻүүûʲô顣
ңׯεȻæ˵Ǹ粻ҽ
ǣڵŭǶ˶壬صö߽֮ŵׯεȻ
ӴСׯʲôʱģڿׯεȻ·ǻһףӸղŵʢŭһӾתЦӭ
ڣյ®ϡׯεȻ˵˳һѧϵ⡣
úúáɳϣָָӣСׯ¡
ǡô¶˼Сׯòһˣɫ˭
˵֮󣬼ǵׯεȻһۣצģ˻ͦЦġ
߽䣬ƺֹʲôׯεȻûϸͼǵĶԹѾãžǼǿҲ˵ǿ߼ǣֻǲ̫ϲͼ˵
Ϊÿκͼ˵ʱһﶼ˵һЩ̫ĻҲеĸо
ׯεȻⷽ棬û̫뷨Ǽ˵ʱ̲סҪȥ䡣
ü²̨ʱڣҲͼǳȥ
Ҳֹ䣬Ҳˡ


77 
üֹҲûʲô飬ǼÿοͰɫҲͼԡ
ҪΪΪƼѧĽڣСԽ̵ǣϧǡ˼ѧϰϣ֮ȥ˾죬ڱͶѡ̫⡣ʱʱҪ˵䣬Ϊӡǿ϶ǲҺͼڳܵģʱ򣬼ڽׯεȻƼѧԽ̵
ңׯεȻӣǴ꣬ö֮ǶׯεȻͦģÿοׯεȻʱһҲɫ
տʼׯεȻҲ̫ףΪʲôǺҲ˵ᣬ;áĴ̡ҲԣʲôǶҪ˵Ÿ˵ӡ
ˡһǾ߶ʵ̫ˡǶׯεȻȻҲǺòģʱүү˵ֱӽҺܴĸ˵ʱ򻹻ԼһЩϰָֻţǸŭԡǸʱϾҪ徯УҵڸѾ˺üľ졣
ׯεȻڼʱ򣬸üһؼҾͱ˵ѧϰŬͿ˸®У֪ǴСѧͲȤôֵҲͼѧ΢һ
ѧϣ˵õ÷ǳסǵĸĸѾˣȻǵĸĸҲʲôѧ֮ġ
˵ǵĸĸԼ˾ģǴСҪ졣Ҳǳã֮ԸԳĵ˾졣ϧһֱҪѧϰѧôȥֻмһѧǺͼǴСѧʹ˯ԾͲѧϰѧϡ
ǰûʲôڶѾˡ滹ãȥһ١ǼǱڶ˵ϾУԭΪϾУ֮󣬼ھ͸óײˡ˭֪ܳһׯεȻ⾯УҪҵˣڵ˵ԽӣҲǽˡ
ǼǿׯεȻֲ˳ۣôԴׯεȻȥڴС棬ǼûʤׯεȻܶʱ򶼻ʤ
ͺǽֻܸɵۣĿׯεȻׯεȻûа취
ׯεȻЦ·ɳ˵Ż
ںĶԼ˵ǣ㲻ǻ𣿸Ͻȥæɡ
үүţҲӰׯεȻֻѧѡ
¶Ϳȥɣĥĥġڻ˻֣ΣׯεȻһۣž뿪
ׯεȻͼڿʼһЩѧϵ⣬ȷʵûѯׯεȻκιƫ΢ַϵ顣ú죬Թ緹֮һֱ۵ԭׯεȻҪ뿪ģ˵ȤׯεȻ극ϵ⡣
ֱǻؼҵʱׯεȻںͼ⡣
ԭҪ绰ׯεȻģһ£ǰʦӦںλѧϵ⣬ʱǲҪȽϺá
һ˶û˯ڵׯεȻ绰ֻǺ˻ȷʵסˣȥ˯ˡ
Ҫҹʱ֣ɻ²ģׯεȻԼ˵ڣӦϢˣɡ
һ£Сׯ˯ûϵģ˯£ü˯ɳȥ˯ǵķС
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ѪѹˣһԼҪ̲סһȭׯεȻϡȻǰҲǽѪѹͷһΣȥһ˹⣬ƤҲʼˡ
аɡׯεȻĻ֣ǰǸƵġ
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ׯεȻҲҪͼǼƽϣ˴ʶʼӡĵʱԶŪһ£ȫûбҪ
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˴ſҪһСʱңһͣׯεȻǰ򿪳´ţûü·ļǡ


78 
һ߶ׯεȻ˵һ߲ͣشżǡһӦǾ죬ⲻžû뵽ͬˡվǸʲô˼
ׯεȻվԼЦ˵Ǹ磬˵ˣӡȥ˰
˭żǵͬʱҲڴźʵ̫ͲǵׯεȻʲôʱʶˡǾ裬ΪһܵׯεȻİȫϻǷǳ˵˵Ŀ쳵˾
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ϰˡׯεȻ˴ļһۣȻƫͷĿʱʱػڴźƺжϺǺ˻ǻˡ
Ǹ磬ˡׯεȻ˻֣ûж룬ֱӲſߡ
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үүǼߵľǼǣüԸŪЩݲݣЩݲûмôŭ
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ׯεȻ۹۵⣬ܹ÷ǳСܶʱûܹͨ⣬ׯεȻ仰ͽˡ
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Ϊѧһвٵġ
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Сׯڽʲôţ

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ׯεȻ棬ڣүүô죬Ϊʲô֮ǰûмүү
ߣүүˣúܡһҪΪϵ飬Ҳʶˡ
ׯεȻĥţ϶ǼںͲӶԽоʱ򣬺үүˡ
⼸оǲû̫ϵһֱУСӳԷ֮⣬ͼݡҴȥο飬ֲܴȥӵĿ顣ûмүүҲġ

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ʼعȥǲʵġֻϼظҲannals of atheatics֮ͬһΪ˹ٴѧĸڣǷƶĽʸannals of atheatics˵ġ
ӵͶ֮annals of atheaticsı༭ڳ֮󣬽תСׯεȻֻһλ֮һˣׯεȻյʼҲǳannals of atheaticsı༭ġ
һׯεȻ䣬ȫӢʼ
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ǰׯεȻҲܻ䣬ܶ඼annals of atheatics༭ģյ˺ܶģΪ˿Щİɡ
annals of atheaticsѧ꿯ѧĴڿ֮һЩѧڿǷǳϤģѧʱ򣬾;ЩڿȻҲΪ׳Ժʿͺǻպöо
Щѧڿ˽ȻǸġڻϺʱ򣬻ᾭһЩɬѧڿû뵽СӣС뵱졣ǻʱһЩŵ֮ģҡ
û뵽ϲ칤ϲѧǼң˵ûκԵ֡
ԡׯεȻͷ֮ǰѾ˵annals of atheatics˵ׯεȻһ㾪㵶ûС
ûʲôǰصģҪׯεȻ룬ȻЩæׯεȻûϰࡣҲû£ֻоѧûκβʿѧѧ棬ѧԨԴ
ڵûСׯεȻҡҡͷͦйоصġ
ׯεȻϣһannals of atheatics༭ģûرܹȤġ
ôҲĴѧڿ֮һЩйоأ̸ҪǷȥׯεȻԺ󶼲annals of atheaticsͶˡ
ЩĲ̫ȤׯεȻߣЩĶ̫ã
ҲǲãǾáⶼܵannals of atheaticsannals of atheatics͸ôѧڿˡ
ƿţںׯεȻ졣
ЦúǲãӴ찡
衣߽䣬
ʲôأչһˡųСĵôģ׵ҲҪС뽻һ¡
ûʲôׯεȻЦ˵һЩѧڿ顣׼ǲῴannals of atheaticsѧڿģӢİ㣬㡣Ϳĸ׳ᾭһЩЩǰصѧġ
׼Ķ췽鼮ԼľۻܶʱȥǾУʦԼƹİǾ磬ˡ˵ʡնǷǳ̾
һƹĴСҪУż񡣾ͺսУǻУר￴Լסܶʦѧ̸ư֡ʡǺưҲǷëǵġ
ҪΪЩΪȥ˺ܶᣬѾȥʡֻǸֳ
׻ֱдĽ̲ģһֱøԼİͬѧʦ֪ǺӵʱĽı飬ú棬û뵽׾Ȼôܻӭͳݡ
ʲôѧڿΪףôûмԼҵСӣòװСӽӻؼˡҲҪСӱʾһ׽Ϊ׵Ĺذ
ѧ꿯ׯεȻЦ˵annals of atheatics˹ٴѧһѧڿҲ֮ͬһڿannals of atheatics༭תġ
Ϊ̾дĽ̲ģҲȥУϹΡǣѧڿֶ治ת
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Ϊannals of atheaticsⱾڿˣԷ֮󣬱༭ֻܳΪ༭˺ܶʱֻܿЩǷʵģܿƪĵʲôˮƽʱҪҪҵӵȨԺѧԶǳߵרҵʿǷܹѧڿ֮ϡܵרҵʿ֮ΪͬˡҲԽרҵannals of atheaticsӰӺܸߣѧĴڿ֮һ˵ѧ֮ڣannals of atheaticsߵѧڿΪƶĽ˹ٸߵоԺоԱannals of atheaticsⱾѧڿһλˡڿЩǷܹannals of atheaticsҪ֪ѧڿǷǳϵġѧҪǳߣϹannals of atheaticsⱾѧڿ˵ǲͻأ
ڸͺͣүҲûзʲôѧĵڿǺܲɷãʱʡźܶںưĴ˵˵һλʵľ죬ϱĽͣеҡ
ȵȡ֣ƽʱǰ참Ҳûзʲôġд᰸֮ģڻеת
һ˵ӰʲôȷʵûнӴЩ֮ǰʱҲû˵Щ顣
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ѧԺsciڿannals of atheaticsѧһڿڼĺڿׯεȻ̯˵˵ʵҲӣһǺڿҲǵǰõڿκδѧһڿϷƪģǶܹڹͲϳһӵġ
һѧڿڸѧڿҲνĺڿжڿӰҲŷ½ġľѧڿׯεȻô˵𣿡
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ѧõѧڿannals of atheaticsacta atheaticaѧ绹ӰӱȽϿֲۺѧڿһӢ׵natureҲȻʷƾõġĿѧ־֮һװ1869114ա뵱ѧ־רһһͬȻԺܶѧһоĵ־ѧоУܶҪǰصоԶѶʽڡȻϡ3һۺԵѧڿnatureӰǵӰߵѧڿȻǵscienceҲǿѧҲۺԵѧڿΪȨѧڿ֮һӰûnatureôߣҲȵһѧڿ־ϲ١һ˸ѧƵĺڿ֮⣬ҲۺԵѧڿˡׯεȻ̯֣Ҹ˲̫ϲɹۺԵѧڿϡ
ϲѧĺڿԵұȽרҵһЩׯεȻͷԳЦһ䣬ϰ߶ѡ
ֻæĵͷѾׯεȻ˵еˡȻٲر죬ûнӴѧڿĺǹѧڿʲôsciʲôۺԵѧڿеͷӦҪһЩʱ˳С
һʼׯεȻĵĿšЩģ˵ʵܶ඼רҵġȻûзģֻǾò̫Ҫѡannals of atheaticsᱻһ˸ˮɽ
ׯεȻĺ٣ǳߣûˮôһ¡ǿ˵ģǾһˮׯεȻƣǲӦҲҪˮƪģ˵ģкüƪˮļ㣬ֻҪ΢޸һ£Ϊһƪġܹˮʮƪʱannals of atheaticsׯεȻ֡
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ȫͶ嵽ĳѧڿϣҾһǳ档ׯεȻٺһЦ
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裬ȵȰׯεȻվתŸղżָĵʼˮġ
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ۡׯεȻüͷ׼֣ⷽһЩϣؿռ⡣
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óԷˡׯεȻԴ˵ȳԷɡ
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ׯεȻŵĻ磬ʲô𣿡
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п𣿡
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ʲôʵģӦö࿴ܶô򵥵ⶼͨʼѯׯεȻòЩѧϵѧǽ𣿿ңҲ˭֪ġ
Ҫ˹ٴѧѧҪǴַ֪ġܣĶѧһϲͨ
˺һʱ䣬ׯεȻûзȤʼʱҲϴ裬߽ׯεȻ˵߰ɣǳȥԷ
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Ƕ֪үү˰ɣĶãѧϰϣǺϸ񡣡


82 Ͷ
һΩģǼǡǵĸ׾һУѧ츳ġȥ̣ⲻھͰϣȫڼǵϡڼ棬ھ㰮ﰮȥѧþѧѧþˡ
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һֱɳͦ˳ģȻżǻᱻһΣ˵ǷǳõġǼǣѧϰʵѧˣҲĲ֪ôѧϰͲϲѧѧҪ˯ѧϰֱǼ尾
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һﲻǴСͲϲѧϰ𣿺òװ߿ֱӱ˾УүӿӣһҲˣҲͷˡЦ˵ֻĻҲû顣
үӲȥһ𣿰ϻƼѧ࣬Ƕ֪үӱǻƼѧĽڡְ˵ѧϣķǳ츳ܶ⣬үӾǲ⣬Լܹĥ͸ǸʱɣǻڶУÿλʱүô˳ۣǰ˺ܾõⲻͲ淴𣿡
԰ÿμҪ˵ϼ䡣ɣһʼ֪ôͶ԰ԣ˵ˣͻ䡣ⲻڰѾԵġҪǸŮӣҶǻϲԩˡЦ˵ϧŮӡҾ˿϶ܹһġ
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Ƿ¿ӣɣ԰ɡ
⻹ࡣׯεȻʤЦ⣬żǳԱ̲ס졣
ǿׯεȻҫģ޵
ˡΩԱ˵ǰһ£֪ɣ
˵ǵͷ
ǾУҵġЦ˵Ƿǳġ
𣿡ûκ츳ģ˭ҡͷ⺢ӸͲʺϸ졣ͺͬڵⷽûʲô츳Ǻֺһֱ̾СĿȾҲѧ˲ٶ
ȷʵҪ죬ǼûһǾ죬ĿȾǲܴڵ顣ڽ뾯У֮ѧٵĶ
ô˵ɣӦ֪ɣ
ǵͷͶ®УǺԶĴ˵ġĴ˺ü䶯ȫĴ󰸣֮Ϊ̽
Ķӣ˵ǲر
˻˵ӽУʼڵżû뵽˾ȻżĶӡ
һ֮ǰׯεȻ˵Ǿʱ򣬻ûżѹΩһֱ˵õţĺĶӣܲ
ãáһӾҴӽ뾯Уʼʦ˵ǿǾ˵ʱ򣬼Ĵָ
˵®У˭֪Ĵ
ŶׯεȻüͷҰô
㲻̽ٱ֮ΪͷİӣǱְƵġ˵˵ʵҪǿһֱż񰡡
˵ׯεȻͷȷʵͦ˧ģͦߴġȫֵ̳е㣬ָ˧Ǻ裬ȽϰСͦġǸ磬˸
˵ֵҲ˼ΩЦ˵Сʱ;嶷Ƕ£ر츳Ҳ֪Ǵѧѧϵо⹫ǴѧУѧԺԺʿѧϰѧѧѧϺ츳ҲǺġֵܣһףһĸס
áǺһơƣп˵ǰҲǵ̾ûʲô츳
ˣˣ˵ˣȾưɡΩ𱭣ǣȥֽһ¡
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ׯεȻԱ죬׺ſҲǳׯεȻ֮䣬Ҳûʲôĵġ
ҪׯεȻ̫࣬Ҫ˵ʲôĻ϶ǻֽׯεȻѧϵ⡣Һò׷ż٣ҪúϢһ£ɲҪڽӴѧϵ⡣
˾Ͳ죬ӵĵץˣ˿ʼ̸ۣׯεȻĬĬһ߳Ŷһš
˵ͦģѧƺûô˵У;УľΩͻȻʵأѧʱʲôرľ𣿡
Ա߽ӻ˵ʲôرľرÿ춼ʵҵݣžͷۣ治ܹ顣
ȷʵͷԼ֫󲻳Ŀ֡
ΪѧԺܿ𣿡ׯεȻһüѧԵĿǸ󲻵
һׯεȻ
ׯεȻҺʲôϵ
ܵܣ㡭ᶼҪЦˡ
˵ģҾðǿȥǡΩЦЦ˵ҿҪ˶ãôĻƾҪһˡ
ˣһ𣿡ׯεȻæ֣Ҹ˲̫ϲС˵
˵˭Сأ
˭Ժ˵˭
ܵܡЦöӶҪˣˣ԰
ׯεȻںͼǶ죬ԹԵĳŶ
ſź˵ֵܣ˵ܵܲа
ʵҵܵôﲻˣ
ԼԵġ˵ǴСǸСħ͵ϷߡүΪ˲СүǰǸģԱ񡣱ģֲҪһ¡
ÿһƸȥ溬Цżһı飬ԣÿαεʱ򣬾ֱ飬ˣͣˣԼˡȻ󡭡ûȻˡ
ҶЦֻмһᣬ˺ܶΣûһǳɹġÿζׯεȻŴȥֻܿҫԼͷϡ
ĺƽʱҲûôɣԱ˵ʱ򲻻ôɣÿׯεȻʱԵ÷ǳɣҲ֪ô¡
ˣˡЦָ㣬ǿּˡ
ᣬø粻Ǻؼҵݣܱܲô˵
ˣ˵ˣ㿴ӣҪˡΩžƱ˵Ⱦưɣ˵ȥһھˡ
ƫͷżǣü֮˵ȷʵе㲻ׯεȻСġ꣬ûô˳Եľ⻹ͷһΡǰãׯεȻʱܾǸׯεȻֻèεġ
һƾƣ̾Ϣһô˵ȥҿɾ˰
ׯεȻҲû˵ֻһֱͣĳŶ
˼һۣһıرľʣ֪ôݡ͵Цûüǿ
һٷԵ賿ǺȾ̫࣬ͷЩᣬң컹Ҫϰ࣬ãȥ˯
Ҳȵò࣬ҲЩ⣬ã۾׺ׯεȻһۣҵѾУׯεȻҲࡣѾſ˯ΩɵЦŻ˵ȣȡ
ءׯεȻߴˣͷ۵СͻȻ̧ͷ򼾰ǣҪǸ۸Ҹûꡣ
ˡׯεȻ˴£˺һ£磬ؼˡ
ŶؼˡվҪ·ߣڼۼֿ죬һѽסׯεȻԼ˵㿴ǣȥǮ
ԭ˵ҪΩ͵ģǺΩѾˣͿ϶벻ˣׯεȻֱӽȥǮˡ
ؼԺʱׯεȻʵûа취绰һ¡߳žͿ·ߣׯεȻһεվš
ǰһһˣҲǿ԰˻Ҫ鷳ܵܡ
ɸֵ˵֪Լٺȵơ
Ȳ˻Ҫȡ
Ǻô·߽ԺǰѺΩͻؼңźؼңǱһ١
ʲôչ˵ܵܣҪܵչ㡣Ȳ˾ƣͱȾ֮ġͷҲ֪䣬Ѿ˯ˡ
ׯεȻ߳ţҩһˮԱߵĲ輸ϣׯεȻˮ˵裬ɡ
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ǰҲ˺һۣõȥˣ
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Ȱĸȥ˯֮ׯεȻҲڴ˯
ڶڱùѪͷ߳һˮڴڵĺš
֡ׯεȻ⣬ɴͷܿȷʵúܲҡ
ׯεȻƫͷׯεȻôˣ
˵̽
Сô˵ɫһ죬Ц˵ûôưȽ϶࣬ñȽ϶ѡ
У®Уѧ˵֣̫ˡ
Ҳûʲôġæ֣ɳϣӿԼϹͦĵģְְǸ̽ȻѧϿ϶ǱȲģڸⷽ棬ְˡ
Ĵָʼǵõ˽ţܵܺĸ׿ʼҲ˼ڰѵԼӻԼߡ
֣˵㻹ȥǾУ
ʵҲǽһЩ迴ЩܲˡͦѪȵģҲ𿴰ǵóһʰʱ򣬷ؼҵİֳƬ˺ö졣
ׯεȻҲûнӴЩҪǰСŵͲˡ
֣ʲôʱȥ
ٹʱɡæ͵Уȥ֪ѻļҲ˶ã˵Ҳϰˡɳæλȥ֮󣬵ȥ̾ӲС
Ҫؼˣ
аɡׯεȻ®Ҳûʲô˼ȥ֮оһѧ⣬ȵ·ݵʱ͵ȥŷޡ
ׯεȻԴû˵
ǻżżһ棬ͺһЩ⡣ׯεȻҲڷ㡣
صǣѾǰ֮飬ȵׯεȻҲôţÿڼһЩѧоҲȥͼݿһ顣

µ׵ʵ̫ȣׯεȻĸ󲮼ҡ󲮺˲ûڼңøʱҲڼҡׯεȻŴĸĸĸ죬һĳŵġ
ĸѯʣõĺó𣿡
ׯεȻɡ
Ҫȥɣ
ˡׯεȻҡͷҪûʲô˳Զ֮⣬ͦĵġ
ؿ棬ǵԼȥ档ô̫Ҳ֪ؿôҪ棬һ磬Ⱥʱؼҵʱ򣬺ؿ۵ö˯ˡ
ׯεȻɳϲ붯ʱׯεȻģЦ˵ô£
ôɳ϶һ£
㿡һ磬ܶˡׯεȻ˵ŻʱЦҡͷϽȥϴһ֡
ׯεȻ䣬ϴֵʱźʱ
ʱüЦҪȸ˵Ļ
磬ĸ˵˼׼ʯīϩ
ʱһ£ׯεȻѧѧģʯīϩİ
ǣʯīϩӦ÷Χ̫㷺ѧѧѧԣڲѧ΢ɼӹԴҽѧҩﴫݵȷ涼Ӧá
Ҫһ飿
Դغͺպ췽ϰɡʱ룬ǽǱȽҪͻרҵݲףټϹѾ˺ܶר֪ģڹڻɣҪǲƷҪ磬ͷǳѡ
ʱׯεȻȤ
ҲǸȤԴӦѾر㷺˰ɡׯεȻ˵ʯīϩضѾз֮Уʵ翪ʼõġ
ǰʱ̾ϢһҲ֪ǹڵĹҵȷʵȽ֮ǰǴͳҵⲻǹԽԽãҲҪʼת߾ܲһֱڱ˵ĲиǣܵһܹóļҰĥţʯīϩδҪĲϡұʯīϩĿǲ̫㹻ģҪʯīϩڶһЩܹϷңڲʹרͬʱܹﵽǵҪ󡣡
о˹ϣⷽǰҲǳ˹ܽǽܶҵصĿڱ֤ͳҵͬʱҲҪⷽķչ
²ϡʱ磬һûУׯεȻѯʵ²ϵǰչҲǳ˵ֽܲϡ߶˽ṹϡȽ߷Ӳϵȵȣδķչп϶ҲҪģ²ϡ˹ܡʯīϩ϶ǹҵеص㡣
ҲʱׯεȻû㻹֪ôࡣ
ʱ磬㲻Ϊѧֻоѧɣ
ǰôΪġʱ˵Щͦ˽ġ
жţǿѧ飬㲻ⷽģ˵ġ
Ȥ
ʱûСׯεȻҡҡͷʱʵҵô
ˡ˵ʱͿʼ̾Ϣⲻΰ˼о𣿳ɭõ֮⣬Ķ̫СʵҸ𲽣ʽҲࡣȥоԱ֮⣬ҲûʣǮ
ׯεȻ룬磬ҪȥǴɣʯīϩҴʲôǴ⣬㽻ң϶ġ
ǿɲСʱҡͷ˵ǷƶĽǵûǮСֵҲˣװæʵҲտʼתѡ
ҪɡׯεȻգ۾˵ҿԼɣʵȻ˼ʵңҲǿɵĶ԰ɣ
ʱסׯεȻɼֻǹҸʯīϩʵǿɾʹһˡô˵ׯεȻǳѧңƶĽ
ʯīϩʵҸ𲽣Ȼ˵ӭһоԱ룬ҲʹèСèֻҲǹҼҵˮƽׯεȻ룬ƾʵҡ
ׯεȻannals of atheaticsacta atheaticaϷģhysical review lettersüƪڳ۵ģhysical review lettersѧĺڿӰߵѧڿ
ʯīϩ棬ѧϾǾкǿġ˲²⣬ׯεȻҲhysical review letters֮һׯεȻֳͨѶһsciڿ϶ܹġһsciڿͨоԱҪһƪһsciڿǧѣͨѶߵׯεȻѧУֻҪʵûʲô⣬Ϳɹġ
ׯεȻ֣ʹŽơ
˭ܲׯεȻѧһأ˸ҪׯεȻӡҪ֪ׯεȻĲ٣ѧϻѧϡ
˵ѧģҲҪׯεȻġЩڿܻҪƼ˵ׯεȻﵱѧҪӡ
ѧҲһȦҲҪѧһӵġׯεȻӣֵøҲΪˣׯεȻļʵң»γһֺЧӦоԱƴҪʵҡ
˵ǮǮģѾνˣҪҪλеλǵһҲáңĶУͲм˵оɹҲһͨѶߣһߵֻĵˡ
ҪɣʱׯεȻ㲻ǻҪȥ𣿡
ʵҾʵҳоʯīϩ֮⣬ܹоһЩĶ˵˹ܣϢȵȣЩڽ϶صĿƼзҵ˼ǣҪһʯīϩϡׯεȻ˵ȻоʯīϩҲĿ
ôͶʣʱͦȤģȻǳʯīϩʵң˵ףҪˮûͶʶǮҲųץˡ
ʱ磬˵ʵ
ʱЦ˵ʲôʱ򿴼ʱ㼱ˣ˵ɣʲôϵ˵ʵһ
Ǹճʯīϩʵң϶Ͷʲ̫ࡣûжٷǳɫоԱ
ʱͷׯεȻ˵ȫԣȷʵûʲôоԱΨһԳƵϲʵæչʵɭ
ʱôһʵң϶Ƕѧ绹Щ˽ġׯεȻ˵Ҿô˵ɣȷʵhysical review letters֮һͶhysical review lettersnaturescienceֻҪͨѶдҵ֣ѧ涼ǿɹġ
ʱһǳһƪsciڿһоԱ˵ζʲôǿԲںʾжߣһںһƪǷܹںڿϡׯεȻ˵ҵֳͨѶһ˵ǱԼͶκκڿʮĳɹʡ
ʱͷ֮ǰҪʵҵʱ򣬾˽ѧȦЩơټϳʱ˵Щ飬ȥ̹ܶΡ
ǳûׯεȻʵҿ˵ӡ
ֻҪׯεȻĹʵңʵҾͲģ
Ҵ㼼ʽͶ룬ռ51Ĺɷݣ˼ռ49ׯεȻ˵Ҫѧϵ飬Ҳ̫ϲ˱ҸĻȨ˶ѧǳţԼó֮ڣҲ̫ϲȨǣơңֶΪרҵʿ˵ȽϺãʱ磬أ
ʱ˵Ҳûʲô׵ģܹöǮ
ʱͶ˶٣
߰ٶɣʱͶôࡣʱ̯˵սûһء
һǧͶһǧĻҿȥҡ
ʱ㶵ĿׯεȻôң
ǧ⣬ҵʽ⡣ׯεȻ΢΢ֻ̣һǧͶʵҡ
ֵ˵ʲôأҲ֪ʲôʱģ˲ȥϣһ˵ĻЦ˵ʲô˵ôá
󲮡ׯεȻźˣúóһƿƣʲô鰡
Ҹںʹø˵ʵҵ顣պã߽ʵңʲôʵң
ˣʱ˵ʲôҪչҵⲻǸ齨һʯīϩʵ𣿡ֺǺǵģϢͦͨ鶼֪ˡ
󲮣ҲҪʵҡ
һ£ҲҪɣ
ׯεȻͷʯīϩ棬ҲЩо
𣿡˾ʵҳɲɶǸ⣬Ǵ󲮲ɣֻʵҰɣܲл̫ͶʵǮҲֻ࣬ˮѡ
ʱʱ˵֣ʵ˵رҪܵɡ
ⲻǺ𣿡˵˺ʱһۣǸʵң׿Ǯһأܵܰ
󲮣Ҹղźø̸ˣϻһǧȫͶʵҡׯεȻЦ˵ռ51Ĺɷݡ
Ǵ󲮲ɣúú롣һǧôģͻȻʶׯεȻʮ꣬ôǮ
ׯεȻЦ˵𣬿ѧоҵĽ𣬻˹ٴѧ;ǴѧҵĽ𡣡
ӱǮˡԱ˵ʵңôҪͶʣ
ֻǾȤңΪʵʵܶණʯīϩһ顣
֣Ҿô˵ɡʱ̯֣ܵļʵң϶ܶǵʵңèСèֻ
Ա˵ȷʵ֪ҵʿʵңҪͨʵˡڷ棬ҵ֪ʿʡȥܶ鷳
ǰǻɣҪиרҵʿͨѶߣҲڸĸһʱ䡣
硣˵Ҫ飬㿴Űɣֵ֧ġ
ˡҡͷ˵ҾѪ޹飬Ǽһûʲô顣ҪЩǮǽҪǴˮƯ
ǲҪׯεȻҡͷǮû˿׬ѧоĽȥȡ
ҪȤҾһȤ顣ĿǰʯīϩѾúüˣʱʯīϩгȷʵҲʱ򡣲ңҪһܲƹרݣһרׯεȻʼ磬ǳѣҲһܹɹսԡ
ҶӣҡԱ˵ҡͷаɣʱþС
Ǯ˱Ҵ󲮿ޱŶ
ġׯεȻЦݣҲûʧܡ
ԷɡĸûвЩۣҲⷽ顣ĸЦеĴͷβû˵
극ͳׯεȻؼҡ
һ߿һ˵ÿ𣿡
ԡׯεȻͷҲΪǮʯīϩļѾ죬ӦûкܶණΪʯīϩô˵ǲܿǮġ
ңʵҲҪʯīϩϣ˹ܡ²ϺԴԼϢҲʵһЩͻơׯεȻҰȥͲС
ǿɾһ͵ʵңоСԱ˵ҪҪǴѧʱտʵҵʱ򣬾ͺǴѧй
ȻҪ͸УǺǴѧú͸ĸУСׯεȻ룬óһЩɹС
ܹóɹȻò顣ЦЦôҪͶʵˣ
ͶʡׯεȻؿ֣Ͷ֮ҾûǮˡ
СӡЦ˵ûǮˣ㡣
ص⣬ׯεȻӵʱĵ绰ȥʵҿȻھҪҪͶʡׯεȻʽ֮⣬ԼɣҪͶô࣬Ͷʲ߰Уϼɣռ51ⲻ
ׯεȻӦɳϿӣ͸һԺѧпܵصĿ
ȻصϢڶ죬硣Ǻ뿪ңûлؼҡҹ࣬ҹ
ڲϣЦ˵쵹ͦġ
裬ôôˡ
λ¡Ц˵ʲôʱȥ⣿
ѮɣׯεȻ룬ʱһȥʵҿȻʼæʵǱߵ飬˳ĻѮȥŷޣȻʥڻ
ҲɡŹֱ֭ߣ־·ҪȥǾУݽҪҪȥһ£
ׯεȻͷҲЩְôҿȥ
ִȥС
ðׯεȻ˵ְǾĴҪֵôġ
ͰɣղʱҲ绰˵Ǵ㡣ϣҪԵʲô˵ʱ
ׯεȻ룬Ȼҡͷ裬ʵʲôҲ̫졣
Ϳ˰
˵һƣĺ߽ţųׯεȻ˵裬ܣأ
ˡ۲ۣ
ͦ۵ģȥϢһ¥ݣڷͿʼ˯
϶æһϡ˵أׯεȻֻʼ𣬿һۣʱˣ裬ȳȥˡ˵һ󱭹֭꣬ţЬ֮󣬰µݡ
⣬ʱڳ֡
ʱ硣
߰ɣȴ㿴ʵңȻҲ١˵ţʱϳׯεȻҲϳһ·ϿǴѧʱܵʵǽǴѧԱߵģУȽϽԽõġʱҪǴѧҲ㡣Ҳ֪⹫УʵȷʵҪһ㡣
воԱҲǴѧĽʦ֮ġʱڽţׯεȻ˵ʱ磬ͻȻ뵽һ顣
ʱų뵽ʲôˣ
˹ٴѧ˹ٸߵоԺ֮Ȼûдϵ޿ɷϣ˹ٸߵоԺܹΪѧʥغ˹ٴѧǷֲġ˹ٸߵоԺĺܶоԱ˹ٴѧνѧܶߵоԺĽڱ˹ٴѧĽڡ
ҵ˼ʵҪչ˹ٸߵоԺһǳõӡ
ô˵ȷʵеġʱͬׯεȻĻʵڸտʼ𲽣˵չǡ
ʵоԱǴѧ㲻õģ˵˹ٸߵоԺֱΪѧʥصĵط
Ҳ֪ʯīϩڹ⣬Ѿܶ˶ڸǽҵѾǺˣ뵽оԱҲرáʱڸׯεȻܵʱͣһ£Ҳ֪ܲܿϡ
⣬ʵܹҪչġûˣҲԸڵ˵ġׯεȻЦ˵飬һܹ׵ġʵʯīϩѾǳ죬ɹתΪòʲô¡оʱҪһЩģͶܺͲЩ̫ƥ䡣
ҼҪ51%ĹɷҲΪԭʵһ뱻ֲͣϲµĸоرʹࡣׯεȻ̾Ϣš
ͷĽڣܶ඼ԼʵңԼҵ֮ġʱҲꡣ
ҶɵӣЩĽѧվ˽ŲȻǿԼ֪ʶֵġ
ׯεȻЦһû˵

˵ʵҺҪϻͶʣʵѾ˽
ļٵģʱʯīϩʵ飿ˣ˼Ϳʼˡ˼ҵרҪԼרʵ̫ˣⲻǮ˼Ǯˣһˣ²Ǳ˸ƭˡ


83 
֪˵ǺܵݡоԱһɷ˵ţյ˵˼ŲǮôҪǼҵͬͶʣ
㲻֪ɣ˵˼Ͷʼ򲻹ҪˮѣֱӾͲɢˡһоԱҡͷ˵ǿЩйֵȥ¼ˡ
˭˵ءҪȥһЩʵȥˣ˼ȻǴҵûһֱĶǴͳҵҪԴ߷չʲô˹ܺʯīϩǸˮͷȫڴͳҵ棬ңӪҵҲ֪ܾͿء
ǿ˵׼
֪Ǻؼĸ𣿡
˭֪أ˵˼ŵ̫үҪιۡ˵оԱ˿Աݵɭ˵ɭǺؼҵݣӦ֪ɣ
ɭ̧ͷһ±ƣʵôʱ䣬ȥ֪Ϣ
̫ˡԱߵоԱ̲ס²ۣԼݶôݣȻʱҡ
˭˵ءԱߵоԱʼɭôҲǺؼҵݣ̣治̫ү鷳
ɰɡɭνҾæģʱϰ߾ͺˡ
ǻ°ɭڳˣԴ˵ڲ¶ʱˣǿɾͲùˡ
˵˭ʱأʱʵҵʱ򣬴ҼæԿʼ顣ׯεȻںʱʵҵĻ˹ٴѧȣȷʵ˵㡣
ܺ˹ٴѧȲ֣㿴ɣôʱ̯˵еô˵ţ̫ƾɣкܶ豸Ǵѧǹõġ
ׯεȻףͦõģʱ磬˵˵ɵɡ
ʵйһ߳š
˭ȥҲ̫˰ɣ
ôоǱ̫үģĸ˾̫үɣ
ǲ֪ɭ£ׯεȻǡ
ʲôоԱ˺üȣ̫үׯεȻͶˣ
ǰɣļٵģׯεȻͶСʵң
ϢĸоǿׯεȻhysical review lettersϷ˶ƪĵ񰡡
ǲҲԳhysical review letters
أ˼һһҪͶʡ˼ŵʵңҲñռȸģƾһСɶǹʲôܰɡоԱ̾ϢһֻǹĻʵҲĳˡλʳ¯ķƶĽɭѧҪǸеĻҪһСʱоȫðɡ
һλʯīϩҲоġ
пܡоԱͷλѧѧ϶в׵ı֣ʯīϩоҲϡ档û뵽̫үֱܹӰׯεȻ
൱ڸʵұˣһиͲ顣𿴺ؼҺǴѧУմ״ʵģǻûԸ˼ŵʯīϩʵұ顣
̫үһ־ǻһƶĽ⡭Ҳ̫˰ɡ
˵̫үôʶλģ
ҸղŶûϸλĳ࣬ڵϿλһģ𣿡
Ȼܳʲôӣ
ʵҶ˵šɭҡҡͷҪ֪ׯεȻ̫үõܣ֪ʲôıء
ֻɭҲûд˵飬Ǽȥɡ
æͷۻģЩʵͷ۵Сüģͣ̾ϢţôЩݾôء
ҲЩоԱҪ£ʵ̫ѣҪƿ˵רԼר˵һɵĹ
̫ѣⶼսֱ
֮ǰ˺ܶ๤ϧûκáɵۣҲ֪һô졣ɭݴģ֪һҪô졣
˵ɭиоԱǲʿҲɭʦ֣λбǲ⹫ĹͰ
ˡɭͷ飬Ǿ⹫𣿡
ҲǣүӲ顣˵кͳүҲ̫Ϥҳ̾˵ĻͶͶʵĻǷĵʱܲͨѶϣϴе֣
ûͦģλһֱĶԵоɣʵʵоûмǴĻмûнʵҵġ۷棬ѧͳһϵhysical review lettersλͶʣҲˡ˹ٴѧĸأⲻ·ݾҪȥ˹ٴѧʱʵ档
Ҳǡ
㿴ңҿ㣬йˡ
иʱ⵵飬˵ʯīϩѾôõʱ䣬ҲһʯīϩػûȫǹⶼѾоòˣϲʲôѹأڹڣΪݣڻûͻơò˶õʱҲͻƵģ£ʵҺûҲûʲô⡣
ֻܴèСèֻԭΪʵȷʵ˽ҶĿǰʯīϩƣ˼Ҫչʯīϩһ£Ҫͻרҵһ¡֮û˿˼Ŀʵҡ
˼ĸ߲Ҳþ̫үҪ㲻һģͷҲǰռǧǮ˼˵治ʲô顣
Ҽǵô˿ѧĵǸʱ̫үʶİɡоԱ˴죬仰˵˳
Ӧǰɣ̫ܽүôʶλġ
ôǻɡоԱ̾Ϣһǹ˶ãֵ¼ˡ
ʵҶһɱ۵գɥڰ칫ңׯεȻ˵ʱ磬ͬⶨ𣿡
ǣҪͶʰʱ㵵˵˵ʵҶĿ
֪ׯεȻףпhysical review lettersnatureԼscienceʯīϩͱѾãڹ⼸ûѹأϾҪʯīϩоˡǻлᡣ
л᣿ʱ⣬ʲôᡣ
ʯīϩⷽ棬ǻкܶᡣׯεȻЦ˵ڶʯīϩ˽Ҳֻ֪Ӧںܶʵϣʯīϩкܶ๦ûбڲʯīϩóڰˣżоȥܿʯīϩӦùܡ
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ÿˡׯεȻҡͷѾˣôɣǩͬ
ǡһؼⶨúֱ֮ͬǩ
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죬ʱЦеΣȻҪׯεȻʵңҲҪׯεȻˡʵңпܾһӡǳׯεȻȻҪӣеѡׯεȻô֣Ҳȷʵٶ˵ʲô
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áǴѧںϽҲںϽ֮ڡǺﵱֳʱЦ˵ҪԷ
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뿪칫ң߳칫¥Ÿ񻪴绰
ׯεȻѡһ͹ݣһˣʲôǳԡ
͹ݣ˵ӴʱôǴѧߣ


84 
塣ʱȿ˵Һһʵҡ
ʲôʵң֮󣬿ˣصġ
ˣǼҲһʯīϩʵȤҪͶʵңⲻǴһ𣿡ʱϿ顣
ҪͶʵҰͦõİ񻪲̫ʱ˼Ǹģ϶ͦеģҪļ룬¿ʵҿ϶а
ǲ룬ЩðաʱüģʵҸտʼУҲûгκεĳɹȷʵʯīϩɡӦ֮ǰҲǿıȽ϶࣬ûʵ顣ҾʵҸˣˡ
İɡׯεȻοźʱģʱ磬ҺôҲ֪ڡʵҪǸˣҵѧҲҪܵӰġҲʵҸҵģţԲʵҵġ
Ӵ˵Ҫȥɣ𣿡Ҳ뵽Ƚʵʵ⣬ʱΪ˼ŵļ̳ˣÿһССʵҡׯεȻ֮ĵʵҲҲϵˡ
Ҫڿûôʱʵҡ񻪵һˮһڣһɤӣҲ֪ǵʲô鲻ǣ
ûϵġׯεȻҡͷһִŵ˵һǿģңһȥһЩȽʵҡ
˳㣬ȥӢ׵ʱ򣬿ȥ˹شѧֽһ¿˹̹ڡ
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ŵѧڵ˫ʯīϩϵзֱӻЧӦµӻЧӦׯεȻ˵ȥݷһЩʯīϩ顣
ʯīϩͿʼˡǱͽбȽʱЩġ
ûϵġׯεȻЦ⣬ҽѧǸѧѧһЩȤĶžʯīϩܹоһЩ˻ûֵܹġ
ˡЦ˵ֹͦ۵ģͦᰲο˵ġѧҪֹ۵źá
С˵ڣ㷹𣿡
ѽˡʱȻţ壬㿴ҪԵʲô
˱߳Ա죬극֮󣬺ʱׯεȻͻؼҡ
պú𴲣ڲϳԷˣ
׼ȥ룬ׯεȻҡͷ˵ҸղѾԹˣڳˡ
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ûʲôܵܲȥʱǱߵʵҿ׼Ͷʡ
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ׯεȻĵͷҾûʯīϩѾмʱˣʱ򡣶ҴǣоĶֻʯīϩϢ˹֮ڵĶҪо
ĵӿɾˡĵ˵ǣѧʵ̫ˣ𣿡
Ҿûʲô⡣ׯεȻҡͷѧϣѧļûʲôġϢĿǰͣϣһԼоԴ²֮ģԽרҵʿȥ
ҪǮɡǺܵǣǼҲûôǮֺǵ㹤ʣ϶ǲġ
ЩȵԺȰʯīϩо֮󣬾ܹͶ뵽ЩҵСׯεȻõͦõģȰʯīϩȻͻһʽЩʽͶ뵽ĿͿоС
ʵÿ˹ٸߵоԺʵΪһоҪҿκλѧоҲҪκεҪܹյѣܹȥׯεȻ뵽õĹ룬̲סЦ˳ȻҲѣĿǰ̫ܡǲ̫ܵġ
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߰ɣټϼɣռ51ʱռ49ҪһԵλãΪѧ⣬ҪѧԼҺܿ죬ЩĿڽУͱͣǲܵġׯεȻ֮󣬡ſѧоԼĽûãǱ˹ٴѧҲҪһʽȻ̫࣬㹻ʽ֮˹ٴѧȥңҲǻн𣿡
˵ϾҪΪ˹ٴѧĽڣнҪȥټǷƶĽнƫһЩ˹ٸߵоԺнȥһҲмʮӡׯεȻ˷ܵ˵ͶЩǮü׬İʵҾӪá
Цãɱһ׬Ǯˡ
ҵרοź飬ҲǲеĶ԰ɡ
ȷʵСׯεȻæҡͷʲôЦȥ飬ġ
Ⱳӿ϶Ҳϲˡ극ɳϣԺԵ𣿡
Ҳ˼Ц˵ô㰡
ҲҪһ㡣
ˣϾҪλ˰ɣ
ˣϾҪˡ
Сһ㡣
ׯεȻںߣ̾𣿡
ԡͷƻҪæ١
ׯεȻźļ򣬡磬ҿ㡣
ʹһׯεȻԴʥڹҪؼҰ
İɸ磬ҿ϶ؼҵġǲ֪ûпա
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ׯεȻ̯֣裬ȥˡ
㰡οĿѵܹĳĲ١
¥򳡣ΪȵĹϵֵ֮⣬û򳡡ׯεȻűȪˮ򳡱ߣš
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ǵǲáׯεȻΪʲôģڼﴵյ֮ġ
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ٹ죬ǩ˺ͬÿ춼ҪȥʵҡׯεȻֳԴҪġ
ʯīϩʲôһ˵ʣҲʲôϺԴİߣҲⷽĴҵߣû˵ʵ̫
һµĲϣ;ǳ㷺ѾʼҵˣҪһЩĿǰгϸҵʯīϩϡ˵һģʯīϩءׯεȻü΢΢ճЦ⣬ĳɹˣôһʽͶ뵽оС
ô˵ʯīϩͦ׬Ǯġһһ˵ʱʵʲôʱġ
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ǰҪǮĻׯεȻӦ
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ӦòġׯεȻҡͷô꣬ô˶ȥ˵ǱߣҲû˵ʲô顣οҲһԵѧҶѣܻʲôġ
ׯεȻ⣬־ò̫ܡϾĿѧҲ٣кܶ࣬Ϊһˣ浱ǰ˹̹Ȼ˵ҪԽ˹̹ʵϣ˭ܹԽ޽˹̹ġΪԼܹͰ˹̹ţټ粢硣Լܻܲع飬ֹ̬ȡ
ǺܵģΪԼĵܵʵ̫ʱô죿ôĵܵܣһͲܻؼң
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ʯīϩͿʼˣڹѾǳձ飬Ҳǳձ顣ȻмûҪʯīϩǷǳ򵥵ģʯīϩ֮ģļѾܳ졣òСʵҡׯεȻοź磬İɣҿ϶ʥܹȫĻؼҡ
һ˵ȻׯεȻѾ˵ôͲ˵ˡ
˴ϸóԷʱ򣬳극֮ׯεȻԼ飬Ϣ

ʱúܿ죬ׯεȻڼһµʱ䣬˳㻹ǾУѧʱһȥ׵ݽ˵ʵǾ⼸µجΡ
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ׯεȻǰŷ޵ķɻ֮˲뿪ʵмҲͦõģҶںׯεȻڷɻϱ۾һ裬һ߿鱾˺üҳ֮ׯεȻ鱾̾Ϣһ
˵ڼµʱ䣬ͻȻе㲻ϰߡŷ֮ø˷Ϣȥƽȥ˹ٴѧҪһƸʽ˹ٴѧĸΪڣȷɻ֮ͦ߳˾ֵڵһѧ
ŷ޵ĵһվǵ־Ĳǵ־ѧоڵءׯεȻʱѧоһѧΪԵ⡣
ΪׯεȻ̫־ӢȻǲǵ־ûѧʵ̫׵ѧׯεȻ߹ȥ˵ãׯεȻ
ׯڡѧĵЦţǲѧѧá
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ȥƵɣѾźˡһĻӭᣬϣܹμӡ
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ׯεȻЦ˵ӦҪġ˵ʱͣһ£ûʲô飬Ӧûġ
仰ҲׯεȻʵûʲô飬ȷʵǻڲѧѧġȻѾ˲ѧоڵأ϶Ҫмѧġ
飬ҲҪмѧУ϶ܲġ
ׯ롣λѧǳ飬ׯεȻ복ϣһͽׯεȻƵꡣ
ס֮󣬻ѧܣׯڣѧоԶǰ߾ǲѧҪſһ²ľɫľ֮ģϵҡ˵ƬݸׯεȻҵƬҵĵ绰
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ׯεȻ˷Ϣ˵־ڲѧԵľƵסţǲҪġ
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ǱеȣǵñðˡǳׯεȻġ
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ׯεȻϢ֮󣬽ֻ㶵ƵǸѧڴſȵ
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ɣҪšׯεȻָָԱߵĿȥǱ°ɡ
˻صߣ󣬷ԱŲ˵ǰ
ҵһȰɣҵĵﲻǺܺáׯεȻ˵֮󣬿档ĽͷͦģġڻǱ߹죬졣ׯεȻɣʵϲ죬˲̫ϲ졣
Ϊûôĵ⣬˵ůʵϣׯεȻϲ顢ҵһЩЩƣܵ˵ͶԱȣ϶á
Ҫڼȥﶼܲ㡣
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ѧѧİɣׯεȻЦ˵Ż˼æͷׯô֪ģ
ׯεȻЦҲ̫ÿˣܶΣһ֪ѧϰѧġ
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֮ǰһûϴѧкܶණҲûиҽ⡣ׯεȻЦЦǸʱҶһ˿飬кܶණ̫
͵͵ȥǴѧѧΣ˺ܾãԼоŸ׵ġׯεȻ̯˵Ǻܶϵ⣬Ƿ˺ܶ鼮ġʲô㲻ĻҸ˽飬ȥ鼮ܹ鼮ǸʱҪ֪ܶ࣬Ǹʱܿ鼮жٵ𣿡
ׯεȻͣһ£Ǹʱ򣬻û鼮ԿģǴѧȻѣǺܶ϶Ҳ鲻ģΪҲǴѧѧ
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ȫѧ˶ׯεȻСڸԺģΪˣ츳˾ġжѧҶǴСĿȾųΪѧҵġׯεȻأȥͼԼѧϰŪƶǶģҲʦֻܱӲļЩȥܵ󣬸ܳ˹ٴѧڣƶĽ
˵ʮһѧҷׯεȻĪ
ׯڣ֮ǰľ˵ѧε˵ʵ̫棬Ҵ𺳡
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ҾǸӵˮƽׯεȻѧ˵һȥ˻Ƽѧ֮󣬲ſʼϵͳԵѧϰ˺ôĹ򣬲Ÿϱ˵Ľġ
ȻֱӰѱ˳ԽΪƼѧ࣬ҫ۵ǿǰɡ
ѧĬĬţҲû˵ׯεȻʵ̫ͨһôݡһСؤСʲôѧͻȻһ֪һֶѧȥ͵ѧЩӵܶûŪĶҲƶǶȻϲУ츳ö֮ѧϾͳΪһʦͨѧ񡣼֮󣬱ųϿأһͨΪãֱһɳ죬Ϊ֮һ
ׯڡѧСؿׯεȻҲ֮ǰǵʱ͵͵ȥǴѧε𣿡
ǰׯεȻҲܻ飬ʵܶʱ򣬶ģȥĴࡣ϶ܹһЩɡ
Ҳ֪ǴѧܶѧȽϸߴˣҵʱʮһͣͲܻȥ϶ȫעĽ㣬ȻЩڸϳšׯεȻ̯֣һ㶼ǿû˵ʱΡǴѧѧϵĽѧ¥һ㶼ûʲôȥǴѧѧϵĿγ̵̽ñȽ롣
ϵѧȥΣܶʱȥι϶ûˣܹһһڿΣҲ֪ѧѧܶࡣʦŻͲ˵Ҳú
˻ѧһׯڣ㵱ʱ𣿡
˰ɣֻ˵ƶǶܶʱ򣬶ҪԼУԼУȫˣܹʲôջɡׯεȻҡͷ
ˡѧ΢΢ףׯ˼ǣʵǲȥʽڣһЩ⣬Լо
ûׯεȻ츳ѾڲѧöĽˣׯεȻͣ϶Ѿ˹ٴѧط˺öĽڣڲѧͶо
һʱ䣬ׯεȻĿȶ˺üΡ
ѧվׯεȻ˵ׯڣʱˣɶԾҪʼҪȥ𣿡
ȥɡׯεȻףھƵҲûʲô˼ȥɶԻܺѧڽһѧ⡣
ɶʲôطеģ
ھƵ꣬Ҵȥѧǰ·ׯεȻں棬һɶڵáŵ֣Լ̸۵ȺѾ١
ׯεȻеʱ򣬴Ҷ͢˹ΪѧоǰׯεȻ˵ׯӭ
лл㣬͢˹ׯεȻף¶ЦɶѾʼ𣿡
ûɶѾʼˡ͢˹չֱ˵ׯɶΣ
ǳã͢˹ҵʼѾˡҾãڷϣƺЩ磬ڿ̸һ£һ顣
͢˹Ǵ㵣عеıӷ¡Ȼʮͻ÷ƶĽׯεȻĵһ治ܣǺ̸۹ѧ⡣
˿ʼɶΪɶҪׯεȻȻɶԵĽ㡣ͷ͢˹̸ʱѾв˾ۼ
ǵ̸ۣż¶һ˿΢ЦǲͬҡͷҶиֵ⣬ĽҲ̲ס˵һԼļ⡣
ϵֻ춯ţׯεȻͷ͢˹ߣۼԽԽ࣬ʼҵȥҪһ͵ıۻһ㡣
ׯεȻεЦ˵ԭΪֻǺͷ͢˹̸һЩѧϸѡ
͢˹ҲΣӦ÷ڽ̽֡
ׯ͢˹˵֮ǰûи㣬λҪˡʱĻЩȥһλλпܡ
͢˹ûм˵ȥ˵λׯεȻҲ֪ġ
ûġׯεȻһҲ׼뿪֮ǰϣܹϡ


85 
ׯεȻУѿϧ˼ȷʵϢʱЩŵġλȻҪˡ
뿪ĻЩѧֻʧȥһλ貵ǡԭʮʣµѧǾѾˣ͢˹Ҳ΢΢̾Ϣš
Ȼ˶λǸоϧġңλѾĴ󲿷٣ѧдݵĲǲбѡһۣ˶ӶԷпźλʦı㹻һӵʱ䣬㹻ܶǰͺоꡣϧûܹź顣
ܷ͢˹ǳׯεȻ־ϣܹڵ־һʱ䡣
ΪһλѧҶѣԼѾվѧ۷֮ϡ²۷壬ȫԸЩѧ߷ǡ
̸ܹѧ⣬ΪԺѧѧңǷëǵġЩˣڵׯεȻΪվһˮƽϣ׼ˮƽϣܹѧˡ
޲ׯεȻڲִ̣ѧоڣͿԾ۹ѧϵ⡣ׯεȻĺܶ˼룬ǰδйġ
ׯεȻ뷨Ȼǲͬڱ˵ġ
ڿ佱͢˹ʱ˵ģǺܶҳ͢˹Ҳбڿҳ֮󣬽ƪĸȫд
ȻׯεȻҲµġ
ֻҪһҳ֪ԷҪô㣬öֲͬ㷨˼ĸĴ𰸸
˲֪ׯεȻ͢˹ׯεȻһˣǶվѧ۷֮ϣȺ۵ˡ
ֻǣׯεȻСԺܹ˸һ
ҷǳҪڲѧִ̡͢˹ЦƵ˵ҾͿԺ㾭ѧϵ⡣
ׯҸΪ㻹Ӧȥλʦ͢˹һװô˵ǶλʦͽĽŲǰߡ
ȻׯεȻ˼ȷʵ˵λʦͽλʦִѧһƬް˶ʣ϶Ҫȥλʦġ
ϧҵķﲢáׯεȻεЦһ£ԵĻλʦཻһЩ
͢˹ֻ΢Цû˵ƱׯεȻʾ⡣ׯεȻȻ֪͢˹ʲô˼žƱؾǹ֭˶֪Ⱦơ
¹֭ɶԻڼׯεȻһԺͱѧϵ⣬ʱ˽ѧ˷ǳࡣЩæ˼һ£һʼش˵⡣
ҶõĴӦĺͱ˿ʼ졣
һһׯεȻŹ֭ͻȻ֣װֳֻȹֵ֭ͦġ
ɶԽеׯεȻصƵʱѾ賿ʱ򣬻Ǳ߶Ѿ糿óֻȻĸ绰ʮһʱ򣬺绰Ǹʱ򣬻糿춼Ҫʱ绰Ѳɺҹࣿ
Ҳ֪ڵ˯ûУׯεȻĥҪҪȥ
Ǻĵ绰ִ˹½ׯεȻ򿪵ԣ磿ĵѯʣôˣ
ܣû˯ȥôһ˿ƣ
մɶԻ׼һȻ˯
ǱǼˣ
賿ׯεȻ˿ʱ䣬磬ôˣ۵ˣ
æڣⲻǵ̾𣿸յӣæأæи绰ʲô顣
ܳʲô¡ׯεȻο磬ڵ־ߴ죬ϾҪȥǱߡõһϢʮΰѧʦ֮һҪˡҵȥһ棬ȻѧʲôλʦհһҲǺõġ
üģԱߵͬ»Żŵ
磬ע尡ʵڰס˯һǿҿɲؼҼʱҽԺŵġ
İɡ̾Ϣ˵ĸܵôģ
רׯεȻ˵磬Ϣˣôȥ϶⡣
˵ںŮѴ绰
ҵܣ׵ġڵ绰ͷͺһ߻е飬˰
磬ǵúúϢׯεȻĻû˵͹ҵ˵绰ֻǱߴһæׯεȻ̾ϢһҲ̫æ˰ɡ
ҡҡͷʼ׺ϡ֮ڲѧһڷĽƪݣׯεȻһЩݡȻǹڰϵݣҪⷽһЩͻơҲ֪ܲУԿɣ֮ǰûôϵ⡣
ӦûüİɣҪҪ⿪ǧüֵƵĽʵҡ
ʵҸո𲽣ûˣׯεȻȵʮһ·ݵʱſʼˣʵҵЩӣȺоԱоͷǱȽõģȥµķ֡ׯεȻôΪģоֹɣоƿǲҪ죬ܻΪܹġ
Ȼͽٵ⡣
ʯīϩԿĹʵ̫࣬ΪһֶϣׯεȻȫоʯīϩЩطϽãôżĽʯīϩо
ڵʽѾ㹻ʵһӡڽ⿪ǧ֮󣬸ǲóʽ
ׯεȻ׺֮ʰһ£ڴ˯ڶ𴲣λѧ绰ѯǷҪŹһ䣬ľ֮ġ
ûдӦʱ;ھƵסϰɡڻϢʱڻѾϢµʱ䣬ŷûдϢȥҲʱһЩˣϣؿռĿѾò࣬Ͷhysical review letters
ǣˮʮƪģͳͳȫnaturenatureĻͨҲ˵ϾҪnatureϷյкö˶ĵͬˣʱ䣬ʼûͦܶ˶ѯϵһЩ⣬Լ֮ġ
кüׯεȻϤģ˵ѷרŸһʼ٩˵ׯεȻѧȷˮģܸߣû⣬߼ǳˮƽ϶ֹڴˣҪˮһġ
Ȼǽܷѷڵĵ٩ģˮġȻѾˮˣﲻñ˵⡣
ߵߵߵű죬ׯεȻϴ֮󣬾ȵվűߣš͢˹վ⣬ׯ
͢˹
ҿԽ𣿡
룡ׯεȻһƣ͢˹߽价ܣ˵ƺ̫Ըڲһ䣿
룬ׯεȻλѧ
֣ҸԸھƵһЩо
ϣؿռ𣿡
ҪڰһЩׯεȻˮ͢˹ݿȣҪ𣿡
һ㡣͢˹£ׯôͻȻ԰ȤˣҪһЩϵĶ𣿡
ׯεȻصЦţȷڷ͢˹ߡ
͢˹ׯεȻ£˵Ӧ÷ǳϣ23ʰɡ


86 
ϣ23ʡׯεȻôһ˵͢˹Щ㵣ׯҪ
ׯεȻſȣƵغţڸտʼоȻ˵ΪԺǻ˵ġ
˵ϣ23Уڰ⣿͢˹Ȥ
ϵĿ޿˶ƹ㵽Ĵ򡣡˶˵ţ͢˹ǰһҪ⣿
ҿⲢκѧɡ͢˹ţڴ֮ô꣬һǾޱȸӡʱգҸ벻ʲôõķܹ⿪ȻΪҸûнⷽԵʡ
Լо͢˹š
ׯεȻףţ͢˹Ҫ⣬ܹġ
ǿ͢˹ڵԸԸѣԶ׼͢˹ڲ̫Ը⡣ôֻׯεȻһ˽⿪
˵͢˹ƺʲôҼǵ֮ǰȥӢ׵ʱǱѾֿʼ⣬öʱ䡣
ׯεȻ΢΢üûarxivϲĵص׺ϡ
ȷһ⡣͢˹ҲŬĻţҼǵѾܶʱˣ˵ǻҪɹҲѾʧˡ
arxivҲûмصףׯȻĿԴ
ллΣ͢˹ׯεȻĵ˵һʧġ
ǧҪʧ͢˹Сͷȥ쳣ĸ߰ʧһѧǰ;ͳͳʧġ
ôһЩڴϵΣ
ȻԡׯεȻЦš

aһ׾-110aֵҦ1=(10-1)tͦ2=(101)taķֱֵ-11

3=(x1x2x3)tx1x2x3ΪʵǾaֵ0һ2Եõt13=0ͦt23=0ɴƳx1=x3=0Ǧ3=(0k0)tkΪʵ
1

qnxn(i)(ii)u=-1q֤u릫ɽa=Լһ󣬵õa=-1aq=qõqÿaЩһ޹أΪqһ

Ҳ֤ÿһͦɽľ󶼿Աʾ-1qʽңq(i)(ii)uһu=unxnaһͦƵľaԶԽǻǴһa=ʵҲǰѾȡΪan޹ص
2
Ѿʼ̸ڴ棬˶˽ģ̸˵˭ǿ˭˼϶ǲһģôͻһЩ磬Щֻ˵˼һĻ𻨡
ҲΪʲôׯεȻϲڹĴѧѧߵԭڹʵܹ˼·ЩϽڣܹ˼·ǷӦЩģȻڹһƱĶѧ߿Ժ
ׯεȻҲҪѧʲôֻҪܹ㹻ˡѧ֪ʶѾǳ࣬Ҫ˵ѧϰĻûжܹѧϰȥ
ҪԼаˣ͢˹߳ׯεȻķ䣬ׯεȻ
ʱֻׯεȻǸ˵͢˹һ¡
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ɣ㷢ɡׯεȻҵ绰ѾŷһͼƬׯεȻʵûסһЦ˳
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ŰϢȻһֲֻ㡣
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Ȼҷǳ⡣ׯεȻѧϵ⣬÷͢˹졣ҲԸׯεȻЩ⣬ֹǴмΡѧȵȣҪׯεȻһ¡
ܾûô͵׶ׯεȻʱһرõĻᡣΪǹѧҴᣬׯεȻֻ÷ƶĽ춼ǳֹģǽѧϵ̽Ѿǳ롣
ǰ극ׯεȻص䣬ͷ͢˹̽ѧ⡣ȷ͢˹뿪ʱѾӽ賿ׯεȻʱ򣬺ӦѾ˯ϴһ£ڴϾ˯ˡ
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ԡׯεȻѾϴˣʰ裬ôˣЩɻǰҲûиƵ쵹ǸƵ
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ͦõİׯεȻֻڷһȦǱ˰Ҷµķ䣬ͦ
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ðׯεȻЦ˵ְִῴҺͰְֵĽʲô
裬ȹ˰ᵽѧڸǷƵ
У㰡żˡڶׯεȻͱƵ
ׯεȻЦҡͷ߳䣬ԼݸֽλѧѾվڴǰׯεȻׯڡ
߰ɣҪȥѧ𣿡
ǡѧڵҪׯεȻһЩˡ
ׯεȻҡͷʲôãҵĶͲࡣ
Ӿ档ѧͷҾׯڣǰ֪Ҫʲô𣿡
Կռ䡣ׯεȻüЦѾоһʱ䣬Ѿarxiv
ѧͷƽʱûôġ
ûϵֲǲⷽĶֻûôоѡׯεȻοҲǽرѣӦܹġ
ѧͷţܹ𣿲һɣׯڵѧ¶ڴѧ˵һĴڡ֮ǰпׯڹѧҴϵѧƵʵϣʲôûǰһЩģ⣬Խ棬Խ顣
ֱ°ͺղ⿪ʱǲׯھ˵˸ɶ˼СʱƵǿ˸įƵġ
ҲкܶನѧͬѧҲûпȻׯѧǷǳ˵ġȥׯеѧ˰ɡ尾Сʱ˸į飬ҲظڶΡ
ҪǴǵĽ⣬ʵǸϽࡣҪҲܹаܶණ˵̫룬
ͱ˵ׯεȻλеĸ˲ʱܶ˶ѯʹ°ͺղ뵽ô⿪ģһܿ˽һ¡
Ҳûдн⣬ǴеĽҲ
εˣׯεȻ˵ҪԿռܼ򵥣һҲѣ𣿿϶ǲŵġ˵òѣĲѣͲһڴרĲѰɡ
ôׯεȻѧı飬˵ƭƵģ
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ȥһ£
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İɣرöׯεȻļϳ
ʱѧ룬Ȼرö֪رö֮бڵģĺö=Ϳѧĵģǳá³֮ׯεȻѧĴѧвѾѧڡѧԭҪߵģǱׯεȻץסֻ߲ں棬ׯεȻܣܶ඼ѧоĽڣ͢˹ڻûе
ѧ滹һʱ䣬͵׶ѧѧʱɽ˺Ŵ󲿷ֵѧ֪֪֮λеѧҲ˸įɴ಻ǻһЩѧΡڵڶŵһλۣׯεȻˡ
ҲʼׯεȻȻȻûм棬ȷʵ໥ʶġ
ƤءģׯεȻüͷĵ¹ѧţѧ߼ڡw3ڣηкܴͻ빱ףҲһѧӰ֮һ
ׯεȻס
λı뺷¼ׯεȻҲεģʱμӹĽioһı뺷ɼǱиȥϴѧģ˲ѧֻ֮ѧھѧʿ˶ʿѧ2012λڲѧ격ʿ24ĴƸβѧ߼Ľڡw3ڡ
ѾڲѧĽڣׯεȻ֮󡣵ׯεȻȷʵһЩоĿҲѲ١νڵʱԶڻׯεȻѧͶ±Ҫֲذըȫ綼ھȻ-׶˹Ժȱڡ
ǸʱƤءҲׯεȻģ϶о˹ѧҴ֮ǰǽƪĿꡣòׯεȻڷƫ΢ַ̣ڼ޷ϵĿֲѾڹ淶ϵĵ߸ѧ˵ѧšΪׯεȻֱѧ֮Ҫ֪ׯεȻƪĵʱʮ꣬ʮ겻ȥμioһΪ̬⣬ûõƣơ
ׯεȻĿֲڣûвμʲôioͺǺճһ㡣ȫڽֵƤءĵʱ򣬾ͺƾճһš֪ʲôţ
ׯεȻڹѧҴ°ͺղ֤ò̾ׯεȻȷʵ֮ӡֻͨĽѧ棬λǸģׯεȻѧǷҪĹѧҴϣɽ˺ȺʵͶбرۡ
־ŷѧУɣ𺳵Ǹ
ׯεȻѾѾһҲΪˣرҪׯεȻķʲôˮƽ
˽ׯεȻʦ嫺ǼݴѧУĸڣνڵʱְʱ򡣻ش𻪹ѧׯεȻڻһλǸƤءûܹסׯεȻȷʵӡ̫̣Ӷǻͬʦ嫺
˵ׯεȻǻѧҡϸѷ֣ʮʱֱӴӸеѧ࣬һʱѧʿѧλʱ乥ֱ
ʿҵľ-׶˹ԺȱڣּǶҲȥҼǴҲֻһЩ߽ϵ缶⡣
ׯεȻƤءĵľϤͬƤءҲעСһЩѧšҪ۵ѧţׯεȻϾǵһλģȻƤءġȻƤء˵ׯεȻҪ׷ϵĶ
ܲ׷ϾͲһˣѧϵ츳Ѿ˾̾ׯεȻѧϵ츳ֱ񼣡
ׯεȻ΢΢һЦƤءҲ΢Ц
ׯεȻߵƤءĵ£ǲǵһμ棿
ڹѧҴϿ㡣̹˵ǸʱΧ̫࣬СķƶĽѡˣȻǺܶ˶ġ
ڲ֮Ҳܹ÷ƶĽη棬飬ǷǳġҲһλѧţ̵Ķ
ǲ㡣Ц˵ѧȷʵЩͻƣǺǲ㡣
͢˹ܶΣѧϣǵ֮һһˡ˵ʱЦ⣬ȻڼׯεȻׯȸйص𣿡
ׯεȻЩ㵵ؿģȻڿЦڿһЩȸ׺ϣ֪ģȸѾķƶĽңΪѧͳһ۵ȸ컹кֵܶÿĶżеĻţΪѧͳһ۵ȸܹΪѧͳһۡ
׼һЩԵĶƴη棬ȸйأׯȤ𣿡ȻƤءׯεȻһƴηۡ
ܱǸׯεȻЦ˵ڿҪڰһЩ֪ġϣкܶණǿԼȥġȻȸǷǳѡ⣬пܵĻҲҪȸ졣
Ҫȸ죬һȸ죬öоѧһ˷ƶĽΪѧͳһ۵ȸ죬ѧϾҪҿɳоۣܹܶ÷ƶĽѧҶΪоȸصѧõĽ
淶ŵѧУôȸǴķƶĽ2002꿪ʼΪȸ÷ƶĽֱǰķԽѧҲΪȸ˷ƶĽ
ô˵оȸͻƺ͹ױȻܹΪƶĽѡ˵ģܻܲýǾĵÿˡѡ˶ׯεȻڣһܹý
ʲôȸ죿ѧһϵӰԶĹ룬ϵۡԼȺʾۡ1967꣬30ļôѧ޲ءڸѧҰҡΤһУһԶĲ롣ЩָԶչѧ֧ۡκȺʾۣʵصġЩڱΪȻ룬ݱȸ죬Ϊѧġͳһۡ3
ΪȸĴʼˣҲ޲ءȽڣׯεȻͬ¡˹ٸߵоԺѧѧԺڣΪѧĴͳһȻѧͳһǺܶ෽涼ֵøһֺ̽оֱȸ췢չΪѧͳһۡ
ׯεȻǲоȷʵһֱȸǳȤʵ̫ȱǮǮȫͶʵȻڻỨǮʯīϩһûгɹ֮ǰʵҾһǮֻһĴˣֻҪѿѧĽȫõ֡˹ٴѧ˹ٸߵоԺһʷĽȻò顣
ʱڣׯεȻΪȸ첻ܳΪϵĴͳһֻۣҪǧ⼸ʱ䣬ɹʵֻͶ벻ѹأܹɵоЩ⡣
򡣡ҲǼΪ⣬û뵽ׯεȻͻȻڴеİȤ
ĪǣĵǰһϵĿ޿˶ƹ㵽Ĵϣ
û⡣ׯεȻЦ˵ʵ㣬ĿҪ⿪bsd룬ص֮ϵ
ܽϵĿ޿˶ƹ㵽ĴϣôbsdѾɹһˡ
ֱüͷׯҲ̫ѾҪȥ⿪һ֤ԼʵˣΪʲô
ʵΪʲôȻҪ֪ׯεȻѾ⿪һǧ⣬ȥǧʲôѵרĵһЩѧ𣿱˵ȸƽ
ׯεȻʵѾĿõģҪȥ˭֤ׯεȻǺѧҡңbsdƺҲׯεȻƽʱо벻ͨΪʲôׯεȻȥ⡣
ȱǮΪȫѧĵ˹ٸͲׯεȻĽܳȱǮ޲ð㲻ׯεȻǶʮһΰѧ֮һ
˹ٴѧڶڽڣǽܳںĽһǷǳõġ
˶֪ׯεȻص˹ٴѧ֮ͻᱻΪڣһڣchair rofessorϯڡ
ڵϯڣchair rofessorshiλڣfull rofessorshi֮ϵһͷΣͷεѧ߶ڸرܳҳɾͷǷĽ4ǽְҵĵ֮һ
˹ٴѧׯεȻϯְλҵѾʲôص顣ܶ˶Ѿ֪¾ׯεȻ֪֮ǰׯεȻһֱڻϢЩϢ֪ҲпԭġΪׯεȻѧ·ϣкܶԳɳĶΪ˹ٴѧĽϯڣΣׯεȻǲȱǮġ
ôˣׯεȻΪʲôһҪǧһ˵ʵƤءҲǲԼûеһҪڼһáΪׯεȻӦóһȸһЩƫ΢ַ̺ѧԼ֮ڡЩׯεȻóģ۷档ׯεȻܹ۷ȸͻƵĻ㲻ȸһͻ걸
벻ͨׯεȻȻһǧ⣬ΪʲôҪִǧ⡣
ׯѵ˵˹ٴѧúܲ𣿡
ûаׯεȻ̫⣬Ϊʲô˵ֻ˵ʵ˹ٴѧͦõġ˹ٴѧĹʵ٣ںĸڶԱĹʻҪһЩ
㲻֪Ͼchair rofessorshi𣿡
ׯεȻɻؿģղ˵ʲôҪΪchair rofessorshi
full rofessorshi𣿡ׯεȻһֱΪڣǽϯʲôʮ꣬յʮchair rofessorshiܹɣ˹ٴѧôçײ
ҡͷ˹ٴѧǱߵϢȷchair rofessorshiͷΡ
㡭ӦòǮɣĶׯεȻ´ܾãŪׯεȻΡյ˵Ϊchair rofessorshi˹ٸߵоԺǱҲҪΪڣȷʵǲӦòǮġʵҲȷʵǮˡ
һ˵ڵ֣ͷǳΡ
ֻܴŹҲȱǮ͡ҪоһⲻͻȻ԰Ȥ𣿡
ׯεȻԽԽɻܾׯεȻںܲǮӡղŵĻеá
ȿȣ֮ʵûȱǮׯεȻһʱ䣬ˣҵȥѧˡ
˵ȥĵ׿㶼ñ˵ȥˣ򱨸ϯ̨ϯ̨֮ţһƵȥ
ӵƵĳЦе˵ˣ
ղŸ˵áһ졣ׯεȻЦ˵裬ҸղŴ֪һϢ
Ա˵˭
־ѧšǺǲѧw3ڶ԰ɡ
ǡ
õʲôϢ
ׯεȻһۣ濴ֻƵΪڻѧʱ䣬Ҳû⣬Ⱥ໥̸š
룬ֻ뿪ѧվС˵ĸ˵˹ٴѧǱҪƸΪchair rofessorshi
ʲôҲܾȣchair rofessorshi
԰ׯεȻͷΪfull rofessorshiû뵽chair rofessorshi
һǰ˵ʲô˼
ϯڣfull rofessorshiҲ֮ϵһְλһ㶼ѧͷ֮ġǵǱΪڵҲ߼Ľڡ
߼ĽڲԺʿ𣿡
óЦˣǲһڴѧְλǽϯں׿Խڡǽϯڣ˵˹ٴѧһڡҰֵҲֻڲǽϯء⹫ˡ
ʱ㣬ϾҪѧ˰ɡ
ԡׯεȻףϾҪȥѧˡ
ׯ͢˹߹ʱׯεȻŷ͢˹΢΢˵͢˹
ϾҪʼѧˣϣûгٵѾѧˣ͢˹ĬؿЦ
ûпʼ
ׯҵ㡣͢˹ֱ߽ѧ۾ƵϿŷ͢˹
裬ȽȥˣҴͰֻڽ̨ϡׯεȻ߽ѧʱѾû˽ȻѧҪʼʱ򣬲˽Ȼ˵ѧܶѧûΣвѧУѧǰѧׯεȻѧ
ֻԱߣׯεȻ˼Ц˵˼ΪҼҲҪһҵѧҰƵֱӿʼλĻҿԹصƵ
ں˵𽲻ʵĿѧ
Ȼû˵ֻͷ
Ҷû𣿡ׯεȻٴѯһ£涼ҡҡͷ˼ׯڵļҪׯڵѧʲôֻҪûʲô춯СڿƵܰûʲô
ׯεȻűʣõģôҾͿʼѧ档
ƯתׯεȻʼںڰдţҽѧҪǷڵԿռ䡣

2070katsaras k aliu d b[1]chang c lfuzzy״fuzzyԿռĸڶе˲СƽƲԡʹúĹ޷С1981꣬katsarasԭfuzzy ˸Ϊlowen rµfuzzy ˣfuzzy Կռ¶塣

xkϵԿռ䣬i-fuzzy˿ռ(xt):
(l1)?xˣy̡t(ix)a?f(x)

(xt)i-fuzzyԿռ䣬qxx˵i-fuzzyϵ?xˣy̡t(ix)

qȦi-fuzzyԿռ(xt)Ԫϵ
(e1)?a? ?a?qȦˡȦq?a?
(e2)?a?b? ?(a?qȦ)(b?qȦ)(a?b?)qȦ
5
ׯεȻںڰϲͣдż㹫ʽһʼܿмʱѾЩƶǶ漸ǿġ
ϴڳĴˣҶüͷ֪λеѧ϶򵥡ô⣬ȷʵ˺ͷۡ˵տʼǳĻôкڣġ
ЩׯεȻҪǳĽ⣬̫룬ûô֪ʶû
Ѿʼ˯ׯεȻͣ±ʣ죬Ҿ˵
˭Ҫ𣿡
ľׯεȻЦ˵롣
ڦΪi-fuzzyƽ⣬Ҫׯ˵һ¡
û⡣ׯεȻƿڰ壬ղںڰдµ֡

xkϵԿռ䣬 qܦf(x)ϵi-fuzzyӼ壬 q㶨22е(e1)(e2)(e3)(e5) Ψһx ϵi-fuzzyt
رأq(e4)(e6)(e7)(xt)i-fuzzyԿռ䣬qǹtԪȦ˵ƽϵ
֤a?t:=(?x)(xq?a?(?b?)(b?qx b?a?)) ֤txϵi-fuzzyˣ ֤qǹtԪȦ˵i-fuzzyƽϵ(xt)Ϊi-fuzzyԿռ䡣
qҲ(e4)(e6)(e7)qx(xt)fuzzyx˵i-fuzzyϵa?qx:=a??xq
6
ĻܹһЩ𣿡
£ׯεȻٴοˣôһ˭ʲôͬ뷨𣿡
ûˣׯεȻ˼֮󣬶û˵ֻЦ˵Ҷû뷨ĻôѧͽˡʰһԼĶׯεȻû뿪ʱ򣬴ҶûжȻΪʾׯεȻأ뿪֮ߡ
ׯεȻת뿪ѧվ͢˹ҲׯεȻĽŲׯ
͢˹ڡׯεȻתͷ򷨶͢˹Цѯʣ͢˹ʲô𣿡
Ҹղ˵ƺǧȤ
ŰɡׯεȻεЦ£ʵҲûʲôرģҾҪսһ£׻ܼܲõѧоĽ𡣡
Ȼ綼Ҫ֪󷽷ĳϡ
ȱǮ͢˹˼ؿׯεȻѧҡʱͲܻȱǮġ
ׯεȻ֪ôش𷨶͢˹ֻЦ
ҪͶʵҵĻôܻôȱǮ
ׯȱ͢˹Ų죬ܣ˹ٴѧĽϯڣôȱǮǲܵ飬̫ˡ
ׯεȻæҡͷ˵ľǺ棬ҵܹöٴοѧоĽ𣬽˶ѡ
ׯεȻæϣ˭ΪһѧҾȻȱǮҪ׬ѧоǮ
ȻȷʵǳȱǮûûбҪ˾֪ģֻ˵ԼҪǧͺáţ͢˹Ӧòط²ȥ
͢˹ׯεȻܴһûŪׯεȻﵽʲôġֻܳ˵ׯѾˣ


87 ûǮ
ׯεȻΪʵҵʽ𷢳ͺׯεȻѧ֮󣬺ѾҪ˯ˡʵ̫˯ˣͬͼĲï˵ԼµץסˣׯεȻѧȫñںڰд㹫ʽ
ͷۻģûôܾСӵѧȴҪʹ
ʼԱ߰šԷׯεȻǱ߻ڼоⰢ򡣹ڿ޿˶ƹ㵽飬ׯεȻܷѵġҪǣ֮Լ
еıʣׯεȻеޡˣ򿪵Եϸ˲ͣׯεȻдһڴϵĵáܾûϸ˲ˣ϶ôʱarxivõ¼arxivϣһֱǷǳߵġܶƫ΢ַѾ淶۵ȵˣҪοдġ
ѧעĪׯεȻ˹ٴѧĸֱӱƸΪϯڡ˹ٴѧΪѧģѧв١ǺܹôʱͳΪϯڣҪԱȵĻҲֻǱ˵á24Ϊѧ߼Ľw3ڵš
ȻƣȴֲͬׯεȻȱ˵áĻӽ8꣬˵áڽûܹ÷ƶĽׯεȻƾ-׶˹ԺȱڣʵĻ˷ƶĽΪ˹ٴѧĽϯҲǲֵġƶĽÿŻŵһһҪϡ١
ңƶĽͷֲȫͬĸУ˹ٴѧѧû˹ٴѧƶĽߣÿһƶĽ˹ٴѧͷ⡣
˹ٴѧƶĽͲĸУֻϱȽϺãкܶׯεȻķΪׯεȻںܶ෽оǼΪȵġĶԼѧĽ󼰵ġ
ܶ˶ׯεȻֱѧ֮תôѧô
һ¸˲ͣܶ˻ѯʹ°ͺղ⡣ׯεȻûлشЩ⣬ȷʵ֪ôشѧĶûܹܴܲĲֿʼǽɡ
дһЩڴͼϵĵᣬׯεȻص˲ܾ͡ûΧںûʲôҪҪоİоׯεȻֻΧ
ķ˿ѾмʮˣԼҲе±ƣûе½Χô˹ע
һΧԵ˲٣һѣҲûʲôÿġһЩǵ飬ͲעƲƲ죬׼صΧʱ򣬷ĵ绰뾹ȻΧǰΧ϶ǷһЩͼƬûм˹עµͼƬֱɴƬȥͦЦġ
浹˹㿪һһǺʱȻǺһׯεȻȥ֮סˣһﲻڰɡƬΧϣׯεȻΧΧۣ˳һעƬƺʷ֮ĥŵԺһҪС̫ЦˣƬǱĵʱǶȲ̫ԣټֻ⡣
֮ԵܴׯεȻЦö촭Ѽ˶עһ£ֱӾΧΪΧ棬ׯεȻ˵ûκε
ǣҲн죬ҪĺʷƬЦ㡣ׯεȻţ뿪䣬׼ųԵ㶫Ҫȥѧо뿪֮ƵĲ΢һЩص䣬ϼӦȥǰ⡣ȷʵͦѵģһа취ȥ
ׯεȻűʣʼڲݸֽддֱ˯ʱûһ˼·
ڶʱûʲô˼·ǰѧоӴģȻĲѧĽԼоԱѧоǳϤ
ڲôʱ䣬ǴѧǲʿڲģѧоڲôܲϤ
ׯЦ˵ʵ̫æˡ
ŶׯεȻüЦţѲɻʲôӭĿ֮ģ
ûУǿ׼ϻ̫֡˵ʱͣһ£˵Ҫȥˣ
ûׯεȻףžɣȻӷӢף˹١
ǳİš룬߰ɣȽȥ˵
ѧо棬ׯεȻιһ£ͺȺ̸ѧϵ⡣ֱ뿪־ʱ򣬻Ƿ͢˹Խȥվġ־뷨ԶҲԲι;ķ羰ׯεȻȻǰǱ֮󣬻Ӧ
ѧѾ˵绰ѧׯεȻĵһվǷİѧԺǱźĽڡ
﷨֮󣬾ͲòһȫĲ󊡣Ȼ˶ӢģսӢ׺ͷమɱꡣѾΪȫϲּıĿȻ﷨ׯεȻǲ˵ʲôЦġ
裬һʻĴСյׯεȻû߳վͿ·ھֵӡׯεȻǰ˵ãׯεȻ
ׯڡѧڵ־λѧǲģһׯεȻ΢Ц˵û
ΪŻᵽءѧǳ飬Ұöɣ
áׯεȻûдٶЩԼþͳɡ
ѧ˼ͷǵһɣ
ԡׯεȻӦȷʵǵһεڲʿҵ֮ǰûг
֮ǰûгѧɴ۾һ˼飬ȻڻѧȷʵͦġǲҪѧܹΪĶѧңҲ̫˼ˡΪׯεȻѧģû뵽ûѧ
ѧĶѧУõö
ȥƵꣿׯεȻѯһ䣬ѧش𣬡ԶԶԣȥƵꡣׯڣ벻ڰ߹һ£Ϊ֪ģʵҲеĵطܰȫҪȥɡ
ûҪׯεȻҡͷھƵһЩоС
λʦģλʦ֮⣬ѧԺѧׯεȻѾ׼ˣȻǰӢص˹١ص˹ٴѧ֮žҪǱо⣬ȡ꽫bsdҪ⿪ϣصһѡ
ѧׯεȻƵʱ򣬻Сѯʵׯڡ
ѧôСѯԼׯεȻΪʲôѧϵ⡣΢Цʵôѧϵ𣿡
ѧɫЩŤҪȥĻѧԺ֧еķá
ׯεȻһ˲͸о뿪־Ϣô죬ׯεȻûǮֻܰſѧǧ󽱽׬Ǯôʹѧ
ѧʼСĸ˵ֻΪûǮ鴫ȥ


88 
飬˭ģׯεȻɴ۾ҲûǮֻҪڷѧѡ
ѧæظ֤ׯģһзöǰѧԺġ
һׯεȻ֪ôҲûõġԼĶͷˣ֪ˣĲȥ棬ҰоɡҪȥλҲ֪ܼܲ档
ׯεȻǱģڵ־ʱ䣬ȱǮĴԹѾ綼֪ˡãҪʱĻںսڶô绰ѯô¡
˭ȥģׯεȻѾҪ֪ȻȱǮ飬ر⡣ΪѧУ˹ٴѧǱҲͦܵӭȱǮĲȱǮġׯεȻûʲôǮĵطҲ˵ǮȫͶʵҡ
䣬ׯεȻ¶վѧЦеǿͬѧȻȥɣһ˰һ
ѧׯεȻɻС˵ׯڣҪȥֵĻҿԡģĲҪǮ
ׯεȻǺڻ춼Ѿ˵ˡȷʵǲǮĲҪסˡ
ׯεȻģѧĵع뿪
˭ׯεȻ̱ڴϣҲ̫ˣ˭˵ȱǮġ飬ȱİǳģһҲ80󣬲д͵ʱ˳˵ôһ䣬Ȼ󡭡ѧ綼˰ɡе㺦»ص˹ٴѧʱ򣬷ѷڶ˵ׯõģѧУʵǰǮ㡣ֻģٶüΡ
ׯεȻ¼ͣȻǱ˵áڸ˲˵ׯεȻǳ֮ģȻ˵ҪׯεȻȸ죬ׯεȻƺȸ첻ȤǶǧȤпһ䣬ׯȥǮ
ưˣȻڲ˵ȱǮѹְѧԺ˵ȫˣȱǮҲûôȱİɡ
ֻΪǮͶʵңҪһǮʯīϩ֮ǰάʵҽ˶ѡĲʲôֵ飬ǷǮ
ׯεȻ˶ˣʱ򣬡ˡһ
λʼοѯԭİɣׯεȻʼȻǱ˷ʼοѯʣǸ˿ЦáָʼʾׯεȻȱǮĻԺǺһЩѧϵĴԸܸߵļ۸ǰн
˵ׯεȻеĶ룬Ϊ˼ѧϵ⣬ǲܴӦңֻҪǧˣûбҪȥϰࡣ
ڲѧ֪ºѧմߵ˶֪ׯεȻΪһѧУȻȱǮɡ
ׯεȻоԼƺӶϴȱǮȥǧ飬պøֻһʼȥ
ַƵʼ˹ΪѧٽĻ᳤ַǹеѯׯεȻǷҪǧ⣬ʾӭׯεȻսǧ⡣Ը˵ѯʣׯεȻǲرǮҪҪ˹ٴѧԤ֧һֹʸ˳ѾƸΪϯ飬ûĻǰõĹǱȽϷġ
ˣһ£Ĵֳˡ
ׯεȻַֻܸƽͣĲرȱǮڵĹѾˣֻڻЩͶʣҪһЩͶʣҪѧо䷢ĽΪһͶʵʽ𣬽˶ѡ
ǼַƿׯεȻĻžֻһͷׯȻͶʧܣȻׯѧţͶʽ磬ȷʵ˵㡣
ҪׯεȻַ֪Ƶ뷨һǳģȫ춼Ѿ˵ˡ
֪ׯ˵ȱǮ飬Ͷʧ𣿡
ҵϵۣôܣׯѧš˹ٴѧĽϯڣôȱǮ
˵ׯȱǮҪ⿪ĸǧǮ
ɣׯΪʲôȱǮ
˵ΪͶʧܣҸղڼַƽڵİ칫ңַƽڸׯʼׯعʼ˼Ͷʧܱˣ
һΪĶѧǲܻͶʧܵġ
ϵۣ̫ˣһѧҲͶʧܡ
ϵ֮ׯεȻҡҮǶѧҵУǸɣ
ׯεȻҪϢˣΪʲôô׵ĴԣΪʲôֻͶһʵҶѣ
ˣ϶˵ģ粻˵顣ׯεȻüģ󵽣ѧԺȺڣʲôˡ
һׯεȻֻǿڵվɣûô⡣
һ֮־ûʲô˼о򡣱˵ñ˵ȥɣûȱǮֵز

ԭλŮߣ֮ǰΪĳЩûܹѱְ֮Լһںţõı˹ںϡ
ǷںҲûʲô飬תص̳ΧϣͿʼԤ֪ķչ
ƪΪֳһ׶ӣĸΪԩӷӵĽǶĹػӵĸΪ˸ԩߵʱ̾ĹֳӣλֳԼĶԩ
ѾǰԤǱԩġȻ˵ʲôֻȥ˺ӣҲӡ֮ĻƪⶼָǾʮǰ׮ΪKPIץ˸˶
֪תΣȫûģʲôȫ˵ȥǹϾܲ鵽ĹֳָǺ
ŭѣȻʮǰܶసȷʵΪԭ򣬻󡣵ǺӲûʲôԣǳԼеġĸױԭӳΪûн顣
⣬ô֮λ߻ƾƪ
֪ϢʱΪͻȻҪӡʱְͣһְ񣬵ڴ
ڻҽԺţûܵʲôӰ졣Ⱥ鼤ܣҲûиׯεȻġ
ȻҲԶᡢԶӯԶѣҲвǵںýȵ顣ǻձվ˵Ҫڵ飬ƾһƪиƫıж˭˭ǷѾʼֵ顣ýҲ
Լ飿ԼԼ̫Цˡ
Ҿ֪ǸߵĶӺʲôЦˣʵá
Ѿˣƫеԣʮǰİӣô˽⵽ģΪˣҶм䣬ǸǳϵġҰ참̾ӱߣڴΪɣ
ûľƪǾ䡮㲻ʱʧȥӣһλĸԶȥ˿ɰĺӡŻ£ѹôأĲĶǰɣ
ұסˣǸ̾ôӵʱһͱߣ𣿡
ɻһǹʮ꣬˼Ҹž۵ʱͻȻ⣬˵ʲôˡҪˣô˰ɡ
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ֳָΪǾ紫棬ƹҪƾµϸֳģӺҲǾУѧɡСʮ꣬ףϣҪܵӰ졣
ˣǻ̫ˣЩûһǺõġ
ȫ¾Ҫһ¡
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侲һ㣬黹ûвءںܶý嶼еֵֹģӵһȽϺá
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ҿʲôȫǹֳȻׯĸף
ҵļٵģ
ׯ֮ǰڸԺõģôҲܹ˵ͨ
ׯ⻰Ҳ˵̫ˣϲ
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ѾʦҸΪǶҵ˸ϵ裬Ҫɻһ

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ڶ죬ׯεȻ˰ѧԺ룬ھƵڵȴϢȻһǹٷͷ˽Ŀ֤ˡ֤ȫûץ˵ġ
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˵ׯεȻ֪ڷԺ˸ˣԼȥˣ˼÷άԼˣ
ִᣬȵÿҲȥÿ졣߳䶨ʼϰ࣬ҽԺͲôΧûзѾˡ
ׯεȻк飬ܶ˶֪

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ĪڻΪׯεȻĶˣôׯұ֤ڷ˹ٴѧ


89 
ˣׯεȻ˶ˣҪôͣûȱǮز¶εЦݣׯεȻ˵ĪˣĲȱǮ
ׯεȻĶȥǾȣĪЦˣ˵ˡׯεȻ뵽飬ͷ۵УȷʵûȱǮֵز˵ΪһѧңҲȱǮֵزġ
ֻʵǮѣֻҪǧ⿪Сûô鷳̾ϢһׯεȻüģεˡ
ڿĪûһֱ˵⣬̸顣ׯεȻһʼͰѧԺ˿ʼ̸۹ѧϵ⡣

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Сͷޱ飬˵˵ɣĸ֡
Lodayõ˹㷺ע.LodayĶ壬 aA ϵԿռA-˫[ ]ʹada=[a -]ǵӡg Ϊ[ ] Vg-ģ g.V=V.ռ䡭ΪһLeibniz ΪLeibniz١
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u=v=0f11g̬ͬf21 ([x y]) =f11 (x) .f21 (y) .x=v=0[f12 (u)  f11 (y) ]=0uVyg.Ӷy=u=0֪f22 (x.v) =f11 (x) .f22 (v)  f12 (x.v) =[f11 (x)  f12 (v) ]=0xgvV.g.V=V f12=0.ҪԵ֤.
g̬ͬf11g-ģV Vһg-ģṹ

f11g̬ͬ f12=0;
f21ǴgVf11g-ģ̬ͬ f22ǴVVf11g-ģ̬ͬ
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chair rofessorҲǽϯڣλfull rofessorҲ֮ϵһְλǵǱְ߽λһ֮һchair rofessordistguished rofessorܳڻ׿Խڡ
Ҳ˵ׯҪΪ˹ٴѧߵĽ֮һchair rofessorκνڶܹõġѧϵchair rofessor˹ٴѧȫѧģܹǸطchair rofessorֱĴ񣡡
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ȼյû뵽ϾȻôѧԣҸܴܵ绰ȥˡ
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żȺﻶգׯεȻˣʵǵλ˶֪ׯεȻȱǮҪǧ׬ǮûпΧ򣬻ѧȦ˶֪ѧ飬϶ӱġ
ҽԺʱׯεȻһʻҪҲ֪λϲʲôһʻıɡ
ʻҽԺׯεȻѾܹᳵ·ҵڵϿķ䡣
ţʿţ΢΢ͷȻ߳䡣ׯεȻ߽䣬ŵһˮζʻϣ֪ϲʲôҾڽʻϣܹϣ
ɡڵϿ˵һ˿Ե˵Ƿ
ָԱߵӣׯεȻ¡ڵϿҲû˵ǽһʼǱݸׯεȻ
ӹʼǱׯεȻЩɻ󣬴֮󣬷ЩǸڵϿоʱıʼǡ1950-1955ʱоʱµıʼǡ˵ЩׯεȻ˵ֱ޼֮ϲ񣬷һҳׯεȻ֪Щ¼֮ǰûзġ
˵ϿڷеĹɾѧƵĴʼ˰úգǶ±Ҳ˿ѷɫϿ˶Էоʹôͷ۵ķ۵㲢ͬڶ֮Щͳɹʾһᵽȶ뵽ԴεĿԹףԷĹҲݺӡ1
ҲˣׯεȻһ󱾱ʼǣһҳʱ򣬾Եúϲڷ֮Ѿ뵽һƿ֮СڵϿλڷ֮ڣɾúյĴʦʱһЩʼǣׯεȻԣͻƷƿһ
ҿڷģ˽Ѿ൱롣ڵϿ΢˿϶һƿУ룬ʼǱЩ
ҵоʱһЩʡڵϿǿЦţһûи˿
ׯǵһڵϿ˱ڷȽƫ˵ѾˡҲ˵һѾûκֵоĶ
ׯεȻѧǵͻȻ֣øڵϿǰһׯεȻȻʱλѧʦ֪ʱڱţ˹ɽӣٺѧһλķսͻߣΪѧ۶ΪоѧһЩ**ѧʧܾȡƶĽѧȵȣɷϣѧϣԱ֮Ϊѧ̻ʡ
ڼΡڷʱգĺܶ˼룬Ȼûбȫ˽⡣ͺһ޴ţȴѧȥ֡
ׯεȻȻҲ֮һھͶʱѾͼ￴λʦԶԴջ벥֡񻹼ǵһ仰ÿһſѧǲǽΪͳĹߣΪŬ׷Ķ֪ʶð̣Ǳģһֺгһʱڵһʱڣ٣޴ַḻڲͬʱУγֵĲͬ⣬չָ΢ϸĶӦ·ա
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͢˹ݷʱǴׯεȻġǸʱׯεȻ-׶˹ԺȱֻarxivnstlϿԿΪ͢˹ΪĶڣ϶nstlȻarxivϿƪĵġ
Ȼ͢˹ҲȷƪġǱ˸֪ƽ⿪-׶˹Ժȱڣ͢˹ʱͺЦôȥԼ⿪-׶˹Ժȱڣҽķarxivϵ˲
ΪһλԻ֮ǰûκܹ⿪-׶˹Ժȱڣûпƪġ
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ܶоһƫ΢̵ַĽڣڼƫ΢̵ַıϣƪĵߡ
Ϸ֣žȻǻǴѧĲʿƪĲʿҵġ
ţ˽ѧѧ⵱ʿҵЩܹƵѧŵĲࡣׯεȻ֮ǰֵڴѧǾǱ˵áġȫѧҵĿⶼ۽ڱ˵áʱȻȻĳôһˡ
֮λڸ𺳡ʮ-׶˹Ժȱڣƫ΢ַеı֣Ѿȫ򶥼ˮƽƼ͢˹
͢˹̬ͬȥƪʱסˡ
ϣıλׯƫ΢ַӦã淶۵ѧͨͨǵ߸֪ġ˰ʱƪĵ֤źǣûҳκεĴܹȷλԻĽ⿪⡣
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ˣڵϿ˽⿪-׶˹ԺȱʱüͷţⲻǴѧ⣬Ҳ漰ܶѧϵĶǹ淶ϡһҪƫ΢ַ̺ͳ΢ַԼ򡢴εȵһ𣬲ܹ⿪⡣
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һλû˵ˡ͢˹ſȣԺӵĽ䣬߾ǸڵϿˡԺĻ俪÷ǳãģ鼫Ϊá
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ȻҲΪûн⿪Ϊǽ꣬Ҹ-׶˹Ժȱڵ֤ƪĿǰûзֻarxivܹصѾǳࡣ¡ѷѾüƵ֤źǣÿһζʾλʮ꣬Ӧʮ꣬Ľ⿪-׶˹Ժȱڡѧ綼̸顣͢˹ܵʵϣҲȥһλꡣܹڹѧҴϼҲһ
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кһЩ˼룬ƫ΢ַ̺ͷûкܶණⲻ˵ġͷǳˣƫ΢ַ֮ھͲˣⷽûйоҪ֪ѧϰѧʱʼѧȤľǷⷽ棬̫ܳ˽˼룬ŷ͢˹棬óʼǱʼׯεȻڷ֮ĽдȻҪׯεȻѧһЩġ
͢˹ŸڵϿƪģվ˵ڵϿòϣҸõһ
ڵϿ˿ŷ͢˹΢΢ףȷʵǽЩ͢˹õ
Ҫоһʱ䡣˵仰൱ھڸϿ͢͡˹ϰ˸ڵϿϡŹֵƢƢЩŹֵġڵϿ˵ƢЩ֣ҲΪ档
ô͢˹վԸڵϿ˸𣬡´ƪģһЩ⣬Ҫѯ
ΪʲôȥѯأڵϿûп͢˹һۣţܹĻش𡣡
λڻȻҲǰȥѯ͢˹ҡͷ˵ԵĻҵȻҲҪǰѯλߣȻûǰ
ڵϿſһڣȷʵˣ͢˹ûǰڻûзǳϤˣһǰ
ܵ롣͢˹Ц˵μӻٰһѧҴᡣ
󡣡͢˹˵ĻѧҴǳѧÿһΣųƻķƶĽ͢˹13ʱܵ룬ǰȥμεĻ顣
2012ʱڵϿ˵ʱ򣬽ׯεȻĴϣΪ͸ڵϿˡ
ܰĻᡣڵϿ˵ѯһߣڷ棬һҪһЩʱܹ˼
ܿѧа˵츳Ҽ츳ˡڵϿ˳˵Ҹأͺǡ˹һ㣬ȸ˹ѧҡ
Ȼѧⷽ棬ӵе츳ױȵġǴУܿ̽һ˵֮󣬸ڵϿ˵ȥܹ鷳һ仰Ҫ֪ڷϣ׻֪١
õģϧǣѧûׯεȻǸʱׯεȻ嫺⣬ûȥμӡ
͢˹˵ǷǳʧֱڹѧҴϼ档
˵ڵϿõƪ֮һֱо
ǿ˺ܳʱ䣬ܶĶЩ˼붼һʱʼ;ׯεȻڷѾоͷˣûʲôоˡ
עׯεȻѧͰݷˣׯεȻģʹЩȷʵøڵϿ˶Ŀһ£ׯεȻĲ࣬һһĺãܶƪĶܱ֮ǰܶڵҪá
ׯεȻڷ֮ڵоһģڽʼǱҲҪׯεȻܲڷ֮ǰҲǴûͻơ꣬ͻȻڷµĿׯεȻ˼о˵ܹµ
ׯεȻűʼǱζĶšڵϿԱ߲û˵۾񡣹˺ܳһʱ䣬ׯεȻʱˡⱾıʼǱûзĶ١Ҫʱ̫죬ϱʼǱݸڵϿˣҪʱ뿪ˡ˵ׯεȻʼǱϣҪ뿪
ڵϿȴ˵ʼǱ߰ɡ
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ׯӽԺʼǱġڵϿ˿űʼǱϣܹڷڣиΪ
ȻڵϿͣһ£֪ȱǮ飬ȷʵĪϣʼǱԶҪø֪
֪ģҺᡣڵϿ̾Ϣ˵ʵҪҵıʼǻǮϣ뿪֮󡣡
ׯεȻ΢΢鴤ģʼǱһúøġȱǮҲڵزֻȱһʵҵͶʶѡׯεȻ̯֣ͶʧܣֻǽʽͶ뵽ʯīϩоСҪоʯīϩأ˶ѡ
ŶڵϿ˿ׯεȻõʱ䣬ͷ߰ɡ
ȵȣѱʼǱߡڵϿ˵꣬ׯεȻűʼǱ߳ҽԺһǰҽԺģڵϿֻҪûл˵ԸѧԺȺҲλʦŪλʦˣŪɳ׾Ͳˡ
صƵ꣬ׯεȻʼǱղſĵطζĿȥͺһڶӹеòеʱ򣬲ſʼԷġ
극ּоʼǱ˺ܶĶһЩδ֮ġʼǱǳأȻ¼һġһϣ˵Ƿʳ
˯ȥʱﻹǷЩ
ڶ糿ׯεȻһֳ嶯ҪдһڷڵĽڵϿ˵ıʼǱǳҰټڷ⡣ǿдһЩڷڵĽģڻǶֵʱһڵԼڷҲĺʱ
ٴμڵϿˣ硣ׯεȻڵϿ˵ĲһʵĻ䡣
ׯıʼǱΡ
ǳׯεȻ¶Ц⣬賿˯ڷڵоʵ̫ԡ
ʵϣ㲻Ҫô佱ҡڵϿЦ˵˭֪ʵڴͼ֮ڣǿġ
ׯεȻЦɣдµġ
ŲݸֽׯεȻüͷ΢΢ţk۵ƹ㣿
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˹ռռô1962ѾˡׯεȻЦ˵ĺ֮ǰҿԼ϶һ
ⲻ뵽İɡ
֪ׯڵϿ˱۾ڵ˵ⲿָȤ𣿡
ȷʵȤk۵Ĳ֣˵ִļΡѧȷʵͦȤġҲ֪ҪĲǴϵ飬ȻǶⲿַǳȤġׯεȻ˵꣬²ݸֽǳĹ룬ңôĹ롣
㲻ûôĹ롣ڵϿ̾Ϣ˵ֻʱôĹ롣
֪һٵ˴󲿷ֵоҾʵ̫ˡڵϿ˴ͷׯεȻпįΪķսͻߣλʦǿһӵʱ䡣
û˵ʱҲ֪øλʦ˵Щʲôʲôο˴ʦֻԱߣרĵؿ컨壬ܹλʦġ
ׯڵϿС˵ΪԺѧϣи˼롣
ֻǲ·˵ţߵͷó˱ʼǱݸֽԼһģϣЩһǻ۽ᾧѧϣԸ֮ΪΪĲƸ
ׯεȻҴϢλлٵԼѧɹ֮ûзġȫ磬ڸڵϿ˵˼Ҳǲȫġ
һΪҲǲͻѧɡ͢ѧѧɻǸҽЩڵϿ˿ϵıʼǺͻδģҡͷׯеǻ۽ᾧܹӿٵ˽ѧҲϣܹ˽˼ˡ
ڵϿ˵˼벢ѧ˼룬ѧϵ˼롣ͺ֮ǰׯεȻѧϵ˼һ֣ׯεȻѾǳӽЩʼǺģׯεȻһĳΪѧҡ
Ҳ֪⾿ǺǻϾоɹ֮δκ˿ҪĹȥׯεȻĳ֣϶ôǷ͢˹ѧߣҲԸóõѧɹ
ׯεȻȷʵһ⣬øڵϿ˿˳Խѧ⡣ЩɹܹΪׯεȻԽѧ̤ʯҲԸġ
ׯεȻȱǮ飬һֱͷҪЩѧɹؼãЩѧɹӦֻׯεȻ֪㹻ȻׯεȻѧɹʱõѧɹǾһ¡
ҪЩѧ
ׯεȻȥΪȱǮӣʹԥڣԥЩܸܲׯεȻ
£½ЩѧɹׯεȻ֮תЩѧɹȥǮ


91 
ׯεȻֱλ̻뷨һǻǳġεʵǴˣԭڵϿһֱھ⡣ΪׯεȻķʵǵһƿǲԸ⽫ǸʼǱݸׯεȻġ
оԼʱ޶࣬ׯεȻλѧšкܴǰԼеܽ᣺ŮˡѧĬ롣
ѧǼΪҪɲֱ֣ɻоѧֻЩɹûзû֪ѡнľϾҪˡЩɹ˵ǲ׼κ˵ġһֱ죬Ǻ֮ǰڵϿ˾ھ⡣
ҪҪЩδٹѧɹׯεȻ
ĿǰѧΨһܹ˽ѧ˼ˣƵıׯεȻԼƣָоǲƭ˵ġ
ׯѧϵ츳ԽˡƶׯεȻо뱲ӵѧѧϵĳɹǿ϶ܹԽġ
ׯεȻѾѾǳӽڵׯεȻһճ꣬ѧ̻˵һӡ
ڲ˵ǲׯεȻҲδغڵϿ˲١
ׯҪӦһ顣
ׯεȻˮζĿ࡮顯ͣЩǸڵϿһоĳɹóһһƶĽ
ôģ֪ٷƶĽ
Ҫ˵ׯεȻĶ϶ǼٻʲôЦЩȫǸڵϿٻǴδоɹһѧ˵ûʲôӾ
ĿⶼЩϣת
ڵϿ˽ãѹ
ׯεȻһǸ˵ղЩʧ̬
ׯ˵ʵڵϿ˵ĿҲ֪ӦӦðЩ㣬֪֮󣬻᲻ʲôѡ
ǣڵϿͣһ£һڸңӦðЩ㡣ֻн㣬ܹѧԽڵҲֻ㣬ܴѧһµʱ
ڵϿ˺ԥֻ˰ɣҷǳϣܹѧһȫµģʱ
ϣѧšĳһ棬Ǻü涼÷ǳɫڵ˶ˮ׼
ׯ㲻ͬЩţͬҼκˡڵϿ˵ʱЩۣϢ˺һӡ
ׯεȻ˵ҪҪϢһ£
ڵϿ˰ּ֣˵ҸΪЩҪġ㣬ҺƣѧϣܹΪ֮ϵϣܹѧĵ·ϼȥǴֻѧƫ΢ַ棬Ҷϣܹоȥ
ѧڵϿ˵Ϊһȫ٣ҵһжѾ׸ѧ
ģһġ
оǣѧɹѧ֮⣬ϣЩδѧɹõ֪٣Щ걻֪ڵϿ˿ŰϵЩʼǱһѺصģ̾ϢһЩܹġ
ׯεȻһ˵Ҫǡң
㲻Ҫ
ֻû뵽ׯεȻʱȷʵ𺳣û뵽оȻҪЩΪֻǿԿѾǳ˲ˡ
û뵽еǻ۽ᾧѧϣ͸ڵϿ˲Уǲ֪Ҫȶõʱ䡣ׯεȻزÿһСԵüΪѡǰλʱׯεȻ벻λȻھҪҪôδĳɹ
ΪܹλһЩѧϵ⣬ֵøˡõǱıʼǣѾϲôδĳɹׯεȻ벻顣ͷûС
͸ڵϿδı棬ڶλľΪһλȰоѧˣǰڵϿû뵽Ȼᷢ顣ʵ˸о̫˼ˡ˶ɵվڸڵϿ˵ߣ𾪵һ仰˵
ׯڵϿϢһ쿪ʼͲˡϣܹЩѧһµĵط֪ģȷʵ̫ʺ飬Ҫ̫ࡣعҵһڵϿЦ㲻һûôĶܣΪˡһǾЩ㡣
Ҳֻ㣬㹻Щǵĺ塣
Ը𣿡
ʲôѧ̻ʵֻ˵ѧ̻ʵĻʹڡλֽ̻⣬ׯεȻλ뿪֮󣬿Ա֮Ϊ̻ʡ
ôӦңЩֻԼоκ˿
ׯεȻĬˣˡֱԡϲѧ̲סὫѧɹԼҵѧɹøΪоԣҪҲܴӦ
һ̻ʵĻʹʵ̫ջǣҲԼ뷨Ǿܾλ̻Ҫܶʱ䣬ܹﵽ̻ĸ߶ȡֻҪŬоƾԼһǿԵġ
ŶڵϿЩû뵽ׯεȻôõ˼붷Ȼܾѧɹ
ׯ˵رһˡڵϿΪѾ̫ãɻӬôֻһܽЩ档
ׯεȻͷߣȻҥԺˡûȱǮزģѧɹҲֱ͸¶ˡֻЩʱ֪ģоʱ򣬻һЩ˼벿֡ûа취ıġ
ȻԡڵϿ˾ᵽڣǾЩȫׯεȻ
ׯεȻڲףΪڲ֮ǰׯεȻnatureһ˺üƪġԿЩģʵǴһƪвɺüƪķġ׳ˮģȻˮҲߵѧ֮һ
Ǻ֮ǰׯεȻȣЩġ
ˣʱȷʵҲôĵʱҪˮһˮοׯεȻڱʿʱ򣬻Ҫᡣ
ܲףǽ̻ʵҲܹׯεȻѧ츳ˡҪص׵ѧɹ˼ֻ֮ܽȥܲ׵ׯεȻֻϣЩѧɹᱻû֪ׯεȻڻصĹ
ȻղׯεȻܾˣЩѧɹ˭ҪźúоʲôЦѧ̻һǻ۽ᾧ
ֲɵӣֶҪܹӵеĻΪʲôҪ
ڵϿ˱۾ȥɣ첻ˣҪ
ƢŹ֣ڿ鴫ġׯεȻ֪ǣڵϿ˲ΪׯεȻʵ̫סټׯεȻԼѧɹзˣǲҪټһȽϺá
ǡׯεȻŵرЩѧɹ뿪𣿡
ڵϿû˵ص̾Ϣһ뿪


92 ˹
صƵ꣬ׯεȻûֱӴЩѧɹǽװáȻӦڵϿЩѧɹȥôȻҪõġ
ڷûȫ꣬ЩҲżԺеʱ俴ƪģ֮ҪȥӢˡӢ֮󣬹Ǳ߻һĿ󊡣
ׯεȻǱ֮ƶȺ˿϶Ҫ˵˵ĻӢమɱܶˡ
Щ󊹣ׯεȻûô˵ġʲôʽ֮ģ֮ЦӢ˵ĴͳĿˡ
ıʼǱׯεȻζؿǿǲģűʣʼڲݸֽϱȻһ㣬һͼĦʱڵϿоʱ򣬵Щ˼롣ׯεȻ˵ʱǹ÷ǳġ
ûüӦ賿ͿҪˡ
ŸɱĶӣׯεȻ̾ϢһÿεʱϣѧܹһֶӪҺ֮ģ˺һڣܹö춼о񡣲óԷ˯õ⡣
ͷֻͺˣҪʵֿԣǲ֪ĿѧչʲôĵزС֮⼸ʮ꣬Ӧûпܵġʵһ㣬֮ׯεȻڵıʼǡ
ݸֽѾд˲٣ԭҪϵ飬ѾرⱾʼסĿ⡣޷԰ΣصƵĵһ飬ҪʼǱڵϿоȷʵ̫һׯεȻܹѧ٣ǰѧ˼롣
ߣͣڲݸֽϼšֱţʱׯεȻͣ±ʳԷ
ҪڷдһʲôԽǿңͺʲô籡Ƶġ򿪱ʼǱׯεȻ¼˲͡
Դϴιڴ֮Ӧдһʲô⼸һֱо򣬴ţһһڷ鼮ǣҲ֪Ҫ೤ʱ䡣ڴ֮ǰұһ⡣ʹҺţһʮСʱ˵ãҺ޲һʮСʱ
ׯεȻҲҪпһ£˸˲͡ȷʵ޲һܹʮСʱʵ̫ˡ죬Ϊıʼǣûоʱ䣬ׯεȻԼʵ̫ˡ
ΪʲôʱôأӦð
ɧ֮󣬲ѾꡣҪȥӢˣȻ͸û˹ٴѧ˹ٴѧӦûһƸεʽ֮Ҫʼʵʵо⡣ʱô飬Ȱѿо˵ɡ
ׯεȻϱʼǣһʼ˯

Ӣʱǻ˹ӭġΪͻ˹ȽϤԵʣλ⿪Ķѧңѧ൱ĹסׯεȻǳأȻĿǰѧϵĵλǲµġׯεȻǼΪЩǰҪѧôŬҲнׯεȻ
ׯӭӢס
лл˹Ӣ׵ģ˲̫ϤڷʱġӢ֮󣬾ԵЩǷǳ˹ׯεȻھƵ֮׼ȥԷ
ţѧܶѧڴׯεȻĵ
ׯεȻľƴ棬ţѧĬѧԺѧ׷żһλţǸдʵţЩѧϲּĹ¡
λѧţɵö˼ڴ
ׯεȻڹѧҴϵѧᣬΪһ˿ظСΪȥʵǹᣬҲΪˣܶѧׯεȻǽֵġ
ׯ˹Ц˵֪кܶѧڴĵҪѧ
𣿡ׯεȻЦ˵ǿǱȲѧöˣ֮ǰڲѧѧʱ򣬺ܶѧû
һΪҲܻӭ
˹ҡͷׯֿȵѧǣ۵ܻܲӭġ
Ҳ£ѧܶѧûǰѧΪǾԼܹԣҪȥȽϺá˹Ц⣬ʵţѧѧҲǵġ
ǿѧᣬ˹ٴѧĽѧƵЩɻѧͽѧֳԼܷ
ѧӹ񣬶ŵѧơҲֻţܹѧ󡣡˹Цһҷǳˣѧš
лл˹ׯεȻŻ˹λѧأ
Ѿǰ˹ٴѧ˹̯֣֪˹ٴѧѧģҪѧϸһ¥ǰ˹ٴѧޣ޷顣οҲ˹١
ׯεȻΣͺԼ˻˹ڵǽһ
١˹ׯεȻļ򣬡һ㣬ׯ
˵ѾڵϿˣ˹ѯʵоΣλȷƢЩŹ֡˵ƢŹ֣ܶƢͦŹֵģ𣿡
˵ׯ˹Ц˵ҼĹ֮һܶɶԣ㶼ԸھƵѧоҲԸǰɶԡ˵ʵҺܹܲ⡣÷ƶĽԭӦʱ̣㾹ȻҪܻȥо
Ŷˣ󲻴Ƕ𣬻Ƿǳġ
ǸׯεȻⲢҵı⣬˹ɶԣһϲоһЩ֪ɶϵľƾû̫
˹ǰ̫ׯεȻȷʵ˵ǱȽ˽ׯεȻġ
㡢ƾŮƺׯ˵ûջ˹üͷ΢΢ţ󲻳ִϣׯһŰˡ
ׯεȻҲЦҲԼЩŰ塣Ķɶ飬ûʲôȤѧ̸ۻСֻ̽ᣬǻμӵġÿЩ̸ˮƽΡ̫͵ĻԼо
ΪֹׯҼŰһλѧҡ·ûʲôرİá
İþѧо
ͦõ𣿡ׯεȻ̯֣һҾܹĵѧо
˹룬ȴˣׯҾȻ˵ˡ
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λӭ١һԻӭˣΪӢѧңѧҴλ˹׼˷ƶĽƣţѧĬѧԺĽڣ˹治ˡ
λϣ˹˵˵ǳЩʣ
ׯεȻæϣ˹̫࣬ûʲôʡҲƪ˲Ͱɣ
룬Ӧûп˲ɡ
öΰûдôʵοΪһλѧңҪ׬Ǯʵͦ׵ġ
ⲻָʼĸ͵Ĺ˾offerڵĺܶҵǻҲoffer
ׯεȻû뵽飬æ˵ֻеǮͶ˳ȥЩͶҪһңǼáԣǧĽΪͶʵĽ⡭ûȱǮе
˹ͷׯεȻ·ȷ˵ĻĻǼٵġ
ŵͷȻˣҾͷˡ
ׯεȻЩΣ߹˹ʼ͡
֮һ߳һġֱʮׯεȻŻصƵꡣûпıʼǣǴ򿪵ԣarxivҪһЩڰϺףⷽͻƲ̫׺ԵñȽ١
ׯεȻҲֻһЩ֮ͷʼо
ʵϣڻûе˼·Ҳ뵽ʲôطʲôطص˹ٴѧ֮ΪԼҪһ˼·ڿһЩصסϣܹȥӢߣֻܹоһ°ˡڽ̻ʵҲǵص˹֮Ҳüġ
ô˵ʵӢҲû飬һЩѧΪ¸صѧʦ
Ӣ׵ʱúܿ죬ţѧīѧԺһѧ˳㿴˶ʮΰѧ֮һ˶Ǿʿֱ˹ٴѧʱ򣬹ѾҪʮ·ˡ
ŦԼġ
Ӵׯڣŷ޻ˣɶкׯεȻǱһվׯεȻܹļ
ôˣׯεȻ䣬ʲôɣ
ˣʲôҡͷҾ밡˹ٴѧôʱ䣬ʱղҲֻһڶѡû뵽ĳЩ˲ʱ䣬ʹӸΪchair rofessor
ӴӴӴׯεȻ٩˵˵أζҪŦԼˡ
ٷϻɵׯεȻһۣ˵ҵĸˣ
ԡׯεȻףɺ仰ȻҪѯһҵʲôʲô
ׯεȻе£ʲôʲô
˵ңǸʲô
ʲô׹ԱĸڼϢҲǹԱôһׯεȻ̯֣Ҳûкϸ˵
ǻǲġɵͷ֮⽫ں䣬߰ɣȻѧУ˵
Ҫchair rofessorǲʿʦѧУһѧҪĲʿšţѧǱģ˵߾Ҫѧ򲻻ԶӢܵ˹һ߿һ˵ˣƤ˹ǰ˹ѧŰ˹Ƽġ
Ƥ˹ׯεȻǵãһ𷢱۵õͦߴģͨŷҲû
ׯεȻͷ֪ҸһĿ֮ҡ
ҿһ£ûͦġЦ˵ѧϣȷʵͦ츳ģҪػҲϲҾܾfull rofessorofferʥڹҾҪػˡ̾ϢһߴôãͻȻعһе²̫ϰء
ʵҲͦõģûǴѧׯεȻգۣҸһƼţ
ˡЦţҸȥǴѧȥ𣿡
Ǵѧѧǳݼ󡢻ƴ֮õѧУȥǴѧҲûλӲǣ
ȥҡͷ˵ׯڣǲʲôǴѧңԺع֮ҪȥǴѧ
ӦǻȥġׯεȻЦ˵⹫ǴѧУ
ǴѧУһ£ʲôƵ˵⹫ǳԺʿ
ѹѧϡôŴɡ棬ѹׯεȻѧѧôԺʿ֮ǰҲѧ˹ٴѧģ˹ٴѧιܾõĸںͽڣصǴѧǴѧѧϵҲôΪ̾ݼƴ֮λĴѧ
ׯεȻԺҪصǴѧ̵ִĻ룬е̼Ժʿһ֮Ǵѧѧϵȫ궼ڽҧǰǼѧׯεȻȥĻǴѧĳΪѧģѾǿˡ
ׯεȻ˭Ͼ˹ٴѧchair rofessorͬʱķƶĽѧϣƵӵйʶˮƽȥǴѧִ̣ЩѧҪڶѧڿϷģٶҪɫ治Ϊ
Ҫô˵Ļ룬ׯεȻǴѧִ̣϶ǻѧġƵʱ򣬿϶ǻôţޣǴѧʮ֮Ϊѧġһѧģͦӡ
ԭ׼ȥģׯεȻ˵飬ʼԥҪȥȥǴѧ
ڣ룬ⲻǵʥ֮Żȥ𣿻кüµʱءׯεȻ¶һ˿Ц⣬С
ڲ˵ׯεȻһʵǡ
˹ٴѧ֮ׯεȻǻطɨࡣϢȥѾ˹ٴѧķǺ컹һƸεʽ
ׯεȻ֮󣬻ص칫ңԽԽȥǴѧĻ˵ܷչáΪׯεȻǴǴѧ̵ִģټϣԺʿׯεȻϣʵ̫Ľˡ֮ǰյ˾ݼofferǴѧûиofferǴѧҪǴѧ֪ڹ̶ִĸڻǽڣͲܵǴѧ
ǴѧҲûдӹĽڣǻع֮Ǽѧһʱ䣬űǴѧߵġ
ǴѧѧϵϵȫǷǳǰģǹƾмǻš
ҪǳԺʿع֮һֱǴѧִ̡ΪǴѧٺѧǵˮƽǹڶˮƽȫҲر裬ֻô궼ȥˣǴѧҲǳϱڸУĲ໹ǺܴѧˮƽϵĲ࣬ݼĸУӵõѧڡѧˮƽǳߣǳԺʿׯεȻ⹫ׯεȻǻعҲֻھݼѧУѡ񡣻ҪһƴѧУׯεȻǲܿǵġ
⼸ÿعڵ뷨ݼȥĸѧУȽϺá
ѧУͲǵĿС
ɴ򿪵ԣȼһ̵̡ĴȽ٣Ϊ̫ᣬһ㶼ǲ̵ܻġ۾ŵԡ
ǸǴѧһȥھݼѧУһȽͨĽڡҪһЩ֪ׯεȻҰĵġصǰǴѧ϶ҪǴѧɻޣѧġ
ׯεȻûɲ̫֪ׯεȻ裬ǴѧΪѧҲûġ
ֻҪׯεȻǴѧһ죬Ǵѧǻѧ浣
ˡһǴѧλյһԭǴѧûµĽڣοǴѧĽҪôѧУʿҵкܶ꾭ģҪôȫУˡԼΪǡټ
㿪ʼԱɵˡ
˹ٴѧְڣְܵǴѧѧѧʿ˶ʿѧλ˹ٴѧʿѧλι˹ٴѧѧϵڡڡnatureannals of atheaticsһع֮׵ľǾǴѧľӢڡôܵǴѧְˣô£ңԼʼ
ԱɵˣֱӸѧϵδ˵绰ȥ飬ľˣ±ƭΪԱѧϣ֪ġѧĶһ֪ʲôοɡ
ԱʼתŵɵļĴڼתš˹ٴѧĸڣǴѧҵģǳԺʿѧֶ˹ٴѧ֪ƪģη˵ȫ򶥼ˮƽڻڣҲȷʵжˮƽġ
Ǵѧڣ´ࡣ
óֻׯεȻһ绰ȥׯεȻǲ˸յǴѧġ
ιׯεȻմɨ࣬ɳϣݿȾͽӵôһ绰
ؽڡιЦ˵ϲϾǽϯڡ
θҴ绰Ϊ˹ϲҵϽϯڣׯεȻĻȻǲθ绰Ϊ˵ġ
ɸڣʶɣھǴѧʦ֡
źߣׯεȻЦ˵֪ܲҸջ˹٣ҵġ
ΰҹ˯Ҵ绰Ϊ˵飿
Ƿ˼ׯεȻôһ˵û뵽˵ԣͻȻһ
ⲻǺ𣿡ׯεȻǲ⣬ôξƭӣ
Ҳǡڵ绰ͷЦͦŹֵģҾĥţΪʲôͻȻǴѧ
ҸƼģ˵ҿ˹ٴѧһʱͻǴѧׯεȻЦ˵һ˵ӦҪؾģҲһ
ˣزؾҹܲţ㡭ָ˵ǲȥģǴѧˣ˭Ҳߡ
ԺǴѧѧϵˣң㣬ҲǳϱѡǴѧѧϵ϶Ҫġ
ɡׯεȻڵ绰ͷ˵ܵǴѧεʱĳλοֱ뿪ڵġ
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ȻͶ˼ܲ𣿡ׯεȻЦҡͷ϶ģİɡ
ˣɭѾƼŵ˹ٴѧˡε뵽ʲôûҵԸĽڡ
ׯεȻɵ˵ܰôûнԸҪ
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ׯεȻҵ绰֮룬ǾЩ֣ɫûȫȥȥ˹ٴѧڽһġΪʲôڽڲɭȻ鷳ֻҪ֪ԭ򣬽˶ѡ
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ڽ뵽ʲôˣҵʼɾˡԭǴѯһʲôʼˡ
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ˡڽƺ뵽ʲô飬ѯʵׯ㿪ʼˣ
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ǴѧʱΪѧòġ˹ٴѧȻûнڿϡ


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ⲻΣׯεȻһΣҪ֪ׯεȻ˹ٴѧĳ˶ҪׯεȻͶʿңׯεȻΪchair rofessorҲʲôܡû֪ׯεȻǱֵܣԼӶԲׯεȻġ
ׯεȻдƼţ˼ڽڿ֮󣬸ͲҪ
һڽڰ֮ǰƼŸŪˣ׼ҸдƼءׯεȻЦ˵ʲôأ
ûûʲôɭæվϲ˵˼ǣҿڽȥ
ԡׯεȻףˣȥдƼˡ
ׯεȻתʰһ°ɣϴȥԷ
ɭףһγеСΡǴѧʦǶ˹ٴѧܶ඼ǾݼѧѧǴѧȻѧڻǰȫҲûر
ǴѧѧҪ˹ٴѧǲܵ顣ѧѧУĻǲٵģ˵ݴѧȵȡ˹ٴѧü죬ΪӢĿҲرõԵʣֳ˲ٵЦ
ѧУҲȥסˣȥķӰɡׯεȻһһ˵ҪȫѧȽѣѧУķѧУܽҲǰڽڵġ
ͣһ£ׯεȻתɭѧϣʲô⣬ѯһڽڡ
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䷹ߵɳϣŶȣֽ̯СǸմŷ޻İɣ
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ЩȫһׯεȻЩͷ۵üġ

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ֺǺǵЦţüĿϵı鶼һϲüң˷ϲ¾ˬĸоⲻ˵ԺҪǴѧִɾְˡҴǽڵģ˹ٴѧǱ˵ְ
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ҹӦ·ݻ·гڴУ˵ҪѧУܲһǵѧרҵѧһ
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ǡλǲ̫⣬Ҳˣﰡ
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ˣǴѧѧΧ̫᲻ߣУΣ˵Ӳ
УҲŬüģҲΪѧϵ龫ˡ
룬Ǻ;ݼѧѧϵģЩ»ô࣬Ҳǲ뱣סκⲦ⣬֪ġ
Уͬʱ̾ϢһǴѧһǵѧѧ˵ɫѧƣҲѧԸǴѧѧϰѧѧǽЩǴѧѧѧϵıΪѣѧУϣۿ˵ǵǰʮҪסˡ
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˵һõȫε˶ھݼٻѡѧУѾȥˣ˻ѧʦԴҲԽԽáǰݼѧϵǴѧįˡ
Ҳûа취飬ѧⷽҪȷš츳ѧҪôھݼҪôֱȥ˻ƴࡣǴѧʲô飿
ĥţܲҲ֮ģСѯʵѰ˼ŻƴǱ֮ԸôɫģҲӳɲ١ǴѧôҲʡͷѧУ985211ģôƴԸ㣬ǾͲܸˣ
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Ĵʦǳ࣬ׯεȻҪǻصĻôɾǻΨһһλѧʦӹɣڻѧλǷǳߵġδǻѧִţߣһžҪûѧһµִڡ
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ׯεȻյʼ֮Цһ¡Ƥ˹ĸĽȣԤʥ֮ǰƹȫBSDʣµĲӦҲ·֮ǰƤ˹ĽȣׯεȻ֡
ܹĽȣӹɵġׯεȻԼоɡ
ȷʵҵһϵⷢƤ˹ͬѧ·֧ѧرͬ۵ķչγɵһִѴѧоһЩ⣬ͳһĹ۵ǿչγΪһϵǽڷ뺯ӵĹ۵֮ϵģԲڲṹҴĻܽṹΪ١
յƤ˹ϲû뵽ͬҲоġ
ڵׯεȻѾ뿪칫ңûпΣҲҪѧһЩĿ֮ģѾؼҿʼоڵϿ˸Ĵδоɹ
˼ǳ䣬ׯεȻҲܹȫ͸ܶණҪܹЩ˼롣⻹ǱȽϼ򵥵Ĳ֣ΪӵĲ֣ׯεȻúǳЩ㣬Ҫٷ֮ٵתԣһ˿©
оѧʵһΪûȤ顣ٶڴ󲿷ֶѧȤ˵оѧʵ̫ʲôѧоǿġѧоҲ൱һɬ
ׯεȻڵϿ˰ЩɹׯεȻ֮󣬸ͲѧʲôӡЩɬĳɹׯεȻôһ˲䣬оͷۡ±ʼǱüġڻҪӷḻ֪ʶ˽ڵϿλΰļΡϵ۵˼롣
еıʼǱЩɬͷۻ֮ǰܹļЩǿ˵Ǽˡֻܹ«ưİλϵ۵ļ㣬ʼ
Ǽ㵽мʱׯεȻ־ø㲻ȥűʼǱϵݣڿʼпλΰѧһ治ǿЦġ
ܹ춨ִΡĽ̻ȻֻͣǿдĽ׶Ρ֮ǰλоɹƪǼΪоôܹλڱţ˹ɽסôʱ䡣ڤ롢ѧٴ˺ü硣
ׯεȻԺԥ˵ɫѧ֮һЩɬ֣֪ΪʲôڵϿ˲˿
ʼǱϵݣ˿˶ѧʧȥġҪո֪ʶԼ˽ڵϿ˼;
ûз˽ڵϿ˼룬Ȼλʦ֣صĽЩɹȫһҪȫգúáò˵ΪԼѧѾƿʱ򡣸ڵϿ˵ѧͳɹ˵һյһ㡣
ҫǰе·ڻȫ˽⣬λʦ˼롣ׯεȻԱ֤ȫ˽λʦ˼ܹ֮ѧһȫµԼԼ֮䣬λʦѾţֻҪǰ
Ὣƿһոµ硣
ϧλʦѾʱ޶ࡣܹλʦһЩʱ䣬ѧһȫµС
ĦűʼǱû˵˼ţЩѧɹ֮ׯεȻȷʵڴϣиµ˽⡣ЩôأׯεȻܺ棬ϸͿʼϣ23ʾѧԽ⿪⡣һ͹ȥϣ23ɻкܶûн⿪
ʲô壬壡⣬һѧǰͺ̵о⣬ʱջкܶûд𰸣մ𰸻кܳһ·ɵǣׯεȻҪİϿ޿˶ƹǾմ𰸻кܳ·Ҫߵ͡
ׯεȻѾ·˲٣ĿǰЩδĳɹһƱػȫѧ䶯˿ġ
ϣرΪʮѧ֮ڸ͢ѧѧɡǸʱĸ͢ѧѧɿȫѧģͬڵ˹ѧһĵλ
͢ѧɳţ˵˹ϣأϸͣ͢ѧš˵ء˹̹롤ŵ顤صȵȡ
Щǰ͢ѧɿʼįѧλȫȵλ˹ٴ͢Ϊȫѧġ
˼ǣڵϿˣλΪѧ̻ʵĴʦҲڷһѧѧϰͻѧɣλʦҲͻС飬ܵͻС鴴ʼ˵Ӱ죬Ҳǲͻѧɵ
ȻִᣬЩѧ֮ģҲȤѡʲô͢ͻ֮ѧɣѾˡ
ׯεȻҲ뵽ϣصʱͻȻ뵽ʷϺպѧɶѡ
ˣȻλʦĳɹûп滹ġݰûüׯεȻ̯ݸֽĿǰڰϵоѾǷǳ룬Ҫо⡣űʣʼڲݸֽдż㹫ʽ
ɭڿڲŹ淶۵ס
⹫ӵ绰ʱɭЩҡ
Сɭ˹ٴѧΣ
ǳɭЦ˵ںסһ𣬽ȥڽڣҲӦͶʿ
һܺõĿʼѧԼѧ϶ȫ򶥼ˮƽóѧѧϵ⣬Ҫúøڽѧϰж˹ٴѧĽǷǳģЩϽڣ˹ٴѧʱпܴеһЩڡ
ɭСģûа취Сֵ졣ͳʱͿô˳ۡһѧĻСӣôŮϲϵģÿοӵ۾ģҪŮѧŮϲϲ֣ͨīĻСӡ
Щ꣬ҲòСŮҲĺã첱Ӵֵģ˹ô飬ҲԼˡ
Ǻʵóкɸ֣ô̶̲ᣬҪʲô졣óжţҪǻиɭҪ׷źᡣ
ʵ̫ˣǼõǸ
үүɭС˵ڽҸѧϰ͹淶ۡ
жԥ˵ڷ͹淶۶йʶˮƽ˵ڽϣЩͻҹڽҪ㲩ȡټ֮ɡ
úѧϰѧѧܶ¡
ڿ淶۵׺ϡɭ̾ϢһүүҾãҿܱҵ̫졣
ʱ䣬ѧ㻹Ǻ츳ģ豾ҲһģСûء˵绰ûУ
ˡɭףүүҼѧϰˡ
úѧϰйҵ˵绰ɭؿ׺ϣҲ֪ҪʲôĿ⡣ֻȿ׺ϣûĿģôţɭеŤЩϵʱ򣬶ĿĵģҪʲôҪоʲôй滮ûô滮ĿĿʵϰߡ
֮ׯεȻûôţһֱڼоɭú棬ׯεȻܹһֱȥɶ֮⣬ûȥط
ɭҪȥͼݿסϣȻŹ֮ġׯεȻڼǲŵģҪôҪȥϿΣаʱҪѧŻš
Ƥ˹ׯεȻѧҲܾûмڡ
ÿѯׯεȻʱ򣬻Ҫ뿪˹ٴѧǰסլƤ˹ϲׯεȻסլΪķʵ̫óˣѧУṩĶʵġǽڸĶóԡ
ͷܵׯεȻļ䷹ԣֻҪһ죬ɭҲ룬϶Ƥ˹䷹ԡ
ȻţƤ˹Ķվ⡣
ɭúЦҪסˣ
ǽڷӡƤ˹ҡͷׯأ
¥оƤ˹ߣסԼԣĲݸֽ
֡˺ϤѾʮһ·ݣԽԽ䡣˱֮ǰʶһµʱ䣬Ƥ˹εܵׯεȻҲǽꡣ
ɭ֮ͷʼ㣬ڸ𣿡
ˣڰúտռĿ⣬Լ淶ۡɭüͷ˵Ƚѡ
ĿأɭеѯƤ˹ҿĿ⣬ҲѶ԰ɣ
ǣͬ棬ȷʵúܼѣڻȥƤ˹¶Ц⣬أȥҿü춼üģ̫ˣ
ҲرѡɭҡͷͣЩûܹŪɡ
Ƥ˹Ȼʵڹ淶һ飬Ҳȷʵ̫㻹ǵȥѯʽڲܸһЩ
˵ŻׯεȻ¥ˣƤ˹ˣ
ׯڡƤ˹Цţû˯á
ŶׯεȻƤ˹Ȼû˯ãô͹
ΪûгԵʳƤ˹̯֣Ҿýʳʵ̫óˣҲȥԹ
θڣׯεȻһˮҪ㿧Ȼǹ֭ƬǱߣ֪ġ
ô˵أƤ˹üͷ˵ûнôó԰ɣŽøóһЩ
ׯεȻȻվڳǰƤ˹˵Ƥ˹ÿ춼䷹ԣԸһ⡣
ڣĿǰûʲô⡣Ƥ˹ȷʵΪоչ˳죬ûʲôѯׯεȻġҲһЩԽѯׯεȻⲻںŪĽ
飬Ƥ˹ġǿڸ֮ɣʵ̲סԹüûгԽķʵϣֲ˶ãߡʳĺóԺܶ࣬ׯεȻЦԼѧһЩʳ֮ģ
ڣҲ롣Ƥ˹ͷϧǣҳԹ֡ôΣյ顣
ׯεȻľúЦаɣȻˣҲǿ
ҪԵʲôׯεȻˮǻˣţ֮ģ
ԡƤ˹ʳ󶯣źͷˣҡֻܳһ¡
Ȼһƣò顣
ҼǵýɡׯεȻˮͷûȥɶ𣿡
ûƤ˹ҡͷΪҵĿ⣬ѾƵܶɶԡΪɶԣĿҪ
ׯεȻȻЦһ£ϾҪϵĿ޿˶ƹ㵽ˡ
ɭˮˮɴ۾ʲô
ʲôƤ˹ҲһҼǵǽǰ־͢˹͸¶İɣĽô죿
ʵϣڻʱѾʼоⷽ档֮ǰNatureϿǵЩ⣬ЩҪڽһϲģʵΪֽϵ⣬׼ׯεȻѾϴˮˮ̶ŻаңҲʮ·ǰҾܹarXivϷƪģʥڻص֮ҪϢһʱ䡣
Ԥƴڣ⿪BSD롣ׯεȻ΢΢̣Ƥ˹ٶҪӿС
ڣʵûôٶȡתۼѾһ£ӽµʱ䡣ĽǷǳģǵõʱڸʱҲǷǳ𺳵ģǽڵʱ⿪⻹кܳ·ҪߣڴϵӦãѾˮƽټкܶϸĲ֣⿪˺ܴһãӦʱɡѾǷǳ˲ĳɾͣû뵽ھȻҪʥ֮ǰɡ
Ѿǲ˼⣬ֱ񼣡
ɣڵӺӸͬһӡϣˣ˵ڡ
ׯڡƤ˹ĺͷЩɬɣʵһ߿Ƽǣࡣ
ׯεȻЦû뵽Ƥ˹һλƻС˵ߣźǣ治ˡ
̯֣ˣǺúɣ׼ȥоһ
ʮ㣬ɭǵýҡ
ɭͷƤ˹ĿԼϡ
ôɭƤ˹źĿ⣬ɻѯʣôҸֲˡ
˵ׯڻ᲻ˡȻûֿԵģׯεȻٶȰŵˣ˵ѧҪʦԼҪнʮ֮һоܹΪѧҡ
ڣɲⰡ
ôܡɭػӻ֣Ļ뵱ʵһܲ𣿺ôҲұܡ
ҲǡƤ˹ׯεȻɭĹϵҲû˵顣ɭסׯεȻܶ˶Ϊ˶ǻˣﻥˡڵҲʲôϡ飬Ҳû˻ѯǵ˽⡣
˵ʲôϵֻҪǿľͺáѯ˽ͲһòΪ
Ƥ˹ٶȴɭɭЩСţǣ˵һ쵽ôң˵ġ
ҾҪ㣬ôһܣʲô𣿡
ʲô룿ɭüͷȥܾᣬһӣ˵̫ˡ
ȷʵƤ˹ûԥһѿڶʵ̫ˡ
Ⱳӣ׷ϽˡоͬԼûκεͽڱȼĿԡ
صׯεȻŲݸֽдż㹫ʽһʱ䣬ڸڵϿ˵ѧɹȫµ⡣ѧѧˮƽϣķԾ
ţϣܹͬһѧҿ϶Ǽġ˸ڵϿ֮⣬ƺѧϳԽ
̻վǽ̻ʣϧǣǰЩ죬ӵ˽̻ȥϢ
λΰѧңڷѧѧֱʹһλѧǾʹ䣬ԭҫѧУӴһλҫŹâǰǡ
ǽѧ磬ź顣


95 
Ϊ˹ٴѧյϢʱλ̻Ѿȥü졣ӦҪȥμλ̻ʵڵϿѾô̳λ־ѧһȫµɡ
ׯεȻһż㡣ƪģ͵ǸڵϿһɡߣİڷŸڵϿδѧɹԼָ塣
ɳɳɳһֱͣ춯ţɭŵʱѾϰׯεȻԼϷڡ
ߵߵߵɭţׯڣѾʮˡ
бʣׯεȻվ򿪷ţ֪ˡͷ극Ƥ˹Եú㡣ԭÿӵƤ˹ѧÿӡ
ɭׯεȻ극ϴɭ̧ͷׯεȻôˣ
ҿܱػׯεȻЦ˵ûʲô飬о֮󣬾ͻ뿪ѧУѮңӦҪȵʥڲŻعɡ
ԡɭףҲһûҿܲ뿪˹١
ҪѿһЩ˵
ҲׯεȻʾɭ⣬ú⣬ԭٻػҲüġ
ǰɭŻ˵ԭ˹ٴѧʹôʱ䣬ΪȫѧģȷʵӦúúѧϰһЩ
Ҳ㣬Ҿ˹ٴѧҲѧʲôˡƽʱڼﲻţλع֮󣬲ٻҲ԰ɡ
ҵðBSDꡣׯεȻ˵һΪʲôҪ
ׯεȻҡͷͶǱ߻Щ̫ġ
ðɡ֮󣬴Ҷʼо⡣һܹԼĶɭƤ˹ȥѯׯεȻ
زҪܹԼģԲȥ鷳ׯεȻ

ʮµ·ܹɱһ㡣˹ٸߵоԺ칫ңׯεȻ֡ԱߵĵЦ˵ׯ
ȷʵ䡣ׯεȻҡͷһʵĲá
ůůӣʿɣվߣСװĴ·¼ϡ칫֮ůࡣ
ϲ㣬ׯΪ˹ٸߵоԺĽڡžƱ˵ڰµĽչ
ȷʵů֮ׯεȻҲѵ˴£洩ŵһװƮѩϣλҪһЩڴͼϵ飿
ׯ֪ģλȥûжõʱ䡣̾Ϣһкܶѧɹûн⿪˼롪ǲġ
ׯεȻĿȣ̻°𣿡
Ȼǡ΢΢ҡͷˣ㿴ĵûС
ˣȸ״걸ϵӦáׯεȻͣһ£ǳӦҪתPϡ
ںģҲ²⣬ӦҪȸһЩͬѧῪµͬۡ˵֮󣬷¿ȱλ綥⼶ĽڣλԼΪ˵𣿡
ķǳʣȷʵӹɵġǻƣҪͣƲСⷽ棬ȷʵܸʲô
֪ģڣһûо롣̾ϢһׯεȻϣλڣһмʱҪصˡ
еĿȱô磿Ҽǵþʥڻһʱ䣬ʥ𣿡
ׯεȻҡͷĴͳղʥڡ
أԱߵѯʵ˵ʮ·Ҫһƪڰģƺûпƪġ
첻λԽ˹ٴѧ졢죬ǾܹƪġƪѾãȹʱϴarXiv
ҺڴȺһھ֮󣬡ԼȷʵҪһЩΡϵ⡣
Ҳ֪λ˼뻹ûбȫĽ⿪ǻ̫ĶףҪ⿪ڵϿ˼룬Ҫܳһʱ䡣
źǣλԼָ嶼ûƾЩƪ˼뻹ûܹȫ⿪̾Ϣ˵˵ﻹһЩָ塣
ţʵϣλָ磬ûб١ǳ򵥣ûʣʲô
ׯεȻû˵ڵϿָȫУҲ˵ϣׯεȻҪ˿Ҳ˵ֻһоλ˼롣ǹôһʱ䣬ׯεȻڸڵϿ˵˼롣
ԣкܶණûܹѧᡣ
ׯŶ룬Ϊ˹ٸߵоԺѧԺĽڣҲʱʱ˹ٸߵоԺߵоԺӡׯεȻǰЩΪڣûüϲׯεȻΪׯεȻ⣬ѹûг֡
˹ٸߵоԺεһͷεʽׯεȻȫ˻顣
;¡ѷӼģ˹ٸߵоԺʱʽѾҪˡׯεȻҲҴңȥҲҴҡõƸֱ֮뿪ӻֲһƬƲʡ˹ٴѧ͸ߵоԺĽҲϰׯεȻַоĳһʱ򣬾ľٶѾǼֲˣֻǺܸпڻôŰˡо֮⣬񲻶ܡ
ׯεȻֻûرǿҵѣڿȤԶԶܵ
ڽڡׯεȻ΢΢Ϲ˳ֽŹص·ʱǵ̸
Σڽһ´һѯʣҼǵ֮ǰֻ˵Ŀ⣬ڻûܹ
ǱȽѰɡׯεȻ룬ΪҸĿ⣬ܹεĽӴ淶ۡڻʱһЩѧصĹûнӴ淶һ
һƣžƱһڣҸղ˵Ҫǰػ
ҪϢһʱ䡣ׯεȻ˵֮ӦûϴarXivȻͻع֣ȥ
Һܺ档۾žƱֺׯʲôϵ
˭ܸң
ֵܡׯεȻܻ㣬ûѯ˵ѯʣҲܻ䡣
Ŷڽ΢΢üͷĸ磿
ûׯεȻףܹҲΪ㹻ɫ
ȷʵǳɫڽ΢΢̣ҿĿݣܰһλΪɫѧ
Ϊһλѧҡֻû뵽ׯֵܡô˵һҲ֣Ϊʲôѧѧô츳ϣŴɣ
λڣһ¹ڴ뼸ϵ⣿ׯεȻ飬ò׳һΣңŶλѧңʱ򲻺úһ¹ڴͼϵ⣬ʵ˵ȥ
ܹһ¹ѧϵ⡣ڽڼһ䣬Ҿ֪죬ׯܻᳶѧϡ


96 
֮ׯεȻ޿˶ƹ㵽֤ƪķarXivûеȱԼȿˡ
ŦԼɷǳæΪȫĳУŦԼ˲١
ׯεȻڵǻڣŻصķɻװ·࣬󲿷ֶǸڵϿ˵ָ塣Ƥ˹͵ŦԼģΪׯεȻûмգɭҲûа취ȥգֻƤ˹ŦԼ
ڵĽͨ򲢲ϤɭҲռʻѯʹƤ˹ʥڵʱ᲻ӢסƤ˹Ҳ˵׼ڿĽЩˡоٶѾ㹻졣ĵʦʱܹ⿪һ˿Խ⿪⡣ʲôʸŬ⣬ѲҪĵʦ
ׯεȻ˵Ⲣʲô顣ѧңҲÿѧģЩԱȽƽӹ
Ҫƽӹѧû˵ĽׯεȻλĶѧҡ
ׯεȻģѾƽ޲ܾõļΡһöذըκˡѧ綼Ƿǳ𾪵ģ֤ԼӦõ
𾪵ǣׯεȻڴϵӦúNatureϵʱ˼ܶࡣѾЩ͸ڵϿ˲ģлɬԼ﷽ʽͼ㷽ʽʵЩ׽ôѾﵽ۷塣
ܶ˲²⣬ׯεȻ᲻Ϊ̻ʡ˼Խ䣬ԽĲԤ⡣ܶڴѧ϶ѧߣ˵ĶѧʦоԾܶʱҪ֤ܹ˽ׯεȻ˼롣
ƪ췢ģׯεȻֱӿŦԼʱ򣬴Żûжע⵽ƪģصصۿ϶ǳңһׯεȻѾԤϵ
ţƪͶarXiv󣬿϶Ӧڴ֮ڣһµĿ񳱡
żصϢĻ˹ٴѧٰüѧᣬרⷽ顣ѧᣬӦû·ݻ·ݵʱBSD뷽棬ׯεȻѾ˺ܴİա
ǰǵķɻѾһʱſͨĺߡׯεȻ֮ǰǣȻתǰǣ쵹ֱӻصǡ
Ϸɻ֮ׯεȻ۾ûи˵Ѿֻ˵ʥڵʱɭʱæⶼҲܸ˵Щ顣ң϶ΪׯεȻǸ˵ġ
ҪׯεȻҪӣϢһʱ䣬ʱŽ̻Щɬ㷽ʽڵ˽һЩҪھȫ˽˼룬Ȼһܵ顣
Ϣһʱ䣬ȻټBSD룬Ӵη֡ȸ죬ҲҪʼоˡҲ׼Ӵηȸ֣Ҫѧһµ硣ͳһ۾ԵΪҪܹѧͳһۣȸķչȫܶµۡҪȸ֮ϣչεۣׯεȻҪġѧͳһۣҽеѧ֮С
ȻۻܹչܶµĶô˵ׯεȻѧͳһôʱ䣬еķƶĽΪׯεȻġ
ѧ޿ĵһˣ
еǰᶼׯεȻѧͳһϣڵѧͳһȸܲƣȽڻһʱ䣬ȸ컹кܶҪ䣬Ҫԭȸ컹Ҫʮ౶ʮĹ
Ҫ꣬ǧʱҲһܹȵѧͳһ۵ĵȸ죬Ǹѧһѡ
ڷɻϣׯεȻϢǲġ
ʱԺĹ淶ĵʱ򣬾Ϳָ塣ǵʱʱͦġ
arXivģѾǿƪׯεȻѾͶ嵽ѧҲActa Mathematicaѧ綼ʼׯεȻȻַģһǴڵġȻ֮ǰܶѾڴ˵ׯεȻҪоϵݣûп֮ǰǶᵣƪĵΡ
ĵʱ˵𾪡ׯεȻڴڵӦöѾʼŵȻʿ룬ܶ˼룬ǿȥ̫ɬЩ˸ͿׯεȻģҶǽڣôôأ
ηƪĵʱ糿ճ칫ңһĴѧģҪǷûйڴηģⷽоѾܶ꣬ΪĿйϵԾҪûصġڰоϣĿǰ˵ԵñȽ١ڹڻǹ⣬ܶ⣬ûо
ãεĿǰҲ˵ׯεȻҪо򣬵ʲôʱܹоһءֻҪĿⲻغϾͺãĿ޿˶ƹ㣬ȷʵǺĿⲻغϵġ
˵ׯεȻһƪڴģλɻСӲǾ·ݲ˵ҪĿôھͷˣ۾ʲôׯεȻ̫ɬ֮ġ
Ҳû⣬ܶʱ򣬶ѧߵģһȺ˿ͲЩ˵ˡarXivֱӼׯεȻ֡
Ͽ޿˶ƹ㵽֤ƪλεĳǰһտƪĵĿλʼ
⡭Ҳֲ̫˰ɣ˵оûжõʱ䣬Ͱ֤ˣβаʵׯεȻͻȻļޡ
Źµʱ䣬ͽһ缶ѧ£⡭̫ˡ벻ʲôʻׯεȻ
㿪ģǰ滹ã緹ȥʱ˶Ǳġȷ̫ɬҪĿ֤ܹׯεȻ˼һʱ򣬿ڵϿָƪĸо
ҪׯεȻƪ֤һۣžĴģѾﵽڵϿвΡ
ʲôʱׯεȻڴϣȻѾԽˣﵽв˼ĲΣס¿ȥ
ĻûпһС룬ɫѾȫԭɫͺڵú硣ȫӰζջĿ⣬׼ؼҼĥƪġ
ƪĸܴΨһвľǣƪ̫ķ񡣺ܾûĸоȫĵͶ뿴һƪģҪͣشĦ֤ȫе˼Ϊڴڣ˵ǹģҲǶġ
ׯεȻƪĸĸоͺһ
ϵԣξ۾ۡվԱߵĲʿҲСؿΡѾһ˳Է֮⣬ûȥĵطôŵԿ
֪ڿģǽɫı任ʵǹڲʣʱ㵸ʱüͷʱһ±ơһʱ򣬲ʿýѾһı顣ֲҶ죬ͺܺ棬ڵڿʲôġôԡ
ʰöŹİǻȥϢɡ
ѧվڣ쿴ʲôģôԣ
ζѧҾ˵͵͵ôΣҪҿʲôǰɣ
ׯεȻġն˵ȰǻǲҪ棬̫ɬһûؼҺúõ㣬⼸µʱ򣬶Ҫƪϡ
ԣпǸõʱ䡣οʼֹѧͷԡׯеҲûпȷʵǳѶҲڵ˻ɬеزׯеģʵǲʿǿܹһЩġ
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ʦ֣ǣʦִ򿪵ԣֱӵ¼arXivоЩͷԣҪλİ
ҾҪλдþжؼʣȻڼ֮ǰһƪϵġ
δǴʿ˵ôûзڷģǵϴδƪģСķ籩û뵽תͷͿʼдڴġ
ȫŰûпľ֪λĿ϶ǳߣۺܼҡ
㿪֮ǰЩǰѶȵĻ˵϶÷ǳ
ֻĿֱҳʱ׾ˡѹֽüǼģͿģ̫ɬйȻǴУʵ˾ʹһʣֱ
ͬǻѧĲʿΪʲôôȴôأ
ˡϵԣп˵ȻеĲ˭ܹģҾҸͲܿλеʵˡ
ʦ֣еô
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ǰɣԱߵоһںôڴо˼ʮʱ䣬ôڿŶô
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ܲңѧѧƣžҪͨҪܶࡣʿ̯֣츳һǳҪ飬ѧϸˡ
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У߰ɡصԡ
ׯεȻվڻĳʱӽأǵ˲٣ټϽĩԵΪӵҪʵеѡص䣬ֻкüʮδӵ绰Ƚڴģз͢˹ģеڡġ˹ȵȶĽһֱڲͣشĵ绰ϧûнӵ
ϳ⳵˾ѯʣʣ
ׯεȻ˵Сַ֮˾ųǰ

˵ǻ𣿡СĳŴſţǼҵС˵ҪСǰڵ飬˾סСҪؼҵġ
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лׯεȻСҲ֪ǲСĵƻˣЩġӦðô߶˵СҪҵʾݣ·ƻΪʲô޺ã
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顱˱ƵתûпͿһȺһӵϡʲôʱţ
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ҫüͷ΢΢šţѶңʲô֣

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㡭ȿȣڿˡҪǣϵһ¡ҫԵúΣΪץˣǲǸֳĶӣΡ
ߣҰֹׯεȻҲҵıʼǱҷźá
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С߳Ѷң磬治ˣҪҺظ֡
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ҫһۣҫھУԴģкܸߵ츳жʱçײץ飬ҲûзǱȽٵģçײһڣһ˵ǹƥȥץˣԼİȫ
Ѷң濴ׯεȻߵС¡
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Цôְִ绰
ׯεȻСһۣСͷִȥһЩǺظֳĶӰǲˡ
ҫҲһ£ǺظֵĶӣ˲ˡ
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ҲҫһۣѼҽҸ˵Ҫôçײ
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ׯεȻڳԷߵԱ£ܣؼô绰
ԭʥڲŻġׯεȻǺԽԽĹĵģǺһ
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ԡׯεȻͷסһ𡣡
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ʱϴ裬ׯεȻ˵߽ȥԷ
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ҪҸ硣ׯεȻ²˵ҫһҵʦ㹵ͨ
ǡҫͷ


97 
СһԾִٲҪ˵ɣֲ֪˵ʲôáֻСĿׯεȻ
֮ׯεȻû˵ֳЩأǺµģЦ˵ҫھУʶġ
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λǵĲѾˡ߽ǵõĲͶá
ҫһʲôڲʮ·ݣ㲻ѧ𣿡
źߣׯεȻҫеûûƤģǺ̫ϤɣôҪ׽
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ԷɡкǿԷҪϰˡ
ǰҫ̾ϢţҪϰˡ
극ׯεȻؼңҫȥ档űʼǱׯεȻʼǱĵѧϰ̻ʵָ壬Щõ飬˵ʵׯεȻѾˡ
ֻҪǷͺãׯεȻΨһµľֵǷơ
ڶ죬յ칫ңûпʼϰֳ࣬һݱֽ߽칫ҡֳЦùŹ֣ҲƣЦʲô
Цץһӵӥû뵽ͷǱӥۡ
ʲôֳ̫仰˼ֳֽϣԼɣʶı⣬ʮҫ֪ׯεȻ
һ£ֽԽԽҫ㵱ӿȻҼ뷨
Ҫ˵ҫһҲǿְǼСʱˣϰ࣬˾ȥˡҫӴû˼ңүү̺⹫Ŷȥ磬ĸûʲôֵ֮ܽģĹ¼ҹˡ
ҲСˣðˡ˺üףҪôԷͥá˵ǲʿĺӣҵǵ㹤ʡ۽һģǿһİɣûȤ˹ǹͦľګŮӿӰԷ֮ͱ˻ؼҡü׻Ϊ飬˼Ůת뿪
Ҳûпȥ˼ң֮˫ûп϶Է
Ϊҫǲ˲ģҫĸ׺ͺУѣҲʶˡҫձҵǻȲȥʵҫҪȥģҫ費׼ֱӰ˸ˡ
ҫҲͰĵĵ̾ϽʱȽçײҶͦϲһġ
û뵽û뵽ҫȻ˼ѹҫӾУʼû˵Ůѣǰɣ
ֽдúѪѹҪˣҫмǣҵˡһŰҲֽ֪׫дߵ̽Ϣ˵б۾ġ˵ʲô׷ׯεȻ꣬ׯεȻûдӦҫׯεȻһ飬Ҫ׷ׯεȻ
ҫİԣĵǲ˱ֽû飬Ҳû̸ⲻһ׷һѡҲòŴĹؼڣ˹ׯεȻ֪ѧߣ
žжôôıֽȥˣǱλŰԵģǻͷһݶȻǱͲʲôıֽϲֻŵıֽ籾Ͳ󣬾Ǳһ߱磬ҲھһЩֵֹ׬ͷ֡ׯεȻֱըԵţǱֽ֮Ǳص̳ʡĶʼ
ׯεȻȷʵʲôˣ֪ѧѧߡ˹ٴѧϯڵͷȥܹסˣټϻһλšٵ־еһлţҲֵڲ෹̸۵ġ
ؿƪ˵б۾ģҪˡ
ɣҫͬǶһֹŹ֣Ҵһ˿ͬԹ˵ݣļĳ˵û뵽ǵСȻˣȻ֪׷ˡⲻ̫׷Ȳ˵Ա⣬˼ҲǶѧߣҴʱ䶼ڹ⡣ˣüְ
СǻǺܿġ
еıֽһȲҵϲϲҫԣϲϲ˶һⱨֽʵ̫ˣ̲סҪҫһ١
ׯεȻϲˣܹܣô߹ġǽӻؼңҲû׼ϲ˭ַҫçײļһһչ˺²ǻҪչУȫС˵ȥȽҫ̫׳ˡҪһ𣬻֪ҫô۸ء
ôһ˲䣬ͻȻΪʲôôԭ˿ŮԽԽ⡣
ҫͬڸ˵ؾȥİ칫һ¡
ҫ֪ô£ͬĪķԣҲú֣˵û׷˭
Сû뵽Ȼϲ͵ġ
ҫ⣬ʲôӣĸӣ
С㲻˵˵£ôͶԼģ
Ƕ˵ʲôҫǺܲ⣬ߵ칫ǰš
ҫһֲõԤУÿ֮󣬺ңȥ֮ǰҪز١
԰ʱû鰡
ţɵЦؾ֣£
㿴ݶֽ
ǣؾ֣ûʲô鰡ָʲôýұҫֽһĿ˶һ׺䶥ĸо
ʲôҫׯεȻ̳ԷƬߵǣƬѺǸʱ㣬úׯεȻ˵仰ׯεȻͷ飬һɵЦƬȥôһ¡
һ죬һ£ô£
ҡҫС˵ؾ֣ǺׯһȥġԱߵˡ
׷ô£
ûаҫˣʲôʱ׷ׯεȻˡżׯεȻΰô׷ֲôˡ
ûУ
ûСҫæҡԴ˵ؾ֣ҺׯڱûмΣ֪ģҹæʱ׷ˡңׯҲܰ
ҲǡŭһЩҲġ
ǡҫЦΣȥ֮ǰЦݸ
ڿҫ;̫ѨͣЦһʵ̫Ƿˣ˻֣Ͻ߰ɣҿ㣬ҿͷ۵С
ǣؾ֡ҫæ뿪칫ң˰칫ſڣҫתؾ֣û׷ׯڡ
ԱߵĿȪˮƿҫ
ҫţ칫ˡһֳպ·´ҫСкؾֳ׷ؾֳĶˡ
ҡûСҫԼ춼˵ˣ֪ׯεȻΪʲôֵ֪ôչɣ׺ͺ˵ʲôŻôôأ
벻ͨ벻ͨ˵ʲô飬ᵽֵزڿ˵ִŶڴҫ׷ׯεȻԣǿׯεȻڡ
ׯεȻѧʶʱӵʺţׯεȻûѧʶûȷʵͦġ
ֹһαׯεȻѪѹҪߵ֡ҪлׯεȻκĵѪѹҪڼҪѪѹˡ
Щֽ˵úϸ·ʱ޿̶ڶǽ͵еĶԻƵġ
ҫںܷ̳꣬ȻгΪǱ˵졣
˶ׯεȻ飬Ѿʼд˵С˵ֱǷꡣ
ֵز˲෹̸ʶҫׯεȻ
ҫȥʳóԷʱ˽˵顪
˵ҫ֪ɣ
֪ӵǸɵС𣿹ͦģżС˵ϴλ˺ؾֳĶӸɷӸץˣǺؾֳ˵ġλӣڹ⵱ҲǵùջعҫǸ첻ߵɵСӡ
㻹֪ɡҫСӿɲɵ˼׷ؾֳĶӡ
ļٵģ
ûпıֽ𣿡
˵˾Ϊ鲻ǽԵ𣿺ǣߴţɵС⵹ãﵹǰ˸ˣ׷˼Ҷء
ӴλǿǴﰡ֪ѧߣһʹüѧѣ˵λҵڹһ仰ѧ綼ҪˣܿǸɵСӣҿ˵ɵС֮ǰ׻Ϊȥף߹Ρ
ⲻǺؾֳŵ˵СӸͲҪףԷҲƲġ͸˼˵ûиоһ𡣡
м׵Ŀģĵ绰һ
ԭźؾֵĹء
ȥô
ǿɲǣûСƽʱȥͷԵģԭϲ˼Ҷ֪ӡ
˵ܿС𣿡
˭֪أҾ˵®ʱ򣬺һšǶӽڵӰɡ
ȥЩϢ㵽ʲôʱ֪ģ
ֽϿ£˵ǴŶȥƴˣиӣʱҲڶУ˺ʲôףĥŲڰɣʱӲŶһ㰡ǳи׵ģܳ˵Ժӵ˭ġ
˵ǺؾֵĶӣӦǡüͷ϶Ǹɣ
Ӧòǰɣƽʱȥºͺ͵ģǸѧģ̫ܲСĥſ϶׷Ů̫һ
ǵǡ
Сˣ˵ˡ
˵Ҷˣû뵽˽¾Ȼôԡҫҧһԣҫµʱ򣬴ҫʲôʱʼ׷ҵܵܣô֪
Ҹû׷ҫпԣ̳Ѿˣʼһطɢͷ
û׷ׯεȻҲׯεȻûʲôֵֹ˼룬ϲׯεȻЩ߼룬дһƪС˵Ƶġ˶ˣýôдҲˣؼǻôšҫҡ
ǲҪһ£
Ļ᲻ᱻô죬ûš
ڼͣԺҪ̸ˡ˭֪ׯεȻйһΣȻ鱾е飬˳ɻҪǼôȥҪǲׯεȻƾû̸ֻܹ¶ˡ
˵ϵ˵ʲôôͻȻ飿ҫ˺ܾãųҥĲׯεȻǿ϶ڳˡǵ˵ʲôñôࣿ벻ͨ
ԡҫƴƵʱ˵˺ܶ໰ʲôҲˡ
ֻҵܺʱ֪˰ɣԥ˵Ҫȥһʱ磿
ɡʵǲҺׯεȻһĺʲôҥԴׯεȻûкô
ʱ磿ׯεȻڱʼǱ·׼ȥʵҿʲôط
˾ܹһ˳˵һ¹ʵҽķչׯεȻҵ绰뿪ңŷСſڣźʱĵ
ʱСǰͣ³ׯεȻ˳ִ򿪳ϳʱ⼸Ҳͦæģûע⵽СĻţԼ̸̳ׯεȻҫ顣
ھȥʵ𣿡
ԡׯεȻͷˣʱƸǷȥûУ
ȥˡʱ䣬Ͷ𣿡
ׯεȻҡҡͷڻûͶʵǱߵĽչΣ
ɡׯεȻ˺ܶ࣬Ȳ˵ʵо⣬ʵ滮ȥǴѧΡǴѧʵҵĸˡ
Ҳáʱһ·Ǵѧεİ칫ң˿ʼ̸۹ʵҵĽ⡣
һʱֻׯεȻǸ˵ȳȥӸ绰
ûϰࣿ
°ˡڵ绰ͷ˵磬ʲôط㡣
Ǵѧںء
ǺãϹúܾûп⹫ˡ˵һ䣬磬Ұ
ҵ绰תͷڻ·ҫʱǴѧ̸飬ڹȥɡ
ɡҫзʱҲ·ͣΪ°ĸ߷ڡǴѧʱɫȥΡׯεȻͺʱѾ꣬ȥʲôطԷʱҫʱ˵Ӵˡ
ΡЦ˵Ҳڰ
ǿɲʵҵ飬ôܲڡʱЦ˵ãǶǴѧĲһȥԷɡ
áҫӲͷƤҫرҪѯʺʱϵ˵ʲôׯεȻֲ˼ڡ
ׯεȻһ𣬺ʱǳҵҫׯεȻߣҪʱյĻһšׯεȻҫ¶ձʱ
ׯεȻѧңҲֻܹһ»ˡѧϵ飬޴ҲȤҪ˵ǿ϶ܵ޴ϲġ⻨ߣһ˿˿
ǳԷʱ򣬻вǴѧѧ
ǶֵׯεȻҫС̸š
ׯεȻʱԴīƶɣҸоиӲõᷢ
˱ҷʲôʲôҪ֪ѧǿҫЩ˿ʼ۷Ź⣬ׯεȻüͷ΢΢һ壬鲢򵥡
һҲҪ֪顣
ӴѧͦġʱЩûз鿪ʼŲԾĵطȥ
ҲûзѧֵɫǶׯεȻղ˵īƶɺ棬˵СׯôͻȻ뵽īƶˣ
īƶɣѾ뵽˲ۡׯεȻ̧ͷ
ʲ⣿
ͽ
ҫͷҲ˵ҲΣ쿴ֽ߱ϵıҪΪǶһҫһҪ˱ֽа
ȿȡʱֳеŹ֣ôˣһ޾ɵģ
ûʲôׯεȻҡͷԸķ粨ȥɡ
Ѿˡʱ˵ݸΣϣ㣿
ˡλ룬ׯεȻôͻȻͽ⡣
ʲôҫȿڣʱ磬Ҵһ𣿡
ھͿ԰ʱֵ˵ʣ
ҫͣĵͷɣǴ극ҡ
극λؼҡʱ򿪳ׯεȻϳȼһ֧̣ҫ˵ҫ˵ɣҪʲô
Ǿۻϣҵ˵ʲôڶڴ׷ׯڡҫ¶ȿ޻ҪѿЦĲ֪ʲôʱ׷ׯڡ
¶ʱܴ㵣ϣ˵㲻һǵ˵䡣
ںˣ˰ɡʱЦ˭ڴ
֪ϻֽ߱ˡ
¶ʱסˣ鶼ϻֽ߱ˣ
ʱ磬˵ô찡
ʲôô죿尡ʱֺֺЦ˺֮˵֪˰ɣ


101 
ҫԴׯ֪𣿡
ӣ˳ѾǲµˣӦûûüʱׯεȻղŵģƾׯεȻ̣϶Ѿµôչˣûղ˵īƶ𣿡
ҫһƬհףʲôīƶɣ
б仵ĿܣֿжСܻᷢʱ˵˺ƺ￪ʼѾ뵽Ŀԡ
ǡҳü𣿡
֪ʱҫļ򣬡˵ʵСҸǺġҲǳ㣬Ǹþ졣Ҫ׷Ǽأǲ˵򡣵ȻһˣǺؼһǻġ
ڵǣҸûܴ̫ܿϲһ𡣡
ǡҫ֪ҪôͣĺׯûʲôҲûжׯʲô˼
ңҾҪ顣
õģ֪󡣡ʱͷҪ⣬ǻ˷ųȥģǼףǾúͲ˵ˣΪ֮˵׵ܵܣǼҪС㲻ø˵Ķ԰ɡ
ܹĻĪҲǹˡʲô鶼ûͱɺʲô飬Ҫ޲óƤȻҲĽ룬ôʱǰοһҫСע㣬Ժʲô˵
áҫͷʱ˵ģһᴦõġ
ҫЩεĶԺʱ˵ʱ磬ʵǡ
ˡʱͷһҫļ򣬡ôãֵƵģֲǵһμңأ
ȥԼ˼һ£ʲôطˡ
ϳ֮ׯεȻ۾ǲִˣ
ҫһ飬Сѯʣ㿴ˣ
ûܹ󵽡ȺϲּĻⲻϡ档ׯεȻüģͻȻоƣ˺ֳ飬˵ô죿
֪ҫ治֪ׯεȻ㣬а취𣿡
£Ȼô죿ׯεȻ̾ϢһˣǵҪˣŰɣһ׼컹иų
ǰɡҫſúѿԺô̸
̸ءʱҪҫЦˣ㻹룬ôλŰɡ

Ǵѧˮ
쿴ǾˣҪһ
¥ׯҲ̫˧˰ɣҫҲĺ˧վһһҶȳѪˡǶûпׯλϵʱҫ͸ׯһģ̫ĬˡҸоһ̸Ϣй¶ˡ


102 
Сֽ⣬ׯεȻʵر⡣ֻҪֵֹĴ˵һģһѧ߶ԣûκεɱһЦׯεȻȻǲЦġ
ϧڴҶͦϲּģҲ˵ʲô
ģʱ䣬СֽòУСûа취ΪֳҪЩŵС֣һʵׯεȻҫʲôϵĸо
ҶһЦǺؼҵˣѲʲô飿
֣԰ɡڵϿ˵ָ壬ҲǳԷʱ䣬ׯεȻ׼մӵλ϶ͦ۵ġ̫ʣڼ￴ָ壬Ҳ飬С
ΧȹׯεȻʼ
߽æ˳극֮󣬺ϴ룬ׯεȻصָ塣
Щֽ˺üʱ䣬ҲûпΪ˵ׯεȻҫҥҫرҪ⣬ҪԺ̸ô죿ׯڵǰѣ˵ΰ
ׯεȻڣƵġ
˼֮󣬿ûʲôӦýҲͦĵġҲûм£ǻкܶҫׯεȻcβϴׯεȻxҫĴƤѼѧĿǰܻӭĴžѧx칥ȻиָͬˣҫҿһƪׯεȻĴƤѼѧĿɿڴȫû뵽ȻдЩµĻһЩεεŮ
ȻŮÿ£̸ʲô鶼ûС
ׯεȻǱҫźܶ࣬ҫС˵٣ҲЦЦˡתۼͿҪԪۿǴѧҪżˣʵһûжͶЩ˳ׯεȻͶϧׯεȻ̫⡣
ڵʵһǴèСèֻʱ䣬ҫǲҼׯεȻģҪǺׯεȻŭһ٣ڿƤѼѧ֮ԼͲׯεȻʲô֮ģڽʵеׯεȻʵ벻ׯεȻǿׯεȻͻԶ뵽ЩݣǲҪׯεȻȽϺá
λׯεȻÿ˿ָ֮⣬µġ
˵ݼپҪݼ٣Բκο⡣ѧ緢ʲôׯεȻ֪ѧ緢žҫĹ¶Ѿȥˡ벻ڶȻ֮졣
ڸ绰ʱׯεȻûʶԡ
Žڡָ壬ׯεȻֻҫ˵иڵϿָ飬ֲʶѧˣϢй¶ȥпͰˣʱ仹ͦæģü춼ûлؼҡ
첻ϰ࣬æӡ
СׯŽڵ绰ͷŹֵ˵ϲ
ׯεȻ±ƣͻĹϲԵ쳣㵣Žڣϲʲô
֪ˡָû뵽СׯȻϲ͵ġ
ҿƬˣԷȷʵͦ˧ġܶĳ࣬ԵúУǷһּĸоСׯߵġ
ȵȣׯεȻһڲ˵һҫ˰ɣ
ԣ˵ǾٰɣѹСׯҪعڼ˵ͦģòãҲǣ㲻õĻҲôżع
ȵȡׯεȻͷۣԼԴ˵ŽڣһʲôҺʲô鶼ûС
Сׯ˹ٴѧѧ綼֪ˡɻ˵ѵǸûйϵ𣿲Ѿҳ˵趼Ӧˡ
ԽԽףֱ˴ף׿ţ׵ҡ
Ž˵е˶֪Һλ̸
̸ҪʲôʱڿԽˣ
ׯεȻ̬ˣ⴫ԻܼһΪʲôɴ˵ʵҫѾˣ顣
ڻֻҫ׷ׯεȻⶼѾׯεȻҪҫ顣͹ڵҥԻܷΧ֮ڵĻôô׵ҥԣׯεȻҪˡ
ŽڡׯεȻһʵϣĺλûκεĹϵҸһѡ
ҸǳϤҺѶ㲻ϣĺϤׯεȻͣһ£Ҳ֪Ϊʲô˵ҺʲôϵĺûκεĹϵ
ҥҲ̫˰ɣڴ׷ңⶼѾҪˡׯεȻԴҥʵ̫ˡ
ȿȡһҲ֪ģȽڸҵģ˵ڻһˣԲŻҪص
û뵽Ȼô¡ҲΣԭҪ绰ϲһׯεȻģû뵽Ȼҥԡ
ׯεȻʱҲоΡ
ллŽڣ¡ׯεȻһֳ岻ˡһ£ص˹ٴѧ֮󣬴ҿĿ⡣
ׯεȻѾʼˣ˺ΡοûǮ֮һֳֻҪץסҫݺݵһ١
µ绰¥ĸ˵
ҪԪˣԪû°ɣ
Ӧûʲô飬ûгʲô󰸵ĻӦܹϢ
ҫҲԷɣ⺢ӣҲͦġ趼ˣҲûиˣڴǮӣ̸
ɡûзҫǸúӣʱҲúͷۡһﻹ֪ǮӣһǮ
ҲûʲôȺãԺŻҫ׶󡣿ϧҫۣС˸
ҫĸˣׯεȻǵһ˵֮ǰҫôçײΪһǲŲŸôçġ
ûˣͦģˣƽˡ
뿪ׯεȻվڿЦ˵Ӵˡ
˵ţϾҪԪˡׯεȻ˵Ҫҫ⺢Ҳ
ԡׯεȻͷѯʣ֣ղ˵ҫĸˣ
ǰ̾Ϣһҫĸ׺һͬѧһμжб;ĩ·Ķ׳ˣǸʱҫС߰ӡһִģҲûٻ飬˵Ժӵĳɳ̫á
˾Уϵңβ㼩̾ϢҲҫظֵ·⺢ӣеçײҪȥпܾ׳ˡҵ֮ҾȥУ̾ˣСӱ췽ͺ츳
ϧϰûãûͦȥҲȥˡҡͷûʲôˣֱϵݶȥ硣һǣûˡϾУӣ׵ͦõģⲻҪһ𣿡
ǡͦׯεȻڿҫǾʱһֺĸо֪ˡ
ѹֶҫͦõģ֪еĹؽ֮ׯεȻȻ˵ˡ
ˡΧȹ֣ղҪ˵ʲô
ҲûʲôׯεȻɫЩŹ֣һδ
ûׯεȻ˼ɻؿ
ǣҸղŽӵ˹ٴѧڸҴĵ绰˵ϲҿҪҫˡׯεȻȽɣڵҥԻҫ׷ңⶼҺҪˣû뵽
λڸң˹ٴѧ֪¡ׯεȻεɳϣѾܹ󵽻ص˹֮󣬴һһֵҵĳ
ׯεȻ;ûڣ̫ˣ
ȿȡһҲܹŹֵ˵Ϊʲô¹ⶼѾ֪ˣ벻ͨΪֻǷ꣬ô촫ͺˡͺڹׯεȻƵģׯεȻûô
ֲǻ˵Ը˼пɰˡֱϲּҲ˭˭˭ıǵϲЩţ˶ѡ
˼Ϊڸ
ׯεȻҡͷ˵ĸѧ˵ȥ˰ɣҲ֪ϴҵ־ʱΪһƪѾһΡҹǺܶ˿˹ڵĻţԽԽ죬ڵӡ
ϰ߾ͺˡׯεȻ̾Ϣһ飬ҸӦùעʯīϩʵڻû˱ûҪ
ʯīϩʵҵϣﲻׯεȻ
ûϵǼôһġֻܰοһׯεȻ
ϣׯεȻü룬ʵûˣֻܻع֮ȥѧУˡϣᱻУŰɡ
ڹѧУһܲʵ飬ܰڵ˹ٴѧԲܰ˸Ǵѧغܶ࣬ׯεȻ֪ܵ顣һҪѧϰƤ˹Ҳܸص
Ҳֻ˹ٴѧȴǴѧׯεȻȥԼ㶨ѯĽڡ
ׯεȻû뵽Ҫʲô˻صǴѧع֮󣬿϶ҪڹڵѧУˡ
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ѧԽһõĿͷ𣿡Цųӣϡ
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ڣѾкܶ˼볬Խѧҡ
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ɳϣҫձϾ쵼ȻСͿݲһҫеš
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˴ǲ̫ϰֳϣǾִ١
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Ҳͦϲҫµģüץҫǰ棬СҲһç˶ΪçײĶ顣
˵ׯεȻֻóֻһһԹڵİֻšׯεȻеƣ˭ͻȻ绰ʲôթƭ绰ɣĬĬţ½
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ʮܵϽڣѾǷǳˡҡҡͷׯεȻһҪΪڶׯεȻʮʮšʵϣʮĽڶѾΪǰ;á
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Ц˵ٰɣ
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Ƥ˹ҵġЦ˵Ƥ˹˵ʲôʱ顣
᣿飿ҫȷԼȷʵǵһοɣһڽг֣𾪣ڣ
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ܸʶ㣬١
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ﰲŵĵᣬ׼ȥⷿסͷһֱסҲ̫á
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ŶׯεȻѯʵѡ÷ˣ
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ҫҲ̫֪ׯεȻʵʵֱ˵˳ⷿҪ˯ûʲôҪֻҪǾ̫Զͺá
Ҳ׼šׯεȻţ׼ӡ
ҵĹʻôܾòӡҫεЦЦ
˵ĹʻϵĶûôù
ҫͷͷҪӲףοĵطҾҪڽӾͺãҲ̫ͼʮƽ㹻ˡ
ûмƻ飿
˵ɡҫҡͷûˣĸҲܸ֧֣ܹһС͵ķӾѾˡʲôģҲҪ˿Ҳϲаͽ飬ҫټСʱ飬ڻ˿־С
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ǸׯεȻɫҲ̫ãǸ⣬ֻǿЦѣû뵽ҫ뵽Щ飬û뵽Щ¡
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㻹ͦõġׯεȻţȥ׵ĻӦûкܶϲġ
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ɴ򿪳ţһɵϳӴôôأ
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ˡ֣ׯڣҴǴѧӭׯھǴѧִ̡
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ҫûв廰һ߿һɺׯεȻ̸ۡǴӴ̸۵淶ۣܶණҫû
ֻǰţĿСĵ³⣬Ц˵ӴСͦģ
ôҪھӣ
ҲɲͣصͷԵĻȷʵҪׯѣ˵ʲôʱׯЯһ£Ҿֶѧˡ
ˡ˵ý⣬ׯεȻÿѧϲ㣬ׯڡ˿ѧ


103 軰
û뵽ׯεȻļңȻôߡôһ˲ʧŤͷվߵׯεȻǱȻ¶ΪʲôҶҺ𾴵ӣ
æкɣڿ°ɣͦġ
Ƚů͡һ·СܣɵһȲ
ׯεȻǺߵǰ˵ڸϽ°ɣǼһ򶼺Ĵڡ
ȻӣǺţ̣ׯεȻݿȣ£Ц˵˼ڣе㼤ˡ⻹һδͬ»λҶӡĸ磬⼸λͬºѡ
ЦŴкǺá
ׯڵˣ˹ٴѧһССĸڶѡׯڣյ˹ٴѧûжãܴӸֱΪϯڡ
СҲ֪ʲôʱģԱߵλڣáշ룬СС
áЦţҫҲϣҶƣмֿ軰ģ
ׯεȻſȷɵߣЦ˵ڷѷڿ軰̸ʱҲ
԰ɣڡ
ɵǿҪʮˣӦ֮ûмôΣʼЦ˵ׯ¶ɲҰѷֻȥڿûʸǶѧ֮ĶԻ
ׯڿʲô
˵ڿnash eili
iu𣿡
ׯʲôʱھѧôȤҪþѧ𣿡ɿʼ٩ׯεȻׯεȻʵ̫ϤˣȻ֮Ƚϴ󡣵Ϊһͬ£ûദҲ
ΪһоѧˣûŨĹŰʡƽʱദЩĸоʱ˵ЩûʲôԵġ
ѷȷʵׯεȻȥ軰֮ģɺٻȥΪ֪ѧﲻЩڵĸ߶ȡܶණȥˣҲδܹʱ䣬úڼ࿴飬ܹѧ϶оһЩ
ׯεȻڲܸɣڿڵϿ˵ָ塣
ղ˵ʲʲôţ½ѯʡ
nash eili
iuʲ⣬ѧѧ֧۵һҪۡׯεȻЦ˵㷺Ӧ򣬱˵ѧ¡ѧѧڴνĲҲǴnash eili
iuġ
Լ˹ʲǣճһ˿΢Ц˹ٴѧڣׯ֮ǰǰݷùʲ𣿡
ׯҪʲϼʲôЦ˵Ϊ˹ٴѧĽϯڣоѧĻҲǲҵ˰ɡ
оһЩѧϵ⡣ѧϵ⡣ɶſȱĺһڣǴѧ֮ͻȻ˹ٴѧӡ
ׯεȻ΢ЦɵߣɻҫڴԴ˼ʲô
СºСú۹⿴ɣû˵ͳһͬҲЦеĿɡ
ʵׯϸ˵ӦʦֶɣЦţҺ嫺ʦֵܡ
ׯʦֵѧϧׯʵ̫ˣģ£û㳬Խ嫺ŦԼѧôĸڣҪνھͻصڡ
㵹ֱΪϯˡ
Сѯʵڣׯڣ˵ʲôϯڡϯڵģϯڵʲô˼
ϯڰɳĬһϯ֮ϵְλ˵ǵǱ߽ڵְ֮һͺǹڵһڻǵ־w3ڣһְơ
Ϊ߼Ľڣѧͷ˲ְܹơȻׯڷϽϯڵڱضѧʦ˹ٴѧѧϵϯڵְƣǿׯھжôɷеĿȱѷַƵȵȽڣׯһЩ軰ᡣ
ׯεȻҲſȣЩʱ䣬ڹÿȻͦġһ±ӣɽں͵˹ٴѧ˹ٴѧȡòʿѧλȻ˹ٴѧΣں͸ڡǷǳĽڡ
˰ɡҼֱ̫ͨң˹ٴѧ̫࣬Ҹʲô
ˣŮʿɿ˵ŮʿСʱƺҲ˹ٶȹһʱģ
ûͷܾûȥ˹٣Ӧñ˰ɡǱߵǳģǳУϲ˹ٸߵоԺԱߵĽֵ
Ȼǲ軰ᣬ˵ʲôɡ׳һ⣬ǵһ𣿡
ǰɡɺԥصͷ˵ǻͦġ
Ǵѧ߲̫Զ׼ס𣿡ĵ˵ǳĸ֪ܹع
ˡҡͷҲʲôȲѧͷˣҲǶѧҡҲһͨڰˣҲׯڻصǴѧ֮󣬿϶Ǵѧʣѧֱġ
ˣһ⡣ͻȻ뵽ʲô˵ϵѾְˣĻϵλÿҪεġ
ɿׯεȻׯεȻһȻ˵ң
˹ٴѧѧϵϵελׯεȻЦ˵ͱЦˣôܡ
Ѿкܶ˵Ҫ뿪˹ٴѧɼ侲˵ʱλãҪ
ѷڵԭѾʧȥһλ͢˹Ҫʧȥһλѧϵľš
Ҳ֪˹ٴѧѧĵλѾʼҡ˹̹ţ򡢽ŵȵȴѧʼҪǻعĻʲôУԻУܹѧкܴҪǸ͢ѧѧɾǴӸ˹ʼ˲űӶռѧĵλáҪΪ־ǶԭѧҲתƵ˹ٴѧ
һɻðĿȣǻΪص˵һѧĵתơ
ҪףѧǿѧĸΪѧģôĿչʱڵռһЩơںЧӦ֮£϶ǻįġ˹ٴѧҪ
ȻҲȫ˹ٴѧ˹ٸߵоԺʲôưֻĴĶļ۸񡣡ʵϣ뿪˹ٴѧʱǿһ޷ܾн
ѾǴѧͶ˼Ѿ˺üĻعƻ룬ⱲӦþҪ˹ٴѧˡ
ҶЩ꣬ɵĻȻû˵꣬˵һȽʵ⣬Һׯ˹ٴѧʱ򣬼ûκƵģҪʲôʲôҸǷǳߵнˮĿǰôߵнˮҲκεĿ⡣
̯֣ʱܹعģ氮ˡ
ͷ̫ⷽ飬ҲȻ𾴡
ڡ֣ص˵Ѿǳ˲ˡ


104 һ
ɼæ֣Ҫ˵ʵǱ嫺绰͸绰ܲ˲ŻġǴѧʵҲ˽ĵġ
ׯεȻصǴѧ϶ǳѧĵķȥ衣ׯεȻ˹ٴѧͬ£ֶ嫺ʶ˹ٴѧʱϵͦġѧϣׯεȻ˵ڻѧ˵һġ
ͬ£ֻҪ̰Կ⾭֮顣ҪĿ⣬ǿġټλһڿˡ巽ҲȱҪ࣬ѡǴѧпܳΪǸɼĽڡ
ܶ벻ĺôܹӵУȷʵǴǴѧȥֻҪܹо⣬޲̫ܹ࣬ȵǴѧݡ
źһ࣬Ƴô˵ʵͦģȻ˵ۼģˡǱôƳ磬ͦεġ
ȿȡתƻ⣬ʵҿȥܲ
ҲͦϲַװޡĴţǴѧҲرԶҪǴôõʱ䣬׼һ׷ӡ
ˣһ֪ʲôء΢Цѯʣʺʲô
ңⲻһ𣿺üʮˣҲǾ죬Щͬ¡
ɽ΢Ц˵ͺھӵĻ϶ǳаȫС
ЦЦһ㣬ģǳԵɡ
ˣղ˵Ǹѷ˭ţҫ̧ͷһؿׯεȻׯںλںϤ
ѷڰׯεȻЦ˵˹ٴѧĽڣҲǳѧţѧϵǳߡ
ƫ΢ַϣһһλѧҡׯεȻʼ˵̹ƫ΢ַ棬ʵǳ
ׯҲ½ʼ佱ׯεȻܹôѧУΪõĽڣׯҲء
ôȥҪҵˡׯεȻ˵֮ǻǻӭڼǴѧɡ
ҿǺòײŰڸġҿʼƣɺЦ˵ׯҲ֪ǰҸİ
û취ĽڶعⲻŷڶҪعʲôѧУ鲻ǽ̣οǴѧѧϵҲǻڻͦзΧġׯεȻ΢΢̣ˣҼǵýİѾˡ
ʱĻԺͰĹھһģ˵ܹȡһ°ھǴѧ
ҡͷȥģׯڳׯڳĻλھ϶ϲ̵ܵǴѧѧ
СׯεȻҡͷһ˹ٴѧ¡
Ѿ׼ˣص㣬ʲôʱְ
˹ٴѧְϢͦģܶ˶ҪѧУ㣬ѧУǱߣҲῪʼһǳĶļ۸Ҫ㡣Լ˹ٸߵоԺǱҲҪ뿪ɺЦׯڿǺֵġ
ѾˡׯεȻ̯֣һ´ְصǴѧִ̡
һ¾󣿡
ҪȥĸУڲͰǴѧ𣿡
ⲻ˳һ䡣ɺׯεȻ˵Ѿͳʼæµ飬ȥæҫׯεȻ߰šҲ֪˵ĶԻڷſաСºСĿתضׯεȻɣȻ˵ǳ졣
ŤͷſȱbsdΣ
˵ʱϢκεĿ⡣׼˹ٴѧʱ⡣
һ£ׯεȻ˼˵ǰɣ㻹治һΪǰ׼ģû뵽ʲô
԰ׯεȻЦţ˵˲⣬ǲ⡣
Ľűӣڻ룬ҪʲôȽϺãҪʲôⶼûء
أŤͷׯεȻãѯʵbsd֮׼⿪ǧ⻹Ŀ⣿
ׯεȻһ£һ
ЦüͷȥǿģûҪĻһnǻ֮İɡ
Ŷ˺һʱ䣬ֻĿȱͣתţƺʲô顣
ԱߵСºСҲ˵ǸͲ֪νnͻ뵽ʲôֻԱţҫղֲ֮˵Ҫ׼ׯεȻɵĶԻҪôڷſա
Ϊʲôѡѯһ䣬nȫǼѧϵĹͬ⣬ĻҲƫѧΪоȸϵ⡣
ʱûⷽĴɣѾǵnҪоȸˡׯεȻЦ˵Ҿôʺоȸ𣿡
ǳʺϡһЦ֪ҲȰ˵㣬ȸϵ⣬͢˹ҲȰ˵İɣ
һȷ˭Ȱ˵㣬ֻ˵˶ڴΪѧͳһһʲô֪пܳΪѧͳһ۵ľȸ죬ܹȸһЩףѧ⿴顣֪ģѧѧھ£õѧϵĶǳࡣ
ⷽͻĹףǹ⣬¹ںܶ൥λҪллɡ
nȫⲻǼѧϵ𣿡ׯεȻЦ˵ⲻԻһĽпܻaͼ齱
ýħǰɣɶЦˣ˵ʵҸˣ嫺ҪǱоһȸϵ⡣˵ȸܹͳһ
ܹⷽΪͻĹףпܳΪһѧ̻ʡɫҸϣһѧ̻ʻ㡣
ллĿޣڡһûãҾڻȸʱҿԷǳ϶ĸ㣬ҾԻȸģڡꡢҿܶ⡣֪ع֮ǲǻĿڵȴҡׯεȻ̯֣˺ܾá
ʲôĻϢ۾ׯεȻܾׯεȻ˵һ룬϶ǻعܻ֮ӵʲô֮ġΪܣҲΪԼҲ̫ûи˵顣
ҲʲôĻϢ֮ģֻʱ֪ع֮󣬻ʲô⡣ֻʱΪҽܻоĿ⣬ҲһоׯεȻ̾Ϣһ֪ģع֮󣬺ܶоܶġ
ȷʵͺ嫺о϶ϲ˵ǺͲϵصôҲֻ֪嫺ںͲһʲôз
صڣΪڻڷչڣܶʱɼ˹ٴѧʲôоҪооʲô
Ҫ׷ϷңڳԽҡ
ôҪǰջƿʼоܶിԵĶǻⱲӶɻعʱⷽ׼
ׯεȻҲⷽ׼Żعġ
Ȼ˵ڵ缸ʮǰϲ٣ǻϳһҪʮŬܻҪ˸Ŭ
ԸعĴ㡣ңҲû׼ٳ
˹ٴѧпٹǵʼҿѧԺԺʿûڵֱѡ˻عǻʲô˼ֵ𾴵ģׯεȻĶѧңڵķչԱڻá
оܵκεֻҪѧоѧ̻֣пܱͷϡǻص֮󣬻ҪоѧûпܵġׯεȻѧѧϷǳĹʶ⼶ѧߣص֮󣬿ܸҪͱһоǹҪĶ
ֻЩϧׯεȻǶڵʱ䣬ܻ˾̾ĳɼͻعƺܳһʱ䶼ׯεȻġΪĳЩǲܹġ
ںܳһʱ֮ڣЩǲܻṫ
ٻеϧׯεȻĲŻܸѧı仯ׯεȻɣƺ鲻̫أ˵Ѿ뵽ʲô飬Ѿ׼
ֻǻѧ̾Ϣѣҡͷ˵ȻׯεȻЩ֪صΪѧ̻ʵĿ΢΢ġô˵Ͳѧλ⡣
һǾЩϧ̲ס˵˹ٴѧϼʱ䣬˵عá
Ҫ֪опѧͳһ
ҲпҲز˹ׯεȻ˵õô뿪ҸΪǲô׵ķ뿪ġ
ɳĬˣȷʵôһѧţѧѧߣڹѧ紲ټпܳΪ̸ڵϿ֮һλѧ̻ʣ뿪Ҳǡ뿪ɣ
֮󣬵ȻׯεȻǿ뿪ġҸɰֻǱǹɱҲпǳȵȡҪׯεȻǰ뿪˹ٶͦ򵥵ģȻׯεȻҲûбҪׯεȻڵ
ٹ꣬ׯεȻĳɹԽԽ࣬ҲԽԽߡ˭ҲҪҶһ˹̹ʽǸ˹ʽšһ˹ø͢ѧѧͳΪѧģҪׯεȻûΪѧģôöԿƾЧӦ˲ǰ˥ǱȻġ
Բ鷢ׯεȻع¶ЩΪѡ˹ٴѧ֪ׯεȻԺعׯεȻعʱ򣬶Ͽļ飬ׯεȻ̫Ķع
޻˵ɱ۾˺һȻϣҪоѧǲڵġ
ѧûйѧйʱ򡣡ׯεȻЦһҵȻҪоԵѧ⣬ʵϲ˭ܴоѧоĴѧδĳһ컹ǻᱻȥӦõġ
ɵͷΪ˾͸Ƶ˵СºС붼ʼеˣҫڳ񣬹Ҳ֪˵˵ʲô
˶ʼĬСºС죬ÿӦ˵ʲôʲô˵
ϴ֣߳ŴҶû˵ǲ˵ôˣǣ˵ˣ
СºСεЦһ£ɺׯεȻ̸۵ǲ֪Ҳ֪Ҫ˵ʲôҫһ̧ͷ
Цؿҫҫȥ㶫ɣ
áҫͷ⡣ɵˣ˵ҫҲҪʲô߰
Ŷҫѹʲôţ
㿴ɡ̾Ϣһҫģҫǰ˵ŮѰ
Ůѡҫü֮ǰİӡ
һΪŮءӻ֣ҫȻһ䣬ϴȥҽԺǸҽô˵ҽƴѧĸ߲ء
ˡҫһۣ˼ܿңЦˣôȥ
˼ϲֲҡҫЦҪϲҪ׷£׷׷õҪҪҪȥ׷

Ӵ˵ʲôأׯεȻ˫ֲڶߵǰ˵δɩӵ飿ҽ
ҫصͷϴȥҽԺǸҽͦõġ
аׯεȻЦ˵磬ʲôʱҼɩ¡
ûûе飬ҫϹҺ˼ֻǸͬѧ
ӴǸͬѧҫЦ˵Ҿ˵ôϤء
ȿȡһҸҫ˼ҳԷлл˼ҽԺչǡ
ҫ棬װˡ
ҫһۣҫֱܿŤ뿪
ǵö˰
ׯεȻЦ磬ʲôʱҼɩ£
⻰ܺ˵ǵͨ죬صʱ򣬻˵ôͻȻоеȰ
ɶׯεȻüͷ˵ׯڣѾȷ·ݻعôܹbsd𣿡
ġׯεȻЦ˵ѾҪ⿪ˣ֮ǰƹʱҾѾʼֽ⡣˹ٴѧӦҪ˶õʱͿԽ⿪ġ
bbsdǸɶ쵽УҶ֪ôˡСºС뻹ǵһοģֵͦġ
ûʣԱߵɵǾúеֵֹ࣬ġӦʲô±˸µˣֲҪϡ
bsdǧ֮һ
һֱ˵ʲôǧ⡣½ͷʲôǧ⣿
ѧоͷߵѧ⣬ֿԽߴѧ⡣߸ⶼȫѧҴѧѣҲǶƶѧѧڸѧƷչҪߴ⡣
ֱn⣬Ҳν=nһ漰ѧԼѧ⡣
Ӽ룬Ѿ03ʱ򣬱˹׶ѧҽ⿪
׶˹ԺȱڣҪǼƫ΢ַԼѧĹ淶⣬ǰλǰ⿪
bsd룬ҲǱպ˹άګͨ-룬һϵ⣬Ҫ֤ص֮ϵ
룬ҲѧѧϵĹͬ⡣
nṣάҶ-˹п˹⻬ԣѧѧϵ˫⣬Ҳƫ΢̷ַġ
裬Ϊѧʹϵ飬һѧѧϵľ⡣ۡѧȵȶϣҲΪֹԽ⿪⡣
ׯѾ⿪-׶˹ԺȱڣⷽΪƫ΢ַ̺͹淶۷ͻԵĹסŵ˵ׯڲǷƶĽŵѧ׼ڹ淶ĵ߸Թףо淶۵ѧң˼·
۶ʮһΰѧң϶ׯڵһϯ֮ء
ƫ΢ַ̣Ǽ޷ƫ΢̷ַ棬ׯڸרеרҡ
ڿǵׯںҪڴڣĹס
˻СºС뵹һǶ֪ׯεȻһλѧңһȫ֪ѧҡƶĽ˵ûʲôŵǿǱΪѧȨҲҪĽܹΪ׼ŵҵ仹ôС
⡭̫ˡ
Ϲ˵Ȼڹ淶۷˲СĹףƾŵǳ˵λׯεȻҡͷֶѧܻ䷢ҵġǣǿͳһۣǽӻŵͳһۡ
淶Ѿšǿ໥Լ໥ɹӻֻʣӻۡ
ׯεȻ˵öĻʲôӻʲôۣ
ҵ۾գſׯεȻɣڴ˭ܹһ¡
˹̹ΪֱΪǿ໥໥Լ
ܹͳһܹ֤С
Ȼ˹̹׷һûܹκεͳһ֪ۡɣݼ԰λ̰˹̹֮ΰѧңɹƲغ㶨ɣ˹淶ۣǿ໥໥Լӻ˺ڹ淶ͳһۡ
-׶˹ԺȱҲѧ׶˹淶۵ʱ⡣
ֱ֮Ϊͳһۣܹ⿪صֻۡͳһۣǿͳһۺ͵ͳһۻҪȥѰҺͽ⿪һ˵ô໰ЩĿһڣ۶ǷǳҪģ˭ܹۣôؽΪʷΰѧңû֮һ
˰ɣ
ˡɵɵĵͷׯεȻׯׯܹ𣿡
Ϊô𣿡ׯεȻЦ˵ôܹҲоʲôǧˣֱ۲ͺˣ
Ҳǡ½ɵɵͷû˵ԱߵС뻹ǷǳĶׯεȻš
ҫ˻֮󣬽˷ڳԭҪæϳ
صλϣֳԴղǲڲˣ
ûʲôĵġׯεȻͣһ£ЦЦҲû˵
СһֱùŹֵׯεȻͻȻ˵ׯׯڣҿԺԺŵңҾǺŵչˡ
ׯεȻеЦܲܵõŵҲ֪ҿӣѾõŵƵġ
ڡ
ģׯεȻգϳԷʱɱƹ˺ܶࡣһֱ²ׯεȻֱ˹ٴѧѧجΣׯεȻȻǲ֪ġ˵мţǲ֪ΪʲôͳΪ˹ٴѧѧǵجˣҲûôɣ

ڶɻؼңҲʼϰˣׯεȻڼоָ塣
ֱ֮ǰɸׯεȻ绰˵ʱǣҪڿ֮ܵׯεȻҲûж˵ʲôֻ϶ѡѡӡ
ҵ绰ׯεȻ˿ӣڵϿ˵ָоһС벻ʱҪ˰ׯεȻʼпڵϿµָȻҪܳһʱܹо͸
æҲ֪ʱܻܲؼҡ
Ҳæ춼棬ׯεȻͳ¡
ǰ죬ͻȻؼһˣϴ˸裬ͦÿġׯεȻڿſȣָڿź磬˵һ䣬磬ҪȥԼأ
ٺ١ɵЦһȥ𣿡
źߣׯεȻź磬ɵ˰ɣȥԼҸȥݰ
ǣҫҲҪȥ֣ⲻллҵǸͬѧҽԺʱչҺҫ𣿡
֮ⲻھǰɣָ壬ׯεȻЦ˵ǳɣҸһȥ
뿪֮ׯεȻʻѾҫһͦģȥŮӣһͨѡ
ׯεȻ򿪺ĳţҫ˵Ӵô磿
ʲôôġҫŤͷׯεȻ˵ֲҶ˼˼ҾǸȥ䷹Եˡ
ɣҲǡ
ϳţʲôʱһµģ
ȿȡҫԣҿֻǲ䷹ԵģʲôҶܲ˰
ʲôطԷߵĵط𣿡
˾Ƶꡣųһ·ǰ˾Ƶ֮꣬ׯεȻ£ҫׯεȻߣϾѾֳ˼ŮкøСҫǸɵӣαڶ浱ء
Ŵƺ̵ĳׯεȻһܾûгˣ˹֮󣬹ֳܹ
˹ٲ̫𣿡
һģׯεȻЦ⣬٣ҷܶʱŶ񣿡
ҫһ£ׯεȻң𣿡
û𣿡ׯεȻЦ֪ΪʲôսŰˣ¾˼Ҹ˵㶼ûͦòİɣ
˼ҫεЦţЦͦģ밸ӡ
Ҫ룬ںͱʱ򣬾ͱ˰ɡׯεȻһ·ҾӦôʽһ㡣
ҫؿׯεȻ˼ŮкøУҴʽ㣬𣿡
ǲŹͷˣҸͦ˧ģǴʽҲٶԱصɡׯεȻĿŴ⣬ر氡٣뷨ͦġ
С𣿡
źߣׯεȻŤͷҫЦҫм־㤣ϧҲѧѧģһΪһȤо󡣡
о󣿡
ǻ걾ׯεȻüͷһɲǣҫĺͷһ£̫ˣΪʲôׯεȻӣô£
𣬱ҰҫЦݣ¼Ƥ񶼿һأ⣬Ц
Ҷ˵ˣҲѧѧġׯεȻŤͷưŵãҵʱҿû
һҫһҧʱǸʱһ
ŶׯεȻƽһҹ˵ﲻһ


105 
ׯεȻıƽҫһˣѾҪڵذϡȻǱׯεȻֹŵòᣬͷͣţ䶼кˮ¡
桭Ĳһҫڴڵĺţܱܲͦͦµģ㲻оѧô
ôͻȻȤׯεȻһ˲ָ˸ղ޺ı飬ǹճһ˿΢Цѡ
ƣҫղűŵú䤱ׯεȻ˵ղֻŻѡ
ҪΪׯεȻǺĵܵܣĶӣƾ͵öׯεȻȭˡ
ҷһ⡣
ʲô⣿
̫ϲŮˡ
ʲô⡣ҫЦ㵹ǰҸһ
⡣ׯεȻŤͷɭɭĿҫҲ˵Ҳϲˣˡ
ҫܱ̾ܲһһէŻˡ
ô˵ıŵˣׯεȻ˸ˣ㿪ЦأֲѧѧģΪرֻǾеˣֻ˵ѧңһŹо󡣡
Ӵʲô󰡣Ȥ˵ҫжˣ
ƿţһȣһλҶüŮں󡣼ǿȥƯǲŶ̷һӢˬģ
٣áŮ֣ҫæվãҽ
λǣҽׯεȻЦúܺЦü۶ׯεȻȻתͷʵı鿴
ҵܵܣ
áҽׯεȻоӦʲôطģ
ûаɡׯεȻҽ֣ܽ㣬Ӧûмİɣ
𣿡ҽ£ͣشׯεȻܾҿ϶ʲôطġ
ܡׯεȻЦ˵⼸ҶôǣҲûȥҽƴѧҽԺôҡ
Ҳǡҽ룬ׯεȻ˵öԣҲпtĵط㡣
ׯεȻûзӦԱߵҫʼ
ˣҽҫҿͦʵģô׾˰ɣ
ҫؿڣûûУղźˮȼˣеǺš
ȡҽԱߣҲ̫
ȷʵӦʲôطŶԵġҽԱߵĺˣҼǵûеܵܰɣ
еġЦ˵ǰһֱûҵС֮ǰͱˡ
ԭ
֮ǰʲôְҽر⣬ܾÿ϶ʲôطׯεȻġ
ׯεȻ
ҽһ£ׯεȻҾ˵ҿ϶ʲôط㡣֮ǰǴѧtجΰ
𣿡ׯεȻ˼ָԼı˵ôǸجΣѵ𣿡
㲻Ǻ嫺ںϱһڸ鱾𣿡
ǡׯεȻȷʵôһ¡սں׫дһڸĿαû뵽ҽҲ
иѡ޵ѧõǱ飬ŪͦġҽЦţׯεȻû뵽֪ѧ߾Ȼߡ
æҵ˵ԣԷɡ
ʲôлл㰡
ûϵСѡҽʼͺׯεȻڵˣҽȻ˵ˣ֮ǰׯںٵİԣǡ
˵ţ۾ׯεȻҫ֮ƶţȻҪ˵ǲʲô⡣
ҫæ˵ĺׯʲôûУֻǻŵĺ˵˵ѡ
𣿡ׯεȻЦһٺ˵ΪʲôŻ˵˵أ
ҫׯεȻķʸŪеµˣüͷӦôشׯεȻ
͡ҽһЦ˳ٻеɰء
ҫŬôشׯεȻɵӣҽʵ̲סɵеɰ
ҲôΪׯεȻϲ˵ҽʲôҪ𣿡
ҿ
ҫׯεȻҽһԱߵĺû顣
һٷׯεȻ㣬ҽЦͦûӵģ϶ׯεȻҪȻΪʲô֮ǰҽúõģҪׯεȻһЦԼ
ǺĸǮ֮ϲ̵Ŀ˻ؼҡ
ҫķ棬ҫСһ㡣
ҫûкȾƣͷ֪Сһġ
ˣǵҼҳԷһ䣬Ϲһȥˡ
áҫƣׯεȻŵˣׯεȻͬҽһ۸ĺۡ
صׯεȻ˼ţҽͦϲ۸ҫģ
𣿡ţҲð
˰ɡׯεȻܾλҽҫ̫ԣӦòϲһͦŹֵ档
ˣҫʲôϵأʱ䣬࿴ָ塣
ׯεȻϴָ

ʱúܿ죬͵·ݣǴůĺʱׯεȻҫĽ˵ʵܼͦġΪͺúܺõĹϵϰʱ򣬾ܡ
ׯεȻĴˣ;ʱͦǷģһμҫҪǷһЩ
̤ϻص˹ٴѧ;ʱãǵĴ켫Ϊġ︴գɫ֦ҫׯεȻȥʱ򣬿洺õʱڣ̲ס˵㲻ھҪ˹ٵĻĩܳȥ̤ء
ׯεȻһ˵ǿ̤࣬ȥʲôط
Ⱑ֮ǰҺһȥͦġҫЦţϧȥˡ
ɡׯεȻҲųȺһǿŵġһɴϢҫ£Եúǿҫͣ³ʱŤͷׯεȻһۣúǾޡûмׯεȻ
۾˫ֱǰϣ·Сèһ㣬ǿɰë׵Դŵĳͣİڶš
ΪÿׯεȻͳЩƣ˳ͺ͵ǲ֡ñȽϸ㣬ôׯεȻһ͵ĸо˵ʱ򣬺Ǻÿǿ׺
̲ס࿴˺üۣҫʼֹţׯεȻ˵ʱ򣬻ͦദġһ˵ʱرѪѹ
ë¶Ե鶯˵˫۾ǰţǰ㡣ҫҪϢˣʶׯεȻôãһξ˳ʵ̫ÿˡ
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βϵúܳȥͺҲ֪ׯεȻǲģֻ
ĵʱ򣬺˷ëһһģܿׯεȻͺ˯ˡ۾ֻ΢ĺ
ͣں̵Ƶ·ڣҫ̲סϸׯεȻ˯ҫ£Եԡ
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106 
ҫɫЩ죬Ҳ֪ǽ̫һΪܿ졣һʱ䣬ڲĽׯεȻͿҪϲϺˡ
ѡһׯεȻ壬ˡ
ׯεȻ˯ʵ˫ۣ˫ʪ۾ҫ·ͣƵģɫǵͨ졣Լ϶ˣׯεȻûзֲԣһ۾˵ˣ
ҫͷҪֹͣׯεȻ̬ŲæĴ򿪳ţҫæҲ򿪳ţһ·Сܵǰ򿪺䡣ӲӢƻ㣬ׯεȻԺشҫż⣬ҫĶͷ
ҫ٣彩ӲһĿׯεȻϵĶͣͣôһգգĶׯεȻš
ûзհׯεȻֹţǲʲô
ҪȥҽԺһ°ɣׯεȻջ֣ŽӲҫ¶飬˵Ѽӡ
ݣҫεĽׯεȻӳ
ӹһɲǣĿӣׯεȻ̹ҫЩ㡣ЦǿҪʱˣׯңҾ㵽
ׯεȻýҫر֣ʲôط˵ֻǵͷ˵У֪ˣǵȥҽԺһ°
ҫվڴУׯεȻıӰúܳʧȺСתҫģҲ֪Ϊʲô
;úʲôׯεȻһˣôָо
ҫϳ֮󣬼ϵǺˡžеԼ¶ЦΪʲôׯεȻĸоȫһģ
참̫࣬ԾЩƣɣǻؼϢ졭ֻΪ̫ˣŻ
һҫųصλصݡ
ǻǻ֮ׯεȻںȴǰŦԼķɻһλصŦԼɭһͼµʱ䣬ѧˣȻܹ
ص˹ٴѧҪЩ࣬˵ٰһѧᣬڰƹ⣬϶ҪһѧġȻbsd룬Ǵְܵ˵⼸϶ɣڽҫֵľٶûׯεȻֵ뷨
ҫӦֻˣûϢá
ûطоԵҫҲûĵط
۾ׯεȻϢڼһûо⣬ׯεȻİٱΪʼоʱһܹ°빦Ϊо˽̻ʵָ壬ڴεѾһķԾ
оǷǳ˳ֵġ
ȷɻƽĽŦԼʱֻкöϢϢں嫺ҲϢѯǷŦԼ
ǣҫҲϢѯǷ˹١
ׯεȻЩЦһﲻΪɻֱܹӵ˹ٰɣ
ɭվڻɵƵģվԭزͣؿšׯεȻɭǰǰζ٣ûпҰɡ
ܡɭĵ˵ǻˡ
߰ɣ˵ׯεȻɭһͬ뿪ϣȽں䡣
򿪳ţׯεȻȥʼһһĻϢǣѾŦԼڳ׼˹١
һǻظҫģ˼һ
ׯεȻյŦԼ㲻Ϊɻֱܹ˹ٰɣ
ҫſڰ칫ϣԱߵСֹźС˵ü춼ģҲ֪ôˡ
˵ǲʧˣ
ܹɡСС¿϶ںôʧˣʧءʲôЦСֿҫüˣʧǻΪʲô飿ûпץ˵ʱж౩꣬ǰҲ
ȷʵЩ֡
ˡˡˡҫֻҫɻóֻƵشϢϢһ̣ҫ·˾֧ͦúֱͺԴ
ʲôСҲʼµ
ҫ˹ٻжã𣿰ȫ
ģׯεȻƲ죬ҫǲĸ԰⣬ǰҲûѯʹⰡ
ֻĶſһӣɭҪŦԼˣׯεȻоҫ²ǳԴҩˣ⡣
ׯεȻСʱұɭңͦȫġȷûгԴҩ𣿸ͻȻ
˵ҫܹģΪѣҫǰûôĹͻȻЩׯεȻһ֡ҫȥҽʱôҩˡ
ԭ仰ӦҫȻ¶ЦݣһԵСºС붼ˣԭһ磬ͻȻЦúɵ
ôˣ̸˰ɣ
ҫȴǡׯεȻڻܺЦû顣
ҫȥæˣ㵽˹ûĻ˵һ
вˣׯεȻֻ㶵ŴľɫѧϰΣ
۷滹С
͸ڽѧϰˡׯεȻһӹڷɹͦ۵ġ
ѧᰲź𣿡
Ѿźˣ·ݡɭһ߿һѯʵˣܡ˵ѧϵλӦҪģô룿
·ݻعڼȥٴȥͻز˹ˡ
Ҳǡɭصͷѧϰ֮ҲҪع
ѧϵελãҿ϶ǲҪġڵ˹ٴѧĽڣҾ͵ûعȥϯڿׯεȻЦţ磬Ǵѧ㡣
ðɭصͷһ·죬ׯεȻ̫ɭһЩڳϵ⣬˽̸ţѾ˹١
˹ֱ֮ӻصסķӡ
ׯεȻ뿪֮ΪɭȡȫѧǲӦÿһסѧУķӣӵ̫ˡҲΪѾʼ֧
磬𣿡ׯεȻѯʣ뿪֮ӡô˵أ̫ˡ
ûϵҽסСɭЦ⣬ҵĴŵĽѧ㹻ģټ˹ٴѧҲҪȫѧѡ
һûġ
ɡׯεȻص䣬ãҫϢȥа˽϶ǳԴҩˣǸҫ˸Ϣȥ˳㻹˸Ƭҫ
ɱţ˹ˣҵķ
ɱţ[ͼƬ]
ҫյҰ참ȥˡ
ҫվ·һ˲磬ӡʮ˵С£Сȥ
ȥС밵²ۣ⵽ôˣ̸˰ɣ
Сֱǰĵѯʣ磬ǲ̸ˣ
ʲôҫһ£һֹŹֵС£̸ʲôвȥӰɡ
õġ̸ǾˣΪʲôͻȻô˷ܣͺǽӵŮѵϢƵġСͷԡ
ҫʵҲ֪ΪʲôǽӵׯεȻϢͦ˵ġׯεȻһͼƬɾķ䣬ȱ˺ܶණҲǣׯεȻ·ݾҪعˡ
ԣΪʲô뵽ׯεȻҪǹеСأ
Ϊвɣҫһ£ǲҪȥҽԺҲׯεȻ˵ˣĳʲô⡣ʱ䣬ġʱܵ䣬Ƣе㱩ꡣǰûյׯεȻϢܸˣǰûô˹
ָо֣ͺаƵġرǽȥץ˵ʱ˼˵ţҪ˸ɿˡĿתݺݵĶԼɷߵĳ½֣ͻȻˡ
ҫԼҪȥҽԺһݲС뵽ʱҫɫֱЩѿӰ֮ȥҽԺ飬ҪҪҽ
Ȼҽǹǿҽô˵Ҳһҽϵ״˽İɣҫͷҫ£Եúܺ
СС໥һۣǻǾرĹŹ֡Դׯ뿪֮ԽԽŹ֡ԣӦׯ뿪죬֮ԵúܲԾǵûׯڵ⣬ȻǲܵġׯڼʱҲ٣Ҳûп֮ǰ
ĪǻʱаˣܰɣôأӦа
ʷ˵ʱҫһֱüͷʲôû˵ɷŸʲôˡ
뿪ѶңСºС뻹ڻһΡ
û뵽׼ķ˿Ȼͺ³ӣû뵽顣
ϣСºСҫ˵һ뿪λؼȥˡһ࣬ɫѾȫҪ˵ӣ˵Ҳˡ
ҫڰ칫ң˺һʱ䣬Ǿȸҽ绰ȥ
ҽûкͺ̸ʼʽ׷ҽҪǳ⵵飬Ҳҽ绰ġ
ӵ绰ҽֻЦѯʣ٣ôпոҴ绰
ҽҫЩݡ
ֹˣ
ǵûСҫĬ˺һӣҽǱƺ̫æڵҫڡ
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Ƣꣿҽͣһ£ɣٵͦõģ̫ܻ෽⡣ʵǲĵĻҽԺһ¡
ҿʣʲôʱ𣿡
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ǲ̫ˡҽڵ绰ͷȥҪЦˣɣѵٺͱʱûм
ǵġҫƶ˵ǰּ֪͡ôݣǺͱ˵ܿ졣ȥеգҽڵ绰ͷĥţҫ᲻̸ϲ˭ˣ˵λٴСû̸治֪ʲôĸо
١ҽһʱ䣬°ˣпյĻԳġ
Ҫ𣿡
Ҳã⡣ҽЦѲ㻹ҪЦ㰡
֪֮ҫĹϵܺáżôЦԲִֵܷ֮ġȣܹպõġ
ǣǴҽַҫ֮󣬹ҵ绰ҡҡͷҫϲ˻֪ɣ
·ҽԼĵص㣬ʱҫѾλϵ
ϻһ˿⣬ҫźɫףҽ֣ҽߡ
ҽҫǰ£˱ȡ
˵˵ɣô£
ʵҫо˵ˣҲ̫ȷô£⼸ʱͺܵ䣬ʱͦߵġʱƢͦꡣûʱ١
ŶҽҫԽԽһǲϲϱˣȻΪʲôָо
˵꣬ҫС˵ҽ˵ǲаˣ
ҽ´ҫҫӲʣǷĿüԲ磬ȥɾ䡣Ǵһɫ˶ܹӢʮģ
ô˵ɡҽӽſȣʵһشС
áҫͷҽ˵ɣһʵʵĻشġ
ղŸ˵ʱ䡢ʱ߰ǲ뵽ĳضˣҽַڲ輸ϣ뵽ض飬һضйϵ
ҫϸһ£ͻȻΪׯεȻͻȻΪׯεȻ·ݾҪعʱ䣬ת۾ͻȥ
áǰɣ
ô˵ҽ֪һﲻʲôаҲʲô⣬ȫˣԼ֪ѣ϶ϲϱˡ
Էң˻ΪԼʲôëȫûϲԷĿԡ
ҽر棬ҫϲĵù˭ҽҲ̫ׯεȻⷽҲûκξ飬ҫͻĹġҫô໰Ҫôϳ⣬Ҫôڲϳ⣬ûпǹĿԡ
ҫı飬϶ǲ˵ϲǸ˭ġ
ӿ죬ͻȻ죬ǲΪ뵽ĳˣ
ǡȷʵΪ뵽ׯεȻӿ죬øƻƵġ
ˡҽ´ҫ̫أڼҺúϢУȥҽԺ
ҫסˣĲȥҽԺҪҪҩ֮ģ
ʲôˮҽ̫Цˣֻ֮ǸС⡣
ȥҽԺ϶Ҫҽҵġҽҫ黹ҪҫԼȥС
ˣû⣬Ȼؼˡ
ҽԶҫ˵û𣿲а˰ɣȥɡ
뿪λ֮뿪
صңǸׯεȻһϢȥ
ҽҽ˵ûʲô⣬һ᲻аˣ
ҫϢׯεȻúЦԱߵƤ˹ſ⣬λ˺ܾõʱ䣬϶аҽ˵û⣬ҫʲôëأ
ᰡȻ˵Ҫſѧȥݷ̫ףǿȥҽ˲̫ϲȥҽܾϲʲô⡣ȥҽҫȥҫҲԥľܾ
ſѧûа˵Ȼҽ˵ûʲô飬ڹ۲һʱɡ
ׯεȻϢصñȽڶҪСʱŸظ
ҫڴϣׯεȻĻظֻԱߣϱӱ۾ʼ˯ûһͻȻ۾ֻ㿪ׯεȻϢϸĴӵʱ䣬Ȼʼд֡Ȼְֶɾдôддɾɾд賿ׯεȻһ֡
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ׯεȻҫ𴲵ʱ򣬿ׯεȻҲһ֡

ׯεȻܻظѾܿˣȻֻж̶һ֡Ÿ裬ϴȥϰࡣ
ׯεȻߣƤ˹Žһ˼ı顣
ׯڡƤ˹ѯʣôˣ
ûׯεȻҡͷһ⡣
ŶƤ˹Цţׯڲ˵˵ܹ֪ʲô
ģһҵһЩǻ˺ٻȥҽҺܶ˾ⷽûκġׯεȻ̾ϢţܾӦ룬Ӧôȥҽ
Ƥ˹Ĭ⣬ȷʵסˡ
ҲûӦôȰ˵
ⲻ̫˵Ƥ˹üͷ˺ܳһʱ䣬û취
ˡׯεȻЦ˵룬·ݻع֮ĥŸô˵
Ƥ˹ͷͻȻѯʵڣ˵·ݾҪְع𣿡
ɡׯεȻף·ӦþҪְصǴѧִ̣һʼķʽⷢġ
õġƤ˹ʼ⣬ׯεȻҲûдʱ˹ٴѧϦУԵЩ㲣ׯεȻվڴ̨棬Ѿ˹ٴѧüʱˣƤ˹ѧѧѾˡǳ
ллׯڡƤ˹ʿׯεȻʾл⣬Ҳǽ䷳ĸҽ⣬Ҳþʡûнڣҿܻѿ
ǫ顣ׯεȻģƤ˹⻰ǫ飬ϣûаﵽ٣ܶ඼ǿԼġѾǳˣٹ꣬ѧϣиĳ
Ƥ˹ǰҲñǿ˵ţܹڻ˹Ǳ߹оѾ˵ѧϵ츳Ѿһ˾̾ĵزׯεȻĵĹâ̫ҫۣűصĴǽڵĹ⻷Ϊܹ֮ʮ֮һĳɼѾѧ֮һ
ûйҪԽڵͷ
˹ٵĴպãׯεȻվڴ̨ߣӰúܳͺǽеĸ߶һ㣬ͷƤ˹⡣
ҪȥǱ߳Է𣿡ׯεȻ˫ֲڿ㶵תЦĿƤ˹ǵðѲݸϣ֮ʲôѯҡ
õġƤ˹ʼܾûгԽķˣʥڻصӢ֮ʳ֪ζһʳģΪʲôͽͲôأҲҪϧ˰ϳ
Ƥ˹ɫׯεȻҡͷס뿪칫ҡ
Ƥ˹ಽظׯεȻСĸţֲݸֽܳԵʳýڸ⣬ʵ̫ˣ뵽ʱɫ˷ܵǺ
ţׯεȻԿסɭӦûڽǱߣׯεȻϣƤ˹Ҳǵһɡ
Ƥ˹֮ׯεȻʼڳæµ
ɭؼʱƤ˹ؿżš
ӴƤ˹ˡɭȴкƤ˹ŤͷɭЦڣʱЩ⣬ɫûȫãɭ
ˣ˲ҪҵˡׯεȻһһ˵øȥ
һЦǾ֪ׯڿ϶кǵġ
˿ʼ£˵ζƮɢڣƤ˹öӶʼʹĹţ̧ͷһֿĿ⿴ڳ˵ׯεȻԵ̲ˡ
ͷ˺üΣĲʵ̫ʳ
ζƤ˹ЩʱҪͽһȥܹԵķˡ
ðԸȥ׼һƶĽѡ֣ĵ㲻ãɭĶţǾȥҸ˵óԵĶɶˡкܶ˶ñׯڻҪóԡ
ȷʵׯεȻ˵ϣҲȤȲרҵġ
ܿϧƤ˹ʼ磬ҼǵׯڲǺٶ𣿡
ׯεȻͷߣû뵽ѧ֪飬ʵϣҺֻѶѡ˲Щ³ç֮⡣
ŶƤ˹ȤؿׯεȻʲôׯڶٵǺܺõģ
˵ׯεȻ²̣ŤƤ˹˫۾ͬ񣬡СڴҺٵҥ԰ɣ
ׯˡƤ˹ɫ̹ȻҲǴӱõϢ֪ʱһ˺ܾãû뵽ׯڵİ˾ȻǡһλƽľһΪˣڲܿϡ
ׯεȻЦƤ˹ȻǴӸģҾϲ˰ɣ
ǸƤ˹ͷȫɲ²򣬲ֻǺ棬ѡٵʲô
ȻնӦһλǳ˧ľٰɣ
ɭƤ˹´ţ۾Ц⣬ôƤ˹ܺ٣ϲ𣿡
֣ˣҸֻǺѡңŽȥѱ֤ٲҰɣٵɲҿҲǺǿ׳ġ
ׯεȻͷЦЩΣѾ͹ܶΣҺֻѹϵҽ˵һλѿЩ⣬١Ҳ£϶ϳһЩ⡣
ڣʵͬƤ˹ָʲôط
Ƥ˹ׯεȻָָ̣ˣָǽǺһЩ⣬⡣
ɭƤ˹ԾŲ̣ׯεȻϴ֮󣬿ɭڰڷꡣ
ɭ·ݺһع𣿡
̫ȷɭ룬ǵڽǱѧϰкܶҪѧϰĵط治һܹ·ݻصڡ
ׯεȻ֮󣬡Ƥ˹ĶٸȤĻҿԽܸ㡣
ڡƤ˹ʼʵ̫ϲҴŸϲŮɡ
ǿϧ˧ϲٵĻ˵ܹܵġׯεȻ꣬һĸ㣬ٻûŮѣ˵㻹лᡣ
Ͳ˵ٵ飬ڷһԭҪڵЦ
ڷԼЦ


107 ò
극ɭƤ˹ϴ룬ׯεȻղһƵҫ
յֻʾҫд᰸棬ֻһۣԭҪֱӷֻæϵ顣ǿׯεȻֵʱվͺаƵġ
ߵؿΧûˣŽϢ򿪡
һζƵׯεȻɭԼһʶˣüض԰ˣͺôãôܲʶɭһİˣԵüΪ衣ׯεȻڵ˹٣Ȼ˺ܶ࣬Ͼˣҿȥ̸ӡҫﻹͦζġ
ȷׯεȻץȥ˾֣ץˡҲǸ˰ׯεȻҲû˵ֵĻΪʲôׯεȻͺһĵôأ
סٴοһܣоͺƵġĹĵĹһ˶ʮһӵĶƵʼׯεȻ֡
Ǻһһеûģʲô˭ׯεȻעһ֮ġǴ֮ȫɾֿʼ˱ȸղŻҪһ֣ɾˡ
ׯεȻʾԷСһֱ˰СʱƤ˹ɭϴ֮󣬿ʼ⣬滹ڶԷڴ֣ׯεȻûͦģôãôڴ֣Ҫ˵ʲôƪ
ֻûҫҫУľһߵ󣬵ԭæд᰸ҫͷǾᡣϵ֣һ£ȫɾ
ʵǱûа취һСʱׯεȻһ⼫Ϊ̵Ϣȥ
һ˭
ׯεȻϢ֪ҫָġһˡ˵ĸȷҫ϶ʶɭġô˵ĻһˣǾƤ˹ˡ
Ƥ˹ҵѧͦȤġû뵽ҲͦȤġ
վϵׯεȻϢҫׯεȻϢһëȻĸоʲôѧܸȤׯεȻѧȤʲô
ôܶ˸Ȥô˺ܲ˳ۣЦü۵ģǸʲô֮İɣ
ҫвֹͣţǿƤ˹ܲ˳ۡ
ҡʲôʱȤˣ
Ȼʲô
ׯεȻĻҫһǰƤ˹Ȥʲô
תƻⷽ棬ҫʵǲϤ
ͦõ[ͼƬ]
ͦõģƤ˹ȤҸǽһ£ղŻ顣
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ҫʲôЦü۵˸Ȥôܡˣ쳣Ӱ칫Ҵû̵
üͷҪׯεȻ˵ʲôڿ˼Ҳ֪˵ʲôáһԴǵˣûϲ˵ı졣ںܵׯεȻԭԼ˵ֱֱӵ⡣ǶԴֳ˵ֱӡ
ţڤ˼ܾãֱ̫ׯεȻǲǲˣ
һ뵽ׯεȻпܲ͸˲
һ첻µزµˣͻȻһ캦»˰סҲ֪ΪʲôׯεȻĻܲģܵ䡣
ãŸׯεȻһϢȥ
ǰ쿴ţǱͦҵģע㡣
İɣҾ˹٣ΰͦõģǴ֮⣬ͦġӭٵ˹档
ҫƲ죬һ֪ǳ˹ģô˵ЦˣõؽֻŽص칫ҡ뿪Сʱʱ䣬½ղųŵʱ򿴼ҫվſڿֻһץģ
鲢򵥣ںСѹۣҸղųŵʱ򿴼ֻץģǱƭ˹հɣǲǮعգ
ܰɡС۾С£СԶҲ̫ˡʲôʱͱƵģÿϰ඼ǺһġΪ̾ûϰʱ޲ڼɵϰʱʲôʱ;ͱʲôƵ֮ġ
˵ҫͲˡ̸ѣÿʮ㡢çײץˣʲôЦ˻ȥͱ˹Ļץѱ̾𣿸οҫһѺ֣λ϶˶佱ҫǸϡȥ㼩Ǿ鰵Ͷˡ
С벢ΪһˣɵŹģҪŮѣ쵼ԽԼҵݸ硣
ֻǸû̸Ů¡̸̸ۼ޵ˡ
˵С£ɲҲ°粻ڣĲ顣ο磬ǴСû̸ġСѹ˵ûп̸أ
С¾ȣܰɣҵɩǼ£ǵλõ졣иܹס磬ôçҪٳһׯڵ飬ǳԲ˶ߡ
˵ϴׯڲ׼ʦɣ
ҪǺؾֳͺظ磬ҹ׼ʦɡ
˵˵ţᵽׯεȻǱȥˡ
ҫһõ߽ţССһ˵Ļڰ칫ãʲôأϽģøʲôʲôȥ
̧ͷҫϻЦ⣬ͬʱţЦô̸ˡ
ֻׯεȻһɫbsd룬ҪҫһͶ뵽о״̬С
ǵʱҫһҲøŹճÿԼϢôͻȻûϰ
ŲݸֽׯεȻдż㹫ʽƤ˹̧ͷȫערעׯεȻȻңȿȡƤ˹صĿԣׯεȻ̧ͷ
ôˣ
ڣղֻˡ
ȲׯεȻ㣬ĥŹҫСӷϢʾڸС
ҹƤ˹Ѿſ˯šׯεȻֻ˼Σûֱ̧ͷɭƤ˹ſ˯Աߵֻһۡ
ҫ˹ٺͻʱ12СʱҲ˵ڵҹǱ硣
ɻĸҫϢȥ
ôˣ׼ȥҽԺˣ
˼ղſᣬˡ
ҫõ⣬ʱﴧڶˡûע⵽ֱׯεȻϢȥóֻŷ⡣
˵磬۾̸Ҳһ춼ֻɡСˣɣ⹷óԡ
ɩʲô඼ûп
ȥȥȥҫСһۣʲô᲻˵Һ˭̸ˣ
Ӵҫ̸ˣɤ󣬰˵Ŀⶼҫϡ
ҫǵͨ죬˵ңû̸
û̸û̸ʲôҫ˵˵£˭أҾ;⼸ܲԾһڰ칫ɵЦһΪнˡ˭ҵĹɣҿ
Ҫȥҫֻҫקúܽһ˿㣬ңûк˭졣


108 
ƣһ˶ƣҲΪҫʵ̫ˣõöһֵֹܲŻ־Ϳʼҫֻҫ־קŲšҲҪҫֻ
ջ֣ŹЦݣ˵̸ôֻʲôǲܱ˿ģ
ûûС
ҫļ򣬡˵˵ʵ׺ļҹأ
ûûк͹졣
԰û͹죬ڰ칫ҵʱһɵЦʲôأ´ҫԲ϶йŹ֣̹״ӿܴϰ
ûҫϣǸ
ȤҪ뿪ôˣ׼̹ˣ
̹׸ƨҫ̲ס˵˲
Уףҵʲô飿
ң顣
ɣ㡣Ϊǹϵ飬˶ӣġ
á극ҫʰɾߵʳ⡣
һֻ̣𣿡
лл
˵Цóһ̣ݸҫ
̣ҫȼһڡ
ǹճһ˿ЦͣؿҫúǹŹ֡
ôҸ
Ҽǵƽʱǲ̵ģҹٳ̡ǽߣһִֻڿ㶵һֻ̣ﻺ³һȦֻҪ벻ͨʱẒ̡̇ҽŵһɵζӦڼ̣λֳ֮˲ٰɣ
϶аˡ۾ˣҸղŶѾ˵ˣҲǺؼҵİӣʲô飿
ҫ̲˵
þûеõ𸴣»ǻ£
Ҳ֪ҫҡͷۣشҫɫɫӣҴɻ
С˵ͱ˹ģ¼вҪǮ
ҫ㵵ؿ𣿡
ǡֱҡͷ㲻顣
ԣһֱ벻ͨ㵽ô¡ܷͷֵܻʲô鲻ֱ˵ġ
ûҾҪ̸ֽ⡣

˵ϲһʲôо
ԵüΪͣûϲ𣿡
ûҫ˵岻ãҰȥ磬ҵľϡ˾֮ҾҪúøɳһɼ֮ǰҽܵЩŮûио
˹ˣǿ϶۽̫ˡЦ˵Ҫҽܸͬѧ
ҫҡͷֱӵľܾľҪ㣬ϲһʲôо
̵𣬺Ц˵˵ҫľͷ˰ɣ
ҫһ񣬺˶壬˵˭ܵô˰
ҫɻڶ
ɳɳɣҸ˵ǰܸҫˣʵϲһ˵ĸо϶й
˵ʱܿ죬뵽ʱ졣Ҫһʱֻܵ䡭ر㿴㲻ʶǣܱ꣬޲ȥǸһ١ָогԴס
ҫĬ⼸춼ׯεȻÿ뵽ʱ򣬾쵽С뵽Ҫع͸˵ϰʱЦͲʶĵú֣ܿƢܱꡭⲻϺĻôܣϲׯεȻⲻġ
ѹ֮ǰҽֱ֮ӸȥҽԺԭָоǽϲ
ϲһ˵ĸо
٣ҫǰΣʲôأ
ûûʲô
˵ûʲôô񡣡ɻ˵ϲ˭ҵĹ˰ɣ
ûе顣ҫҿǵС˼ô˺ҫ˵Ҳ׷ȥ
ص칫ңҫ촦ϵЩٶۣЩĲɵġ
Ҳû˵ʲôƽʱҫɴ䣬˭ûи顣żôһʱ䣬Ƚ㣬Ҳֵġ

λʰöׯεȻվţѡ
ɭƤ˹˯̧ͷׯεȻЦǺΡ
ԲׯҸղ˯ˡ
ûϵǸ˯ʱ䡣ׯεȻ¶һ˿Ц⣬ˣǸϽȥ˯ɣҲҪ˯ˡ
ׯڣϢƤ˹ʵǿסֱ¥ȥͷ˯
ɭʰһ£ׯεȻȭܣҹ
һ̵¥ʣׯεȻʰòݸ壬ص䡣ֻԱߣһƬڰ˸ڴϿʼ˯
ڶ죬糿ʱֻһһģ˸Ϣ
ģ˭ϢׯεȻֻһҫϢ
еͷԣһﵽҪʲô
ŵʱ˴һ𾪵״̬СҫϢҲͶ̶̵߸֣˻ŰϢĿꡪ
Һϲ㡣
һݵ֮Ȼţ᲻ҫҪĸŮӷϢˡ
ģҪˣܲܿٷͣ
͵ʱѾþҫϼһûкۣ֪ôׯεȻ˵顣ԣ֪ӦӦøׯεȻ˵ģһϵ̣һ̶ˡ飬ׯεȻ˸ϢȥҲ֪ׯεȻ׻᲻ظ
շûжãڴϣ׼Ϣһ¡ͿׯεȻǸظϢⲻҪϢ
ûڸׯεȻ˵ҾǸ㷢ġ
ֻڷҫżͽıڵĻЦһͺǺ˵ġʲôʸׯεȻһ
ׯεȻǿǹʶĴڣ˶ͲúϵϵԼûǮ׬ǮҲӹɵġһС죬޸ĸģʲôʸ׷ˣ
ֻҫڴڵغţо඼ڽʹ⻹ûпʼѾʧˡЦ
磬ǲʲôط̫ҪҪȥҽԺ治˵棬ǲʲô֮ģҪȥҽɣҸҸ㱣֤ĲΪ
ҫֻ˺ܶΣûܹׯεȻʲô˼ػصĿ˺ܶ飬ׯεȻ֪Լϲ
ӲͷƤҫڸׯεȻϢȥҲҪׯεȻӦʲô;ãԼ׵Ļ϶źһӵź
ҸղûҾ˵ϲ㣡
ׯεȻӵϢ֮󣬿˺ܾãָо֪ôݡҫȻϲңǲҫϲˣǲΪʲôϲΪʱʱͻһҫǼĻ治رࡣܿһﲻӦϲԣ˵ҫͲ򵽵ʲô
ֻһʱĺ棬ֻǱ˵ö쵱ˣΣҫ̫
˼ҶѾˣôҲҪ˵ʲôɣ
˵ʲôأׯεȻĬֻû̻ظҫһͻȻĪϢȵȡׯεȻԶ󿪣Ǳ˰˰ɣ
ƾҫĸҲӦð
˹ˣׯεȻûлظҫҲܼ尾ڴϣһ۾ضֻ
˵ģ
ģ
ҫڴϣضֻ
塱ֻʼӵ绰ǿ̣ҫ÷ɿ졣
ιҫ˻ƣƽʵ̫
˵㲻Ǳ˰ȰɣׯεȻѹҪҪҸ㱨
ΪʲôҵԶôҫ벻ֻͨϲׯεȻѣôǲ²ıвǱ˰֮ġ
ڼҫ˵ģϢ
ԡׯεȻڵ绰ͷһּΪɻ˵˼ûб˰ܿ
ԣûб˰ܡҫ̾ϢǸ˵ġ˵ôһ仰Ļ˵ڡ
һΪءׯεȻΣ٣֪ʲôϲ𣿡
ҫû˵֮ǰȷǲ֪ġѯʺ֮󣬲֪ʲôϲǡô˼ׯεȻ˵
ǲׯεȻЦҲͦεġ
ʵٸͲ֪ʲôϲɣ˵ٸû̸ׯεȻڵ绰ͷᣬִֻѡɣ˯һͻףʵϲ˵ĸأ
ġҫһٴιϲ㡣
Ҳ֪ʲôʱʼϲģҾϲ㡣ҡʹȷҾϲ㡣ҫ˵̫㣬С˻Ƶȥе
ׯεȻסˣܾöû˵
ãׯεȻڵ绰ͷЦţиҸ˵ϲܵ²ҪҸᡣ
ҫĬˣȷʵϲׯεȻҪǱ֪϶Ҫһ١
ǺõøֵһȻ˵ĵܵܡⲻǷ
ˡׯεȻҿȷĸ㣬١ڻû̸Ĵ㣬Ҳ֪˹ٴѧҸ˲ϲ߿⻹ܶࡣ
ô˵ɣ̸顣ҶûͻȻôһͦ˵ġҵûׯεȻ˵ʱͣһ¡
ҫҲû˵ͰֻׯεȻ˵
ҵûʲôˡׯεȻ˵֮ͣһ£ҲǵһΡ
Ҳûд̸ɣϲϲǻȱˡ
һع֮˵£ȺúϢɣֻĴأ
ϲ㡣ҫƶׯεȻ˵ģ
ãİɣҲõһعǣׯεȻЦ˵·ݻعʱ롣
ҫţҲûӦôҾǾӦø˵һ
ðɡׯεȻ̾ϢһǺܺ棬ǲеŰ򣿡
Ҫ֪²ʱûģ˵ΪʲôϲôһأׯεȻ㲻ҫ״̬һǲһ첻²۾;û벻ͨΪʲôҫϲ
Ҫ˵ҫɣׯεȻӡУòߴ󡢽ʵӢʮ㣬ŻǺ׷ġٻвŮϲ͵Ӳʱնû̸˵̸ĻŮҲܻϲ˭뵱ͬޣⲻǿ
ҫǸû̸ÿæϢѾ۾ۡû̸Ĵ㣬Ǹ֮ҲһȽϺõˡ̺٣ȾҲ١û߰İãϲ˶⡣
ڻгܻӭҲûȱ㡣ΪǾ̾Ĺϵʱ䲻̫ȷʱü춼ܻؼҡ
ʲ̫ߣûмˣҲܸһİڷ۱ȽϹҪһõСʵôʮʱܴ׸ǲԲȵ֣ȻҫһֱڴǮҲ̫ʲôҪеģټż·֮ģʵϣôǮû˰ĻҲҪʮ򷿡ڵļ۸Ժ۸ˣһˡ
ŵȱ㶼ͻ
ҫɵЦҲҾϲ
׼˯㡭ׯεȻͻȻ˸ЩӦҪҲϢһɣǽ첻ϰ𣿡
ˣׯεȻ㷲ʲôЦȻᱻ˱סÿ춼ҪˣҫڵĦĻܼһӵʱ䣬ҫͺ޵ȻôһͻȻϲĺ˽һ£ҫǲʲôëΪʲôϲΪԼץˣϲˣ
Ϊϲϲ
㲻ȫ㲻ҫôģںҪŪҫôġ
ߴæڴϵҫ۾۵һ죬ׯεȻ׻һ۵顣
Ҫˣʲô
ҲׯεȻǱӦˣϣ̫˯ţҫ˯ˡٴ۵ʱǱѵġһʱ䣬ѾˡӦóųԷˣϲׯεȻ飬ڻú֪

ׯεȻ糿𴲣˱ȣϣѾΡƤ˹¥ʱ򻹶ׯεȻкںá
Ƥ˹Ҫһ£ĿΡׯεȻΪڣٻȥڿΣһ㶼Ƥ˹ΪȥڿΡ
ڡƤ˹΢΢̣ȻҴҪȥڿΣԷ𣿡
ԡׯεȻͷֻĹ˸š
磡ǱѾҹˣһﻹ˯ׯεȻóֻƬҫ
ڳͣǱҹ˰ɣ˯
쵼绰лصλ˴ӣҪֽ
ٳ̣Ϣ岻ǵȥҽԺ
ׯεȻظ꣬طУʼԷɣԭĿγӦȥģ·ݵѧƤ˹֪ġ
Ƥ˹ͷεѧǰ˺ܶࡣǺܶϵĴöۼΪׯεȻεģ̫ɬĹϵΪֹкܶط̫ǴˣڻbsdҪȷʵûжʱȥڿΡ
ΪڿΣΪڵĲʿҲӦ顣
žડȼһ֧̣һ³𣿡
ҫҡͷˡԱߵĲˮڴڵĺţҿ㶼Ҫ˯ˣɡ
顣ҫǿıʾ̡
ɣ̡óһϣȿ񡣡
лҫЦ˺װĩˮݿˮҾŪΪʲôׯϲģ
̫ˡüͷҪׯεȻҲȣǲȵġСͲϲȣûҪԵ˼ҪΪׯεȻϲȣҲ᳢ԡ
ɵҵܺȵǿȶĥģţ̣ǿȷ۳ݵģڸиһҵǸ߼ˣǼҲҵܺȵϡЦ˵ⲻǲź𣿡
˵𣿡
Բ֪ˡ£οǴӣҸ˵ɱˡҪĻָʲô顣
ҫЦ⣬ȥǺ񣬡İɣҿ϶ġ
ˣˡͬſڽһҶűʼǱǰҡ
ҫļ򣬡߰ɣȥŮѷϢȥ
ҫŬŬ죬ȥɡ
Ⱥ뿪ף룬ǸׯεȻһϢȥ
ȥˣ⼸춼æӵ顣
ʲôҲû˵ׯεȻҲûʣҫϢֻŽŲݸֽĵ˹ٴѧ
ѧУ԰ڵв١
ׯڡ
ѧׯεȻУ԰ڣ΢ЦŴк
ǺáׯεȻЦݣ¸Ե׺
˹ٴѧָУУ԰ڵпܾǷƶĽŵԴҶׯεȻ˹ٴѧУ԰ûйĹעҪְ顣
Ϊ˹ٴѧׯεȻѧϵε⣬õнˮׯεȻܾˣȻҪصȥҲͦźģλѧŲ֮Ҫ뿪˹ٴѧ˹ٴѧйܶѧţҲкܶѧ뿪
ׯεȻֶţǱȽٵġһֶ뿪Ƿ͢˹ׯεȻ뿪־ͻ̫һ־ôҲңΪһңҺ͵Щ˵Ĺϵ˵ǵжԣϾڵûʽĵжԻǵƵҲģֻ˵ͻĹϵ̫ãѾʼìͷҪָ򻪹
ʱׯεȻصȷʵúܶ˷ǳϧ˹ٴѧиΪ
ͼݣׯεȻϣŻص칫ҡ
ԭ칫ҾûжټҾߺͰ칫Ʒ֮ģҲǼŰ칫ԣԼĿȻյİ칫ҿȥ΢Щᡣ
ׯεȻ˲ϲڰ칫ﲼöÿҪôݱȣҪôȵˮƤ˹ҲǺȵ㿧Ⱦ㹻칫ұֻƤ˹ˣڷϵ׺ȻǱƤ˹ʰģȥࡣ
ȸԼŪ˱ȣϿʼ
Ƥ˹칫ңоףûдλϣʼ⡣
ʱһξ͵ϣƤ˹ȥԷʱ˳ׯεȻЩʳĺɫĳ˹ٴѧĵƹЩƣԭбĲѾʧʡ
ׯεȻ˸첻׼׺ϴؼңһ죬ȷʵֽŶЩӲ
߰ɣƤ˹ׯεȻЦ˵ʱԻȥԷ
ŽʰûöȥĴ㡣
Ƥ˹˵ǽ׼о𣿡
ǵġׯεȻ΢΢ףҲ׼оϢһ¡ҾҪʼʽоbsd룬ȡ·֮ǰ⿪
ڣжİաƤ˹ܺڵжİգܹ·֮ǰ⿪
ׯεȻĬһ󣬡ʵϲ50һȡ·֮ǰ⿪
ڴţڡƤ˹Ǳ׼ӢʿЦŵģ·ܹרҵѵĻȸոպãȥòЩԶ
ׯεȻʹ˸񣬡߰ɣ֪ҪԷˡ
ѵƹϣ׺ҶѾˡׯεȻ˫ִڿ㶵Ƥ˹֮ǰǲܹǵѵôãÿһͦ
ô˵أ;רҵѵġ
Ƥ˹ժñӣׯڣϴѧ֮ǰȷʵܹһЩϵѵ
ˡׯεȻףƤ˹ĸĸӢ׵ϲʿҲǣƤ˹ҲţѧĪѧԺѧ
ƽʱҲӢʿķ緶ͷϵǶձñȥһʮӢϲʿŵñӣ̫ߣУ԰ԵЩ졣ܶ˶ὫƤ˹ɽڣͷձñ
˹ٱǹֿеѧУʲôĹ˶СƤ˹ֻǴñȽϸŶѣԵһλԸŴˣ˵֡
ׯεȻ˹ٴѧĴΪׯεȻǹŹֵǸ
ɶԣԴͼݣڰ칫ҿһ첻šڼҴоϲ˴šŹֵƢ˿ʱǳ׺ʱƢŹֵѧûüѯŭñߡ
ׯεȻһλĽڣֻʮ꣬˹ٴѧʮЩˣϲġɶԣ־ۻᣬׯεȻûвμӹŰһλŴˣǻýҲѿλķú
һܻˣоо
Ƥ˹Ȼ죬ܶʱǱϲġһ˧ڼϸ̸ۣӰ³˹ׯεȻȵЩѧҵոסʿµȹŴִѧ̸ɯʿǡԼļͥŮӵϲ
ܶ˲˽⣬ΪʲôһλӢʿȴҪѡΪŰׯΪʦ
ѧУȷʵܶ˶ҪѡׯΪʿʦĹŰ壬ѾúܶȴǻвģҲΪɼرˢΪׯεȻѧֻλϲ̸۵Ӣʿ
ÿʳ⣬ΪʲôѡׯεȻʦʱ
Ƥ˹ܻժձñóݵ˵һֱǸѧţһܹԽġֱڵ֮ҾΪˡȻںܶʱȷʵǳŰ壬·ֻоɷϵǣڵĲŻ츳Ͼ޽еġܹһѧϰҵѧǷǳġ
һڿ佱ׯεȻʱܻ˵ׯεȻŰ塣ʵϣׯεȻĲǹŰ壬˹ٴѧо֮⣬Ҳɶ֮ģȤ
ҪڻܸźȥԷ֣̤֮ġ˹ٴѧûʲôԹԴѧУͼѧо
ǵõһ˹ٴѧƤ˹һε칫ʱŵװȥһλӶʮǰҶԽģׯεȻܾƤ˹ȱ˵ʲôͨˣƤ˹磬ȱһȡرƤ˹һɧƤ˹ÿϿαȻһͷڣׯεȻҪ̲סЦ
˵Ű壬һʵ⡣
ӺƤ˹ﵽʲôģǻ棬Ƥ˹ܹþȻܵѵˣһ϶ӢĳλϲĹӸ磬ָԵװ硣
صɭһЩڴɨׯεȻŤͷƤ˹˵ʿҲԸһЩࣿ
ӢʿӲ񡣡Ƥ˹ѵձñ¼ϣġ
ɭ̧ͷƤ˹һۣƤ˹˼ǣˣ
Ƥ˹֣ҵ˼ֻϴ룬Ҳ뵷ҡ
ׯεȻݸһЦˣƤӣϽʲôʲô
λϣƤ˹⣬ׯεȻʼˮ
ɭ࣬˿ʱ䣬ҲƤ˹ߣóֻڸ˷Ϣ
Ƥ˹ûк棬ͷڼѵż㡣
ׯεȻʱͻȻѯһ䣬Ƥ˹˵Ĵڮң
Ƥ˹̧ͷׯεȻڣô飿
ŶׯεȻ΢΢̣ѵûĴڮҵҽ˵̫Ű壬Ȥ
仰Ƥ˹֪˭˵𣿡
Ƥ˹Ĵ˿ӦòҰɣ
ԭƤ˹ǾˡׯεȻɻǸЦЦı飬ȻƤ˹ǻ˭أ
֣
ɭתͷһ˼ؿƤ˹ȸ״𣿡
ܶ˶˵Ƥ˹һֱĴ˵ڲ֪̫Ű塣ɭ˵Ƥ˹ÿɶϣ˵ׯںܹŰɡ
Ƥ˹̫ˡׯεȻЦţôҲڣôĴڮңЩڶٹҵ״ԡ
ǸڡƤ˹ΣԺ˵Щˡ
극ׯεȻϴ֣һԷ
ϴ룬ׯεȻط䣬ԼϢһطڲһЩ
ص䣬򿪵ԣׯεȻarxivİ׺ϡ
أҪ·ݣԽġׯεȻѾаµʱûк͹ڵϵ·ݵһ죬ͻȻյϢ
ǰˣս˽᰸档ǵе㶾Ҵ»ԵЩȣǱΣ
ܺãһ˹ߵĿҲáϧܳȥ̤ࡣ
ҫׯεȻϢ¶Ц⡣ڵϣմӾֻ·ⶼʮһֱæţûлؼҡϳԺ˯ڵλò׵ȵæˣԸׯεȻϢȥ
ԭΪȺܾׯεȻŻϢģû뵽ôͰϢˡ
عȥbbq
û⣬Ҹ˱Ƚϲ졣
Ҳϲ죡
ҫׯεȻĻ˵
ˣҹһѧᣬæѧ飬ѧ֮ġ
ҫʣܹׯεȻѧᡣ֪ׯεȻӦæûչ
ҲûڸϢȥ
ׯεȻѧ׼Ѿ֣ܳо⣬Ҫ˵ҫϢҲʱҪϢһ£ͿҫϢǱӦϰɣôˣŻؼҡͦ۵ģׯεȻ˳ͻ˼Ϣ
ֻbsd롣
ȵѧ죬ŷޡ޶˺ܶˣϣڶʮ͵һ⣬Ѿһٶʱ䡣ׯεȻ֮ǰմ𰸣кܳһξ롣ѧˡ˹ٴѧҲкܶѧҲֳҪεѧᡣ
ѧǳֳһ˼˵ׯεȻѧʱ򣬿кܶѾ棬ƺεѧᡣ
ĥţòôҰɣٻеЦѧϵϵҲ˲ˡ
ׯεȻûмѧʵ̫࣬˾վڴǰΪѧԸĽڡѧǶȰźõġ
ԸѧֻܹվڽվׯεȻѧ棬ׯεȻһϵװһϽ̨Ⱥȫ¶Ц⣬ãŲ˵Ҫѧʲô
ʱͺҪѧʲôҾͲö˵ھͿʼ˵꣬Ưתűʿʼںڰд¹ʽ

a-ģΪgorensteͶģϵͶa-ģ걸  ʹ?ker d-1
a-odgorensteͶάΪ
gda()=f{n|0gn g1g0 0ÿgigorensteͶģ

ּn00nen 0eǡģida(n)=n-1걸εÿһͶģ

a-ģĶ0\'0
(1) gda(\')ax{gda()gda()}
(2) gda()ax{gda(\')gda()}
(3) gda()ax{gda(\')gda()} 1
1
ׯεȻٶȺܿ죬ҲǵһׯεȻѧᣬׯεȻĽ⣬ٵĸĽࡣֱׯεȻ˵ɣͣһ£غڰ壬˳㣬Ҫλһ䡣
Y޵GorensteinͶάɼ GpdA(Y)n
0GnGn-1 G1G0Y 0
ڡ
ˣҵıὲɡ˺üСʱʱ䣬ⳡѧڽһ벿˶ŬĻŸղׯεȻ˵ݣһЩ˼ŸղׯεȻϸڡ
λʲôĵطղŽĲ֣Y޵GorensteinͶάֶɣʱڳĴңӦûκʲŶԵġ
Ȼ˻ʣׯεȻҲǽġ
ûеĻôѧͽˡʰеĶżȥBSD룬ѧ׼ѮٿģǰѮҲ42šʣʱ䣬ҪĿģûôʱѾĶ
ʱׯεȻоᡣҲΪоմմϲˣо-׶˹Ժȱ֮󣬾ͲооԽ룬Ǳ鲼ѧ֮ڡ
û˸ӦǴһ˼żŻȥо
Ȼλû⣬ôҾ뿪Ц⣬뿪ѧ
ѧĸλ·ʵľѧҲЩѯׯεȻԵ÷ǳЦǲҪѯλĴڱȽϺá
ص칫ңƤ˹ȥæϿΣһϣûüЪ߾ͻص
ׯεȻͦƵģʱ˭Ӧ˹ٴѧУڵ˰ɣ
ãŵ绰ʼɻѯʣʣǣ
ׯεȻׯ𣿡
ǡׯεȻ绰ͷǻԲĻ
ׯڣǻפʹݵĹԱģʹҪһ֪ͣʲôʱʱ䣿


109 
ʹ극ôׯεȻͻȻһֲԤСᷢʲôõɣʹͻȻֵֹԷׯεȻѲط롣
绰ͷ˻ڵػׯεȻϸ˼˺һʱ䣬˵ʲôʱпա
ׯڣϺ𣿡
Ȼԡҵ绰ʼϸ˼·ݻصѾõ飬ڻû˹ٴѧְҲûиκ͸¶ĴʹԷ飬Ǻ벻ͨΪʲôʹҪԷ
Ӧðôõʱ䣬Ҳû˵ʹ˳ԷϰߡȻѧûûΪʹӦԷ
ǴʹԷ᲻ʲôʲôڴʹݲ顣
ôѧߣƫƫҪعˡô룬ֵͦġ
ˣ˵ɡʼо⣬˵Ӧġ
ڶ磬ʹݵĵ绰ִׯá
áׯεȻӵ绰
ׯڽп𣿡
Ȼ˵˽𣿡ׯεȻɻĻظʹݵĹԱԼȥŦԼǣ
ǻɳŦԼģġ
áׯεȻҵ绰֮ĥ飬Ƥ˹߽칫ҶׯεȻ˵𣿡
ͷЩû
Ƥ˹ΪׯεȻ˵ǹڿϵ⣬ûйѯʡʰöڣиɶԣҪȥ𣿡
֪ģҴȥɶԡ
õģôҾһ뿪ˡΪĩĹϵѧУ֯ɶԡƤ˹Ǻܻӭ࣬еɶԶȥμӡ
ʰöƤ˹ȥᡣׯεȻҲʰã칫ҵŹϡ뿪칫ң˹ٴѧˡ֮ǰ͵׶λï
ׯáïȥòЩ󸹱ģӲߣЦһֺʵĸо
̬ͶԵЩнͺǵһμׯεȻ
áׯεȻҲ̫ΪʲôïҪװʶԼܵû˵Ҳװ·ǵһοïӡ
񡣡ïҽׯεȻӺ档
áׯεȻЦѯʣǴʹݵĹԱ
ǵģǰʹݾͲ͵ġ˵˿½ʹϢҲǳģԭ˹ٴѧ֮ȥʹݳԷġֻ˵гѧᣬҲ͵ȵѧ֮ǰʹݳԷ
ллʹׯεȻïһ𣬲ʱ˱ͣï򿪳ţʿ˵ׯڣ룡
ллׯεȻϳʻǰŦԼ
һ·ϣïѯׯεȻѧУΣûʲôȤ֮ġ֮ǰڲᣬЩЦǺ̬䡣ֻ˫۾Щ̬ܹƺ˼š
ʹ֮ïͣһԣׯεȻ
ׯεȻʹ֮ïѹ˵ׯڣˡ
ׯεȻǴ㵣ұˣܰɣˣûïҲûлػǰׯڣʹڻڰ칫ңȴȥϢΣ
ллɣҲҪϢһ¡ׯεȻ˸ڳõϣᱳʹģܹϢһòġ
ïׯεȻϢң˵Ϣңʵһյķ䡣
ï뷿֮ǻܣֵúǾΣſķתһȦվָָɳׯڣ
űӵïʼˮׯڣӻصʼѾǼء
ָ˭ׯεȻзǳ
ӹˮ˼ǣ
ȻǲصïѹׯεȻߣȥͦģʵïʲôûֻ˵̫ᣬׯεȻ
һҪصĻǻᲷֶϵĽï˵ǵϢѾڹҵƻУһǳҪλϡУnasaҲѾע⵽ˣں;һܵʵ顣ǹڷɻģѷҲС
ׯεȻƤһô˵Ļѷ֮ǰЩоġ
Ѿע⵽뷢ڶܹû˻عǻıеĻľïɫǵعġ
ھͻع
ïҡͷǶѾʼˣһ첻ȥĻǿ϶취ҵڴʹݣҲصġ
ô˵ûа취عˣ
ȻԡïЦ˵ǾܿʼҲ֪ڵѧģŶڡǲҪصȥʲôطǶġֻҪǻصǾͲܡ
ҶˣڵͻĹϵеţһصʲôв顣ңŵģвġûбҪңϾѧѧߣв١
ûïòϺǵҪѯһ£ʲôʱص
Ӧڡ·ݰɣ׼˹ٴѧ·ȻְعĿһԵï·ݵʱһܹص𣿡
ԵġïǺܵƺׯεȻѾյúܳˣǲֱӻصġ
ãҹĺҪȥӢ׷ʡ
˼ǣׯεȻֲǸɵӣҪһУ
ïճһ˿΢Цʵ˵˲Ź滮ҪĿꡣѧϣԼѧϵĳɾͣǶܹصڣԴѧϵķչ
ʵϣǸ㴿оġׯεȻ˵ǻصڣҲкܳһʱ䣬ĶѧѧЩӦѧӦѧûôӴ
ѧϺܶԵĶܹӦѧӦѧϡïɫ䣬Ȼع֮Ҫоʲô⣬Լ
ֻҪׯڰȫĻصȻҪػҲġïɻЦţĿǰѡʱǳʡǰְӦڵﻪ֮˹ٴѧְ󡣡
˼ǣׯεȻ´ïҲǶ𣿡
֪ׯΪѣǵĵؽ硣ǲұ֤ʲô顣ïͷ֪ڳ˼ʲôһΣʧˣһ֪ǵʲô
Ҳ֪϶ʲô¡ׯεȻ̯֣Ҵ̫á
Ϊ˱֤İȫֻôοڻķǳҪïûߣԵúǼӦ÷оѧҲӳϣ
ҶˡׯεȻԴ̾ϢһҪʲô


110 ״
ҪҺ˵лï̾Ϣһˣׯһ£ҪҸǰӢףʱͿǰֹۿľӢס
ï˵һΪڹĻˣʸι۵ģʱӦһҪġ
ֻҪҸͷ·ݵʱӢס
ǡׯεȻüͷӢ׼컹ɣҪһʱĻɿɲҰңǲɵӣӢ״ôõʱ䣬ϾҪַʵϢǻµġ
ûïվǿ϶µ
ׯҪһŷɣġ٣ģҲǽǿдص
ǿдصҲ̫Ե˰ɣׯεȻïһǸѧ߰ɣôҴصʰɡ
ׯڣҪҡҿôǿдصѾõĴܡģкֱַܶӢʧ١
ҪҸɣǲκɵġïᶨ˵š
ׯεȻԽԽͷۣѾʼң϶ǲκλġ
лһж̬ȣɣҲỳɵġ
ɿ˸ֹӢ׵һж֪١
ǲɵӵĻӦûʹݿ϶˸˵顣ׯεȻҲʼ˼ǻң뿪𣿡
˵þ󲿷ͬأ
˵ѧïǹճһ˿Ц⣬˵ׯоһǧ⣬ܹ·֮ǰоⲻһֳɵ𣿵ʱ򣬲ԼҽڣŷǱ߾ܰҺýڲ𣿡
ïׯεȻ˺ܴĹ򣬾˽⣬϶ʱŷǱ߻ԶΪׯεȻعڻׯεȻѧǻںǷȱģǳֶΣ˵ׯεȻֱɻصڡϵֹǷɻ뿪Ҫӽʱ򣬻᲻ʲô⣬ǿɾͺ˵ˡ
һȥĶѧңùһλѧҡ
뷨ĵ˲ټڵﰵѹƻȻǲԸʱ򣬻һλʶ⼶ѧߡλѧ߻пûһĿѧǿѧĻһλѧңܹܴá
ׯεȻعǸԽǵĻᡣ
ׯεȻУѾȥջʱ򣬻ɻܹԽֱǰЩ꣬Ϊһûйܹ顣
Ǯϵ뿪õ˺ܳһʱ䡣ǺΪȫѧģصֲѻΪ˻صҲص
ڻһˣǰȫͬ˲٣ܶ໪ѧ߻ع֮ҲڻصׯεȻѧߡڵһĴһܹøȨޡ
ټǱǻˣصΪЧҲӦõġͨѧߣֹԷׯεȻʶѧҡͲɵõҪֹˣׯεȻص˭֪ʲôأоڼѧϵ츳ܲׯεȻڻ͵Ĳɴ󣬵ҲҪׯεȻʲôʱܹѻԽ
ȻϲڶûǲɵӡׯεȻȥûκοԵġֻڵʹ̫ҵֶΣȻͻ֮ѾʾʼѹǻûеֱӲѧߡѧһػĵزڲԱôѡ
浽һׯεȻܾͻᱻֱӴҪׯεȻȷʵҲûбľʲô԰ϵʱ򣬸ׯεȻĪе»ڹʵɺܴӰ졣
õİ취ǸׯεȻź̬ȣع
ׯεȻִҪعҲкܶ෽ׯεȻԶҲز˻ֻڹڻкܶЩԥòüׯεȻòЩҪصѧߺͿѧԶʧⲢоĵֱӽׯεȻΪ˲ðգׯεȻҪһһȻһ
ׯεȻ˾֮Ǿİȫˡǲ֪λׯܲϰڴϵҪڴϴһµʱ䡣ׯڲ̫ϰߵĻǻɷɻȥλڡԭ־ǻʹһվӢֱӷ塣
֮󣬻治ܰׯô˵ֻҪׯڰȫ˾;Եİȫ
ڵһԥò򻪹ЩѧߺͿѧ֣ׯεȻعʱ
ڣׯεȻҵǹӢ׵ĸУҵĽڡȷõׯεȻ˷ɾ裬ïЦ˵ׯΪΣ
Ҿ̫ܰˡ
ǲǺԴ󡣡ïЦ˵ֻҪׯڱ֤ȥӢףȥӢ״һʱ䣬ǻ취ȫϾġ
أׯεȻ棬Ҿûа취عˣ
İ취ƶ˺ܶļƻֻеһƻƻҲõǸïЦţļƻûôɹҲûôߡ
ˡׯεȻףҾ·֮ǰյӢ׸Уҷ뺯
ҼǵׯţѧīѧԺĳλںϤ
ûׯεȻï뵽һˣ˹ڣصҪġ˹Ҫ룬ܹǰӢס
˵ģԵ޹ʵǰӢףڴ֮ǰʹݣ˭ܿ⡣Ҫǣʲô˵֮£˹ܹ·ǰţѧīѧԺгڵѧʣΪһ¡
ڻȷ׻µһ쵽֡
ׯ֪˰ɣ
Ҷλڵ⣬ܹBSD룬һҷ뺯ׯεȻתïЦ˵ǳлïЩ飬һעġ
ûϵïҡͷ뿪ʹݣׯûǰҵĻȫǡ
һ˵Ŵƿһŵ˴źɫװվűߣׯεȻò΢Цׯá
λǻפŦԼʹʹ
ãʹ
ׯڡʹǰׯεȻֵ֣һɲǣ˵ׯڣï˵˰ɣ

ׯںʹˬʵ˵Ƚ϶࣬ûй˵ׯ
ûйϵׯεȻ΢Цţʹ˵Ҳ֪ׯϲʲô׼˼磬ϣׯڲҪ
ôᡣׯεȻʹ߽ʹķӣһС⻹һЩݲݡ
Ŷ룬ï
ʹڽ֮ѹׯڣïȫȨصڵģʲô⣬ѯ
ֱ𿴺ֵӣʵƭ˵ġʹֺǺǵ˵ׯѧңһȻ鴫
ׯڿȥȵӺϻҪ᲻١
лʹ佱ׯεȻ¶΢Цʹķ߳ׯ𣿡
ˣáׯεȻǰ֣á
֮ŵһɷ˵ζҲʼĽš
ׯ롣ʹķ˺Ц극ˣ˵ׯҪԷҲ֪ϲθڡ
ܾûŵôڵĻ˵ζˡׯεȻŶӣ˼ЦţʵûҲͦϲڼ⿡
㣬ʵϷ˱һ
ллĿ佱ׯ룡
һ·ǰ˶Ѿãïûм
ԷʱʹںׯεȻţ˵ׯεȻع֮ҪоʲôׯεȻĻشҲֵζ˵ǻع֮ҪоѧϵĶԼһЩѧϵ֪ʶ
һٷ꣬ïׯεȻͻ˹٣ѾϣׯεȻָŷЦ˵סķӡ
ïЦ˵ׯģӢ֮һӦġ
лл㣬³֮ׯεȻҲûкؿܣȷǷڼⷽ棬ȷʵרҵģǽרҵʿȥȽϺá
ֻҪרҵʿȥͺãҲ˵Ҫ·֮ǰBSD롣һٶҪӿһЩСҪ·֮ǰ꣬µ׾Ҫյ³˹뺯ǰӢס
ŵ־ǱߺͷǱ߿϶Ҳһ⣬عܼ֮ܲ˵ͦҪġ
úܶԵĽܳĻôЩ϶첻˵ġѧѾֻҪȥ콱12·ݵʱ򣬲ܳĻҲȡ
ЩǸϽعȽҪڿϽعԺԽԽȥ
˵ʲôʱԶز˻
صķׯεȻ·¼ϣɭѾǻ˷䣬ص佫ݸ̿Ϳʼ
ڽ֮ܺʹʹԼκεϵȵǰӢ׵ʱï
ڶ칫ң»ûмӵʱ䣬ׯεȻͱȥУ칫ҡ
ׯڡׯεȻУǳϤׯεȻЦ˵˹и˹³á
ׯ˹и˹³žƱҪʿ𣿡
˹иáׯεȻҡͷ֪ģҲϲȾơ
˹и˹³һ£Цţҵˡ
У칫Щ죬ׯεȻÿ˹иĪĽеУ϶ʲô顣ſ˹и͵ĵԱʲôϵ϶յʲôָʾ˵㹻ĴֻǸôȵ֮࣬˹ٴѧ
¾Ʊ˹и˹³Ц˵ҵˣׯڲϲȾƣôΣ
˹и𣿡ׯεȻ˵һֱӣҲǵһΡ˹и˹³ûж룬ģׯӦ֪ܶ˶ѧϵϵΣƾѧλҲԵѧϵϵΡΣ
Ҫ֪ϵΣнӼʮġ˹и˹³ǵׯεȻĿǰƺЩȱǮҲȷʵյϢʲôҲ̫ҪׯεȻ˹ٴѧĶѧңܹ˹ٴѧȻ˹˶ϣġû飬ǽѧϵϵͷׯεȻ
ׯεȻɻǺòЦ˵ģ֮ǰѾܾҸ˹ٴѧһʱ䣬Ѿǽϯڣҵѧϵе㲻ʡ˵أ
˹и˹³࣬ׯڣȷʵʸѧϵΣѧɾǶ룬ѧϵελãȻʲġ
ׯεȻĬˣƶλУ϶յĳְʾһҪ˹ٴѧѧϵΣܵΡ
ɣׯεȻȡ־Ҳ֪Ŀǰоһ⡣
֮ǰҲܽκεְȽо˵
ׯ˵ƺϣص˹и˹³УׯεȻԣ˹˺ܾõʱ䡣Ҳε˸˵ׯεȻص顣
Ϊ˹ٴѧУ˲ϣ˹ٴѧʧȥһλʶѧҡ˹ٴѧδԣʧȥλɳԺδԶδ֪Ķڡ
ȷʵׯεȻһڳϣֻʲôʱȥһ̫Ǳʱûϵ֪ģоʱ򣬲ϲͱ˵
ׯڣҸ˻˵Ϊ˹ٴѧУҶϣ뿪˹и˹³΢Ц˵Ȼִ뿪Ҳûа취
ׯǿڿһ£Ҹ˸Ľǣ˹ٴѧһЩ
ллĽ顣ׯεȻЦ˵ûʲô飬ô뿪˿˹и
ׯڣص˼һ¡
һġׯεȻ뿪칫ңһص칫֮׿Щ£ȰBSDо顣
µ˹٣·ݸӵá
Ƥ˹һϲǰɶԣʲôɶԣҪһ¡ʱǷǳġǺܶʱׯεȻоһܳȥ档ׯεȻһʵǺܶ˼ûзоϡ
ûڼȥɢŰҥԣ̰飬ҲǷǳġ
Ƥ˹ܶʱ򶼲칫ңǺׯεȻԽϤ֮Խᵽ칫ǾýҲôԸûк¡
ɶԲ֪μ˶٣ҲûׯεȻҲûһ鷳

·ݵѾʼչͶڣԽȡҫ϶ǰλλʱҶ޾ɵġֳ˺üӣû취ǱǻĴͳУġбҲˣܶǱڲȶأҪͦġ
һǰæһ󰸣һӡȻҲʲôشİӣҪһɱִУſƼķչܶɱǱȽϺƵġ
ΣҲòõϢ
ҫϢһ죬ͷȽ㡣Ҫ֤ݷ棬Ҫ㹦򡣺ϣžڣ˺ܾáҫλںߣЦŶԺ˵ôˣȥƣ
üû˯ˣ˵أ̱ϣֻͦƻģ֤ݶˣҪҵ֤ݲС
ҿҫžĿʼţһüģ˼š
˺ܳһʱ䣬ҫţ̫ȡ֤Էȷʵͦƻġ
ǰɡûؾڣҸĵǣһܻʲôΪ
ҫһ£žָŶԷĵ˵㿴
Ȼֵܣҫܴ㵣ǾҲûôĵӰɣ
ǣûеӣǼأ۾˼һ£֮ʱ䣬ҪСĵΪáˣܵץľ
ûмҫ̯֣ؾֳӦûʲô飬Ǳߣ㻹Ҫһ¡ܵܲǡ
֪ġͷԷֶκײУǷ˸񡣡
һġ
ͺ죬ׯεȻҲ֪ׯεȻʲô֮ǰǸׯεȻϢԷظϢæ飬ûпչϹ
ҫҲûдׯεȻⶼһˣҲ֪ׯεȻûꡣ⣬ӦúѰɣ
ȻׯεȻģɻҪׯεȻдĶѧ֮ġֻһֱûлᣬһ£ҲûпʲôطܹׯεȻġ
Դ˱ʾЩҪׯεȻôôأ
˵ҫȥϴ˰ʱ٣ǸСŮأ
˵ˣûҫֺЦ˵ˣûôͲأ
û𣿡Ǻɻ󣬡ҽæòˣһȥԸ㷹ɡ
ҫڴǮĹõúȫҪո׸ǳǽҲáΪʡʡǣǻĴͳУص֮һ۸ߵϢڽЩµķӷ۲̫ߡ
ڴ漸ʱ䣬ڶƴյĽһ㣬ܹڽַġ
ȷʵⷽûж׷󣬷ۺĹʲȡҪ·ǵ㹤ʸ𰡡
ַܹ㣬׷ׯεȻ飬ûȻǸׯεȻ׹ûдΪܹȥ׷ׯεȻǱܣҶԷ϶ҲῴԾ͡Ҫ߶Էһ˶ѡںׯεȻ̸飬û
Ϊֵܣϲ˼ҵĵܵܣҲǱ̬һͶŶԷԷ˵˵ףҪҪѶɡ
ʲôأҫ
ûûʲôҫЦһ£ôͻȻҪȥԷ
ûʲôʱ͡ļʼȥȥ
ȥʱ͸ﲻȥܱ˳ʱҵģҲǺʱ
ûŪʱͻȻͦ͡æ𣿴ʣͶ빤Сæ°࣬ͺһͬǰλԶСݡ
ҫЦ˵ʱҲ̫ˣôͣΪǸߵء
֪ɡӦţһëεʱܹ;ѾܲˣҪʲôط͡
λ˵ʲôأҿɲʲôʱҰҪ˵ʱҰְ֣ɲҡʱЦеָλã֮ǰҲԹһ𣿾ûͦģ˵ʱһֱûлؼҡ⺢̫ˣⲻԶٺõ𣿻ҫҲǣʱͦ۵İɣ
ͦ۵ġӹʱĻ磬磬ֱ˵ɣʲô顣
ǰɲôĨǵġ
Ŀ⾼ضźʱ֪ʱǳ϶顣ǰôĨǵģ¾˵¡ͻȻôȦӣ϶鲻̫˵
ȿȡʱҲûΣȷʵе顣
ˣ
֪ܾöûյϢӦоɣˣԭʱ綵ôȦӣҪ鰡绰𣿡
ˡʱ̯֣ûнӡ
źʱεģҫԱû˵ԭһûбׯεȻӵ绰Ҵȥĵ绰ׯεȻûнӡ
ôﻹͦƽģ
Ŷɻ˵ûнӵ绰
ǰʱͣصͷҲ֪Ǳôˣأ
һ绰Ҳûнҵĵ绰Ц˵ҹ϶оͦ𾢵ģûнӵ绰
磬㵽ʲôҪ
ʵҵ顣ʱ̾Ϣһм˴ְˣ˵ӹʵ֮󣬸ûйܹ˹ٴѧʵһûˣֻʣӲšʱȥʵҹһΣȻûйǱߵ顣ʽ治̫ȱȱ˰ôȥʵҿɾûˡ
ʱЦţҵûʲôǴѧǮҲ٣ôǮˮƯðɣҲ֪ÿҪǱߵҵ񣬺ٹƵߵ顣
ʵ˶߹ˣҲǰ˵ġθ˵ģҪôȥʵҿ϶군Ҹ˺ö绰Ҫ취ⷽ棬϶Ϥ١ô򶼴ͨҶҪˡ
ׯεȻ̾ϢһȻںʱĻ޿κΣҲ˺öε绰ûнͨ
ô찡ʱż˼Ǵҵ治ǮˮƯǮͶȥˣǶ˵ûǮҪʵ֧Ųǰˣ
ҫԱ߻û˵ʱɫżǿʼοʱʱ磬ȱżָҵܻܵķҲ֪Сô϶뵽ġҪػˣ㿴ȰʵҸסһ£֮⣿
ҲУʣµʱû뿪Ĵ㡣ҲҪȵ֮˵ֻڵоչܻ˵ûеġʱͷⷽҺζûа취ǶרҵġҪרҵʿҲûа취ûԸҪ˹ٴѧܶ˶ʱǲܻعġ
Ǹʱ硣ҫܺ棬˼ǣܶׯڵֲŻȥʵҵģ
ǿɲʱԱߵĲˮ£Щ˶ɵӣôһżʵҡ
ǾݼƴѧУҵĲʿô˵̫ʲôʱʵҶп⡣ֺαص˼ŵʵĽơֲڹڣǿ϶ǾʱǲڹڴţָƱʵʵҡû˹Ҿĥţع֮ܲȥѧУֱˣʱĿҲͦģׯεȻȥѧУ飬ׯεȻˣԺҪȥѧУñѧУı
һʱ磬ȥ飬ǵ𣿡
ͦ˵ġʱ̯֣ûа취ʵ̫ҵֻʣˡҪרҵԿڣζҪˡ
⹫İ칫ﰤѵءʱҡͷ


111 粨
ǴѧУ칫ҡ
ϣųУ鼫ΪͷҿУΪʵȷʵɵ̫ͲӦеˮƽҪȥѧУ˹ҪǳУֹѾȥ˹
УԲҵ⡣
ⲻ⡣ҡͷ˵ʵΣû̫Ĺϵ
֯ģȻ˶Ѿˡ̯ӣʰɡУţҿûʲôȸУҪôǻⷽ治̫ϤҪô⡣
Уô̯ӣʰ˾аɣǳУѧǶѣڻʮꡣ̯ʰⲻΪ
ҪЩ飬ܲʰɣϾҪȥˣУְλˡܰҲһֱѧȷʵѾǶˮƽ飬ҪԼȥУվ⣬ǴѧѧϵλãԺҲ٣ܲʰо֡
ⲻǸѵߡʵѾˣֺαȥأ
룬ѧúѧͺˣЩѧ̫õ˴Ͳˣ
ʵ飬Ҹĵع⡣Уζ˵˵˹ٴѧǱ߼ع
ҲǱ߳٣̽Աڸ
ǡ⣬ô죿
ô죿תǰ뿪˹ٴѧʱǶҿ϶ڻ˶õʱͻصûֹң֪Ϊʲô𣿡
ΪǸΪСĹܹвǣʵУǸʱ򣬻زعνġǸͲΪвǡڲһˣۿɼĿʼϳңһѧѾȫ泬Խ˵ѧѧϼԽǵĻ˵һͿءηţڵĶѧУҪһûв뵽ĹٷоСǻûڵҪ
ûһ˵һϢУ˵ҵƻNIFѾʼһڵԱܹʦҪNIFĲμƻһӶǻزġ
˻εһĸôNIFܹʦǲǷˣ
ѧѧױȵ츳ǵǿͦ׼ģҲڲ֪μҪḶ́Ϊܹʦ̵֪ܡûԸصģпܰڵ֮ڡҡͷҲ֪һʲôȥѻع
飬Ҳ˵Ǹһˣ˵Уڶں⣬һ
һûز˹顣У˵ʱ򻹴һ˿ԹοЦáô궼ȥˣôˣҲˡУǶԺôԹҲǲףôԹͦТ˳ġ
УҾNIFܹʦ飬ǲ̫ܰɡϸ˼ţһֱоʵģӦһ鲻ࡣôҲNIFܹʦôˣΪʲôƫƫѡ
дԡУ˵ڵϿ˵ָȫָйڿɿغ˾۱˼
ΪڵϿѾɿغ˾۱ķЩȫûйڵϿȥʱеָδĳɹߣûָ֪䡣һ̽ڵϿ˵ˣܶΪڵϿ˵ָȫСûй飬ҪôǸڵϿҪ˶֪λʦԼĳɹΪҶԿ֮ãҲпܵġУ˵ԵNIFܹʦ
ǣϾֻһ²Ⱑλ벻ָͨûأָûйڿɿغ˾۱Ķأ
ǸNIFܹʦ㲻֪ζʲôɣ
εһָȫУ
ûв´Ļٵָ嶼С۾˵ֻǲָ֪ʲôط
κͷһ£ѧ̻ʵָ壬ȫһ˵УʲôⲻǴпܳΪһѧ̻
ǿһ޴ıأôûзָ壬Ķ
ѹ֮ǰƪģ˸оޣѾøڵϿ˵ָ壬ôͨ϶Ǵָʲô˼룬ԲŻı˼䣬˿
Ҳô²⣬ȫ˶ô²ġУ֮󣬴򿪱ʼǱԣһƪǷµı㿴
ؿǹʰ棬ܹӢġ
һѧϵ۵䣬ָ̻彻ڻѧׯεȻ
ƪ꾡дׯεȻڷڼǰҽԺ̽ӸڵϿ˵Ϣ˿ׯεȻ̽ӸڵϿ˵ĳһ죬źܶʼǱ뿪ҽԺһ·صƵꡣҲ˵ڵϿ˵ָׯεȻС
λѧϵָһѧ̻ʣôˣôһλڿܻΪڵϿֵλѧһصʲôӰǾͲ˵ˣοһڵϿ˵ָܹˡ
ׯεȻӦýڵϿ˵ָ幫ȫıأһ˶ռС
֮ǰֻ˽²²⡢ĦѾתˡҲ¿϶֪õָ壬ֲ˵ǣѾµָУóַֻǷı½͸ıеһ£½͸ıΪеָܹĿƼߵĶׯεȻС
·һҹ֮䣬ׯεȻΪǸˡ
ڻûпʼ͡УĿǰֵҵ飬ѧǷŸڵϿָ飬ۡӦáûв
ȥĻز˹ġ
ڿɡУ̾ϢڸżҲûʲôá
ڲ·ݿʼһµʱ䣬ȵµ׵ʱ͵취ˡ
С˵У˵᲻ѸڵϿ˵ָȫعû˹٣
ܰɣУüͷҪ˹ٴѧҲܽЩȫعпֻǴٲֵĶع
ôණҪôعҪعĻЩ϶ǴˡУЦһ
̾ϢţǵҲǣǿϧ˸ڵϿָ壬ҪȥоˡҲǣҪ˹ٴѧţζָܽߡ
ֻεķ粨е졣


112 ǰӢ
ô붼ڹŹ֣Ը˹ٴѧׯεȻܵʲô˺ɡ
ǲҲ룬̫Ź֡У򿪲豭һڲˮ϶ڱƲˣ붼顣ûǣ鲻ֵô󡣡
ȷʵôġ̾Ϣһôһʸ֮ƥôܲأڵϿ˵ָǱأҲһ޴ɱõµһصģָʲô
У̾Ϣһû˵ڵĵǣЩý塣
˹ٴѧϾѧΪһڵϿ˵ָôǹĳЩˣ鹥ҡͷ˵ʵܶѧ߾鲻ᷢκǹĳЩ˵ķԣҲ֪ġ
ζڳУĵǵǾò£УǵǹϹĻҾôɲء
Ŷ
Ҳûбʱ򹥻ʲôɷ֣ʲôģŹӦǺġҶڹֻǷǳĵģ˵أ
ҲǡУͷаɣǾͲˡ

һٷ꣬˸Իؼҡҫֻ֮׼šҳʾһذϢܺ棬ֱӴ򿪡
ѧʦڵϿ˻һоָҹѧׯεȻ
ҫһ£ׯεȻ˵顣ȵȣǵÿǸʼǱȫ֣ܷƣǱ˺ܶꡣ
ڵϿ˵ָ壬ҫһ¾ˣׯεȻ֮ǰ˵ǸڵϿ˵ָ塣
ƪǽڵϿ˵ƽׯεȻƽȻ˵Ľһ˵ʲôڵϿ˽ָ彻ׯεȻʱʲô᲻֮ģڵϿ˰ָ彻ׯεȻʱڲ͵Ƶġ
ĻظҲ˼ҫ¿һ£Ϊ
һΪׯεȻòҴţȫıأӦýЩȫ
ڶΪׯεȻ͸ڵϿ֮˽£ǲӦòУׯεȻôЩɡ
ΪӦϽҡ
ҵҫͦȤġǱصģҳĵһƪ顪
ׯεȻڻøڵϿָô
¥쿴Ϣȥ˷½͸Ϣʼ˵Ӧǽ취һƪ֮ǰѧľ۹ׯǷõڵϿָ⡣ĿǰׯεȻûиκεĻظ˹ٴѧǱ߸ׯεȻоûʱظЩĵ顣ׯεȻǷõڵϿ˵ָ壬ôģ
1¥ׯεȻ֪ǺǸŵĹ֪𣿸ڵϿ˭û˿һ£ׯεȻʲôϵ
2¥ׯεȻһƪӲǾ˶
3¥ׯںиڵϿ˵ʲôϵţͷ
4¥Ҫ˵ȥǧһ¸ڵϿˣѾȥˡѧʦΪʮΰѧ֮һִΡˡҹׯڲŵĹϵɡ
5¥ڵϿһкָܶ壬δЩׯڵĻׯεȻһ޴ıذɣϾѧ̻
6¥Ŷս̻ʸڵϿˡ
7¥ôˣׯõ̻ʵָ壬Ǵѧ׬ˣ
8¥ׯҲһǴѧɣֻ˵ҪعĻУ׬ˣиѧʦжʦָ塣ƾЩָ岻֪ٸƶĽ
9¥ˣиڵϿ˵˵ָҪܶ˶Ҫõǰɣ

ҫһû뵽ڵϿ˵ָ徹ȻôҪʱΪׯεȻڴţģû뵽˵ĶġڵϿ˵ˣָĺҪĻôׯεȻĻܻص
ҫǣ°ؼҵĺͱȥϢתԷı֮󣬺˵Ҫ͸¶һʲôϢɣ
ܻز˹ǵ˵ӱֽϵϢǿ϶عĵġ
ڵϿ˵ָпɿغ˾۱ݣЩָ壬϶˴󲿷֣ǲعġʱͬգҰְǻ˵̫СˡΪ壬ڲͬڵĻԺûĻǺҪ
ô죿ڻعæֻҪ绰ֹ˺ˣҲпѾˡܻܲعҲܹ˵ġ
ô죿ͷĺˮûؼһûжõʱ䣬ͱڵز
ǲеġ
Űɡ룬ô飬ȻûĻǺҪô˵ǻôأ
ǺҪ룬Ҳ˵ǿ϶취
Ѿ˺ܾãԴӸڵϿȥ֮һֱڴտʼû⡣ǽ취½͸ͬʱһźš
Ѿõʲôָ֤ݣ
Ҳǲ²ֻõЩָ塣ҡͷڼ﷢˺ܶʼǱԼдĲݸֽҲЩȫǸڵϿָδĲݸ塣
ݵĸ첿֣ӦҲ
ô˵õˣ𾪣ǶԷΪʲôҪ
ӦҪѧϸһɡźɳϣѾʼܿˣҲ롣ȥķ俴һʼǱͷϣҸҿ϶ǸڵϿ˵ָ塣
ܿϧ̫ɬûܹ֮⣬ĶѧʦѸ㶮е˼ԺȲǸڵϿָȫԭ򡣡С˵鲻˵ȥǲ֤Ҳãǲ²ҲáеָȫڼҲָġ
֪ˡף飬¹Ҳ˵ȥġ
ڵϿ˵˭ûлΪʲôָõǱߣЩôӣ
ѧ̻ʣʮΰѧҡݵĸ첿֣пѾ漰˿ɿغ˾۱ļԼѧĶĸ˵һʲɹƵıƸһλΰѧһǻ۽ᾧ˵ǵĶѧ࣬ҲûôһʱĲƸƸûԽѧѧϡ
ô𣿡ͷʼɲǺѿ𣿡
ǣ˺ѿⲻˡأС˵Щָ壬˵͸϶󲿷֣Լ⡣عִ̣ǰѾغΨһܹ⿪ص͸ûлᳬԽ𣿡
ܵģѧϣѾԽˣֻڵ̫ǳһ㣬¸ܻܲع治һ
ûϵġҲ޲ߣڻڵ˰ο֮⣬Ҳ顣
϶ܹġͣذοųֺڰοԼ

˹ٴѧɻôģɷׯεȻıкܶ࣬ȫ˹ٴѧסׯεȻĿǰоbsd룬Ŵ£Ͳ֪ѾʼзĳøڵϿָ顣
˹ٴѧЩǣҲûѯʹׯεȻǷøڵϿָ⡣ׯεȻҪ˵϶ṫ˵λϵ֮ǰйȫʣҲׯεȻ϶ʲô˵ġûбҪȥѯׯεȻúоbsd룬Ϊǧ֮һӦõķΧΪ㷺ѧѧԼµڶܹӦõġ
ׯεȻܹ⣬ѧϵĵλһ
ɢУƤ˹˹ٴѧУ԰ڡÿЩǰڵİ칫ңǽʲôҪ
·ݣڶ⣬ûͣЪġ
ͻȻ˵ЩϿһЩ칫ҡҲ֪ھʲôΪ˲ýһ𴲡ķЩȣɣķ紵öоһ˿ȡ
Ŷ䣬˴к˹ٽӽһʱ䣬ʶˣ඼Ѿʶ
칫ңׯεȻѾλϡƤ˹ձñڡ
Ƥ˹һΰ񽻸㡣
Ƥ˹һ£ΰ
ׯεȻָָߵĲݸֽѾ˳еļ㣬Ҫ¼뵽arxivϡ
Ƥ˹̧ͷڣ˼ǣ⿪bsd룿
ûվһ·壬˵ǰЩѾ⿪bsd룬ʱ佫еĲݸ嶼ɣûκεĴѾµףҪ㾡콫еϴarxiv
Ƥ˹ûɣһ֮ڣ
ȻƤ˹ߵ칫ǰһݸֽ΢΢زŽݸֽȫׯεȻ΢΢һЦô鷳ˣƤ˹
뿪칫ңƺŹһ䡣
ԭƤ˹Ҫ߽ڣ涼ڴ˵øڵϿָ飬˵ڽ⿪bsd롣һˡʱѾ뿪
Ŵ뿪Ļ˹ٴѧЩڻ˵ɣ鴫ôãûκһλѯһЩ̫Ѱĸоʲôطԣ˵ǾúܲԾ
ȻϴarxivŽڵ˼ȥɡ
һϴģһţarxivƪĵʱ򾿾ʲôı飬ʵǡ̫ˣŶõʱ䣬ӻص˹ٵ·ݵڣҲ¡ֱӽǧ֮һȥİʼ⻹ûһʱ䣬Ѿ⿪һǧ⡣ʣµļǧ⣬ǽڶܹڼ֮
Ƥ˹ԽԽľоٶȣû˭ܹȵϰɣ
˭оٶȲõһֱüһ
˹ٴѧУ԰ڣвٵĽڶׯεȻʺáׯεȻ׼ǰ˹ٸߵоԺİ칫ңɭͷ˼
ɭߵɭǰѧһֹŹֵͻȻãԵѰζ
ҡͷɭׯεȻվǰǴ㵣˵ׯڣôˣ
ΪʲôׯεȻЦţҪȥһ˹ٸߵоԺġ
ɭ㶵ؿׯεȻõʱ˵ׯǡѾоˣ
ǽbsdˡ˵껰칫ѧͿʼׯѾ⿪bsdˣ
ûƤ˹ڽϴһ֮ƪarxivܹׯεȻ̯֣ҪȽһЩѧϵ⡣
ȽڡɭæҴׯȥ˹ٸߵоԺɡ
˵ţѧͷׯڡȻ֪ׯεȻĹϵҲ֪ɭׯεȻסһ𣬴ʶġ
ׯεȻῪ飬Ҷ˽ġɭҲǺġ
뿪칫ңɭׯεȻ⿪bsdУҲû˵ĻʱɭܳĬ˹ٸߵоԺ֮ɭڳϵׯεȻ
ѧѧԺȽڵİ칫ҡţƣ˵
ƿţȽڷ·Щ㵡û뵽˾ȻׯεȻׯôˣ
ҼǵӦbsdŶԡ
ˡЦϣׯεȻ˵ȽڣȷʵҪһЩ⡣
ԸꡣȽׯεȻоٶȣ룬ѾǵһôַׯεȻ滹֪ʲôľϲ
ȸ⡣ׯεȻǴЦ⣬׼оһЩȸ⣬ڼκѧ滹Щĵطϣֽܹһ¡
ȷǳϲׯεȻоĿáȸȤ㲻ûܽȸΪѧͳһۡ㻹϶ںõöࡣ
áȽڿļˣӺȲҪׯεȻȸĳЩ׻⡣

賿Ѿ˯£Ǳ绰ѵġ
ι˯Ժģԭ˵˯߾ǳֻ绰ѣͷ۵Уĸ˴ϲ˯绰ܲ˺úϢ촦ѧϵϻϼһϢ
Ρ绰˼е˵arxiv𣿡
ôˣĲʿĵ绰arxivַʲôģ
bsd룬ׯbsdˡ
μæһסڵЩȣϻ΢ˣܲ΢һ·鷿򿪵ԣarxivʼƪĸճһСʱ
һׯεȻͨѶׯεȻûж
Ҳ˵ƪׯεȻһɵġ
ǵһôÿο˾𺳡ʵ̫ˣµף˵Ҫ⿪bsd뻹һʱ䡣ǡ˵ҪҪ
һĽ϶ǻõģټ˹ٴѧ˹ٸߵоԺǱ߻н
ʵҵҲˣ͵ع֮ʵҸɫİǴѧ˼ԼʵҶΪҵЦǴѧⷽ汾Ͳóټ˼žڹǴ˽Ǯǲ١ǱӪҵΧʯīϩׯεȻڹ⣬˿ǹҸֶѡ
峿ǴѧܶѧʦʳԷ
ѧϵʦǾۼһƲ죬˵λׯڣֽ⿪bsdˣ
˵ΰҹѣڻڼﲹء
һͨѶҲûж֪𣿡
ҲͷһˣҲôλеĳ𣿡
˵ûжûи
ȥôɣҲ̫ˡ˵ֻһʿ˼Ƿ˺һbsd밡
˵Ҳ֣õڵϿ˵ָ֮󣬾ͽ⿪˴ϵ⡣˵ûпܣϮָϵݣ
ּ𣬸Ͳм顣ˣҲˡô˼Ҳ˼˹ٴѧĽϯڣһǴѧĽʦ˼ҽϯڣʲôʱڵλɡ
㵱˽ڣ˼ҿܾǻԺԺ˰ɣѧǿѧĻԺҿɡ޸͵Ժ𣿡
ЦųԷֻһλʦߣׯεȻʵ̫˲ˬˡٵ־ѧͻĸ˿˲ۺ죿
ͲȺ˲ۺׯεȻĳɼֻǲԸ˵ѡ
ǴѧУƪĸȼ
˵ׯεȻֳµˣ
ׯεȻbsd֪𣿡
λׯεȻֽ⿪ǧˣǻ֪𣿡
Ҷ̸ׯεȻģ˹ٵֻҪѧϵĵطֿʼֵׯεȻġ
ʱڰ칫ңѾ¶ţ˹ٴѧϾҪżˡ
յ˼ŷ޵뺯һǰ־ѧһţѧīѧԺġ
ׯεȻǰţѧѧΪһµʱ䣬ҲǴ65ŵ75š
ͬԤϵ˹뺯ڲҪż١û˹пţѧϼµʱ䣬ѧ
϶ѡǰţѧȻһǰ֡־̫Զ;л֪ᷢʲô飬ǰţѧõѡ
ׯεȻ˹ظʼ˵յ룬ҪȥӢ׼һ˶Ǿʿû˹ڵ뺯Щ⶯
ܵҸǰӢ׵ͷñ̫ɣٲӦýڵ֮ڡ·Ҳ̫ࡣڳҲûʲôҪĶ˼촩·֮⣬Ҳûʣʲôϵôһ죬ȥ꿪ʼͰҪĶʼķʽͻع
˽꣬汻ӵʱʵֻʣ·ѡ
һЩòŵĲݸ壬ǵȥҲûκεôЩȫarxivϣֱarxivѯ
˹иУ칫ҵʱׯεȻһ·š
˹иУڿׯεȻվڳ⣬Ц˵ׯ£
˹иУׯεȻ칫ңյţѧīѧԺڰ³˹룬ȥţѧΪһµѧҪȥǾʿܲ5ŵʱǰӢף
Ȼԡ˹иУûյׯεȻĴְţΪׯεȻ˹ٴѧԥʹӦǰӢס
лл˹иУׯεȻ΢΢Ӧûȥʰһ¡
ׯεȻֵúܵȻͺֻȥμһѧѣһǰ־͢˹Ҳҷ뺯ȥǾʿ
˹иУףЦſׯεȻׯף;졣
лл˹иУҲףһļڡ뿪칫ңׯεȻصݡɭҲպûЩ棬ܣ㲻·Ҫع˵Ҫȥţѧѧ
Žǻز˹ˡׯεȻҡͷ֮ǰȽһЩȸ⣬ʲôʱعҲȷ
ҡͷׯεȻɭеŪλܵҪعǲҪع
ȷʵȽ̸ۺܾãȸϣܿ϶кܶҪʾȽڰɡ
ƽ궼һܹعҪȥѧص˹ٴѧ϶кܶණҪо
ȥʰһ¡ݲȵĻص俪ʼʰһЩļʰһ䡣ȥӢһµʱ䣬ʰôĶҲ֡
ȵ65죬ɭȥŦԼɭļû˵
ɭоЩĪֱׯεȻ˷ɻ֮ǸоׯεȻͦĪġ
ת뿪ɭûжֱӻص˹ٴѧ
Ѿ뿪ˡһλӢʿ˵ĿĵӢףҪ֪ľٹҪֵ¼Ϊķʡ
ܷɻʧ£ԶҲز˻
˼ǣȥӢ׷ֻһӣʵҪص
ôΪġ
̫ܣ˽⣬λ˹ٸߵоԺĳλ̸Ӧüǰ˹ٸߵоԺ۵ģӢǱ߸뺯ȥӦûǰ˹ٸߵоԺңֻм򵥵·һʼǱǸʼǱԼıʼǱӦѧ¼ġ
ܽأ
ûлػĴ㡣
ȷеϢ˵·ݻص
ӢɻػһԶ֡ڲ֣֪ܶͻȻжء
ˣǷҲܡ
ֻǲصѡ
װ˹Ҹ뷨һôһλѧһصǮǲھһΡԣҪлصĶȫ˹ٴѧҪ뿪ĻҲߡ
ڵϿĶ˹ء
Ҿûô򵥣Ҹھʧȥǵܳܣǻܹܵġ
𣿡˼˵һ䣬˹̽ԱҺΪһᱻϷͥģǸʱûܹ˹ٴѧ㣬ȫҡҪΪڿЦлֵȺ˲ϣλ¡
е̸ڡҾãǻʧȥĻᡣ
˹Ӣ׸κ⡣nifnasaԼ˹ٴѧŭ𶼻
ˡƲЦţ滹ûо֡
ڻֱ֣ԺûжֵĻᡣλɲһˡѧʦôˡҪǵ߷Χ֮ڣа취ġ
ϧ治֣һλѧȥѧϵ۸ڵϿ
ǣλѧ֪ᶯ֣ߡϢѾй¶ϢƲ⣬ڽʹݵʱ֪ԼӵϢ⼸ʲô鶼ûһ糣֪ԼӣֻҪǽܹרҵѵźüµʱһŶ¶Ҳ̫ܰ
ҪֹѾȥׯεȻĳݿЩڲڳ
ɣʵЩͱػڳݵģûжٶϧһֱȥׯεȻķѲ飬˵ǻûеһ
ôȥλʲôʱصģ˻¶֪
ܿλΪΪõģѾ׼ߵȨ
nifnasa˹ٴѧУѱ鲼ȫ˹ٴѧ֪ׯεȻ£ڸʲô顣ǾԻС̽Աйŭ𣬵ʱǸ߳סŭļһ
ǰ׳գȻ治ҲжȻƺû׼ôԸλ͵ùҹɡ
ڷɻϣׯεȻŶֱӢףߵͱ˲ǻھƵҵ㡣
˵ᣬŵ绰ڴ绰ģ
ׯεȻûκα飬ֻ߹˵ߡ³˹
ׯڡ³˹ǰׯεȻһӵòׯڡ
ò˹Ͱ³˹֮󣬻˹ǼΪׯ֪𣿵֪⿪bsd֮ҾȲϣܹǰӢס
лл˹ׯεȻЦ˵úܼʱ̽һ°Ǿʿ
ׯϳɡ˹ׯεȻ뿪
һ·ϣ˵ЦͺׯεȻֻѧݽƵġ
Ƶ꣬ׯεȻƵꡣź󱻻˹ڽгȥԷصƵ꣬վڴհµݣ۾׼ϢͻȻ˳ߡ
ˡŦԼûκεţһ߽ݣ¥֮󡣿ڵݵǽϢ
ձñ΢΢ϹЦüΪơ
ùŹֵһۣڿ񾭲߻صݣ̲סͷùŹֵһۡ
˵ɻ΢Цֱݹر֮
λûϳ
ܺã˹סֻǼλ١Ļұ֤ͬ⡣
ллĿ佱ģҲΪģҪΪҲӢ׵ľƵꡣ˹ɫ䵭ҲֻһС̽Աѡ
˵ʵҲܻġ𣿡˹˵֮󣬡Ҫһ¡Ҳλķڰװκ豸֪ģϴξΪһЩǱ³òλλҪôҽ鲻Ҫе飬Щ˶ԣǵðܻѡ
֪˵ʲô԰ɣ
֪ڲԶúöžСҲϣصޣûҪҲҪô˵ϣ˹̽Աܹ֪һЩ
һġ˹ͣһ£Ӧ˯ˣİɣϿ϶κε顣
˹ժ¶΢Ц򷿼䡣
ׯεȻţ󿪵ƹϴšïɳϣׯҾ֪һа취Ӣ׵ġ
㣿ׯεȻһ£Ӧڣ
ڵ𣿡ïⲽǱӢ״ʹݵģһ֮ǰʶ䶯
ׯεȻܴ㵣ԣƶһа취Ӣס
ˡ
֪ׯεȻ˵ǼһŦԼһֱҵӢףһΪڷɻ϶֡
Ҳ϶Ĵ㡣ׯεȻЦïܲ⣬ׯڼȻ֪ܻᶯ֣ΪʲôҪȥǸࣿ
ׯεȻҡͷһ࣬ǴĵӢ׵ġ
Դ˵ұ֮Ҿһֱ룬ʲôʱᶯ֡Ȼǵڶûж֣ǿ϶ǲ뾪ңҲû̫еļҡֻҪװҪڵȥǾͲĶҶ֣Ҽ﷭䵹񡣡
֪һϢׯεȻЦ˵λ̽Աϼˣϼ֪ȥģȻǰӢףҲϼûи
λ̽ԱӦڱȽϱİɣׯεȻɵɳϣҪֶסңջҡ벻ͨôһƢ̽ԱΪʲô
ܿƵĻȨֱӴġï˵ׯڣԼЦǾ뿴顣
Ҫ֪ҪˣȥġïɫϣҪΪȥսԷĵߡԷĵߵʲôطҲȥġ

ׯεȻĹƱ¼˳˼ׯεȻĪȥһģȻתô£ѲǷˣԣׯεȻǰĽһ¶˹ٴѧĽڣôô˵ׯεȻûзǵĸ١
˹һϣҪӢ׺˭Ȳ
ſȣܹ֮֡һļڡ
Ҹղżһ£ûκεļϵͳҲ£ǿ϶㷢֡ϴʧ֣һλǵСïðܵĻ⣬ҲûǺù
ǵѧˡתׯڣʮӦûţѧ극԰ɣ
ӦóȥɢïԹԵ˵³˹ڻͬɢҪǰ䡣
ׯεȻïĻ飬һξӦøоŲŶԡׯεȻķӦܵȻҪعҪ¶һţλ̽Աɲʲôʴȵ顣
Ȼ絭һ㡣Ҫ¶κεöԷΪԹԵش硣극֮ţѧɢһ⡣ȷʵûţѧɢңЩġ
취ʮţţѧԷҲ¶κκۼ
ټׯڣף졣ïת뿪ׯεȻǴ㵣ôҡڵĴӾƵǰ뿪ǲ̫ҫ˵㡣
ûţôλرء
⼸˹ׯεȻûзκε쳣ǽ죬ׯεȻѧʱΪ֮ǰλѧĽѧʱ̫ЩׯεȻѧᣬѾ˳͵ʱ䣬Ϊʱȡ˹ţѧ͡ׯεȻһҹţѧһжϺ߼
ңׯεȻǱġ
˹̽ԱǾò̫ԡ


113 ܻ
˲˹̽ԱţѧûһֱׯεȻͻ˹ڣѧȺ뿪ţѧ
֪̫ׯεȻ϶ᷢԶľãׯεȻֲҲ޷ȷǷԼ١
һж̫˳λڿ˵·ҪصôͻȻ˵ֻҲ˹ٴѧѧϵελáȻλãǻӾ˹̽ԱĵиԺ֡
ҹţѧ£ϵĴѧ˾չʾׯ߹ţѧܱߣ˹̽ԱԽԽòԣ벻ͨʲôط̫ԡ
ʱţѧׯεȻԻ˹˵˹ڣţѧȻϵĴѧ
ׯ߹ѾоˡׯεȻشΧҹˣ˹ڣһ⡣
ׯεȻһ˼˵ʣ
ߡ˹ָָ䣬Ҫׯ𣿡
ãʵҪԼһ䣬ȻڻؾƵꡣ˾Ƶ֮󣬻⼸춼šΪҪһЩѧϵоׯεȻʼţԣ˹⼸ҪϵҵĻҹƾڷѧ⡣
˹Ҳûж룬òׯεȻţѧҲ̫ãϾׯεȻţѧġ
᲻᲻̫ãׯڣ
ûϵġׯεȻҡͷ˹֪ģҸ˱Ƚϲ徲
⵹ǻ˹ģׯεȻϲ徲һЩĵطԷ̫ˣп
ôׯҲ·ǵøҴ绰˹Щ̫ģׯεȻûҵ뿪·ǵׯţѧҹ
ģôѧһڻ·ׯεȻ˳Ż˹ָķ뿪Ż˹֣˹ףˡ
⻰ţôǸأ˹о֡ׯεȻ뿪֮վԭشһ뿪ţѧ
ûп䣬зïǰׯεȻ˵ׯڡ
ʱïŷ˶·ȥټֵգ·ܶƵģЩ֮ǰĲ̫һǶƵģׯεȻͷߡ
˵ţׯεȻҡڵУ⡣
˹˼˺ܳһʱ䣬ѾǰصƵꡣ
뿪У԰ׯεȻïϳ⳵һص㡣һҰĵ·һͣڲԶ˲ϳ
ׯεȻ˩ðȫЩ㱣ô򵥣
ׯڵݼ̫ãȫƭȥˡïֱ֡
ǵ֮Ǿֲҿž˲ι۵ʱ䣬ֻҪڻֵľ֮ǰ֦ׯεȻ·ݵʱܹȫ
ïڸпׯεȻݼʵ̫տû¶κεšλ˹̽ԱܻɣûץκΰѱѾھƵ˯ٹԵʱׯεȻѾžػ
ڶԾ֣ûôӣҪôˣйҶȺ֮Ǹ֣ǳ֮ܲء
һֻԡ
һεĽУһӡڽǶơҪ˭ƽ⣬Ǿ綼ܲġ
֪ܵׯεȻĻع϶ûֵҲֻűˣھϣ˹кĸУôȥͻĺĸһ𣿿ʲôЦǻûз赽ֵزΪһδпܷǳׯεȻܵġ
ҲΪˣïŻһׯεȻع
ׯεȻıʵ̫Ȧɵˣûõġȥ飬Ҳ˹ٴѧȥģǰӢ׵ķɻʧºʲôϵҲǰһ˳ֽӵһ˹ٽڵİУǰ͵㶫ˡ
ֵʱѾ峿ֵϵ˲٣֣쿪žҲڸۿŶӣïׯεȻֱ³ׯεȻʲôûдֻһϴ·ûа취ĶȫھƵڡͲܷؽЩߣϴ·ǰţѧʱ˳ָϵġ
³֮ׯεȻñӣҡڵĿʼŶӣǰ˲١ѾʼŶӣֻҪעΧû̽ԱУʱǹ
ïܣׯεȻҡͷ˼Ǹû˻ǹ
˹̽Աһ𴲾;úܲԾׯεȻĴһֱǹŵġ˵λ֮ǰʵʱҲйľüʱųšҲûж룬ȥ˸ͣ˳㱨һ£ׯεȻоĴϵģΡ
Ϊ֮ǰû𾯾
ң׼ʱͲͣҲ˿š˹̽Աûй˵ǲׯεȻȫӢ׶ȼ١
λׯڵʵǹŰЩڷﲻ
ŶӣҶӣׯεȻҪʱסãһ
ïׯεȻ˵һ䣬ֽ֤ǿȺïׯεȻһͬȥһλվǱߣïǰó֤ǺãǻפӢ״ʹݣ񡣡
Ǹ֤ڿԱĽ˵ïǰɡ
áïλλׯεȻׯڣˣһҪȫͻع
Աߵļλʿ㿴ңҿ㣬Ŀǰ״̬е¡
϶֪ׯڵҪԡ
˵ֵҪǽׯڴعׯεȻֻû뵽ׯôᡣ
˵ǲׯ뿪ģׯôӢ׵ģ
ţѧѧ롣ׯεȻЦţҲǿ϶֪ʵǼӡԷ뿪
ׯڣ룬Ѿźλã⼸Ҫڽϣȥ˵ûʲô죬ǻַػ˹ܹȥĸϡ˵ӦֻҪһµʱ䣬ͿԻصϵȽϼ࣬ϣܹһ¡
ûϵׯεȻЦɻĻҲ¿Զɲ
źõķ䣬ǺͼʿһסΪӵĹϵׯεȻûΣڻعķ࣬õһƵ˹Ǳ߲Żֲᷢԡ
ֻҪ̤Ѿȫˡ

ԣǺˣˣ˹̽Աڼ֮ڷ˲ԡׯεȻķ䣬ׯεȻѾ뿪ֻʣһЩô
ʲô绰ͷҲ쳣˵ׯεȻھƵꣿ
ǱˣˣӦڻľϡ
ɶ񣡡ܻǱˣ˺üµʱ䣬һʼͼƻˡܷŹ
˹̽Ա侲˵ֻĿصˣ֪ģھϣǸͶ֡
ܾû˵ܾôˡ
Ӯˣôһأ˹̽Ա˵ûһΡ
ܺãҼסˣǱߴȻǱׯεȻϷˣܻ֮ŭǸһеˣȻһôϷˣȷʵ


114 ص
Ҫʲô𣿡˹̽Ա˵˵һЩ֮ģ
˹ǲëʲôţ˶Ц𣿡绰Ѿǳ꣬˵ŭ𣬡ϽҲ£һµʱ䣬˹ٿ϶յԻĴְš
λٵʱǿ޻ء
˹ˮɾ˵㵱ԷɵζţǾԲڶ֡㶮Ѿص˻ٳʲô⣬ŲŶԷҲһ裿ʱǣ̫࣬ʧȥĶֻˡ绰ͷ˿ʼɥˣǻصҲʲôΪġΪһλѧңڵϿ˵ָ廹˹ٴѧĳڡ
һӦһ䣬ˣǣĳǻһ񡣡˹˵Ҳ£϶ѾеָعڣǷҲûʲôáѧˣԸֶΡѧйûǲϣֶøڵϿ˵ָ塣Ҳ룬ڵϿ˵͸˵ʲôûйĴ㡣ǳɣҲϵġ
õģȻ˹ô⣬֪ʲô취ûָ壿
ûκΰ취ڻǸͲڻ֣˹Ҳ˵ˣΪ˲ķ粨ǲܶ֡Ҳ˵ǵȵǱõָ塣
ܺãλȷʵǳ绰ͷ˻ָκεطʧλķǲٷ
֪ġ˹ЦҲһλص
һ޼ʣׯεȻ˸վڴϱߣεĴ󺣡ԱߵʿվߣׯڣϾҪˡ
ллׯεȻ̧ͷĿ̫Ѿŵһɵζ
ʿЦţء
ׯڣ˴ȥĸġ
ʵϣҾ׽ͧϸһЩڼװϣׯεȻֳԴ룬û˻ﶯ֣عҪõʱ䡣
ĻӦû¶ʮҡǻֱӻع·ϲͣκεطʿ˵Ҫǻع
˵ҺҪƵġׯεȻҡͷҪҲһ˰ˣûңҲ˵ġ
ʿû˵վһ۹۱ǣǹۿڣڹġ
ɹһ̫һع֮󣬻ʲô飬Ӧǲ֪Ķ԰ɣ
ʿҡͷֻǻعع֮ʲôû֪֮ͻ֪ɣ
õʾ䣬ּǽӵĽ֪ׯεȻ׻ع֮Ҫʲô
ׯڡߵļװϣׯεȻɹ̫ׯھ⼸Σ
ɡׯεȻͦģʺоѧϵ⡣
ûйѯׯεȻص䣬ׯεȻѧϵо
·ݵĻҵʱһֱûյׯεȻϢؼżУֲɭǴ绰ׯεȻţѧʧӢ׵ľһµʱ䣬ûټ
ؼҵĵУлųǰӢף˹ڡ
Ǹʱ򣬻˹ڼΪΡһµĻׯڻͲĪʧ١Ӣ׾˼֮ͷˡкͳƣĻصѾѮȫ磬һλѧʦţѧʧ٣һ¹ȥҲ
ţѧ˵Ӣ׾˵û֪ȥʲôط鴦͸¶Ź죬ͺ˹ڼﶼҪˡΪжܣïҲܸׯεȻļˣϾҪ
绰ǲְͨһȥӢס
ѧӰһλѧ˵ͲһţѧҪôǱܣҪôǱʧȱϵĿ϶Ӣ׺͵Ϊλһֱ˵Ҫعʧǻز˹
ׯεȻڴƯʱ䣬пԡܲ˵ǲׯεȻعȥľڻںϰɣ
ҫҲżֲֳܱׯεȻûκιϵֳ̫Ǿͺܳˡ
ֱѮڸׯεȻ绰
Բĵ绰ʱ޷ͨĶˣԱߵĳš߶ҫ˵ʱ򣬰οûõ顣
˵᲻ˣ޵úģ⺢ôôأ
Żؼûжõʱ䣬ʧ٣Ӣ׾첻ԸѰҡ
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ǱһֱڼңпԶز˻Ľ͵˶ܹܣȷʵصĻûеﻪ֮ǰµļʻͦߵģׯεȻļ򣬡ͺãȻؼϢɡ
ׯεȻףҲ֪˵ʲôҶܼǺһֱׯεȻûзţׯεȻʧƵġ
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ׯεȻͷʾѾ˽⵽Щ顣ڿ϶ܶżɣţѧĻ˹Լţѧţѧʧġ
ţѧҪ߶ҪҳĲţѧôżȷʵĲԣӦдһǸŸţѧУԼӦøһظ˵ʵҪΪعĻҲڵزǹڵعϢʱȲ˵ҪŲţҲֻʵʵ˵ʱ򿴿˭û֤ݵġ
ׯεȻ֪ʧ϶һ̶ϵĲȾ֤ݣ͵ŵѡ
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ֻҪ֤ݣǻ治Ҷ֡
ǵͻǴһ˹ҧһڡҶɵӣׯεȻԾˣڽϵͳļҲֻԡ
ΪׯεȻֻ֣˵ϵµȫǱļ
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˵ׯεȻ¥ݣҶһٺģҫղȻû˵Ǳܼȵʱ򣬴򿪿յׯεȻϣε飬ǸţѧдһżȥʾܱǸţѧôķ粨Ըеָ˹дһʼڻ˹ڣҲбǸԸ֧һ̶ȵľʧѡ
Լ˹ٴѧд˴ְţʾڻԺͻڻִ̡
д֮һڵһʱ䣬ͻᷢ͡˶ֱѾصǣڻҪѼǴѧ
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ʱڷż٣ƸλʦʼΪʵڼϢĵ㿪ʼ˶סˣΪԷڿЦܰɣΪǴѧƸλ֪ܲׯεȻУ
УȥӢһ¶ûҵׯεȻĪͶһׯεȻ
˶ˣŵ绰΢΢ʼĵ绰ȥԷڶ磬һҪݺݵԷһ١
ιԷӵ绰ܳȣׯεȻ
ׯׯڣׯ𣿡ȻǲŶԷׯεȻڡ


115 ذϢ
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ЩЦãû뵽Щ˵ԶֵزȻǱ˸ܵġ
ǡׯεȻֻ˵Щ˵
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ȻкڿͺУֻܷЩļѾɾϢΪǵֽţȻׯεȻ绰λҲı۰ߡܾׯεȻʧʵ̫ˣп¡
˵Ǳɵģ˵Ӣ׵ľ鴦ׯεȻʧģҲΪׯεȻʵֵľعˡ
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ƴĸУȻֻڻƴ̶һ겻ʱ䣬ӹɣƴׯεȻǼõġǼڣҲׯεȻĸУ﹥ֱսڶׯεȻֱ͸Լ׶Ƶġʦͽϵû˵
ƴ󡢾Ǻп뵽ģǴѧҲ˵λĸУλϹ͵͵ǴѧܶѧΡ
ѧУпܵģϺѧ̳ʵ²ׯεȻѡ񾩳ǴѧǴѧļһģڻƴҪһЩ
ǴѧѧоʽģֹԵĴڴҲǹһġܹھõõĿѧоʽǴѧģܹھáҪ˵ѡԺʿĻ϶ܹΪԺʿѡǴѧҲȷʵܹܲܳΪԺʿǾͲ˵ˡ
ھ϶ٷ֮ܳΪԺʿǴѧλоҪܹΪԺʿǸա
֮ھǴѧĺôܹǴѧֲܹģټλиҲһࡣʵǴѧܶ˶鲢ֹۣΪׯڿ϶ǻᾩǴѧġ
Ȼյˣͺúڿѧʱ룬ׯεȻϯڵʵϣڲ̫˽ϯ֮ڵģǷΪһļڣõĽھһڡҲǺͽϯڲ࣬Ϊѧͷ˵Ĵڡ
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ҵ绰ʼ¡ǴѧҪĽడۿźĸУѧѧҧôһׯεȻƾλׯÿܹNatureSceԼAnnals of Mathematicsˮɽļƣһ֮ѧϵ;ݼѧԿ
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㣬ׯεȻ·˸Źâ˹ٴѧǱ߻ûиϢǴѧΪǴѧڵϢսںͼڸżżΪ֮ǰںһֱûźţֱ֮ӵķɻصǵġ
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ںؼǿˣ˹ٴѧ͵һҲġׯεȻȫصǾʹׯεȻԲǰѧ߻ǰν̡Ҳ֪˵飬ص룬ׯεȻѶԵڲʲôøС
˹ٴѧҲΪźׯεȻܹΪΰѧңȻȻѡص˻ѧϣпܳԽ˹ٴѧġڻڵȼʮ꣬˵ȫѧĵλþ͵һá
ĵûͦõģڶȥϰʱһϲı顣źһһµʱ䣬ͻȻôϲġֳ⣬źк˵˵ӻˣôˣ
ٺһЦŴ˵ǿɲҶӻˣܲܲܿɥһɣ
ļٵģֳɴ۾ˣ
ˡЦúǿʣŰɣǴѧҪҶǴѧν̵Ϣ
ֳ͵Ŀź뿪Ϻزǳֻþ˰ɣ
ձذϢҹѧׯεȻǴѧѧϵڡ


116 Сҵ
Ϣǵڶʱձġ
ճ緹ֳֽһձ׼ûз¡ͷͷıֽ
Ǵѧʿ͸¶ҹѧׯεȻѾǴѧͶұΪǴѧѧϵڡʿʦ
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7¥СϢNIFܹʦ֣й¶ˣ˭˵ׯڲҪġҪܹNIFܹʦ

ԭֻǱ̳ϵ̸ۣׯεȻʧֵúܴ󣬺ܿתϣձҲΧġϢҲΧϣԭֻм˿ձȻĵԡ
ձǱصı磬ǵв˾סǻĴͳС˺ܶ࣬ǱرֽΧһҲмԣʱһԶûСʱҲǶʮԣһĵмԣ׷׶ѯϢ٣ׯεȻǷѾصڡѯׯεȻôõʱ䣬Ϊʲôһֱûг֣ȫô˶Ѱࡣ
𱸡˹ġҲΧ۳Թϡ
ʱׯεȻڼڴ绰
ڡׯεȻСŭڡҲίӢ׵ĽһֱôҶûϢüڼòС
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ȥׯεȻƺҲû׼ƽϵ⣬ֻΪǴѧϢ飬ͷβû˵Ҳ˵Ҫϱһ̶ȵĳĬڵûй֮ǰ˵ǰ
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ʹˣҪ鶼ǲˡ
ׯεȻҵ绰֮󣬸嫺ڴȥӵ绰嫺Ц˵СׯǸҴ绰ˣҪǲ绰Ҿ͵Ǿ㡣
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ڵϿ˵ָȷʵϣҲκ˿ҴӦ˼ңָҲκοׯεȻƶ˵ǱңҲóġҴӦ˼ҵ飬һҪ쵽
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ҵ绰һֻڵǰû뵽ʦ־ȻҲȥӢмҲӢսڴҲ˺ܶϵɣ
ʧȷʵԲܶˣҲúܶ˵ģûôࡣΪûж˻⣬ΪεϢǱû˵ѵһһ㶵ģΪׯεȻʵ˰ˡׯεȻļܵӢˣǱߵ鱨Ҳܻ
˹̽ԱĻ㱨λӦǱߡׯεȻԼôں˶ļƣʧˡǶ컳˹̽Աǲǰ˸ڣѱȥġ
ֱׯεȻǣǴѧǲ˿˹̽ԱɵģҪŻׯεȻôǸһׯεȻİѱ
˭ҵĽڻôΪ̫ԣʧһµʱ䣬Ȼֳ֣ôһﶼͦġ
ׯεȻ˵кܶ˸͡ǲţׯεȻܹʲô֤ݡǻ棬ʲô
˹ǱߣʱضҪҧϵһڣʱ˵ׯεȻ⣬˹ͻ
ҲõǱߺѡ񣬵ҪҪʱһׯεȻںһأ
ǴѧΧϣٶȷһذϢ
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ʵҲׯεȻΪԼصٿŷᣬǴѧôһڣһŷҲӦõġ
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ϢȥԺ󣬷ǳǿң˶ҪɷׯεȻ̽ѰׯεȻʧһµȥʲôطɷλڹȻ󲨵Ľڡ
ʱ䣬ׯεȻڼģÿŹһȦھСﶼкܶ˶֪Ǵʧһ£ͻȻֵׯڡ
ҲΪСҵԭȣ극ʳ˲ׯεȻҲǳʳ򳡴ҫڱܻˮׯεȻģС̻ͦǻ԰ʽСطҲȽϴ󡣺ܶҵҲСӳɢɢһӹϵ
ϦԻϣׯεȻһ˴ŶĬĬСҿͦġҲûʶ˾˭ֱǰѯʣʣׯεȻ𣿡
˲ǴѧĽڣǳı༭ׯεȻͦġȻׯεȻдģҲûгκε鼮ׯεȻƬֹһεļ֮ǰׯεȻûоŹ䣬λع֮ΪҪõסСÿɢɢʡõʱСж֪Ҳͦεġ
ׯεȻһ£ׯεȻǣ
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ׯڡҵܼܺҺӰ𣿡
ԡׯεȻ˵껰ҵֻׯεȻһƬȻ֪ΪʲôλҵôׯεȻǺϡ
Ƭ֮ҵֱӽƬ̳ϡСҵ֪Сһ϶ѧҡ
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СҲǳԭǱȽϸ߶˵СڸӸ߶ˡΪһλѧҾס
ׯεȻÿγŵʱ򣬶ᱻ˴ǻв˶ǰڨ
ܶ˲֪ׯֳĶӣסׯεȻȻҲסġִᣬҵǶ࣬˭û¶˼˭˭˭˭ĺӡЩϢһҵҲû鿴ְԡ
ֱС󲿷ֵ˲֪ׯεȻȷʵСҵĺӡ
ÿϣׯεȻȻ׼ʱСڵ˸ׯεȻкׯڣ
ׯεȻǲ̫ϰߣҲ˹ٴѧҶͦƵģȻҲЦŻشˣá
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ׯεȻҲԽԽãС˹ٴѧûʲô
дһ˿ˬķ磬ڻ԰ׯεȻŵһɻζСУͣͣ·ϳЦˣҲ΢Ц
Ҳкܶ˺棬ʧһµ顣ʱֻЦŲ˵û˵һµȥʲôطׯεȻֳĬģýȻòׯεȻ˵ôֻׯεȻٰŷʱѯׯεȻ
Сʵвټ߶ڶأҲΪСͦϸģ޹صԱСȺߣýļ߶Сء
ׯεȻǳţҲúôõʱ䣬û˸ׯεȻ
Щ߲ǰԼߣùжӵֶԸׯεȻ
ܶʱׯεȻҲֻСһ䣬ͲţýѶصׯεȻ˺ü֮󣬿ʵûа취ɴ໹ǵ83š
Ҳûмʱ䡣
ǴѧӦøĳλǴѧĽھٰŷģȥͲҪٰŷᣬȫУУӭһ¡λ˵˵ֻׯεȻ΢Щ̫һѧңʧһͻȻǣǴѧ
УǾׯεȻͬһŷᡣ
83죬ȣ˾Ƶȴ쳣֡


117 Ȼ
ýۼһΪׯεȻ飬ҶгţЩýСſڵ˺ü춼ûеȵׯεȻֻܵŵڡû˶Ϣ硢½͸硢ȵȹԵĴý嶼ֳ
ӵУԭΪֻǹڵýû뵽ׯεȻֵô󣬹ý徹Ȼôࡣ
ò˼ΧϰΪĸֳҲһָӣ滹оֵָӡ
ý˼ʮңһЩŷĹѧߵȵȣֳ
ׯεȻûе֮ʣҶѾʼ̸ҫǱ䵱ģվڴǰŽˣС²ţôô
ҫҡҡͷʾҲ̫滹бȽСý壬ΪʵûλãֻšЩһĦȭƵģҫûֲͦġ
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ׯεȻȻЦţãʧһȷʵҵĲԣùܶѵģܶԲ𡣵Ϊʲôʧһµʱ䣬ˡֱԣҲ˵
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λ½͸ļߣվȡձñׯεȻ΢΢Ϲʾء
ׯεȻĬĬ²ۣôȵձñȺ֮һ۾ܹҲǺӢ׷ˡ
ׯڡ½͸ļʵţѧʧ٣ţѧ߹󡢹ϵѧУƽһµķ̰ԴˣûʲôҪ˵𣿡
ׯεȻλ½͸ļû˵֪λߵʻû˵꣬ԼǷ˸ڵϿָ壿
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ɫЩ΢΢죬ָĲţȷʵţѧҵѧŴѧǡ
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ׯεȻĻֳܶ߾ѾӦȻڵϿ˵ָׯεȻϡ
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ׯεȻĿλķߣܹ飬Ҳòһ䣬ЩָǸڵϿ֮ǰҵġ
ļɷǳǷıƸ黹
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ׯεȻԳϣȷʵõ˸ڵϿ˵ָ塣ϵļȫ˷һλļ߼վׯεȻ˵ׯڣôָ׸𣿡
λׯεȻ΢Ц˵Һźĸ֮ǰѾ˵ҴӦڵϿָҲκˣסκ˿
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ңһǡׯεȻͣ٣ڵϿҪҿָ֮ǣһڿڵϿָ֮󣬽ָȫ١
˶ζ˼ĿׯεȻҲ̫˰ɣǿ貵ıأô٣ǲ̫Ϸ
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㿴ңҿ㣬ܾöûзӦ
ׯεȻǶλʵ̫ˡ𾪡
˺ܾãû˵ǶׯεȻղǷĻУҲɹעתƵٸڵϿָϡ
ȻҶûҪѯʡڳˣׯεȻЦһôŷ͸һ˰ɣ
ׯεȻ뿪֮Ҳʼ뿪̨ϵѾ߹⣬˻˽ϻøڵϿ˵ָ壬Ҫָ塣һǲ̫⣬Ϣ϶ἤѧļ죬ѧķ졣
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뿪ׯεȻͳвУе˵ǰ춼ͱơڵϿ˵ָ壬ȻҪ١Źܶѧ߶ͬɣ
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ֻĬĬ̾ϢţֱׯεȻ뿪֮ŸУ˵Уǡ°ͱˣ֪ʲôء
˵˵ڵϿָôҪ顣Ͼˣǲ²ϣҲϡΰ̾ڳϣ˵Ҫָ塣˵ѧĸܹܵˣ


118 
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УЦ˵ô飬ǿΰѧ֮һµָ塣ж˼ȴǽ⿪Ȼɢ
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ûȷʵͦɥġѷ˵Եúܲͷʲô𣿡
֪ׯεȻ˹ٴѧԼ˹ٸߵоԺְϢ𣿡
֪áѷݼ٣ҲǴʼõϢɥ˺ü죬ʱ绰ͷļ߻£ǹײ
绰ͷļ߾÷ѷڿ϶Ϸļæѯʵ뷨𣿡
ûСѷô᲻֪߾ҪׯεȻ˹ٴѧʱׯεȻĵͦõģûֻǾɥѡ
ӦǳʲôԭŻ᲻ģֱܹӴְһְ֮ŻصȻһɡѷͣһ£ǲҪͼõׯĽڣΪׯûҲĿԡ
ѷڵĻشõļߺżҧгݵ˵ô֪ׯεȻѾõڵϿָ𣿡
ŶѷŶһû˵󻰡
ߵһ󣬷ַѷĺ׼˵󻰣żѵ˵ѵú𣿡
Ϊʲô⣿ѷʣׯһλѧţøڵϿָ㡣
ָǸڵϿģҪ˭͸˭
ô֪ׯεȻҪٸڵϿָ𣿡зŭҪøڵϿ˰ָԭҪıһׯεȻָģȻԷıûκεȤһ仰Ͱı۸
ׯָô
ŶѷɻǲŲæָǸڵϿׯģ˸ڵϿ֮⣬ׯȨָκεĴ
أѷһ䣬ǰѼ߸ˣʲôֹׯָ壿
߶ҪˣǴ绰ׯεȻģҵġںˣһ䲻ׯεȻҵͦ𾢵ġ
ߺ޵ֲܰѷѷô
ллѷڵĻش𡣡ҵ绰Ͳ˹ٴѧûׯεȻģ֪Ľ绰ȥѯʡ
ׯεȻûбúܲҡ
ҵļҲ֪࣬ĽڶһΪڵϿ˵ָׯεȻôׯεȻȨ
ׯεȻҪô˽£ûκʸָָ㡣
ҪǹׯεȻɣڿһ١ŪȺ߻ͷģŶ֪ôܲ϶ׯεȻ޸ɣǺǱۡͷԵʱ򣬻Χ϶ׯεȻյڵϿָ飬Ҳкܶۡ
ѾΪһѣϳļҲ֪ĸҪתע#ׯεȻָ#Īսǰʮ
һ˻ǲ˭ҪʲôտҪͻȻѣĿɿڴǰʱһֱ˵ׯεȻʵ̫࣬˭5Gˣкܶûйע¡ټĪֵѣһׯεȻǲҪԭسĸо
ׯεȻ˭ָʲô#ׯεȻָ#
ǴѧׯεȻٸڵϿָ壬ʶǽˣܸ߶˵ӡ
ҲкܶׯεȻҪҪָ壬Ҫ˵˼ׯҪƨ˼ҲҪ
ָҪΪʲôܽأ
ָ˼͸ģ˵ú𣿶Է˼ǿ֮٣ʲô˵ģĶôô죬ҲŪѳ
ƲׯѣλҪѹŰׯڸǹɣ
ˣ˶֪ׯȱǮúܣء˼ҰǮȫͶʵûǮѺ𣿡
ǧһׯεȻ֤оϲ
ǰɣûм䰡ׯⶼڼˣ˲֪ׯǹ֪ѧң


119 ѡ
ϵûӰ쵽ׯεȻһͦģǻձϸøڵϿָ֮ӵдȨ˭ӹɵģһɷһЩУĽڣЩڻ˽»΢ʡڲɷж˵ׯεȻôûзԵȨ
ڼϹıֽҸУĽڶµĿһµģҪµýҲ㲻顣ؼЩҲǣûа취¡
ȥˣ鵹ǽƽϢׯεȻͦġҶ֪иڵϿ˵ָ壬Ҳ˵ˣκ˿ׯεȻ˳棬ڼоڵϿ˵ָ塣ǱߵͦżģׯεȻķȷʵûκָ֮ĶһЩݸֽȥһBSDʱµĲݸ塣
ûôΪarXivܹݸֽϵݾдװס
ȻǼׯεȻʱˣһӣڵϿ˵ָػȻׯεȻ˵Ҫ٣׻᲻٣ܻܲøڵϿ˵ָ嶼һ
9ѮŻῪѧʱ仹硣ŷչûʱ䣬ׯεȻ·׼Źһ䡣߳ţ˾Ͷͷׯڡ
áׯεȻףϰࣿ
ǰׯȥ
Ź֡ׯεȻЦţȥǴѧִ֮󣬾ͻһѧᣬǹBSDġԭѧӦ˹ٴѧţѧٿģͻȻʧ˶ֲǴѧΣȻǴѧٿBSDѧᡣ⹫ҲǳУ飬⹫˼ǵȵѧʱо
һ£Ǵѧδٿ¡صĹѧᡣѧǻǴѧĽڣߵСſڣͿҫԱ߿űֽڶʲôûкҫк˵˼ҾڹվСǰûеȶãһ⳵ͣׯεȻǰ
ȥǹ㳡ׯεȻõʾ䣬ȷ˾᲻ȥ
˾һۣ߰ɡ
򿪳ţҫ֪Ǵģ㳡ȥ𣿡
һҪȥ㳡һȥǹ㳡˳·˾ڽſǣĿ⿴ȥƺɭׯεȻԾһҫЦ˵Ҫȥ㳡ڻ
·˾һۡ
ɰҸ˵ҫϳׯεȻƿ
뿪ׯεȻﻹЩ±ơɳ۶пȻܺáֻǳŹѣû뵽ҫִй
ˣɡ
յվƵ߹īȥЩЦֺ¶ЦݣյׯεȻߣׯڣ
źߣׯεȻˣ߲࣬ƽʲô𣿡
Ū˵˼ׯεȻĥ˿ȥͦģµİɣ
ׯڣĽĿݣҵƬһƬݸׯεȻƬ֮ׯεȻһۣдĿݡ¡
ʲôͷ˭Ƭӡ絼ݣʲôĿ鶼ûдҲܺƵ
ʲô¡ׯεȻе䵭˿϶ǸƭӣƭͦͶ˵ġ
ģиĿҪ
˼ҲμκνĿׯεȻı䵭ȷʵμκεĽĿȫûбҪΪһλоѧоԱʵϲһЩĻֵ̫Ļͦġ˵μӽĿֳϴ飬ͷ۵С
λºûΪׯεȻ䵭ܾ뿪𾢵˵ׯڣ֯һȫ½Ŀ
ûȤ˽⡣ѾׯεȻϳ˼ʲôĿҶûȤ
ȴûбׯεȻǸ˳ׯڣҪĿ

ķ羰ׯεȻпȻǻʺԼ
Աੲݵ˵ׯڣĿûǣһƵĽĿ
ׯεȻ£ǸȷʵĿĵݡ
ȴ绰·ʶʲôóֻ˵
ԼԼ䣬ׯεȻ˵ˣ鷳ˡ
һׯεȻֻóֻһǼڸģЩ㵡Աߵ£ڳЦ
½ڵ绰ͷ˵Сׯ
ڡׯεȻѯʣҴ绰ǣ
ǸĿǱ߶԰ɣ
ׯεȻ£ȷʵԱߡ
˵㻳ƭӣҾ㣬ƭӡ˵꣬Ҳ˽һ˺ü󻮵½ĿҾûȻСׯҪǲμҲû¡˽һ£Ҳܺá
ɡׯεȻæ˵Ȼ˵ˣҾ˽һ¡
ҵ绰̾Ϣһ£ɣ˹㳡֮Ҹطġ
áͷһƱػὫׯεȻµĸо
ǹ㳡֮»һҿȵ꣬ׯεȻȥһĹڽĿ顣
ȵ꣬ʱͦģׯεȻǳԹͳŹ֣ҲֻҪһȡȿ˵ׯģ׼һ½Ŀ
˵˵ϣòʲǫ̂ĿЩȥûҪκһλоڲʿ㹻ˡ
ôģʱȫһЩ֮ġɣҪһѡ㡣
һѡ㣿ׯεȻãֿȱݣʲôһգ˵˵
ģҪѡλ¸صĽΪʦиУѧΪѡԱ
ȻأׯεȻνѡֱĪһмĪνѡɡ
Ȼλ¸صĵʦΪͷˣÿ⣬ǻʵʱԼţɸѡλõѧλѧоҲԲաͬģѧҲȨѡڻǲѡڡ
ŶׯεȻ£Ϊ鶼Ҫ
ׯڣҸ˵ʵɣʵǸͲĿ̾ϢһׯεȻ⣬ȻãﻹҪĿ
ʵΪߴҶƵʶҲҪôҲҪǣҵķչΪѧƶġɫ࣬ǸղͬʱҲôҶƵȤӣ˵ǹΪĿܹ˲š
֪ˡׯεȻ˼һ£ĿĳȷʵһҪѯһ£ǽĿûνڶ
ҡͷĶǵ¸صĽڣʲôڶ¶ָǵı
˵Ҫڶͬ⣿
ҴŻ˦־ߡׯεȻ˵ͦһ׵ġ
ǲˡЦ˵Ҳûڶ
ǽĿʲô֣
о
һҪøУѧἸλоλãĽڣźܶУѧӶⱨġ
ŶׯεȻףǻ˭
ҪĶѧѧĽڡ
λڡϣׯεȻ£뵽˼λ
λͲˡ
ЩڰׯεȻǺ棬ôǰĽڶ˭
ڡ嫺ڻⴳڡЦ˵Ҳ֪ѧڡսѧڻⴳڻѧӦѧҹҲǶˮƽġ
֪ⴳǵһ˵ѧоĵĸΣһλˡֻûô棬Ц˵ټׯڣλھȫˡ
ڳõģٵġ
ںսڶμӣׯεȻţںսڶĵʦ͵ʦ̨ͬеεġ
ôģȻ̨ͬλʦͷ⡣λʦһֻһܹ⣬λʦӵѧѡֱۣʣĸѧһλʦĸѧȻλʦڷѧԼ⣬ѡλõѧ˫ѡ񡣡
ĲˣҲǽڴӣɸѡֻʣĸѧһǷĿ⡣λһ𷢲⣿
ԣλһ𷢲⣬Ȼѧѡһ飬ÿλڵĿⶼҪѡ񵽡¿ʼׯεȻ˵Ĺ룬󽻳⣬ýѡȽϺõһλѧΪǸˡ
Ȥѡ㣬ѡһоͦģܹкõѡǿѧѧֻһλƤ˹Ƥ˹ѧġع֮Ǵѧʱûиоǲʿ˵̫û˱ҲµײŻñͱ·оҪѧˣĿͦõġ
ܹøһҲ
ҲƽϣĿ̺˵һҵǾÿһԡ
һллׯڣǳʱ䣬ǶͬУǻһǴѧطҪֳɼѧУһ¼ƣ֮󲥷š
ﵼݣӦȥУҰɡ
ȻȻѾ;ԼƴЭ̺ˣҲǲ֪᲻ӦûкǴѧЭ̡
ãҵǵĺϢׯεȻ뿪
¿ׯεȻ뿪֮ţҪ˵λڿǲףôλͬˡ
ҪľǹԼԤƬȵµ׵ʱܹʼ¼ơ
ʱҪȥǵݲڼѧУʼ¼ơȻׯѾӦˣⷽûġھҲ˼죬֮ͻǴѧ

8ѮʱΧһΧתص࣬Եֻʮ
V#о#һУѧͨǾѡ񣿲һѡ㣬оһоĿԴ
籾Ͳַ̫ԢֽЩҲ̫ãܶʱܶˡĿʱ򣬸ûʲôˮ
ׯεȻͬⲢǩͬҲһƬǴѧĶƬ֮ׯεȻֱȥԷøղԼĶƬʱ򣬿϶ͦɵġ
ҵׯεȻʱׯεȻڳԶ˵ﵼҲԵ㣿
ˡ¼æ֣ׯڣģƬˣǹϣʱҪȥһ˾ǵݲǴѧͬҲΪĿҲܹǴѧټׯεȻѾͬ⣬Ҳû˵ģһӦ
ʹһʱ䡣
ɣʱ˵ͺáׯεȻһ߳Էһ˵ﵼĿʽɣ
пܡµʵϣʽ򣬵ǻôȥ̫ðǵˣҲе˵ľǡ
ҾͦõġׯεȻЦЦû˵
صңںȲ裬˵Ҫ¼һĿʲôĿ
ġׯεȻЦ˵Ƭ
ʲôʱ򲥳֪
ʱְ˵һ£Ҳϵˡ
ׯεȻߵҫڳԶö춼ûпҫԴϴҫĳ⳵֮һһֱûгֹ̻ʵģׯεȻеĵ⣬磬Ǹġ
ǰһģ
ȻأׯεȻЦŰɣ硣
ҫ̧ͷׯεȻüͷҲ֪ڼû򡣡
û˵ͷԶ
˸߲ҵ˵ܵܣл˰

ƼãеѧǷżٵʱ¿ϷĸƿţãϷúѧϰһ°ɣ
衣Ƽò̫ˣҳΧ۾ƮԱߵѰ񵥡


120 
оƬʵʱȶ7
ʲôƼţоڻҪƬˣĸ׷ڵϵˮź㿪ԡ
Ƿζ
һͳɫĻһĿİɫƼ΢΢Ʋ죬ѲʲôĿƬ
ǷУǷڣ
ǷǷֻǲ׺һڣ
ȱΰѧңѰСǵǶݡǱ貣Ǹӿ֡һж׷ѰеĹ̡
Ӹɽˮת¥ãǷ·ǸɭְĳƼþе˵ζ
ڽδӵıݣӵ財׷ѰȱĹâ󱲽׷ѰǵĽŲ׷С
ǷҲҪȱĽŲ̳ǵĹҫѰеĵ·նֱĹâ
ʱĻĿѧҡ
˹ţ١˹̹ȵȡ
ǴΪ˽磬ǷӦЩʲô
ɣΪȫδΪУȱĽŲ°ɣʧܣҲҪΪ΢ǻ𣡡
λڣʮλУѧӣ˭ΪڵоȱĹԣǻۣ̽м׷Ѱδ֪
Ǵѧѧ嫺ŦԼѧУѧϵڣΪǴѧѧڡʿʦǴѧѧоĽڡ
ǴѧӦѧⴳŦԼѧѧϵڡʿʦΪǴѧѧѧԺԺʿʦǴѧѧоĸΡ
ƼѧѧѧԺڼѧߣʮѧҹѧ֮һ
ǴѧѧϵׯεȻʦӼ嫺λڣ˹ٴѧѧϵϯڡ˹ٸߵоԺѧѧԺڣҹһλƶĽΪʮһͶѧ֮ĸ˹
Ǽ̳ȱ־мǰɡ
˵ʵƬƼƽ޲Цʲô̳ȱ־ѰУһѡ𣿲ѧϰѡ㣬ϡӦûǿԵİɣ
912գɢ
ҪǵĻظǿ϶ǹЦʲôܹѡˡ
ѡ㶼ʼѧϰѡ𣿡
ʮѧѡĸѧΪоʵҲá˵ܶ඼Ǿݼѧ֪ѧУԻ
Ҳºܶ˶ǳׯȥİɣϾʶѧʦѧôʵ̫ˡ
û뵽ĸʦ֮һȻׯڣ뿴
ׯεȻƼõ֪ɲСǸǴѧѧڰȥ˼꣬ģۣûЩĸоӣ˵ǺһѧУģš֮ǰ߶ܶΣΪʵǹĹϵҶλׯ۷׷ס֮ǰΪ飬˵ܶΡ
ĿĵʦҪĿܹʲô
˵еڴѡһǵһοӦͦİɣ
ŻͦİɣƬҲʲôƻһνά֮ģ
˵ҹҲһνά;úѾ˵ļѣѡҪһ£ҪѧԽάҾӦòῴɣ
ƼƲƲ죬λ˵úеӾǲȺѧԽάⲻǳԱ˳ŵû𣿷϶ǲῴģŻкܶҲǲῴġ˻ĽĿܷ鲻ǡ
Ҳ࣬λׯû뵽ͦϾģȥ͸ĸƵġֻǳƫΪͣһֿĸоۿȥһŮĸо
ƼùصƬ¼Ϸ

·ׯεȻڼԵ£ǲæ춼ؼңûкôУüׯεȻȥ䶼ƣĻؼҡ
µɻǺɹˣϻ·ʾļϻδɢ
ڼҲû飬ׯεȻǰ¼ƽĿǵģﾩʱĿԱׯεȻӡ
ߵԱߣãҾׯεȻ
Աæ˵ãׯڡλǣ
ûȥʮҵģׯεȻȻĽܣĸס
áԱҲܳϿң뿪վׯεȻѯһڵ𣿡
ˣˡԱͷǰЩѾﾩǣѾھƵס£ʣׯεȻĿԭ¼ƵģΪ˵ȴׯεȻ˺üʱ䡣
ЩԱûиׯεȻ˵ǱҪЩڵʱ䣬οׯڡλǹ϶Ķѧʦ
˵ʵλҪλܶѧǳׯεȻֱģȫĸУһǧѧкѧԭȫԵģǻյ˹̹˹ٵȸУѧμε¡ȻǳׯεȻģҪׯεȻﵱоڲʿ
ׯεȻѾصν̣ĹϵɻڣǶѧڿͬˣʱͨѶߣڿǲóġ
ׯڣҪϢǣ
ʲôʱ¼ƣ
¼ơ
ȥƵ˳ݷüڡׯεȻûд¼ƽĿ֮Ҫ뿪ǡͲҪԱߵĳ˵裬ȥ仹ǣ
Աʱ˵̣Ҫ侩ǣǿ԰Աͬȥ
ⲻ̫ðɣ
ûϵģġԱĴ򿪳ţƵ꣬䣬ׯεȻȥݷüڣڹԱͬ¹侩ǡ
ϳ극ׯεȻͳɢ߰˵ӣؼҸƵھǺú档
峿ׯεȻϴ֮һһЩ򵥵ļ㡣ûύȥѾȷĿǰĿǻ롣
һδش⣬ͬʱҲǺ衢һͬɹۺ۵Լߡ
ȻѾbsd룬ôһȻǻ롣ڽ˵ǺϢΪĽ⿪ζ۸Ӿ˵
ׯεȻ֮Ҫ⿪벻Ϊǹۺ۵ԼߣΪ⿪֮ӻһ
Ҫ辶ӻͱҪѸĿ๦
ֱԱԷŽݸֽʰãһͬǰ
ڡׯεȻǰżڣڳׯεȻЦ˵һûϵĵز
СׯڿׯεȻ˵κܶѧǳģкöѧѧҲμα
ûй涨ֻлУѧܲμӣڶᳫ˹ͬ壬ôܾܾУѧʵЩУѧûӣ⼸ʱô֪ĿѧңںˡѧΪĳλڣ֪ѧѧҪƼμӱ˵ʲô˵ĽҲǹʶˮƽġ
ĿĵǱׯεȻӲθߵġ
һĴĺܹȫѧ
Һܺ档ׯεȻС˵˵μӵѧܶ࣬оɸѡģ˵˭ɸѡ
ƴ󡢾ݼԼǴѧУѧѧɸѡɸѡʮλѡ֣ѡڣȻɽڴӣӦ֪ɣŲ̷ϣÿǰ֣һ⡣ʮ֮ڣɽڴɿ⡣
ֻ֮°λѧ۵Ŀ⡣ʱÿڻһ⡭ڿׯεȻСׯĿʲô
ηġ
ļβ⡣
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ŶںѯʣСׯ룿
ԡׯεȻͷڣ׼Ŀǻ롣
Сׯ벻ǲЩӴŻġ
ڣϴε𣿡ׯεȻСѯʡ
ϴʧˣҪСׯļУƫ΢ַ̣n-s̵ϣвС⡣
ڡׯεȻܣûע⵽ǣС˵֮ǰѷⷽ⣬˵ʵ
ׯεȻĻʵܹƳȫĹʽҽϴθҿĹʽҲȫƳ
ȷn-sġ
СׯڿׯεȻڵǱߣӴⷽ⣿
ûСׯεȻҡͷѷڸҿĹʽģܹƲѡ
ڵĸⷽ⡣
ҲǡڵͷЩҲˣʱ϶ġ
ׯεȻӦһ˳극֮ϳԼһ¼ֳֳʱвٵĹѾڵһţſĳػڸп绹ͦûǮġ֪Ŀʲ̫ãôǮ
ǻûгǺԴ̨ϡ
ֱߵ̨ϿʼܣǴҺáȻ˵ֻ̨һΣλѡǾҪǰѡڵѧУп⡣
ôǻӭһλڣ嫺ⴳͼλʸϣ嫺һĽڣһĿ϶ׯεȻΪѧʦ϶һλ
ڴҵУ嫺߳ų֣Һã˺ã嫺
սڡ˺嫺гʲôѡֲܳΪоأ
滰Ǽٻ嫺΢ЦЦŴȤ˵ãȸ˵ٻ˵滰Σ
ٻǺѧ
Ŷü滰أ
õĵѧ嫺˵ָһ䣬õĵǣ
ں𣿡嫺ָָĻ󷽵Ĵš
ᵽ˵˾ĵӣ
ǿɲǡ
Ҫܸ߰Цţսڣϯϡ
ϯϣ嫺һװ
ڡⴳ̴Ļֱ߳ôҵоһλڡǴѧѧϵׯεȻڳ
ׯεȻĻ߳ʺá
Ц˵ׯڣղս˵ϣѡһѧսڵĵ𣿡
ӦáɣׯεȻһ嫺սѧϰʱս
ҶЦʲôЦׯεȻôܲ嫺ĵǼֱ嫺һӶܹʱׯεȻĵʦͷܹԻһӡ
ս˵أ
ô㣬õѧСׯ
лҪ˵ŻͲС⻰ҾͲˣСׯõѧôСõѧˣ
˿ʼ⣬ŵӻ֮ǰĹǻЩׯǴӼں嫺ڡׯλڵĵλڵҲִ
Ŀһ˺СׯûйϵⴳŻͲ˵һھѧоĿСׯڼΡ
ⴳڡׯεȻϹһֱżһֱϣܹѧһЩ
ⴳŻͲСׯ㲻ˣ˵Ҫģ°ɣҲû㳬Խ㿴ڳļλСׯǰΡ
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121 
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ׯεȻϯ֮ûֱȸھϹ֣ⴳڣ嫺˳˵˼仰
֮˿ʼܣôλѾסڸλֳԼӻǰĹǽһΰԾǴѧѧѧԺ嫺ڡⴳڡ
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ԼǴѧǻһλƶĽķƶĽׯεȻڡ
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ɫǵͨ죬ͱһ䣬Һá˵Ҳر
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ׯڡһ˹ٴѧѧĻشΪѡׯڣ϶ѡׯڵġ
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ѵĵȻһλӵ14λѧŶϣѧȫƾԼԸѡĴУĽɸѡУǰλѡֶѡׯεȻӹɣׯεȻȻĽû֮һ
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ֱʮλѡֻѡׯεȻҲζǰʮλӢѧͬѡׯεȻһŶӣɴܵŶӡ
֮ǰġɼԼһ׿ǰʮλѡ˦˵ʮһλٷ˵ǰʮλͺѧȫͬĲΡĵʮλѡֶׯεȻŶӣΪһоλãҲǺƴˡ
˶ɵˣʲôŶӰǰ˶ԥѡׯεȻŶӡǱ߻һ˶ûУڵʮһλѡֳʱǰʮλȫѡׯεȻֱѡ嫺
ǰǼλʵ̫ˣɴȥѡȽϰȫһ嫺ڡ
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֪ׯεȻڹѧǶôӰųƻѧһˣ治˵ġ
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Сׯڽ⿪ǧ-׶˹ԺȱڣԼBSD⣬ǰѧѧϵ⣬Ǵϵ⡣СׯڹĿ⣬ҲǴε⣬˵ⷽСׯзḻľ顣ңСׯѾ⿪⡣ʵҺܺ棬Сׯڽ⿪Ŀ⾿ôġңҪõʱֳѧʮⲻǿѣֱһЦ顣
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ͿʼҵˣⴳںôҲǻѧԺԺʿôׯεȻЩֲ
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912գһڵоҲûýĿжʣǰڻƽʱβĩӵ˻١
ƼøպڼңһЩۡؼҳ극ĸҪӣȥϷǱĸֹ
ֻСŸĸӣʵֻ档
еĿγ̶Ƽ˵ЩѡЩѧʽʽôǲ֪¿ʱҪô졣ΪһѧбУҪ̫ࡣ
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122 
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ѽλڻСׯ˭ĵСׯں
ⲻ˵ѧһӦúɡ
ĸƼõĺģֻӻȻׯεȻͺվ̨Ϻ̸Ц
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ѡҪ˰ɣ
ĿڽѡѧĹ򣬸ĸҲģ˵һѧݼǾѧ
пܰɣ
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˹ٴѧʲôѧУȺڲ˽˹ٴѧʵ̫ʱƬþˡ
ȶƬ֮ǿʼпһѧУôСׯѧУĽϯڣСׯǵö
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λǴѧѧԵԥһ£ʶѿڶѡׯεȻƼõĸĸˣСׯô𣿴ҶҪѡ
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ĿɴׯڵоεˣҾҪׯڵȺѧѡɴܡ
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ƶĽȷʵʸ˵ŻǻһλƶĽУķƶĽСѧߡȨĽԱŵֻҪ÷ƶĽλжʮһΰѧ֮һڷƶĽУׯڶ֡ƷƷΪʲôЩȫׯһȥ
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ҿĶǴѧɣ˭һȥѧ⣿𣿡
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ǴӾʮŵʮʱɣ˵ǴѧǱġ

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лᣬΪʲô졣˼ҹЩ֪ѧУҲһʼʲôᣬֹԵĻ鲻𣿡
ǿܵһΰûвĵطǵڶΡΣˣ϶ܹƾˡ
ҾǮ˵еɿϵǮ˵ҸΪ죬һҪ졣ǰѧᣬѧѧᣬԼѧֻ֮ġ˹ٴѧʱ򣬿˹ٴѧÿеһѧᣬҲûжãҲô֮𣿡
ׯεȻû˵һԡοׯεȻׯڣʲô
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ׯھöǮʣ
15ԪɣҲ˼һ¡ׯεȻ룬ʵѧҲûжǮֶѧҲûжǮЩǮֻ˼ġ
Ҫǽĺҵ˼ǣûѧҪȫõѧΪ󣬹ͬټѧɼ׿ԽһλѧҡģͻͬԵѧһΪԵĴ󽱡ׯεȻû˵꣬һ͵ķǾǴӷƶĽѡһλ
ڳ˼ׯεȻ˵úеҲʼСׯεȻ飬ֻѧҪϲ١


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ǰǡӵׯεȻܹǰǴѧѧᣬᣬǿڻϽһչ
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124 Ƽ
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125 
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126 
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롣ڳϣ
صʱѾ˵ˣ·Щ¡Ϊ°߷ڵԭ·ϵܶࡣ
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λҸѣҫ
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Ҳƣѷڣҫܳ𣿡
˹ٴѧȷʵܳѷϣܶʱ̸۵ׯڣһ٣ΪׯںٵŰɡ
û뵽ׯٵĹϵȥĺܲ
ѷڣˣĺֻѹϵ
Ҷѷû˵ׯεȻеڷѷ뿪ֻ֮ʲôֵĴȥɣ
Ҷվˣ¡ʼк£ϲ֮Ƥ˹ͷѷ˶ĳշǳ
극ׯεȻͷѷԱۡƤ˹ΪһԶ˲赹ˮ˽̸ݡҫͺҲ˼Ա£ֻѡ
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Ƥ˹̬ȣҲ˵ʲôҶһԡѷׯεȻ̸ĵ賿һŻص˯
峿ʱ÷ˣ𴲺ϴͣѷڸǡׯεȻƤ˹ǰѧУעᣬҲϰࡣ
ѧʱׯεȻƤ˹񴦡
áѧУˣǽ񴦵ʦϲϿΣҲ֪λѧУĽڡ
񴦵ʦվׯεȻЦ˵ׯڡ
ѧһѧġׯεȻָָԱߵƤ˹˹ٴѧƼšƼŷϣҪ˹ٴѧתǴѧͶѧʿ
񴦵ʦסˣ˹ٴѧתǴѧʿʲôĲڿЦ˷źúõ˹ٴѧϣܵǴѧѧʿвɡȻǰ缶ڣǻǾѧӿ̫ܲѡ
˹ٴѧжϣ֪飬ȥ˹ٴѧȻܵѧⲻڿЦ
񴦵ʦǸ𷢱ۣձñѧһŷ˵ĳࡣҪôŷˣҪôǵˡ
Ƥ˹ձñȺʦ⡣
񴦵ʦΪѣׯڣǺ˹ٴѧ֮ûκεЭ飬ң֮ǰ˹ٴѧʿɣ
ûׯεȻףţѧīѧԺѧѧʿѧ˶ʿ֮ǰ˹ٴѧѧʿѧλҪתǴѧѧʿѧλѰ𣿡
񴦵ʦ¶ȿ޻ѿЦĺѰ졣
ׯڣǲ죬ǸûĹأҪɡȥʾУȻŽڵ֤
ûϵׯεȻףллĽ顣
Ƥ˹鷳ȥУ칫ҡׯεȻƤ˹ڽ񴦣ò˶ʱ䣬֤֮󣬾ܹƤ˹ѧ
Ƥ˹ׯεȻĻƴӣͷ¶Ц⣬ȥɣ
Ƥ˹ԵƬ̵ġׯεȻ뿪֮󣬽񴦵ʦӢƤ˹˵Ƥ˹԰꣬Ҫ㿧𣿡
ллƤ˹ɬɳϣڴĵȴׯεȻ
뿪֮ׯεȻֱУ칫ҡ칫֮ǰš
ǳģ̧ͷվ⣬Ц˵ɡ
⹫ׯεȻ߽ţ˵Ҫһ顣
Ŷͣеıʣ˫ַϣҪʲô飿
һѧׯεȻУֳûб飬˵˹ٴѧѧʿ
ףȻأ
ҪǴѧѧϰ˹ٴѧתǴѧҸղȥ񴦣񴦵ʦ˵￪֤ȻȥǱߣܰ
˹ٴѧǴѧѧϰѧЦ˵ûиĽ𣿡
ڵǱѧϰҪǴѧѧϰׯεȻҲƣҲǶĽڣƤ˹㹻ˡοкܶĶҪѧϰƤ˹ǲŵѧϰҪԶǴѧ
ⲻԶ
ҲǲԡЦ˵Ƽ𣿡
˹ٴѧԼţѧĻ˹ڶиҷʼﻹһдƼšׯεȻƼŷϣ˹ٴѧģʼһᷢ⹫ʼС
ŷ⣬пúϸׯεȻ϶ǲ˵ѵģƤ˹϶˹ٴѧʱѧΪ˶ûл˵ҪϸһЩһҪ˵ׯεȻĲ˲Ż졣
ѧУв˶ׯεȻЩԹΪʵ̫־ǴѧΧׯεȻתھٱΪׯεȻȷʵûпԾٱģҲǲμӽĿʱ򣬻˸Լѡռѧ
һѧҲûãֻǴұȽۺׯεȻĴʵ̫ˣǴѧλϯڵƣһڡ⻹ûеʱأǴѧҲûлԺԺʿЩԺʿûׯεȻôá
Ժʿ˵ʲôԺʿǵĵһͦġ
ׯεȻȻǹ֪ĽڣѧϱΪһˣǷׯεȻƾʲôׯεȻôãǵʦûãΪУǹ֪ڣҪ˺ðɣ
ǴѧԺʿ٣ûһǽϯڼһڵġ
ׯεȻһڻߵֻǽϯҲˡǸͷ˹ٴѧʱǽϯڣһֲҪϯڡ㣬ǽϯһڵġ
һݶʣⲻǱ˸㼱ټׯεȻʵ̫⣬ѧУЩڿȥƾʲôׯεȻô⣬ڶƵġ
ⲻԺ˵ǴѧֻׯεȻڵ顣
Ժʿʲôû˵ˣѧšѧмʮʱ䣬ʮСʲô˵ġЩҲ˵
Ժʿǳ϶ׯεȻصǴѧ֮һϵоٶͱѧ顣ׯεȻǴѧĸʸϵĽڰѧôơô֪У֪оѧߺͽڶǴѧ
ֱǴѧǰ붼ʢ
ݳе˽⣬ׯεȻˣһ㶼ǽΪĽڣԼһЩʸϣѧоûԺʿô룬־ԼʸϣƾʲôһСƨĴǴѧ˼ʮ꣬ҵҵһӵϽڴҪá
ǾǲׯεȻĴǺ̫ࡣ
ǴѧУҲܸһáЩɧͷζĻػأж١
ׯεȻ˹ٴѧѧܵǴѧѧȺ˹ֻ᲻ͣķɧԳҪúõĿһ£˳㿴ѧĳɼΡ
зƼţ˵˹ٴѧıַǳãҽҲУ֮ǰù˹ٴѧѧѲʿѧ档
нڴׯεȻûܶȽϴ̶
кܶ˶ΪǴѧǽϯڣһڣ˽ܡ
⹫ô˵ׯεȻҪЩ˵ͲׯεȻˣͦٵ־ġͣΪڶѾǳֲ飬οǽϯһڵġһ˵һҲʮϵģܶ඼Ժʿġ
λǸջع˵ԺʿˣԺʿû֡õĹʱЩڻҪ࣬˲ҲӦõġ
ģзɧģҲвġɵӣЩ֪ܲȥʳóԷʱ򣬾С飬˾Ҫˡ
ʱҲû⣬£бҲһһǧ⡣ھٰһѧᣬȫصĸУ㲻ҲܹΪǴѧĽϯںһ𣿵ԺʿׯεȻʱڱׯεȻʱ򣬶˵Щ顣
û£ΪŲʵ϶Ҳûмīˮָ㽭ɽͦеġУǸáȫ綼ԲĲң硣û˿ҵĲŻиƨĲŻ
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ˣˣϲˡڻûеٱһ˵һͻ˱ﲻסȥٱׯεȻҲǲܵġ
ô˵ЦţҪǸһб£ҲֵϯڡֵһڣԺʿ
ׯεȻЩЦһΪ⹫ЩԷȥء
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ճߣЩ޻˵
áׯεȻ룬⹫˵ҲûдȺ޻˵ֻżһ¡ִˣǴѧͷɾ첻ˡׯεȻͳ˭ûʲô£˵ׯεȻѧɹڻκһУǿɶǱ
κθУҲ
صǴѧҪΪ˶ǣȥǴѧġ
ˣ˵ȺˡƼţҴο̵Ļ飬ʱвٵѧϵڲμӣرԭͱμ顣
ׯεȻͷȥƤ˹ס⣬ڽ񴦵ء


127 
ׯεȻ뿪ŵ绰δȥΣѧϵĽڣи̵ĻҪٿǶᡣ
ιҵ绰Ϸʼ֪ͨѧϵĽǰҿᡣ
ʱ򿪻ᣬ˲뵽ׯεȻǲʲôϵѧܳɹǴѧ˶ǻġٲˣׯεȻִ¶һΣܴۡڣǸûȥεѧᡣ
˵ʲôׯεȻѧ᲻д֤֪ʲôÿġоãһѧ֮ǰμӽĿʮѡ־ͦõģׯεȻҲûа˼ҽ̺֮ġ
ҪڿϽѧλڿô̡ȵȲһ㣬ʮ㡣
飬ҲвٶׯεȻѧڲμӡ
һңһλʮĽڣŭ˵⻹ûпѧأֿ᣿
λϽŭģݸһЦϢŭⲻУҪٿһ̻Ҳò˶õʱ䡣
֪УѧһҲòôҫɡ
⻰ͲˣׯںôҲǻѧĽ⻰˵ãǻѧƵġ
Աר־ŸֱʣҪׯεȻˣׯεȻһɵġ
һ˵˭֪УҪǴѧУҿʲôǴѧֱӸĳɡ
ȿȡһڣôˣ
Ϸⲻ𣿡ԱߵϽº͵˵Ϸǵ˼ʮڣڻûְأҪ˵Ϸ㰡͸оһǧ⡣һҪоˣɲһһ𣿡
ͷЦš
оǧ⣬Ǿܣ
⻰Ͳ˰Ϸ룬Ҷׯڿûʲô̯˵ⲻǶׯͦѰ˼ţҪҲоһ
ǣׯȷʵͦġʮĽڲ˵Ͼ̫ˣ˷ƶĽ˹ٴѧĽڣǴѧĽϯڡһڵģⲻҲׯƮ𣿡
ׯƮûƮҲҵǿܶ˺˼ҽ⿪ǧѧҺһǴЦϽڷϻ۾˼ѧɹܹģÿεѧɹsciһںڿһ£жѧɹܹϺڿ
˵˼ң˼ҵ˵ȥ
ϣô˵ׯεȻҲܰб˶ռɣǴѧѧϵôڣƾʲôׯεȻݶʣ
ʵ𣿡
⻰˵ãҵɫЩǺ죬ǰׯεȻܹ⿪ǧ⣬
Цŵ˵˵ׯһǻ롣
ӣЦţׯεȻ浱ԼǸ˹תƪý崵һ£Ҳűˣ룬ٺҵҪλׯʲôʱܹѻ
˼˵ܽ⿪أ˵̫Ͼ˼ׯڲǣ䵭ЦţڳֺԭѾŭĵͷһѻ
ǲ⡣ڹĶ˺ׯεȻְȻܹ
λڣƽʱͰɧô꣬ڡһֱûϹְƣҪ˵ѧжãûС
ѧϾǰͰˮߣܾһֱûȥΪԼĲŻûеõչ֣˻١˵ǶׯεȻǶκͳУҲɧġ
˲ǲҲǲá˵ĸоǻĸͻòҡ
λɿ˸˲áʱ򣬺ܶϽںζ΢΢üͷⲻڹĶںׯεȻ̨
ͬô꣬Ǹˮƽǻ
ѧϵо̲ʿ㹻Ҳ̲õĲʿׯεȻǹʶѧңΪѧһˡѧ棬ܶϽԺʿ硣
÷ȥׯεȻ̨ⲻ÷ӵ⣬ֱǰѷôԴ·ϱơ
赶ɱ˰ǣҶһղ˵λʮĽڡ
ʱЦ˵ô˵ֽƺׯ֮ǰ⿪뿩
ֽЦ˵ׯڵĶĸҺׯڱ˭Ƚ⿪롣ǷⲻǶׯ˵ܱׯڸ⿪ء
ǵͨ죬оԼ²̨
ڴ˸ôУûѧϵĽڶҪ˰ɣ
Ҳһǹׯڵ顣ֽڻԱɿ𣬡û취˭˼ׯǷƶĽǿѧأѧϵӴҪˡƾׯڵˡ
С֣ɧҲű±ͣתţôׯڲ⣿
ҪżϣǶׯںܲɣ
ĻϣԺʿǴѧĴûׯںãⲻ𣿡
ޱ飬ô˵СֽڻڸҴ򱧲ƽ
ǿɲǡ
ɲءЦ˵ׯڣҲΪ˭Ҫܸġ
ҶׯڵĴûҪ˭ĻȥӦУ칫ֲҲ
ô˵ҲҪǵɡУׯںô׵ĹϵԺ΢ƫׯһ㣬Ҳǲġ
Сְر٣ͽһС֡ׯ֮ǰ˹ٴѧʱǽϯڣ˹ٸߵоԺĽڣǴѧòٰ˼ҷ˹ٴѧ׵ܻعҲȥʸľݼǴѧΪ⹫УУƫһ㣬˵òһ㣬ǶׯΨһܹĲ
СҪ±˵ǳУҲƫ㡣ȿԼûϲı°ɡϺ˵ҪҲһǧɣ
ҪС㿴ȥ˹ٴѧϯڣ˳˹ٸߵоԺѧѧԺĽڣ֮ҲׯͬĴ
ǴѧʸϵĽ֮һǻԺԺʿ˵ڽڵУǷǳŵġ
ôֱ׵ֽڣɾվׯεȻߡ
Ӵôְ֪֪ղŴҿ϶˵ׯεȻ⣬ЦеģǸղʲôûзƵġ
ֽһû˵ָܾɣ˵ԼҲǲˡ
Ŵҵı飬Ц˵ôǣҿҶͦ˵ģ
Ц˵ûʲô飬Ҳ۶ѣУ¾˵ɡ
ãҾͳ˵Ҳ˵Ƥ˹ƼŵݸΣҶԿ˹ٴѧƼšһλƤ˹ѧҪǴѧ
ֽʱЦ˵Ҫׯڶɣ
ûֱӳϣȷʵҪСׯôֽʲôͬ𣿡
ûУУĸʲô˼ǳׯģҲûа취ǡ
ŶЦţ⻰ţԹ
Ҳҡֽڼæ֣ҾҪ˵ѧУûĹذɣ˹ٴѧѧôúõܵǴѧ
ܷ
ڸţͦġղֽʲô˼ѾͨˣΪׯεȻֲòӲͷƤֽڡ
СׯйأôûСׯͻȻѯʵСׯ̫ðɣôڶһ۶ɣ
û˫ַϣЦ˵ţݻرԭλѧҪǲҪȽϺá
ô˵ǳУøܵ˵Ҳ֪ǲǴˣܾЩģζûֽôŨ
У֪ׯεȻ˺ܶ࣬Щֻ˵ģû˵ġ
ҲǣôˣׯεȻҲ֡˻ΪһЩĪͷӱˡοׯεȻվ̫ߣ̫ۡ
ʼֱ˹ٴѧԼţѧ˹ڷׯεȻģƼλѧʼ
ֽ̲ס˵˭֪᲻١
ںͻ˹ĿǰǣλҪֱ֤ȥѯλھСЦ˵ȷʵǴѧû˼ҲԶ˹ٴѧܵǴѧƼţڵƼšҲòӰ˼ѧСҸΪǴѧֻкôûл
˹ٴѧĲʿѧλϲҪҲҪǴѧʿѧλʲôҾͲϸ˵˰ɣ
ҶĬˣǴѧһûǺôȫׯεȻռˣֽںͷԼڳһЩûб¶Ľںܲˬ
ׯεȻҲֻǶʮСƨʮ𲽣Ͻǧ࣬ׯεȻֱ֤ӵϽڡڹ⵱ҲͰˣعȵİȫѹš˭ⰡǿɲˣΪѧ˼ң͸˼ҵġһǴѧµˣû˵
һֱѹǣܸ˲ǹ¡
ν˵Ҿͦġ
ͦģΪʲôҪׯأԺ˹ٴѧ᲻ѧУһЩϵ֮ģѧУȷʵûҲÿҲ˵ǱҪ˹ٴѧѾΪʿݡ˹ٴѧɸѡʿķʽǴѧһܹ֤Ĳʿأ
ׯڸյǴѧ⻹ûеأ˹ٴѧѧƨƨߵܹĲʿô룿вʿʱ򣬱˻ô˵ǣ
αǳۣҿ˭˵
һҶû˵㿴ңҿ㡣
ǵ˼ǣ˹ٴѧĲʿûʸǴѧĲʿ𣿡
ȫҵ˼ˣ˵ĲʿĿǴѧôһҲÿԣֱ˵ʿûҪֳҶÿ
ֳʲô飿
ɡڷͬľ֣ϣǴѧû˰ɣ
̬ɡȾɸž֡ھ֣Ҳ֡ϡϡ־һ£ȷʵ˰ϡ
û鵽˽οˣȻѾͬ⣬ǵĲʿλƤ˹ǰǴѧʲô칫ҡ
ҲСЦ˵һǽġ
ҰˡҲʲôѧˣԹķͦġҡͷϧɫ˭ҵİ칫ңҺǺú̸һɡ
ҶȻǰ⼸λѾˣȻľѳۡ
뿪֮Ҳһ䵭뿪ɳЦһ£ллڡŶ뿪ֽվ˵ϣһǲ̫⣬ǶׯεȻ΢𣿡
Ϊٵ־̫õ飬Ҫһ¡úоѧޱ˵ΪҺòС
˵꣬뿪칫ңֽһ˶š
ׯεȻʵ̫ҫۣǰҲǴѧǰ;Ľ֮һׯεȻĵȫϣ
һﲻȥݼǵǴѧһĶֵء


128 
ҲǿԱɿֽڳԱЦ·˵Щ˰ΪԼʲôѧδ˼ׯεȻӴʲôδδģδԶ˵δ
⻰˵áֽЦһǵ˵δҲĳЩ˵ںðɣλôô꣬ɧûٷְһֱûнôҪΪˣܱĳЩ˵ںá
㡭תͷֽڣֵģҲֻģֻҪׯεȻǴѧһ죬ֲҫ˼ׯεȻǵҲҫ۶ˡԳԵϱɲٰǳһӣҲܵԺʿĳЩˣԺʿⱲܲܽ⿩
һϣǷѧˮƽûнǰ˲ٰ
˻һ£뿪
κһ𣬡ôͻȻתӣƽʱ˵ׯεȻӵ۾𣿽컹ͻȻׯεȻԲȥˣֵͦġ
ֵͦġҲӦţҿ͸ϵ뷨
λǴѧϵĽڣƽʱ˵ׯεȻǺߺġͻȻСׯʾãֵͦġҡҡͷʲôıɣ
ˡЦ˵ôıۣҾϾͲˡƽʱĳЩׯڿۣȺׯú޵ȥ˵еϿ϶ǻֽкõġ
˼˵˵µ֡
ûɵͷ˼ţϣӦñϤŶԣҿϾˡ
ׯأͣ½ŲڻҶˣɱ͵а
ҹӦڸƤ˹סްɡɿɫʱ㣬ʵ벻ׯڻȥʲô˵Ҳɵӣô֪ܲ϶ۡ
ûаЩ۷аˡ
ڻＤʱׯεȻ񴦣񴦵ʦںƤ˹˵кһ񴦵ʦׯεȻѯʣׯڣ֤𣿡
ʱûУҹƻмʱҪһ³򡣡
ɣȴƤ˹ѧУסһʱ̹ע֤⣬֤֮Ҿѧ
񴦵ʦһţλлǻҪѧλĻǿɾֻп޵ķݶˡ
Ƥ˹߰ɡׯεȻָָţƤ˹ѯʵڣ𣿡
Ҫȼʱ䣬Ƥ˹Ἰȴʱ䶼ûаɣ
ССƤ˹æͷ˵ȻԵȴʱ䡣
ǲˡׯεȻЦһҪһЩ򡣡
õġƤ˹Ҳûô࣬ׯεȻ뿪ѧУ֮ҵƵס
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ׯڡ޲ؿׯεȻ뿪ıӰվܹңʲôط˴𣿡
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ҲǴӰ߳ģԾûǲҲ㹦͡ôʮ͵˴ѧĽڣȻвٶʮꡢʮ͵νڵˡ˹ٴѧѧ˺ܶ࣬űЩʮڹڵνںͲʿʦ˶ԣǾоġ
ׯεȻһѧʦܹͳΪѧʦˣݹ۹ŽҲûмˡ۾Ҳᶢνѧš
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ׯεȻЦҲʵͦġƢȽϹŹ̵֣ţеıҾ㲻̫ãǲ̫á
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˵öԣҪԵɣԵĻһԽڣûԵǴѧioеýѧҲûȤڡׯεȻƢҡͷ˵ϲˣСӣ˵ƮˣΣôҪô
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ׯεȻ˹ٴѧһƤ˹ʿôѧҪΪĲʿвׯεȻõЩڵѧ̵ģׯεȻܾˡֻƤ˹˳¶ȻƤ˹˳ۡ
ׯεȻҲƤ˹õ˿࣬Ƥ˹ʵͦ۵ġһѧϰʱҲǳŬ֪ΪׯεȻѧܼѣôˣֻһ˷·ǱŮչһ㣬ΪׯεȻѧѧϰϵıּΪá
ҲΪʲôƤ˹ҪѧϰׯεȻӦһҪء
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ûһˣ°ѱŮʿſޡѧϼؽϵģŮʿôһλŮ̫ϿҪǰѱŮʿŵɺôܰοһ¡


129 
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ȷʵܻᰲοˣټׯεȻǳѯʱġһ⣬ڿ˵ѧǲ֪ͻñꡪҲ˵ı꣬ȷʵǳ˺ܶѧǳׯεȻҪѧѯׯεȻ
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ڡڿ˵úΪʲôȥΪô֪ʶΪӦ֪㲻֪Ϊʲôǰңʵܼ򵥣ΪʲôҪѯң˻شʱѧҪҸطȥҲùׯ²ۡ
˹ٴѧѧϵѧѯׯεȻⲻ²ۡоǴѧͶѧǱׯεȻݺݵ²۹޵֡ȻƤ˹Ҳⲻ˱ׯεȻ²ۣƤ˹ƤȽϺ֪ׯǵ춹ģʲôĵطȻᱻʡ²ۣĵĸ⡣
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͹ڵʯīϩضѾзɹϾҪˣǻʯīϩⷽ⣬Ҿûж塣
ոáҪĵĲϸ٣ұǸӳҺãõͬһģأ
ȷɺܲΣׯεȻ֮ǰûнӴⷽݣһֱоѧϵ⣬ͻȻתʯīϩׯεȻܹʲôôǮˮƯҪ˲ŲȫʵϣⲻӴ򹷡ȥ޻ʵ벻ͨׯεȻƴǮʵҵΪʲô
һûҸׯεȻΪׯεȻΣԸҪͨѺǻٵַʽػĴѧߡ˲ŲǷǳģ֮˲Ųеύȥ֮ɻѧԺǴѧʡжһʲƵĲѺͰ÷ѣǸСָһ·
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ʵһҪͶʣһûκεĲܹöδ֪УǾׯεȻҪһǮһԺҪȥͶĲҵأǮͿá
ȰЩѹţûиׯεȻ飬֪ġׯεȻнǰ򣬳У˼ǰнӻУЩѹ׵Ǯһٸ
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кܶҪæûպҫŮ鳤ҡʵҫûʲôоҲȷԼϲʲô͡
ׯεȻҲֻǲҫѣҫ̬úܺЦģʱ䣬ȥʯīϩİɡȡܹⷽһЩͻׯεȻصҸûڿֻǵ˱ˮ֮󣬿ҫֵ̬ת¥
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룬Ӧʲô취ʯīϩزҪõڵļңγһּݡҪֱȵǰʯīϩظõĳأջ񲻷Ƶרá


130 
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ϳɡɺЦһôôῴأ֮ͦġƤ˹ʲôƤ˹һڼʿնûп
Ƥ˹첽ߵɵĳǰ򿪳
ؾƵꡣ˵ֱ뿪⡣
ׯεȻҫڳڣԵúǹ졣ҫû˵ׯεȻϱ۾
ʲôҫɤҲ֪ΪʲôͻȻе˻ƣڻƵĵƹСҫׯεȻյ۾ǽëܳúܿ졣ʵĹ·ׯεȻϵһ⻷ͻĺĹǵͨ졣
һźңͲ֪˵ʲô
ׯεȻͻȻ۾һֱҫܹŹֵ˵㲻Ҹ
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ҫܲԾׯεȻջ֣һԼĶͷ
ˣ߰ɡ
ҫжŹաҫҲųǰС
ڳ˶û˵ׯεȻǱ۾ϢҫǸͲ֪˵ʲôͲó˵ʱܳĬͺô໰Ĺϵ顣ʵ˽ܳĬڱ
ׯεȻһ֪˵ʲôͺÿ˵һ䣬ׯεȻ
ֻڿʱżׯεȻ
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ҪʵǲȥҽԺɣҫʱϵĺɫ̫ۣԭڵɫһͺۣټǵúܺ죬Ǻġ
ȥ·ǵ˲̫ˡ
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ҫգ۾ֱׯεȻӰʧڵſʼ³һŻؼҡ
𣿿ʱҫׯεȻ˵⡣
ҲϺǹ̡


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ҪҪȥҽҲû˺ǲҪ˷Ǯɡ
ϴ֮ڴϣ۾ղׯεȻϢĻ棬ʵĵƹУϷ·һΡҫоׯεȻ·ǿɼĴڣҫǻҡ
ׯ̫ˣ䲻ׯڡ
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ҫ˺һʱ䣬ڤ˼У˯˹ȥ
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ŮʿֽǰʵϣѾǳڵһѧʱ򣬻ûôáҪ˵ĻҵĵһѧǼɹ


132 ϲ
ǸʱҵĵʦʹǸǡɲͣظ޵ֽʵҿѧѾǳöڶڿ㣬ֻׯھԸáŻ˵ЩģŮʿΪ㻹Ըõġ
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ҹҫҲŪףϲŰֶĽʲôЦûǺܷϾһоֻ֮ʣоҿҫҲɣÿ˹֮⣬Ҳûİáԣϲ˶
ǰϲ˶˶ôˣҪϲңׯεȻ̯֣Ҿ˹ˡ
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ʵϰɣҾϲһĻ޵ġ˵ϲϲĻΪʲôϲûΪʲôΪϲϲ
ˣǱ˵ˡׯεȻ㲻ҫ״̬Ҳоȥ
ΣɴϣЦúܻٵıһܾʰɡ
ûׯεȻɣʲôʱôˡ
˼ҫʲô飬ϵ𣿡
;ɣҪԺһ쳰Ц㡣
СׯεȻЦһŲһ𡣡
˭Ӳ㶨ɡվת뿪
ׯεȻҡͷɣЦһ٣Ȼ뿪
ҲҪְˣҪƢһ㣬Ѿ뿪칫ҡ
㶨أׯεȻЦһԺлһҫõͦ˧ģƽʱȥģ͸һҲ̫˵ں˵ˣĲɡһ뵽ҫҪסһһһ仰˵˵ʲôҫһ±ơ;ï}ûţ⣬Ҫһ𣬲ǰɣҪôвҪôǱвˡ
ģׯεȻȻЩȫԺ󡣱ʼǱѾд˹ʽҫָһ飬ǾÿҪ

оڶڽĿĻƽʱ䣬ƼôѧУѧڼš⼸Ϻܶ˶˵ϾҪڶˣ۵ԽԽࡣ
һżСգһԾɱգֻ˼ʱ䣬ǽĿû뵽ġ
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˵ϰ𣿡Ƽû֣ܰɣϻϰ
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ʦҲ밡ʦҲؼҳԷڼϢλʦͦʵģɣǾͲϰҲҪżˡ
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ׯںĻ༶ѧѪѹˡ


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ʵ̫ЩѧҪ仰ת뿪ĻѡվԭҪ޲޵ĸоŶۡ
ȷѧϵѧôⶼ᣿ϿεʱʲôȥˣʣͰѡָ±ƣᶼҪǸҪ޲޵ı飬ϧׯڻڼ˵Ҫֱѡϵڼѧϵʵ̫򵥣㾹Ȼᡭ
ѧѾʼ޲һȭׯεȻſϡԭΪֵߵĽڣû뵽Ȼһλڣ˵ôҲû뵽ģׯӣ̫Ƿˡ
Ƽţ㿴ׯڰѡҪ޳Ÿֱѡֽ⣬һСʱʱ䣬ѡס
УׯεȻתͷѧ𣿡
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Ļǰѧֿʼѯʵarxivʲô
ԽԽ±ƣо·һµƵġǰû˵ĶĻչֳѧԵѧᡢarxivԼȵ֮ġ
ȻĻǰĹ𺳵ĪׯεȻѧᣬΪʱƣ鲻ȫׯεȻѧڵﲥųǿͷĻġˣ⻹ϯضΪҪׯεȻѧᡣ
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ѡص飬ƼׯεȻĻڵѧϾ֮ǰ˭֪ǰʮׯڵŶҪŶӵѡֻõһĺ˻ĿĻġ˶ϢԴĵׯεȻһ˭
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ׯεȻһѧᡪ-׶˹Ժȱ֤ѧᣬھǴѧĹܹûнֱͣͨ˳ȫԸϡŹֵĵѶͦӦֵġ
ðɣô˵һ㶼ׯεȻΪʲôϿҪˣǰԼľΪб׼˰ɣ
һǾׯʵ̫ˣ˵᲻谡
治裬֮ǰ˹ٴѧʱλпһѧһ߸ѧ⡣ûп칫߳ѧǴſһܳ칫ҵġǱиģǴõĺһǣ֮ϸĸ˽⡣Ϊûж֪ʶͲ˵
ׯھֵ죬ģ
Ӧ˵ׯʵǶѧϵҪϸɣʵǴ󲿷˿ŮʿѧϵıַǳׯڻΪŮʿûãΪⳡѧܲҲпҴƫ⣬ׯ֮ǰѧᣬȡ˵ѧᣬʲôļ˼Ҿ˹ٴѧѧᶼǲμӵ֡ͻȻһѧᣬҲͰ͵ģҹׯʵΪεѧѡ
ׯڵһѧʱ䣬18ɣλѾ20˰ɣׯڵһѧڽ̨ɷλͰ͡Աһ£ׯΪܲܽܡΪУҲˡ
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ڵŵڣҲ֪ڻֳʲô֪޲ûصһλá
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Ϊһ˿յĽڣׯεȻڼǰŹƽʱʱúҫȥѧУ
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ֻׯεȻΪѧУܶʱͲҪԵٺܶʱׯεȻûԵ
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ҲʲôΣʵϴѧܶѧζеġʱڻΣҲǼ
˹ٴѧھûڱ˵ĿϣǻǱȽصġׯεȻ˹ٴôõʱ䣬ΪϵǹΣòһÿҪ׼ʲô겻ˡ
վ㣬ׯεȻϳ峿ϰ˲٣ټǴѧޣǴѧһһʮ·ݻѧ֮ȫ¶顣
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ܶ˶ׯεȻ
ڶŴ⿴ʱվԱߵѯʵʣǴѧׯεȻ𣿡
ׯεȻһ£֮ǰϹҲûϳ˵һڣֲǣô˸ϳˣ
ǡׯεȻЦŵͷԱϵԭڿ羰ŤͷׯεȻׯεȻƺǿǰЦе˺͵ǸڼֱһˡңλǴȻҪ
ĽڲӦÿźȥǴѧϿ𣿲ϵվǸСȷʵǸƷʵС˼ҽסúһ㲻֡
峿ôӵʹһ𼷹˶û뵽ġ
ѾóֻׯεȻ˵ׯڣҿоʱرϲԺһƬ
԰ׯεȻº͵Цţ˿ʼ죬ô͵˲̫һ
Ҳûжư
ڵׯεȻһ޺ڼС磬еӻǿ˲˵ģ
ĺüƬҶķϣǷȦ
ֵĪλھȻȥϰ࣬˵ˣׯڲǵһڹѾܶׯڣֻ֮ǰ֪ׯڶѡ
ϵԽԽ࣬ҲԽԽӵֱ³ʱׯεȻòߺһǰһãҵվˡ
³֮ׯεȻһΪϿһ㶼̫ʽԽҲǴһзѧУģֻϿζѣÿѧڶвٿΡҲôôʽԴüһ㣬ǾʹüһЩԼҲ㡣
ѧУڣѧѧУš
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ׯεȻŤͷƤ˹Ƥ˹ѧΣ


136 
Ƥ˹ҡԴε˵ڰҪʮ·ݲУѾǴѧסˡ
áׯεȻƤ˹˵ǷǳϤǵһʽǴѧڵݸѧΣƤ˹ΪڸպáƤ˹ûŪʲô飬ͱׯεȻ칫ңҵһϿΣãƤ˹ΪҵһȥϿΡ
Ƥ˹ףڣҪ̵ǣ
ԴׯεȻλϣȽϼ򵥡
ȷʵǱȽϼ򵥵ģƤ˹룬ׯεȻֿʼ˵Ƥ˹Ҹ˽飬Ȼڻʿûѧϰһ»ȽϺãأ
Ѿμһѵ࣬ʲôʱܹѧᣬ̫ȷƤ˹Цţʵ̫ˡ
ܶණûѧҪǰׯεȻѧϰѧ֮ǰйƻϾֲǽӢҪڻô꣬϶Ҫѧϰġ
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ׯεȻʰö֮æŶ뿪칫ҡңѧǼȫѾңвٵĹڶϣΪǴңʶܹ¼ٺˡѧرֻ࣬һٶˣǽڶּʮλá
ׯεȻαڽ̨ϣ˵Ƚһ£ҵƤ˹ǵʦ֣˹ٴѧתУǴѧ
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У˵һ㣬ҲҵĿΣǰϲϣĩԵʱ˭飬ģľӹƻǴѧϸʦû֮һϸֳаЦݣУҲص㣬ڿ⡭иѵáһҸΪתϵΪҲԴʦкܶѧѧԼҶʦҲڣƤ˹Ҹ㽲⣬ҹҲǺ
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ԴǷǳҪġׯεȻűʣúѧѧãԺȥ˵Ǵѧѧϵѧҽ̸ǵġ
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ԷĽǶȳһӦڶԪһԷ(2)ǰԷĳֱҪǷϵȵȣСڷδ֪ĸ

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ׯεȻںڰдţƤ˹Ա߶ѧҲ֪ǲΪƤ˹ñȽϺƵԭ򣬺ܶѧĴλ˹ٴѧתǴѧѧƤ˹ǺģׯεȻٶʵ̫ˣһÿξȻѾѵһ ò࣬ͷ۵úܡûׯεȻǳܶףٶ̫죬ܾѧӦܹġ
ǲѧܳׯεȻĽ࣬ѧԭԴĿγ̺ܶ࣬ׯεȻôȥʮ·ׯεȻܹԴꡣ
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ׯεȻص칫ңϣʯīϩģͻȻǰƤ˹飬ˣƤ˹ǰʯīϩѧģͣпʼ𣿡
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Žֻһڸѧεôɣ뿪칫¥Ĵ߳ţǰѯʵڣ¥ﻹ𣿡
⡭Ҳ̫ׯεȻҡҡͷڶ¥칫¥߰˲㣬֪¥ûнڡ
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Ƥ˹ܳʵҡͷûʱ䣬ûѧУԹ
뿪ǴѧţвѧǰǷ֣һΪкüѧԵʣֻǴѧмѧΧһ궼ĵط֮һ
Ϊѧ࣬󣬺ܶҵ̳޽ڸСԽ̳֡к֮ܶģƹ⼫Ϊܶࡣ
ׯεȻһԵĴŵȻֻˣôųԷҲúúһԼС
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137 
ãᡣׯεȻǸп룬ȺѧɡȺѧȽСһĻʮ꣬һЩҲǶʮӡպöʮ꣬Ҳţ͡
ƿţΪİ˵ĹϵҺ滹һˡϰֵˣλҪԷ𣿡
ׯεȻͷϰЦ˵Ӵôˣҹɡ
ϰȻϲѧһ£ȡѧǳΪͷ͵ġׯεȻӣӦҲѧ
λҲǺһġ
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ѧĵģׯεȻпţûУ͸һѧճ칫ҡ
ӴϰׯεȻʦ
Էʦɲ١ϰһŲ˵һߺׯεȻģǿƼѧġʦѧģѧǾУģˣǴѧҲвʦԷء
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˭еһΣϰ߾ͺáׯεȻƤ˹˵Żһͽ˶˹ϰ廹ѯҪҪ档
ׯεȻæ˰֣Ƥ˹Ѭ£ÿȻ̫ôܹÿӵġ
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žһׯεȻüͷ΢΢ţһƿѾ顣
ϽϽ˴һв˶绰׼ѾʼŤҲ֪ĸѧУġ
ׯεȻһס֣ʲôӡ
˺һѧƷüׯεȻ۾ȫɻΪһֳеĿⶼۼׯεȻϣ˵ͬ鼱æ˵Ǵѧׯڡ
˶סˣѧҲҽׯεȻһֻеСʰŶ
ˣׯεȻĮ˾ͺúøϰǸ⳥ĶҪ⳥
ʲôӣϵĻܡׯεȻ˵꣬ˣϻѪŤһʱˤڵϣ˵ġ
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ׯεȻǮϰ壬ѧׯεȻ֣ؾϹ˵ллׯڡ
ûϵ˵ǺȾƾͺȾƣﻹܡׯεȻҲúЦᾯ˺ú˵Ū˱֮ģ಻ð
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ΪղŵׯεȻֹģҪѯׯεȻһЩ顣
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ׯεȻƿľ죬˵ʵҲжʮ꣬رᡣϵľ죬һׯڣֺǺǵЦ˵ׯҲԷ
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˵ƹǹҶӵģ˳죿ʵֹҼ˶ԱʵȥֻϤԱĻ࣬ǻ񾯡Ҳ֪Էûʲôļ֮ġ
ˣҲǸտϵģѵ֮󣬻Ϥҵ񡣡־εͦģʵС;õͦģⲻ֮ſҲû뵽ֱӿˡ־Цеۡ
ΪҶӵѡ֣Ϊۣǵ죬ΪʲôɡׯεȻҲƲ⣬̫ףԲ¶ۡ
˼ֻ˶ѣԻָǳԲֹҼ˶Աپҵʱ򣬹һһ̶ϵ߷֣ټϼ˰ǣǿԱʵҲͦġ
Ҫҵ̫ˣ̫ʺϵƹ˶Ա־Ц˵ͦõġׯڣһֱ˵ׯںء
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ׯεȻͷⵥͲÿҸȥԡ
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а˵绰룬־˵Ҿڸɳϰ࣬ׯʲôҡ
ϣǲҪҵٱȽϺáׯεȻҡͷЦ˵Ҫҵ٣ǶȽ鷳
ԡ־ԴҶɳ񾯣ǣׯټұȽϺá
ׯεȻ̲סһЦ˳־һεͷ
ׯڣǾˡ꾯ׯεȻ֮󣬴Ž־뿪
ڣʶׯεȻЩ㵣֪٣
ҵϵۣû뵽Ȼ˾١Ƥ˹һδı飬ʵ˿

ƹ򰡣ǽʵ˿Ƥ˹Ųŵ飬ڣʶܡǩ𣿡
ղΪʲôʣׯεȻܺ棬ղôʱ䣬һһ仰û˵


138 Ծ
һûлعŽѾۡƤ˹ҡͷǲŵ˵Ϊƹ˶Աû֮һΪʲôۣź顣
Ҳ̫ҪԼСׯεȻ̯֣Ц˵پǴѧԱߵɳҪԼȥ
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ׯεȻЦ˵ûôˣ֣Ҳ̫ˣзִġ
ص䣬ׯεȻ־εǩշһԡ򿪵ԣ¼

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ҪΪ־¾ѵ꣬ƾŸ񡣽æһ죬϶ûпհ¡ǼΪģ˵Ϊ鷿Ѷû̸ȥ˽鰡۾˯š
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·ׯεȻ㵵ؿׯεȻ˵ׯڡ
١ׯεȻЦЦԷ
ҼҵĲׯڳԷҪҼҳ԰ɡ
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緹ׯεȻûüԣѧʵ̫ࡣ
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Ƥ˹ĴŽ־εĴţ˼˵ҵϵۣ


139 
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ܰѣ⼸첻ǾǼҲԶĵطϻѧϰӦǿҵǼҵġׯεȻ˵껰ϴţ֣ղСǸ־ΣҲסС
𣿡û⣬ҫҲϴ߳ɳϡ
ô棿
㿴ңҿ㣬֪ô档ҫѵ˵ҪȥǽɽɣǱӦͦҶ֮ġ
ҶûбɣׯεȻ˵һ䣬Ҫȥǰɡ
ͼҲСׯεȻڷʯīϩϣӦɣ֮ڻҪ˳ʵҡ
ʵҽеоԱְʵֻʣׯεȻƤ˹Լûʵˡ
Σ˶ſׯεȻЦأҪǲ֮ڽʯīϩЦˡһﺣЦȥʱ䣬
ȿȡҫһׯ˵ȥȥɡ
ûνǿҶû˵˸ȻׯεȻҪȥͼݣȥͼݾͺá
ҲûЦ˵ȥͼݻʱ˳ڳ㶫
áͷ
Թ緹ׯεȻںĳϣͼݣ˲ࡣĩͼݵ˶ٵÿġ˵ϲȥ飬Ҫ˱ȡҫԱҲҴׯεȻֻűС˵š
ɫҪŴУЩ뿪С
صңƤ˹ѾɳϣׯεȻĵվ˵ڡ
Ƥ˹û뵽ô硣ׯεȻˣ㲻ʶСҲԷɡ
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ׯεȻóֻ־δ绰ȥǲ־ΣýȷʵǸ֮ţŪԺһƶĽӡȻׯεȻڻҸԶԣһ츳ȷʵѾܹδѧ磬һҫҫ
ֻҪһ;·ѧѧׯεȻԿ϶СѧϵĳɾͲ
ܶʦ˵СֶӣǸѧšׯεȻЦ˵쿼һ⣬ʵǳܶ𲻳⡣ҾʵģѧϣرóׯεȻ˵֮ͣһ£ôõѧҵǺҪԽѧ
ҾãܹڶʮʱʿҵׯεȻû˵껰绰ͷĽ־ѾӵׯεȻĵ绰ׯ𣿡
áׯεȻЦ˵ڳԷ𣿡
û־οڼ￴ŶƬֶǳԷĩɩҲ֪ûУ׼Էȥ
ҪҼҳԷɣҰְеҪ˵ׯεȻ˵֮󣬶ŵ绰Цţǵ㡣
־һ£û˵͹ҵ绰Цãҡͷ罭־绰ȥȥˣȥ˼ҳԷ
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ͦõġ˵Ǽм

ӴǲǺһǼҲһҵܵܺʶġ
ׯڰɡ
ԡԽԽҾҫ϶ܺϵҲͦθڵģһȥ氡
̫죬־κͺ̸֪š
Ƥ˹ڽĵȴţ־ǰ˹ȥġ

ׯεȻбǽߣ˫ֱǰһֹŹֵƤ˹Ƥ˹ǰ˵żôڻżˣ
Ƥ˹ָͷڰҡţڣˡ
еĵǣָѧ򡭡
ô飬˵صɡׯεȻüƤҪһֱ˵صɡ
ׯѧϵż񣬽͵ǡ
ԭˡׯεȻҡͷ˵ǽ־ΰɣ֮ǰڵ￴ɺˡ
־ζ˵е㲻˼СؿׯεȻĬĬˡ
ׯεȻŽԣСѣʲô
ҫߵׯεȻ󣬿ԣ´ţСӣׯڰ
籡ׯεȻľоЩתͿҫ޹ĿׯεȻû˵һǹôģûзӦƤ˹΢΢е𾪣齥ʼ
־ҲûзֲԣŴŴ˵ѧʦÿ¡
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ءԿʼׯεȻ˵Сӡ
СĵĿǵǹЦׯεȻҡͷ˵ˣʦҵ
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ͰŰɣƤ˹ӣԽҪףһĩ𣿡
Ƥ˹ׯεȻƤ˹ѧ𣿡
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ҶٱȻڷšԵתڴǵĻⲻ̫ȤׯεȻҫŽԣҲڵҫ
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СׯεȻׯεȻЦˣ˵ԣ߸ô𣿡
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գ۾ׯεȻԶԶģׯεȻԵƵġ
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ʲôԸ㲻СѧﶮЩ顣
ڶСѧһ꼶ѧھȥСѧ꼶꼶ȻȥСׯεȻüͷͿԺܿҵܹиʱ档
𣿡۾ˣ˫۾·ڷƵģһ·СܵׯεȻ·˵ܹиʱ㲻ƭŶ
ׯεȻЦ˵㿴ʲôʱʦƭѧģ
ʹ룬ͷʦûƭѧǰҲʦӦǲƭģׯεȻ˵ţ밡ǰϵͬѧڶеʱѾѧҵˣǲǾкܶʱȥ棿
ʹšܾǰĻﲻ̫ԣֺͦԵġǰͬѧڶеʱѾѧȷʵкܶʱȥ氡ǶѧҪʲôڻ̫
ܵׯεȻ仰⣬⣬벻ǺܲԾׯεȻЦŹ˹νԵıӣ뿴˵ǲҫˮׯεȻͽ˵Ǻš
ׯεȻҫһۣȸˮǺˣ
ûûʲô顣ҫæ֣ׯεȻԽ˵㿴ʦǲûƭ㡣
ֻҪ֮úŬѧϰͬѧڶСеʱѾܹˡ
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ҫҪﲻסתŽԺׯεȻڲͣĶţܹЦׯεȻ֪ʲôôЦ΢΢üͷ٣ȥһ㡣
áҫĶƵܵȾƣׯεȻԣô벻Ҫ
ССԴͷѾ뵽ѧҵʱԾֵĻ档
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ֱׯεȻˮʱ򣬿ҫһ˱ͷ˯ɳҲûиë̺Ǻһˮҫߣ
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峿ׯεȻʱҫմһɵЦسкׯڡ
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141 
м¡ҫҲղŵı飬ʽ˵ţҪҴȥʲôط𣿡
¡ׯεȻһʼǱȥСǰõ㶫С
áҫҲûʲô飬ת䣬˯ϸ̺ϵףֱ¥
ҫҫ˰ȥȳ극߰
°̲ˣе顣ҫЬӳţׯεȻһűʼǱͱҲ¥ׯεȻҲ°ɣ
е飬ҪȥһʵҡׯεȻɿأЬӡ顯һٴαϡ
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ҫҲǸúӰЦҡͷϧûŮȻŮҲ
˵ʲôأҫҪŮǼҵĶϱءЦҡͷ˵Щûõ顣
ׯεȻСǰҫѾڵ
ϳ֮ҫׯȥȥ
ǴѧҪȥʵңæׯεȻ˵֮󷭿ʼǱؿţҫе㲻̫ȷæ᲻ﵹæ
Ǹׯڡҫһ߿һ˵Ұæ᲻æ
ᡣׯεȻüͷȥΪĵģֻҪҰһЩСǴѧʱҫҲׯεȻʵҡֻܽͣͣڽĩ˲رࡣ
ͣóׯεȻ³ҫҲ³ׯεȻǴѧʵҴ¥ǰׯεȻȡƬʵҴǰˢһ¡Ŵ򿪣ׯεȻҫ˽ʵ¥óֻ˳ɴ˸绰ȥ
ӵ绰ɴŻϢ˵ͦͳģ֪϶Ǹ˯ѡ
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ڵ绰ͷźǷׯڽôô͸Ҵ绰ˣⲻĩ𣿡
һʵңͻȻЩ뷨
磬ʯīϩûǶûʵ飬ʵ鲻Ǻ𣿡ڵ绰ͷţׯڣ֪Ǯ࣬ôʡʡ𣿻ʵСȥʵ飬ҪʵԱʲô
Ͻ
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˲ٰ׾ƣ˯ׯεȻ˵һ㣬ʵ
һ¾ɵʱ򣬵ʱôѧѡʵ鷽ܺõġû˵껰ׯεȻ˳ھ˵һ䣬˭ǰûʵ飿ڻƼѧʱܶʵ𣿡
ڵ绰ͷǴ㵣СѯʵļٵģڻƼѧʱʵ飿Ҽǵ㲻һͱҵ˰ɣ㻹ʱʵ飿
ׯεȻӦһʱʵ飬źüѧĽʵ飬Ͻ¼ݡҪ֮ģٰæ
ӴԱѾźˡƺڴ·ŰҴҵ绰ɸϽ·Իڴ˯˵ϱȥʵңׯǼһҪʯīϩʵ飬ȥһ
Է𣿡
˵緹ˡɿЦܲܳԶǺֲǲ֪ׯӣҪоƵðҹŻ
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ׯڵʮʱֱȥƼѧ飬ǱӲקȥģһнԵѧѧϺЩ̰档
ûмѧٹ顣ĥŲׯεȻ֣ׯεȻţҽſ϶ҲׯεȻ¡ɺôҲҪиͽܹõóְɡ˵ͦţʱȥС
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еЦׯεȻںڰдż㹫ʽׯڲڰɣٶΪˡ
ŶׯεȻתͷͷͣɨŵҫһС
ׯεȻջĿ⣬ר־оڰϵĹʽôģ֪ʯīϩĿǰѾʼҵǳ顣Ҫһͬѧģͣѧģʼһû
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硣ׯεȻûкһƼƷһµļĸᾭɰǧʧܣһʲôУңҲһξͳɹ
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һ㣬ʱûƿԲŻôͽ⿪ǧ⣬ⲻǵ𣿡
ҡׯεȻһİɣÿоⶼ裬ġ
ɣôǾͿʼɡѵףҫպ̧ͷɣ۹һ־ͷɿеҪЦʲôأһ״ӣûӰʵʱҪ״ӡ
ׯεȻߵǰֱŰ״ϡ
˿ʼʯīϩҫɨɲ˵һԵǡ
ׯεȻǺ˵ú𾢣ͻȻׯεȻֻ𣬾ڰ״¶ׯεȻŤͷٰһ£һ¾ܹӵ绰
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ʵңɣʵ¥ҲĻѧУѧٳ㣬ã㵽˸Ҵ绰һֱӹҵٻġ
ׯεȻ˵֮ҫׯεȻҵ绰ֻŻ¶
ȫɲܰɿʵ¼ݣ˵ׯεȻǲǴе̫ˣ
ҿϸͲģҪһµģͣҲͦ׵ġɷеıʣ¿ʼ
ȻءׯεȻժףóֻһʱ䣬磬ӦôĽ
롣һߣŷʵ̨ϵ˼ҫӲ˵վԱߣһܡ


142 άʯīϩ
ͻׯεȻ˼·̾ϢһʱƤ˹ˡƫƫʱպеͷĥôȥƤ˹ĵ绰ͳͳɢЩׯεȻóֻҵ绰
ɺҫׯεȻܲԾվְׯεȻļû˵ֻҡͷԱߵҫҪ˵ʲô죬ʲôû˵ڡ
ôˣׯεȻıܲãȥƺҪҫҫڨЦűӣûûʲô顭
ڿҪһˡׯεȻֶֻڶȥԷȳ극֮뿴߳ʵңǰƤ˹վ⡣
ׯεȻ߳ţݸƤ˹һſƬԺʵұҴ绰
ɳƤ˹ʹɫʾׯεȻƤ˹Ҳ˵ֻǵͷ극֮ׯεȻҫ˵٣û飬Ͳüʵҡ
ҺԼƤ˹оС
ҫͷׯҪҵɡ
Լȥˣû㡭ҵɣҽϢҲû¿ҫֺǺǵڣׯεȻҫһۣɺƵ˵˵һ쵽ɵʲô
ֲ֪Ļ׳档ɺЦʵңׯεȻţʯīϩѧģͣʵ顣ⷽ棬ׯεȻȷʵûʲô顣
Ƥ˹ĳȵںڰϽšׯεȻ۾ɿׯεȻʲô𣿡
ӸԵĳҪԡ
ӵĿǰĿǰڵЧͺͰȫԲ㣬Ǹ⣬ܶⷽרҶûܹѧϵ⣬ǻѧϵ⡣ЩЦãҪܹ⿪⣬ôҲǸŵѧǣ
Ҵ磬ʯīϩоǲſʼģôҰĲĺ𣿡룬ɴ˵оάʯīϩòã
Ŷоάʯīϩͺˣ
άʯīϩܹӵصķŵѭȶԡׯεȻǰһڿʼɡ
磡ڵذϿЦõĶׯεȻ˵άʯīϩȷʵܹӵŵķŵѭȶԣȻڻûнչòã
Ǿάʯīϩأһ⣬ӸϽӰȫԲ⡣
ǰ
УأǸûⷽĲϡ˻ߣׯεȻһһģͷ۵С
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ҪĲϺܶ࣬ҵʱ򷢸ʱ磬׼ҪӲȶ⣬Ҳʯīϩһѵ㡣
ǲǻģⶼѧѧĽˡͷǵҪôѵĶ𣿡
ô֪أׯεȻúЦҽֻͻȻжѣǴʯīϩ֣ⷽ˵ܹøŵѧǻѧأ
ˣɸо˶ˣׯεȻڷŷҰɣøׯεȻһŷҡׯεȻhysical review lettersٷ£sciencenatureڿˮһЩѧģҪ˵ׯεȻڿ˹ٴѧannals of atheaticsڻѧjacsangewׯεȻûзκεĿ
뵱ȻҪʯīϩĸϲϣάʯīϩʯīϩشڸ಻⣬ǽʯīϩϵĻ⡣ׯεȻܹʡŵѧǻѧӭ
Ϊһλѧڣѧʵ飬ѧʵûġѧֻһЩ֪ʶרҵʿѧⲻѰ·
Ļѧǿģǵڻѧϣ׷ϻ
ô໯ѧжû⣬ׯεȻⲻڸЦ𣿿˭أ
뷨ܺá˵ҾǶǻѧСףרҵʿʵѧʵ飬Ҫ֪ˣҹǼᱻֹʵ¥
Ǿڻѧʵ¥ȥ¡ѧǴѧߣҲǹҶġҲмλǿѧԺԺʿ̫ࡣѧѧǿݣѧ˵ûκδڸеġ
ѧׯεȻУѧϵڵĴڸиӵ͡
ׯεȻȥѧϵƻѧϵĻᱩׯεȻһٵġȫУõԴȫѧϵҲˣϾѧѧҽѧԺǴѧȭͷƷҽѧԺǱ߿úܵׯεȻǹʶĴУҽѧԺҲвٽҶˮԴ仹ǹƽڻвٹĲʿ֮ġ
ѧϵϵԴͷԴıׯεȻϵԭ˺޵ȥѧϵһšԭûдڸеĻѧϵׯεȻİ칫Һbattle
ʱѧԺǼɹģҪǸׯεȻڶѧȤǲǰѧԺϵˣȻȥ﹤ѧԺ;ׯεȻص֮ôͿʼŷأ˹ٴѧʱ򣬸ͲȥʵҡǷѷΣԾܾ
ںˣعˣˣֿˡ
˵ׯڣҪͷ۵Уüģ»ѧϵǱ߷ӦܻȽϡҡ
ɡׯεȻһۣӦܼ𣿡
ҪԣЦţһʱȥѧϵ᲻¶ˡ
ô˵һ֪Ǿ᲻ҡɿׯεȻһɫ¶һı飬磬ģ㲻ҪȥͻѧϵЩbattleɣ
֪ǴѧѧԺѧϵϵڸ̫ǿǻѧϵϵûʲôڸеġȥҪһѧʵңʵΣⲻҪǻѧϵҪ֪βѧϵΣҲѧԺԺ
ǵĴڸѾǿˣ㻹ȥѧϵԴ治Ⱥ㷹ŵʲôһǦ֮ĶǰɣɺЦ˵˼һѧϵƴ
ܲôˡׯεȻۣ󻺻ôľˣȸʱ绰ײϺĻȻȥҪһѧʵҡ
˵ˣֻҪһ仯ѧʵңĶҪѧУǮ
аɡŶͷ͵ȺڰɣҿʱôѧԺԺ
ЦˡׯεȻվ㿴ҪԺ˹ٴѧѧϵβ˹ٸߵоԺѧѧԺԺҶûдӦѧԺԺһ⣿
ǣ㲻⣬үⰡ̯֣ү˭ҶУҲǴѧԺԺΪǴѧУ
ׯεȻѧϵõĽڣ˵һȷʵֻܳΪѧϵμѧԺԺȻΪǴѧУ
Ȼ·ҲǲԡׯεȻҲò˼ͻᱻΪѧԺԺʿǸʱǲҪҲֻܽסΡ
Ȳ˵ׯεȻߵʵǰ˾ˣǿù߰ɡ
Ǵү̬ɿЦãǣвŻԣʱû㰡ҪûгɹѧԺبŲЦ˰
ʲôׯεȻ⣬ЦЦ£ѧʵ飬вʧܵĵ˵ϵЩڣмʵûʧܹģû˸ҴƱ˵ʵʧܰɡ
ĴָҪ̬ҾڿҲһʼѧʦˡ
ԵģڡׯεȻͻȻصʵңΣҶǻ·ˡ
˵ţ·һʱ䣬ãɽڣȥҳԷΣ
ûվϵĻҳׯһǵһ㣬Ѿѧϵϵŭȥǻѧϵ²̫á
ʲôõġׯεȻЦֻ̾˵ׯεȻǵôڣֻҪѧϵһʵңѧϵ϶ǻ룬ѧϵԴ᲻ᱻׯεȻռţׯεȻֻ᲻쵽ѧϵ
ԭѧϵûʲôڸУׯεȻô棬»ѧϵĽĻׯεȻжд̡
߰ɡׯεȻ뿪ʵ¥ɺƤ˹Ҳ·뿪ʵ¥ߵҫĳǰҫ˯ţں泶һƤ˹˵ҵĳȥׯڵ鷳
Ƥ˹Ҳôģ򿪳ɵĳ
ҫ̧ͷգ۾ׯεȻׯڣˡ
ׯεȻ״򿪳ţ߰ɡ
ڵĳȥҳԷҫҲ֪ղׯεȻǵЩʲôȥǶͦõģׯҲûǲ˵Լ˵һ仰ׯڡ
ͣڳ⣬³վׯεȻǰׯڣ˲Ѿ֪𣿡
ׯεȻһۣ֪⹫԰ɣûиҡ
һҲ֣ׯεȻ֪ʵ̫˲Ųͱò٣ֲɵӣϢᡣҪ˲Ų̫򵥣ֻһֱû˵ɾ˳һ䣬ׯεȻһۣҲ£϶⹫˵ʯīϩҾͻɢʵҡ⹫˼ǣ˲Ųҡ
԰ɡ
ȷֱӳУ˵
ȳԷ극˵ׯεȻɼңһεɼңǴƽķӣܶСӵߺͿα֮ġ
극֮ûкׯεȻʯīϩ⣬⡣ׯεȻʯīϩҪڻѧһЩɹɺͷۡⶼһĶöһnáѧѧϣѧׯεȻܹٵڻѧĺΪһλѧڣׯεȻܹɼ
ֱׯεȻ뿪ʱɶھҪҪȰȰׯεȻʵҲҪҲաڵܶ඼ǻ⣬Ǹ㲻ѧ֪ʶȷʵǺܷḻǻѧ֪ʶҪͷѧټһúõѧڣȥѧѧȥ㻯ѧⲻǸ˵Ļ
ׯεȻ뿪ɵӿղҪׯεȻ˵£û˵ڡ
ղׯ˵ʲôһϴһѯʡ
ˣׯڡҡͷӣҲ׼ϴ룬ʯīϩʵ飬Ҫڻѧʵ¥Ҫһʵҡʵ鲻󣬵ǻѧϵѧԺĴڸкܵͣټׯεȻôö֮ҪȥһʵңѲŭڹȥʵңܹΪʲôڹⲻȥʵҡ
άҲׯεȻڵȥʵҵĻͱܻع
һڵʱСȥκʵңһ۵ȤûСһֱѧ⣬أصھͿʼŷҡҪʵңҪûѧʵҡ̾ϢҡͷѧУܴ󰡣кܶ˶ׯεȻǴѧô޼ɡ
̫־ܶ˶ˤЦôصġ
ⲻǸùĵ⡣Цţ˼ׯûǸˣܹѧȡôĳɾͣܺصˣ㲻ЩֻǲܶѡûȤЩ顣
ҪȻƾׯڵǻۣ£ѧԺĽڻǺɵġ
ԣΪмЩ飬ҲŻżġҡͷ˵죬ͻᱻǴѧѧԺĽżǴѧ
ˣиӸߵ˻ͦѰζģôһ룬ͨ٣ҲǣҵʲôиӸߵ˶š
ǡϵεİ칫ңִֵҡͷ󵽣εİ칫ңжôҵ


143 
峿ǴѧУ԰ڣѧϵΰ칫ңγԾ˵ʲôˣ㻹Ҫѧʵң
ׯεȻƽεĶ棬εɴ۾һ˼飬ŹĿԱߵĲʿоĵ͵ˣֱӡ
ûׯεȻصͷҪһѧʵҡ
֪֪ѧʵһרҵʿȥζЦˣѧԺԺûǻѧϵʵҶǻѧϵιҪɣȥѧϵΰ칫ʡ
˭Ҿ㡣ׯεȻΣҾҪһѧʵңŰɣ
ΰ̾˵Ҳ㣬뿴ѧԺѧϵϵѾ𹫷ߣڻȥҪһѧʵҡѧϵǱô룿ûУҪעӰ찡
ҲܣҾǻѧʵң㿴Űɡ
ҿŰ졣ӣòС
вңҲô
һӣׯεȻһҾǲ㣬ܰô顣
ׯεȻܵϣ˵öԣȻ¶黯ѧϵܣҾȥһѧϵΡ
˵ţվ׼뿪칫ңǰѧϵȥϵ˵¡θùǺׯεȻǲͱƣﲻκò࣬ҪעӰ졣˵͸ѧϵǱ߾û˵
ڻѧϵǺϵһڿѧϵϵ֣ׯεȻȥǻѧϵҪʵҡǲ˵ׯεȻҲڻѧϺһţ
⻹˵ãѧϵЩڻܵİ칫飿
пһĹΪһ뵽ξͷ۵òУ⻯ѧϵʦͽڶҪׯεȻѧԺԺҲҪֱ⣬ҲѡׯεȻ̬ȸͲֱͨġ
ҪһѧʵңȥѧϵӲָׯεȻȥ˻ѧϵΰ칫ң绯ѧϵξ͵ƴѧϵǴѧûжٴڸУôҲôϵһϵǧѧôʦڶҪӵ𣿾ôѧϵ۸
˵ׯڰ̾Ϣ˵ҲעӰǰɣ뿴ôȥѧϵҪʵңǱ߻ô룿
ܲôࡣ
ãٸ˵ףҪѧʵҵҪʲô
ʯīϩʵ顣
׼άʯīϩԼʯīϩĸϲϡӷĳء
ҵͷ۵öҪŶͷһѧңȥʯīϩϲϣڳ𣿡
˼һרҵģͽרҵʿвУɣʵǲУڻѧＸѧ˲ţǰ˰ɣ
СׯεȻҡͷ˵ҾҪһѧʵҡ
ҵĴүζҪסˣôׯεȻôأ
ûѧʵ飬Ҫǳ顣ѧʵҲˣһСʵҶѡô죿ѧʵǶΣգһ͵ûοĵȰׯεȻʵǲׯεȻΪϤĻѧʵܵ˺
һǰûнӴѧͻҪѧʵ顣ⲻ׼׼⣬ҪׯεȻʵУʲô⡣УһŹҲ𡣻ôׯεȻصڣΪѧʵ飬ׯεȻ¡
Ҳеĺ
ҵĺشЪЪɣһЩûõĶĻôˣοʼתƻ⣬һڿʯīϩģ϶ûôʰɡ
ɡׯεȻͷĻ֮ǰ
ӿٶȰοʼҪԣ׼ύȻѧģԺʿҪһׯڣŬȻǳѧߣǾԺʿкԶҪܹԺʿܹΪԺʿڵȼʱ䡣
شڣҪǿȻѧѡ⣬ʯīϩʯīϩԺеʱо
ˡׯεȻǺܹܵҺס𣿡
ζҧгˣһӲԡ
ԺԺʿģҲҪھҪһѧʵҡׯεȻն˵˻ѧʵңʲôҪҪǲңȥҾȥ
١ζҪЦãôڣǴѧΨһķƶĽǻѧһˣôҲе㷶ɣˣСӻʼˣߡⲻǻ첻
ҲҲׯεȻ񣬡ҾͲ㰮ߣ͸ߣǧˡ
ҳԷ˯סҡ
㰡ˣǰɣʱҲûиҪǰɣǾͿ˭˭ϵ˵ˣ㻹Ҫô
ϵΰ칫ҵġûнţںׯεȻ졣
Σׯڡվǰε˵Ⱥ
ɣáùǺģôЩ꣬ǵһô񻹲ҪĽڡôҶǽ𣬲ôǶٵҪɣׯεȻƫӣ͸ûϹѧСƵġ
Ρ߽䣬ʲôˣôʹˣôԸ˲ֵ
οˣòУ
ѧͲҼ͵ڸׯ˸ϡǣׯھ͸ƤһճξͲ֡ҪǲӦׯڵĻƽܹڰ칫̧һʱ䣬ԭׯںζпΡ
ۼĲʿڱ̧ܣѾʰҪȥϿΡ
һҪһʵһҪҪѧʵңҪǴȥӰܺ𣿡
áɻشúܸɴ࣬ѧϵǱ߿϶кܴķӦ
㿴㿴ӣѧѧ˼ɵľ򡣡
ҾͣûҾҪѧʵҡ
㡭ָׯεȻıʼ⣬ָ΢΢ľɵҲ
ǣľҲɵ񣬻ѧʵҡ
㡭öҪˣԱ˵һ䣬ΣϾҪϿˡҲˣֲǵһʶʶʲô
ˡαׯεȻζǣҸ˵ôȥϿˡ
ȥΡׯεȻ뿪ֱǰಽšƤ̬ں޲ֱӸׯεȻȭ
ҪĽڣûмôҪĽڡ
ε˵ôҲǷƶĽ֪ѧңʲôӣ
ׯεȻǼ⣬ôңⲻͦõ𣿡
ͦõģҿǷᡣμӿ첽ׯεȻ׷ᡣ
ҵʱѾʼϿΣȽңԭ˵ѧǣһӾͰҪࡣѧǾҪ˵Ҳ˵
ׯεȻ߽û뵽һﾹȻö֮ǰţš
е㷢ëҧгݵ˵ڿΣǼϽڿεݡ
ѧεĿΣׯҧгݵģׯڣλ֮ǰʲô
תʱҲƵ߽ڣׯεȻѧļ򣬡Ƕλá
ǴѧҲǳĽڣƢãѧʱͨЦеĺº͡ׯεȻһ˭ǷǮûлεٶȻеȣܹǳĽ⡣˵ׯεȻĿγ̺ʺŵĻôɵĿγ̺ʺЩԼûʲô츳ѧ
ׯεȻĿγʵǽ̫죬ɵĿγǱȽСֻҪǰԤϰģܹ٣Щģ¿֮ѯɣֺǺǵĽ⡣ׯεȻҪdissһȻϸ
˵껰ѧԾܵȥ¡Ҳǲ̫⼸λô¡
ǰλѧϵĹǸɽڣ̨ϽεѧϵΣѧԺԺҶ˵ѧĬĬѧϰţͻȻׯεȻվ˵ΣҾô˵ǲԵġ
ָźڰ壬ʵôͦġ
˵뿪λãߵ̨ϣŷ۱ʾͿʼ
̾ϢһȻλֿʼĸܾ¡ԭôҲûдģλܾĻ˸Ʒ衣˹ٴѧʱλϿεʱͱĻ̌ܡѾ̧ܳٵľ顣
΢ּоС

yߦõЭ䵼dydt΢һߦãt0)=á䣨t0)=x

΢ΪŷϿռǶοáά⻬Σȫ⻬֮Ϊx(Ϲ⻬ļΪcޣ)

xߦã[ab]á䣨x)=0xئƽе
1
ׯεȻд֮󣬻ƵĿһۣҸΪθղ΢ּ棬⻹΢Ĳ㡣
һׯ˵úãղ΢ּη棬Ȼǲׯڵġ
ôˣλҪѧǶʼɪɪȫû뵽λںʱһģһҲ뾭ĳׯѾλϣŲ˭ܹ
˭ȻǲԶġ
ɽֺǺǵû˵ȫһ֮⣬뵱еģ
ôȥѧεðѧϵľս
Ȼλûн꣬ׯεȻվڽ̨Ͽʼη̧ܣһ΢ּ֪ͣʶûѧ٣λڽ̨ɴܣѧĿϾӡ
ֳ棬˺ѹֺ֣˷ܡ룬λɴܰβô˵ǹˣ޵ޣСֻҪѧϰѧѧ֪ôһλеĴڡ
λһɴܣʵ̫ˡȻ룬ʵĻǺҪֽкãǲܹ
Ҫֽкãµñλڸң΢ּƣعɡ
¿֮òУׯεȻҵյҪ̧ܡֱſα뿪ׯεȻ첽ǰͣ߶ţѧʵҡѧʵҡ
ɹһӣǵԶѧǿû뿪Ҳߡ
ӴҶʲôأϽøȥ뿪֮󣬽ﴫ
ôˣׯںǸ𣿡
ҵ죬ѧϵͷͬʱ֣ˡ
ûпεׯ񣬺ÿ¡
λ̨ɴܣЩѧǽ̫ˣҸû
ȷʵû
λص칫ңׯεȻǰŸŵģҲεİ칫ң׼ȥʲôطȥʲôط
͵øֵף¿ακ޵òУ㵽ô£ˣƤôˣģȥϵҡ
ׯεȻ̯֣޹˵ôܽеأ˹ٴѧֽڳԵ̫ˣÿϿεʱȺڶԡ
㡭òУ۸ûж˹ǰɣûͶûȥ𣿡
Ҫ˹ٴѧڣ˵ǲʵ
áһ˵ʵ粻̣̣ƫƫ̣ʲô˼һܿ
ʲô˼ⲻǾ˵ò̫ãҲһ𣿡
㡭ɷף
ҪɣΣҪҵĻѧʵңϾߡ
αׯεȻ÷ЦҪѧʵңΣ
ֻܸΣȥҾȥׯεȻͷ˵Ի


144 
κ޲ֱӳׯεȻ½ǰӳţʵ̫ˡôʱ䣬ٵĽڣׯεȻûƤûЦ˵뷨Ľڣǵһμ˵ԱߵоͲʿɴӣһŵؿׯεȻ
ҲûׯεȻɣƤôĳףͺǸСƵġûõİߣڵϴ֡
˵һΣڣ߼Ҳܰѻѧʵġ
кׯεȻʲôϵ𣿡ׯεȻɻ˵ׯεȻôˣ
õģׯİɣҿ϶κεĶ
ׯεȻƲ죬ƿŽ칫ңһеı飬ׯںλڳܰ
ɣ˵˵һϿεʱ򡭡
ȿȡɿŤڿɫ̹ȻׯεȻҡͷ˵˹ٴѧʱׯھһλԶ֪ĸܾʱڸ棬ûа취Ҳ˹ٴѧͳ
ΪҹԺвʱ򡣡
ҲˡɸγһȲ裬ȺţͰׯڸߡ
ɷڲ豭ׯεȻ˵ׯ߰ɣȻθŲ豭ˡ
ҲСׯεȻǿҡͷҾҪ
βҾ͸ΣҾȥ
ָׯεȻı˵С㿴㿴ׯεȻûһڵӣҿСѧءӣҪǱָ֪ôЦء
ЦҡͷΣҲǲ֪ϲ档ҲһνѣԺ󲻻кܶζ𣿡
ǽ棬ӣǽ棬ǵƦåξͲָׯεȻıׯεȻɺܵ˵ҾǵƦåҲôҪѧʵңȻǰװװһ
ڰ칫㿴ѧǶôģǸʴڣڵأ͸Ƶġܲܳ㡣
첻ׯεȻǺܵ˵ˣǶɱĻҾͦԵģҲܳζҵĴҪɱҵʹǽ⿪ѧ̡
ʲôۡκ޲һȭϣʱׯεȻȻЦģԽԽׯεȻʵ̫ǷˡûмôǷׯεȻҲˡ
Ҹ㣬ܣ˵˲ܾǲܡ
ûϵҵšׯεȻ˫ַϣǾǿĿΣβ;Բ뿪
ׯεȻûа취òУһɣϽȥ棬һׯεȻֻҪ졣
ɵȻε˼ȥУ
Уϰ𣿡
Уϰʱ϶ڣϽģȥָŴţʾɸϽȥУׯεȻ
ɿ˿ͷϵΣֿ鵭ȻׯεȻüһָǴѧ̳ϣ黹ᱻѧôء
뿪ΰ칫ңׯεȻİ칫ңƤ˹⡣
ߵߵߵţƤ˹һͷվ⡣
ڡƤ˹Цų֣ׯڵĻӦׯڲڰ칫ҡ
Ҳׯڵģġ̾ϢһƤ˹Һźĸһ顣
˵Ƥ˹ؿɣ˫۾գգһ£´ʲôϸڡ
ׯϵΰ칫ңθϡЦе˵ׯпΣȥˣֻ鷳Ƥ˹ׯһ¡
ûɣ
Դȷʵû⣬ǡҵĻʵ̫ˣһӢڿΡ
ʲôڿζãֻҪĿξͳɡ
ڣΪʲô㲻æɽڰڿβǸ
ҲæҲܣ֪ģׯںθϣҲ⣬˵԰ɣ
Ƥ˹ƶǶĵͷ֮Ƥ˹鷳ˡ˵뿪칫ң뿪ѧ칫¥У칫ȥ
ۺϴ¥ֱҵУ칫ҡ
̧ͷɾվ⣬׼šֱţͣеĸֱʣЦŶ˵ڽôпң
ȱġ
ŶоúЦȱʲôȱ
ⲻׯںìȥѧ칫¥ׯڸˡЦ˵ǱҲûа취
ƵʰŶ˵˵ɣʲô飿
糿ׯȥǱҪһѧʵҡ
Ŷеüͷ΢΢Ҳ֣һѧڣҪѧʵҸҪθˣѧϵĽڸô
ǰĵͷׯڲЩҪҪʵҡ
ⲻһֱɿ𣿽ׯھΣ˵ȥʲôط͸ȥ粽ׯڡ˵Ҳ̾Ϣһͦģ˵ׯȡ֡˵͸ƦåƵģڰ칫ҲƤҲ˵
СӡУҡͷҸһȥСӵҪʲô
ѧϵΰ칫ҵʱλţׯεȻһ˲
ܣôˣ
ˣһׯ׼Ұ칫Ҳߡ
ű±Цŷ£ʲôʱκôҲϵΣô˼Ұ칫ңô£
ҪѧʵҡׯεȻй˵ҾҪһѧʵңβ
֪Ϊʲôβ𣿡
ҲܣҾҪ
ҲϴСˣʮˡλϣСҪڵϴһ
ҪɣڵϴҾ͸
ׯεȻĶų˵ҾҪһѧʵңôһССҪ󣬶ҡ
ĿΣĿ⣬Ѿ걨ȥˡű±ʼׯεȻ˵ˣǹںܶ෽棬ӹƼ涼кܶӦõĿռ䡣
ҲѧѧģҲѧģҪһ仯ѧʵҡ
ʯīϩʵңҪһ仯ѧʵҡׯεȻƵ˵ҿ϶ġ
˵׼άʯīϩʯīϩϲǰɣ
ԡׯεȻͷȷʵЩ
֮ǰѧϰѧ֪ʶ𣿡
ÿΣҲⷽ鼮
жİգ
ûаաׯεȻͣһ£ǿѧϵݣпôİաʧܺüٴγɹĴڡ
ȷʵڣû⣿ѯʵʵҪĶܶ඼ǴѧûеģֻйܹҵңԻǽ˵ġ
ʯīϩϵĶڡ
ܶ඼ǿƷġׯεȻ˵ҾҪһ仯ѧʵңңҾͲߡ
кЦ˵⹫ʲôûмˣǰɡ
СӣϽһذ칫ҡͣһ£˵Ҹղѧ칫¥֮ǰȥһ۽ڡѧڽΣõӢѧ
ϽģҽȥˣƤ
ҾͲ
ٲҾͶ˰УӣׯεȻƵģһ̾ûӰˡ
Уҡͷ˵˵ܰСӹǻġ
治ǲκЦ˵ǻѧʵұҪõ˾Ͳ٣õóһ䣬ڿ϶ټϣҲ֪ܶҶһõġһȥѧʵң϶ҪЩģʱ˼һѧϵĽڻѧϵƴ
εѹһЩУ֪Ǵѧкܶ˶ׯںܲ⣬ռеԴ࣬ʲôöǸõġ˵üѾޣ׼ȥعˡʱȥѧϵռһ仯ѧʵңȷѧУ˼ŵĺĿЩ˻˵л
˵еУͷ˵úпϣʱ϶ҥɵľ档
ǣֹСҿǲĿĲֵģˡġ
˲ͷ󣬾ͽһ죬ѾˣׯεȻҪ⼸컹ƻĺָܱ꣬ׯεȻ
У˵ô죿
ȥͻѧϵһ£ܲܽһѧʵңҪǲȥ˼ŵʵҡУű±˵Сӣһβˡ
ɡεͷƻѧϵ϶ǲʵҳġԵȥʣׯεȻ϶Ҫܻȥʡ
˼˵˲裬Ҳûа취ǡ
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ʯīϩʵҡׯεȻشⲻǸոѧԺԺҪѧʵ𣿺˵˵²Ÿһʵҡ׼άʯīϩǶҲӦȥ
Ϊʲô˻ߺ˵ûģ϶
ĸԱЦ˵ǼгϢ϶еġ
ʯīϩʲôģ
ҪӳصķŵȺѭҪάʯīϩʯīϩܹóظȶҰȫׯεȻű˵λ⹫оѧ⣬˵һ·֮ҪҵĿ⽻ȥѡȻѧ
ȻѧʲôážװĺӣׯεȻһ䣬ģ
һȽ򻪹ҡׯεȻЦ˵Ҫǽ⡣
ŶѾһԣҪʲô⣿
ԺʿܹùȻѧȽϣԻԺʿȻɻѧԺԺʿܷΪѧԺԺʿ
տ˿ĸĸ죬Եܾȡ
ջعɣ
ǰׯεȻЦ˵ǳѧߣԺʿһٽһԺʿˣǴѧĽϯںһڣⲻǴѧܵż𣿡
ˣ˻ŭ˵ôģﶼżˣ顣ǼﲻãЩѧ㲻ãϲɵġ
ȿȣүүҲҼ䣬Ҵ̨ҲҡҵĿǸͲׯεȻæţĻ룬Ǹȥġ
˻ׯεȻԴ϶ܳԺʿġ
֣϶еģ㿴ӲǽĿ϶˵Ǽҵǻѧһ𣿡
ԶԶԡ˻Ц˵⼸춼ڵŵء
Ǹо𣿡ׯεȻ㵣û뵽үүҲڿ⵵Ŀ
ĸЦ˵ɲǣڽĿʼʱ򻹵ýսһأ˵ǼҵгϢôҶ
ǻЩѧҲ̫ˣһǹѧ
ׯεȻЦ˵ʵϲ޲ػǱŮʿҶʵ̫á
Ц˵Ҫĸѧо
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㲻ǺǸ޲غϤ𣿡ĸɻ˵Ҳ˹ٴѧѧɣ
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˹ٴѧѧģҾҰĲصҲֻܽǴѧΪ޵ѧġ
ҼǵǴѧÿ궼Ҫٰһ𣿡
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ƴһܹҵ·ġׯεȻͷҲҪȥƴ󡣡
ǰҪȥƴ󡣡
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áׯεȻӦһӣͦĵģóԷϣͻȻһʼʼݸventiones atheaticae
ׯεȻһ£ѧĴ󶥿ventiones atheaticaeannals of atheaticsacta atheaticajournal of the arican atheatical society
journal of the arican atheatical societyΪľǵѧ־
Ȼventiones atheaticaeѧ½չʵϣׯεȻûventiones atheaticaeϷģ˹ٴѧ˹ٸߵоԺѧ꿯annals of atheaticsģԼʼҿѧԺѧacta atheatica١
ͻȻѧ½չׯεȻһʼе±ơ
ʵϻܶѧжϲventiones atheaticaeģǷޡׯεȻannals of atheaticsacta atheaticaϹˮ͸־Ұġддֱӹˮϣʵֵ̫üʡ
ͺñ˵ѧĴ󶥿ɣڿټӰȻѧ־ҿһϾϡֶڿͲҪŶӣܶʱǵͶ壬»ǵϡ
ƾһ㣬㹻ǴѧĽĽʺޡ
ټһĲ죬һͳһƪڿġΪֹׯεȻѾڶڿкüʮƪģܶʱͿƪˮƪûйˮĸ󲿷˵ĸоǡҺ𺳣Ŀ
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ׯεȻѧ½չʲôûе㿪ʼĸ֭ߣеģھͿʼæˣ
ûventiones atheaticaeҵʼׯεȻ˵꣬ŷô˵ԣĿ˵һѧڿҷһʼڿֽѧ½չ
ģ˻±ֽŬŬ˵ҵҪЩĺҪ˵ʲô
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ҵѧ½չ࣬Ҳ˵ҵѧ½չ࣬ʱͶĶᷢҵʼ
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ҲׯεȻúֵĵ㣬ĸҾúְ֮ǰ˹ٴѧ˹ٸߵоԺѧ꿯ϷģżʼҿѧԺµѧϷġѧ½չһûзͻȻҵ࣬Ҳ̫ˡ
ȷʵеŹ֡ĸͷǰûͶôҵģ
䵹ܣǷʼҵġׯεȻ룬ǸԷظʼ˼ֻһΪʲôҵ࣬˵ҿԵ˵ɣҲᵣεġ
Ǳߺܿ͸ŹѧϵĹԼѧϵĳɾͣǳֿׯεȻѧ½չࡣ
ׯεȻǴ㵣û뵽Ҫѧ½չడ
һڴӦȻ֪ԼʱǷʱ䣬żǽӹҲҪٵʱ䡣ѧ꿯ˣô˵ǲҪ෢չ˲У
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˸ׯεȻʼĶУܾûпʼʱͦæġЩ˵һ»ܹȹȥģģ඼ϼܶ໹ݡ
ߵӵʱׯεȻɳϼġ˻Ѿ극ؼϢȥˣϲһЩȻѾׯεȻȻȥϢˡ
ձؼҾׯεȻ˵ĸҪɡ
áĸҡͷ£Էʱ㡣
̫ðɣׯεȻ룬һʲô顣
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148 ǽ
ׯεȻΪֻܾܴڽģű򿪵ʱ̧ͷЦ滹кüˡĥŴǺյսѣվæʰŵԡ
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дһЩģҾ͸ǿҪǿķ費Ҫ޸֮ġ
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ϰˡҲûпģһʵǸ㲻ΪʲôôƻûһģҡͷĸԷ
ճ극ͽź˵׳ȥƼѧ𣿡
߰ɡϳߣȥƴ󡣡
ׯεȻöŵϳŶĸ˻֣뿪Ժʻ򻪹Ƽѧѧ󣬿ǰһһľׯεȻǾúϤָ·ƼѧѧѧԺİ칫¥˶³ֻڳϵš
˶·ȤĿѧѧԺǽû뵽У￴ׯεȻƬӦǺܶǰƬǻϻƴ󣬲ģûô䡣
žડһתͷׯεȻƺͱײˡϵĶ䣬۾æҵʰŶһ߻˵˼
ûϵׯεȻϵֽݸ˵ʱ򣬡Σ
ǡ˲˼ЦţҪ΢ּη棬һкܶǷȱĵطҸġ˿ׯεȻҲѧϵģȥ۾Ķͦߵģе㲻ޱ߷ģ
Ҳû˵ׯεȻǸѧ٩٩̸֪һЩ⣬ҿ漰ͦġ
Щǹȸϵݶ԰ɣܿ𣿡
ɣԡû뵽ׯεȻȻĿģȸĲŸտʼдûжݡڶûпֻǿһۣȻͷС׼һЩ΢ּκȸϵо
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ĵݸׯεȻΪֻǿͷѣǰݡ
ׯεȻӹĿãŻ˵Ҫ˵һҪô𣿡
۾һԣׯεȻ֪˵ʲôʵϣׯεȻ˭֪һô֪ĽҪôⲻǸЦûͨءֻһҳģֱӰɣ
뷨ܲʵϣҾôػƪĲرãҪͶѧ½չĻ̫ʸ񡣡
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ꡣׯεȻͻȻǮµļ򣬡Һ㣬ôûǴѧ
Ǯ˶ɵˣҲ̫Ծ˰ɣ
⣬΢ּоȸ죬ұ֤һѧ½չ
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뿴ѧ꿯ѧϷôƪģȻͿѧӿƪģôֶڿǲǺϤ
Ǯͷǡû˱ׯεȻϤӦܹĴ󶥿ϾЩڿׯεȻġ
ҪǴѧҰЩ齻㣬ָָ㣬ѧ½չǲǾˣ
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һǮµļ򣬼ڿЦõ˵ׯεȻ㶼ҵǽˡ
룬롣ׯεȻǮµļ򣬻ĵɫڣôˣ
һأڴӵ۾ĶׯεȻ˵Ҫǲ㻹ôҵĲʿ
ӴʦⲻǡׯεȻǮµļ򣬡ʦܣ롣
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ׯǿǻƴѧѧԺѧĶĸ桪
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ȿ


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ڷʼǱֲ֮ԵĵطͲǵʽɻĿ˺üҳԽԽԾ
Сׯǣ̧ͷɻׯεȻǱȻѯׯεȻʼǱϵݵ˭ġ
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ˣ⼸ͦæġׯεȻüģⲻǵѧ½չ𣿹⼸ҪĴңҿĶء
Ҹվ˵ʲôѧ½չǸʲô
ѧĶڿ֮һҲвٻĽ淢ģҲüƪġû淢ģңһеءׯεȻЦҡͷѾӦÿ¶ͦæġ
ⲻͦõǻĽںܶ඼淢ģ
ܹܲһҪϸ񡣡ׯεȻЦģҿϵģһɲա
ͦġׯεȻԴЦû˵

峿¶ˮҶϣһׯεȻϴͣʱ䣬үүҪүүֽġĸ˲ٵļ񣬽ȥѧӣ֮󣬶ĸׯεȻز˺ܶԵĶ
Ҳ֪ʲôʱܻҪǲ˵ȥѧ˺͸ԵȥѧǼׯεȻôܹׯεȻС
ĸ˵ϾܻأװôණׯεȻһож̫㰡
˵ܻǲܻأҪڿѧоأ
Ҫòͷָȥԣزġ
ĸİɣѧϣֻ۸˵ģû˸۸ҵġսׯεȻϣˣϳɡ
ϳ֮󣬶ĸĵׯεȻü仰
ѧǰׯεȻڴ绰ȥ
εȻ㡣


150 ܹ
ѧǰվׯεȻһѾȥϰˣׯεȻڿѧǰţϵ͹Ĺĵġ۾ׯεȻ˵ʲô
ׯεȻһ£˵ҶĸҵĶ
⡭ֻúЦ֪ô˵ҡͷ˵ôණ׼Ϻüʱ䣿
ûҿû㡣ׯεȻæ֣ⲻǶĸҪϺü죬Ҵ𣿡
Ÿڣ뿪ʱߣĵԡʼǱ֮õʵȥ
áׯεȻĽó׼ŸڵģǼڿһۣˣ㻹ǴȥʵҰɣôҲó緹ˡ
ׯεȻе㵣򼾽˵ڣǲ̫ʱһ㣿
ϻȥڿûׯεȻһͨǵں˶ׯεȻʵݣʱ䣬ʵҲû۳һׯεȻļȻǱȽģڵ϶ⲻˡ
ȵׯεȻѧ֮Ըǽ⡣
ŴСĶ·˺üڣʵʱׯεȻΩӰҲûпֻǾúǺΩ
ţøҲ𣿵ûж໰øڲø顣οֵطǲҪѯʱȽϺá
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λǻƴϵڣҲһλǳʸĽڡҲǻԺԺʿ֮һׯεȻǰǰʺãӭׯڵĵ
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ϾǺһҲϲϵġ
ׯͲҪǫˣˣҪһϵ㣬Ҳǣ
ٺ١ׯεȻӣû˵
ȿȡһλžװ˿һλׯڰɣ
Ц˵Ǯ˿ҪӹȥǴѧ
Ŷλ˴ׯεȻûв´ǸӦׯڰɡ
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СӡǮˬʵЦţ˵ϼ⻹ѧأ̳ѧˡ
˭Ϻصأһ
ӴǮϴׯεȻϸһû뵽ı飬Ǻ˻Ӱ
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ѹ֣ѹ֡Ǯ˵⺢ôߵѧ츳Ҿ˵Ǵðģԭǳеﰡ뵱СҲ쵱ѧţֻϧûмоܹоĻ˵ǻֶһλŮѧҡ
ׯڵʼǱһʲôҪ۵ģ
ȡվ˵ׯڵıʼǱУкܶƫ΢ַǻûȫ
ׯڣƵ̶һɵ𣿡
ȻׯεȻףƵ̶һɵġ
ȷʵƪƵоķúܺá˵Ƶ̣ȷʵڷƫ΢ַ̣ģ棬ܶ඼Ǵġ
ׯεȻҡͷͬǵĻʵǴ󣬶ΪЩʧ󡣡
֪ûпһʼǱׯεȻָһʼǱ˵ʵϵȷģҿԿ϶ûбҴƫڼ֮ڣǿģͣõͷɻϡ
Ǵƫˣ˷ʣȻ̫ׯεȻİѵоԱƫ¡ѷԭǷƫ΢̵ַĶʦټϴôʱ䣬ǲôױƫοǱҪоͷɻ϶ֹ¡ѷһ˲μӣôѧңҪȫƭסҾò̫ܡ
annals of atheaticsԼventiones atheaticaejournal of the arican atheatical society涼вٹڷƫ΢̵ַо֪λûпЩڿϵģȫҴУάҶ-˹п˹⻬Բûб⿪ѾҸǲúõȦסܹץı顣
˹ٴѧʱѷһЩԵѧͳһȻ漰ݣǺȻҸѧ϶ֽţԼ漰ݵȫһŻңѾʼ㲻嵽ĸ˴󡣡
ǮЦ˵СӵǴôͲ·ѷ鷳
˵ͷѷĹϵͦİɣ
ҲܲôˡׯεȻ˵ʹǷѷҪ鷳Ҳֻϴ
ѧûй磬ǿѧйģûĸѧ¶ׯεȻ˵ȻΪˣȻҪΪǡ
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㵹֪ٶǮ˵֮󣬡ʲôҪ˵ģⱾʼǱ顣
ׯεȻ˵ʵһиҪ˵
˵˵ʲô飿
ʵģҪԿάҶ-˹п˹⻬ԳԽ⡣
оԱȫס˰Σ˵Сׯ˵Ŀǻ롣
Ҳû˵Ҫ⿪άҶ-˹п˹⻬ⰡׯεȻ̯Ц˵ֻҪܲⷽ
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ׯεȻȷʵڻûиʲôＸںڣȥȫǾӢһһȺԵüΪڣΪλ
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ҪҪһȽϵһ·
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ҵʱ˵۾ۼǵϡǺüλžװľˣĿ⼫Ϊ
ׯεȻλǮϵǰ棬Ҳ˵λȺѧҵ
վŶüλɾ٣Լ滹һȺȽľٽšׯεȻ棬Բӵľβ̫˽⡣ǵʲô𣬲Ӧü𲻵͡½кпվ
΢һЩľں棬ͬǸֶеġ
Ҳжʮ߰ģׯεȻ˵Ⱥġ
һ£λaƻܹԼʦѧߡǴѧѧϵϯڡһڡ˹ٴѧѧϵڡ˹ٸߵоԺѧѧԺڡventiones atheaticae࣬ׯεȻڡ
ׯεȻڵȻû뵽ܹʼʦôܡǵһ⣬ҪǸĲҲˣǸĿʲôЦ
ׯڣ˵˵ɡ֮󣬴ҵĿⶼׯεȻǰļλɵľĿⶼһ˿档ǲȺѡˣôϽڣѡһλȥǸеĽڣʵе벻ͨôʮҲˣλʮꡣ
ǸûʮȡѧʿѧλͲʿѧλڵǱߵ˺üĽڡ
ٶȱ˭죬ֱڼϻѧһ˵ͷϾһشĿҳǮôࡣׯεȻܲܵôҪְ񣬻ôʺš
ׯεȻڡ洩̾װľᶨ˵ǴѧѧϵʿѧλʦӾǴѧ嫺ڣѧϰѧ
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ׯڣ˵˵Ϊʲôʦ𣿡
ȻׯεȻ̯֣ҲǸղŲ֪ġ
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񻹿©һ㶫ׯεȻӦдҸóĲзƫ΢ַǼ޷ƫ΢̵ַӦúͼ㡣
λɻĿׯεȻܴ󣬵ǲѧѧģׯεȻʲô飬ʲôطȷʵ֪
ȷʵһдׯεȻղ˵Ķ
ȷʵС
ôͰɡׯεȻ˵˵ڷƫ΢̷ַȫڶȫҲû˸졣
ׯεȻüëഺȥǳ־СӡഺϢЦţׯǹ֪ѧңѧ沢ǺϤ
ʵ˵ׯҲǸ㼼ġôţġ
ôԸң˵ԡƫ΢ַ̣Լ޷ƫ΢ַ̣ǵĿʲôϵ𣿡
׶˹ԺҲѧϵķƫ΢ַ̣Ǽ޷ƫ΢̵ַӦúӳۣǹ淶۵⣬ǧ֮һҲҵĲʿģ֮һ˶ɵġׯεȻЦţû˵
沿ϵûи㼼оģⷽ岻ϻߵѧҺѧңһЦгģ
Ŷ½ߵĺ˵ôׯڣ˵סݼ԰λ𣿡
ȻׯεȻͷȻ˭λѧΰѧ֮һ
ѧϵĹ淶ۺǵĿʲôϵ
ûκιϵ
ׯεȻ̯֣Ҳûصȴ˵ǺͷƬ΢緽йϵ
ϸ˵˵
λ֪ǧɣׯεȻ˫ַϣľ١
˵Щ̫
νǧ⣬Ҳߵѧϵ⡣


151 
ׯεȻ͵ҲԳ֮Ϊѧߴ⡣
ô˵ûдɣ
˶û˵λ½ףôׯڿԼ˵ȥ𣿡
ȻׯεȻЦ˵׶˹ԺάҶ-˹п˹⻬Ա϶Ƿƫ΢ַϵ⡣Ѿ׶˹Ժ⣬ҽάҶ-˹п˹⻬⣬ҵȻҲǿԼоġ
ȥⶼǷƫ΢̵ַ⡣ܽ˵ôׯڿ˵һǵĿ֮ʲôϵ𣿡
άҶ-˹п˹⻬⣬ѧճţķ̣δȫķֻ̣дԼһٶؽⱻӵķ֮һĲ˸ǵںѴСļǵִʽɻķСѧҺѧţ΢绹ͨάҶ˹п˹̵Ľ⣬ǽнͺԤԡȻЩ19дµģǶǵȻ١1
˵άҶ-˹п˹⻬Ժ-׶˹Ժ֮ʲôϵֺĿʲôϵأ
ׯεȻ֮Ц˵ô˵ׯڸɵĻϱп
ϱаɡׯεȻҲЦôʲô𣿡
ûˡҡͷȻׯѾǽôׯڿڸǽһ¹ĿĿ
áׯεȻ̧ͷɤӣ˵֪ͷɻҪʵ顣ʵĲ֣ҪľάҶ-˹п˹⻬⡣
ȡׯεȻһʼǱл˻ΣҸݼڸҵķƫ΢ַѾƵļ㷽̣ĵĲ֡
Һźڵļ㷽ʽ˵ڵȥͲͷɻׯεȻͣһ£ӵľҲסʼС̸
ׯεȻͻȻ֮ܰǰķʽ͵ķɻ˵Ҳǻ˺üʱĶˮƯǴӸϻǴʱϣЩܲ˵ġ
ׯڣȷ𣿡
ʴҡ
Ǯȳ˵ׯ˵úܶԣóȷʵʵ֡
Ҳ˵һжҪͷʼӵĴ󲿷˶ʼüͷʱûô࣬ȥôǮȫˮƯﻹǺܲģׯεȻɫ˺أ˽üһȥǼѡ
ȻҲûкϢׯεȻеıʼǱ˳̧һʼǱƵĵ׼ͷɻ
ҿô˵ͷɻǾȷģڼϣΪǼ㷽ʽ⣬ԼҸǲٵ塣ڼ֮ڣǸ
ׯʲôʱӴľҵ
źׯεȻλɵľ٣ûнӴЩ˹ٴѧνʱ¡ѷڸҵһЩƵġ
ȻҲԲҿƵĲֵĹʽׯεȻЦ˵ҲϻеڶܹӵƵ
һҪһ㣬ѾƵеĹʽźĸߴңǵȷģһʼǴġҸǵǴϼӴ
Ҹұ֤ʱ֮ڣǶҸʲô塣ǿץסյڣʼзԸۣезһͷɻׯεȻ˵꣬λʵׯжİա
ٷ֮ʮׯεȻܳʵĻش𣬡źǵİղȵ߶١
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ûʹǼңǵĳɹҲٷ֮ʮеıʼǱׯεȻλ٣Щֹ
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һ⣬˾ãĿбҪȥ𣿡
СׯεȻն˵ҸΪĿбҪȥġҲǹһ֣ǱоͷɻѾüʱ䣬ǱͺдڲĨƽʱ򣬸ʱΪʲôǲоȥء
ǡֻаٷ֮ʮļ𣿡
ֻаٷ֮һļҲҪоȥׯεȻƶĿ٣ڵܲоȥҲˡ
ٳĬãׯܹͶ룬룬ӦǿһЩɹ
ׯεȻЦ˵ģͦܳһʱоһĿ
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ׯεȻ֮󣬸һлУ߹ׯεȻ˵ׯڣҸҪ⣬֪㡣
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ô˵ǽһЩҪݹȥǲСй¶ҲлУţǼѡ
ҲôΪġׯεȻҡͷ˵Ҿô˵ɣȫ֮⣬ûеڶܹһЩ޹ؽҪķ̺ƵĹʽݡԼۡׯεȻţԣⷽõģΪˣǱ߲ŸһЩ޹ؽҪĹʽݴǸͲ뵽ѾƵǵм㣬һƫ̫ƫڿɿطΧ֮ڡ
ׯ仰ҾͷĲ١ȻѾô˵ˣôҾͲʹⷽ顣Ҷǵо治̫ϤлУЦ˵˵׳ֶӡ
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ׯڣǲ̫ҰĲһЩǮ˵ʵǲ̫Ū
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ׯڡǮЦ˵ǵѡԺʿˡ
ׯεȻЦ˵˵ʵ벻ѡԺʿ֮ģʵر⣬ǴѧֲûԺʿѧϵʮԺʿôԺʿһ࣬һ١
ׯ⻰˵ãԹ
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ҲáׯεȻЦ˵ǴѧͦõģûҪۡ
㻹ǴѧˣǽǱǴѧ˶֪ô¡ԱߵļЦ˵εȻѧεı죬ҪǵĽڿһ㣬ָͻׯεȻƹȥˡ
ŶǮϿׯεȻ˵ׯҪǴѧѧԺԺ
ҿûǸ˼ׯεȻæ񶨣ʿֻһĲʿоûء
ǵںãʲô鶼ҪֻҪñְͳɣʲôԺʿԺʿģʲôԺԺģڡ
ׯڣ˵ںͦƵġ
˰ׯεȻڵ٩˵һûȥ룬Ӧô⡣Ŀǰ㷽棬һȥѧģͺʵ鷽棬ȷʵرУǮ˵ⷽķرϾͱƳˣǮְɡ
ҾһΧ۵·ˣͳˣҲ᲻ʲôӦѧⷽرѧĴ棬Ҫ鷳ڡ
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Ҳô˵ׯεȻһʵһкܶණҪ͸λǰѧϰʲôҾ˰
뿪ʵңׯεȻʵǲҼȥЩڻҪΧ
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ׯεȻ20꣬ʵҵܹʡ˵꣬ڱԭд֣ׯεȻĻŵ̧ͷǰĿƬժݸڱ
Լְڱ˺һʱŽƬׯεȻ˼ĴЦ˼ׯΪǵһ
ԼϸһЩǰɡׯεȻҡͷûйϵڿ뿪𣿡
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ׯεȻɻ˵Ω磬ûнȥ
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׼˯ȥ°ࡣׯεȻЦ˵ǹһʳ𣿡
Ωҡͷ治ǹһʳãȻȥϢɡ
ׯεȻͷΩǻ񣬼򵥺˵˼뿪
ԶĺΩׯεȻЦҡͷ
ȷʵеۣҪ˯ԼͶ⣬Ӧôźأܹͻ⣬˵棬ֱʮڼʮ궼пܡ


152 
ׯεȻУҪڽnavier stokesͬʱҲͶ⡣һɻԼзֻҪȶۺ㷨оǽġɻҪıۡ
ΪӦδеǳ󺣣ҲӦҪ̫а裬ĿǰϵԴǲάֵġ
˿ɿغ˾۱䣬Լֻпɿغ˾۱䡣Ҫڷɻϰװɿغ˾۱䣬ôֻнɿغ˾۱СͻЦǣڿɿغ˾۱ȻǴ֮УܹתǮ󻹲֪ܲͻƵļֻŷԼ
豸ûУҵƻҪׯεȻȥܹʦеһۺơŷ˵иiter֯ŷڸ㣬͵ҲСʵϣiterУûжٻȨǮҪҲûа취ڻҪǲ˲Ŵϣûеŷ˵˶ࡣ
ԼҲڸɿغ˾۱ʵ飬ڿѧ2000꿪ʼѾٸϧô꣬ʲôûС
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ʵϣܹڽܵĿѾˡ˵ܹʺʦ˵ǴеĶҪпܹϵĲҪġ
ҲǲҪ𣬿ôĶȫһҲͦ۵ġ
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ȻׯεȻһλıߣʵϣһûеߵĹҡûеߵĹأɲ˵ҪڻĿȽǿټս塣ѧܴܲڶ⡣
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ܶѧҵƢǳͻˡλׯڿȥᣬׯڵƬʱҲܴ㵡ˣ潻ǣλǹĽڣҪϧһд۵ıǿƬһǸЦòõкǴ˵йĽڣ
ϼǳĸׯεȻ20꣬ǵnasa͹ҵƻҪȡܹʦι˹ٴѧѧϵϯڣǴѧѧϵϯڡһڡѧң֮ΪѧһˣıĿꡣҪϧһд۵ıλڡ
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ڿЩǳ˼ׯ̬ͦãҲͦͰġ
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ͦõġׯεȻЦЦû˵æе飬ȥеĲɵģԱߵļںǮûз֡ܿׯεȻͿʼͶ뵽УʲôҪҪ֮ģƨ¡
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ǷɫׯεȻ඼ҪɤۡҲ֪ΪʲôҪϢ̫ˣ־ǽһ㡣


153 ƭ
ɫϣǻһЦ
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ĩȥԷСȻȻ
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ëɡׯεȻżǣһؼˡ
ĩǵȥԷǻ֣ׯεȻģׯεȻŭû˵ʯξֱ߰ɣҪ񾭲
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ص֮ׯεȻǺָ⡣򿪵ԣֻóҫֻҲûнӡǵĵ绰Ӻ׼༭ȥǾʹ绰
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ǣ˵ԲУҾԲСЦ˵˵ĶǶԵġ
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ɣȹҰɡЦţҲϰ࣬˯˰СȻ

ãҹҹȥ˯ˡʼ٩ׯεȻﻹаߴҪҲ˯
ׯεȻüͷ˭ѧģ𣿡
˵ͦĵģ˵Ҿòİڵ绰ͷ˵ŻׯεȻôô塣Ҳ֪һʱһﵽǾʲôô塣
ˣú˵ׯεȻԴͼֻȿģ㰮ôô
Ϣ˯̫岻áǹҵ绰ֻ۾ܿ˯ȥ
ֻׯεȻüͷҲûŪΪʲô˵Ҫ顣Ӧðִһ˿ζĳ̾ʲô
벻ͨѧϵ⣬ĪϺüҲ벻ͨҡԴҪֵֹ뷨ϳԺôһҪ档ѲǡҪһģŲҪ
һô۸Ź֡ׯεȻģѧģׯεȻѷַһƪѧϵġӦûûͶ壬ղżnavier stokes̵ʱ򣬲ſӦǷѷڸϴarxivûжõʱ䡣
㿪ģׯεȻƵĿҲ֪Ϊʲô黹ͦģǲΪø⣿
׿ЩϡŹֵ뷨ׯεȻʼѷڷarxivϵĹʽ
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صԣׯεȻڴϾ˯ˡ
峿緹ûгšǵĵ绰ʹ˹ûУ
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ҪҪҲ԰ͣһ£ҴȥԺóԵģһҺóԵĵꡣ
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ǻֺǺǵģҸүү˵Բ𰡣һûϱء
ׯεȻ򿪵ԣŷѷڵģԼ׼ҹƼڻ
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ȻӦ÷һƪʲôĸˣׯεȻ˵˵رá
áҡͷ˵ǼȻǾˣͲڼƭǡ
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ׯεȻȥоֱϳʱʯׯεȻĺŸ衣ͱģܲһ
ׯڡʯӺӾпׯεȻ˵ׯڽͦ˵ġ
Ҳ˵ˣûвˡׯεȻЦţʯξʲô𣿡
ûʯҡͷҲ֪ǸСׯʲôϵͦǣׯġûʣҲȥѯׯڵ˽¡ׯڵ˽⣬ǱׯڣͲù⵵顣
ټ϶ԷǾ죬Ҫʵ̫򵥡Ѿ鵽ˣʵҼڵӣׯʶָ֡ǷСׯںֵʱܹ˵ׯĲ
صңׯεȻĥҪҪҲnavier stokes̵ģõǱߵĸӼᶨѾúõ塣ʵϣׯεȻҲѣǵȫȷģôҲκε©
ʱ򷢱navier stokes̾Ե̫⡣
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ûûССĵ㣬ں棬ϵϰȫ
֪ˡԱߵĿȺһڣ㻹ҪӰࣿ


154 
԰̾Ϣ˵ҪƼݡ
ƼݰׯεȻһ£㲻Ӳ°ࣿ
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ׯεȻӦһҲϢؼҾ˯
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Ȼ΢΢̣ŸĻͦ˵ġɰһֻ΢ɲЦûб˷֡
Ϊںɩ˵أû뵽ǵܵܡ
ǰҲΪǺɩӴ绰ء
һȥñӴϣǰҪƼݣ֪ʲôʱܻȥء

ſȣеĿαׯεȻͻȻһ뷨Ҫ֮ǰģƪĻarxiv֮ǰ¼ڿϵġ
򿪵arxivһȦ֮󣬶ûз֣û·ʯš
ׯڣʲô𣿡ʯǸϴ裬۾һգգĿׯεȻڵϻЩΡ
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УȻСʯæͷһ¡˵ʯţһͷׯεȻǰׯڣ߰ɡ
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ôţĳЩԼҲ鵽ƼݣΪԼѰɣ
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ˣƴҲû̫õʱ䡣ƴͼݣׯεȻֱÿѧĹݸͼԱ߽ͼʼѰarxivδ¼ģʯҪξǱׯεȻʲôҲﲻׯεȻæ
Щ鱾ܶ඼鱾ʶʶ鱾
ׯεȻߣׯεȻٵ鱾ĬĬվׯεȻߣʱرҪ֧̣ϧͼǲ̵ġͼЩյ˲࣬ڿҪ賿ǶʮСʱӪҵҲǻõĴѧ֮һǳ٣ͨ顣ܻжˣæſлôоϵˡû˻ôͼͨ飬ׯεȻ˺üڿڿš
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κ˵ѧĶзԾһڻƴ⼸ȥμֹʶĻɣ
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伢õǽһ졣


155 
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ҪׯεȻڻи̣ºܶ˯žġҹҲҪĸɵӸڻ飬ҪǻҪء
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ֻԱߣׯεȻͻȻѯʣ׼ͨ
Ǯ̧ͷӦӦǻͨġ
Ҳ׼ͨһЩnavier stokes̵ϣҪЩΪԶĹϵarxivû¼Ҳòͼҡ
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һѧĶЩǷȫ񶨣дѧʷҪڲ뱻֤֮󣬲֤ġ
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ׯڣŮɻؿˣ˭ׯڣ


156 
Ůѣ顣ΩţׯεȻתͷЦ˵ɩӵ
ųһׯεȻôҲ˺üξˣȨ޶Ƿǳߵģׯ˭֪ʯһֱû˵۾֪һﲻͨӳֱֱˡͦϡġλׯأ
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ׯεȻ˹ٴѧѧߣܹõ˹ٴѧ˹ٸߵоԺĽڣѹһع͵ǴѧĽڣһҪʯξׯεȻʲô𣿻ҪʯξܼܸԼȨ޺ܸߣ
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ʱ򣬾˵ǹƨͨġׯģһû˵ȻȻѧȨʱȨȷʵã˵ׯ֣㹻еѧѧΪ֮Ŀ
ѧѧںܶ๤ڣׯֱκ˶ҪáŻ˹ѾʼоģҲɼ޵ĵ뿪˳Ž칫ҵŹϡ
ֱ֮󣬻˹ģпׯȷʵѧѾԶԶʱˮƽѧϣׯѾǶһĴڡƪ˵ܶ˼붼ǻɬģҪļ㡣ͻȻƪƺûзarXiv
ֱͶ嵽Nature
Ѳǵһƪĵѧң˹ɻ򿪵ԣarXivġȻׯεȻûзƪĵκ½ڣ˹Щ١Ȼǵһƪĵѧңʼ˼ѾܻɬҪĻҪһµʱܽһٶҳĸܶҪ绰ׯͨС
ҵϵۡȥƪȻûн⿪룬Ǿ࣬ׯεȻоһʱ䣬ȫ⿪롣
ֱǲ˼飬ׯϰս⿪BSD룬صûжãҪ⿪롣ôʱֻһѧ
ʰеĶ˹ڴĻؼҡׯĹھʺͼΪڼΡѧڴѧϵоֵׯȸڼΡѧϵļ㣬ȸعĻҪöࡣ
ȻׯӦҪȸֻ֣ûлѡڡǸׯڿʼȸعȽ֪һǳˡ
ȽһֱţѧͳһôǸ˲ǱˡֻׯεȻ
˹Ҳͬ뷨ǿϧǣׯεȻƺȸûȤѧϵоӷƫ΢ֱַΣһֱûжȸκεĸı䡣ׯεȻʼȸ죬ȸ쿴ȥȽڻҪϤģ
˵û˹ţΪׯεȻľϲѾ㹻ࡣǾׯϲѧͳһѾ֡һ̿ʼѾѧͳһĵʱ
Ρѧ໥ת֤ȸԳ֮Ϊׯʽ롣ڼΡ֮⣬ׯεȻѾѧȸ졣
û˹ϲġȸӰԶϵۡԼȺıʾۡׯεȻӴηչѧıʾۣʮҳвĻ֤ϸЩɵݱܹܵϵ
˹Ժԥ˵ȸԸı֮Ϊׯȸ졣
ǻ÷ƶĽѧңоȸʱҲͨȸ챾ڴΡԼȺ֮ڵ֤͹סûׯεȻ⼸еķ֮⣬ֱһµѧࡣ
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˹ǻؼ֮󣬲ſׯεȻѧͼΡתϽϸĲʮҳ֤ԼĲз֤
ʵϣ˹ںܺ棬Щͻ֤ׯʲôʱġ
ԽԽ˷ܣ˹Ѿﵽʳĵز
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󵽣ƪķȥ֮󣬻ѧѧ磬Լܶ๤ѧ磬ôĵ
˹ȲĸׯεȻ绰ȥӵ绰ׯεȻƺ˯
ԺĶŵ绰˵ã
ׯ˹˷ܶ˵ǻ˹ҿģ㾹ȻΡѧĻ룬ۡׯ㻹оȥ𣿡
ȻׯεȻ˯ú죬Ǳ˹ѵġ˹˷ܵЩĪ˹ڣ֪ѧͼΡ໥תĻ룿
ׯ˹Ҳܴ㵣ˣNatureͶˡ
ԣҸNatureͶˡô˹ˣ
ûˡ˹þ̾˵ׯȫû뵽״ȸǽȸı߽ؿһѧϡ
ׯεȻЦ˵˹ڣΪҴ绰𣿡
ׯ⻹˼𣿡˹źǿҵĲ⣬Ҫ֪ƪѧͳһһ󲽣ׯܹѧ֧ȫȸУôѧͳһۡ
ׯεȻźǷ˵ʵϻ˹ڼѧҲûȫ껹άۡԼά۵ȣûȸ֮ϣҿͬϹȸеĹ𣿡
һׯ㽫󲿷ѧķ֧ȸл֤оͬϵȸ졣Ҳ漰ͬۡ˹Ϊ˵ҿ˵ׯֱѧң·Ϊѧġ
⡭ׯεȻڵ绰ͷסˣû뵽˹ڼֵز
֮һûɣкܶݻҪĲ֤ׯεȻ˵Ҫ֮ڿʼⷽݡ
Ȼû⣬ׯʼڴѧϸǴ𺳡˹˵ׯ˼Ϣ
ûׯεȻЦʱ賿˯ûжãͱ˹ڵĵ绰ѡ
˹Ҳһ˿˵ʵʵ̫𺳣Ҷʱ顣ׯҿһģʵ̫ˡ
Ű뷨ԼĲϵ˵ʵġҼţƪĵķѧĴ𡣡
𣿡ׯεȻ÷˵ɣ˹ڣȥҲͦƣģӦЩ˯
۾Ƥʼܣ˹
ҵ绰֮󣬺ܿͽ˯״̬
˹ɻżģţѧīѧԺûǰڼϸоׯεȻƪܹѧġľȻNatureϡΪׯεȻƫActa MathematicaϾѧӰӵߵڿҲߵڿ֮һģѧ𺳼ǲͶActa Mathematicaׯѧ½չı༭ҲӦͶIiones Mathematicae
ׯεȻôҪһƪܹѧµ۸ʱ̵ķNatureɾڰθNatureѧλ

硣ׯεȻ˯òرã𴲵ʱе˯ģʯк֮ǰϴ
ׯڡʯ¥ͣׯεȻеƣҪϢһ£ȥѧ
ˡׯεȻҡͷϽһĵ绰ҹģ˹̫˷ܣҴ
źǷҡͷ˵ʵûа취һЩɻŹҵ绰ⲻȽ˯컹ɡ
кܶҪվׯεȻ˸
߰ɣʯξ
ʯͷڳϣׯεȻȷʵһЩȸ顣ҪȸкܶҪģһѧҪȫҲҪһʱ䡣ҪѧͳһǼѡ
뵽ɵ̾Ϣһ
ʯӺӾпׯεȻ̾ϢС˵ׯ
ֻڸпѧļѶѡҡͷ˵ѧʵ̫ˣܶණԸ㶨
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ʯҲû˵ֻǰĿųׯεȻߡ
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ⷽѧ弫ΪشԶׯεȻͷһǾòãһҪĲֱ֤ѧ뵽ȸС
ȸǸʲôʯֻ֪ܰׯεȻ˵š
ͷۡׯεȻԴ˼ţӦǼоȸеѧֺһЩо۸á
ĺþᰡ
ׯڣоĸֶѧı仯һЩʯֻ̫˵ʵѧ仯ġ
ʵѧкܴı仯򲻽ѧѧƼȵҵܴı仯ׯεȻЦ˵Ҳ̫ȷҪĸţܶѧҶҪҼȥȸص⡣
ʵǹѾкܶѧоȸص⣬ҲкܶˡϾѧΨһһпܳΪͳһۡ̾Ϣ˵ÿѧҶҪѧϵĴͳһҲ⡣
ѧϵĴͳһõķչͿƼһȡ֮֮ߵı⡣ׯεȻ˵ȻҲ˶ħһ㣬ĳΪƼķչ
ʯģѧͳһǣ
еѧ֧ܹת˵۵ȵȣ໥תܹ֮µĶңںܶѧϵܹׯεȻܵ˵ҲѧϵͳһཫͻĿǰпܿԽʱķչеĿƼ
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ʱԻײϣͺ˲

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˹ʱѾһûгš˻˹칫ҼΣ֪˹һֱڼԭnatureмʱҪӡҪ֪˹ûнׯĿġ
˵˹һµʱ䶼ǷʳҹĿׯġƪԶԶnature༭˵Ԥ϶һ
ʱǻ˹ڵķ˿š
롣һ裬ɳϰŵĵȴŻ˹ڵĵ
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һûŪڵʱ䣬һһ׼ȷĴ𸴡˹˵ȻׯûдģֻǻЩѵҪŪnature⼸ҪĵĻҸ˽飬ׯķǰ档ׯǺ䶯ѧģҼţķ֮󣬽nature޾ٹ⡣
żΪĶлл˹ڡæվл˹񼤵ְΪׯһֱġ˺üʱ佫ĵĸʽãԵŰݷãׯĻѧĺ䶯˿ĳ棬ְнͲΡ
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ׯܹΪѧ̻ʡѧԼѧ֧Ǹʱׯѧʷΰѧҡ
û֮һ
ֶѧңҲֻ
ʵڻ˹ЩׯεȻͷ϶ĵġⱲӶׯεȻģҾѾǳŲҪõʱ䣬ׯܽ⿪롣ѧһ̱顣
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뵽ﻳ˹һׯʲôʱٴξٰһѧᣬһԥǰǴѧ
˹ڼׯεȻеɵ㣬Щɵڻ˹˵ǷǳѵġѾһµļ㣬ɬĵطȫ֤ûдֻɵҪ㣬ʣڿʼ
һεׯһεׯЩͬѧϸͬʱҲܸѧ𺳺;ϲȥ֮ڣǧֻʣ裬Ҳ֪ׯ᲻ѧʹϵ顣Ȼܹϣׯѧʹ顣
ȿȡ˹һһϢ٣ȫоׯεȻϡ̫ãоׯεȻƪ֮úúϢС
üķ֤˹ڷ±һȻׯεȻȷģĽһжչʾǡ⿪ֻׯһͷѧȸׯ˼·ʵ̫ѣׯᵽĺܶ룬ׯһ˽Ƿ֤Ϊͽ
ǣ᲻ֱԵ⣬˵ѧϣкܶҪСׯĲΣкܳľ롣
Ǹnature༭ʼȥׯͨˡҪҪȥ־ҷ͢˹ֽѧ磬ȴŵȻʸڵϿԼԶڻׯ֮⣬ŷѧһˣƵıǷ͢˹˶ǾʿѾˡѧڳ޴Ĺףڷ͢˹ԭѧҡ
ֻŵĳ̶ƺׯЩȽϲˡ
ھȥ־ѧоҵ͢˹ׯƪĸѧȸĲ֣ׯĲ룬һһ֤ɡׯ˼·Ҫׯ˼·оȥҲǲеġ
ѧҺѧ֮𣬱˵ׯģֻҪһҳܹȫҪȥ
ׯģźǻɬûа취⿪
͢˹зӣƪӦúܿͻ`natureûбҪôż˵͢˹
ǵȵȰɣ˹һͬʱоЩתׯʵ̫Ҫúõ˯һУϵԣ˹һû˯ô

ɡׯεȻеļ㹫ʽݸڣЦ˵ʲôѯң飬һҪεĽnavier stokes˼ĿǰӦòн
Сׯһ߷ׯεȻļ㣬һ˵׼ȻǴѧ𣿡
ԣȻǴѧ⣬һϹоҸĲûкģÿҲͦĵġׯεȻЦţʵϰҪĻǸУѧʱջصǴѧȻҲҪһµģҸҾҲҪʼǸʱݼлƴ󶼻ȥˣǴѧҲ
ɳȻׯεȻһׯεȻʤǧʿ׺ƵοǸ
ֵһǣǮ»ׯεȻĻڰ֮ǰȥǴѧνĽѼںͻƴѧѧԺӶҪˡׯεȻôҲǻƴ֪УѣҵջعƴƭǵĲʿ汻ߡ
Ǵѧÿü绰ߴׯεȻϽȥ֮ׯεȻͻǡ
׼µǰˣǺĸУˣׯεȻоܴ̼
ҪѧһЩȥǴѧɡڲ˵СׯǸѧУӰɡӶߣѧУʣʲô
ׯεȻЦ˵ڣҲô˵ģѧҪȥѧУҲÿԼѡǡ


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ׯεȻЦû˵ڣҾ뿪˰
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ʯξׯεȻ˵лһչˣҪǴѧˡʱ鷳ˣ飬ǵøҷ
ʯЦ˵ׯڣıڣȥʲôطҾȥʲôطҡ¶˼Ц⣬ôĿҪˣɣҲǸڵġ
ׯεȻ㵵ĿʯǰʯξһΪ
˼ׯûи˵Ժͱ㡣
¶Ů֪𣿡ׯεȻ㵵ؿʯҪŮ֪ú֣˵Ҳֵͦġ
ʯûо֣Ц˵ְҲǵһΡ
֮󣬻˻ҵǹĿѧңԺ϶μӺܶౣԵĿȻҪǱġ
ΰûôɣׯεȻ룬һ߼˷ҲЩˣҪú֮ġ
һǲеģǺܶʱ򶼻֮⡣ʱֻһСʯЦ˵Ŀѧңʲô߹ıǲֵġ
ðɡׯεȻ̾Ϣһһɻء
ȻʯЦ˵һɻǵģѾׯźˡ
⡭ׯεȻǴ㵣ʲôʱ򣿡
֮ǰ˵⼸Ҫ𣿡ʯЦ˵ԺҶһҪʲô鶼Ը˵ҾƱ֮Ҳ԰ġ
رҪ֪ʯξһؼңסʲôط
ҿסڳûйϵģСһЩĵطʵϴׯεȻؼ֮󣬸Ĺҵһм顣ׯεȻܹΪܶ๱ףıҽ̵Ŀѧңͬʯ˵ôΪûбãʲôˣҪ֣ͻȳ֡
»üϸӣׯεȻҪӺ͹˫رġׯεȻּ˹ƼĺĲ֣ҪˣҪǿıӶ޲ׯεȻֱסӴԺʮСʱׯεȻҲǴѧϿˣֱȥƴϿáóΪ٣Ȼֻ룬Ȼûⷽ뷨
ׯεȻص֮󣬱ȼ߹عͲӶׯεȻļԼѧУбɸѡˣׯεȻӴɿصΣաɿصΣҲҪ⣬ׯֻҪúõоúõĵھСʲôΣ֮ģׯûбҪӴ
ʯֱִġһǻصǣмڻֱݼ١Ķͷ˾лУׯʮ죬ȫݵġȥ֣⼸꣬飬ׯεȻҲȻ浽죬ׯεȻ
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ʵׯεȻҪʯֱӻؼҵģ룬ʯ϶ǲӦġǱׯεȻûоñ˸ʲôҲ˯ҲҪ˯һʵϾ͸ࡣЩ鲻ҪȥʯźþС
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һӴŶҪƵԺ̸ǻеΣׯεȻҡҡͷֵֹ뷨ӳԺ
ׯεȻϢͦģ糿׼뿪ĸСװ˺ܶණѾ˿ǺȥġׯεȻ׼ԼõģʯѾšʯһзǸһǵˡ
ͷʻͦߵģϷɻ֮ׯεȻĥһصǿ̫ܲҪҪҫ
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⣬ʯׯεȻǰߣһ䣬һɫͦžװڵȴʲôƵġ
ʯʱǰ񣬡ãʯξ𣿡
ʯеĶ׼Ļ񣬲ҽ֤ݸԷҵ֤
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˼ǣׯεȻûбҪ
ǰţڿɳϿŵӡպôӳ¶ԴׯεȻվ⾪ϲ˵ˣ
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162 
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𡣡Ǿ˼ͥ˵ЩĽҪɳֱЩֱͻỻ´֮ǰֱҪһֱΪܶѧҲǹĿѧң֪ܶܡǺûļ⻹ǵһΡˣҲû
˵лԺʿûĴû뵽СӾȻĴСӵļȨ޲֪жߡ
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СӸջعһûиݣҪǶô죿
ǹŻģЩûһ򾡣ܳˡ˵Щ˾ͻʯξڣһֱͷˡãԲʯξһڱлвٵ˶ڱȣ±ֳȫ١
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163 
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áׯεȻףʲôʱ
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ׯεȻ¶ƣЦ⣬ʲôʱģ
ջʯվׯεȻźߵʯƶš
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ɡׯεȻͷࡣ
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164 
ӦɻƤ˹ڰ칫ҰɣׯεȻƿšƤ˹ͷ˼ڤţ̧ͷׯεȻӴһׯڳһ˧磿
ʯɸо˵ûнӴġ
ʯԺҵׯεȻЦţɺᵽԭʯ
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ֻׯڸͲ֪飬ȻʯΨһܹȷľǡƤ˹ڻׯڶ֡
ųԺƤ˹ׯڶֵĿԣƤ˹ʵ̫ɾɾ˻ɡ
ʯڴƤ˹ʱƤ˹һԻؿʯ̫ǰ˺һ޵ĵ⡣Ѳ̫ࣿ
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ǰׯεȻЦͷ˵ǷһƪĹȥŹһʱ`ǳɡ
ңѧУҲnatureӿ𣿡
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ʱȻǿȥŮѵģִкǻϾ·ͥģʱ˵ǺŮѽ飬ܼܲŮѶ⡣ңׯڶڻԣʵ̫ҪһʧŮᣬҲܵ׷ȥֻܹͣ绰͡
ׯֱ׷ǰϧѾ뿪ˡǱֵ˸ˣŮѾˡǲŮѱܣôֵˣŮҪǱܣǹֵľֳλùƾͲλֳš
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ô鷳ׯڡʯæ˵ţǻʲôҪ𣿡
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ð
صңʮڿҫ塣ׯεȻҫ¶ɵЦׯεȻüͷҫֱϻűֻûкãЦʲô


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ҫû뵽ׯЦһ¶ׯڸһ٣ֻε˵ңһΪׯڻкܳһʱŻأ
ΪׯεȻҫʯŸϡ
ֻûкãһֻҲҪ壿ׯεȻΧһ£塣
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ҪǰɣׯεȻЦ˵Ϊ˵һĴˣԸҪҲҪȥϰࡣ
ңû˼ҫСţⲻڴͦĵ𣿡
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磬ȥ⡣
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ˣ̧ͷׯεȻ˵⹫˵ĸ߼˲ŸѾˡ
Сı֪СǴʽ󷿺ͱֵͷʼо壬⹫˵˲Ź滮ָǶ˲żĸ
һױԼİҷѡЦ˵пȥ
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ܻܼѣҲֵһԡ
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Ŷ͢˹ģЦ˵ﲻ̫⣿
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͢˹nature˺ҳ˼һЩʱ䣬ģҲﲻ㡣ĿǰڿڻĲ֣˲ٵׯʽ룬ԳԽׯʽѧϣһǿԵġ
ʵϣѧһ顣˵ĿǰͨĴڽڡ
ѧ𣿡͢˹˵֪ڽڶׯѧȸϵĽϻۡ

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ˡҫҡͷҽڼҽͺá
ŶׯεȻףɩӣ㿴һȥϰࡣ
ҿ϶ܿõġҽЦţ϶ϲ˰࣬ҪǲʵҾʹȥҽԺĸҽԺ˵ѧԺׯҴȥģ֪Ӧô
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һͦġׯεȻͻȻҲ극ׯεȻЦ˵岻ӡ
ׯڡʯ¥ǣ𣿡
ԡ


169 
ʱ»ʵǻ˹ٸߵоԺ
˹ٸߵоԺڣѧѧԺ޲ءԼѧԺ»ڽ̸У˵Ȼţ»ʵǻ
ʱܿѧν̻ʣʮһΰѧ֮һׯεȻ
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֧ׯεȻΪΪׯεȻѧĸ涼׵ͻԲŻᱻΪѧһˣǵ֮ν̻ʡѧȸׯ֮ǰĸͲмȥ͵ȻʵĲݸ䵱ԼƷ
ׯľ֮ߣѾԽеѧңڶһˮƽֻѹʵȻܹ֮Ƚϣ˶漸λʮΰѧ¶ܺׯ⡣
ǵᣬһǲ벻ȥġ漰۵磬ܶ಩ʿûʲôСҪׯεȻģҲһĲʿܹġ
ѧϵĲʿоԼѧׯεȻǴʲôʱʼѧϰѧģʲôѧϰѧܹѧǿµĳ̶ȡϸѧңׯεȻһߡ
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⼸ׯεȻѧУϿ⣬Ѿѧ̻ʵ飬Ȼ֪

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»ʵǻҪҪôжׯεȻһ²һ߿űֽô߽ݣˣ
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170 
Ц˵ڿʲôأ
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-׶˹϶Լbsd֮ׯڿʼѧҪĹ
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Цû˵ⲻԼŬѧϰ𣿺ûʲôϵⶼǿŬġ
ŮҪкؾֶһʡģҶôࡣ︱ֳҡͷ̫ˣʵ̫ˡ︱ֳ뿪֮󣬺ؾֳЦŴ򿪵ԣ˲ٵϡǿܶ˷ѧĵۣ˵ʲôĶУǴǿ϶ׯεȻѧʵĵһˡ
ڣһΰѧѾȥׯεȻѧңѧϵĳɾͺͶѧĹףĿǰѧ˵ûжܹȼ磬ܶԤ⣬ׯεȻܹչһµѧ硣
ѧͳһׯεȻɡ
ȵ۶úģϾô˶۵ӣܲһĹ峿ʼ


171 
ׯεȻЩΣڽĿû¼ɣʣѧֻλ˹ٴѧ˹̹ѧѧׯεȻԥˢׯεȻ˵ǣûзѧʲôر츳Ҳѧϵķչ
ȨڹۣׯεȻƳΪȫѧһˣֱ֮Ϊѧ̻ʣ˵Ļͨȥ;о޲غͱ޵ıȷʵЩϵĲһͰɶָǶѧϵоиԵ⣬ڶѧϽϣ⡣
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λѧӲǸչɸѡһɸѡ˶۾ѧƽʱԲģôۣе罻־֢Ҳйоأͻǰüֶǲһ㱻ˢȥ
һֵʱҲǲͱˢȥôá޲غͱޱΪׯεȻ̫ϲĹϵεĿûã޲غͱ޵ǰ棬ڵ˵Ķһɸѡ
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ҪδҪʲôûرҪ顣ǻص磬һԱȻôƽƽĹһҪ˵ƽʱɿƼѧĿеȳɼûдڸеˡֵܹ󣬼ǿƼѧʦͬѧĿ࿴ÿεĿⶼΪ̫йоأûκֵһĵط
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ѧ˵ʵǲоִСѧûʲô׷ˣûʦָҪ׷ѧǳ˵λׯεȻ־ţ˭˵ܶණ鱾ܹ֪
ûͣҪܹǴѧоͲˣ飬붼룬˵ʲôׯڵоʲôЦƾ뵱ׯڵо˿ٹ궼ǲܵ顣
Ҳû飬⻹ҪɵġŶǰǴѧͼݣϣҪʲôķԽۺȸĽϡׯڲõĿʵѶ̫ԼˡĽڲõĿôе˼ׯڵĿ⣬˵ʵûһ˼·ʲôûУ˵˼·ͺǿһ
ȸûп֪ȸ쾿оʲôģڲſʼǲ̫һ㣿Ҳûκεİ취ȻѾѡׯڵĿ⣬ôȻҪġҲðѿС
ûпȸ죬ʮ֮Ҫȫ꣬˵ǲɵ顣üģ̾ϢžʮûϢһ£࿴ģô˵Ҳðѿ⽻ȥСڿʲôģʵǲġ
һμξѧסһֱͼûȥһׯڵĲʿ𣿡
ҡͷǲʣǸͲȥűˡ˼ѾˣҪΪ֪ݣͺСѧѯѧ⣬ҲΪĸУЩӦѧϰġ
һ˵Ǿ֣˵ʵʵ̫ˡȻߵһˣﲻȥׯڵĲʿԺܾûˣҪȥҲʲˣ֪ģǷ֮󣬾һƤ˹ʿһ飬óûץסᣬʣǽĿ֮󣬶ѧҲǺаġ
뻹ҪˢȥģʱƤ˹ʿһЩ⡣Ƥ˹ʿжôĿЦѧЩ֪ʶɾˡ
Ȼѧϵ⣬ҪʶپҪʶ٣ΪԷĳЦȥͨһؽ֮ǰׯεȻĹϵѯƤ˹ڡ
ۿɼģԭٿ˵ҲʼƤ˹ʼʯÿûͿűֽׯεȻǲƤ˹ʲô
ͷģѾӽѧ̻ʵԽׯεȻδӦǺܶٷýҪɷׯεȻƵѾüˣׯεȻˣҲˡɣ˵ʲôκýĲɷáǰ˵ʲô˵ʲôȥ
ׯεȻ̬ȼɷׯεȻļ⼸Ҳʼͣѧ̻νׯεȻûκεĻӦû֪޳ɻǷԡ
ýҲϹҪȫģһþǵóԹ˾ûбҪϸׯεȻɢҥ֮ģòʧׯεȻǲ̫ģҲûбҪⰡ
Щϥˣֻ˵ʲôѧʲô˲ģѧܷչƼ𣿿˼ҹôŵ㵹ȥһŵЩׯεȻͲԵģ˵⻰ˣҪôǡҪôǱĿģǣ⡣
ۿʮһ·ݾҪȥϾʮ·ݣܶࡣҪȥ䣬ȥǣȥưĺӣôʱǵԡ
һ죬ύʱоǾô˵أ⣬ûŪģһŽ󾿾ʲô̫ȷ϶ˣˣҲûϷ֮ʵʵʰŶ׼ؼҹ꣬ڵʲô֮ģͱ롣
ǿƼѧûзż٣˵ǻؼҹ꣬ʵҲǻصǿƼѧıҵġǴѧһ½ӽµʱ䣬ıҵĶûɡҵǴѧĿ治ܹġ
صʱЦĸǴкڻؼҿԱͿѡзΪǿƼѧֻһǵǺþҵҪжõĹʣˡңѧϵģרҵԿڵĸ١Ҳǵ˲ʿǸ𣬺ܺҹǡҲʲôùй˾ҲͲˣǷ۸ߡԺȵȵȶǸѣڻؼңҲǻص磬ȻССˮƽûôߣԱѧҲ㹻ġ
ڿԱҲͦҵģǸͨ˼ͥĺӣܲܿϻ˵
оɣûʲôôõоѧλ֤֮ҲֻȥԱУν֮ģûͲԻˣҪУν֮ģò


172 
硣кЦ˵ûѧϻǺ𣿡
ǾǡԱߵ˵磬ЩǶˣͦõġڸָ߲ѹ֮£ȷʵֵе㲻˵ҪǸ߲ʵ̫࣬ıѾ㹻˹Ŀ࿴ڶУڶĻ£ԵúûдڸСټͳúͨȺ֮УҲ֡
ľͷֻ̫࣬ˣ˶°͵˷ʽ˭뵽Ȼֵβ̬뵽
ԼҲû뵽ǻʣûׯڿذ
Ҿôˣ϶ܱׯڿϵġ
ǰǰ
æ˵˰ɣôܱׯڿУҪ֪ׯֽڣҲϵġһ⣬Ҷ֪˵ʲô
˵ʵڻһͷˮԼȥĿ⣬˸ʲô̫Ҫׯڿϣǲܵġ
Ǵѧѧϵ칫ңׯεȻŸӡڿ
߹һׯεȻȽԶģƵĿţˢȥǰɣʵƪʵûͦġ
ͦġׯεȻͷҲϲǴ˵еûԵɡ
ׯεȻȷʵԣҪֱܾ˵һûԵζмȥʲôҾǾ㲻У㲻ĻԴһȥҶ⣡
ҡͷ㿴𣿡
ˡ
˼·ͦԵģ⣬ˡֱԣûжȸ쵽ʲôġ
ʵϣЩѧûŪεûб⼸λѧȸ춼ģǰĳ̶ȡû˭ãҲû˭Ҷ
ǰׯεȻЦ˵Ǵ˼·˵λҲײû
ţһʵ̫˰ɣⶼУҲǣׯεȻǳôѵĿ⣬ûнպѡĿԡ
ƫƫׯεȻǳôѵĿ⣬˭֪Ǽͻƴѧȸءʵ˸оĵز˵̬ɡ
һѧׯεȻͣһ£Ҹ˶Ȥɽأ
ңЦ˵ѡѧûжĹϵҪѡѡ¡
Ҹʼȥɡʼ֮¡
û뵽ԼյׯεȻʼصǿƼѧ֮ҵ⣬ûô죬ԼԼᣬȥְְ򿪵ԣ׼ѯһЩϵʱ򣬷һʼʼ
һİ䣬֮˶ˡ
ׯ徹ȻȥǴѧԣΪԼܻᱻׯڿϵģȻʵȻôЦȻıׯڸˣһҪǴѧԡȻҲһܹׯڵѧٻе᲻ǺòõĻᣬɲܾôøˡ룬ǿׯڵ룬ĸҷĽڡֻǸöʱ͵ص㣬ͬѧֻ֮ǿƼѧʦׯ֪
ԳׯڣöȥǴѧ3űԳ֮⣬ûзκβԵĵطԷҲҪţΪлкܶҪǵܵǴѧУ֮ǰׯڸǷһ䣬Ǵѧǹõ䣬ׯ;䡣֮Ϣǵȥԡ
һ춼жȹǴû뵽ȻĻᱻׯڿ顣

峿Ŵ̹ǵ磬ʮ·֮Խĺ䡣·ǰǴѧյǴѧʱѧ࣬У԰Щ塣
3űû뵽ǣ˲ٵˡׯεȻ֮⣬кüʶĽꡣ
ұߵλ˵ׯڣҿһп⣬йоأûκγɫĵطǿѧѧо㹻ׯεȻоˡֱԡ
䡣
սŵͱʶĽһȥЩ˰ģҲƾĲ䵱ׯڵѧ
ԺʿׯεȻЦ˵⻹ûأʵأйоҲٲģҾʺϵѧġ
ŶԱ˵ׯ˵˵
ҲׯεȻȻЦ˵Ұ칫ٵʲô
ǴѧšмǼߵģֲ·ϣ̧ͷλǡĴͷо·˵ԣʵϾǴǴܣû˵ķݶ
Ц˵ҽһ°ɡ
ɵæ̧ͷŴҾϹλںãҽǿƼѧĵѧ
Ժʿ˼ۣһû˵
Ҳ֪ôǵλԺʿǿǻԺԺʿⱲҲûҪϵĴ
˵˵ϵ⡣ׯεȻĿҿ飬һԵĻᣬϣ㲻Ҫʧ
Ц˵ڳĽׯڣ˭ǳзġҪׯһΪⳡԺϵλУ˺üܡ
ҵæʼϵ⡣
ȻĽڶʼǷЩھ̫ϵʼ۾˯
ԱС˵㵽׿ʲôҪû࣬ҪûģҪѧûѧֱԱǴѧõѧȱȽǣαأ
ҾûׯεȻЦ˵·ݵ˰칫ôˡ
˵һ±ƵĿׯεȻԽԽСԽԽšׯεȻȥ칫ұŶֱ뿪ѧ
ԺʿȻҲǳ±ƣһﵽʲôֵׯεȻģôǿ
κֺЦĿɵվڵϽģȥɣɵվţǵǴѧ
⼪Ҳ̫һ㡣һλ˵ׯҲǵģôڰ칫ֲܹ
޴վԭأҶڽǶͷ㣬ǲ˵޲תܡ
ˣ˼ׯϲЦ˵˭С㹻أ˵ʵҲʵһֵֹ
ļɼ˵СɵϽȥðȫãһ¼ȡ֪ͨ鷢УʦʼУʱע⣬֪𣿡
ͷûлعڱΪׯεȻڵϲС

죬ׯεȻҪȥǣȻתǰ䡣ȡ½֮ҪصǣμӰİ佱񡣸պڰ佱ʱ򣬺һЩǴѧӲȫǰѧУߣôҲҪһЩӲС
ʰʯǰǡ
˺֮ܶ࣬ͨʯû˵Ʊʯģʱʯ˵ׯεȻҲûʲô˵ġ
ϷɻǺܿǡﾩӭǣ֪ĸֵģׯεȻĸоƺ˿ȥͦģǾݼѧʦ
ׯεȻ֣ãׯڡ
áô飬ׯεȻҲðһңҲûаһıҪ֮˼˵סѾźˣǰķɻƱҲѾˡ
⡭᲻̫鷳ˣ
鷳鷳Ц˵ô˵鷳أԼıӣ͸Ƿڵ飬һҲ鷳Ǵᵽ˷֮ʯξЩӦøׯڽһ¡
ʯͷڳϣׯεȻԺ˯šĿĵʱĳСׯεȻ۾С˲࣬ǵĶ䣬ûж˳档żСЦţȷСġ
ţ̻ҲúܺãСС͵¥ûκθ¥ߵĽƺҲֻѡ
˽ׯεȻ뵥СУдŲСĻ԰ֲŻݣȥš
ׯںʯξסЦ˵ʲôҪׯڿʱʯξʱʯξϵҵġҪҪʲôһҪ˵
Թԣ⻷ܺÿҲͦģܴ󣬰װ˶ڴɨվ˵ʱ䵽˻ͳԵĶׯòҲֱӲǰ߰ݷŵĵ绰ҪԵʲôֱӵС
õģллů㣬ׯεȻѵ·֮󣬷ɳϣΧĻ
ׯڣôҾ͸ˡת뿪ׯεȻ˺һӣɳϣʯ˵ʲôҪ˵
ȥѧԺ콱⡣
ŶׯεȻȤ˵˵
ʯЦ˵ܰȫҾô˵ɣǵõһ֪ٵ鱨Ǳ֮Ҫ֡
֣ׯεȻܴ㵵Ŀʯ˼ǣ
Ҫʯ˵ʲôҲ̫˽⵽Ķ٣ֻ֪Ҫǰʱ㡣ڣʿʱԼķɻϣпֵܶʱ㡣
ĸңĸ֯ǲ̫ʯҡͷȻϢҲǼٵġ
鱨֤ˡׯεȻ룬üͷ˵е𣿡
ǡСʯ⣬ׯҪǣ
ڽôһ鱨ĻǱӦǻļ浵ġѾڽһεׯεȻ˵ģ
ׯڡʯЦ˵ô׺ڽǵĵǾͲôȥļ١ׯεȻûڼйκεо˵Ҫڽ鱨֯ȡ鱨ôܡ鱨֯ļôãǵ鱨֯ͳɸӣĻֵׯεȻȥڡ
¡ׯεȻЦ˵Ҳš
Ҹ㷨򿪵֮ׯεȻϣʯԱšֱʲôһЩһЩ򵥵繥ܹתģڹ鱨֯ûκ˿԰쵽ôΪġ
ׯεȻ򿪵ִ֮㷨ҹ鱨֯õٷֹļȷʵû䶯ֵļҪô鱨ҪôΪ𹻸ߣûȡ
ĵĿЩļֱ֮ӸƵϣɾۼµ㷨Ƶû뵽˻ĺڽǵݿ⣬ȡnĵ֮󣬻ֱӽеĺۼɾ
߼ļ㷨죬ûа취ԶȡׯεȻѾеļôðɱңȻ˾֮·˽֪ǲô޴飬ǶԴһλѧңǻĸɵҡôĿŵĸɵҡǶҳ°ɣ
룬ңȷʵҲĸһҪɡ
ԣׯڻε鱨Ǽٵģ
ׯεȻҡͷ˵ȥ֮ٿ˼졣ҾҪعʱעС
ʯͷׯһڹⵥж
İɡׯεȻЦ˵һûɵֵز
ʯЩ̫ģܾûʲô顣һָоָоʱ򣬿ҪһЩ¡
㷲Ҫǰ䣬ׯһҪû¡


173 Ԥ
峿ĹʻҲׯεȻû̫˵ص֮ǻסȻʹżϴ·ǰ䣬ںСʯȥЩŵģ촽й¶һ˿ǵɫ
ׯεȻʯЦ˵˵ʯξڵʲô
ûʯҡͷֻЩ̫õֱϣׯβ¡
İɣһµġׯεȻʯӰģǺʯʲô֮ģһüµʱ䣬϶еġ˵࣬ܶʱׯεȻģʯһЩڲѵȤ¡
ʯԼԼǵģׯεȻһӦǰοʯİɣʯ϶µġ
뿴ҪŮѽˡⶼʮ·ˣңǷһ£Ҳ˵òܻðôΣҡׯεȻЦ˵ңǶѾƻˣ˹¸Ħ֮󣬾ȥʹݡҪңҲûлɡ
ʯͷׯڣϣҶˡʲô⣬һסһҪȥҪҸ滮õ·ߡһҪûľ顣ʯɫ࣬ǶǻԷǳҪĿѧңǲκε顣
Ҳ£ҲµġׯεȻ¶Ц⣬ˣʯҪôЦһЦ
ʯ¶Ц⣬ׯһûµġ
ɻĺׯεȻʯŶӵȴϷɻڷɻׯεȻ϶һ裬һ߱۾顣
ʯôִйܶӲȻһֱв̫ԵĵطôׯεȻԴƶûĳ̶ȡô⣿ׯεȻ벻ʯԱ߸˯ţׯεȻʱʯʵ̫죬ҪǿšϽϢһ£ϾҪ˹¸Ħ
ʯ˯Ѻŷ֣Ǿ˹¸ĦкüСʱׯεȻ˯Աߺ졣
˹¸Ħ֮ʯׯεȻѡ뿪ʹݵĳڵǣϳ֮һ·Ϸ۵糸ʹסûз⡣ׯεȻ⼸ʱ䣬ҪȥһʼҿѧԺԼ˹¸Ħ
⼸طʱпԼعķɻҲ᲻̫ƽ
ׯεȻεóʵǳδ֪ķգֲòʯܵׯεȻ᲻ʲô顣ׯεȻһλ¸صĹڣҲѡ飬սѲࡣʧȥһλսѣʲôʧǵľٶ̫ܿ϶ģһġþ뷨Ϊսѱ𡣾ͺׯڳ飬϶ҪҪΪׯڱ
õĽǣׯû顣ʱ򣬾Ѿ֮⡣ûľҲμֱħѵҲڽ֮ǰ˵һλΣա١޵񣬻ǻʧȥû˻ǵǣʮ֮󣬸û˻ᰧǡ
ǣҴӴ˻ӵķٸǿǶϵƻиѡͳ룬ǵĺӺá
ΣҪסׯεȻǶʧҲ뱣סׯεȻڡ
ݵĴ⣬ʹݵĹԱ
λǵ͡ԱͣЦ˵һ磬ׯҪǰʼҿѧԺȥ˹¸ĦȡׯƺҪڴʹݻһλ˹ٸߵоԺѧҡ
죬ׯڿϹ䣬ǻᰲŵķɻǰǡ
ллׯεȻԹԱò˵ҪҰźʱ䣬ʵЩǸ
ԱĵЦ˵µģׯڡ
ˣׯڡԱָĻ԰˵ҪǾƣڻ԰ɢɢģԱǴʹݹԱֲһЩ߲˺ˮҪǾĸÿժƷЩǿԳԵģʹҸ˵ׯĿǰϣׯܹؿǣòҪ뿪ʹݵķΧǰ콱ͻ֮⣬ǲׯ뿪ʹݡ
лʹҲĴ㡣뿪ʹҲûʲôġׯεȻЦţʵطͦѹֵģܺã羰Ҳܾúѹ֡ɢڴ⣬ʯ뿪ţׯεȻվڻ԰ԱߣΧĻ
ûκβ׷ֵǺƸߵ㣬һʯׯεȻ׼ص䣬ׯεȻЦ˵ׯڣҪȥ
ӡׯεȻЦ˵ɹɹ̫ڷɻɽôãо˶Ҫù
ȵȣͻȥáʯ˵뷿߳ţׯεȻʯЦ˵׼ڿóһ
źΣʯ£ɹ̫
ׯεȻڿϣһ߿һɹ̫ķ紵һ˿ζһΪõׯεȻķЦ˵ͻȻ˹ٴѧӡ
ʯ˵ׯ뵽Ȥ飿
Ǹģ˹ٸߵоԺİ칫ѷקĽҴӰ칫ץȥģһߺſȣһ˵Źѧ⣬һЩСġҲлζЦ˵ʵϣǻһȺһЩġ
ׯҪԵĻùԱʯѯׯεȻҪׯڡ
ׯεȻ촽ˣֻǺܾûдôķ磬ͦõġ
ع֮һ÷룬ԼǱ껹øȥȸѧϵݡеæˡǽԭƻõĻˣˣлѧʵ顣ׯεȻ۾΢΢ţһ㣬ǺÿԭׯεȻþͺСǸƵġ
ʯׯεȻ߶߶ĻׯεȻ˵ׯ⼸궼æµɡ
ӦûᡣׯεȻ룬æҲȥĻֳ
ʯЦׯҰһҽ顣
ҲǴ飬ֻǾŮʿһλǳõˣʯξŮʿ϶ҵŮʿôõˡׯεȻģҸ˲ΪʲôҪ̸
ʯЦûлشׯεȻҲ֪ôׯεȻҪ̸⣬ҪׯεȻûҪ̸ʲôûиׯεȻ˵ֻҸЦţһ뵽ܹںŮѽ鳤ܲҽ飬л̵ġ
ɫȥׯεȻվǣʯ˵ʯξȻȥɡ
ׯڳɻŵʱ

˹¸ĦһƵڣЦŶǰķԱ˵ǳлСѡ
ǮڷԱУţµĴžƵĻȷһﾭ𣿡
ע⿴û˷Ŷ
ȻҺȷԻﾭ
ʲôұ֤
İɣסڻʹڣҪǰ˹¸ĦȻᾭ
ʱֱӶ𣿡
ûлش𣬺˼š


174 Ϯ
첻ֵĻǺڶˡ˴ζ˵ȷҪҶ𣿡
֪ĳˣᷢġȻûôḡȫԣ黹ûй¶ȥǱߵõϢ϶֣ǡ˵һᱻϵġ
˽⣬ڻһЩԵоͣһ£صвҲ˵ˣҸ˵
ܺõ飬㣬һ˱ġڱˣŪϣԼʧ֣϶Ҳıǡͣţ𽥱أҪһѧҵķ񱨸λҲ˵ǵľļ¶ȥǲġ㲻Ҫ͹һλһҪѧҡ
ܿ¡
վڴ̨Ĺ˺ͳһԱܶ࣬κ˵ҲرףǣܲİɣϴߣһǵƤ´ҡڵ뿪ǶӦôְ
Աʱ֮裬ڻҪ㶯֡סû㶯֮ǰһж˭㡣
һȺ鷳ˡ˲мƲ죬һȺʬλز͵ˣҲҲ£ɵڹݼٲ𣿷Ҳû׼֣˵ǲʱ֮裬ԶҲòϡǺ»Ҳλ֮񱨸ǡˣӸλһ׷Ὣӳȥ
䣬ǹҡ۾˼˺ܳһʱ䡣Ȼô£ôҾͰ
һϲݴģϲҲûа취һݴ񰡡
ɭЦţϴúú׼һ²С
еװѾ룬ֻʣ¹滮·ߵ⣬׼ֱӻȥҪŷҴһʱ䣬ſȺʬλز֮˵Ц
ȻܲңҲᱻ
˭֪أܴ̼뵽˷ܵ촽ܾûô̼飬ͺܿᡣ
˹¸Ħһڡ
λţȾƱ˵ִ˺̫ס
ȷʵ̫ף90ļʻжһλ΢Ц˵Ǻܲ
ǹģ
³ɣǿɹҲʲôû´ȫĲ߻ģ˽ͺáǱץסκεİѱ
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ׯڡٿȥᣬҪҪʲô˵ͺá
ллҪϢһ¡ÿѧʼҿѧԺ⼮ԺʿͷҲĲ


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ĺܺЦׯڵ˾ȻɱˣǱǹɱ𣿡
ɱɣҾһмƻ֯ġׯ֮ǰڵʱ򣬾Ѿ˿ס˰ɣǰӢ׵ʱصγûа취ڻ֣ׯڹʱҪɵׯڡҲ̫ˣǱߵ˲žҪɵ
ׯû飬λԱӦ˵òذɣǰ֪ׯڵҪԣڹһΣׯĺҪҪĳЩҪ֮ĵزô˵ׯڶҹҪӦǲԶİɡ
ڣǰһѧģôǿţû뵽ȻôҪ
찡˵ʵǰûоׯжҪõģԺ֪ׯڶǿ϶Ҫ򲻻ôҪׯڡ
Ҳ˵һĸİɣҿ˵ʵͦҪЦġһǵģ˵˼ׯεȻҪɱأ񾭲ҲûС
ͬλׯڣıۣͦЦġׯεȻڣûôҪ
С´緹ʱҫڿֻ
ӳķСС½зڰ칫ϣڿʲôأ
Сºؿһۣһ˵ׯϮˣ
ʲô𣿡ҫСһۣ죬ᵣĵġ
˵᲻ǵСµһʱ뵽ľǵҪɵׯڰɣ
˵ҫüͷǾ죬Ҫ֤ݵģû֤ݵ飬Ҫ˵֪𣿡
ðɡСû˵ׯû°ɣ
û¡ҫ̾Ϣһ˵ׯûʲô⣬ʯξ˵ˡ
ʯξ
Ӧòˡҫֻסˣ¶˵϶ᵣĵġ
áСµͷ߽Ӵʲô鲻֪
ûʲôҫЦ˵Ҫɣ
Źͻ
úøɡҫǿջЦ֮󣬲Ҫжӳ˰ɣҸһ
˵ҫְ
𣿡ҫˣ
ﶼֵͦġ˺üۣ˵һ֣;һֵֹģӲǱӣ۾۾ġ
ˣгˡ˵γٺۣȥʰ㶫
ȥɡҫЦţС¸ں󣬿뿪֮һˣӳ¶ڡ
˵ôҫͷ㻹ʲôϽʲô
С¹ȵ뿪䣬˳ŽŸϡ
ҫС뿪ҡҡͷЦû˵Ҳ֪ׯôûܵţҪҪׯڴ绰ȥҲ֪ׯǱߵʲôʱ䣬ҪǴŵׯҲ̫ðɣҫֻûж
ôֱĶţһֱھᣬҪҪׯڴ绰⡣
ǾûпֱʱҫڹׯεȻһͨ绰
ιׯεȻڵ绰ͷ˵㿴ˣ
ҫСѯʣׯڣû°ɣûﲻ
áׯεȻ̫ҫЩµĳ̶ȣׯڸ˰ɣ
ׯڡ
æͺ춼ҪӼȽҪˣ⣬һ֮ٸ͡ӵ绰ͷҫЦ˵ûҾͷˡ
ׯεȻֱӹҵ˵绰ҫŵ绰ͷæ¶ɵЦׯӦû⡣

ļׯεȻЦŽļļɾ𣿿Ӧֹ浵ɣڵϴţӦǺ±ڿ͹ʱЩļй¶ȥ
ȻׯεȻЦ룬ûɾļЩҶѾˡȫɾҲûκεô
İɣǵʱΪ鸶۵ġ
ׯεȻ³һ㷨ǻûҵɣͲ֪ѾһݾܵϢ죬չʾ½͸ļ߿
ʱϵۿɲôƽϢģڳ֤֮¡򵹵϶ǲܵġǣȻḶСĴۡ
ԼӲص֮󣬻úĿģһҪݺݵС֪ǻĿѧڹ⣬Ҳ׶
ؽǳܲĴۡ
ļ֮ڴϢҪȽڣҪһЩǴѧν̵顣
峿ʱ⻹ͦģׯεȻ͡ڿУׯεȻ˵ׯڣʯξ˲٣Ҫ
ллϢ
У޲ءȽѾʹһԣʹѾ׼ӵʱǻ޲ءȽ
õġ
ΪܵϮĿǰڱ״̬Щϣܹ½⡣
֪ׯεȻͷôҲΪȷİȫ⡣
ȵʱٽȽׯεȻеڿЦŶȽ˵˼Ƚڣûܹȥ
ûϵǰׯεȻ֣˵أû𣿡
û£û˵ҪĲλ
飬ҺܱǸȽ̾Ϣ˵û뵽㾹ȻܵϮ
ⲻǽĴׯεȻЦ˵Ҫ㿧𣿡
ԵĻһȰɡ
ׯεȻһȣһ߶Ƚ˵ʵϣҺȽǰǴѧν̡ҪкܶҪۣȸϵ⡣
ҲʼҼǵлظҡׯεȻȷڲ輸ϣڣԿ
ûҿǷʼׯ˵ʵԭûдȥģǿƪģҾбҪǴѧʱ䡣Ƚſȱ룬˵ԵĻׯûѧͳһۣ


177 
ʵҲġׯεȻɳϣڿܻ̫С
ôȽǴӦˣ
ȻȽЦ˵Ѿȥ˹ٸߵоԺְ񡣡
ԵĻϣܹںһ𵽻ʱһһסׯεȻ룬ʵǸǳõĵطһʱ䣬һᰮеġ
ŶȽЦ˵ô˵һǷȥɿ
ׯεȻЦû˵̸һЩѧϵ顣ׯεȻΪʲôϮȽڲ˽⡣ֻ˽Ҳûκô˵ṴׯεȻ£ûйѯʡǶѧϵ⣬ѯׯεȻܶࡣ
һһ֮ɫѾˡׯεȻѯȽڣҪԷ𣿡
ׯȽЦ˵Һ˻ԼׯӦôأ
ԱߵӢȽ˵ǸȽڣҲ֪ׯڽ챻ͻȻϮ顣Ϊ˱֤鲻ڷ׼ׯڻص
䷽Ϊ˱ʾǸ⣬Ըе˴ΰзãԼǲһҽԱͬͣһ£Ҫׯһͬǰôǻׯǰ֮ǰҪľƵַ֪𣿡
ȻԡȽûôིׯ飬ҺܱǸܸ
ڣûйϵġׯεȻЦ˵Ҳ̫˭ôҡ
˵һλԵ־СˣΪѧ츳ҪȽҲɵӣôƭСӵĻԣƭûи֤֮ǰ˭֪ʲôأ
֮ׯҺܱǸ
ûϵڡׯεȻҡͷ˵ڣȥɣһϵġ
áȽ뿪ʱɫѾ
·ϵ˲࣬ׯεȻڿУ˼š

̻Ի͵ľƵڣ˿̨ϵŮһĵ˵̽µ𣿡
µûж٣ֻǴʹݽ˵׼صΪ飬ҪһҽԱⷽǿԡĨӵĶһݡ
ЪЪɡ˵ͷЦ˵㲻ΪĲ𣿡
ңׯѾ£Ǿׯڶε⡣
ôþڷɻص֮ǰɻΣѯʵĻǿαɻʧ¡
Ǵ𣿡˲ͷ̧ͷੲݵˣֻСĿѧңǵȻôǴĿѧңҪ˭ս𣿡
ҵˣô涼ûйϵǴʹĹϵеô򵥣ʧһΣûеڶεĻᡣ˷¾Ʊ˵ʲôҪסʲôҪԲж
Բܣǰִйһû˭ܹܡǶʮǰĻϣ֪顣
ðɣҲ˵ѾΪ𣿡
û˳ص˵ǲ׷鵽ͷϵĻͲҪں¡
ðɡνʼ磬˼ǣǲڸ£ǲ׷ȥģ
ûΪǰежϣҡ䲻˵Ե־СˣΪȳ𻪣ѡɱׯʲôϵأ֪Ҳ˵ȻһЩȥˡҡͷûû˵ĻûǱ߻ưո𣿡
ʱǲǱ˵ҵѣôҪΪһֳûиĻλֳɣ
һǲҪֱȽϺáЦŵһƣڷһ£һʱ䣬ĵĺУ𣿡
ȷˡЦ˵ȥx񣬱ǻǺúɡ

ׯڡվűߣҹʱ֣ׯεȻɻڵš죬ׯںܲԾҲ˵ׯڵﲻԣر𲻶Ծ
ܾԴׯϮ֮󣬿öΣׯǸֳһ˿Ц˵Цݣʵ̫¡֪ݵʱĸо֮ׯЦûмûκ˵ϼĮԼ侲Цݡ
ʱ΢΢ׯεȻ沿תͷ۾ڣ·׵ĺڶ㡣ټΪϢ
ǽձ䵽ʹݵ٣侯ֳ
ׯεȻ沿Цţ׳ŵѯʵׯڣû°ɣ
ûСׯεȻĻش䵭ȥϢɡ
ׯڣ̫ˡټ˵ʱ磬ҪϢ糿æ
ϾϢׯεȻ˵֮󣬿٣½͸ļϵ𣿡
Ѿϵˣòͺ󣬻ʹݣһˣһλʦһλߡͣһ£Ϊ˷ֹϮʦһҪߡ
áׯεȻףȻˣΪ˱֤ɷõ˳λȥ˯ɡϣϾ˯
ôׯڣһҪϢ˵ţֱ뿪䣬˳㽫Ÿϡ
뿪ıӰׯεȻתͷԣܺá֮õ֪Щǲġ
еׯεȻ˸
һ׼͵½͸ļǰʹݡ죬Ǻ죬ȫϢͻ½͸紫ȫ磬ʱ򣬲ܵô磬֤ǰԵͽ͡ǲ㹫һϵе飬ϧȥƺȵĹԭûдͻĹƼȰһ֮ͨһҪͻĹƼȰ󶨲С
ȻҪԼͻĹȰ󶨣ôԸ
峿ķ绺ׯεȻ𴲳ͣڿһߺȿһ߿ѧġ
½͸ļ߼еװ׼ӦǰʹݡׯεȻܵϮ֮׶½͸ԣҲǴšׯεȻΪȫѧңѧȻض˵½͸ɷķѧңҲòϣׯεȻһѧҡ
ȡѧ·;ܵϮɸΪһδľҲɻΪʲôԵ־СˣΪׯϮ
һ⡪һ־СѧֻиеˣΪʲôἵׯܴӴˡ˵ͨģһж
ʰ𣿡ͬѯʼߣЦ˵Ѿȫ׼ã緹֮󣬾ǰʹݡΪǰܵϮԵʣ鷽ȽϿ
ûѾԤл̵ܹһšͬ˷ܣŮͬҲǳ˷ܣȷһš
ΪӦûһţͻȻϮⱾһܴ顣Ů߷źеĶĵȴ١


178 ݼ
źķ磬½͸ļߺͬפʹݡʹݺǳʾ뺯ӭܸߵ顣ԱһǸ˵λһ£ׯ֮ǰϮһм鶼ҪϸһЩ
ûϵŮߺͬ鱾ҪŪŵġȻ½͸֮ǰׯεȻûεϮȷʵֵͦģҲ֪Ϊʲô
οׯεȻ˭û룬ֻͬвɷáȻǸţýΪ飬Ѿкܶıۣܶ˶ԻѺõʿҵعҪɱׯεȻ
Щ²һûеõ֤ʵׯεȻĶҲɷãǶ½͸Ǵڱ½͸Ϊȫý屨磬ȷʵһƫûׯεȻûѡ񻪹ȨĻձѡ½͸磬еĺ壬Щ׽塣
ҲɷȨôһϻöҲɷȨ½͸ǳˡ
ȫ֮󣬹ԱǰׯεȻסŶԱţʽ·˴ţλ½͸ļߣܵׯڵԤԼ
λ롣һߴΧĻһʱׯεȻڿУش⣬һյأϰڷſȣһߺſȣһ߿ġһ̨԰ڷϡ
ش⣬ٶׯεȻ˵ׯڣλѾ
ׯεȻվˣǺá
ׯáƵ˵ܸ˽ܹɷǱʾź
롣ׯεȻûй˵ҽܣׯڣ½͸ļߣҰУλҵͬΪӰʦ¶
Ǻá
¶ڵԻվԱߣˡκξٶͼ˺ׯεȻپͻǰֹǵΪ
ok¶Ű˸ơ
ôׯ׼𣿲ɷʱԿʼ
õġׯεȻװ׼ˣԿʼɷá
ŵϣׯڣϮʲôĸأ
Ҹоܲңû뵽侯ûܹࡣ
桭࡭ϲȻǸţѲׯʲôĻϢѾõʲô֤ݣ
ׯڣĻҲرסװʲôʵϣѾҪȲ֪ࡣ
ҵ˼ǣϮҵֲԵ־С꣬ҲʲôаʿׯεȻЦȻ֪װɵʱװɵ֡
ôʲô֤أ
ׯεȻתͫ׷ŴĿǸֵƬԼƺְ񡪡
¡ɭ
xxع
ׯ˼ǣҲ̫˰ɣֱôżɽ𣿰ֶ΢΢Ϊ£ǼûǸšׯεȻϣһϳȥϺ䶯š
¡ɭϮҵˣѾעϡע֮ǰǱ߱˵е밬ŮʿҶ˵ҲӦ֪ζʲô
˼ǣεϮмƻԤıɵع֯ģʼµȱȥɾеúÿˡ
ԱҲסЩϣׯǴģҲǵǱ߸ɹ黳ɣⲻСӹҼҡҪ֤ݣǵ鱨ûյκ֤ε¼ǵ֯ģǻҲֻܷ
ׯεȻãֱӸ½͸ļ߿֤ݡ
ׯ֤ݣڻ˵ҲǷǳ顣ε¼ǶֱӶԵʩѹЯȫ۵ƸߵԵʩѹڴ֮۴սУһʱһ۷ơ
һƽ֮󣬶ׯεȻ˵ʵׯڣƾжǷǵϮֻĻ¡һΪĳЩ˵Ķ硣ţӦкܶ˶Ƕɣ
ҪӾݣȻׯεȻôҪǰ͵˺һиӾݡƾ˵ʵõϡᵹˮׯεȻ˵ׯεȻָʹ޻
óŷ֤ݲУׯεȻģţׯһиǿ֤֤ε¼ǵһֲ߻ġ
ѾȲҪָܹ֤ݡ
ȷʵˡׯεȻһЦλҪΪ½͸Ϊȫ򶥼ı磬λṫƽı顣
ʵҲ𾪣֪Ϊʲôʹɱ֡˽⣬һ˹ٴѧʱ򣬾Ѿӣһŵ顣Ϊڻɱң̫ࡣׯεȻ󽫵ĵ򿪣ǵڲļȫǹҵļ
ƺ˵úһصҪʱܹ֡ʵҲ̫⣬ΪʲôһصڻˣһصһΪʲôΪҪصҪҶ֣Һܲ⡣˵ѧûйģΪʲôҵĿѧҶأׯεȻװɵܵλһɻĿ
ɷùôˣôܲׯεȻװɵ㶣ھҪװɵ㶡
ЩӰ¶ȥ֮ׯεȻ϶þ޴عȣԼ½͸Ҳиعȡ
ׯ֪ĿǰǳܣҲΪʲôΪͣһ£ĻܹЩĵ𣿡
ȻԡׯεȻƣͲ°װСĵɾЩϡΪݲֹһݣ㿪֮󣬲ϣʱʱ¶һ䣬ҵϵۣ
еĵ֮ڵ޳ܡɻǣ˭ЩϴׯεȻģ˵ׯεȻڽЩļȡĻʵҲֲ̫Щ
ׯЩļʵ𾪣ҡû뵽ӽʼͶһϵеļԼɱΪ죬ŵĶ·ǲܽʵұʾǳźû뵽ǾȻ
ׯεȻЦ˵Ҳû뵽ҽֻҪصȻܹô顣
Ǹ鶯ΪţеϷ𾪵飬ֺ̮޷ʵ˵ġׯڣʵ̫ţһɱԼĹȾȻôӵֶΡ
ҲšׯεȻĬţǰׯεȻĬ⣬ׯڣε֪ЩϢģ˵ЩĵǴӺδġ
һλĸҵġׯεȻǸ˵ұǸҲܱ¶λΪλ˵뱻˷֪֡ģ£λðΣսЩϼĸҡҲ͸¶
˼ǣڲԱ
ׯεȻãҡͷҲ̫λأЩ϶ʵĲ𣿡
û½͸ļͷ˵Щȫʵϡ
Щ¶ȥȥǺܳĬֱЦ˻û뵽Ҳн죬ץסšھҪ¶ģǽԭʼĵɾׯεȻԻбݵϡ
ôĳţԼʱըԵۣµһɡ
վԱߣû˵ܰ·ׯεȻ̸֮ʵϣдΪ𺳣û뵽ׯھȻôĺϡԭΪׯֻ˵˵ѣׯôĺϡֻһ˵ĺ϶ѣĶ飬ڹ£Ҳùٲׯκζ߳ŭҲ֪ׯҪǳ£һܲ˾ǡû˻ԸΪڻңعҲɵӡ
ʱİׯεȻôԻһʱƲϵ
ׯô˵ıֻҪЩ֮ôѾҪˣȫ϶ϮׯεȻȥû˻׷ׯεȻλЩϵģڵǴһﲻģʱҶׯεȻֻܱׯεȻܵĳЩ֯Ĺ
ܶ༫֯¶ҪׯεȻȻ޻
Ժܳһʱ䣬еõȥͷˡ
ʵ֮ǰĵһֱڶûйׯεȻ԰˵˹ٴѧû죬֪ұ˼ӣҲûЩġ̫ʼղףΪʲôһҪɱҡ
һǲֵǮĶ˵ɱɱͺԴһׯεȻڲڵɱ⣬ֱԷ˵˿ĸ߶ȣȷ顣ׯεȻôõһʱ䣬ְǼġǹҪа񾭣ʵ̫аˡһȫ֪ѧʦҪɱɱôͨأ
ǰ˵ܶڵĪʧׯεȻʼֹǵ񾭣⻹ֵôһ
һֱõһܰĹңɡû뵽˹ٵΪܵӣûκε˽Ҳûܹ뵽ǾȻѱ˵ĺģû뵽ҾȻֶ֮ŵĹȴʵ̫˵սľˡȻҪ½͸ý壬͵ñֵû̿һЩͣŷ½а񾭣һֱҪȷıԵشͣǻҪǾһжǵĴ󣬵ʵ̫а
ͲôڵĴԼһȺˣټׯεȻѧغܶںѧ߿ׯεȻ֤Լ֮󣬶ͬׯεȻټµıƵ϶мܲסģʱҪƽϢǵķŭһѵ顣
˵۴Ӱ죬ƺֵܶһϡǸһӣ֪һаĹҡ
֮ǰڵӣÿ˶˵һѺúƵĹȣʵϣܵʷصļغ͵Ŀɱһλ¸ֱЩϴңҿ»ڹ
һаĹȾȻȫö֮˵Ĺаʵ̫ˣѾֲ绹𣿡ׯεȻɪһԱߵǡĸׯεȻһë̺οׯڣĿǰǰȫģ֤һᰲȫĵﻪ
ʵϡׯεȻžͷЦڻһжúܺãûе˵˼ءڶ֮صĹȣܵ˾شԼ˼ÿҹλأЩļеݣҶεҪɵңһ˹ٴѧʱҪɵҡ
ä㣬ô˵ׯ֮ǰţѧʧҲΪ֮ǰǻҪ֣ΪԲŻʧ𣿡
ûׯεȻһŮʿҲˣڼǰһ˹ٴѧʱЩļУεɱҵķʵûа취
ɵӣղׯεȻôһͷǰǾ֮ݼԱʵ̫ϧˡ
ԽԽðϲѡʱҿôظöԹׯڣװװԽԽá
ô˵һ£Ǵʲôʱ֪Щ𣿡
Ǵ·ݣǰţѧѧʱҼǵúҺͻ˹ڸս꣬صƵҴ򿪵ԣ⼸ʼҵ֮СׯεȻ岻ԾĲš
¼ˣװġ


179 
ׯڡﶼҪЦͷׯҲ̫װˡݼ˵ֻҪĴָԱߵһվׯεȻߣûκα飬ְػׯεȻ
ɪɪׯεȻţΪʲôʼ㿪ʼʱҸҵ۾ôû뵽ҾȻǵҪĿꡣɪµģȥۡλʦרŸׯεȻһдͷ±˿Ƶġ
ׯڿʼ֮ôأȷʵܺ棬ׯεȻţѧʧĻϢû뵽εϮܳϴţѧʧĻ˵ֱ֮ϲû˻뵽ɷׯεȻܹʳϴε飬ý죬ýһֱûпǻׯεȻص֮Ҳû˵κεĻ鱣ֳĬ
ıƼˣʲôҪⱬϡ
оӼҲҪҧˡׯɾֻԭ˳ӣص֮ûжԵκεۡɱıסֻҪȫ棬һǵġǵģҲǵġ
ڸʩѹ㲻Ҫɱڰ֤ݶóԺҪɱǲܵģ뿪뱣ҡҪǸʲô飬ƺҲϴ壡ΪģΪĵ
ع֮󣬻жӰͲ˵ˡ˵ǱߣȷʵҼ֪ׯεȻͻԼϵۻʲôıׯεȻѵ߲ǻ治ҶׯεȻκ顣
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ĻҪǷֱһĻ˵ͲһִĹңػɵδĹҡ
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λŮʿһ֪ļ

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Ҫرעһ𣿡˵˵λ뿪ʱǳ˷ܣΪӦرעһ±ȽϺã
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İɣλ½͸ļǲ֪ǵܵġ˵ǵܻ˷𣿡
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˿ģͦ鷳ģӻ֣صȥܼڡ


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ׯһͬȥŻҽԺһʱ䣬֮вͨʯξܹС˵ڻǲôš
ңľطǲڶ֡Ц˵ֻЩܵع֮Ҫ˵С
ׯεȻϵôһ죬ѾαһУûܹκε˳һµǱߵˣҲǲСȥڲļҳʲôŪ󣬹ǿ˭Ǽ
룬ׯεȻеЦ
֪ׯεȻſȱ˵ʵϣҲ֪Է˭
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糿ǵýҡţ⼸һֱĵڿԺúõϢ
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ʵϢʱ䣬òżʱգҲǼ֮ׯεȻصĵڶǵ죬½͸һׯεȻĵԼɷƵб֮ȫǸʱ򣬹ƵȴׯεȻûа취ڲץһڵļׯεȻúãټӰۼıݣƵʱŷѧ߶ſ顣
飬Ȼǻġ
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峿ķ磬ׯεȻԶࡣǰټʻֱӽׯεȻ͵Ұķɻǰһ·ϵİܺáǺׯεȻٴγµԵʣǻʹӣҲòӣΪʼҿѧԺ⼮Ժʿǿѧһ֮Ϊѧ̻ʵˣҪ¡
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ҽлʤлʤЦúܲãׯεȻ˷ɻҿ˵ѪԱǻỪġ
мһķ䣬о̨дλλԼʩȽڷɻߣʯξҽԱڸϢлʤڲԶׯεȻߵȽЦ˵Ƚڣﻪ֮һɽ㣬ھǻЩ顣
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úϢ˻ǵÿֽ֪ô¡뿪䣬лξվԭؾ͸һлξϢɣʮСʱŵڡ


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ɡׯεȻ˵һ㣬һҼ֮ϴnstlϣarxivҵٿɡ
Ƚ·Ц˵Ѿɣȷʵֻһ㻹ûǶһо˺ܾãûκε뷨
ڣȷʵвٵ뷨Ӧڻص֮󣬾ܷƪģʱһɨ赽ϣ󷢵ϡׯεȻЦţҲҽҪύȥĿ⡣
ŶȽüЦ˵ʲô
ȻѧׯεȻЦţܲܳΪѧԺԺʿҪһܹûȻѧȽϣʸԺʿ֪ģԺʿĸҶҪļ𡣡
ȻףҲǶҵ⼮Ժʿ˵ׯεȻʼҿѧԺ⼮ԺʿӢ׻ʼҿѧԺ⼮ԺʿΪׯεȻţѧڹϵȽϺõԵʣͬҲǷѧԺ⼮ԺʿׯεȻͷԵ֣֪顣
ȻӢ׻ʼҿѧԺԼѧԺûнƸʽģֻׯεȻӵ뺯һظҿѧԺԸ⼮Ժʿ˶ѡ
ֻͨʽƸʽׯεȻӢ׻ʼҿѧԺͷѧԺ⼮Ժʿ
ʱѾʼҿѧԺׯƸΣΪʼҿѧԺ⼮ԺʿΪ⼮ԺʿׯεȻпܲŵѧŵѧУҪѧĹΪʼҿѧԺ⼮Ժʿڽĳһ죬ܾͻΪŵѧ
Ŷӵȡŵʵ̫࣬׼ŵĴ񣬹ⶼв١ֻǿ˭ãŵܹ˭ң˶ѡ
ǣׯεȻܹɹĽӻֱۣӲӣŵѧ
ׯҪΪѧԺԺʿȿׯεȻѾҵԺʿҪĿѧԺ֮һѧˮƽѧչ涼Ǳȫ϶ġ
㲻ӦȱһԺʿĳƺŲŶԡȫʼҿѧԺׯεȻ⼮ԺʿûëׯεȻĶѧʦԺʿǹ¡
岻һȽڣҵҸ˺ΪܹϻԺʿҵҵĿ϶ҵǲһġׯεȻЦţƶǶĵͷ
ׯҿϾҪ䣬㻹ȽݸպðɡȽڽһݸݸׯεȻģһ㷢arxiv󣬼֤
ׯεȻպòݸ壬ȽֱʻԱ
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һ仪ĹʫԻʫά˼ǶԶĵط
ܰһ仰ȽЦ˵һΪׯʫûо
ĻûԻͣܶʫѾΪѪһ֡ʱ򲻾䣬ͻ˵һЩʫȽϾʱҲԿʫ䣬ǳׯεȻЦŸȽţɻʼ䣬лʤҲѹ
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û֪ͨýĹϵû֪Ǿعʱ䣬ׯεȻһҪýΧˮйͨǰڵŽȽڡ
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סлʤ˵ͷ˵ǹֵģ֪ġ
֪лʤѾǰԽӹȻΪׯڵԺׯڵ飬㶼ҪŴУȻѧϵͲأӡȵ֮ģлξһҪׯá
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ׯεȻ۲ܱߵĻСľǰڱأĲԶܺãľص֮ǰס˶ׯεȻ˵ׯڽǶסԻ̫⣬ǻԸׯڻһݻСׯҪʲôһҪ⣬Ǻø
ҡͦİׯεȻܱߵĻȷʵͦطġ
ׯڡ˵һ˻ѯʼ⣬ȻֻǼСѣԻشҲԲش𡣾û˱˱Ҵ绰ϱľҵĵ绰
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182 
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ׯεȻҲûдȥȷʵ۵ģǱȽϺáһڿţղ뿪˵һš
Ȼûжõʱ䣬ǰСʱҰɡׯεȻ⿴һʱ䣬ԭҪվŵģû뵽лʤæվӦӦƵġֱߵأŴ򿪡˺лʤ˵ҳʾ֤лʤ˽ţׯڣǹġ
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ǣׯҲ鿴һµ𣿡
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óԣλֵԱ飬ǿ˰ʱ䣬ûκβԾĵط󽫵ԻׯεȻллׯϡ
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ׯεȻλֵԱͳ֮ɳϣлʤ˵һΪǻϸأҲǿԶѣ
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ľǺ䣬ڵůʮ㣬ǴŶ߶Щȵĳ̶ȡ
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ׯεȻͷûжֵĻҲ룬Ӧúܿ½͸ı༭ͻὫƪ
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ȻׯεȻͣһ£ɲúȫǴѧݼѧԵôҪһǴѧɡ
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лʤû˵ӣʼӴݸֽɳɳƽĺš

Ůʿ½͸ܲдõı࿴˺ܾõʱ䣬ȷ֤𣿡
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ٲôڵ±֮ѾȲҪƪԼһĵȥ֮󣬵ʲôı顣
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ŵ㣬ɼϾҪˡлʤׯεȻڲݸֽдż㹫ʽȻҪһȥҲûйϵǱ߿Խпĳɼ͵绰
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лʤûдһһ־šڻ·ŵװǸʺ׻ܿǾˡ

ǴѧĳɼѾԱȽӺͳɼͳͳߣǴѧֱҪ׷Źֵᣬ⻹ꡣɼõļλֵ˸ߣӵһֵ˸ߡ
ϳʱ⼸λе±ơֱʻǴѧУ԰ѧʵʣȥ
ȥׯεȻڣׯεȻ֪ɣ
˶һׯεȻѧһˣڸնʮ꣬Ǵ˼ꡣǾҪȥλһĴ
ᵽžһĽȥׯҪǵ̸ġ֪ģׯȽæڹֳһЩ顣Աôһ˵ѧǵȷʵǰׯεȻȡѧ·;ϮֵǷз
ټׯڽŻоʲôǷǳǵĳɼġⲻɼճҴȥ𣿡
ׯεȻĴ񼶱ȷʵʸñȥұˡȻׯεȻҪû飬϶ȥǴѧġֻϵ黹٣벻
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඼ʼͣţׯεȻĿԼ
Աǰܽŵ˵壬ܹׯεȻ𣿡
ˣԱЦ˵İɣһƭǲɡ


183 
ŵľӰɡԱѧǰϲ㰡ͬѧΪȫһȽ
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ˣ鷳ⶼӦ顣ׯڻʲôֱӸ˵ͳɡ
ࡣлʤߡ
ŸɾܰķڷŲٵĶ֮һƹԱ߻һƷڷŸʽϡǰǿʽĳԱһ޴شĲݵغܴ󣬻ڷһӺɡǴõġ
ܴǿеԾĵز
ۼ䣬Ŀ䵽ɳϵӰΪͷĹϵòرӦò̫ߣЩΪͷ飬ʱʱбʼӴֽŵɳɳ
ׯڡׯεȻǰлʤС˵ѧˡ
Ŷ±ʣׯεȻ̧ͷһôĿǰλһˣÿÿȺܶǻҪÿԿԷҪŻ
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ׯׯãҡԡԡ
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ŶׯεȻ¾ӣҵĸУ
۹ׯεȻЦŵģûôţǲҶ޴վԭء
СӣأϺܲͼϣеġׯεȻʼƣǴѧûпǹ𣿡
Ҹմ˹ٸߵоԺȽǰǴѧν̣һ֪Ǵѧν̻Ǿٰѧ֮ġͣһ£¶Ц˵ȻھͻƴѧΧһЩŲ֮Ǵѧ϶ǻѧϵ֮ĵһһѧУǿжҲǿӵеʦ÷δ
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ׯεȻ̫ʲôδׯ˵ȷʵͦеġȷʵܶʶ֪ҲǳׯεȻӣ˵ӡҪ콲ѧ̳ģ϶ȵĵطǴѧ
ǴѧȫУУرĳۺȫҲǶʮңЩõҽѧԺѧϵϵеλǾҵеѡ
λͬѧׯεȻҿ϶ҲǶѧܸȤԲŻõһȽ԰ɣ뿴ǴѧҪ컪ѧģ֪ڣĿⶼҪǴѧԾѧĺУղͬڵĹ۵㣬˵ɡһֱдѧĿγ̣ҪǽԴѧȣƫ΢ַҲ漰ʲôĵط칫ѯҡ
ׯεȻͣһ£˳㻹Ҫ˵һ䣬ҪͶڿĻǸ򵥣ventiones atheaticaeҡҪѧڷⷢȣҪѧһƬ죬㻹ڵʲôǴѧ
ǵѧΧûеôЩһֱƸһЩӹعĽڣɽڣ˹ٴѧڣνʱصڡңҲ˹ٴѧĽϯڡ
ѧѧϣҿԿ϶ĸ㣬Ǵѧ;Ǵѧǲಮٵġ
ĺ㣬ܹҵĿ顣ׯεȻ׳˵ȸ֪ɣ
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ׯεȻ˵ͺ͵Ľ̹٣һģһ
׼ȺѧĽϸ죬Ѿ뵽Ƚν̡һĽڣ˵ѧw3ģ˵ţѧĽڵȵȣ˹ٴѧ˹̹ѧĽǶ롣ׯεȻ˵֮󣬡һֻܹ뵽ôĽڣĸУ̫а
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ȥɣȥɡׯεȻ֣лʤͳšЦͣû뵽ׯھȻôܺơѧģ±Ƶòᡣ뿪֮󣬹Ա̣ѧĴڳ
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ׯεȻЦһҿԿͬѧľ𣿡
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ŶׯεȻ˵֮ǰλͬѧҪѡ񾩴󣬻ǻƴΪʲôͬѧѡǴѧأ
Ҿ˵ׯǴѧܹĿΡٺܽţ䶼ʼΪׯεȻʵ̫ŵĹϵ
ҲúͬѧʧģңҵĿΣԻ֪ʶĺС
ϾԴǴѧѧһƤһѡ
ݸһֽׯεȻ˵ͬѧɽڵĵ绰ȥ֮ϵϵ
ллׯڡٱϹϾƬ뿪䡣
Աź뿪Слʤ˵˵лôô죿
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³֮󣬸ڹԱﲻͣĴŹġȷʵҪϾݼׯڵĻָĻᱻƵҲֱӴӦǴѧ㷲߽УׯεȻЦеѯ֣ȥģ˵Ϊеʣġ
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ǴѧƸͲҿׯεȻׯεȻƾһٺƣĩ˻˵һ䣬ͬѧҪɣʺ㡣
ׯڣһҪǴѧɫ࣬ǱׯεȻƵҲ
лʤ뿪֮ׯεȻЦ˵һȺɰѧӣԺú࣬˵ܳΪ
ׯڣѾǻȥˡҪټ𣿡
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嫺İ칫ųɼ˵˽غ޲ֱӳƵ갤ЩѧǴѧҲǺܲģɱ𾩳Ǵѧݼѧȫѧ֪ȺϸûκαȽϵء
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ׯεȻǲбȺ֢侯˵úһ˳ʿĹϵȻǰǮȽϺ׬Ҳǣڵ첻ȥܻع졣ɵôȶأЦˡ
ŵ㣬βͶ¶ˡӢ½͸֮ǰڴ깫ƽôôƷˣׯڵ첻ߣcaiֳǸٵcaiֳ԰ɣûׯεȻڵҪ仰һǼٵġ
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ϢǣǾȻĸôׯڣʵ̫ׯĴǶôһЩûʲôĽڣǡڻɺܶҪعĽڣͻȻԵcaiڸ
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лл˵껰֮󣬵վѯʵʷˣ½͸ׯεȻ˵ʵȷcaiأ
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ǿҵĻɣܶҹѧ߻Ըعѧ߶ǱøԶʧȥⲻһҵҪǴκһ֪ġִеĹңӦöΪеơ
ãǷļߡׯεȻǻѧңҲǷѧԺ⼮Ժʿ֤ʵcaiģׯεȻ뿪𣿡
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ׯǳȥĸ󻼣ˣüعһǹҵĹѧңܺ㡣ҫ˵ڻ֪϶Ƕֵġ٣⼸ǿ϶ᶯ֣ӦڵȴһҶɾʱ
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187 ɷ
˹Ҫһ£ļй¶ȥģcaiֳܲ칫УĽ֪жӰ𣿡
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ڲԱйܣ˵Ų˼ɫʣڲԱйܵĻ¡
ʲôȻǲܼ˵ȥڽ½͸ļҲûκεô뼴ǽ½͸ļߣׯεȻǱһԭʼĵνǰ⡣ʵϣ˵ǵһΡ
caiɹĻкܶ࣬ϵ˻ٶ֪caiɹĻ£֪Ͱڷ̨˵ǲһġ൱ֱӽcai߲ڸɵׯεȻйҲǲܵġɵ½͸ļ߸ܣȫڶţӢɿʱȥ飬Ѱ·
ǱѾĽ棬ҪcaiϡȻcaiׯεȻҪصĽڡȷʵҲܶ飬ׯεȻѧѧѧȵЩѧߣҪлصǶȲĽ
ֻѧ棬ʲôѧѧѧȵ֮ģǲȥϾܶ˶ӵ˼룬ŵԵ˺ǿ»ԻٵĻҡ
ȫׯεȻǵİɱƺ˹ҲھᵽҪҪ䰵ɱׯεȻׯεȻû飬ׯεȻ͸һʲôĴڿׯεȻһֱϣصʱļĬǲҪ顣caiľٶŭ͸Լcaiһݴ
֪ׯεȻЩ˵ʲôܶׯεȻ֡
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Ҳǲܽȥڽȥ֮ǰλֳиʲô⣬ǿֹ˵ġ˵ɱ˵ͻԵļ˭֪أǵļ˽˲ҵ
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ѾͼذҪֱµ߲ܷóͶǶ׷ʹ黹ġԭڹھиɺӥɣ̫࣬ڽϵԱʮоŸ붼Ǹɡ
İ˹ͨҲᱻɾͲһˡȻԷĲ۵̫࣬Ϊʲôǲ²ۣοôļһڵ
˵ɫ΢΢仯ε˵ʵ飬caiľֳûиͳһѾĵȫɾ޴ӲҲֻȴ˹ֳʼ顣
˵ܿյ⣬˹ֳıǻcaiúõһΡǱ֤Ժ󲻻ᷢ顣
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ڵڶܴĲɱׯεȻҲˣñץסСӡ˼ҶѾּĬôãȥˡⲻѰ·ʲô
ŷ˼ĶӵıӰЦúǿģûĵһ죬û֮һպյʱƺһȥкЩûѯʵý壬̲סҪֱýϳ
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188 
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189 
˵ʵҫͦġһĻظҲֻ߰ƪӶѣߵʱҲܲȶƽʱֻǹ䣬˵ƾ߰ƪӵĻظʮķ˿ƣͺ˾רҵ֪ʶԼ
Ļظ϶ǶСɾȦ۲١̳ķ˿һ򣬵ûзһƪӣƾشȦʮһСС̳û֪ʶר͹ˮǲɼģҫĺ棬ˢһ£û뵽Էֻظ˹ˮһӡ
˵ĳܹ򼸷֣йֵĹˣҿһߡˡµ[ͼƬ]Ǿ⼸ƬΣԴ򼸷̸֣ȱҸβ̸ܺ
ɷɷɷɲкҩڵ·ɻнޣǸ⡣ȣӦýҫ԰ɣǰʮڹϲϡ档ΣҪ̸ôҪʶʶأ֪̾ӵжӳҪôֱȥ̾Ҫôʶ˴ҪôֻȥȻʶ֮Ҳһ̸ܹ
ʱԵ޷ֵģһָ仨ˮκΡ˵Ů׷УɴŪԷûŮѡ
εģоǣ࣬Ҿ˳ȷʵӢôȥеɷӣŶ˻᲻ðɡҸ˽˧翴ˣ˵ǸĻأϾôжӳô˵Ҳеֶΰɡ
ҫһ֮󣬸ղŶĺøһȫûˡ˵Ļ֮ҲˡЩжӳǿʵʵڿŹһȥġô˵޵ңûд̸̸ϲׯ֮⡣
˵ʲôƵģֱĸ
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˧⣬ָ˧ǰ;ˣͨŮ̸һ㶼ǾͨŮӺ˦ûκεĸǧҪϵͺã׷Уһ˵ġ
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ҫ̲סŭⶼһȺʲôôڮȻʲô˵УɱôڮͷҪ˸ׯ˵ˣʲôˣ̤̤ʵʵĸô꣬ôĹͣôˣŽжӳһ˵ʲô鶼ûиɣͳжӳƵġ
Ҳ̫ˡΪԼֻظ
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ҫòᣬʼǺָ΢΢šʵ̫ˣͲʶ˵ôˣװһ߶߶ӡ޲˳ߣקһ١
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ɷɷɷɲʶ棬ûֻˡ
ɷɷɷɲ񣺽Ŷ˵ʶأҾҪ˵Ʒˣ
ƣҫžڵϴһ֣ɾĺ޲ðһһ١뻹ˣһͲ˵ҲܺҲûкͱ߹ͻȻԷ˵ϼ䣬еƷ
ﶼŻѪöԷô̳Ҫ꣡
жݺݵţԽԽԽԽҪϵǸ˾һΡȻô˵ŵԣͻȻׯεȻ¥һۣ軹ûл𣿡
ڸҽϢûչҫлʤһ־ڿҲûзҫ
ûаظһ䣬Աߵҫ첱Ӵ֣ׯεȻһŪſһ߿ҫôˣ
תͷſҫģ˭ˣ
еĪģҫһⲻͦĪûġ
ûҫҡͷ˵û
ЩЦҫĿⶢׯεȻֱׯεȻ¥֮ſŵҪͶԷߣϧǣԷѾߡ
ʣһ˱ȺȺ
ˣҫţסһһҪһһɫ
صׯεȻ˸㿪ļţһߺſȣһõĿݡܶʱ򣬹ⲻûиݣǼûкļҲ޿κεġһʲôöûУׯεȻһ㡣ȥѧʵңڻʱ䣬·ݻ·ݣôһʱ䡣ûдʵһĿ⣬ôһھҪһսãʱ͸һݴ񡣱ȵҪǰսͺܴ̼ң֤ʮͬǹƵĻ͡
ʮ֮ͻһµĻ͡
Ҳ˵Ҫ׷ϻǰΡ
ϣׯεȻʼĥݡ
ЩҪѧģͣҴƲǵĺļʵ̫ѡׯεȻţҲûпԵġҪһ£أ˭ܹ˵ЩļƾյõġһܹݺģĥһЩļĥĽػǷǳ
ڻȫҵеĹңһΣǲҵһ鲻гʱʵ
žһҫصԡлʤ־ȥһЩҫĶе۵˵٣ׯڵĵԣŪ϶Ҫ鷳ġƽʱõĵġ
ҫղǱúͿˣׯεȻġ
ϸĴţû顣
ظԻ˲Ǯ⣬ׯڻĵز
Сŵ㡣Ĳɵ˵С㡣
ҽУûе̸ۼ޵ĵزҪҽǴѧҽѧԺޣ˵ʱûнĴ㡣üν飬ҽ˵֮
ҫҲͦæģҲû˸Ů֮ġһһܾûȥֻϰࡢԼׯڡȻҲǿׯڶѡûнһĶׯ˵ʱû̸Ĵ㣬ֻǰѶѡ

οʱѾ賿̾ϢһĿǰѧϻûиׯεȻۣʵϼׯεȻ֮ǰbsd֤ûüǹ׶ۡ˭Ҳû뵽һٶԽԽ졣
Ųʱ䣬ͽ
۾ԭҪׯεȻ֮ǰƪڻͻƽȥȻѧģл룬Ȼû֤ȥȻѧҪûһȽǲˡ
ϵԣʹˣҲͦ۵ġ
֮ͷԻġƪĴӡ׼콻ȥص˯š
Ƕ峿кܴ̹ǵķ粻ͣϯǵÿ䣬䣬Щܲ˵ġ
뿪Һӡõװڴ뿪š
ǴѧֱǰУ칫ҡ
У칫ǿŵģţ̧ͷվЦ˵ˣ
УׯεȻȻѧѡġ˵Žһó֤һܵһȽɡ
Ŀ˼ۣ֤Ŀʲô
û˵ҡͷֻ˵ҪϢһʱ䣬⺢ҲǿŶõʱ䣬ǱǱɱģͦ۵ģҪϢһʱ䡣ֻϣԺ¡ڻһǸҴƱû˸˺ġ
ҿûôӡЦ˵֮Եýô˵ҪЩ˿ңҪĺ£ѾְˡôܻڵĸλϣˣһѧǱߵĳĿܸ˵ְƣҲûдְ
ǲ֪ׯεȻĿʲôׯεȻûְǻܹġ֮ǰǱҲĹô飬ׯεȻʼǿɾˡׯεȻ̬ûбҲûдְлʤ˵ׯεȻÿ춼оڵʲôû֪רĵڿһЩݣҪо
Ѳʯīϩоγ˵ׯεȻСûģرǻع֮󣬸û֪оʲôǰ٣ܵ칫·ʱ򿴼칫ֻǮ£ƽǲѧУ
Ϯ̬ٺãҲõƽһ°ɡкЦ˵ǲҪôϿ
ѧǱ߲ǡзģͷߣһֱύȥģ˵פʹݵҪǺ棿
⡭Ҳ̫СӴû˵ⷽ鰡ţЦ˵ûʲô˵ģҪ˽½ѡ½͸Ǳ߿϶вٵ֤ݣ֪Ǳ߻᲻½͸罫֤ߣǿ϶ҪɾׯεȻе֤ݡ
ڻγ˵ỹcaiȥׯεȻϴݻٰɣ
ҲûֿԣʲôеķξúеԶԡȷʵΣʲôǼȻܹĿŵcaiعɱׯεȻʧֱ֮ӽعҲûǵʱȥׯεȻｫݸٵ
Ҫһ𣿡
ǱӦ׼ġҡҡͷ㿴ʱѾУܹ뵽ģҾûо飬¸ˡ
ҿδءЦ˵ǽڰջķᣬѧܶУ˶ҪǴѧׯεȻСӡҲ֪ôЩ˸ƵǴѧģѾǩʮѧĺӡһǿҪǴѧѧ
˵ʱЦǴѧôһôѡֿŶҪǴѧϿεġ
Ҫ˵ⲻׯεȻںƣš


190 
ȻׯεȻܹƵôѧӦò̫ᱻפʹݵĵºơСӣأֻһֱô˵ѡΪǸֻоСɵϡ˭ɵϣ˭ɵӡ
˵ЩѧһȥׯεȻСӵģüҪݼѧ֮ǿźҪǴѧġЦ˵Ƶ˼ݼָУʦȥҳЩӶǴѧǩͬ
ںܶУ˵ѧУͲһ㶫Ѻȫߣʣµȫǲ̫õġ˵̫ˣѶӪҲᵽǴѧҡͷ˵СҪ˵£ͦбµġ
»̫ԲЦ˵ܹһѾܺˣôܹȫѧݼǾûܹɣУƽЩѧʣһЩ̫ҪĸѧУںˣһʣȫȫԵҪ˵ɣȷʵҲҲ̫ͶԷ̫ƽϣȥɡ
ӻ֣ϻοô㣬þݼѧУԱܲ𣿽Ǵѧǻ;ǴѧݼѧĶѧѧУ
ԲԲѾҪˡγ˵ҪСӵϣǴѧ̧̨ܹףǺܲġ
ҪɣڵĵľС̬᲻ʲô⣬ҿ½͸ĽĵЩľսģοСӡţļ˵оǹԺʿ⣬С̫ˡǴѧݼѧԺʿģҪǲͬ⣬СӺѹԺʿѡء
ǵǸ𣿡ʮ˵Ӣ׻ʼҿѧԺԺʿǷѧԺԺʿʼҿѧԺԺʿҪǸⷽףȫҪ԰ɣŭ飬ǲɵӣȥġ
ͬǼλŵųˣ˵ٳѧѧѧϵĵλЩ˸ﻹѧ½չѧڿͬˡǿԺʿͲǵģ
ѧĴڿѧڿȻѧڿĸûģǸͲΪС¿ڿ⣬İɣȻѧ䷢ܹ֮뻪ѧԺġг񣬡Уô˵Ҿͷˡ
ΰüģУҲ˶ˣѧԺԺҲùˡ
ǣУʲô˼̿УҪǲѧУûѹסׯεȻСӣѧУ޼ɡ֪Ƕˣڲ⹫ѹҪˣʵʵ˵ѹסСӡ
ʱǴѧɾˣҲ֪СӴĹЩҾɵѧԺԺȥɽа壬ͱ˵ˣ϶ҡμæ֣Уⲻû𣿡
˵ҪǵŵǸû˭ܹס뵽֮ǰׯεȻһֱİ칫ﲻߣҪûѧʵҵ顣˼һѧϵòУҪУְȥɾͲˣУ칫ҵж֣ѧԺܵУ칫ׯεȻһսȺǻ棬Ѿʼͷ
ѾˣλˡҪϰɣôľˡ
ⲻǾŵкԶľ𣿡Ц˵Ҳ̫һм꣬ȥֵʱҲˡͿԺҪġ
У治ҲСӾǲԸ⽲̾Ϣ˵СҪܹͨһôż𣿡
ⲻǣСǲϲúܡϣ֣һ뵽ͷ۵С
˵Сôֵܹزأ
ƢҲֵͦġκߺ˵ҪΪʵо̫ôˣⱲѧҲûָˡ
ҪЩԵġеǺϰߵ˵㿴ĸûеƢ˵˵
ǵǡ뻹ôţƢŹֵ˶ȥˡׯεȻƢǷǳõġϲϱˣƢ˵㣬Ķá
˵оûнչһǲͬġʵϣǹȷʵɽͷѧϣ󻷾⣬һֱڸơңͲɽͷⲻһ𣿲ִѧĻȨڹˡЦ˵ҹԴԱʽǳ㣬ǮøһЩΪǷأǷչйңڷչСкܶ˾Ҫ黳ÿԱ£·ԱóԲúȲ˯ֻҪð͹ˡ
۵ԽԽ٣ԽԽ˶ףԱҲˣҲҪԺЦ˵ҲҲһֱһŬ߹ʣߴ˵ɣ߼˲ƻĴǿҸջعʱ붼ġ
ҲǡεͷУȥˡ
ȥɡл˻֣ˣΣ˵ȽѾǺܾˣ
εͷ˵ҪְǸ׼÷ӣȶǴѧСӻ
ǩͬ𣿡
ǩˡγ˵ǩĺͬȽڵʱҪǿǩһЩ
ǣѧżһšȽζǹʶ⼶ĽڣǴѧһ¡Ƚ˲ţҲҪС
Ƥ˹Σ
ܺá룬ѧ츳رׯεȻСӡȻ˽»ᴫһЩׯεȻҥԣϣȷʵܳׯεȻżѧҲ츳δӦܹΪһλѧҡ
ûа취Ǵѧν̣
⡭γ˵˵ʵɡ
УƤ˹Ӣ׵Ĺ壬˵ңɳҲһܹҪֻׯεȻҲ֪ͲƤ˹ȥ⡣ҾƤ˹˵Ҳ뿪̾ϢһϾӢˣʺȥǻصӢסׯεȻܺƤ˹뻪
Ƥ˹رڶ׫һЩׯεȻСϢûׯεȻڣҪ²һ¡ʵϣĽڣǾмӵġֻׯεȻܹ뻪Ҹ˺ܿƤ˹δҲףûͺҲܰȽںƵǴѧǴѧ϶ǱׯεȻġ
ǴѧȻɣʵϾ뾩ݼѧѧѧԺкܴĲ࣬˵ǱһѧоģһоġǻǺ󰡣Ҫʱ־棬ҪõӣҪһѪҺǽеѪҺǶֽڣȻ黹ÿԵ֣Ǽġзϻ۾üģǱѾ˺ܴò׹һλ綥⼶ѧңɱʲôӡ
İɣ϶ʲôӵġ˵ʱЦһ£УûҾ뿪ˡ
λصѧϵ칫ʱ⿴һۣȻׯεȻûڰ칫ңֻǮһˡ
ţǮã̧ͷ˵𣿡
ʦû칫ң
ûСǮҡͷʦֽû칫ҡ
ɡλص칫ңĶׯεȻģкܶණûи㶮ҪС
У˵һѧǲ룬ǸûֿԡҲ֪ׯεȻʲô취ȸƹģׯεȻˣҲò˵ׯεȻȷʵͦġֹʶڻҪׯεȻһӣ֮ܵͣĸϵǴѧΡ
ܹһѧγţڻѧ򣬻Ƕµġкܶ໯ѧУûлŵѧɷϣΪֹڻѧڣкܶж׼ŵĴ
ֻǻѧѧѧʵϣӰĴžŵѧͨӴĿѧңǶѧϾѧȥѧڻѧΪ̸ӵԭ򣬺ܶʱѧȷʵûѧô
ȻҲΪѧĹ׺ܴԵʣʱգѧĹɻڹչ淢Ӻܴá
ĿѧңѧѧǼΪ׳ŵ
ǻѧҲвٵĴʦЩʦڻ˻̫ࡣڣǻѧĵһڻѧѧϵķΧҲǳá
ѧԺ϶ֻѧϵϵ֧ţÿѧϵȥһЩѧϵĽڣȡǴѧѧԺɻһѧԺ
ѧϵϵиׯεȻѧϻɣϵмλԺʿѾ㹻ǻѧϵǴѧ̫ϲϺܶУܹһЩѧϵĽڣҲǲѡ
ټϼȻׯεȻѾѧԺʣճаҲòϣׯεȻļǴѧгΪѧĵ⡣
뵽ʱУһʼȥϸĲѧԺҪⷢչѧϵϵׯεȻʣµĻѧϵҲѧҲҪһЩѧѧϵĽǰǴѧν̣ǴѧԺķչǷǳҪġ
ǴѧǰôǿǴѧѧϵάȫǰѾѡׯεȻѧѧͲҪġôǴѧȻԷֳһֵľǰĻѧϵϵٱҪѧԺãͺҽѧԺһÿϵҪⷢչ
Ȼ϶ҪһϵռݴͷģΪͳѧУׯεȻĶڡȻѧϵͷȻǿϵʦǴѧɻУѧҽѧжˮƽĸУ
ӵʼĳ½ڣһ۾ε뷨ȷʵͦõġȷʵܿճһֻһЩѧѧĽڣ֮ǰѧϵѧ˲ŶͦѵġׯεȻѧϵҪһѧ˲ʵ̫ˡЩμӰӻûʲôооѧЩڶ֪ѧĴ󿯺ۺԵڿׯεȻйϵǷĵʱ򣬾ׯεȻϿɣôҲҪ˼һ֮ͬꡣ
ֿϿɲϵģܶʱׯεȻ϶ǴѧУǲͬı׼
ѧ½չܱҲ˭ȥģټׯεȻڹϵӰȻǴѧûʲôѧо֮ģÿмѧֻᣬĽǰμʵ̫֮ǰׯεȻٰѧʱֵĳǴѧÿ궼ܹ͹Ⱥǽнѧֻкôûл
겻ǴѧڰץסӣвٹĽڵһѡǵǴѧν̡ѧϵϵ˵ϵ׼Ǵѧν̵кüǴ˹̹𡢸ױǴѧѧУν̵ĸڣҪνڣյǴѧ뺯ѡصǴѧνڡ
ѧϵҲ˲ٵ½ڣ˵ʵϣȻܺ;ݼջ۵ĶУȼ硣ǺĸУĿǰҲȷʵ׷Ǵѧѧѧһ˵ȥݼ֮⣬ǴѧԴ޵֡
ټׯεȻµо¾ݼЩ㷲ʲôʱѧѧϣǴѧͻȻͳǡ


191 
ſϣׯεȻɻġлʤڿ￴űֽصǴѧ֮ׯֻȥһΰ칫ҡÿ춼ڼȥǴѧͼݡȺѧҲãׯεȻֻ֮ͷׯεȻʺá·ϰׯεȻͼݣܶʱׯεȻͼݵλѾ̶
ܶӵܻλڳ
лʤȥǴѧ̳ѧ˵ׯεȻרׯεȻ֮˭λöҪߵġ
ʱ䣬ԭѧǾϲʱţׯεȻûǰͼݣλɻǸׯεȻڳͼоûʲôģֻܸһλó
ԭһеĵѧԺѧһλû뵽ôҵһ¿϶ׯεȻǴѧͼݣҷ׷ױʾѧУһͳҪׯһλãԷׯͼоʱλվоοκβĵطҲѯׯεȻ
ׯεȻоʱûѧȥׯεȻ
һӦ֮£רŸׯεȻһλáûǰǴѧͼݣꡣˮŴ̹ǵĺ⣬ڼΪů͡лʤɳϷ־šҲûбˣ֮Լҫȥϰ࣬ҲȥʡֻʣׯεȻڼеıֽ
лʤվŴ಻Сڴϣڿǲơŵмѧģ˿ٵ߶СڣȥӦҪȥѧģ궼ºüˣ˾Щꡣʲôͦϰߵģںʲô
塱ĵ绰лʤӹ绰ãׯεȻڵлʤ
лξҫڵ绰ͷ˵ؼҳԷҲؼҳԷ
õģһׯڵġ
ҵ˼ҽҪǴҴ°Ӧͦġҫ˵ǼһҪȥԼᣬлξмŮ𣿡
ûлʤ룬ûмŮѡͺҫ˻ͦģǲְҵ⻹١ׯεȻҪׯεȻ죬Ҳ֪ĵʲôܾׯεȻǰֻ
Ǿֵʳã
ҫӦһҴǴݻ
лˡлʤЦ˵ҿׯڽһֱо磬ʱҲͣ
ׯģо˵ʲôҪҫЦЦȥæ
ҵ绰֮лʤɳϡˣһǣû뵽ǵĶ컹ͦġҪȥִ񡣾ħһ˶ܲס
ͺͺ֦£ûκ߶ˮͣĵڵϣתлʤׯεȻ¥
ׯڡлʤһкؾֺͺؾٶԷ
ŶׯεȻŶһҸҪȥԼᣬҰӦǹܶɡ˵һڿȣҫ绰˵ģ
лʤͷ˵ٴ绰ҵģ˵򷹻Բ
ׯڣоˣ
ûׯεȻ˵ͷ⻹кܶҪѧģ͵ĵط
ѡӷڱ˼š
лʤҲû˵ǲŵׯεȻ˼·
ҡЩûסׯεȻ·ڹĺļҺ⡭ԣ⣬ǲ֪ôȥģǵĺļһѵ㣬⣬ʵϹķҪˡ
лʤû˵ڹչ棬ûκεķȨġƮɢζڵסׯεȻ۾
ܾõʱ䣬ׯεȻû˵
ôһϣ·һܰ㣬ԭء
лʤɳϿűְֽǱׯεȻڹׯεȻ˼ѵ⣬ֻܰĪ
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лʤׯεȻ¥֮󣬼־ͦĵģѾ˺ö籨ʱʱš
ֵһǸʱ½͸ָ÷һƪĽܵҲڶׯεȻҪפʹݵ£ʱ϶֣Źļ߶Ҫ֡
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ûϵҫ߷߲ƽ˵ڮʲôӢۺú
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ҲУ̳ҡҫӣҲûüѵ̳֮󣬿ʼ֡
ɷɷɷɲ㲻ôˣ
Ҿû֤˺ܲãΣƾʲôܹʲôģҸ㽲˵Ʒֲҫ@ɷɷɷɲ
ɷɷɷɲ񣺰ӴҪҶ߰û뵽ôа
Ҳҫ
ɷɷɷɲƷô˵㲻ҫɰɣ˵ǾͲǡ˵öԣ
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𣿺þûпôĻˣڴ
ףȻôˡǲҫ棬ʮ껹ҫ𣿽˵˵𣿡
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@ɷɷɷɲ  Ҫ˽㣬ʶҫ֪ƽʱǸʲôô֪ǸУĻ˵
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ˣٵĺڷۣһҵò˭õĸоҫʶ˰ɣ
еôȰŮôǻεİ
Цˣû뵽Ȼٵĺڷۡ
˵ʵ٩Ӷɣǵһ׼ݴʣžǺڷۡ
@  ٣ǲλ׷㣬ûдӦɰޣ̳ܵ㣿ҿ֮ǰƪӺǼ֮ǰģû˵ţͣúЦͻȻ١
ðɣҫ˭@ɷɷɷɲ
ɷɷɷɲ°˭@
ҫòУҪֱӽԸˤ飬ʵ̫˺޵ˡ
ⶼʲô˰
ɷɷɷɲ񣺸ʾʶˣ@
Цٵĺڷ۶԰ɣҵòҲõ
˻٣ʲô
ȵȣڲӦ߾λǻԣҾͨѧ𣿾Ĵ𣿡
ҲһǾӵİɣҲпͬΪſòԺܼʡİ١
˵ˣѾԲܶſ֮伸ʮֵİˡôˣٵѹ˵ǸǱѹǸ
ֵӦѹ˵ǸɣǱѹҲԣûдд£
ϧǲ֪񾿾˭һذ
ҫһƽ飬ŷɷɷɷɲʱ޲úͶԷԼܡǶԷֱӾߣͺǼŭֱ֮·ƵġһڼѧϺ鲻ʵIP
ҴסһһҪÿҫš
ׯεȻһԴŵĹâʣŸѧģ͡
ȥƺͦġ
лʤҫģЦ˵ҲǸ˵𣿲Ҫȥ㻹ҵĻ
һҫ˵֪˭ʶҵˡ
лʤͷἸԣڼϺ˲ɡ
ǡҫҲϸţӢ޺͵־ǸԴʦɡ
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ƣɽڰɣ
лʤһ£Ǽɵġҡͷ˵ɽڣûôУ˵ɽڼĺǴѧĸСѧأʱϺг
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ʵлʤ֪ò˵
ôˣҫתͷãؿлʤ
һׯڼѧ϶ٵĶ֮ǰҪѧϵ⣬׼A.M.ͼ齱лʤ֮ǰ֪Щʱ俪ʼ񲹵ġ
ܡҫЦ˵ׯûôģҲôҡҲ˵ˣֻǿܶѣׯӦöڼûжоġ
ֱųׯεȻԲׯεȻɢҥԣĺͼʲôׯôġ
治֪˭ôģȻϺͦġǹˮҶǵЦҶԷôʶǻܡҲ¡;Ϊ˺ֲ̫ôᣬһֻ˵˵һ仰
͸о˳˺֮⣬¡

ׯεȻ¥ʱϰڷŲٵĶ
ôԵģׯεȻ˵˭ģ
١лʤׯڣϾҪܶղֳ绰˵Ӧ׼һ¡
ã֪ˡףôٵɫܲ
лʤҫЩЦ
ûûʲôҫεЦ¡


192 
ĻȥҽԺȽϺáׯεȻЦ˵
棬ûʲô顣ҫɻǸ첱ӴֵģͷڴڵĳŷҲ˵극֮ׯεȻ¥лʤ˼᲻ׯڵĶ磬ܸߡʵϣׯȷʵܶԡҸݹֵƲ⣬ڽcaiݿ⣬ȡܵûбֵ˾ׯεȻڡ
ڼѧ棬ׯڿҲ綥ˮƽֻǲ²⣬лʤ˭Ļᷢʼׯڣпׯα֤ݡʵȡcaiĺݣҪûɻĻļһû飬ҪչҪԼ
׻˵úãӲׯڵ뷨αװɱ˷ʼҪùֻǻףҲҪֺڿͼκ飬ҲҪ飬ҾԲ
о仰˵úܶԡׯûȥϳûҪ
ҲͣΪʲôׯҪôԼׯôʲôôǳׯ֮⣬󾿾˭ôģϾ͸èƵģתûèҫת˵ںҫ˵зɷɷɷɲһֱҫ̬Ϳҫһ߸ߣ;һ϶ǹⶺҫġҫӣ޲ýǸץסһΣţҫ϶ץסǸзɷɷɷɲλѡ
ҫôǸ̾Ĺ۲ӦǱȽϸģʶһԡܺõˡôҪôƽʱصúҪôׯڡƽʱصúлʤòڣڿ˲ŵ͵гҪ˲ţ޲ȫĲŻչֳôôҫ棬ҫ֪
ׯεȻĻ͸ˡׯȥٸⲻû¸
ׯεȻ⼸춼ڷҲųֿԡٿ϶ׯεȻڣǳĳԭׯų⡣
Ȼٶòׯڣܼ˵ׯڣǲׯѾҪˡ
ׯڣлʤҲٲ϶ɵЦлʤսԱڹôáܶļ֪ܺʶܾǲϲׯڣ
ׯĿǰٵĹĴŶѵķΧ֮ڵģٵȷʵ̫ûȥ棬Ϊһ㶼档
Ȼ˵ׯھǾأ
٣ѡҫлʤǰ˻Σʲôأ
ûʲôлʤЦ˵Ҫȥׯڰɡ
ʲôҫЦ˵ׯڲŲôɵ飬ҵׯûκκôѲׯڻ̸
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˭˭ըëˡҫƫͷɫ΢졣
лʤЦ˵ûйϵֻǾÿϲׯڣֻֿܰɡֱжԣҲû̸Ͳ֪ٶׯڵʲôĸ顣ԵƲ⣬пϲ
򿪵ԣҫͶԷߣȻԷûߡڹˮɷɷɷɲķ񱻳ҫһڷۡܶЦҫ˺һû˼򿪵ӻһ½Ŀ־úġ
˵лξô˵ģԭֻǰ첻Ϣʱ䣬ҫ;ģϰࡣо仰ô˵ţϰʱһֱ°ࡣ°֮Ҫϰ࣬סڼ¿Ҫȥλٻ֪Ӧʲôǳȥˣʲô̫ԡ
Ϊһֱִ񡣡лʤЦ˵ҵǱׯڡ
ҫɳϣĺġ
ҪȥӰࣿ
˰ɡҫҡͷ϶ҪġʲôЦһжӶϢҪȥӰ࣬жӵԱҪҪȥӰࣿȫҪȥӰĻЩ˻᲻
ҿôԾ첻ܳš
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˿𣿡ׯεȻ¥ʲôԡ
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лʤܺ棬ׯڣǸɷɷɷɲǲ㣿
ߵɳԱߣһˮΪʲôôʣ
ٺϤԺݺݴ̼ٵʹ㣬ȴҪôʹòȥһֱ֪èΪ˳Ե󣬾Ϊ˶ȡֶѡ
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˿ҲУ
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Ҳˣġ
ҫ˿˻ʱ˳㻹ˮʳȥкܶࡣһţЬӡڲ輸ϣٺٺٵɵЦš
Ҳ֪ϲֶ֣һЩ
ׯεȻһʳ˵㲻ҪǮ𣿻ôƷѣҵҪǮϱˣ
ûûϱҫ˼ͷⲻǲ׼ϱ𣿡
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ԡҫͷһƿֵݸׯεȻׯȺȵˮɡ
֣͡һݵˮһ壬һ֮󡣽ƿšһԡ
˿ء
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ҺһѧУģû̸֪
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Ӵô⡣ׯεȻվڴ߿Ŵ⣬ѾвٵС汼ţŲŵӡ
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ܺãǳȥɡµĿóȥҲ
ҫһԸţׯڼüˣȥɢɢҲ
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ܱܲЦøɵһ̫ϤҫŵЦݣ̲סҪ²ۡ


193 
ȷʵÿûдһ˿񡣹ȥࡣ¶ЦݣׯεȻ˿ܾǸɵӡÿοҫ־ԵЦݣ˿Ӳ̫ʹһ֡ϰɣɻ
ǡȥϰˡ²֮ҫҲûֱأź뿪š
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Ϊϲֻǵľͦ۸ġЦţлʤҡͷׯڣٲ۸٣ڱǰӦǲ۸ġ
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194 ̹
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־ͷű¼üۺܺÿ΢΢šš
Ҳ˵ׯڷСʱС׵վڿȵ⡣뿪ʱСǸû˵ʾ⣿
ûׯεȻͷ־μ˵ׯҲ֪СǸ˵Ĺϵ԰ɣ
֪ѯʹСû˵
־̾ϢһׯڻʲôҪ˵𣿡
кܶСӡׯεȻţЩСӶŵ·һɿǸＯš
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ΪһΪһ֪Ӧ顣ׯεȻͽ־֣ˣ٣Һþûпˣˣ
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ˡׯεȻͽ־֮뿪䣬ׯεȻһŶԱߵлʤ˵⺢ʵ̫ˡ
лʤͷҹӦСӳ䵱ȦǮ߰ɣʵϣСһЩǻ顣
ǡׯεȻһС岻ãأѲǻá
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ׯѾͽȥɡ
ǸСҲܲܡׯεȻڳϣȥҽԺɣȻѾ˸ȥҽԺܰ;ϰ
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֪ô˵ׯεȻҪãڻûн顣ôĺӡ
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֡ׯεȻ˵Ҹ˵ʵɡ
һׯεȻҪ˵飬ܻЩܲˡ
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195 
⻰ʲô˼оЩ˳
ׯεȻźЩѿɫͷǸ˵֣ҺҸͲϲŮҲΪڵҪ󣬾ͱҪŮһƭ飬ҲȥҲȥ
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֪˵Ҹû̸ôȷϲŮ⡣ׯεȻЦ˵Ҳûд̸ûҪ̸Ĵ㡣Һ֪ҶŮûκεĸоҲΪ˵ȥһλûκιϵŮǲԵģһᵥһӡ
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196 
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µǣѾвٵʾ


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޴ʹתЩѾڲͣšǱҲܱ֤ǴʹݲϮЩʾǵˣ˼ǣʾɣǲܹǵɡ
ʹԵЩ壬˲̫ࡣʹת뿪ʷ˹Ĭû˵ʹο϶ûκأʵʵ˵ʷ˹Ϊλʹ⡣ڻûκһõ飬ϴȫù
λʹǰ;Ҳ˾ͷȥׯεȻׯεȻĴ˶ԣܻԹϵϢˣ޲ִһЩ
ʷ˹ʹܹ뵽ׯεȻΪ˽ֵøЩ϶ٵŬ
ý壬ֻڻʱһЩС֮϶ô׵ķŹڣҲܻô׵ķŹ˵һѾʼ綾۵˹
ʷ˹ºͷۣλʹЩͷˡ


198 ƻ
޴ʹΪǰׯεȻ͵֮ᡣΪׯεȻӦں֮ǰصʱ򣬾ѾõЩļϡŵʱûйԭǵһᣬһܺߵ̬
÷񾭵ԣ˵caiλᣬƵеı֣Ʊ׼мɵ񾭵ԡ
Ҫ˵ⲻׯεȻԤıмƻš
ȻԷҪңҩ
ԳֱӰѵҵԺ˵ԼʱֻһȺЦš
ϣׯεȻȷʵȡóɹɿԺǿң¶ù㷺Ĺעһв˶ſcaiΪ
ǡҲ˶ѣǽ߲ˣҪƾõΪңԶԶġ˵ʷ˹֪ׯεȻҪʲôоģׯεȻҪﵽʲôĿģֻѹĿô򵥵ĻѾﵽˡ
⼸꣬ûκԡҿʲôþǵڸٶϴأҲЧ
ʷ˹üģʹ뿪ǴӵǱߴĵ绰
ͺϴε⾵ţع֮Ȼ󲨣ڵѾһشλׯεȻĽĵƵҲûκԡ
ʷ˹һλԱҪϢһ𣿡
ˡʷ˹ҡͷ
칫е޴ʹŻͲ˵ã˹Ůʿ
桤绰ͷҲܳأ½͸Ǳ߲ϺִҪųļеļС
һǳص飬ϣ桤ܹӣǲҪׯǱߵŮ˳˵ҪǵĹϵ󣬻ǣ֮ʲôᡣ㶮ҵ˼𣿡
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Ϊᣬûȥ˹ڵ绰ͷ˵˽⻪˵뷨ϣ桤ܹԲҪףҪԡȻʷ˹Ҳͬǰǡ
ʵϣǶ֡˹ڵ绰ͷǿţϣ桤ܹǳεʵϣ˵ǷǳҪġ
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ˣȻڳ֮ǰϣܹ࿴һׯĲɷú½͸籬ϳϢںׯļУӦаġ˹ҵ绰֮޴ʹĬˡ
ҪѾ޴Ĵ۲ׯһ塣ڻǱϣׯǿԳµġ
׼һ½͸ıֽԼ½͸Ĳɷá
޴ʹ׼½͸ĲɷãׯεȻʱʲô֪

ڽ½͸¶caiĵԼׯεȻĲɷãλοģ

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ⲻǺׯءcaiİɱׯʵУҪׯܻػһʬ塣ʵϣҺ˹òͬ˹˵Ļ綾ֻҪϴһ죬ҪѪȫ磬ɸ޹֮Ҹ˺ɵӾõɣҸŻ
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ѾļֵֻۣһտǶѡҴӢ׵ٹְɣ


Ӣ׵ٹֳָȫҼǵõ󲿷˶Ӣ˵ĺᡣ˵綾˲綾
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˳ߴߴ֮⣬ǽ˹ͨ׸ȡһʱİͺǶսʱ׼νĺƽŶȻǲҴ־۹ǶڹڵŮԺ̡ܲûа취Ը־ˣǶԸŮеģ
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³ʿʱǷͶʱЦֻڿεĹŮˡ˵Ĵ²ܹʤŶսʷʵϣһͶʷ԰ɣ

¹˹
û֤ǿĹֻӡȣǴһŵϼѣңΪǿĹҡ


Ѿ͸ˣ˵δ֮ʵϣƶȶٹ̣Ե󲻹һıѡȥãҲȥûа취⡣ǽĻгС̣Ц顣ȲϻУӵǿţԼƭȥˡ

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ûҼܶҲ໪ˣʵܾӿЩ⣬Ƕע⵱£δʱǸݵµķչȻ˵һЩͷĻǵŲ֪Ӻζʱ󣬻˵ʽɡ
˵ׯʵ̫˲šܴׯĲɷпĲͻ֣̿Һѹ⾹ȻĹȡ

ʷ˹˺ܾõʱ䣬վ޴ʹš
޴ʹĴƿţʷ˹޴ʹ˵ʹ
ʷ˹кιɣ޴ʹȱȱĿׯεȻĲɷã˵ʵûпׯεȻʲôԾĵطž˵Щ֣ŷ½ܶ˵񾭡
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֪ׯҪǵһŵӡʷ˹ǰ޴ʹλǿȷλģʹһҲǵͷˡҪڻ飬ǮûٸһûаɡҪ˵ûͷ԰ɣҲеģж٣ǾͲ̫ȷˡʷ˹ڿλûͷԵӣׯεȻѾֵúԣҪõܣͣҩ½͸ƵʱѾ
ʷ˹һֱĥׯεȻ⣬ôʺܿţټıݣȷʵ˺ܸͬܡ٣˺ͬ
˵һЩʵ̫ȷЩӦ֮˵ġ
ǹģʷ˹˵ׯӦǺܾ֮ǰ͵õһֵļcai˻һֱȡЩļΪʲôعʱûнЩļó룬ֻǾûʱóЩ֤ݡʱҲˣĸҷӦǿҡ
ԼԼ˿ȴɤӺŷԵĻʷ˹ָָ⣬ʹҲˣȫǷǵˡ룬ôȥǶѸ潻
롣޴ʹѯʵʷ˹Ļǣ
ǰǻʲô̫ȷʷ˹ղ˺ܾõʱ䣬ܾǰǲô򵥣ׯεȻҵ飬»ҲҵԭǰǴѧׯεȻ飬þжҲֳСĶ
кܶýҲ˵ʷ˹˵Ҫ̸ܽУׯǱ߿²Ҫ̸ܵС
˼ǣǻҪ֪ͨý壿޴ʹüͷǲǸ˵βҪ֪ͨý塣
ʷ˹ҡͷʹúûһ£ôظǵġ
޴ʹ룬ʷ˹˵飬ҪׯڵһжׯڵΪ׼
ֱƸׯ
ׯѵҪϵý壿޴ʹ̫ţҾӦϵýŶԡ
ǵ棬ǿԸ⳥޴ʹ˵Լе㲻̫ţŰɡ


199 Ѱ
Ҳ֪鲻̫ȷʷ˹˵ׯһλˣҲֱӴӢ׻ص룬϶Ҫǳܡ֪ׯϲرĻӻܽƣûرϲĶо֮⣬ûȤá
ˣǺաΪûκε˽ʷ˹˵û̸Ƕ̫ϲ˻Ůˣϲ͵ˡܶණǶǸ㲻ġ
ڶˣ֪ģĸ׺һλֳĸƽʱڼǺѶ֣ʱڳ֣Ļȫķŭʷ˹ţׯܴҲѲǲӦǶֵģ׶βӦǵĶ֡
أ޴ʹ˵˵ô࣬ڸǺá
һһٴʹ쿴ýʱӦõһЩ
֪޴ʹܲԸ⣬ûа취ȥ˶ǰڵЩġòãǿɾͲˡ
»ع֮ҲܲС
޴ʹʷ˹ںżý壬ѾƲЩý塣ýһ޲ðǳӾϢʱ򣬾ͬΪӪ˵ʲôѾҪҪܹõʲôϢ
ֻҪϢǸں׻ĸңͺ½͸ܶʱҲسӢ׵ϢֻҪеȶȣǲӪֶ
ʷ˹ҲΪǰᣬŻļܵġµеý嶼ǰȥɷã޴ʹڴڼ˵ǿɾˡ
塱绰ʷ˹ʾ޴ʹȽ绰
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޴ʹüͷšúܽʷ˹˵úȷյõϢеý嶼ѾǰǣǶ˴ƵĻҲ֪Ϣǻɢȥģ˵ׯ޴ʹ벻ͨׯΪʲô
ʹʷ˹ò޴ʹׯһλˣǶЩĵġ
̸л˵Ľܼѡʷ˹ҲͷۣcaiĴǾȻ־ĵй¶ȥںˣԷĵߺţƽʱǶԴ˹ں޲öǾһˮȭ
ңҳУĬĬֻ֧УٲҲ޴ѹ£౾ǻŻᱳĶʻҲֹۣܶ෴Ե˶ѧ̩ɽһˣ˵Ӣ׺ܶѧң˶ڣ׫ȷԵ顣
ڵڣһɷԵҲڸУڹ漰֪ܶУĶڡǵԲģôȥµ֪ٶѧУûӡȥ˹ǻ˿϶࣬ǰҵĿѧһкܶࡣûдѧߣʲôȫ˲ţ
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ѲɣׯεȻҪľĳʷ˹šˣׯεȻһЩˣǵׯεȻѾ˹ٸߵоԺȵǴѧν̣ôȽڵģʷ˹֪ôȥƾׯεȻӰ˵иĶѧҺѧҶܵ
ǲλý֮£λʵ̫һׯεȻҪׯεȻ룬ָжٶѧѧѧǰʱ򻪹Ϊȫѧģ󣬻ô˲ţʮ֮һµĶѻ£Ҳﵽһֲĵز
ׯεȻһʼҪѧѧʥأԲģʷ˹һѯһλȽھǺδ㡣ҪڻôͻòһׯεȻûжڵԵòرҪ߼ׯεȻĽڣǵĿĵǻһǵ뿴ǲܳܵġ
У鷢
ʷ˹޴ʹϹ˵ʹһЩ飬ɷȥ
Ȼ޴ʹҲǳüò취
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ȥȽڽӴһ£ѯȽڻҪõʱ䣬ԽصԽáׯεȻܹȣȻҲԺˡټڻ̫ãһǰСܻ߳вٵҪѧҺѧҶǰǺܲԸ⿴ĳ֡
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˵ʱƤ˹û׼ͣЪǵﻪ֮㻹ڸʡ
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󣬻Ҳȥ˭ܹ֪ءÿ˵һ仰¡ıͱԽѿ


200 ڴ
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ȷˡȱϣΪȫ֪оԺ˹ٸߵоԺѧˮƽͷΧǴѧܹġ
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˵úеȷʵûбҪǴѧףԱߵƤ˹ȵĿȣ첻ŵ˵ȽڣҪڻ˹ٸߵоԺɡ
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ŶƤ˹Ա˵ô˵ʧȥţºͻƽҪƲúͲ뾳ķʽԸ
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ȻȽЦ˵ׯһš
Ƥ˹ûи˵ţׯ֪λҲȽ˵ģûκεĹϵɲô˵ԼҵĽڡ

ׯεȻڿģԱߵлʤһȣЦ˵˵λʷ˹½ȥȽڣҪص˹ٸߵоԺ
ŶׯεȻЦһôȽ˵أ
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ʵȽֻҪȸϵ⡣ׯεȻſȱһڣ±Ӻ˵ѧϻи׷ġ
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201 
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˾Ƶ꣬ιŵĻׯ޴ʹ档ׯ֮ǰڵϵı֣˶ܿҪĵһҪƵĸоεýǰǴĻ̥ҪׯεȻڵƣҪׯεȻ󣬻˾ǵҪׯεȻ͵
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ǻ⣬ٵĳЩý͹ڵý壬ȥǷ羰Ƶġ
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ׯεȻҪʾԻͬ֡ʷ˹ͷۣׯεȻǸܺߣװСȷʵѰ죬ͷׯεȻʾ顣֪Ҫʲôķʽ⡣ʵͷ۵Уʷ˹ļüġ
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ׯڡлʤվ⣬šԭͺҪҲһֱġ
ţׯεȻ˯¶Ц˵лξô𣿡
ŵҪȥ˾Ƶ꣬͵ǱߵĴʹ档ʱвٵý嶼ڵ
ŶׯεȻͷлξҽԺǱ߻ɳǱΣ
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Ȼأ
кöСѡຼͷĽëţȥʧ䣬Ҫȥ׬ǮǷԣҪǡ
ѺöǶߡຼ壬Ҳ֪ȥÿ¡
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205 
ǰľڣǻǵһηְҫ˵ŻûֻຼԵ
á־һСຼǵǸССķ𣿡
ຼҡͷ־ѯʵСຼƽʱأ
ڿȹݣһôĹ㳡ຼССԴ˼˺һʱ䣬ʵҲʶ·Ҳ֪ֻ˵ų
ຼôûлȥӦûתĿɡҫ˵ϾôӲɵӶÿܻᱨ֮ģҾǲܻԭصţӦûȥĵط
Ҫץǿ²̫סҫ仰˵úܶԣҪץȺƻ˲̫ףȻѾ߶ǿ϶ҪطġôຢӲתơҪŬУ־ຼԴЦ˵Сຼ㻹ǵøĸ𣿡
ûûˡຼᣬ˾ĵۡ
ׯεȻຼģ̲ס̾Ϣຼֻຼë׵ԴԺСຼŸòãѧѧ
ຼû˵Ӧûڱ˵С
ҫͻȻʱ㣬ׯӦ˾ƵģôҽԺˣׯڣûʲô𣿡
ûʲô¡ׯεȻЦ˵ҾСຼຼıСһﲻҪ̫ѹˣôྯ屣㣬Ժһ˺ġ
ϵ˶Ǹ˴𣿡
ຼͷׯεȻຼʵ̫
ҪҽԺסôõʱ䣬˿Уڷӱץס֮ǰҪרŲС
ںӻôСׯεȻͣһ£٣ڷûбץס֮ǰܲɼȿСຼ
ãһȥᷴӦġ־վׯεȻ֣ׯڣˡ
л١ׯεȻվ߽־֮󣬿ЩƣҫȻȥϢɣ㹻ˡ
ûϵһɡҫЦ˵ׯҪȻȥϢⲻǽæ𣿡
ׯεȻվҫ˵ǳɣȻȥϢҲҪע㣬úϢ
İׯڣһῴСຼġ

ʱţׯεȻܾ⳥ѾҪʮʱ䡣ׯεȻеڼ￴ݣѧģ͡
ϧڻûͷżȥҽԺຼɳǱȷʵ鲻ǹָŵ֣ӻС±˸ߣҲһ
ຼڳðװֵģڲ࣬ȥͺ߰ĺƵġҲУϾҪӪʱ䣬ҽ˼ຼԲסԺؼžͺá֪ϢຼĸĸѾֻʣһĺӣȥԺҲûҵǱҲѯϣȷʵĸׯεȻĥţֵģɴʹؼˡ
ຼͦճģ֮Ǻĺӡ
лʤææĽຼߺﶼ복ᣬׯεȻຼںЦŶຼ˵СຼԺͽкຼòã
ຼͷׯεȻãرճׯεȻĸĸڡׯεȻҲظԺûа취ֻúؼ
лʤЦ˵ຼҪ𣿡
ຼҡͷؿׯεȻ硣
СຼôˣׯεȻຼԴ˵Ҫȥ𣿡
ຼҡͷ磬ʲôİҽ綼˵
簡ׯεȻº͵˵оѧġ
ܸŸһѧѧ𣿡
ȻԡׯεȻЦԺѧѧòã
ׯεȻຼԴ
ׯڣ춬ӪҪʼлʤθղŴ绰˵ҪȥѧУ
֪ׯεȻջ֣۾˼顣
УǱҲ绰˵·ݼǵùȥ
黹ͦģüġ
ص֮ຼຼҲϲϸĸ˵ţԺ¼ңҪġԺúУׯεȻص俪ʼолʤűֽຼԱߡſĿǰסСӸûȣຼڻСһ㣬ǵǰ飬ͻöˡ
ڻЩŲڶׯεȻϺ·׼ǰǴѧ
ຼССԴ̧ͷׯεȻ磬Ҫȥﰡ
Ҫȥϰࡣ
ңҿԺ͸һȥ𣿡ຼܵģ֮û˹
ׯεȻΪʲô;ׯεȻܺá
߰ɡׯεȻЦ֣᲻˵Ŷ
ຼصͷС΢΢ţ磬Ҵ᲻˵ġ
áׯεȻı
ǴѧʱܺĴΧĻһѮǴѧѾż٣У԰ڼûѧ߶ģУ԰ڣͺͺ֦ȥЩˡຼԴգ۾Ŵľɫ
ǴѧׯεȻຼԴ˵ǹҺܺõѧУŶ
ѧ
ԣԺСຼҪСѧѧУҪϴѧ˴ѧ֮СຼԶоͲʿ
ǡ磬ʿõ𣿡
Ȼͷͬ˵ʿѧλСຼҪԺܹʿͺˣ֪𣿡
Ǹʲô
簡ǲʿŶׯεȻຼСຼԺҪ͸һʿ𣿡
ҪຼӦúܿ졣
ˡлʤû˵֮ͦׯεȻຼСѧϵİ칫¥ӭΡ
ׯεȻŵĺӣҵĶܴʱ䣬˵ǸôСĺӣ
㺢Ӱɣ
ʲôءׯεȻֺЦ⺢ڹֵʱ򿴼ģȷʵǼҵĺӣຼ
λûתׯεȻͶຼ˵ຼԣүү
үүáຼһ
ຼŴŴĽǺǺЦСӸòӦλ˰ɣ
ĻΡׯεȻźຼ˵ⲻ̫󣬽һүүҲ𣿡
СӣָָׯεȻˣ߰ɣǽȥ˵˵ڵ
칫ңׯεȻлʤźຼεİ칫ңѾкüڶׯεȻ
ׯڡ
ǺáׯεȻ£˵˶ˣҾҪ˵һ¹ζӪ⡣
һٶѧֻλѧܹμioҴѧУʦɫص˵ҲǵһӪĻҲϣҡ
εĻᣬŴҶׯںòȡġǿׯڵϣεĶӪҲҪáվҪһǣioĹھܹ¡
λ֪ioĹھζʲôɣ
û˵μ˵ȻҲ˵õioĹھǻѧͲС֪ׯڲûвμӹioģҲûвμӹʣׯѧϵĵλǲɺġ
ҵ˼أʵǴѧһξٰĶӪҪھٰȥǷĺӣҪεĶӪٰƯС
ʲô𣿡ολڡ
û˵Ц˵ȻҶûôһҪЭĽѧӪá
ڣ㸺β֡
ׯڣ㸺۲֡


206 ڿ
okׯεȻͷʾûκ⣬۵ĲȲ˵òó⣬˵۲㹻ġΪʶѧʦһȺаѡֵۣǷǳ򵥡ֻҪעٶȲ̫죬Ⱥѧղ˶֪ʶ
ΰź֮ׯεȻص칫ңຼߡںຼ̰ʱЩ컹Щ¡رճׯεȻΪׯεȻȥҽԺСܾׯεȻǺˡҪճׯεȻׯεȻµʱҲܹɵһԵš
СຼׯεȻЦ˵أ
ຼͷСţ磬л˵æ
еæׯεȻص칫ңҪȥϿء
ҿԺ͸һȥ𣿡
ðׯεȻЦ˵Сຼ˵Ŷ˵ŵĸ硣
ຼͷׯεȻ֣߳칫ҡʱѧǻں̸š
˵˭Ŀΰ
ҿһ£ׯεȻ
ΡڣһλԺʿ
ѧĲ֣ڡ
ˡ
˵ûи˵ׯεȻվЦ˵Ǹղ˵òͦҵôڲ˵ˣ
ѧһͷĿׯεȻǣһСӡСӴ·װ׾ϴź۾ǡﱧһɰëߣϲ
л˵ûУ鱾ڽ̨ϣˣû˵껰ϿΣǻһ¡ׯεȻܵܡ
ûиҼ˵ġ
ǰɣֵˣׯεȻЦ˵Ҽǵ㣬ʲôҪ˵ģ
ׯڣûлҪ˵ˡׯεȻ˵Сġ
СຼȥǸԱ¡ׯεȻָŵһŵλຼܹɵһ·Сܵһ¡߾Сӡĥţ⺢Ӻׯʲôϵ֪ׯڲŶʮ꣬ʮһꡣСô󣬲ׯڸճк˰ɣ
˼ׯεȻЦ˵ҼҵĺӷǵҪңˣһ£ϵ⡣
ׯкôҶˣȻû˰ׯкӵΪʲôׯôϣû˵أ
ȺȻ𾪣εʱ棬ׯεȻǺܿͽ״̬ھְԵ⡣
ຼĴЩѧŽ̨ϵĸ磬ССüͷûп絽˵ʲôһЩֵֹ֡
ˣڿνׯεȻеľӣѯңҵİ칫ѧϵ칫¥¥ۡΡѧϵݶҡ
֪ĺܶѧҪǴѧͶأĻҲ˵ûϤһǴѧѧϵİ칫ңھͶǴѧ֮󣬻кܶʱ䶼ڰ칫жȹġ
˵ׯڽѧٶȺܿ죬ܶжׯڽѧĽࡣ
òȥ칫ѯʣټǴѧڵоͲʿںչѧʿǴѧټׯεȻҲǴѧȻǴѧǺܶѧѧеá
ҽεٶȱȽϿ죬ѽҪǴѧѧϵϿεͬѧioĹھûԤϰҪҵĿζͦѵġioĹھʵҲûмӦƤءİɡ
û˵ڿλʣһʱ䣬ׯεȻһʰŶһ˵ͬĹǳκʹǶĴʦ
ҲϣԺܹΪʶѧʦׯεȻͣһ£ҪǣҸ˾ǶܹΪʶѧʦġҿ˵ľӣ÷ǳãѧ˼άϣԽȫ󲿷ֵͬˣֻҪܹȥʱգǶΪѧҡ
ȻҪǲŬоĻȷʵ޻˵ׯεȻЦ˵ˣҵĿξ͵ʱҰ칫ҡǧҪλڲ˼ѧϣԶﲻǸУҪѧѧϰȥΪһѧңҪѧ᲻ʡοܹǴѧѧģҲǸоȺܶࡣ
Ҫ£һҪʡ
˵һ£ѵһûֻܹȥμioׯεȻ򱨸ѧǣȻһЩͬѧûյǰ¼ȡ֪ͨ顣ŻһͬѧѾ°ҪμӸ߿˰ɣܹμεѧӪʵҲЩǰյ֪ͨͬѧ٣ǿȥ֮˽һǴѧԡ
ѶеģǿԳɹ
ׯεȻ˵֮žӺϣ½̨֣ຼëһ·СܵׯεȻߣǣ뿪
Ǵѧ
ͻȻ˵û
Ѱɣ
Ҫǲһİ
˵ǲμӰһȽͶȽǴѧǩԼЩûвμӰˢˡͲҪ˰ɣ
Ժܲİɣ˵ǺôҲܹμǴѧĶӪҲûô԰ɣһҲܾûܲġ
ԣȷĿ𣿡
ܿɲԣֻԶѡ
źͬѧ飬ҡͷžӣľϼ¼˲ٵķԱ˵δׯڽΣ
ׯڸղ˵úܼ򵥡˵ɡ
ǴѧĶ𣿡
ѾյǴѧ¼ȡ֪ͨˡƣûյ𣿡
յˡ
ҾҪǴѧĿ
ȥׯɲ԰ѾӸ
˰ɡƺµԴ͸ղһ£ҶѾµòУȥѯׯڡɣɡҸղſׯڵ۾;ÿ¡
ôˡЦʰö˵ǴѧмҲ͹ͦóԵġ
δˣ
㱿ѵ뵱ׯڵоͲʿ𣿡
ƽæͷôܲأҪǱׯڿУ˯ҪЦѡ
԰ʰãⲻǰһǴѧܱߵĻ𣿡
δȻЩΡ
ˣδ񡣡Сѯʵûпׯµѧ
дͷǴѧﻹǴѧ̳ؼ֣ׯڵѧһλǴ˹ٴѧƤ˹һλǴӹƴǱڹĲʿǮ£˵ǮׯڵʦܡίķʽǴѧģҲ˵Ǯ»Ҫعƴʿҵ硣
оֻһ
е㵣ǵǸ
ԣǸׯŶߵǸ
Ҳ̫˰ɡ
֪ׯʱ˵ʲô𣿡صѹ
˵˵ʲô
Ҳѧоʵеһ֡
ļٵģôѧ𣿡
ˣ˵ʱооһѧ顣̯֣ôоǧ⣬Ҳû˭ɼׯһ⿪⡣ĺѧˡ
Ϊׯʵǡ̫𣿡˵һӿܶһǧ⡣
㻹ܲǧⶼɡʣ⣬ĸܹĿ⣿ָ˵Ż


207 
n漰ѧüЦѯʣΪֻׯεȻһڿΣʣµʱϰϰʱǱȽϿɵģڿԭϰҲԻصϰҲǰǴѧͼݡҪУûйϵֻҪȥѧϵİ칫Һһи㶨
ǰμѧӪͬѧ󲿷ֶҪȥͼϰ˵ͼкܴļżׯڡ
ǴѧɣǴѧ̳ѧ
ЩǴѧѧۣżׯڵļڵһλľǴѧͼݡȻҲҪǴѧͼżׯڡ
ǲżׯڣϴͼƬǴѧͼݱȽľ豸ȽȫҪʲôԡʺϰҪһ㣬ͼݾѧϵİ칫ҷǳӽҪ⣬ֱȥԱѧϵ칫¥ѯׯεȻĽڡ
ʣµѧ̫࣬Ҫͨ磬Ƕеʪ䡣
Ƶ˵ᣬ˴ѧӪĿļ֮һѧһȽҶǴѧ顣д˵˶ǷǳܵǴѧӵģ˲μioļʶǳ
˹ϵͦãͺƵġѧʱĴΪһμӹ֮ӸţȻ֮ģܳ
βμӶӪѧԣλѧôû˵
λĴׯεȻǰҲʲôҪׯڿȥʵ̫ᣬҪǻ켣ǵУ˵ǸҲû˻ỳɡ
ׯڳۣټҲͱǴӣĹʶʦ͸еѧȣȻǰѧѹ
ʱǲܹͬׯѧѧ棬ѧǵռԸҪʵԸȷʵеѡ
ƣһſ˵ˣ֪ģҶԼѧ˵һϲͨ
ðɣأ
ѧϵˣҪôҲ˲ǣȥ˹ٴѧԣӦͳׯڵѧˡ
ðɣn-ṣ漰ѧ
ûлˡƴضŵ˵̫ˣΪʲôѧôѣӦð
СӣҪѧĶкܶšЦ˵ŬŬΪׯڵѧпܵİɡ
֣ÿ񡣡Ц˵˵ҾͲòᣬȥѧһ֮ϧܣֱӾܾǴѧ¼ȡ֪ͨ飬սȵϵһ
˿ʼҵ˭˵һԶ񣡡
סͬѧ˵֪ʲôط𣿡
Ǵѧôˣ
Ǵѧ˭ϵĶ񣿡
ǿ϶ׯڣnaturescienceƳ2017ʮѧңׯڶλѧ֮Զѧӣѧ̻ʵͷôǴѧҲû˿Ժׯڱ⡣ޣׯڶǵ֮ĵһׯ֮󣬶˵ѾҪ˰ɣƺĿδ˵ݹѧʷׯܹŵ
scienceۺѧҵϣׯʱʮǹŽѧҵֻǱ䶯ġȥׯ53ֱʮôҲǳߡûоѧĸѧƶвׯĵļ¼һ˵Ҫׯһ룬ԣʮ֮һҾ֪ˡ
˵֪ܶѧҶׯںܿ϶ɣ
ûκһλѧׯڣȾĴָվ˸Ϊׯʲôˣѧšʮһͱ֮Ϊѧŵ˺ܶ࣬ѧֻһׯεȻڡ⻰ɲ˵ģ¡ѷλ֮ΪѧŵĴʦ˵ġ
ѧš˵ׯһ֪̺ѧ֪ʶ
֪ȸɡѾԺоѧѧϵо˽ܶࡣͷѧĴͳһۡ
ʵֻڲȺۡΡϽһЩ룬֤֮ıһġǾѧͳһԶ
ׯ֮ǰȸеѧ֣ҲǼѧȸУǾѧͳһֽһ󲽡ҡ˵˵ׯھж
ԭȸڶѾׯ-ȸ졣
˻ƵһƵԸ̫һѧϰȷʵͦ츳ģ̫Ը⻨̫ʱȥ˽̫µĺѧϰйص֪ʶ
ֻ֪ȸѧͳһۣ˶ѡȸķչȸãԼȸ쾿ٷƶĽ̫Ѻܶʱȥ飬˵Ϸ˵Ρ˵ѧȵȡ
ʵѧϰѧʱûô࣬Ҳ̫Ըȥ˽ѧ϶sciencenatureֶڿҲǾׯεȻ⣬ϿġһԼҪʲôҪʲô̬һᣬһԶ棬ѧϰҿ϶Ҫѧϰġ
ѧϰ֮⣬һôʱȥ顣
ƵļͥĸġΪƳɼãĸҲڼңҪʲôĸȫѧһȽĵĸʦ绰ʱ֪ͨʱ֪Ϣġ
ѡǴѧȷʵǱׯεȻģʵҲƵԭǸĵطܱߵľҲ١ǰҲͦģѧϰȷʵû̫ࡣƾĴԣһѧϰõġ
ûзѶٹܹõܳɼĵڵһ͵ڶ˦ٷ֣ԡ͵ڶĺٺĴԲ࣬ѧϰҲͺûлȫľҲܹõΪʲôһҪõһء
ѧϰ֮⣬ϲȥӴεѧ
Ҽǵú˴ѧ֮󣬻кܶׯʽҪѧϰģҿöѧ˵ΡѧкܶׯʽƺͷͻȻׯںе£㲻ׯе𣿡
𣿡ƣһŹֵ˵ׯˣ
ôׯʽҪ˸ˡ
ׯѧô๱ףΪʲôҶ˵ׯǵƣҪҪȥԷ
ҪҪҪϰҪȥԷϲԶҲһ󰮺áֵֿŶߣƿֵıӰ̲סҡͷЦ
ദ죬ΪЩһ㲻ὨС⡣ѧϰϣֵùҹͷֲ㡣֪ʲôʱŬǸƽʱľͻƽ
һҪǽׯﵱоͲʿƻᱻׯڳܶΡ
ׯڿرϲģƱ
ʰöѧ¥£ѾվһԵǲȻûг̫Ҳѩ졣
ͦġ
ȷʵͷδ񣬽ǴѧҪָһСܲа
ָءЦ˵ôһɻڴֵ֮һѡ
Ӵλڳδ


208 
ͦİǴѧͿʼҵˡǸЦ⣬ƵϹεЦݣתǿھǼɽڡλҲǴ˹ٴѧĴ˹ٴѧʿѧλɹȡ֮ŦԼѧУһʱ̣ص˹ٴѧθڡ
ԭҪνڵģصѾڡſαƵߵߣơ
ںá˼æͷĽɡ
ЦЦ˵ôڳδأûбҴŵɣ
ûУûС˼æ֣ĸ˵ǵֻⲻ
ôڲϸʱ𣿡ϸˣǶȥҪȥϰҪ顣
ƱȽϺ޳ܵ㣬˺ׯεȻ֮⣬ɶ¡ŸɱĶӲ˼˵ڣⲻҪȥԵ㶫𣿡
Զɿƣˣ
е㡣
ɣҪؼңȥҼҳԷɡЦ˵ãлλδѧʦ˵
ɵƺܰԵ˵ڣׯкˣ
˵ʲôأɺЦ˵ɲ˵ƽׯڵס
ǣڡһһ˵ׯڲǴһС𣿿ȥӣ׿˵Ǽҵĺӡ
˵ຼɵͷʾ֪ຼׯĺӣ⺢ͦģＯſƣⲻڽׯεȻҽԺסһʱ䡣ׯԭҪҵĸģ⺢Ӹĸ˫Ǳ˷ӴӸԺߵġׯεȻĥ⺢ڸԺҲòȽϺõơ⺢廹еҪⲻֱӰѻڰ쵽ȥˣҲǺؼҵĺӡ
ׯڲׯ𣿡Ƶ˵ôպأ
ɵɵһۣׯڵıкպְ
ŶŶƲôҪ֣ѲɳΪѧʦҪԼȡ֮ģ
׽ˡɾСͦģҪǸׯεȻѧѧ϶ٲĿͷԡ
ׯεȻڸԺʱԺȡġıһʱͲпǧһׯεȻ֪ˡɴ̤ţҸղŲסǣǻҪȥԷ
ǡһֱû˵ͦԵģԱšԭûôԵģƵѯҲûסǿŰԵģ˺һ֮ѯǣſʼش
⻹˹ǰɣ֪ǴѧļұȽϺóԣ
ⲻǽҪǴѧ𣿾͡ȿ˼ͷǱɽڿʲôȱƵġ
ɴһ˼ģʵҾԺڶоͲʿʱȽʺϸҡ
գ۾ɼ˵ȻҪׯεȻҲһ޿ɺǵ顣ֻҪ㣬ׯεȻҿܸʺһЩ
أأƾǸһ£ϴץġ
㣿ɴЦ⣬ȷʵӦȥׯεȻǱĥĥǣ㿴ϴӣҪǵñ
ƻͷԣɼ˵һǱˣ˶ҪСӻʵʵȥׯεȻɡ
˵ׯεȻ
Ƕׯںܿ𣿡
ҡͷЦ˵СӴ˹ٴѧĵһͺһ칫ңҵûоС£ǰԼԼׯεȻǸͦˣʲôƵġ
ڣղҪ˵ʲô°ûסģѯɣղŽȥԷʲôҪǡ
ᵽҼңڸ˵Ц˵ȷʵͦҪġ
жҪǵҸǡһаҸ˵鲻ҪܵǴѧȥʱǺÿġ
ģһġͷӦ
ƷŷңǽƤЦ˵ģһ˵ȥġ
ǲģƣҿɾ˵׼ˡɵЦƣƤЦɣԺǴѧϿΣе޵ʱ򡣡
С˵ڣҪҰɣ
ûйСӣׯڣҾͲرˡɻЦ˵ͬѧûܹɣ
ӣׯεȻܵľҪһ²ӣׯεȻʵ̫ˡ
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ǰСѧѧж︽ͦġЦ˵ԺҪܹ߼˲ƻҲܹķӡ
ȫǻ԰󷿣ûи߲
СҸ˵
ѧϵĽǿ˸̻ᣬһ£ˣһʮλͬѧ·ݵʱֱӵǴѧ
ǻаʱ𣿡Ʋգ۾ڣôҪǴѧѧ𣿡
أҲǿСĽڶЩˡǿɶǻѧԺԺʿׯҪһܹǽΡͣһ£ƣׯڲڣҲҪ⣬ڻûء
ڣһǸƾͺ¼ˡ
԰úõѧϰɣҪ˼롣Ц¥£ˡ
߰ɣǲǶó극ҼϢһ£ҵѧ
Щ˼˵ʲôûҳԷ̫ðɣ
סɺЦ˵ԺҪ飬ȥ칫һڶԡʵҲˣҼңκ鶼ҡ
ⲻͦ鷳𣿡Ц˵ŻҪô˵ƵƤأͦ˵Ҷ˵޼ɵζȻǸɵӣصʱҪصġ˽£ڲƽô࣬˵еûûСĸо
㻹鷳˵飿ɻƵԸ񣬡ҿԺҲׯεȻʲô⣬ָͱ칫ң㣬㻹Ұɡ
ƣѧϰʱ㻹ҪѧϰԭƿЦ΢ЦͻȻ໹е㲻̫ϰߣҲ˵㣬ҺׯεȻĽڶͦġֲɵӣҲǱԭͦĺӣϣ㲻ҪΪ赢ǰ̡
ڸ˵ЩȫԵ߷磬ǵʱǴѧĳɼãɱЩڶ顣


209 ɵס
ƵͷҼ˵ɻָղǸЦģˣֻҪԴѧϰ飬һж˵
桭𣿡ƻе㲻̫š
ϻɵһۣôһƭ㲻ɣ
ûû˼Ƽæ֡
ҺɺƳԹȵʱ࣬뿪
뿪ɼңһ죬һСĵ·ϡ
Ӳ˰ɣѧУָڵġĽ˵治֪ׯڻõʲôĶׯڲǳѧߣǰ˼ƻ֮һѧߣǵǧټƶҪɱĹѧңׯڵĴ϶ðɡ
Ӧðɡϸһ£˵ׯҲȱǮ⣬ΪʲôܶʱܾׯڵĴŴ绹ͦصġ
ͦڵġƲ˼˵Ҹĸ֮ǰںֽڿĹ˾ԽӣЩڶͦõġ
û˵ҾһĹнͥûнӴ֮ġҲſʼӴЩڣȥЩڶͦġǻͦõģȫ˵Ĳһ
ׯںʲôһͦģׯںڣʲôطһ
ô˵أƳ˵ʵĺܶڶͦӵģҲ˵ǲУѧϣûվڶˡׯվѧĶˣͦأȥǸӵĽڡǵһǰҼЩڣǴŻ̸£ͦоӢġׯڰɣҲ˵ûоӢ͡ʵǸ̫⣬Բע⣬Ҫɸ
ɰɡ룬ׯҲȷʵͦİ
Ҳǡƾ˵úܶԣ֮ǰĽڣɽ͵Ķ٣һ㶼ʮ껹кܶ඼Ѿʮߵġ
ߵСǰ뿪С
ͻȻѯһ⣬δ˵ǿСΪʲôϴѧ֮󣬺Ҳûʲôɣ˵ǲ·ݻҪȥμIMO𣿡ƻܹõIMOΪȫѧĵһѾÿԾܹõһĸҪȫμӶӪѧȡ
ǲ·ݵ𣿡Ц˵㶼Ѿڸ͸ˣúúѧϰʱǲҪ̫㡣ʰ㣬ׯڡʰ㡣
ƲĵƲ죬˲Ӧ𣿸ƽʱﲻƽ
Ķׯˣȷʵƽοƣׯźٻ֡
ǻIMOھ˲٣ǻ÷ƶĽѧֻׯڡңׯûвμӹIMOҲԭ򣬺ܶ˹ѧûκεôȻׯڳ壬ܾǻҪŬСʼƹ鼦ׯΪһλ÷ƶĽѧңѵ㲻ҪΪһλIMOһȽķƶĽ𣿡
ǻһǳ飬ҶڴİѡֶǷǳܵϢ˵뿴÷ƶĽἤμӹѧȫѧѡ֡
뿴¼ԶΪׯѧң̡ʷѵ㲻Ҫӵ𣿡˵ü˫۾ųʣƺѾ󵽽Ȼߵƾʧȥһ㣬˵ˣûôĴӦÿԣһϴϴ˯˰ɡ
ֻһѰ
Ҳзʱ򡣡Ƽ㼦ܿϧƲ̫ϲԼ˵һҲóԣƽɡ
ԭѾˣһҲҪԼֻҪƽú
Ͳܷʲô𡣡ʹļ׵˵ǵ;ǳ󺣰
ǳ󺣣һǼƽƻֵ˵Ҵͷβûô࣬ʲôǳ֮ģ϶ҵ顣ⲻи߸ӵĶ𣿱˵ׯڣ˵ڣ˵δҾǸܵܣ԰ɡ
˵ƣȷ״̬Ĳׯ𣿡
ؿƣ۾һգһգɫʡʹ˼˵ĿԡòҪׯô򵥣Ҫׯڸݺݵһٰɣ
ʵʵ˵ҾҺǷᡣƶĶλǳ׼ҾҪƽδѧĴУʵûбҪŬƽͺãһжġ
㡭еŭ䲻־ǰʵǺЦʲô鶼ģش
ˡе㲻֪˵Ǻãҡͷ
Ƶһɻ죬ƺδû̫Ĵ㣬˵ʵҸǷǳܵ£δ飬˵Ҳ̫ȥδЩ飬˵ЩҲܾʵûôҪ
˵ʱ򣬺棬û˵һţҪƵô뷨
ȿԷǳȷĸ㣬ȷʵׯڡûׯ֣ҲҪΪׯˣҲֻѣܡ˵ʱЦ˵ҵĻûκδɣ
ԱȰοƣҲô˵뿴ôѧţׯڽֻһ
ǰôѧоͳһׯڡ̾Ϣ˵ҿ϶ԶҲϲׯڵĽŲ
һ£ΪϲׯڵĽŲҪƽĻҾ뷨ܲԣϺܶڶûׯ֣ǿѧʮʱ䡣˵Ƚڣȸ֮ǰ˵ǼżĴڡ㿴ȸ֮һٳΪȫѧ֮һ
˹ٸߵоԺĽڡ
⡣ҡͷ˵Ҳ˵ûׯڵ츳ͲŬ⡣
ƺ侲ĸ֪ȱʲô𣿡
һ£ҡͷ֪Ƶȱ㾿ʲôȻ죬ź治֪ƵȱʲôûһľС˵ƼͥϵĲУΪǶԴѧϰ̬ͬϡܶʱѧϰƻһЩȥ棬ϷƬʵѶЩȤ
ǶЩȤҺϲһЩ
ԺܶʱȻǶ˫ţǺ˵ҲȷʵΪҪǴѧ飬ҪμѧӪŻĵԽԽࡣ
ҲĵԽԽ֮ʵ̫ϲƽκε飬뵽ľƽʲôܣҪһġ
ñ˿ԣΪʲôСȻûƵİö࣬رѧԣѧİúơ
ơֻ˵ȷʵԺܶණȤѧܿ죬תÿ졣Ҫ˵ŬƺûŬҲûҪŬ
ںܶණȱȤ̽Եѯʡ
ҡͷ˵ҲǶԺܶණȱȤǡǡ෴ҾǶ̫ĶȤҸ˲̫ϲһ̫ͣõʱ䡣ѧ٣ùõ֤֮־øһҲ档ȥѧȼѧòࡣ־һ㶼ᣬȥѧ衣
˶ɵˣһľôḻ


210 Ȥ
ʵҺȱǶںܶණûκεġܽ˵ûҲҵ޲̫ࡣʵĽͺܹȫĵͶ뵽ѧϰС
Ҫ˵Ƹһ񣬡˵껰
ǴѧվǴѧУǴѧͺͺľƵǰĵ·ûκˡǰ治Զͼݣܿвٵͼѧϰš
ƴĽͼѧϰŵЩͬѧһ˵ѧϰѧ˵μӰһ⡣
ô˵ͦǰһΪʲôμӰģȥһȷʵеɵġô˵أڵԻֻлֲʵУһ˵ƤЦģ˵壬һﻹͦ˧ġ˵ҲĿǣˣһ˵ɣͻһ̫ɵĸо
ͿƤЦģܾԴʲô鶼治ͺͲĶԴһƵġ˵ĸоǷǳãǳġ
ʵЦ˵֮ǰϸеʱѧϰɼرã̫ϲ̿Ρʦʵûа취һ취ܹѧϻΣʲôʱȥ涼С
Ȼ͡μѧ˶Ҫɵˣμѧȫʣ⻹
Ц˵ʵǻҸͲ֪ʲôѧҲ֪ѧʲôôųȥ档Ȼʦ˵ѧܹõҾܹ棬ҾѧһʣôҾͿ˳ĳȥ˲ǣ
Ϊ˳ȥ治ֶΰипμѧǴӳпʼģеʱѧǸʱҲǶѧһ֪ϲѧƽʱһЩѧݡѧʱ򣬲⣬ĵһִμĳѧ
μȫѧҲõһȽμ꣬ѧʦѧٸеѧݺʹѧѧݡʵӴѧ˵Ǵӳпʼģеѧûиôѣ˵ѶȲ󡣸еѧڿѶҲر
ȷʵϲѧΪ˳ȥſʼѧϰȻܿȫоΪ𾪡
밡ǵſȫġ̯֣ȥĳɼҲ֪ҵ˶ȽǸʱʵһͦģܾҲȱ˲ΪʲôҾͲܵһȽ
Ȼֲμһ죬õһȽˡȻ󿴼ͺ٣ҾҲԩһкܶȤãҰѾȫѧ棬ҺѰ쵽
Ӧ˵Ҹ첻˵ʱʹҡͷҺҽеľѧϻʲôӡҾǲܵġ
ÿѧϰѧһʱ䣬ҪȥĶ˵ѧϰһ飬ǳȥ֮ġ֪ѧĴʲôԴȥȫѧȽ֮öûȥѧУʦҲֻǴ绰ѯǰ飬ʦ϶Ҫˣҳġ
ǸʱõѧͦõģôֻҪֵ̫鶼ܹʦԭ¡˵ţ˺һ˵ʵҾʦôҲЩԵģΣ㻹ǸѧӦѧϰΪ
ô˵ûЦ˵ұǸѹ̵ܽѧʦǾܹѧϻΣҳɼȫ꼶ȫ꼶ǰѧӡԡ
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ûǴѧ֮һµ㣬ǰɼܿߣѧûеô򵥡ѧӣѧĲ֣Ժܶѧϵ˵Ǽ򵥵øӼһĶ
֪Ƽѵ˵ʵҺܹר־ѧϰ˵Ľͺܹרĵѧϰѧʵ̫ˡÿο֮Ҿ;ѧҲ
ܾѧ̫˰ɡ˼˵ѧ㿴𣿡
ҡͷѧĲ뿴ѧҲرȤҪǱׯεȻƣҲǺ棬ŲᵽǴѧ
ǵǴѧ֮ɻǸҪģи߸ӵĶţĳɼòˡʲôׯεȻо飬˵˵ˣ浱ׯڵоġ
Ų뵱ׯڵоׯڵ̲סҪһ£뵱ׯڵоʵ̫ˡ
ѧ¥ǰ˵ʵҸ˾ãƼȻǴѧûǰѴ󲿷ֵľѧϣԿҲУָѧϻǺܿԵأ
˰ɡƼæҡͷҲŲҪأǵùҹȽϺá
ٺ٣ⱲҲûʲô־򡣲ҪɫѧңҪһλŮԿѧңҪΪҾƽƽǺܺá
㰡˵Ҫҡͷʵܴʱʵˣһһ߲μӰ̬ȡ̬ܺãܵõȫԸܹΪһҪҲȫԸ˵ǲõһġ
ʵ̫మã̫ϲ棬ûаѧ¡Ǵѧ֮󣬿϶֮ǰ
ʦ˵ˣѧʱûʦǣξֱߡܶʱԱƺٺٵЦ˵ҾǴѧôӣһҲҪӦáһЩɡ
ԸɡƵģƺѾ뵽ǴѧĽӦôá
һܹǴѧõʱ䡣ŻѹѧϰģҪȷʵֻܴûѧѧѣѧϰǱѹѧϰ·ѧϵķչǳáã뵽ʱЦû˵

극ׯεȻص칫ңຼëߣлʤһСڽ̺ຼʶ֡
ߵߵߵԭžǳŵģ˵עҲֻǮһ˻ͷдġ
ׯεȻ̧ͷվ⣬Ц
ڣɡׯεȻͷ£߽칫ңຼǰźຼССຼһǺòã
áຼգ۾ӹԷǹվлʤ˵лá
ںá
ӣϣׯڡ
ׯεȻЦţʲôң
һҾׯһȤɽݷϣׯεȻ̧ͷɣҪƼѧ
ɡЦ˵ȿ
еıʣׯεȻ򿪵
ƣüͷׯεȻѯʣһĵҿʲôǰ𣿡
ĳɼɹ·ϣǴЦ⣬Ҿãׯڿ϶СӻȤ
𣿡ĵʼƵĿţ
лʤĽ̺ຼʶ֣ǮµıʼӴŲݸֽɳɳɳׯεȻĵţ˺ܾãĵЦ˵е˼һʱȫ꼶ʮ߶ʱȥμӰһȫȽ
һȽȫ
˼˶԰ɣЦ˵ҾСӻͦʺģңҪһǣСӺ㡣־ͺܺ¡
ܿСѧ츳ġ棬˵۲𣿡
Ҫ˵ʵǼٻЦ⣬ѯʡ
ʵͺá
СѧϺ츳ѧϰ̬ϡдǿ
У㿴ѧϰĶɳ


211 Ǳ
С١١衢Ӱһ˵ǰù㷺ˡЦ˵Ҳʱ䣬ѧϰɼʵķԾ
ׯεȻеĵҪ˵ʲôأ
룬ûֿԣСӾǰ̫㷺ѧ˵ͲҪղŲ˵۲ҹ۲ܾáҾСӾǱҪѹŲѧϰ˽ơɺЦ⣬Ϊʲôѧϰɼô𣿡
ΪʲôׯεȻͲ棬޷Ǿ˸˵ʲôǳŵʲô԰ɡ
ûɵͷһϸеʱرϲȥ档ʱ춼ȥϿΣļͥô˵أǮ˰ɡȻû󲮺ôǮôҲǮˡ
ƽʱͰȥ棬ûѧϰ顣ΪĸܶΣİζѾͷ˵ʱͣһ£ڿׯεȻı飬ҪׯεȻûʲô
ϧǣׯεȻƺûκο䵭ȥͺһҲ⡣
㲻ͦʵ𣿡ѯʡ
ʣׯεȻ䵭˵һǾ仰ҪǲҪǴѧѧϰûرȤʵҲȥѧУҲ¾Ǳ߿϶λѧġ
Ҳô˵Ҿʵͦõġɳ˵ʱҪѹѧϰ
رһӣ뿴֮ڳΪѧĵǰĳɼͦġ
˵ׯεȻ˫ֱǰɡ
е컬࣬Ƥ񣬱ҹܹܵġͺ٣Ҹ˾ûǱȽʺ
ŶׯεȻͻȻЦ˼ƣٺǰɣ
ˣⲻҾͺٲ̫ʺֵֺ˱Ƚʺ㣬϶ܹá
𣿡ׯεȻû˵ͺٵҶҸ˸ú١Ը㣬ǺٲС
ͣһ£ׯεȻŻ˵ܹѧĶ
аɡ̯֣ҪҲɣҲ㡣
ԡׯεȻ˵ԸûйϵܲоҪı¡
һǴڿʼÿ⣬ɣûбҪڼȥׯεȻɣأ
˵öԣֻܱʾ޳ɡֺǺǵ˵Ǿɣ˵ʵƵǱ㡣ҰԱȣҾʵ˼û棬ҪС˼ѧϣ˵ܹԽ㡣ǴﵽѧˮƽǿԵġ
ջļׯεȻ˵ҿҼ츳Ҳѧû֮һ
ѧܹãԺѧûãҿܲѧ̫Ȥͣһ£СӦûгԽĿԡ֮Ĳ໹ǺܴģϾС˲ϰ໹ʦεǰ²ܹʱͻͽ㡭ѧܹΪѧңȷʵûܱȽϵġ
ҲƨˡׯεȻվ˵ƣһѹסġҲܿԺķԺ󾿾ǾҪ컯ָֻܸ·ȷʵǴûõϣôûκεô
Ҷ˼̾ϢǲƿκһѧδǶϣǴѧָܹѧҡܹûڹʵѧ̨ϣ˶ֻ֪ڻѧһܺáܹһѧҵġ
ϸʮʼҪǸ͢ѧѧǨƵ˹ٴѧ˹ٴѧҲΪڵѧġǸʱȷʵʵҲҾͲĲѧҡ
ֻҪһѧңɢӡһ죬ЩӻѿɳΪ׳ľʮˣľջʱôǻҲǹϵѧǿ˵ѧǸʱҲڵ˲ʧ⡣˵ЩԣһҪЩӶɲ
ڣҪǣأܹǵ𣿡ׯεȻ˵Ҫﵱѧ˲١ܶǿҵеǾѧ½չsciڿģеǳͨѶߵġʽˣҪѡõӡ
ҵȻܹ㣬ƣһҪƼ㣬Ǿ仰Ʊֻе裬Ժܶ᲻Ȥɽļţ̫ܶණһѧͻᣬܾòҪŬѧϰܹﵽ˴ﲻǺһЩνһˮƽ
ԺܶණûκεȤûȤΪòȤҲĵ֪ܶණһ־ͻᡣõ֤ܶ飬ǶЩûκεȤ˶ãͻתȥѧġ
ˣ˵ú̫κεĶѲסκζܼս˵㣬ǲһܹѹסšԼ̫̫ѧϰܹﵽͬȵЧȥö֮κεȤ
ˣʵͦġΪĺѶһȤѧôĶûһȤáͺѧѧϰѧΪĶѧȤֻҪ֤Ŭ꣬ɵܹѾ֤Ŭ껹ɵѧϰ꣬ѧκεȤ
ǣѧϣһܹѹų֡ׯεȻЦ˵ףŬѧϰҲﲻĸ߶ȡŬһ£ӽšţܹסˡ
Ϊ֮ҲҪ֤ǲţҲλŲ١ׯεȻͣſɣҪѹס
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ܺáׯεȻͷ˵ڣȳȥɡ
ׯεȻģɾ֪ׯεȻǴӦ顣
һɿģ֪һڴӦ¡
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ңѧǶѾ׼ΡѧеĲɵģ⣬ȴܹܾ׼ĽеĿ
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ͺͬʱס̫ɽڽʲôǸɵĽŲ뿪ҡ
˵ɽڽͺٵҪȥʲô
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ƣơסʰƣתͷһɻ˵Ҹʵͦ˧ģڸеʱҲУݡø߸ݵģǸ¼ܡټϳɼŮӵĻӭǴѧ˭עƳΡƳɼΣ˵Ƹղѧϰ⻹ͦġ
˼·Ҫһ١Ƕһģio϶ˡеɵģǲӪһ첻ʱ䣬һϾ֪һ̫ɵֵɵܹΪһǿǴˡ
˵ɽΪʲô㣿˱ʾܲ⣬ǶͦģɽڿСﲻ㣿
ŶҲֹţȻǿССүͱȣҲʲôͺ٣ǲҪʲôСģָоͺҪ٣ܹͺŬѧϰɼȷʵáǺǱİѲɽûпǱ
֪ںܲˬ


212 
ôͺɽе㿴ƵġԱߵͬѧƲˬģҲʼȤ˵ƣǲɽھӲɽ̰
˵ɽھѧϰϲ̫ãûбҪơ
˵Ǻģѧϰ̬ϲҹҲΪԭɽûнưɡ
ĽͺܹС
ҲҪСҲ֪ͺ񻹻᲻ϿΣڿСӦòϿ˰ɣ
ҼǵҲǴ˹ٴѧģҲء
ʲôʱܹô֪ˡ
СƿʼʰƲ첻м˵Ҫ֤ԼôҲҪׯǱ߿ɣׯǻ÷ƶĽĵһˣҲǻѧһˡҪ뷨һׯڵķȥֻڵĿꡣ
ƻǺܲΪʲôɽڽסͺ٣ûн˭֪ڶӪУһεѧǰλȥ©
ô
ˣҲȥʲôССүÿСҲܱͺŰɣСүһҪ㡣
ʰŶһ¥ǰͼݡͲţҪ֤ҪͺٻҪϾֻʮĺӣʤǿҶڵ٩Ƥ񣬵Ҳ䡣

ڣɵ˵ǣ
ǿСЦ˵Ҹղȥׯһ£Ժѧϰ
١ɵĿĺϣȸѧϰһʱ䣬ׯڻ֮ȥׯǱߡ
Щʧ䣬Ҳܸׯѧϰ𣿡
СӡɺֺЦ˵ôѧϰίǰɣ
æ˵ûûûû˼
˼Ҫׯѧϰ
е㲻˼Сĵͷ
Сӡɿʼѡڲֻڵ㻹ÿʲʺ㡣
û˵ͷһĿɡ
Ҿô˵ɡЦ˵ׯϸĵ̫ʺϡô˵أׯڽڵЩ̫ʺѧϰʺϸѧϰҲ˵ҺׯڶΪѧϰѧокôǿׯǱѧϰǺ㡣
԰ׯڲǲ㣬ǲ뵢㡣ɺƵһȻı飬ЩЦ⺢̫׺ˡѹֱׯεȻһٺƣѪ͹յǴѧ
˵ҺׯڵĹϵôãҪׯڣׯڻ᲻˵𣿡
ǲǣɺЦƣ뿴ѧϰʱҲȥׯ⣬˵ׯͷĲڰ칫ҡϻкܶĿڰ칫ңѧ϶ҺԺʿڹܣѧϰׯѧϰ˹Ľڲһ֮⣬ʲôطǲһģ
ɽ˵úеԶԡ
ɵһٺͬĵͷɽڣҾ˵úܶԣҽ͸ѧϰ
ܺãӿɽҲЦе˵٣Ҳѧϰׯ֮ȥׯڵİ칫ҡǷİɣׯڰ칫ǮºƤ˹ҪҰ칫ңׯҪȥüµʱ䡣ָ·ݡʮ·ݲܻ
ôţɺЦ˵Ƕ֪ׯǹѧңΪһѧңҪܶࡣѧ͸ڿֻҪеһСֶѡ
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ҿѧʱҲͦĲɵģûôΡشʱȷʵܹشϡ
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ˡͷȷʵܴϻû
Ϥɣ
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ҾҪĿͶδʲôļ⣿
ңҾãܹúѧϰѧһҸá
𣿡Ц˵ǱҪϣȷʵƷǳʲô˵ûжѶȡôҲѧĹھԼôû𣿡
ҲҲûġС˵֪ҿ϶ûôѾŬˣܵõھɾõҺ֮䣬츳ϻвġ
вóϣһ֪棬ŬŬô˵Ҳǹһָѧңʲôȡ㲻ֻԷŵ㣬żҲҪԷȱ
Цһ£û˵ɽڰοŬ׷ϡԽʵףҲ˱˺֮䱾вģв಻£Ӳ࣬Ȼֱ׷һҲû׷ϣôڡ
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ģЦ˵ҺҲðο㣬ҿ̬ͦõ
Цͷڣ֮ǰѾ⣬ֻǾüʡǻĶҵѧϰߣ̹һЩӲ࣬ǱԷԽҲԸŬõԼͱ˱ȣԼȾͺá
̬ܺãϲĵͷº͵Ц˵Ҹ˵ɣ˹ٴѧ˺ö꣬θڡ
ׯεȻѧߣ˹ٴѧġյ˹ٴѧͱΪڣһ겻ʱ䣬ֱΪϯڣҪ⣬ҹڵŻ˵ʱ򣬻ЩЦ뿴Ŭ뱲ӵʱ䣬ϲ˼һ겻ʱ䡣ʱ˺֮Ĳôǿʵļһ£ǲָܽŴڼУú£׷ϲţܹΪõԼ
˵ʵҪ㡣ҾԻ÷ƶĽͣһ£еΣ˵ܹõƶĽɣѾˡڷƶĽýڣ㻹ᣬúѧϰδƶĽһһϯ֮ء
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ˣлҸҪŬѧϰܹ÷ƶĽֲǹѧ˵ϯԱ֮ģһûʸ񡣺úоѧʮ֮ǰ÷ƶĽȫпܵģҺܿáվļ򣬡ˣ֪һʲôѧ
е㲻⣬ڣΪʲôҺͺ٣ƣ
ȥƣȥׯڵİ칫ҡЦ˵ѹסһҾƤЦģҪѧϰһҸ£ܹѹסˡ


213 
ͼ鱾ͼݺܰû˷ԽԽСүôôûпСүϵɹâأ
һż㣬һƲ죬ﻹЩ̫ܡ֮ڷǳķ꣬ȥĶеѧȥģ
ɳɳɳƼΪĽеıˤϡ
顱һʹѧǰ
Ǹѧ̧ͷƣǣ
ûûʲôеΣꡢΡ޷Զѧ
񡣡Ǹѧ˵㲻˰ɣ
Ƶɫǵͨ죬ʲôģῪСˡ
ͼԱߵѧתͷղŵС
ͼݣͬѧԱĴ·ע
ƼΪεĵͷҿҵı飬ʱҵıһǳЦŪġǵͨ죬ܹоȵ÷̣ܹ졣
˰Ǹѧе㲻ڵп˵Ҳǣ񡢺񣬲ҪҲе벻ͨ
ƣƵһξǴѧһҲãҪһѧУ̫ˣȥԷȥ˯ɡ֤ʲô֤СүͺܴŲҪκε֤СүСү
ƼΪʰö߰뿪ͼݣߵʱƲһݻСүŲҪκεС
뿪Աߵѧ׷Сš
κɣҿɫѿ
Ȼ׷˵ҪС϶ǻİɡ
ΪʲôûнҲ⣬ʵİɡ
ϿζͦĲɵģҹڿ߰ɡ
˭֪أԱӿЦ
󣬵ڰͼԵΪͻƵĶߣԵúǴ̶Ķӵ뿪ͼݡ
߳ͼ֮Щ߷߲ƽƾʲôȥ
̧ͷաʱҲЩͺһǲˬܴ䣬Ǵѧ·ϣ·
ԶͿƵ·ϣʱɫҰȥԭͲ̫áڼѾҪӽϣɫӵĺڳ
ƣƽһֶ˵ﰡþá
ĶͷȫǺˮڶԵúܹŹ֡ܵƵߣͣĴϢţ˫ֳϥǣڴڵ
ҿҵơ̧ͷƲ죬õ˵ҸҪοҰСүҪοδţСүûСҲ
ƱŤģЩЦһȻһڵΪûнԵʣɡ
ҲҪο㡣ɵİ칫ҳ֮˺ܶطƣܶ˶֪ʲôطֻܽƿܻĵطһ飬ûܹҵơ
ܵͼݣ·Ͽһ˵ıӰơһȻת˾û
Ҹƺߺ˵Żܲ죬ǱŤ
ƱŤģʵҪЦ־ò̫ãϾôŤҲΪͺ˱ȥСûбе
ôˣַƵļϣüͷȥû㲻ڵİ칫Ҹ
ŶЦ˵Ʊˣġ
˲˾񣬸߰ͷСүˣСүŲҪʲôСҲȥ
ȿȡƵȵķԣЦһ˵ȷ𣿡
ȷҲŲҪСأǵŰɣҿ϶ܹͺٵġ̣ȷʵϲѹѧϰѧϰ飬ûĹѧϰɼǷǳá
ԾԼԺܹѧϰɼϷǳãƸ߰ؿȥڣҲÿСô鷳
ʲôЦ⣬ʱƸĸо͸СƵġͦģ˵òá
ðɡһ˵ɡ
Ҹ㸴һڵĻЦ˵˵ܲ㣬ҲҪ㡣
ƾըëè㣬˵Ҹ
Сʱ֮ȥׯڵİ칫ңСʱûеÿġͷóֻһʱ䣬Ѿ˶ʮӣʮӣʰһ¸Ͻȥׯ
ȥȥׯŲӣǲҪ˰ɣھȥ
ƴſ־ģ˵ɽѾׯˣԺҪȥңֱȥׯڵİ칫Ҿͺá
ׯڵ㣡ֻ㶵ȥȥ㡣
һͷ󣬻ļƤһ㡣
𣬱˰ɣ˻֣Ҳ̫Ƥˡ
תƣׯڰ칫Ŷ
ô˵ģеֻӣ̫
ҪȥׯڣҪһҲׯڣ
վԭأнԶ·˵ʮӵʱŶ
Уʮӵʱ䣬ҪǲϽȥ칫ңׯڹҪʱÿϷԡ
ưȾܣ޲öȡԭ˺һʱ䣬ѧϵİ칫¥ϵھҵĶţٶȺܿ졣칫¥һ
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Ƶ࡮ͨͨúܿ죬Сȣ칫ҵʱվⲻ߽ȥҲûֻС˵ԼʼӴݸֽƾ϶ǹ̵ģȡ
ͷվ⡣
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ͬѧվǰûߣ۾Ц˺ʦֵ𣿡
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Сͬѧȥɣʦ֡ʦʵͦõģվ滹ͦ䣬ůȥǮƵļ
СŲӣңҾׯ̫ˡ
СӣҪ˼ġʦֲǳ˵ħԲġǮ»ЩЦʱдž˴߳ǣźຼС֡
磬ˣ
ҫͷƣĿĿš
嶼ҪǽϣּйԣҲͷƤ顣
ŸϽȥׯڵ㡣ҫ˵껰źຼ뿪
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214 
ԭǰƣҲֻĬĬؽ칫ҡ칫֮ׯεȻơȻͷ㣬ûйơ
վׯεȻǰƺΣ޴ľִվԭûж
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÷ɭ롣˵ʱׯεȻͣһ£ֱ֮
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ʲôׯεȻһĸоƴ˸飬СĿׯεȻׯڣɣ
ȻأׯεȻĿƣѾƵ˺üҺׯεȻӡ
롢Six Degrees of SeparationƣԼѡɡ
ңңȥŲݸֽæ칫ڴȥׯھҪǧ⡣
ú⡣ׯεȻ˵Ȼʱ䣬һΪܹܹ֮˵ʱׯεȻ侲˵ֿ⣬һܹһھͿ궼ȷʵֻ䵱㣬мǵڿȥμIMOԡҪûõǰIMO㿴ô㡣
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ׯεȻ˵ˣǵ칫ңҵ׺ϡ
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գ۾ƺܲ˵Ҽǵׯ˵Ĳ֡
÷ɭ룬Ҳа͢롣̾Ϣ˵ǲ֪ʲôסǰɣ
¶ĵͷɫѿҶ֪ʲôסϺҵסϲԣׯڸһ١
֪ģҿׯھѾܺˡƵսľ˵ҽϲûׯڸ
ϲ׺ϡ
ϲʲôƲؿʲôϵ𣿡
ϲо÷ɭֲɵĲ룬˵÷ɭϵ󲻴󣿡
ϲѾׯ֤Ҹ˾ãׯڸ㲼Ŀⲻ޵ķʸĻƣŲң
ŰƲ˵ͻȻô˵
ǾСţҲ£⿪÷ɭĹؼϲ֤
ܹϲ֤꣬Ȼϲ֤Ӧ÷ɭϣһԽ⿪÷ɭ롣
ļٵģ
ϲȫӢׯֱ˹ٴѧĿϽ⿪룬Ҳûзκ֮ĻģӢģҪѧῴӢԭĲСЦ˵İﲻ㣬ҲɽڲùϵĿ⡣
ˡͷԼɣСүôҾͲţһҶˡ
ҿ㡣ƵļЦ˵ҿ԰׺ϣҪռ÷ɭԼ÷ɭ߸˹׺ϡ
лЦţˣҪû㣬ҿɾˡ


215 
лʤŴƺУ԰Ц˵ׯڣôǸƵĺӻͦģ
𣿡ׯЦ˵ȻҾ͸úúҸȥĿ⣬һʰġ
лʤתװ̨ׯεȻ⡣Ҳ˼ٽׯεȻ˫ֲڿڴû˵
ôֱͦͦվţ˺þõʱ䡣ׯεȻٴ̧ͷлʤѾվţôлξ𣿡
ڼӡ
ׯڣǰ˵
УҰ㶫֮Ǿͻȥ
¸ʲôҪ𣿡
ûСлʤҡͷΪǷǳְг֮ģׯεȻŵ÷ǳ׵
ڹǰȥһ˾ǣùȻѧҪȥǴ콱лʤ˵ǼȽǱ߻û˵ǵȥ֮ڽ
ллׯεȻͷ˾䣬лξûǼȽ
һȽɣлʤ̫˽⣬ҾׯһܹһȽ
лׯεȻܿĵЦţõһȽԶٺóԵġ
겻ܻؼҹ꣬лξ𣿡ׯεȻлʤʼҳΪߵļⲻر󣬻ܺлʤ˵Ц¡ҲлʤôģҪ֪лʤһ˴ڰ칫ңʵͦĵģû˺˵ׯεȻһֱѧģͣͲκ˵Ǯ»ѯһЩ⣬ش
ʣµʱ䣬ǰо
ǺຼлʤõһںຼСôʶֿʼлʤģ̺ຼʶ֡
ҪƣôׯεȻӣ˵
ֻڽɪɪͿסϣлʤҲͦõġ֮ǰʯڼҾǣǻز˼ҡҲϤĵطлʤڶһʱģͻز˼ҡʯ֮ǰׯεȻ汣ڣҪʱʱ̸̿ׯεȻߣһ̶ܷɡؼҿ϶ǲܵģҲڻؼ顣
ðɡлʤЦ˵Ѿϰˣü궼ڲǱ߹ġ
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϶ҡлʤشƶְҲְܶؼҡ
ʱ룬ľǡׯεȻͣ˵ҰֺҸȻæôʱʱĻؼңûգǹ֮϶пաһ굽ͷܻؼҡ
СΪлʤ˵һ뵽ΪһݣܹСԲܹû˶ܰĵĹ꣬һƽĹңһͦġ
ˡׯεȻϿҵĶлʤ˵
ࡣлʤת⡣ʱǴѧУ԰ڣû߶Աߵİ칫¥ƺûеƹ⡣ҲǣϾҪ꣬ѧӪ֮⣬ϵѧԺʦͷż٣ؼҹȥˡ
Ҳѧϵвٵĵƹŵģ칫ǰׯεȻôڰ칫ңˣȥԷ
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ᰡ˽⿪ˣҸﻹҪׯεȻЦ˵Ϊûб˽⿪Ҳġ
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˰ЦĿƾ˱˻ҪԣҪǲμѧӪͬѧ֪ȥׯ￪СĽ㡣


217 
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⸣һҪ㡣Ʋͣüģڿϵ׺϶һͷ󣬴ûôͷ۹⻹ǵһΡ
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Ϊʲôˣһ䣬˶㲻ƾʲô˿ԣͲУ
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뿴ôˣΪʲôׯڲұˡǲΪͱ˲һǲΪӳɫҺͺٶûׯǱѧϰֻһҿ˵ׯڴʿʱλƤ˹ʿԼǮ²ʿͲῴҵ׺ϡֻ㣬ҵ׺֮˵ʲô˵ׯں㰡
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Ǵѧ֤ҪֽǴѧ޵ѧģԸǲǺ
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СĶ˵ڵʱûڸ㿴յѧԾ𣿡
ҵʹţ˵˵е򵥣Һͺٰ˿⡣
԰ʲô⣿ƺؿĿ÷ɭ룬֪ͺٵĿʲô
΢ѧϵһЩ⡣ѵ¶ǿɫѣҲҪһЩϡ
ǣҵ֮𣿡ĵ


218 
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ðɡƿʼʵʵѰ׺ϣڻЩãׯеǿѡô¸Ŀ꣬ҵһǴѧŵɡʵʵ׺ϰɣׯںҵ׺ϲ̫ԣԲҵ֮õ칫ȥ
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ãðɡܾǮºлʤں룬ԷҲûʲôôó׺ϣٴνĿǮ¡עӵǮƺоƵĿ⣬Сôˣ
ǸǮ硣ӢΣ
аɣʲôӦûġǮºǿ͸Ƶ˼ҪҰ㿴ϲ֤Ķ԰ɣ
ͷǮ¼˵nstlз壬ȥnstlأȻӡ
ԾǱߣ֪Ԥӡվ𣿡Ǯѯ
ҡͷʾ֪ʲôԤӡվ
ûϵСŸУ֪ԤӡվҲ֡ͣһǮ¸ƽ͵νԤӡҲָйߵоɹδʽϷںͬнĿԸѧϻͨĿġƼ¡1
ҪԤӡȻǵarxivѧƵĶһʱ䷢arxivǻҲnstlǮ¼˵arxivȫӢģǼȫѧȶᷢarxivԺҪѧῴԭĲС
ȥnstlϲָָ֤ԱߵĵԣƼæͷ˵лл㣬Ǯ硣
ûϵǮºЦԺҪʲô⣬־ѯׯڻᱻΪ̫򵥣Ҿͺá
ƾúǮദͦģûкׯεȻһôѹ֡ׯڵİ칫ֻҪׯڲڣѹֵĵط
˵ʲôأׯεȻ߽칫ңᣬƵĶͺǧء


219 ͷƤ
ׯׯڣƲһ£ӹӰ߳ˡĹӰׯεȻӰúܳܳĺͷţׯεȻƵġ΢΢ĲԭķΧһ˲ܲһ
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ƣҲ̫ҡӹƵסϣһ߷һ˵ʵûô£Ҫƽ̬
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ׯεȻ˺ܴ죬ׯεȻûбʾ
һ̧ͷǮ飬лʤűֽ֪ڸ
˵ׯεȻͻȻڣͷƤ飬ׯׯڣ
ׯεȻףЦ˵㲻ǻҪȥӡͼ𣿡
ǡƼæͷ޴˵ǣңȣȥӡϡ
ϲ֤԰ɣׯεȻЦ˵ϲ֤õӢ棬Щ㿴ȥɡ
׼ûҪôȥˡ
ʱڣץ㣬һܹġ׺ϣȥɣϽæ
Уҵø˵飬ȥҲϸĥһ¡ׯεȻűʿʼ˵ʵǲҲԡȥѧϰ컹ں˵飬˵Ҫ㡣
Ȼ㻹ѡĽڡׯεȻ˵ѧϰвѯңѯɽڣڡǮ£ҵҪҲܼ򵥣⣬Ҹ㱾Ʊҵ֤Ҳÿԣֱֱ
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ıҵҪׯڡӲͷƤѯʡ
ûСͷׯεȻѾʼѧģֻͣϣܹúÿǣΪ˵ʵһѵ顣
Ը񣬺о˼òУһ㲻Ҫܣʵǵʱ䣬ҺᡣϣܹһãܲУо˵еĻо˵еĻ
Ҳ㣬ѡáδҪߵ·ҲǿһҪѡһ·ҿԸָ·
ң֪ˣׯڡ
żúÿǼ졣ׯεȻҲżȷʵǸܺõӣ͡־ڴˣׯεȻҲףܹҵϲҵҪѡѧôͱҪƷ츳Լϻۡ
ͺ˵ƵҪҪѧϼȥȫԼѡûȨѡ
Ƴû˵ʱ仹кܶ࣬ʱԸҡ
ֹҴӾǻĵ졣
¸Ҫȥǣ¸Ҫκε⣬ȥɽڰ칫ȥѯʣڰ칫ѯǮ¡
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Ǯͷ˵ׯڣ̫Ѱɣ
رѰɣеѶȵġû˿ı飬ġׯεȻı飬ׯʱ϶Ц
˵ҪǱׯڸϣǿɾͲˡ
Ĭţڵǰnstlϲ֤
ׯڣҿһҵ¸ʲô𣿡
ڹ淶۵⡣ׯεȻ˵ѧѧϵ⣬ܹ
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ɳɳɳڵǰӡϲ֤Ļİ棬ֱȫӡ֮СĻصλϣʼоġ
ֱϣׯεȻ±ʣſšüͷڶ׺ϣڷģվߵƵߣ˵ôǲﻹ̫
һ£عæׯεȻҡͷ˵ûУׯڣûвĵط
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ʱ䲻ˣϽȥԷ칫ҡ
վʼʰׯεȻЦ˵õģׯȻȥˡ
ȥɡׯεȻӻ֣ʾȥ
ʰܿ죬һ¾ʰáҴҵ߳칫ңܵñӻ죬лʤ˵СӣҾ͸Ƶģÿζô죬ֲԵ
лʤҲúЦҿСͬѧǺׯڡ
ô˵ûڣһ춼ܰûѯ⣬Ǯ±ѯʹܶ⡣
ǲֻѰǮµİ
һҲûκε⣬ҹһ˵ʱׯεȻͣһ£ּ˵ôˣ⡣
лʤЦ˵ׯڣô룬ѧȷʵ̫еλ󲿷ֵѧӦö˵ֵġ
Сӣҿһ£ȷʵڱȽƤͣҲƤⲻ˵ͦ𣿡
ˣСӡׯεȻҡͷ߰ɣǻȥԷڹһֵ߶ˡ
ׯεȻһʱ䣬Ҫ˵ӡʱ㣬Ӧûڰ칫£ûߡڰ칫϶Ҫ߶߶
Ҳͦ۵ģʲôʱøɮƵģô
ҡͷæлʤ뿪ɱΣɾͲˡ
뿪ѧϵ칫¥ʱׯεȻץĲŻķ£գҪΡ
лʤ΢΢ճһ˿ȣׯҲͦЦġ


220 Ҳн
һܵʱܿ͹ȥÿ춼С΢ڰ칫ׯεȻΪ˶ε߶ܻǰһЩߡܲңׯεȻûȫܿΡ
һ죬˸࣬Ϊ뿪칫¥ʱ򣬶ׯεȻѾûˣҵҲǹŵġһ̽ׯεȻʲôʱ뿪ġ죬ǰʮ뿪칫ң¥ʱ򣬿ƸմӰ칫
֣ƷǳԾǰ׼Сγ˵ƣС㣬㣬ׯڻڰ칫ң
Ƶͷĥţׯ𣿿Ҫׯʲôʱ뿪ѲׯҲ㣬Цˣׯ㣬Ҫׯ㡣Ȼǲܵ顣ׯܹ㣬ôܹɵķſһ£ʲô鶼ĵģܾׯڶ
ڰ칫ҡƿΣڴĦʲô˼ׯڣҪҵźð
㻹ûгԷ
ûСƼæҡҡͷʾѾܶʳöѾţֻȥУԷ͵ǰܴѧһ뵽ѧûиʦôáǸʦĴѧǷǳõģɵУ԰Ļ̸ԳȥΡӿϷһѧڲȥϿζû¡ܷʵܹǸС
˵ʲôĻ֮ģأҪһ첻ȥׯڵİ칫ҿׯڶֱܵӰקȥ칫ҡҪӿΣȷʵϿΣԹԴׯڵİ칫Ұɡ
֮ıˣ̸Цˡׯ˵ľ̸оׯڶûҪׯڻð˺飿
뵽ǰĸʦƭú࣬ѧڳɢﷹʱһҪһ¡ͬѧǶûϵʦƭǡʲôɡʲôʲôӿΣЩͨͨûУֻڽڵİ칫ֹĸѧо֪ʲôʱǸͷ
Щ֣Լͷ۸๫ʽΪ̷·ֱµ̫ˣʵ̫ˡĵĵһҳҪѺüĶȥо˵ׯ֮һڵ
Ǯ˵кܶĶׯˮġҲ˵ׯڻûзˮƽҲллֱӷ
ڰ칫Щ죬Ҳûջ񡣻֪ʶǸ㶮ˣ˵sciڿ˵Ԥӡ˵ҵҪ
ƱҵҪѧ½չϷ÷ɭģϢĲҲֻׯܹܶʱ뿪ׯεȻİ칫Ҳ˼ҪҪڻ뿪ǴѧȥǸմѧ
Ǿһѧ˽⣬Ǵѧ;Ǵѧû̫Ĳ𡣾ǴѧľҲܼңûǴѧĴôãܹڽڵİ칫ҿС̬ȣǴѧȥμѧĴǶʼĽ
һׯڵİ칫ҿС˵ǷǳĽˣĽ֮໹Ǹһ䡮ءׯƢõѾǴѧǴѧȥˡ
ǾǴѧĴǷǳԺĸƣׯεȻǵѧֱϵѧ嫺ҲڽѧΪ嫺ڵѧׯεȻȻǵֱϵѧǴѧȺһһ˵Ҳôׯﻹͦġ
ׯƽʱҲԲģʵͦõģҲûзҪֵֹ顣
ǵڶ죬Ԫȥ칫ҡɾǰɣ칫֮;ѹ̫ԡܾׯǹѹʵ̫ǿҿü죬ׯεȻκε⣬Һǰͬѧߡ
ˣСƵļ򣬡ҶѾ˵ˣׯεȻ˵Ҫ㣬㲼˿⡣
˵˶ᰡţ̾Ϣ˵ҲǲףׯεȻǱ棬ǺѰɣ
ǿ϶Ĳеѣ̫ˡûôѹ
ĺӴλڼ̾ϢţϽȥԷ´βҪôԼóԷʱȥԷ㻹ڳأҸׯεȻ˵˵·ݹ·ݵʱؼȥϢһ¡·ݲҪȥIMO𣿲μIMO֮󣬻ؼϢһ£ѮǴѧ
Ҳװ̾ϢҡͷƼҪ۽Ǻᣬʵ̫ˡׯڣ̫ˡ
ȥɣȥɡ֣뿪ıӰ˵ôõӰԺ󿪻ΪǴѧҲһ°
˵ţߵׯεȻİ칫ǰлʤȿΣ׼кհ֣ʾлʤҪ˵
߽칫ңǮºƶѾ뿪İ칫ҾʣǮºׯεȻ
ߵߵߵ棬ׯεȻšüͷ˭
Сׯ
ܡΣׯεȻһƵ̧ͷΣô
⻰˵ãôͲˣ
ˣҲ˼ׯεȻ϶Ц⣬ֺõ˵ҵ˼ûæ𣿡
һ˵С°ˣڶߵˣߣҪ뿪ǰǰɣκЦ˵СӸ˵ʵǲǶʱģ֮ǰߣ
УⲻǸ׼Ҫ𣿡ҪôشΣҪδһ٣Ц˵˵ʲôҪˣû뵽Ͼˡ
㵱ɵӰεׯεȻһۣ㻹ҪˣҪߵ𣿡
ҪˡׯεȻĲҪε߶æʼʰⲻǾҪ뿪𣿡
ԭѾ뿪ѧϵ칫¥жûдæص¥Ҫߵ칫ǰ˵ߣҿСӺڰ칫ڼˣⶼ˵ˣûȥԷˡ
أڰ칫ң浱칫ǰɣ
λ̣Щ㵣û뵽ׯںڱθѵ⡣Ҳѵ⣬Ҳڹׯڡĵķʽ΢еܲˡ
վȻ̲ס͵Цû뵽ׯھȻн죬ôѵׯڣȥʵ̫ˬˡɲôׯ˵κôׯڴܶ࣬˵һ˵ׯεȻϵ⣬Ҳ޷ġ
ȥʵ̫Цˣһܹׯڵ˻ǳˡָоһ֡ˬ
ЦʲôأƵ˼ղųڻУһ̧ͷͿׯεȻվǰЦûͦĵģȥԷ𣿡
ңö
żǵðѵƺŶغáׯεȻæ뿪лʤվƵͷЦ
һĴӰ칫Сͬѧôֻˣ
õ㶫߽칫óϵƽŸϣæߡׯڿʵ̫ˡ
лξƱ𣿡
ׯڣѾˡ
ã˾֮󣬻ס֮ǰǸط
ǡлʤͷҪط𣿡
ǵǲáׯεȻЦ˵ǰǸطͦõġ
סлʤӦһ֮󣬡ׯڣղŴСͬѧˡ
¡ׯεȻνĴš


221 
ʱ˲ࡣлʤ䣬ھǴ˼ʱ䡣߶ӪҲҪҪˡǮ´ҲׯεȻ֮󣬾Ҫ®ȥꡣҲ䣬ֻʱ򣬻ûо䡣ﳵ⣬³ʱһ󺮷紵
ׯεȻͺǱӸƵģ۵òС򿪺䣬лʤ³󣬼æӹׯεȻе䡣
߽֮ͨȵŷɻ䣬ǱߣֳѾڵǡǾ뾩ǲԶɻҲĸСʱ
ںׯεȻͦĵģĹ棬źǷлʤͶׯεȻߣԭׯεȻҪģȷʵʱ̫ǻѡɻ
ֱͶƵԽԽϳѡѡתսƵƽ̨ׯεȻʵ϶Щ̫˽⣬춼кü˿һЩǵķ˿ҪࡣׯεȻö˶˵λϣǰĹ棬úҪ²ۡ
ǿһĸ˵ŮԱţﻹ˵ʲô
ͷׯεȻóֻ׼Ǯ´ģܴǣ˧
˵ţǸŮлʤߡлʤҪ˵˧Ҳر˧üĿټͶˣȺȷʵۡ
˧磬˧磬հ
лʤüͷû˻ĵ˵˧磬˵˵
ׯεȻֵͦģмʵ˧磬ȥʲôط
ֱأ㿴ô˶ڿءлʤǰһǸ˵˼ŮʿҲʶ㣬뿪
٣е˼ûֱһ仰ôˣ
лʤش𣬷Ǹңʲô˵ģ˿лʤһҲش⣬ֻ¸Ŀ꿴ׯεȻ
ΪׯεȻͦصģʵлʤҲͦصģֻЩ
ׯεȻƫΪºͣȥܺ˵˵λֱȥ۸һЩǰС˧磡
ׯεȻͷûˡ
˻ǲĵ˵С˧˵仰£ȥﰡ
ǴͦصĹǵһɻɣ
ǻأô˵
ǣǿĸ˶׼ԼֽׯεȻлʤڿڡׯεȻлʤû˵ȷʵ˼ƽϡ
û뵽Ȼưǿǣǲȥİһɻ϶ɡ
˵ԽԽûףӲׯεȻע⣬ׯεȻ֡
顱һׯεȻڿУ˵ڵϣŵֻҲڵϡ˶û뵽лʤæǰׯεȻ
˹Цͣǣǿ
ׯڣû°ɣׯεȻˤڵϵǲأԭؾͲߣֻһֻۣҲûʲô⡣ôȷʵ˻ֲʶƾʲôôע⣬ˤһӣҪҪʲôأҪͷأ
ô£лʤŻǸֱˣֲʶ㣬ͻȻ֣вɣ
ҶôˣǿЦѣôЦ
ׯεȻջ˵ˣлҪƽϡ
ûûƤģҪôƽȥҪʱ䡣лʤܲҪǰۣȶ֣ܲеʣ
ӡƲлʤׯεȻ˵ӣһεɣǴãͲɻˡҾǹŪôҷ˿мء
ׯεȻԭΪֻһɵӣû뵽иˣ˿ôƲʶˣ
ӣνɡׯεȻ֪ĳЩΪ˴ﵽЧֶΣͺλ˵ڨģָôǡңû˶ơŴźʱУҲǲ˲̡
ҪǮ𣿡ư˵ӣɻ𣿡
Ǵŵڴƻɿ̱ѡвٵڸˢͷʲô˶СΪֱӽܻʱһ̨ܻ˵ȫܻ֮󣬻Ļúܺá
ʲôطûѶȵ顣㼸ʱҲֻмǧ򣬶ڼȫʮڵˣʲôûСָǴҶζˣܶƫ죬ʲô춼С⻹ǻҰĵطֱտʼʢСʲôⶼУֻҪд󵨣ܹùעñǮȻܶΪǳΪںܶмΪС
ͺվǰλư죬ž񾭲·߰ɣׯεȻĬĬš
ǣǿӻҪɻܸߣ˲˴ׯεȻлʤҪ˵˻ʲôɻȥǲͺˣ
ǣˢҴȥͷȲʲôӵġ
лʤҪˣׯεȻлʤҡͷ˵лξûбҪ
˶˵һ仰졣ܶе˿;ԼҪƮϣԼƵġ
ǣҸ˵úÿûá㿴ˣøƵģٺÿʲôáмؿׯεȻлʤҪˣҲ֪Ǵĸɽġ
λŮʿׯεȻлʤ˵ɽҲϵģǲҪ˵̫˵Ƕ̡ɽôˣɽ˾ͲˣǻˣֻǳĵطһѣִƽȣϣǲҪ˵ֻ
Ҿ˵˵ɽӣҿǻҲ˷ѿˡ
֪ϵĽָǮ𣿡ֻ˻ΣһӶ׬Ǯƾǣǻɽȥֵذɡ
ɽӣͲҪ۱˵۾Űֱۣﷴˢøࡣ
㡭лʤ̲ȥˣȥҪۣʼУ
Χ۵ȺԹۣղͦưģ˼һûж־еģǸʵƵġ
û˵ĬĬؿıݡ
лξˡׯεȻĪ鷳˴еӣǰôƵġлʤҡͷлʤҪڼȥ
ô£ĹԱһֱڴУлʤ첱Ӵֵĵˡ
ҪҡڹԱ󣬡͵˵Ķҿ˾Ҫҡ
͵ĹԱһ£лʤׯεȻ
ǷׯεȻлʤɫ̫ÿлʤܼ˭͵ˣ˭أ
͵ҵĶˡһҧ˵ҷ˻Ҫء


222 
˵ʲôأҪǱׯεȻţлʤҪǰˣʵ̫Ƿᣬʲôûã˵ĶòУׯεȻΪһĿѧңȻ֪ƣׯˤڵϻ꣬͵ǡ
̣лʤƢĺܲ˵ĻҪȥˡҲб򣬾;ʵ̫Ƿˡ
Ǹû㣬˵ʲôлʤòУĪﻻ˭ܲˡö˶˵·ϣͻȻ˵С͵Χ˻ָָ㡣ⶼʲô±Ǹˡ
˵Ǿ͵ҵĶҿˡŮ˿ʼУԱߵΧȺҲûг˵ôĿôһĻǵǰƺҶûҪֹĴ㣬ô鷢
ĹԱͷöΪλŮʿʵ̫˺ܶοΧۡ
ָׯεȻлʤ˵ǾС͵͵ҺüһǾԵġôһơ
ɻҲҪ˳ֱ˵Ķ
Աͷ۵УʵҲλŮʿûòġһһӵ˵ˣⶼʲô˰˲Ǵò㳱ӣˣ㸻ˣ
ԱҲû˵ֻǿһ֮˵Ůʿȷ𣿡
ȷָлʤ˵ҵлʤսӳҪ˳ȷʵףȫûбҪׯεȻҲлʤ飬лʤ˵ܣлͲ¡
лʤŶĶֻŻƱѾһЩǮһǮ֮ʲôûС
ܻ˵ҸûĶ
˵ûоûУҵǱ͵ˣб¾Ͱ·ӶĶͳǿֺ˵ڳôˣ㵹ó
飬˺ջǹԱŮһֱĸˣҪñڴ֮ͥ°ϵĶóһҪ̬лʤܼô󣬻ûбôԴԱߵΧȺҲʼС
̫ðɣ
һ˼Ҫû͵ô죿
˼ҴòرãҲôԴ˰ɣ
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ǵ˸񣿡ֺ˵ʲô˸ģǾС͵͵ҵĶϣҿָҪҼǮȥ˻Ǯɡ
ֹͣΪһԷ̰ׯεȻȷʵûôʱ䣬ʦʱ仹ͦġ
ҪûΪʲôҰѰĶó
ׯεȻԭǲ˵ģһֱھһ־Ӹµ˵ܲˡһׯεȻ˵ŮʿǶˡӦ֪˾һֵ飬ֱ
ҵȻֱ֪Ҫ򲢲סİ취ҾòȡΪҪǷǳġׯεȻͣһ£˵֮ԸҲΪܹġ
Ҫôȥһʦظڶɵ𡣡ׯεȻ˵֮󣬿˵ʲôҪ˵𣿡
Ů˲м˵ʦأǰҵĶ͵ˡڸϽǣǾͰˡ
˼λŮʿǰ˺ȡֵģԱеˡ˵͵ԶǶһȥ쳣ļߣܵίһλɫѿ˵Ǳ񡣲ǻ͵Ϊˣλ͵ԵˣʱУ˵ȴΪ̱ʱԱȥġ
ҪȥɳǱ߽
ǽоԱʵǿȥһֱãԱߵλһλȥ쳣һλͦģ˵ҲǳȥӦòˡ
УǾҪҵĶˡɲĵ˵ҵֵüأǾôȥҪһС
ŮʿԱæ͵ǲһͣⲻǶĶ飬ȥɳȽϺáɳڻò˼ӵʱ䡣ԱʼĵĽ͵Ҫȥɳ
УǾ͵ҵĶ
ɣǽ񾯽й𣿡ԱҲûа취̾Ϣһ˵ŮʿҲ̫ϸϵ񾯹
˵ŹԱֻ绰˶лʤׯεȻôһֱǣͺ뿪Ƶġ
һλԱǰׯεȻлʤͣʵǲ˼ǵʱ䣬ȷʵλϵһ¡
û⡣Ա̬ûǳãׯεȻлʤʾԸϵ顣ԱĥţλȥȻòôҲǽˡλȥر𼤶ʵϻǺܺ˵ġҲûνĲ˵˵λŮʿܲ˵һָ߸ϵӸµĳˡ
㳰ĲԼҲرϰߡ
ϾԱ̾ϢһΧ۵ȺԽԽ࣬ղ˵ǽţҲһȼУ˶úпܴһҪը
ʱлʤŭȴ⡣
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ǣ͵Ҽֵ˵ָׯεȻлʤ
ˣǸû͵Ķ˭֪㶫Ѫˣлʤػţ㲻ңҪҡ
Աһ˵ģλŮʿ˵Ǳߵλ͵ߡ˵ֵǮǱλ˵û͵ŮʿңŮʿҪλڴ֮ͥ½еĶó顣
λˣܼԱ֮󣬾ͷã֪ˡ
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Уҿ͵ģǾô££Ҫ뿪Ҫǰô죿
ŮʿǸµġ˵Էġ
УҲǡɻǸĵ̬ȡ


223 
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ĸˣһֱһΡڸֱƢҲˣŮʿ˵Ǹ˽˰ɣ
˭֪ȥɳʲô
ŮʿһЩ˵ֻҪ⣬ܲܲҪں˵
ĺװȺ˵˼Ķֲȥأ˼ֱ˵Ǯ𣿡
԰ҶعⲻǸЦ𣿶˼ǮżȥȻֱǵ˾ϵĶȫóʲôֵΪ
˶ñ͵ǾͿذһأ
ǣҿһʼ˵Ҫȥأﲻĵģء˼Ҿȥôˣǲȥ𣿡
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䵭˵ŮʿҪĻûȥһɳ鿴ء
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ŮʿҪһλɫ࣬ҧгݵ˵ǲʶλֻҪЭѡ
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ׯεȻ˵ʼͬׯεȻⶼʲô񲡣Ժסţܳ衣
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ׯεȻ㵵ؿϵлʤһ¼æ˵Ҫǣ
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˵ʲô̲ס˵ʲôʱˣ
ִ¼ǻءԽѿҪѪˡ
ǽһ£ҵô£ҵǮģ͵ߣˤˡ
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224 ֳ
곤ľһ˵λŮʿΪԸ˵Ǻλһģʲô֤𣿡
ΪʲôڵϣĿǰмأﻹִ¼ǣı͵ԣɻỹһġ
˰ҿС͵;һġͷɢģڵϣͣĸţС͵һġ
ǲС͵飬ϣҲˮʯϣŮʿڶˡΣǺλδı棬˵Ǻ;һģڷ񣬸Һλ١ŮʿϣܹڵΪ
˰С͵ʼв
λһСŮվ˵ңҿԸλ֤֮ǰûԼġ
ǣҲ֤Ůվ˵ǿ֤Ƕû
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ɻڲĵķ裬̾ϢһǱҪŪС
ҪûŪƵȥҲý
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ҲҪ
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ֳû˵һС³󣬷ֳׯεȻ˵ׯϢһ죬ûʲô顣ҪھǶסһʱ䣬ҲǷǳӭġ
ˡׯεȻЦҡͷŷֳ뿪֮лʤǰлʤͳԿ״šװɻͬǰ㣬뿪֮ӦɨġеĶûƶǱԭеģ
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ֳֳһ̵֧ȼڳڣΪׯεȻ̵ԭ򣬸ղŷֳһֱû̡ʵ䲻Сʱʱͻһ̡֧ڣơ
һڿĹԱר־Ŀųһֳ˵˵ɣʲôԭׯڽô
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治ҵļֳһ³ܰɣ
ôǵˣֳŹԱ¼ƺõƵţԽԽҪôǹģҪôǡִᣬ治ôǵˡ
ˣֳԱЦ˵һı飬ȷʵعͼ֮ġ
Ǹ𣿡
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İɣѾˡԱ룬˵ֳȻѾֱ֪ͨվɱƵƬλпܱ˽ȡϡ
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225 
ᱻĵ˽ȡһƵ֮ϡԱС˵ǾȺҪġ
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ׯεȻЦ⣬ڳ˶˵ǰ˸û˵λ£лʤûиȴͳر֮ߵׯεȻԱ£תͷׯεȻλˣգ
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֪٣˵ܹԺʿЦ˵ׯ˵ʲôϢ
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ҲɡׯεȻüͷԭһѡģʱġ
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лл㣬УôһϢ
һȷҪǲԣׯڿɱҰϳׯεȻӣµĻáúܴΧһǳĹ㳡ʱ㳡вٵý壬ͣĲɷǰǡ
áһλߴЦǰŻͲѯʵҲμӻҿѧ𣿡
ǵġҿѧɻѧܳƣֱǹ߿ѧȻѧҼҿѧʿѧǻ߿ѧ
Уоģ
ĿǰǴѧׯεȻЦŻش
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ׯεȻڣύĲѡʲôܹ˵˵𣿡
֤ׯεȻɬЦ˵ʵҲǸձģNatureϡ
ܹεĹҿѧҷǳңҲǳ̿֡


226 һȽ
ʵ˵ȷʵͦ˼ģҸûׯεȻЦЩ󣬼ҲԱ˵ҿׯεȻڣǻùҿѧʲô𣿡
ӦǹȻѧģ弸ȽҲ̫ׯεȻ˵֮󣬿滹кЩý廹ڲɷš
ߵǺרҵڹҿѧǿġ
ҼǵǻѧĹ㷺ϿɣѾ֤natureȨڿģôӦܹöȽɣ
ܰɡׯεȻЩ̫˼ÿܹöȽ˲һ缶ѧ⣬ֻöȽȻǲ㹻ġѧȷʵڹȻѧлһȽǻöȽһ缶ѧ⣬㹻һȽġ
Ȼ缶Ϊĺ̫ܶǰҪҪʮǼ֮ܽѧ۱ΪʵǵĿѧɷϣׯεȻ⿪֮ȷʵΪѧѧ޴Ӱ졣
ټϷȨnatureϣʵһȽļǺܴġ
öȽܹԺʿѡԺʿ𣿡
ң̫ɡׯεȻ˼˵ҲŶʮ꣬껹Ҫ²ʮһ꣬ѡԺʿǲ̫ЩǻкܶǰǶҪֻܶ࣬ѧѧСгɼѡ
˽⣬ѾӢסҿѧԺ⼮ԺʿЦ˵ׯεȻڣ𣿡
ǣҽܹӢסƸΣҵ⼮ԺʿֻʼҿѧԺƸʽӦֻʼҿѧԺ⼮Ժʿɡ
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ҸսʼҿѧԺһ̫Ĺ򡣡ׯεȻЦ˵οһпҪûʱȥŵйصġ
ԭˡͷׯڣôףɹ
ллׯεȻһȥŻͲ˵ôǸղŲɷõǴѧׯεȻڣׯεȻڵĻ֤ǿͨϿǾѧԺƼϹȻѧġ
꣬Ҳǹ֮ׯεȻںпܻԺʿֻҪׯεȻܹùȻѧȽܹӵнԺʿʸʵׯڱΪѧһˡȻᣬѧѧ֮ڣǹʶʦˮƽ֪ׯڻҹһλ÷ƶĽѧҡ
ҲǳׯܹùȻѧҲףׯܹõһõ֡
뻪֮ǰҪȽ뺯ׯεȻվڵʿȥ뺯֮󣬽á
ڲ쳣ׯϣÿλ϶֡ר˴ţׯεȻ߽ӭӵ˻һ£ȫʮ꣬ʮˡͻȻָƵˣǻûתӡ
ǣ־ԸߵׯεȻǰѯš
ׯεȻЦ˵Ҳҵλá
ǰȷʵдšׯεȻ֣ȻдǴѧ־ԸЦ˵߰ɡ
ллׯεȻ־Ըߵǰţ־Ըָָλ˵λá
лλϣѾܿǰ־ԸЦ뿪
ܶʱȻѧһȽǿȱģΪȻѧԺһȽҪǷǳϿġңܶѧϵⶼûлùһȽׯεȻ룬ҲȷǷܹùȻѧһȽ
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Էʱ򣬵ý˸߸˵ǰȥԷׯεȻ֪ýҪȻҲáǼȽЩץӸΡ
Թ緹ٴλصãׯεȻºȻѧ䷢䣬Ƚܻкüʮ⣬ܽ˶һһǰ콱ټ߶Ƭ
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ΪȻѧĶȽԶ45⣬ǹȻѧһȽֻһ⣬ǿпȱġ
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վ̨ϣ쵼ׯεȻ䷢֤ͽƣЦ˵СӣΪԺǻδҪЩˣ㣬һϣ㻹Щܹûδøá
ׯεȻͷƤ飬֮ǰȷʵӵżż͵Իǲһģׯĳϣ쵼˻䡣
Ƭ̨ʱԶǻġ
ȻһȽղ̨ʱܽšмûгκεĲصλ֮󣬺ü
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Ҫ˵ǹںӿѧķչɲõĴ𣿡
ңׯεȻָָԼСĿǰ˵


227 绰
ǰЦҪ˵ʲôҪׯεȻԼȥᡣҪĹ߿ѧǻѧҪĽ
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ÿˣǿпȱġ
ҲǻõĿѧׯεȻλ׷ԲԵǰǰ콱ĵĹơѧϣںܶǰǰߡһЩ棬ϲϺܶǰ
뿪֮治ٵýֿʼɷá
ׯεȻǽŵĲɷãׯڡ
ߺֱӣгׯεȻ֣ùȻѧһȽ֮ʲô𣿡
ҡׯεȻšüͷ˼һᣬҿܻкܶطв֮Ҫȡ̡ѧϣܹŬΪ˻õδ˵ʼнͺͲ̫ѡ
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228 
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ӦҲ쵼˵ĵ绰ǻԼδǷǳҪġֳͣһ£Ŀѧңǻδķչ޵ĿԡڱǿеʱǲȥоǾͻʲôĺġ
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ֳɫ࣬ԣȨ޺Ͱȫߵȼκε⣬СлһΣǸǱعأׯô
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첥ҲţׯεȻֲϳܶ಻Χ̳֮Ҳ֪ôһλѧңŶʮ꣬ùȻѧһȽһȽǹҵ⼮Ժʿ᲻ڹڻȫǳĶѧҡ
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230 
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˭ģЦ⣬֪ܲġͺٶܻȥƻҪغ鶼꣬أԭׯھͷǳڸҪص鶼ˡͻȻŤı֪϶ׯйء
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ׯʰöǴѧǰ·е϶ҪʰãҲʰöһһСʱҵǴѧλͬѧٶǿһ㣬ׯڴҲҪ
áСʵл磬ׯڻˣ
ǰׯھԱߣҪ˵𣿡
𡭡˰ɡҵ绰ƿׯʰöȥǴѧŵ
ڻµģҲǹҪμǴѧԵѧǲμյĿ֮󣬻Ҫȥġ
һвûвμѧӪѧҲȫظμǴѧտԡ
ǴѧôҲȫĴѧ࣬صѧҪͶǴѧѧͦġ⼸ǴѧΧľƵ궼סˣÿʱ䣬ǾƵõʱǴѧÿ궼ھУֻǽı׼Ͽ
ʰŶǴѧǰѾŶվǰ
㡭Ҳׯڸ绰İɣ
ٲ̫ϲ˵ƽʱܳĬֻǲ̫ϲ˵ѡΪͦƯģӪѧΪŮ񼶱Ȼĸ˧綼ûȤǶѧȤ
ҲҪȥׯڼס𣿡
ҡͷҲ̫лҴ绰š
ǰɣׯڼס˰
˵˵ׯڼͦģ¥ٶƽ֡˵סӦûġ
˻ׯŪôķӸţܻؼҹˡ
ƣ绰Ա߿һֻۣ졣
óֻ˵л𣿡
ǣҰ衣Ʋ찴½֡
Сƣʲôȥ㡣
֣ˡüġ
ʲôãֲܵۼңڻҲô򡣡
һزˣ
ô£
ߵʦϰ
СƵĸ˵ⲻ̫Ҫ𣿺ôҲǻĴͳգϰҲڹ֮ٲϰ


231 С
شׯεȻ˵סĵطû뵽סׯ
겻ؼңǸ˵ûУׯεȻ⣬˵ҪҪᵽҼҸǼ˱ƽ
˰ɡͷҲѼǡ
Ѽ˵ĻҪ˵ׯεȻͣһ£˵У⻰Ҳԣô˵Ҳ㸸ĸӦõ֮Ҫƽ
ǡưׯεȻׯϣֻܵͷӦľþǲ˵ҲûйϵܾãһڼƸĸҲǲ֪ġĸּ¶ؼҵˣǰﻹиķ뿪֮Ҳ֪ķûбˡ
ׯεȻû˵ƽȵʻڹ·ϡһ⣬պͣ³ׯεȻ³ʱӭ濴Ľ־Ρ
٣þò
־һ£ׯεȻЦ˵ׯںþò
ǣ
ȥ顣־ͻȻ뵽ʲôмѧ³лʤҲѾ³
лʤ˼Цһ£ׯεȻ˵ׯڣȥԱһ𣿡
ԡׯεȻڽ־εߵԶĵطлʤŽ־ΡȻ־Ǿ죬ӦòׯκεвֳܷܾлʤĹò̫ʵлʤĹʵûͦϸµġ
֪־ӦòׯڲвǾׯεȻԶģǽ־ҪͻȻϮׯεȻܹʱ־ׯڡ
ġ־γ˵֮ǰǸȷʵǷŻѾˡ
𣿡ׯεȻЦ˵ȷʵǺ°
ǰڵѾˣϾҪһ򾡣Щ׼ͻظԺҲ֪ʲôܰġ־̾Ϣ˵кຼӺͶԵ
ׯεȻЦţ鷳ˣ١
ĻҪ治֪Ҫ飬û뵽ⶼʲôˣȺ˻ôɥĲ顣
֮бضӰġׯεȻҡͷŻһ֮󣬽ټǵø˵һȷʵӦõ顣
ǰڵ飬ƽ̾ӣȺ漰ܶ࣬ûнץ˵Ǵͷġ־Ц˵ׯڣˡ
ټׯεȻعлʤҲûжʣӸӲҶʡĬĬظׯεȻߣ⣬ׯεȻš
ຼССܵأຼ˭ˣ
Ц𣬺ຼת˿ֿ˿ׯεȻǸ磬Сˡ
ˡǰվŵˣЦ˵ɵվţɡ
ׯεȻЬźຼС˵Сຼûкúѧϰ
СຼĵͷЦ˵ѧɣ
ԡׯεȻתվˣʲô
ȻЬŲ˼ЦݶԳ˵ˡ
Ļѧ˵ǲؼҹ֪꣬ȸ˴绰ɣǵģȸ绰ȥ˵ȸ˴绰ɡ
㿴ңҿ㣬ûа취ֻŵ绰ʼ绰
ûж֣ׯεȻһۣСֻ˴Ƶȥ
ӵƵ绰ģƸװ½źڵ绰ͷͦЦ˵ôأ
Ƶĸ׿ΧĻ˭ļЦ˵ƣڱ˼ﰡ
ǰղŲǸ˵ׯڵļ
ֻׯڡƵĸ˵ôһ֮ûа취ֻܽƵݸׯεȻӹƵׯεȻЦ˵ãƵĸ׶԰ɣ
ԣƵĸףׯڡ
ġׯεȻЦ˵ͦģ߼ѧϰһ¡
⺢ȷʵ̫ˣׯͺݺѵ⺢Ҫڲѵ͵÷ˡƵĸƵͷݺݵ˵ŻׯεȻЦ˵Ҳ
ֻǾãʵͦʺѧϰѧġͣһ£˵ѧ˵һֻͨǽ겻ܻҪҼѧϰʵǾòеĻͻؼҹꡣ
ãáƵĸ׼æ˵ܹׯѧϰ֮õ顣
סҪǮҸ
áׯεȻЦ˵ҲǸΣҲҪѣֻǾ⺢ѧԺгɾͣҪŵѡ
Ȼû⣬ҾͰֻˡ˵ׯεȻֱӽֻơ
ƵĸȻ֪ģׯεȻȱǮҲĴѧƭǮǸҪġׯεȻôõʱ䣬ҪǲǮô˵ȥġ
֡ü˵ͱ˵ˡׯھȱǮҲȱǮģ˵ˣȻѧһȽĽǼء
㶮ʲôƵĸ׵һۣƼæ˵֣ҹ˰
ҵ绰ƳԱߵҲµ绰ׯεȻ˵ׯҲõ绰ˡ
˵Ҳǣׯڡ
ɣȥɣһһ䣬˭ҲҲһ¾ͺá
Ȼô˵ׯεȻļұѧУĻ˲֪١ǵķ䣬ׯεȻźຼԴڽʶ֡
һѡ÷ׯεȻһ߽źຼһָԱߵĲ˵ȥǱ⣬ʲôľѯҡ
ſڲϿʼſ⣬ĶˣزȥҪׯڡ;ʵ̫ˣ
ʲôʱǸͷׯεȻ˺ຼһ֮󣬾úຼԼ¥Сȥ档Ƕ죬֮ǰвٵС¥档СİúܺãҳҲǳģСﲻİ˽ߺӡຼܹ棬۾ԹԵĴЬӣһ·Сųš
лʤЦ˵Сӻ̰ͦġ
СׯεȻһ֮˵С̰Ҳ֡
˵ߵƵߣץĿ׺Ҳû˵ôվǰƸоվǰ΢΢ӲʱվǰҲǱˡ
ͷĿ飬±ׯεȻһ󡣿ģرҪЦƿһۣûгôζ˵飬ҡ
ͷЦ⣬⡣
Ǻһֱͣ£Ҳû˵ż㡣
Ҳʼļֻһ˻ץĿġһãȻ޴ģׯεȻվǰҲû˵ôض
һӣƻڷסϣׯεȻתֱ뿪Ҳû˵ʲô
ˣлʤӶԳ˵°̣æɡ
ͷ˵ð鷳ˡ
ûϵġлʤҡͷʲô鷳鷳ġ
ҲӦģ϶µġлʤЦһ£оԼͦġ


232 ̸
ô⻰һ˵Լɣ̧ͷлʤлʤϴŶƺע⵽Ŀ⡣Цһ˵СͬѧҪǲŬѧϰҪׯڸˡ
һ²ӣʾĺܺׯεȻϣŻʱ򡣿Сſڷ⣬㶵Ŀ˺һſԱڰæлʤ˵Слǣ
ׯڵѧлʤЦ˵ؾ֣ׯڵĸס
áȥͻر󣬻ʮģֻǴžϺͺһıû˸׵ȥӷâĬĵͷû˵תžҲʼæ
ҫӻ𣿡
æຼǸӣûʱ䡣뵽ʲôƵ˵ຼء
⺢Ӵ֪ġһϴŶһ˵Ҫǲģ¥ȥ׼ء
Ц˵ɣȥຼ
ϾҪˣﻹñ˵ɫ䣬ѧɫǳΪֹŰ壬һˣܶʱ˵ģҶϰˣûϰߵѧе㺦¡žȥ׳ԵӢͬʱҲЩ
ѧؼҹ꣬ǼҴŻֵͦġЦ˵ȥຼ¥Է
뿪ѧ΢΢һ
лʤǵģ˵Ǳ£ʵؾֳͦõģһҲ밡
ͷĥŹȻǺúÿ׺ϰɡ
ׯεȻ¥šüͷʲô顣
ôʲôûиģׯεȻЦվߣҿҸһ¡
ׯڣָŴϵ⣬ׯεȻһ֮󣬽ӹıʣȻ󡭡ˡ
𣿡
˼һ£Ҷׯڡ
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Ŵ򿪣ຼŰ˸߲ҵǣźߡ
ׯεȻתͷຼЦ˵ຼٳǣ֪𣿡
ຼɵͷСС¶ͳһǵݸׯεȻΡ
ԡׯεȻźຼԴںຼǺӣҲͺĵܵܡڵϣźຼë׵ԴຼСĳǣׯεȻһҪԣѧϰҲҪúѧ֪𣿡
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ຼһ·СܣɵɳϣŶͯ鼮š
ׯεȻ˵ƣ㿴˼СӶ֪úѧϰأĥǰɣ
ȿȡׯεȻЦе˵ⶼҪԷˣ˺ȳԷ԰ɡ
ˣȳԷļׯεȻߵɳ¡
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Ʋĵͷͷ°ɣСӡ
ˣԭҪæлʤһֱڰæҲ岻֡ɳϣźຼʶ֡
Էˣǡ˵ʰöȰǶڲ輸ϰɣ˰
ϽȥϴֳԷ
ЩһϴϣЦ˵Ҳ֪ͲǵĿζʵĻ߰һ̸ǻ
áæ˵ǶԵģĸ
ԶԶԣǶԡ
ȻҲڷ϶˵
ׯεȻԷƣҸʱ䲻ʱ俴׺ϣöֵʱҪ֣֪𣿡
֪ˡͷͽԴڳԷ
ư˺ӸŵáׯεȻļ򣬡ô˺ӡ
ˣмʱҪˡׯεȻ˵ٺ͸粻ؼҹ𣿡
ǵÿǵʱûпա
֣أ
ûյģ϶ͦġ
ҲΣʱæʱ򡣸Ͳܸջؼҹ꣬ŰҲڹ죬ܻؼҡңûĵ쵼ҲҪʱǴֵʱҲ׳µʱ
ҶڹʱκεׯεȻֻε˵ǹֵķֳ˵ҪǼҹء
һ£ǹֵģܵꣿ
лʤæ˵Ǹؾֳҵ⣬ׯһЩ鷳ֳ˵̫ģԹʱҪǰ
СлĲʲô¶ҲǷֳԼ̫ŶѡЦŶлʤ˵СлǧҪκε
ң֪ˡлʤͷлǾһԼĴ÷ֳǵġ
극֮ׯεȻ¥ȥ⣬һҪúõ⣬Ҫв⣬һҪ¥ѯ
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źຼ棬лʤæϴꡣ
ꡱűתҫվǰƣڳ̽Դҫʱ˵ӴҫˡԷ𣿡
Թˣ°̡ҫͷƣ˵ȥϴ衣
ȥɡ֣ҫЬ߽˾ϡһ£еһׯεȻ˵ơ
ѧҲؼҡЦ˵ҫҲϴСˣҲжӳˣ̸˰ɣ
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ʲô°̣ȥϴ˰ҫæ¥Ҳǵ˹ʱֿʼҪҪ顣
ҫϴ°̸˵¡
á
ϴ裬ҫһ·¥лʤɳϿֽվ¥ǰҫ˵ҫ¥̸̸顣
á
ҫ㲻̫Ǹڳ
ҵķ䣬رʵҫ֪ϲ𣿡
ҫһ㶣㵵˵ׯׯϲ
ԡͷҫǰû̸ŮҲˣڻ̸ŮѣҲϲ
ҫͬ£СһסǸˡŲҪׯڣͦõġ
ȻǸ˫֣˲Уׯڿԡ
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ҡҡͷҺְֻĥţҪһͺˡ
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ҫǵͨ죬ǡǲÿׯڵ˼𣿡
˵ҫҫɫ¿˺óһʱ䣬㲻ϲɣ


233 
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һ£ԭ;ҫ֮䲻̫ԾҲû֤ݣƽʱáĳЩʱ̣о˶΢Ҳܺ˵ҫֱӳϲׯεȻЦ˵ģ
桭ġҫͷҿ
ͺôãȻФ˼ҵĶӣⲻǰǵΪۿû뵽Ц˵ҫ㲻̸Ϊϲ
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˵𣿡
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ô˵
ׯ˵ڲ̸ҪоҫЦ˵°Ӧûлˡ
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Ҳûȷ㣬ܽǰɡ㻹еģҪȡһ̾Ϣ˵ʵɣҺҲ飬ϲõġ㣬Ҳġ
ǴСˣʲôӵˣǶҲܵ뿴ҲûֱӾܾ㣬ҸԺҪ׷԰ɡ
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ҫŬĵͷҳһ¡
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תۼ䣬Ϳ쵽ʱ䡣ԭ;ûм죬ԽÿǶ˼ˣ⼸æׯεȻڼоǲܳšڼ⣬ֻгźຼȥ棬ܶʱ򣬺ຼܡ
ΪҪȥͺǣҫҲæòСڸսӣӦܹɼ죬⼸ûмµĻܹڼġ
ຼһ·Сܵİ칫ңڰ칫̧ͷźຼſɰĶͯװܽ칫ҡЦ˵Ӵ˭ҵСѰ
վ⣬ຼ˵Ҫ㡣
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ຼźĿӣС˵Ρ
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Уġຼ˵ŻҪȥ׶԰벻Сһ氡
ຼСţʲô顣
ͷҪСһ档ຼڱǰ˺ܶ࣬ӻСڵһ㣬ͲǵСʱ顣
վຼһȥֳ氡ְֻҪء
ຼһ·Сܵߣʱ򲻻ؼ𣿡
Ӧǲؼҵġ˵æʱ򣬸ûʱؼҡ
ҲСͷҿܸܲ͵㶫͹
ô鷳Ц˵ʳⲻзв𣿡
ģһ˵ȴຼȥˡ
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ׯεȻеĸֱʣѧģˡھǵŹ֮ǰ®Ŀѧһʵ飬ϣʱܹ˳һЩ
¥ҫںлʤ塣˾䣬٣ûȥϰ𣿡
ûаҫЦ˵ûʲô飬ҾڼҲϢн󶼻š
Ҹأ
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ׯεȻЦû˵ӷǳſ⡣һҲòԴҵĿѾˡׯεȻĻһׯڵĿˣǾҪǶˣ̫˰ɣׯҪǶ֣ڻʲô֪ôͺٵĿûôѣ÷ɭ룬һͷûС׺ϣֻeⶼʲô
Ҳ̫˰ɣп֮⣬ʲôоûУѧĲΪÿԴҪץ벻һͷ
ҫߣׯεȻĿлʤ壬ԭͷǳů͡ůú㣬ڼﶼǴŶģׯεȻҫܽҫôûио΢΢Ӳͦúֱ
лʤ̧ͷˣЦЦû˵ҫ塣
ΪʲôղûнׯεȻͻȻ˵һ䣬ҫٺٵЦ˵ˡ
ׯεȻûǼ˵ƹƹҵ壬ҫһֱάһƣԽĽӲ
ܸоׯεȻϢĿֱۣлʤЦ˵һ䣬
ֲ̫аˡ
У𣿡ҫѼӲţ䲻㣬һ֡
ׯڡߵׯεȻߣׯεȻҫú֮ܽʲô飬־룬ԵЩ
ҪǺҫ˶룬ֲԶľ룬ܾҫׯе
ׯڵ顣ҲܲˣС˵ܹҿһ𣿡
ׯεȻתŲݸֽĬĬؿ˺һӣҫҲûչԴš
ׯεȻڲݸֽдţ㿴ʲôҡ
ллׯڡŲݸֽɿĻصϼдſ⡣
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ѹ˵٣ׯںǸʲô飿
Цһ
ǲһС˵Ķȥˡ
Ҳ֪˵ҲᣬҪر棬ʵȥׯڣҾׯڿ϶ǻġ
˰ɣׯ飬ⲻѰ·𣿡
Ҳ֪Ѱ·ټ˵˵ˣׯھǺ̸ʲôϵ
ҲǡӣⲻǺ𣿾Ҫһ¡֮ǰǿԣ˵ׯں̸
˵̸ǲ㸴ϰƻڼ˵ţ룬סһҲͬӰɣ˵֮ǰǲסһңΪˣٲ˼Żׯڷ־ֵģ
ôһ룬ǲǲɢׯں٣ѹׯһֱһƳͷ˵̧ͷͿׯεȻ˫ֱǰվƵûͦζġ
ҪкһׯεȻЦеַ촽ߣʾҪ˵
Ҳ̧ͷׯεȻǹճһ˿Цݡ˵ƣ˼ׯڵļסׯں١
Ӱ첻ðɣż˵ľ顣
ׯεȻͷƵİԡ
˵ׯں˭ǹ
ҲӦǹɣͣһ֡͡ƽζļԣһׯںٵľ¡
˸жƷ·ڻζ˵˵ʵ֪ٺׯôʶ𣿡
ͺٻһۣæҡͷ֪
ҿ̳˵ΪץС͵ʲôׯڣⲻͰׯڸס𣿡Ƽ˵˵ׯڴ־֣һ顣
ȻϲŮׯڿ׷󡭡˵ʱ򣬿ͺٵı鶼̫ԣҲû⣬Ǿ飬һˡ
Ҫǻؼҹ꣬ﵢׯں١զ˵˸жİ鰡
ҫ
ԭҫתͷĪĿׯεȻһׯôˣ
˵һϲŮ
ûаҫҲĪ˭ҥˣ
ҥׯεȻŬŬ죬ָơ
ׯεȻһ˲ʹ˸飬ںȫ亹
ͺ죬ͣĶż򣬺Ȼ͵Ц


234 
ﻹҥͬӡׯεȻ̧ͷЦŵƣЦúΣͷ˵ׯڣôҲ
ҫһ£ͬѧô£Ҫҥ
ǲԵġһ˵Żȴţкׯֺͬ£Ҳ밡ûܰׯڶ˵ˣҪ̸ֻҪоȻûׯڽģ뻹˰ɡ
飬ܹѾǳˡ
ЦúΣԱ͵Цˣ͸ˡׯҲ˵һǹ⿴
˵ׯεȻ˫ֻǰղŲͦϲ˵ҰԵ𣿡
ҾƤ˹ࡣ
ĪĿׯεȻŲӣ˾ǺׯεȻׯɣ
ڡׯεȻ˵һΪ˵һڵ
ҾرҪ֪ʲôʱʼҫסһģ
ûУûС
ҫϲŮʲôʱ飿
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ڣǡ࣬岻ãҡ
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ׯڸҪԡ
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ǰɣҲׯںе㲻ԾɣСתͷׯεȻҫ߿壬ŤͷС˵ҾǾׯں˺ܲԾ
ٱׯˣɾͲˡС˵ڰˡ
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תͷԱһҫսоҫһȭܰſ¡ʵ̫ˣϽͷ׺ϡ
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Ϊůʵ̫㣬Ҫǲ·Ļ³ž͵ñɵӡ
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еͣ⣬³ׯεȻ˫ִ¶ʱ̫ͦģͦġ
ׯں𣿡ҫҪѵϵס
ˡׯεȻЦ˵ϾҪУůûô䡣
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ׯںûʲôԵġҫǵׯεȻôʳ˵ϲԵʳǿһֱûжϹʱӶˣʲôʳܳԡڼʳ챻ѧˣׯ϶ӶûʳԡҫҪ㶫ׯڳʳҲ˵ʲôóʲôóԣϾоͳԣûоͲԵ״̬
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һʱ䲻Ӫҵ𣿡ׯεȻúЦôණ


235 
һѵĶ˵ʱҫ໨һǧࡣׯεȻһһ²ۣǮൽûеطʳôǮ
ҫЦ˵ôˣǹ컹зֳ𣿡
ŵ㶫Ҳûģ˵Ⱥѧ϶ͦܳԵġָŲ˼ͱȫԹˡʵϺܶණҫׯεȻԱʱ֮ģǻûô˵
ׯεȻСţлʤҲв١
ຼôǣôСҪٳǡ
ҫû˵ׯεȻ̾Ϣ˵Ƿˣʱ治֪ﵽʲôҪǿ
ׯڣÿֲҫп˵֮ǰǸ̬ɱ˿񡭡ǿڲ֪ģǡ
סׯεȻĽں䣬ҫһۣ֪ҲϲЩġ
ŶŶׯҲ˵ˡҫЦıʾԼ˵Щ顣
ڳڣׯεȻüġ
ҫǲë벻ͨתͷҫЦ˵ҿ㻹Ǯʲôӡ
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ׯεȻЦ˵ʲôģҲҵǮҪôô
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һ࣬һҲ٣㻹Ҽңһ㡣
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236 
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Ǿ͵ͷӦƽȵʻڹ·ϡںķֳѯʵׯʲôʱȥѧ
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лʤЦҲܲϲɣֻеøУǲǻׯںýһ㣿
áׯεȻķ羰ţʲôЦϲҫ


237 ϲ
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ϸлξղ˵ĻԽԽľҪʲôʱǰ棬ɶͣпܻпܳЦɣڣҲн졣
ǶҫûгЦҫͨ͡ϵģΪӽڼ䣬Ҳʵ̫æͲׯεȻǺͺʱ绰ȥֱ˽Ǽҵϰ塣ϰͺʱ죬ϵׯεȻźò׶ġ
Ϊʲôҫôã֣ׯεȻҲԼвҪȥһҽ϶ҫûȤһҫ̫æһġׯεȻȷĵͷлʤǻ˵ãϲҫƵġ
ôܣҫǺ˧ûָߴҲʵȵȣʲôֵֹ顣
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ҫ˵ʲôҫֻɵЦһֿʼȵȣΪʲô뵽ҫˣвɣׯεȻסˣź顣һ̸飬Ȼ֡ҫ
ҸñȽϸߴ󡢱Ƚ˧ˡҫ
ҸϽ̤ʵˡҫ
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Сһ̾ܲˡ̾Ϣţҫڴڵļš
ֳ֮칫ңš˵Ű°ҫ߽칫ң塣
Ÿϡ
ǡ
ҫţе㺦µ˵壬ʲô顣
ҫ֣ϣҺ̸̸
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ϲǰ࣬ڶԴһ£Ҫ׷̽Ѱס

дһһ𣿻̸̸ˣ
һһӡҫֱ˵壬û뷨
Сӣȥ׿ô˶ûпϣڴҶӵǰɣ
ҡҡûСҫƺӶϴ壬ڴ֮ǰûϲϣǰׯεȻںôͳڴׯεȻ⡣
ң֮ǰûϲˡ
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ǣҫѾǰѵĹϵѾѵĽޡ
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ңҪҫС˵Ż
ҪɣҲҪ̸˿ʱ䣬ⲻϾҪˣǼû£ԼŹһ䣬ԸӰʲôģЩ黹Ҫҽǰɣ
壬ȥ˵Ҷˡ
Цãһ̸Ҫߴ١
ҫ뿪һص칫ҡׯεȻһϢȥ
ҫׯڳԷ𣿡
ׯεȻڳԣ£
ҫңе˵п𣿡
ׯεȻŶʱžͳɡ
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ˡ
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ׯεȻ㵵˵˵͡ȥҼ𣿡
ȿȡֳһղׯû⼸ڹֻЩҪֳ飬סھƵ귽Щ


238 һ
극ֳ͵ֲԶľƵ֮лʤصСؼʱѧڶźຼ棬ຼܹԣ⺢ӴСʹҫͬͷԵģϲׯεȻҫСʱƬȻͺຼһҲǻͷԵģвһĵطǾǡûຼôϲ
ƶڶźຼׯεȻվׯεȻ˵ׯڡ
ׯεȻףǵĿΣҿǽҲûңչܲûѵ㣿
ʱûСЦ˵ׯ˵Լ˼ڵĿȻЩѶȣǷҪҾҪܲȽ⣬ʵǲ
ׯεȻͷȷʵôõӸҲеʹͻȻлʤ˵⣬ɳʱ᲻ɵ͡أɳûеϰ㲻ˡһͰôõӴյԼߡҲ˵㣬ŷָһҲûйϵӷָɣȻʹرҪưƣҥ
̣
Ҳ̫һŵ棬
ׯڣôˣׯεȻ粻ģҪ
ûʲôׯεȻ˵ϾҪˣúɡ
ӦһׯεȻŤͷ˵⻹Ҫ⣬Ͽ棬гϦ͹ǿԾ档
֮󣬴ѮǿԻؼҡ·ҪǴѧ֪𣿡
֪ͷ

Ʋ˵ׯָӲ͡ص䣬ׯεȻ򿪵ԣ׼úÿģԵķġ֪ΪʲôǾͦķģʲôò㷢
ҫʱûüۡЬӣЦ˵ຼڵ˭أ
Ц˵ຼ˵һֱûлڵء
⺢ӡҫЦҡͷлҲڰ
ׯڣ
ڷءлʤЦ˵ҪׯڣֱȥС
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ׯεȻĸķģŴվҫŬŬ˵ɡ
ҫ߽䣬ڶׯεȻķ䣬һׯεȻڷʱҴš
ҲҽׯεȻķ䣬ŰɡׯεȻƫͷ飬ҫׯεȻģ´ׯεȻ飬ׯп𣿡
пգ˵ʲô飿
ҡҫŵִٲɫ糺죬ϲ㡣
ׯεȻͷ˵Ȼأ
һ𣿡ҫͷ֪ׯεȻôǳЦǴ
áׯεȻ飬ͻȻ֣ʺֻҫлʤ˵ˣϲҫ
ղһֱƲ֡ҫһͻȻͺ˲١
ΣȻϲҫʲô鰡
ҫҲɵˣׯεȻͷĶһׯεȻ˵á
վԭأŵ˵ׯڣղ˵ʲô
áׯεȻʼͷǲǶ⣿˵˺ô
桭ģҫ˷ܵĲ㶼Ҫĵݶϣ˵ׯڣ㡭ĴӦˣ
ˡׯεȻţҴӦ㣬㻹Ӧǰɡɣ
ҫæ֣ׯҲǸ˼˵ҡҡڡر𡭡ҫͰ͵ģ˵ǺӢϣüɫ衣
ͣɵЦţôׯεȻţ𣿡
ҫ½ǣԼׯڳȥӰ𣿡
ʲôʱ򣿡ׯεȻһʱ䣬·ݻ·Ҫȥѧ֪ҪûҪ·ݻʮ·ݡ
ͣǹ⼸ʱ䡣ҫ޴Ǿִ٣ɫǵúܺ죬ڵһ̸ҫ˵ȫûκεľ顣׼ȥλС£Ů̸ôԼġҪǣׯԼӦûҪлʤİɣ
Ȼﻹôһ⣬Ǹ˾Ͳȫͻ⣬Ϊׯڵİȫ룬Լʲôģ׼˵Ǯ
áׯεȻͷ
ǣׯڣô˵ˣҫ˷ܵ۾ʼͺҹеƵġ
ׯεȻӦһҫٺٵɵţǣׯȥϴˡ
ҫŵĹϷţ߳ҫһϲģҪݲҫڵģ;һ赸ͺһʾ޿Ƶġӣͷоٵ񶼿ûʲô
ô£ҫһɵʲôأ
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ׯεȻ̧ͷƣܲܰ㣿ǻɽأ
ӣԱ߿ЩЦ
ׯεȻԼû뵽˳ֵģҫֱۡ


239 ͬ
ҫһתͷؿׯεȻׯҲ̫˵ɣѲɣׯҲϲҫɫǵ糺죬תͷ˶ԵúܹŹ֡
ҫǵڶׯεȻֱҫֱ۵ˣգ۾·𿴼ʲôŵ顣ڷ￴Щ飬ĿĵcȻˣ֮ǰҲǱ̳ׯεȻЩ飬ҫcֱڻǱ̳Ǵҷǵcڴ̳ĵдһЩׯεȻҫС˵ûӰ쵽ˡ
ҴҶעⷽ棬ͺһÿ϶ڷcǣǾԲ˵һׯںҫ䲻֮İԡ
ۿܴ㵣ׯεȻȻҫֻ֡彩ӲⲻţǾǰɣţ찡ׯھȻġ
Ҳסˣҫ˵ûһ𣬽Ͼ֣ܵĳ
ߵߵʱ˶ɵˡׯں٣ܵӣ˵̸û˻Űɡ
Ŷƻһ̾˵ĿⶼׯεȻҫϡ
ǣܵׯεȻҫˣǣ
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첻˵ûкһ𣿡ƣҫƭ˵ǰûбҫƭҫΪѡ
գһ𡣡ҫͷӶúܺ졣
ղŻʱ򡣡ҫӶˣׯεȻĸҫһ䡣
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⧲⧲ĵͺ١ԭؿׯεȻҫƣһŶϴҪ˵ʲôǱׯεȻһɣʲô˵ֻͷСվԭء
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ҶϢ𺳵ˣʵǽ𺳵Ϣ
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ԶԶԡƼæ˵Ͻ塣
ׯεȻ§ҫֱۣĿšƽʱϲЦҫǵͨ죬ȫûЦ嶼ûкúЦһׯֱ;رġȫ̶ׯȥˣ˼塣
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ŶҫɵɵĽŸϣׯεȻ˵ׯǡ
ҿģԱ߿š
áҫͷڴߡׯεȻĿģҫͿׯεȻģׯÿţܺׯһʵ̫ˡ뵽ʱҫ̲סɵЦʱһһţԭƣҫʵЩŲסׯڻڿģҲ뿪ֻڴ߿ׯεȻ
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桭Ŀ𣿡ҫСĿׯεȻչȷʵܿ죬쵽еҫԤϡ̫ׯڵ뷨һׯں֣޵ĵطûС
ׯεȻû̸뷨Ҳܼ򵥣ǶǴˣҲñܻʲôҪסһģھ˯һԣҫ򲻴֮ġҪҫ˯Ļҫ֣̫Ӱ˯Уҫ˯˯֮ģԺҪͬӵģһһҲûʲôټϣҫȷʵѾϤˣͲҪϤȥ
ҫҲܷģ֪˯һͬ⣬ҫǲġͦģҫܹ˯ȥġ
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ͬ⣬ûû뵽ׯֱӸ˵ȥķסҫصʰһʰһɵЦš͸ɵƵģõׯεȻķ䣬¹ڷŵ·ر࣬һ߹Լ·һɵЦֲҳ
·ȫŪ֮󣬰ѱӱͷҲׯεȻԱߡĵȥϴ裬ϴ֮ʵǳŲסڴϣͷմͷϾ˯ˡ
ᣬׯεȻصԣ뿪ʱûҫĺ
ҲûҶҪ˯رϣԭͦģҫ˸ģȥɪһţ¼ռĿռ䡣
ׯεȻúЦϴ֮󡣳ž
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ׯεȻͷҷ˯ģԺҲҪסһһһû𡣡
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⣬ҫԲűھҫűġ
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ҫؿеƣоʲôűӣѹؿڣеȡΪܳ㣬һ˯ǴŶ̿㣬һűӡ۾͸һ˿Ѿ糿˾ŵӵӣΪɫñȽţѾˡͷׯڴֵԴűѹؿڣ־͸צƵģҲѹϡ
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ׯεȻã˿ߵҫ첻ϰࣿ
ҡȥû£鲻̫࣬æܻҫɵЦׯεȻͻȻ뵽ղһܿ졣ûĻһһֱͣͨͨšڿҫģʲô
ûûʲôҫɵЦţׯڣңȥϴ
ҫţƴ߾һۣ簡
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뵽ʲôƴ˸飬æ¥


240 
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ҫƣǶҿ
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ҲһǺйϵɡ˵ָׯͻȻϵأ
ǰԱ˵ҾӦׯͻȻ뵽ϵʲôŻͻȻô˵ġ
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԰ɣ԰ɣƼЦ˵ǴģپڳԷ֮ǰ²¥
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һɡ˭ˣ˭͸Էָһ⡣
˵İЦ˵Ƕ˰ɣ
پ֣ˡ
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ɣ
ҫ¥ʱ򣬴Ҷ
Ĵţҫ̽ͷ̽ԵĿΡׯεȻü·𶼾һ𣬺ʲô顣
ŵ߽ӣӿ㶵ͳһǹׯεȻϡ
̧ͷׯεȻվǰҫʲôʱġ
ջءҫׯεȻɵЦӣׯεȻ֪ôݡرɵֳúܿʣȥͦõġ
ҫͷׯڣз¡
ׯεȻüͷչƭСأ
ͦóԵġҫֺǺǵ˵һӰʱ򶼰ؼҵʱ򣬾˳˵
ٳԵǵĶׯεȻһǹӡ
ׯڣ۲ۣҫѯʵҪϢһ£
ҫ鿴ȥɵׯεȻҫȷʵ졣˵ˣ룬ȳȥɡ
Ҫɡҫ֤ҾԲ㡣
תͷׯεȻɻɵЦҫ


241 Ӱ
˵ҫſԭĶ滺˲١ƢҫɵЦˣǰ;ҫЦźɵڿɵɵ˵㣬ǳû治ҲСϾȥȻģаȫС
ҫһԹȻû˵ׯεȻţԼ
ˣȥɡɫׯεȻһԺֵֹ뷨ߣһҪ롣
治Ҫׯ𣿡ҫҪׯεȻׯεȻɫӦǲ뿴ߡׯڵɫ˲٣Ҳġ
ˣ֪ȥ⹫𣿡
ׯεȻ˵裬衣Ҳ˵ׯεȻҲҫ裬˵ǲҫˡ
ȥ⹫ˣҫһ£ׯ𣿡
ׯεȻͷҫԸµ˵ҪɣׯʲôҪָһµģ
ȷׯεȻҫû뵽һܻ䣬ѵ·
ׯεȻƫͷŲݸֽϵļ㹫ʽ۾Ʈҫߣҫĺܺáһ߻·һ˵Ҹѧһʱ䣬˵ɹϲ㿴Ҫָһ°ɣ
ҫ϶Ͷ̿㣬תׯεȻһֱƮɵЦ˵ׯڣȥˣ
·Һ֮ŵ뿪
غãҲͦģͬ»·ϰˣҶҲûʲôߵġׯһֱ߿;е㺦ߡ
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ΪʲôסˣӦðʱҫӦױٸ߸Ϊʲôôˣҫϲϲڰⲻѧ
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ȿȡҫһûºõģ
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ڲҪׯڸˡ˵ţæʼϴ롢ϴˡû뵽ٻ
ҳûġҫ˵ţлʤվȥæ
Ц˵Ҳæɡ
ɣ͹ˡҫЦ˵ͲҪˡ
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ׯڳԷˡ˵Ѿˡ
á
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ðҲģӰرÿ塣
ׯεȻֳҫֱۣҫһֻ壬һֱֻׯεȻšҿ˵ģ档ζ˵õĲ̸أôׯ̸ôճ٣
ʵׯεȻˡͦСģ֪ϸûʲô֣ÿοֲӰͺµСҫֵǲ£˵ˣڿֲֳҲȥ治ֲֿӰׯεȻֲԾսҫʱ
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桭üͷǹˣŸտʼ̸Ϳʼﶼ˵ζ̫ˡ
ҫԱߣʱҫׯεȻ˵ׯڣҪˣ
СׯεȻǺҫʮָۣҫ·۾û뿪Ļҵðοꡣ
ׯڿҫ˵һ䣬ׯεȻߡ
ֱӰ֮ׯεȻͷſһֱҫ֡Աߵûôע⵽ȻҲûע⣬ǸղѾڶ˵ʲô
ׯεȻɫһ죬æɿҫ֣ȥˡ
ׯεȻ뿪ҫ˵ȥϢ˰
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ҫЦ˵СƨʲôԺ̸˵ɡ
˵ţҲ¥˷䡣
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ȥϴɡһģׯεȻʼ
ϴص䣬ҫűڴϡôڴׯεȻùׯڿ˿ֲƬе¡ׯڱȽϺãҲû˵ֻż
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⹫үүǱ߸ô˵ׯεȻͣһ£Ҫ֪Һһүү⹫϶Źġ
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ׯڣֻҪ㲻Ҿͳɡ
ҫſͦ˧ģɰɡ
˯
ҫصƣׯεȻ˵Ҳ˯ôԵҿ㶼Ҫȥˣ˯һɡ
áҫ˯һ㣬۾ׯεȻܿҲ˯ˣȻڶҫʱؿе㷢ƣׯεȻؿ˯ţҫЦһҲû˵ׯεȻؿ˯ˡׯ˯ʱ򣬿϶ϲҶ
۾ҫ˯һ
ʱׯεȻڴ϶ҫ
ҫһ£ׯڡ
ׯεȻĿͬһ·ܹǿհ㡣ںڰУҲǷǳġ
ҫЩ⣬ׯôĿתעܿ졣
ˡׯεȻѾҫ˯ģ˰ʱ䡣һŨü۵ģһɵòЭһǷдһ
ϸĴҫò˵һҪ̸϶ˡȷʵú˧аȫС
⺢̫ɵˡƳ֮⣬Ӧòϲֺ֪Ǻǵɵӡ
Ϊѵĺɵ̸ɣȣҫһţ˸Ͻȥϴ𣿡
ŶҫղŴ绰˵첻ȥûҾȥ
ҫԾ뿪ȥϴ¥лʤкҫٳ𣿡
ʱˣ϶Ҫ緹ˡЦ˵ǳʲôҸ
ûҾÿһ¡Ц˵ôúǸġ
ȿȣǳϦˡһ˵ͿϢһˡ
ƴİţһҪú˯һ졣


242 
˯һءׯεȻЦ¥ҿ㻹ǶһȽϺá
˵⡣Ц˵ˣׯڣƸҴˣ˵ҿԸָһ⣬ɡ
ŶׯεȻüͷţһ˵飿
Ǿɿ÷ɡһˮׯεȻ֮󣬷űӣô
ôŲ˵ס
ˣԷˡҫǡʱ򽫷˶Էɡ
극֮ׯεȻ˲ӰûͦĵģҲоȥҪϢһ´ԡҫ󣬿ʼȺѧ˵ŻׯεȻţȷʵҪϢжܶⶼûŪ
ΪׯεȻϢѧϾֻǸһֱԿҲǲԵġÿ֮ѾʰöڿšҲţΪڳʵ̫ӵ
ʱҫ˿ƣׯεȻɳߣͷڿŵӰʱʱԱߵҫ˵ຼں˼ҡ˵ͦϲ⺢ӣҪѺӸߡúຼںǱߴţȷʵΪ̫࣬Щչ˲ں˲˦ƹ񣬻е鶼Ǻʱкܶչຼ׼ʱٽӺຼ
氡Цߵ
ຼڴ󲮼ء
衣ׯεȻһҫ˼Ľһ̡
ҫҫⶼͬˣа̰
衣ҫͷѧһ͵Цšлʤû˵ֻǳĬԱ߿š
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ţʱҲˣԱ߽ţǣԷɡ
ԷΪɷˣǸе˿ľߵߡҲʱСע⵽Ķᰤӻׯׯںһġ
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С¾ڴΧĻһӢԭ鼮⡭šܡҲׯڵķ䣿
ҫſ˺һ֮պõߡ

ȥӡҫ¹İڷ·СƲһۣӵ·Ӧû˵·
ȽҪóڴߣСһۣȥ¥µң
áС뿪˳ŸϣţӦþׯڵķɣӳׯ˯һ̸飿ǲǡ˸飬ɣѲǺׯ̸
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Ц˵С£
ˡС¼æ˵Ͼߡﻹŵվǵǰҫ¥źصľ裬ׯˣȥӻе顣
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е㼱¡ҫֺǺǵĳׯεȻЦׯεȻֻǵͷ˵ȥء
л˰ߵСһ·Сܵĸ
ûĻղӽг°̽裿ôһ룬ԽƶӿǺׯ̸
ҫЬ֮󣬺С뿪š
Сһ߸ҫһ˵ӡ
ҫתͷС˵£
ӣ̸ˣ
ҫüͷû˵С¼˵ӣǲǺׯ̸
תͷС£Сµ˺üǿǸӦׯڵķɣ


243 ͨ
ҫû˵СҲҼ˵ֻĬĬĸš
ʱҫС£񾯸飬ڶ֪𣿡
Сºܲ⣬Ǿӵ˶֪ϲׯڰ
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Сµ˼˵治ǹģҡǺ˲˵ġ
Сĵģҫ̾Ϣһ´ڸɺ˵ôʰ㡣
ӳģԺһ˵С˵껰ֱڳϣҫӡ

ׯεȻڶʱҫڴϢȥѹűˡҫ˯ú죬ᵽòŻġ𴲺һʱ䣬ڶʮһˡҫӣ²糿Ż˯ע⵽ҫ·ڴͷûʰ
һüͷׯεȻеǿ֢·ʰ÷¹ţת뿪
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¥֮Ҳź·
ҲҪȥ
ǰƵͷ˵Ҳȥõ㶫֮ġ
緽ֳӦҪʱ򣬶ĵ绰ׯεȻӹ绰Ǻģûлؼңھתʱ绰Ҳ֪Ǹ

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ׯεȻӦһּ˵ղлг绰˵Ҫ꣬ҿܲܳգؼһˣҲ˶೤ʱ䡣
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áׯεȻҵ绰¥߱ʣ˭ĵ绰
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ׯεȻͷڱϣҫšһ£ҫ§ׯεȻļϳһƬԵɵЦôãׯڻͦϲġã
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ҲǣҪׯڲϲôһ
أׯεȻͻȻܽıҫһ£ɫòУ˵Ͱ͵ģׯׯڣ
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ҫׯεȻҫ֫ͦӲģҲҺҶҫһ֮󣬶˵᲻ᱧˣ
ҫַׯεȻֱϣñΧׯεȻһׯεȻ˵ء
ҫţҲҺҪׯڲҴӦǲܺġׯεȻϣΧĺʼơЩȣָоܲáҫƽȵĺţҸɵЦ
û˵ôĴš
Ҳ֪˶ãׯεȻ̧ͷҫܵׯεȻĿҲͷ˫۾͸·ҹеǹһ㣬ҫŹԡɵЦģȥ̿ʵЦһ۾ׯεȻ鲻
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˵롣
ҫû˵ӵׯεȻ̵ţ㲻ׯڽһ
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뵽ˡ
ǾͺáҫɵЦţҲûׯεȻ뵽ʲô
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ׯεȻӦһҫ
ŰֵҫתׯεȻׯڣ𣿡
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ҫЦ˵Ҳ֪һ¡
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˵ʲôҫһۣ⻰ҪǱׯڸ϶ᡣ
ǣ˯һ𣿡
˵ź˼ܲܲҪô࣬ׯ顣
ͱŽڣ
㡭ҫһƵԴƺӣ´μǵý֮ǰš
ˡţ˭֪ô¡룬ҫϻ·Ӧûиġ


244 Ϧ
ߵߵߵ⴫һҫ˵ССĵ㣬˵˵ģʡׯڴˣָҿ⡣
Ц˵硣
ҫһܹһڵƣ˵ʲô˵ôƤЦĿңͦܵġ
ҪҸͺˡ
˰ɡҫæܾҪô֪ĵܵܣһҿ鶹ײɡ
ٺ١Цţҫţվһˡ˴ҫЦ˵ҫٰɡ
ƽĿҫ۾˵ǡ
ãշӾġ
лʤ߳Ц˵٣Ƿ֣Ӿġ
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ҫһ£ǹҲҪ𣿡
ҲһҪ顣ֳֺǺǵ˵ֻ֪ģΪׯڵȡ⣬ͦǼֵġ
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ֳЦ˵ʱׯںĸң֮ûκεĿԣҲҪĴκλ롣
˵ʱ򣬷ֳЦһ£û뵽ׯڻ㶨ɣûмͺһˡ
֮ǹϲ١ֳҲܹҫЦ˵ˣ٣ұһ飬ʱҺׯ˵ʱׯ˵ľе㲻̫ԡҲӦٰɣʵҾׯȷʵͦϲٵġ
ˡֳվǰҫ˵֪㻹и𣿡
ֵʱҫë˭˭ϲׯڣ
ҵСӡֳǺܵ˵Ӧ֪ׯǼڵѧɣ
ҫͷ֪ׯһڽڣ֮ǰڵϿ
иӣһǾ졣ǸҲǺׯ÷ϾׯʮʱȥƴǱڸȥģȻڼڼסǺׯڻͦõģҲ鿴ϣӦϲׯڵġֳһп˵Ҫׯ®ĻǸϣׯܺͼһ𡣡
СӰҪŬаһҪׯڸãׯڿѡʵ̫ࡣҾô˵ɣׯôˣϲŮѡ涼Ƿǳġׯô㣬СӣһöׯڼӱãҲһҪӱŬܶԵׯڡ
лл㣬ֳҫͷԷֳ˵ŻǷֳЦ˵Сӣ⻰ͼˣʲô㲻ġ
Ҿ˵䣬Ҳȥҫļ򣬷ֳߵλׯڵѧɣ
¶ŷֳô֪ģ
ֳЦƲ˵ǹֵİɡ
ӴСֳֺܴǺǵ˵ôġ
Եõ˵ҸղĶԻˡ
Сӡָ˵ѹֻׯôͷۡ
ٺ١ЦŲ˵ֳɳϣɣ˿ơҫҲʼæ飬ԭҫȥһġ
ҫ˵裬ûµģһһɡ
ҹĻ٣ߵߵߵ
ҫæţɽڴվǰæÿ˵ڣǿɡ
Ӵ٣ְ
֡
ֺǺǵ˵ŻׯεȻǼһأ
ׯڰҫָָ¥˵ׯڻ¥ء
ӴģҪ¡ħɣҪԺҵ˶󻹲úء˵ҿʺϵׯڵĶԸ񣬾Բׯ֡Ҳֻׯںٵķݶ
ҫɵЦû˵ܹںá
ӴǶءɿЦһΪҪһܻؼء
ĸҡ˵ǻñׯڸƤ
ҲׯڡɺЦ˵ׯ֮⣬Ҳûм㻹˭
Ьӣĳ˵°֣
֡Ц˵ɣ㲻һ£
Ŷţ
С
ŮʿЦ˵°̣ҪҪҰæ
ããæ֣ͺá
ȥŰ
ҫ
裡ҫһһ裬еÿˡ
ȥ¥ϰгڶˣڰɡ
ȥҫת¥ɻɸղʲôһص˵°̣鰡
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ׯں̸
ԡ
ǶͬˡֳԴգ۾˶ֳһִ͵״̬˵ļٵģ°̣ׯεȻĺ̸
ǿɲЦ˵Ҳû뵽ĻӦҫıס
С²ķеĶۼֿĽеĶ˵²ĸȺ˵æͺá
鷳ˡ߳ɿʼ̸ۡɵҲվԱţǲ֪ǰҲҫϲϲҫ˵ϲ
Ӵļٵģɵһʱ;ٿ϶ϲׯڵģû뵽ׯҲ
û뵽
ˣ֮ǰǸ˵ϲ𣿡
£һ£ûׯ˵ׯϲĻһõİɡ
ׯǸƢ־ǿҲÿֺǺǵģׯڼƽϲܺׯڹһȥ
⻰˵ãׯڿɱб¶ˡ
ȷʵǡֱӳϣׯڱб¶ˣƢҲûׯô
ҿׯƢͦõġ
졣Ц˵°̿϶֪ׯƢֱˡ˭˵˭еСƢҲʲô⡣ο˼ƾԺʿôСƢϿ˵ûС̸Ҫһӣʵദͦ۵ġ
ׯ̫Ҫǿˣػصķȥ˽Ҳ˵ٵԸͦׯڻģôãҾûмٺׯڼ
ԭӦҲ̤ʵϸʵµԸ񣬶ׯҲͦõġׯڣҲׯʲô˵ʱЦţҾ;ãׯںͦʵġ
˵Ҿ͸˵һ˵ҫȥϰ࣬Ƶó档
ЦһׯҪ֪ҳ棬϶ᳰЦҡɰׯεȻԸ񿴵͸͸ģׯεȻеСӣ˴ŵ͡ǶѣرùҲ˵еЦֵù£ׯεȻرϲϳЦˡ
찡ȥʱ绰Ҫ˲ϰĵ绰ҫͲ͹ȥ
Ľ˵˭Ҳûйׯڵִ
ǾеЦⲻҫͺ𣿡
ׯʹӦˣ
ǰ
˵ͬˣ̣
ǣͬˡ
ׯٶȿ湻ġ˵ǿָٳ˧ֻɵ֣Цʱݺܰףׯڸסˡ
˵ʲôɵļ򣬡˵
СС
ҫţׯεȻдŶû˵߽һЩׯεȻڲݸֽдһĹʽ
ׯεȻ̧ͷҫ˵ôˣ
ɽˡҫ˵ׯҪҪȥɽڣ
ɶˣׯεȻһ£̧ͷ⡣ѾЩĺɫϾҪԷˣ漴ǹʱҲ֪Ӧô˸Ц˵ɣȥڡ
ҫׯεȻ󣬡ׯڡ
ׯεȻתҫӢüĿôˣ
ûûʲôҫٺٵɵЦţ뵽ʲô˵顣
ҫɵʲôׯεȻҲúЦ΢΢Ĺճһ˿Цݡ


245 
ӦǱҫ֪ɵֵļһȾ˰ɡׯεȻԴţһľ֪ɵ֣ЦЦŵʱ򣬻¶Ű۵úܡһﳤÿʣ沿ࡢȻЦʱׯεȻúġ
Ҳ֪ΪʲôÿοҫЦ;ҫֺ˧˧֡ʱ򣬼ΪһȻ˾һǸǶԱЦʱׯεȻҲûָоǾҫЦʱ򣬾͸ɵƵġҫôЦҲܺá
ҫӺỷׯεȻͷĶ˵ׯڣҡҰ㡣
ׯεȻòУҲܿ죬ԺѾճҫɵģַҫֱϣȥԷˡ
ҫĵͷׯǡȥɡ
˴ţòУһһ
¥µʱɿʼ壬ղŸˣòС
ׯεȻʱо죬Щ̵ĸоһûκεãɼ˵ҵ죬ǿ϶ʲô£ŻôĶԲԡ
㣡ׯεȻݺݵĵһۣãɲ£ڷĳЦˡ
ѽѽɼ˵ûׯھȻϲ͵ġ
ȻҫһѾڵ飬Ǳɾô˵ǺҪ
ɣ㡭
ѽѽׯڻ˵Բϲ͡
㣡
˵õĲҪҪоأ˵һ𵱵˰顣
ˣɣ˵䡣Խ˵ׯεȻɫԽǵͨ죬ͷü֪ʲô
ӾԱȰ˵ɲҪЩ顣ׯڴᱩֱӸһȭԱ߻иء˸ɶٵĶ֣Ǻò״һλܹ˵ׯεȻ䣬˵ׯεȻͨ죬Ҳı첻˵
ҫæ˵ȥæ
ĶӵģֳԱ˵˵ʵҸ˾ȷʵͦʺׯڵġ
ҲڸͣԶԶԣҲٺʺׯڡׯھԲҺһְҵһоԱҾǻڼﳭŵɼܵġ
ļٵģûôҰɣһ£֪ׯڵԸӦͦõġ
漰ѧϣׯڵԸ񲻻̫áֱԲ˵Ҫׯںͱѧз磬˫ĻпĽǳſ˫ڼȫУ˵ʵҿܶˣҾʺׯڵĻ١
ʵҫ֮⣬治֪˭ܺׯεȻһׯεȻԸʵ̫ˡûǿҲ֪ΪʲôׯεȻԸôĶӡڶѧϣûκεء
ҪǸ˵һˣܹŷԭ򡣵ûܹׯεȻŷԭϣѧʦûпһѧһѧһһܹ֮Ϊѧһѧҵ˶ᣬͽġׯεȻűϾҪҸׯܹƥе˸ûпԡҸֺܹǺǵĽׯεȻһлƢˣǿƺ̶ȶܹܵˡ
Ǵ󲿷ֵ˸ܲ˰ĳ̫ǿƻֻ̫ҫϲׯεȻԴׯεȻʱ͸Ȯû𣬲ܺׯεȻúһ𡣷򲻹Ǳ˵жôôʺׯεȻǿջ϶ǻֵģҷֻǳĲңöܹ֪
ׯεȻˣ̫ǿƵԭҪǺҫһ𣬵ʱԹƶׯεȻܡ
ׯεȻһ˵ܺʵˣׯεȻʺˡ
ߵߵߵٴ𣬽˻ͦġׯεȻһۣɣҾ㣬Ҫٺ˵ĻҾ͡
͸б۾ׯεȻЦ˵ׯڣ㻹
Ҹ㷢ʦ
ӴһͦµĹЦ˵ׯڸϽҷʦɣǻˡ
㡭
ҫߵǰţҽվǰ˺һʱ䡣
ӴҫôˣȤ˵ôɵˣ
ǣҫͷ㲻Կ𣿡
ҽЦ˵һԿ׷䣬óֱˡ
ҽǲǻϼ𣿡
¡ҽ˵Ұ迴һ£ɣǻûд飬Ұִ߻ߵýҹƱˡվƱ֡
ҽЦҫеΣҪׯڵ黹ûӦô˵Ҫ֪ˣ᲻һ٣
㵱ֵܣ㾹ȻҪҵܵܣ
⻹𣿵Ȼ̣ôȻȭͷ˵
ҫеΣź۹㡣
ôˣֵ˵˵ҫܲԾ
ҽҲˣҫܲԾû˵߽ϲ˵СôˣȥСϼ𣿡
ҽЦ˵°̣ⲻҹˡ
ôˣ
ҰҪҺ飬ⲻǻڶʿŶ격ʿ֮ڹ顣
ҲСЦ˵ŮԼҵѧҵҪġ°֧ѡ񣡡
Ҿ֪ҽһʵҲͦ޸ģҾΪŮӻҪԼҵС
Һһ£ǹڽ顣ȶ֮󡭡ڽҲ١ҽܿԺǺϲġ
ҶҽġЦ˵ׯεȻû˵ɳϸɵɡɺͷֳ٩٩̸żôˣҽϲ˵ô˰
ҽׯڵɩӡҫæţׯڵĸ磬ǽкظܽͳɡ
ׯڵѧ
ɽھͲҶ˰ɣɽڵӣŮʿ
λǾķֳ
һһк֮Ц˵ȥ·
ɡ
ҽ¥ҫܵׯεȻߣׯڡ
ׯεȻʱڵɣҫߺ˵ôˣ
ǸȥҵıӶڣ᲻
¡ׯεȻתͷҫˣ
ˡҫС˵벻
ӦòġׯεȻɣҫûа취ҲǣȻ鶼ˣôҪֱ漴顣
̾Ϣһתȥæ
մţص䣬ͷֵ飬ҽ֮ǰסķ䣬·֮ߵķǰšüͷ˼š
ôˣҽǰѯʵҾʲô飿
ҫıӺͷˣ·֮ģˣ䶼ˡ
ҽһ£ţѹָղżôӦְȥס˰ɣ
ȱţȰ·ˣȥҫˡ
ֺЦ˵Сӿ϶ְȥסˡ
ҽ߳䣬šҡͷţҫҲǵģһҪܳȥסؼҷӻͦģ˵Ҳû̸ǴѧҽԺЩʿҫʼҫϵʽҽأҲûҫŮѡԴĥҫϲ֮󣬾Ϩ˼Ҳûиߺ飬ܰκһˡֻܱŮҪҫȥ
һ·߳Ŷҽ˵ȥɡ
ðҽź¥յ¥£ͱﲻסʵҫǲֳȥⷿˣ
ҫǵͨ죬ûûа
ǾˣĶأҿĶˡ
Ϊ˱ŸɩӣȥˡׯεȻ˵Դǣҽȥһҡ
ׯεȻ仰ҽһ£ܿʶĲԾοׯεȻѧʼ͵Ц֪ʲô顣
𣿡ҫ˵ȥİ

ҫȥˣûж룬Ϊֻǰᵽһ˶ѡ
ҫöҪɫׯׯڵķ䡣
ԭûжģҲúҵܵһסǸɡû˵ڣѾʶԾĵطҫȥһס
Ǹйеסһ
һҫ˵ģ˵ô£
ҡҲǡôĲ죬ظҲô˵
ãʱ˼·Ӧôҽ⡣
ҽź˵𼤶ҫ͡
ý͡ׯεȻɳϵһϷ˵ȥġ
ǡԻ󣬡ܣȥס
ʶһܾܵȻ̸ֵ
ҽζ˵аصùģҶƭȥˡ
ŵ˵ļٵģ
ġҫͷҺׯһˡ
ұ׵ģҪʲôĵطҾ֡ҫһԺ˵š


246 
ļٵģЩţõֵܺ׵ܵһԺӦôƺҰ㵱ֵܣ㾹ȻҪҵܵܣ
뵽ͺ޲һȭҫϡ
磬ˡׯεȻߵᳶ·˵ҪǲϲҫҲܺһ԰ɣ
ҼȻһ𣬻һסǲΪϲ𣿡
ǡһ£ׯεȻˡǺܲ˵ǰ˵ϲҫ𣿡
ϲ𣿡ׯεȻź䣬磬ˣϦء
ɡſҫ˵ҫȻֵܣҵܵܣҪǸҶҵܵһ㲻ãôʰ㡣
ģҾԲġҫæԺ֤
ſŴҷӦͦƽģ裬Ҳ֪ˣ
Ҳ֪ˡ˵Ǻֵ˼ǣҫȷʵͦʺġҫǴСųģ֪֪ףܺáҪ˵һЩ
Ҳǡôһ룬Ҳܹͨģȷʵҫ֪֪׵ġʲôΪˣ˶ҪǸҶãϾҫһΡ
ˣȥϢɣһҪˡ
ׯεȻٴλصɳϵɣЦеģԺ˵ؾ٣ʲôҾǼ°ϸ룬ׯҸ֪֪׵ܷ𣿡
ҽҲԱ߿οźǣҸ֪֪׵ˣһ𡣡
뿴ǲ
ҽ˵úܶԡصͷһԵׯεȻúЦ˭ȰʹҲҽȰ˵ܺʹ
ţЦ˵֣Զŵ˵ζˡ
֡վׯεȻҲվҫܳ˵壬ˡ
ءҫһۣҫæ˵֡
ɺͷֳҲվţæǰ˵Ҳڰ
þòЦеֳ֣Ҫҽܣ˵˵Ǿķֶ԰ɡ
鷳ˡ
鷳ӦõġֳЦе˵ţӦ˵鷳ˡ
֪ҫˣ
֪ţҲ˵һ
һʱ䡣ׯεȻŬŬ˵ʱɡ
ҫڶ˲Ц˵˼֣㿴ЦˣҼҶӱȽ϶ࡣ
ҡͷиСӽûǰɣ
ຼҴǱߡҴϲòˣҪԴšˬʵ˵֣һǲװ
ˣⲻǹ𣿡
ġ
ĻôֵĹͦġ
һԶҫæǰæģСҽ˵ҽ˵ϲҫĵ㰡
Ըðɣ
ܰһԸ񡭡Һá룬ҫԸȷʵܺãֻڹǸˣ˵ĻҲǷ˵İɡܶʱҲúˣرԭ
ɵҽƺ˺뷨С˵˼ҶԸǼֱû˻ˡ
üͷ˺һʱ䣬ȷʵÿҫǲƵġ֪ҫƢ϶ûôãڹʱΪͻܲĲĻΪûжׯεȻ
ˡҽźԴ˵˼ҶһˣЩеûҲûò𣿡
Ҳǡ̾Ϣһһֱ졣
ȥţվڵлгһ˵лгôˡ
С֡лг˶󣬽һСȷʵû⡣
лгӭǰׯεȻҲǰ˵лг֡
֡лгȻΪˣ˶֪лг϶ΪׯεȻ
ׯڣϲùȻѧһȽʵ̫æǸءׯεȻǹȻѧһȽĵǶλҵ⼮ԺʿټϻùٵĹԴ󽱡ҪʱΪгҪ꣬ʾ˲ŵء
ׯεȻ˵ǴѧЩصҪ˲šʵ⼸껪췭ظı仯вԸعеģвУҵĲʿ֮ĵȵȡûһܹ䶯һֺЧӦׯεȻžɺ䶯ȫᶼǻΪ˹ٴѧ֮һѧĵû취ׯεȻôص֮󣬹Ϻܶ۵˵ׯεȻҪǴѧ˹ٴѧĹѧġ
ټׯڻع֮ǰȫ֪ѧȷʵعԱǷǳٵġׯεȻκιҶǹѧҸ֮١ǻ¡ҪĽա꣬ȻҪŰݷǰ꣬ԱʾڿԱغ͹ġ
ûдý壬ǰꡣ
лгĻׯεȻЦ˵һȻѧֵһᡣ
лгˬʵ˵ׯ⵹е㷲ˡ
˵ׯѾԺʿˣ
𣿡⣬ͻΪѧԺԺʿԺʿһһΡǴӹҿѧѡģΪΪĹȻѧһȽׯεȻֿ϶ǻġ
·ݾͻϢ˰ɣлгڻѧԺǱߵѡٻرʡҲиʡѧԺʡиУоԺĽڡѧ߶мʡѧԺġһǻѧԺֱλׯεȻصǵʱ򣬾ѾΪʡѧԺԺʿǳаģʡѧԺһζûȥ
üʡѧԺᣬׯεȻûȥʡѧԺһλӲǴûȥ
ʡѧԺԺʿҲôģҲҪùҼĽʡѧԺԺʿʵ࣬ׯεȻʱûлùҼĽѾѧ߽֮һƶĽĵƾƶĽʡѧԺûκ˻ᷴԡ
ׯڡлг˵ʡѧԺил飬ǹѧģҶϣܲ밡
ׯεȻšüͷ˵ǹҿҪԼɣһпա
лгоϢׯҪԼ᣿˭Լ᣿ׯڲǵ𣿵ʱ򲻽ҪȥʡҲҪȥׯھôֱӵ˦ƹ̫ðɣôҲʡѧԺͷԺʿ
ׯڣ̸ˣ
ǰׯεȻͷ̸Բȷܲȥ
ׯεȻ鼫Ϊ̹лгЦá
䣬Ѿ극ˡƮ磬̲סθڴ󶯡æ˵лгȳԷɡ
ãȳԷлгͷׯܲȥʡѧԺĿѧֻᣬ˵ɡ
ףְлгű˵ףµһ֣꣬˳˳
֣
յղСҲΪ֣бׯεȻװͷ̻ǰ
ҿԷкšӻﴫҿȥǳ֡
ҪҪȥʡѧԺμֻᣬдǣҪǿܲܳʱɡ


247 ż
극лгǸǣֳҲ뿪Ĵỹû꣬һ뿪ϰȥˡ
лг뿪ǰرׯεȻ֣ص˵ϣׯεȻܹȥμεʡѧԺлᡣʵׯεȻĥҲֲʲôҪݶһЩϵصĻ⡣ûֵıҪٶ˵ûҪ۾ܹ֪ЩʲôĻ
ȥ˷ʱ䣬ҫԼᡣ
лгҲû˵ׯεȻһҪȥȥǲУֻίĸׯεȻûȥһˣǻбҪۣׯεȻڳòġ
ׯεȻҲûеֱӴӦлгֻ˵ʱûпգпյĻ͹˶뿪֮󣬼ѧŴһ߿һ²ۣׯεȻЦ˵裬ȥϴˡ
ʰԭҫҲҪʰģ˵ˣǶȥɣһʰͳɡлʤûܹæͳһæҽҲ¥ׯεȻʹʹϴص£ҫͦĵġҲ¥򿪷ſׯεȻҲûдţ·ȥϴ衣
ϴ֮󣬻ص䣬һС˵ʼζĶšŵʱ򣬿ҫڴϿ飬е˿˵ҫ𣿡
ҲͦĵġҽҲ߽Ц˵ܽ𣿡
԰ׯεȻеĶҪƣ
棿ҽׯεȻҡͷ˵Ҳ档
صϣĸڴߣҫţׯҪҰǷ˴һˡ
ׯεȻЦҫߣҲû˵
ҽ˵ٲҪ˱˻԰̸˵ú̸ƵġׯεȻҫļϿŵƣæ˵㲻ܸҫ˵
Ϊʲô
ҪǲսǻӮ˵ʱҽͣһ£ҪǺ棬ҲˣֱӶƾͺˡ
ׯڣˡҫЦ˵ʲô
ֽɡ
ɣĸ˾ڴϣƹ⿪úׯεȻû˵ָʹҫ
һСʱʱ䣬úҪҫһ٣ҵܵܡ
ҫɵǺǵ֣Ҳ˵
ʲô㣿ҽһ߷һѯˡ
ԼׯڳȥӰׯεȻͿϣҫܿ죬úܺ졣ҫǸɵߺţû⡣
ׯεȻǺĲ𴩺磬ɩӸ̸ǻҲǳȥӰԷɡ
ҪǾȥӰ˳ԸɡҽЦ˵ڼҲġ
ͷҲɣҲȥɡ
ʱҲˣҪ˰ɡҽһʱ䣬ѾʮһʮӣмӾҪˡ
µһ꣬ʲôԸ𣿡
ׯεȻüͷžǿܹ˳ɡ
ߵçײ
ҫɵֵ˵ϣׯһƽ˳ͳɡ
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ҽЦųס˵ˣҲô˵˼ˣҪˡ
ׯεȻνʼ磬Ҫˣȥ˯ųȥˮҲĵ˵ˣǣ˵һȥˣҽȥ˯ɡ

ҫ˻֣ׯεȻٴ¥ʱѾ뿪
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ׯ㻹Ҫо𣿡
첻ˡׯεȻţֽŸϡе㲻̫Ǽһ˯ڴϡҫһֱֻĿû뿪ֻĿһۣԭһڵꡣ
ˣҪꡣׯεȻƲҫı㲻Һ˯һӰɣ
ᰡҫ̧ͷͳׯεȻЦַļ§
ֱʱʮʱҫׯεȻ˵ׯ֣⡣
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ص˯ׯεȻҫƹϺ§ׯεȻɵǺǵı۾ֿģׯھȻ˯һĵǣׯھȻ˯һãԺ챧ׯ˯
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˵ţ￴ׯεȻҫıڴϷš
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ˡߵׯεȻǰô˯ҪʮһˣҪſӰ𣿡
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ׯεȻͷ𴲳緹·ȥ档
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248 ͬ
лʤ뿪֮󣬼ʣºҽˣׯεȻҫˡĸ㿴ңҿ㡣
ͻȻ÷еյׯεȻп˵˶ʱûиоһô岻ٵĸо
ˣǱпˡӣϽԷɣ극ȥ֡ϻҪȥ⹫Ǳߡ
˵ʱ򣬺ͣһ£ҫ¶аЦݣҫ㻹뵽ʱ⹫ᣬֱȥǴѧҽԺǾͽưɡ
ׯεȻסҫ֣磬ֻӣ׸𣿡
пţܸ첲գҫͲǺˡ
ܿׯεȻҫΪǵҫҲû˵ֻҸɫʡں˵ʲôžͳɡׯѾľѳۣǶ̸ˡĶС£ʲô᲻ᱻУ֮ġ˵ͲҪֻҪܺׯһʲô֮¡
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ҽźԱܿ϶ׯεȻЦǲǴ̷ˣ߶߶ġ
ҿеҪȥǴѧҽԺһ°ɡ
ԡҽЦ˵ţҲ˳ҫɡ
ҫָָԼʲô飬ׯεȻ˵ׯڣ滹ҵ𣿡
ӦġׯεȻЦ˵᲻⹫ҪҲȥһ¡
첻˵극֮⣬οׯεȻĳĸǰ̳յ̳ʱһȦûҵͣλҪǹʱͣλʵǲңת˴ʱ䣬ҵһͣλͣó˽̳ԭׯεȻ̳ûȤģֻҽ˵ӰƱǹһ̳
ҫׯεȻ˵ׯڣҪ򼸼·ɣ
ˡׯεȻҡͷ˵ڲû·˵ҫ˵Ҽǵûм·İɣ
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ҲõġҫæЦ˵һϰ඼°Ҳٳй䡣ûбҪ·ġ
ǲǻʲô׵֮Ҫװ𣿡ŵӾ￴ݣ߰ɣҴȥ·
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ɡҽЦ˵ӰԺ
ׯεȻҫװ꣬ҫѡ·֮ӰԺͦġӰԺ;ׯεȻʵǾúģҫļϾ˯ˡֱӰʱѹ߳ӰԺпţӰʵ̫ˣʱ䣬ȥ飬´ԼỹǲҪӰˡ
ɡҫԱߴӦׯεȻ
ĿһۣˣҶ֪ô˵ǡ
һûСʱ򣬺²ׯεȻҫ˵һҲ±˵۹⣬ҡС
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ǡׯεȻҲһ²ţҲ֪Ǹ˭ѧģôء
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ׯεȻˣСοĵкţҽź֣ͦĵģСǴʲôʱ鰡
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㡭θоؿеƣѹУǰɣ
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Ҫˡҡͷ¶ҪǴѧУ֪ʲôӰ𣿡
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⹫ͬˣׯεȻһ䡣


249 Ʋ
극ׯεȻڳм˺һŻؼҡϴ˯ʱׯεȻԼ֪˯ʱ͸צƵģҫ˯š
ʱúܿ죬лʤݼٻûм죬ѧǾͻؼȥˡ
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ͬӣ˯ʱһ׶û׹
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ׯεȻͷƤ˹ںЦ˵ׯںþò
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ԡƤ˹еˮ裬ׯεȻߵһߣׯڣȽڱƳ뾳ˡ

֪ġƤ˹̯˵֮ǰCAIҹȽڣҪص˹ٸߵоԺȽûдӦ
Ҳ뾳ˡ
˭ҪȥƵģ˵Ʋ԰ɣ
ǡƤ˹Ӧһ˵ȥӦûûġ
ȥȽڣȰѰ칫ҴɨɾׯεȻƤ˹ļ򣬡ǻоŻһݲɨɨ¡ÿһ飬ܳΪɫѧҡǴɨ칫Ҳ⣡
Ƥ˹ׯεȻȥķܾׯںŬɨ칫ҵࡣ



250 Լ
Ƥ˹ͷлʤ˵ǣ
ׯڵлʤҽܣӢǳ
ޣƤ˹һ£ҼǵӦʯŶ԰
ʯˣʱһׯڵӦúܿʯܻлʤЦŶƤ˹ͷʯҪ֪Ĺһǳĵġ
Ƥ˹ʼӴɨ࣬ԱߵǮҲú档
ߵߵߵվ⣬ׯεȻš
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ûжõʱ䡣ׯεȻЦ˵Ƚڣû𣿡
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ͷҲ̧Ļӻ֣ׯεȻ뿪ص칫ңƤ˹ǮѾʰá
ׯڡлʤׯεȻʱվղе绰˵иоˡ
𣿡
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ׯڲõĿеѣ˺ܳһʱ䣬ſʼڲݸֽдš

ׯεȻ˸ڰ칫һʱ䡣ԭпεģΪʵǳ鲻㣬Ǯ°ϿΡ
Ѿϰ˵ɱĶӣƤ˹ǮԼ뿪칫ȥԷ
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ҫʲôׯεȻ³֮վڷǰķԱЦ˵жλ𣿡
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ͺáӣĥԼᣬһЩڹϵ顣
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ׯεȻͷԣҲ°ɣҰֿ϶Ҫ˵ˣΪأ̸ǹ֮顣
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֪ׯڡ
ǻҪһܾõʱ䣬ҪԼҲãҪԺеʱ䡣ׯεȻҫ˵ֻѣ
ûûаׯڣׯһ𡣡
ǾͲˣԺкܶʱ䣬𣿡
ˡҫͷûҲ
ðɣüŲΪ̸㹤ˡ
ҫ֣صĵͷׯģһ̤ʵġ
ԷׯεȻҫһۣ㲻Էҿ


251 ع
£ҫܺ죬ׯڣǵһԼ𣿡
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ׯڡҫͷ˵ңҿׯھ̲ס졣˵ʱ˫۾ׯεȻͣĿţׯÿ
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ׯڣҰ㡣
֪ˣô顣ׯεȻЦ˵Է㡣
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лʤǵ󣬾ͦġ
̸˹Ȼᡣ
صңЦ˵ҫǻˣ
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ׯεȻһ
ׯҫׯεȻ촽һ£û뵽ׯεȻ§Ĳ˿ʼš
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ׯεȻӣ߶߶ġ
ׯڣǵҪʱԷУ˾ͶϢһ£Ҫܡҫһϵһ˵ҽϻؼұȽ˯
ׯεȻϸĶҫͷţһ洩·ĿӻûлϣׯεȻѾöΡƲ˵ǹİɣ
ҫһߴӣһ˵ʲôׯڡ
˵ǹȴ·ٴǲǣ
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ӣȥ㷿˵𣿡
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С»еԥӣ治֪
֪ʲôҫԻ˵ֲǶĻ׳棬׳ʲô飬Ҫ£Ͻ˵
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ҫ㵵ķ㶣¶ׯڻ᲻Ӱ죿
ҵӳͲ¶Ӱ𣿡
ӰӰ¡ҫЦ˵ֻҪׯڣûӰͺá
ҿ˵ţҫϣ򿪵ԣǱ̳𣿡
ǡСµͷӣ˵ǾӺ;ֶѾӵٱţ˵ɲõӰ죬
ҫúЦҸ˸⣬ֲʲôõӰˣ
˵Ӱ쾯ӵׯǱӦҲоٱ˰ɣǴѧûлӦС²Ĵ˵ӡ
뱾̳֮󣬹ˮׯεȻӡ
ƴ쵼Ҫ̸
֪ҫһС£ȥæɡ
С뿪칫ңߵ칫ǰʱͬš
ļٵģҫĺͺؾֵĶһˣ
ǰɣҿҫҲ˰
ؾֵĶӲǽ˵Ǻü⼮Ժʿء
Сǿһɳ찡ϺؾôĶӣԺƽ˰ɣ
֪𣿡


252 ٱ
ع⣡ׯεȻҫ̸ֹ֣ɼӵӰ죺
[ͼƬ][ͼƬ][ͼƬ]
ҶҪˣǣֹ֣һǴѧΪʦһǾ죬ػһƽǸǵĺӺ˽ӴҸһ𣬶ѵɼӵӰ𣿲ӰǴѧǾӵҲܲġǴѧǾһҪ˴֣ǿˡ
ʵ̫ˣΪʲô˴ڣֱ棬Ӱǵ󣬻ĶˡѾٱŽǴѧǾ֣һҪٱҸϵϣҲܹٱһҪ֤У԰;ӵĴԣ
1¥˼̸ƨ£
2¥ʲôþٱģҸʲôϵˣ̸ϵ£ô˾Ͳ̸ˣ
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5¥¥ƾ㻹ӴׯڣׯܹӴĲԿǰɣ伸Ѱ
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10¥֪ٱʲôʲôôٱٱҸйϵҪ̸ǺΣٱôõ𣿸ҸоôǼ˼أҵĴ𣿡
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лг峿칫ңš
лгϣ׼ʼһĹŶ룬лгׯڳˡ
лгæվׯôˣ
г鿴лгŵģһģ˵
Ļʱ˵ׯû£
ǡ¶Цׯû飬عˡ
ع⣿лгϣʲô˼
Ǳ̳иӣعׯڡ˵˵ׯں̾ӵҫ̸ٱŲǴѧ;ּĹȥоֶյ˾ٱš˵ׯںҸϵӰеҪǳ飬Ҫһ
ʲôлгסˣ˵ʲôׯں˭̸ţ
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ǹȥׯڼǸľǰɣ
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лгһ£ĳȷʵׯڿȥλеĸоʱûǸȥ
Ц˵лгҵʱĻȥ밡
Ҳǡлг̾Ϣһ˭뵽ׯںľȻֹϵ
лг⣬ô˵ؼ漰ׯڣչҲϲ̨顣Ȼڰ˿ͨĻҲ󣬿ֵ̫ȷʵǴѧ;ЩӰ졭
˵ʱ򣬡ĻὫ˵Ƚеĸλ;ûʲôָˡ
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λҲˣܵӵʱҲҪΪ鲻˼ҡ
Ϊׯ̸Ҫõʲôرչˣ룡лгߺ˵ҿƪӰɡ
ھȥϵǱߡ
ɣ
лгܵиɣ
ǴѧǱôӦлг˵ȿǴѧĻӦׯڲǴѧıҹĹѧҡҲ滹֪ׯںҫ̸飬ҿһʱӦҲ˰ɣʱһֱû˵ѾĬһ𡣡
Ȼ涼Ĭˣǻܰԧ첻ɣлгЦ˵˵ˣׯȶǺ£ȶܺúĵо˵ҲҪׯûпܱع֮ģ԰ɡ
ͷгȸִ绰ȥ
лгӻ֣ⶼС£ֱ˵˽ܹȥûгֵߣǾҪһҲҪ˭֮ġôñ˹йе̸ᣬҲûһҪŮ̸˼ҾҪе̸ôˣֻҪӰ칤ء
绰֮󣬹˵лг˼ѾǱߴˣǱҲͬ˼й顭ҸղϵһǴѧ˵дŽܳ
Ŷлг棬ǴѧĹôдģ


253 
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Ŷлг˼һ£ûڼ˵
鿴лгڳ˼ģ˵гȥҵĹ
ӻ֣ȥ顣лгص̳ׯڻǺռƵģ󲿷ֵ˶Ϊׯں˭̸ɡ˼ҵ˽Ӧú͹ֿв˶ڳλٱˣ絽Ǹ̳ׯεȻҫ˶Ҽ˵
ⲻǳ˵ׯںҫ̸ǵ˽Ȩž˳µ顣

ҫüģصԡҪ£ſţ
ƿţһλİľ˵̾ӵҫ԰ɣ
ǡҫͷǸİľҫ˵ܸһҪ˽һЩ顣
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ҫİߵңҵʱѾżʶˡǵƫ󣬿ȥӦǴʡġ
ҫǰɣһָָӡ
ҫ£һǻᱻȥȽеĵطľ֮ġ
ⱲҪûʲôˣ뵽ʱҫһǳƽҪܶС
ҫһŰ׳µľ캬ЦҫͦٺׯεȻ̸ǰɣ
ҫͷںׯ̸
˵ׯεȻĸĶͷ˾ҲҹӣͲ
ҡҫһ˼֪Һׯ̸顣
Ҳ˵˾̸мûеߡ֮ǰûŮ𣿡
ûСҫҡҡͷ
ׯεȻǱҲûŮǰɣ
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ҡҫ㵵˵ǰû̸
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ܱ֤ұ֤˵ÿһ䶼滰
ҫϣܹӡֵúܴ󣬺ܶ˶Ҳ֪ׯεȻ˵䲻ĻׯεȻʡǱкܶ˶ҪҪһСǻкܶġ˵Ҫ֪ǰûйϵ˵ǰйϵûжϸɾ
û̸ҴСû̸ڽ뾯Уͽ뾯ӹ֮Ҷһֱѧϰ͹ûʱ̸ҡ֮ǰ׹ΣǶûгɹׯ̸Ҳȥ׺ͽ顣
ãˡ˵ͷ˵Ҳ˵ׯεȻϵ
ǡ
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̧ͷȻϵΪʲôҪ߻˵뿿ׯεȻҪϵ
ҫæ֣ⲻǸǾӴҪ鷳𣿡
ŶҲӦһҲ֪Ǹ鷳㻹ôߵ
ҫͷû˵˼˵Ȼ̸Ǿǵĸ˸⣬ֲǸ⣬˽˸ǹܲˡڵߣİɡҪǸҵ㣬ׯεȻһĲ˵Ĺƾǡ
ûչһ򲻵õĽڽңҲӮġ֮ҸϣǸ黹ȶȽϺãǷ֡ȿȣ˵ֵĻҪֵǷ꣬ͳɡ˺ļУˣʵⶼѾˣȥɡ
ģúùڹϵκ⣬ΪׯεȻ̸ı䡣ʰ˶ֱ뿪
ҫһĨһѶͷϵ亹ҡҡͷû˵
뿪칫ң߽̾ӣСֹţ˵ҫͦ˧ģûҲܹͦׯεȻҲӦõġ
ҡҡͷ˵ˣҫˡ
ص칫ңС¼æߵ칫ѯʵӣû°ɣ
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ӣᱻ߰ɣ
ô㻹ұǰɣҫЦһ䣬㻹ֻ
ССҲһң㲻ᱻߣ̫ˡ
ø͸ȥ
С뿪칫ûжãŶ룬˵㱻ȥˣ
ҫͷǰ飬˵ֵǷģҪǲҲ½ۡ
𣿡
ҫЦ˵ң㻹˽Ҫ̸ס㣿
ǿɲҵ̸ҡ˭֪ûи˽ʲôģ
ҫֺЦ˵Ǹӣǿ˽ӡʲôҳׯڸû̸
Ҿ˹ˣΪʲôٱ
˭֪û˶ȥˡҫҡͷ˵֪˭ھٱҡ
ǴѧǱûʲôڹ϶ҫ˵ȻӼľٱţǴѧǱӦҲоٱŰɡ
ҿҫһ£Ǵѧûиκεͨ棬ǲ֪һ
ûиκεͨ档̯֣ҫ˵Ҹղһ£ׯӦòµġ
϶£˵ϾҪѡѧԺԺʿˡ㻹ɣԺʱ򣬻᲻ΪׯεȻ⣬ü㻹ˡ˵ҿҪ㻹Ǻְɣʵͦõġúü㾯ˣԺ϶ܹίεġҪΪҵܵܣûȥⲻǵ𣿡
ˡҫ˫ַڸϽţҲ̽ˣʵ˵ɡԺȥ͵ͨ̾ҲˣǰյȥػҲˡҾԲΪԹׯڣҵѡ񣬲ΪׯڲŻӵġ
ͱ̽ңͦġ
СҫȷԺ󲻻Ϊǰɣ
ȷҫ̾ϢţҵĸͷİɣҪΪԹ԰ׯڳܣ˵ׯڿ϶ֱ˦ҡ
ĸҰܺׯһҾѾܡ뵽ʱϸֳҸɵЦ
оƤ񶼵һأһοģˣ㻹Ǳˡ


254 ƶ
ׯεȻϴ֮¥лʤɳϣ۾û뿪ԡѾȥ棬һлʤ˵лξڿʲôô𾢣
ׯڡлʤҡͷ˵ع٣Ҫٱ⡣
ŶׯεȻճһ˿Це˼
ôûнӵǴѧҴĵ绰
лʤ˵Ȼׯڿ϶ûġֳղŸҴ绰ģ쵼Ѿ֪顣˵쵼ϣÿģҪȶȽϺá˵ҪʲôѴ͸˵ָܸܼõġ
˰ɡׯεȻЦ˵ҲأҾ;ҫͦġһӡҲͦá
ϣлξڵʲô
Ǳ߻ôչǱӦûȽְҪְλһӶûְĻᡣлξ˵ּ֮˵ׯǼְλټҲ·϶ûκӰģ쵼ϣȶ̸֪ͬӣָֻš٣¾ҪѺܶࡣ
ãҪͥҲͦõġׯεȻЦ˵ŻһҫΧȹڼæǰæ龰еҪЦ
лʤ㵵˵ׯڲΪì𣿡
ᡣׯεȻƶ˵ҫԶܻΪìܡ˵룬˵Զܺκεìܡ
лʤһ£ׯҲ̫ƶ˰ɣ
Ҿô˵лξҶֵ飬Ҳиҡҳ飬Ҳܳ԰ɣԣҫΪκΪʲôһϲҲΪƶһӶΪκε㿴ŰɣͥᵱֺǡׯεȻЦ˵Զ
лξеסˣׯôȷǡĺܰׯڰ
ǰɣׯεȻ뵽ҫɵЦҲʼͷЦ
Ȼû£Ҿͷĵĸֳص绰ȥˡ˵꣬лξֳֻ绰ȥ
ͣׯεȻлʤǴѧƺûзһׯεȻҲֻǵͷкׯεȻЦʺáҲûѯ̳ϵǷʵׯεȻ칫ҵʱߵ칫ǰ˵ׯڣҵİ칫һˡ
ׯεȻ뿪Ƥ˹С˵Ǯ˵ׯںһ𣿡
Աݸ壬Ҳ
ǮݸһЦƤ˹ʿҪҪֱ֪ȥׯڣңҸôش㣿ǻ߲ǣׯڲǸӼ𣿡
𡭡Ƥ˹æ˵Ҫׯ⣬ׯġƤ˹˸ĨӵĶ
ǮЦû˵лʤԱߵ˵ûȷǺһ𡣡
ҵϵۣƤ˹ɴ۾֮ǰׯ˵ûС
Ϊһģ֮ǰȷʵûһ𡣡лʤеıֽ˵ҿ֤
ŶлǼ֤ˣ
ɣΪׯڵһҿٺׯԼ顣лʤͣ٣󻷹ܣҶðԵı鿴ż˵ʵׯںҲſʼ̸ģҲµʱɡ
ǰɣׯھȻĺһ𡣡
ʵҾͦ˧ģҶׯҲͦõİ£ûмҫΣҫӡͦõġ
ǵõһμҫʱǴЦ⣬Ƿϣȥöʡûмô˧ˣһʱеۡ
СǵúʱׯڻڳٵҲûΡŭ֮飬ֻЦɵǺǵЦš
ȷͦõġлʤͷҫֱǺׯεȻһĲѡׯڵκǿΪܹ޽ٵĽܣǺõĻǻȱڽܡ
εİ칫ңѹׯεȻ˵֪֪ҫѾֵǷꣿ
֪
ׯεȻͷ˵ΪҪҴ
Сӡ֪¶϶ŲׯεȻȥĵطʵ̫ˡҪڻȥ𿴵ڸƲãϺ뾳ҪȥͶصһỶӭ֮
ҡҡͷҾô˵ɡ˵ҾҪʣҫûʲôϵ⡣˵̸ʱͱ˻֮ڵģ
ûСׯεȻҡͷ˵ҫҲС
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δһӣȺѧ̤ȥʰöȺѧûͣɿųѧɽ

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ׯεȻãתͷҫ˵Ƕ𣿡
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ҽƺǰλãЩƺרͷ羰ġ￴ȥܹǣܹԶٻ޵Ρ
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259 
ׯεȻЩԺģҫ󣬱˵ׯڣû飿Ҫڻس˯һ
ˣţİᶫ̸˵Ҳˣڳǣܲˣ
̫ҲΪûʲô˵Եʣ̲סʼ²ۣ
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ҫƺҲоׯεȻΣſЦ˵Ƥ˹Ҽǵá
ҲʶԣԭΪûжˣȴׯεȻεĳ̶ȡ
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˵ڿȥһ򹷣ɺЦ˵Ҳ̫ʲô˰ɣ
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ϾҪ˰ɡҫôʳ͸һ˳ԣûݶǰɡ
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СӡЦˣܵҫ߽еĶùһԣڽƤ˹Ǯ˵ҵϵۣû뵽ׯá
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260 
ӴӴҲɽЦ˵ҪĻǡվָź
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׷ͺˣׯεȻ⡣


261 
˵ü򵥣ôסҽ̾Ϣһ뿴Ҫֵһ϶˫Ѿˣ˻ԷҲܸˡ
üģʱҲøֶ׽͸ġҽЦ˵ҫҲעŵ㣬ҫһֱ㡣Ҫһֱô㣬Ҳͦ۵ġʱҫĹҲͦ۵ģ㻹ǲҪҷƢɡ
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ҪҿҲɡҫׯεȻ֣ҽںˡ
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ȿȡҫţҽ¥ֵ˵أôûԷ
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ɫһ˲ôˣǰɣҫ
ҫͷҲ˵
ҽź˵˼Сڵ飬ͱˡ
úϢҽЦ˵Уϸҩ֮ġҫæСʼĶҽЦ˵Ե嵭ģҲҪ׼ðҩ֮ġ


262 ƺ
šҫͷҽ
ˣͰɡҽлʤ˵лξҹƽжرķ㣬鷳һ¡
û¡лʤЦ˵ҲǶ顣
ͣҽҽԺҫˬĿųȥҩҩҩڳͣڶͣ
ׯεȻһ˯лʤ˵ׯڡ
ׯεȻģŶ䣬ڴϡ
ղɽڸ绰ѯǷҪȥѧУׯεȻģлʤ֪ׯεȻȥѧУˡ
̾ϢһлʤӻȥѧУڼˣ
Ѿлʤһʱ䣬ʱʮׯڣҸ˵һ£ȥѧУ
ׯεȻ˵֪ˡ
ׯڡлʤæǰҪׯεȻرңҪúϢ
ˬˡׯεȻţлʤЦ˵ׯڲˬĻٻһ£Ӧǻͬġ
ˡׯεȻƫͷҲͦˬġ
лʤЦԱߵģлʤͷŪ֮󣬶ׯεȻ˵ׯڣҪʲôͽҡȥõ嵭࡭
ûôɡüģׯεȻ̾ϢһлʤЦ˵֮ǰõģһҪȥС
˵嵭ϡ
ׯεȻ࣬Ŷлʤ˵ںȻе㲻ˬˡ
лʤڴߣׯôˣ
˵㲻رҪׯεȻлʤ
治ܻشׯڣׯ費Ҫ٣϶
ڻͦҪġׯεȻߺ˵ˬȥϰˣˬ껹ڴϣͻȻͲˬˡڳǰ
ҫ¥ׯεȻںлʤ˵ƿЦ˵лξ鷳ˣС
лʤվߵҫǰʱ򣬵ͷ˵ׯӦͦճģ˳ׯڵߵ㡣ô˵ׯеܡȥ
֪ҫЦòãлʤ뿪֮ڴ˵ׯڡ
ֻׯ𣿡
ǡׯˣҲܽŰҫګګ˵ϱҲܽС
ûĽз𣿡ҫؼҵʱһ£ϴǰׯ˺üСʱׯڷƢֺǺǵЦţǽб𣿡
㰮ôôСڴ߷糾͵ҫׯεȻһʱ䣬ʮ֡
ҫ
ҫûüļǵĸϻҪׯεȻõûУҪǸðȥðҩ
ȳԵ㶫ɣ극ٳԵҩҫ룬˺òá
ð࣬ׯεȻߣɵЦ˵Ӧˡ
ׯεȻ࣬ҫ˵㲻ǽͦæôܻˡ
ҫŷ״࣬ׯڣζҪӵΣ
ɡׯεȻ࣬˵˵أô£
Ҳ̫ׯڣСºСȰæţȻׯڡׯڳҩҾߡҫګګʵ
ׯεȻĿҫһۣҪ𡣡
϶𡣡ҫ֣صĵͷһ𵽵ס
ĿдųϿҺƶׯڣһ㸺һӵġ
ࡣׯεȻߺĳ࣬Ҳ֪ΪʲôҫԽԽеȡֵĸоΪ̸֪ôټϱҫڵ̫ˣԽҫԽܺÿ޲þôһֱɵı鿴šĻҲͦů͵ġסס
ֽ࣬ׯεȻ졣
ׯ°ȥˮҸղŵһˮӦò໹û˵ҫæ¥ˮʱݸׯεȻ˵ׯðû˵ַׯεȻĶͷϣӦûиðɣ
ׯ廹ûﲻ
ûСׯεȻҡͷҫ˵ׯȳҩҪﲻ̫Ҵ绰Ҹҩ
ׯεȻڳҩֻ
һȻɴĵ绰
ҽӡ
ҫù绰һɴģæ½ڡ
ٰڵ绰ͷЦ˵ׯô廹ðɣ
ҿͦõģǲǰׯڵ̫ˣ
ҫˣûûе¡
ѽѽ٣ׯںúϢ⼸첻żѧУϢһʱ䣬ϢѧУѾˣ˵ѧУ͵ǸϯڷŸ١ˣ٣ĺܺã̫ǵׯڡǴѧҪׯڸء
ҫ˵쵽УǳׯεȻѾ鶼ˡ
ׯڡµ绰ҫ˵ɽ˵ڵļ١
ҩׯεȻ˵֪ҿ϶Ҫڡ
ҫͷׯڣĲҪǱǸˡ
ׯεȻ´ҫ۹һǸ㻹˭Ǹ
ҲǸ˼˵ׯ̫ۣҡ
˰ɣׯεȻüͷڵͦġ
ҫ۾һһģׯεȻ뻳Уׯڡ
һѳסҫׯεȻҫǣֿׯεȻҫĻ

ׯεȻһҫͳ˵ҪȥϰˣȡȺúóԷϢһͱæϵˡ
Ҫһ𣿡ҫ֪ׯεȻҪŰοһ¡ȻʵҪôׯڣֱĵϡǶǵһΣׯڿ϶ЩƢġֲֻܾׯڣׯεȻһʱ䣬ׯεȻƿҫ㻹ȥϰࡣ
ҫĵͷȥϰˣϵҡ

ҫٵׯεȻһ£ˣúϢ
˵ţҫɿ֣ת뿪ߵʱ룬ת˵Ҳã㡣
ϽȥϰࡣׯεȻЦ˵ٲȥ벻ˣ
ׯεȻûҫһ¥Ǹлξ鷳˰ϱȣׯڻǳ嵭һĶһ֮ķڱһ¾ͳɡ
á
ҫæЬ뿪ȷʵܶ࣬ҲæյׯεȻ

˵ȥˣСһžһ߿ߵС룬˵жӳׯεȻǸ˰ɡҿӳ컹ҩء
ôСС˵ȰѾãӳͻˡ
˵ţҫƿţʮ㡣ŵڵסЦ⣬С£С룬Σ
ӳ඼ˣǻҪȥֳء
ҫͷûľګͺЦ⣬ſʵ䵭ࡣ
ϣ˵ʱȥֳļƬ
ӳС¸ҫıӵˮȥׯˣ
ҿׯڻҪ򱨸ǰɣҫļţǵ顣



263 
ҫؼңѾҪʮˡҲûл·ֱӻؼңļǵҪׯôؼʱкҫ°ˣ
衣ҫһЦ˵¥ء
С˵裬¥ׯڡ
ȥɡ˻֣ҫһ·Сܵ¥ϣׯεȻķƿţׯεȻڴϣںׯεȻ˵
֡ҫС򷿼Ų˼
ҫСӣҲǡΪҲ˵ʲôСڻ㿴춼ڴһ졣
ҫε˵Ҳã֡
ˡ֣ɡ
뿪ҫڴߣׯڣϳҩû
ˡׯεȻףôŻ
еæҫӦûôæӿҪˣȽ֮Һú𣿡
ׯεȻѧڿһ߿һ˵æɡ
ׯڡҫֽׯεȻš
ôˣׯεȻ̧ͷҫһҸɵЦüͷҿڰ칫ҵʱҲôɵ
ҫɵ𣿡
ôһ㡣ͷѧڿҫĻׯεȻû˵ҫڴͷڴߡ
ҫţҫæҪɿ֣ׯεȻһ֮ŽׯεȻ
̸𣿡Ц߽䣬ǵģЦҲûж˵
裬ôˣׯεȻѯʵʲô𣿡
ҫüûлؼҸϷ˰ɣЦ˵ϼҵ˶绰˵ûؼҸϷأȻݲ࣬Ҳûв̫á
ٻһϼҰɡ˵ڴȥͿô롣
衣ҫׯεȻ˵ҿ϶ôׯȥҺׯڵһһӣܹҪҰ֪ġ
˵ֲʲô˵飬λϼҸϼҵЩ岮˵һҲڲҵĻ¡
þС룬пգ⼸ɣȻȥ
ҫͷų뿪֮ͷׯεȻ˵ׯڣһȥҵøҰ裬ҵһӶҪһˡ
ŶׯεȻЦһҲȥ㻹Ҫ˸ȥǰɣ
û뷨ҫæ˵ֻҪׯڸһȥ
ǲˡеѧڿ̧ͷҫ㻹·ϴ𣿡
ҫɿ֣·¡ͭɫļͰ˿鸹ׯεȻ˸ĶѾҲûʲôģҫ˳ѵӡׯεȻһֲۣͦģҫ
϶̿Ͷ֮ҫžͿؼҵĺҽкһȥϴ
ص䣬ڴϣڿĵׯεȻ뻳Уֻڴ顣ͻȻ˵
ׯεȻһҳģӦһ𣿡
õ㣬ǾͻһϼҺòá
ׯεȻͷҫĻҫֻ飬賿ʱׯεȻеڿҫѾ飬Ҳû˵ֻ۾
˯ɡ
ҫϵƣׯεȻ۾
֣úϢҫС˵岻ãˡ֮󡭡ʲô
һׯεȻĶͷҫԺ˯šׯεȻߣıţ˯úܺá
峿𴲣ϴ֮󣬿ׯεȻ˯·ׯεȻ˵õûУ
ׯεȻȷʵָò࣬ûеôĵز
ȥϰ࣬컹Ҫһ£Ƚ֮Ҿͻ㱦
áׯεȻ˯۾㻹ߣ
ҫֳڴϣׯεȻ˱
ỹóҩǵðҫЦţĶ˵Ż
뿪䣬ὫŹϣųϴĺһ磡
һ¥ҫ͡¥ҫһϴһЦ˵ɩû
СƲ˵Ϳʼɩˡ
ׯڽҫЦ˵ȥϰˡ
ȥɣҴỹҪɩȥҽԺءɩӡҧúأҫЦû˵ߵشЬ뿪ҡ
ӣҶͦæġ·Сµİ칫ңСµİ칫
С£Ұ칫ҡ
С¼æ칫ҡ
ӣʲôָʾ
ҫЦ˵ĸҶǳ¾ʲôָʾ
ʲôָʾֱ´ͺá
㳶ƤˡҫóϣǼǵüҹҪһʱ䡣
Сסˣӣׯ岻̫ãҲٺܾðɣ
Ǽǵ֮ǰƴģ޲öʮСʱڶҪŮѶûʱ䣬ʱһҪʱҡôͻȻôɣҪ١ǰɣԴ̸֮󣬾͸˸Ƶġ⻹Ҫ٣ӻ̾
ʲôأҫˮ˵ҵûϼңüûлϼˡԴ̾ϰ࣬Ҿûлȥ
ںׯһһӵ飬ǲûؼҸҰϷأ
ҲǡСӵĸĸѾϼҵ˸ֱȽԶҲûʲôҲ⼸궼ںؾֵİ£ģֺׯһ𡣸ҲȶˣҲȶˣȻҪؼҼġ
Ҳ˵ţ˼ҲϴͳˡǶĴ£ĸؼҸĸϷصʱ˵˵ҲӦõġ
ǵðһҪúøҪǻǵٶȲ졣ҫСһۣžڣжȥᡣ
ӣأ
ȥд쵼٣
ӡССʵʶõʱ𣿡
Ҳһڡҫ򿪵ԣһдһ˵¾֣𣿡
ûûˡСƨƨߵܳš
֮ӳİ칫ҡţ
ӳҫƿ߽칫ңӳǸʮˣЦŶҫ˵ҫ
١ϣ˵Һüûлϼˣ׼ϼһˡ
ӳЦ˵Ҳǣþûлϼˡ
׼ضã
һڰɡҫЦ˵ٲҲġ
ڰӳǩ֣ȥҺؾֺ︱ǩְɡ
ˡӳͻȻѯʵͺضô£ô˵ͺض̸
ǡҫҸЦݣ̸֡
СӡӳЦ˵ģû뵽Ȼȥ˸ѧڻؼҡ
ˣϽȥҺؾ֡︱ǩ֡
ǹϲ㰡Ƕϴڽˡ
ӳˡ


264 ҳ
︱ֳİ칫ңֳҲûʲôֱӸҫǩ֡
칫ҵʱ̽ͷ̽Եģ̇ͷҫЦ˵ҫϽ
ҫ߽칫ңؾ֣ٵġ
һϼң
ǡ
ɡ
ǩ֮󣬡˾Ƶ꣬һ
Ǽˡǩ֮󣬶ҫ˵Ҳһôˣҫ㣬ôģ
ׯһ𰡡
ûͱ˽飿
ܺׯڽ𣿡
СӡЦ˵Ҫ𵽵ǰɣ
ҫͷҲҪ𵽵ףׯô˵ҲˡҾǡûͱһֻׯڹ
ǲͳˣȻǶҪһӣҲǰؼˡϺúñ֣֪ĴǶ㲻ǺⰡҵõġ
ǡҫæͷ֣ģһúñ֡
ؼȥɣٰ칫ҸˣƤӡģ˵ġԺҪ̤ʵϸɲУˣȻҲмͥˣԺ³ç
ҫͷҫЦ˵㡣
֪ġ
뿪칫ңҫص֮ȲĻؼҡ
صׯεȻڵ̺ϣŵԣںлʤ˵лʤҫЦ˵ٻˣ
ҫﻹŶߵڲ輸ϣҸղſܶ˶Ҳ֪ϲ𣿡
ʲôׯεȻͷҲ̧ڿġ
̲衣
ׯڲܺȱģҾ͸ׯһȵĹ衣ҫׯεȻߣ̲ܸׯεȻŪá
ҺһڡׯεȻƫͷ۾ڵϣҫűӣһַׯεȻϡ
һ֮ׯεȻüͷе̡
һٺȰɡ
ׯڡ

ȥ˾ƵԷ
֪ׯεȻ㿪ʼʼظһ߶ҫ˵ֺһ㰡ղŴ󲮸Ҵ绰ʱ˵ʡ
ҫЦû˵һʱ䣬ó緹ӿʼׯεȻлʤԱߺׯεȻһûһš극֮ҫ˵ׯڣԷɡ
صԣϣҫñȽ嵭
극Ҳûмģлʤ˵ҴҪȥǱߣϾͲׯںˡ
¥֮лʤѾ뿪ʣׯεȻҫׯεȻ·˯һ
ҫҲ·֮˵ׯ˯һᡣ
ڴϣҫҲϻȥؼҵˡ
ׯεȻܷĶ֣ҫ۾
һᣬҫŲׯڣ࣡
졣ﴫׯεȻ´ʲ̫
ׯεȻߣҫͷ
ҫׯεȻ˯ʱ򣬶ѾһѾӡϴ˸裬ׯεȻȥϴ
ϼΪʽҫžһ¡ګګĿׯεȻ𣿡
ͦ˧İׯεȻԽԽҫ˧ʹɣҪ㻻ҲɣҲͦ˧ġ
ҫͷ˵ǱˣҪׯϲ´ǸʱٴɡųԷͱױ˾ٱ
ҲǡׯεȻõǻãرʽΪһĳϣϲرʽҫһ԰ؼ˵ݼеĳƽҪʽһЩС
ʱҲˣׯεȻ˵߰ɡ
ҫׯεȻ߳ֱվڵݵʱ˶ʮָۡ
ڳϣҫţҪҪʲôȥ
ʲôׯεȻҫŵģǰֲûм
βһҫǺľګ˵ǰǺׯڣǼˡ
ûµģҺҰŻġ㶼ͦġ
ˣϽ߰ɡ
˾Ƶʱҫŵһֱ
ʱ򣬺ʱڽ飬źҹ䡣ͺ˵ŻҽϣҫׯεȻʱЦ˵Ӵˡ
ʱ磬硣ׯεȻˣҫҲŽС
ʱҫЦ˵û뵽ҫȻǼ⡣ûп
ҫܽţһֱðû˵ͷһܰģ
Ц˵ˣʱ磬Ҳô˵ҫҾҫͦģҲǰ;ǰɣ
ʲôǰ;ʲô
Ҳô˵ҫôҲǺüһػɾ̲ס˰
ҽЦ˵ֻҪ໥ϲ໥ͺãǹģֲǸǹġ
˵ٶҲûòǣʱ磬ͱ˵ˡ
ӴֵͦġƿţЦ˵ҫˣ
áׯεȻҫͬʱʺãĸԱЦ˵Сڻǡ
߽ʱЦ˵ûأ
ֻڴ飬ϾЦ˵ͳƿš
˵ˡЦ˵ҾͲ˵ˣҫһǶ֪ˡ
ҫ̬ɡ
ҡҫվ˵Ҫׯڹһӵġ
˵ôš
áЦŶׯεȻ˵أ
ҫôģҾôġ
ҲΪѺˡĸС˵Է
ҫǴĸҪ˵һ䡣
ҫͷһŴĸ˵ĹģԺ󰡣ҪãҪǸҶԲǺؼһһҫûꡣ
ġҫæ֤ҿ϶ġ
Ǿͺá
ҫȻˣô˵Ҳúһ
ｻηһֱԵʮһҫ˺ܶƣҪȶƬˣǱׯεȻŻؼҵġҲûк϶٣ֻкȵñȽһ㣬źؼҡ
֮ׯεȻٺҫѾҩҫȥԡϴ˸裬˳㻹˸Ҳûл䣬ׯεȻѵþ⣬ֻʣáڴϾ˯ˣȵʵ̫ˣܺȡʱֵܣòС
ҫܵģׯεȻҡͷ
ҫ峿ʱ򣬺ͷֲۡҳׯεȻͷ۾ͰѴͷҩˡ
ҫͷڷҩһůҩȥ֮󣬼ڱׯڣá
֪ͺãһҪ˯һ
ׯڡҫһ˿΢ĽׯεȻ֡
ԼԼ֮䣬ƺʲô춯

ҫԷˡţҫˬĴţ衣
Ц˵ôƣͷ𣿡
ɡ
أվ⿴ŷĴϵġ
ׯڡӦûҪϢһɡ
ͷעŵ㡣
ҫͷ¥֮󿴼֣ҫԷ
֣Цߵǰ


265 ϼ
극֮ҫŷ¥
ׯεȻڴϣ۾ʱ򣬲ǰ˵ӣֱǳԷʱҫͣüСʱɷϣбҫˬҫҲ̫ˣÿζô־á
ׯڡţҫ˷ڴͷϣһѽׯεȻڻԵ㷹ɡ
ޡׯεȻҧгݵ˵Ҿûмô޵ˡ
ҫֺǺǵЦţҲׯεȻ֮ˮڿҪȵˮ
ׯεȻ˺üˮҫĶͷûиðɣ
ûô
Էɡ
ȥ¥ԡ
𣿡ҫСѯʵҪʵǲУǾͱ𡭡
ôСׯεȻ´оУǲܡ
ҫæҪׯεȻһƿûеֵز¥󣬺Ҫ뿪ڿƻԷˣ

ҫעŵ㡣
֪֡ׯεȻϣҫæ¥ׯεȻ߲˵
ѾȥˣҽЦ˵ҫԣȥϰˡ
극ҫϴ룬ׯεȻɳϡ
ҫ
ҫһϴһߴӦׯεȻôˣ
ûзּ˵ʲô
ҫ̧ͷŷ֣Ŷлξڡ
ߵߵߵ˵Żҫæ꣬ߵǰŷлʤվ⣬Цţ١
лξղׯڻ˵ء
ģϾҪʹݡ˵ʱлʤҫׯεȻʯξѾʯξڲסׯڵļǱ߸˷䣬ׯǴѧʱԼ뿪ǴѧʱʯξžСƽʱڼǳȥ棬Ҫʯξš
ŶׯεȻЦ˵ԭˡ
ׯڣʲôֱϵʯξͳɡ
лʤźܶණ뿪ʯξϵʽΪׯεȻݼ٣ʯξϰ࣬ҲڼϢ
лʤ֮ׯεȻɳϼѧڿ
ׯڡҫӣͦģǳȥɣ
еѧڿׯεȻͷϼң
𣿡ҫׯεȻ壬ϲŰׯεȻ˺üСʱ
ϻϼңׯεȻе֧Ųס
ûϵׯεȻҡͷ˵һɰô
ҫͷȳȥɣ⻹ͦõġ
ڴϣ˵ﶼůġ·ׯεȻҫСȥСӡҫׯεȻ֣ׯҪȥ棿
ȥﶼɡ
ׯεȻûҪȥ⣬ȥﶼԣǳȥ棬ȥ治һ
ȥӰɡҫƽʱҲæûʱׯεȻҲϢʱׯεȻ
㡭ׯεȻ˵ʲôʱмڡ
ҫ룬ׯôˣҪȥ𣿡
ڶʱȥʡһʱ䡣
ɣȡʱ𣿡ҫЦſׯεȻ
̳ǣΪĩ˲ࡣӰԺƱֻУҫҲҸׯεȻϣֻӰʱׯεȻ˯úܺãҫļϡ
ֱӰ֮󣬿ׯεȻ˯ʵģҫЦ˵ׯڣղ˯ûͦġ
Ӱ̫ˡҫ֣˵ڼ
ҫе죬ϳ극ؼҵʱ򣬺úҽǣֵ߽
磬ɩӡҫׯεȻ֣ں档
ҽһתͷͿҫׯεȻǣֵ߽Ц˵˵ʲôţ˿϶ǳȥԼˡ
صңҫʼʰҪϼҴһҵʱ䡣
ʰĶҪʰãׯεȻҲûȥҫϼҡʰѯʵҫϼš
ҫ̧ͷׯεȻЦţ
ׯȥ˾֪ڵϲͣʰ·Լ·ʰãʰׯεȻ·ׯεȻʲôֻҪڴžͺá
ׯڡҫ̧ͷׯεȻҪѵԴؼ𣿡
ׯεȻף϶Ҫؼҵġ
ǳɡҫ룬ϼû磬ׯڡ
һǱˡׯεȻ룬ȥҲҿϼжˡ
֡ҫЦ˵ʲôˡ
ѾȥׯεȻſڴϣҫʰŶϷصʱ𣿡
ҫɫе죬ׯڡ㲻˵Ҵͦ˧𣿡
ׯεȻЦüɫ糺ҫûм˵̼ҫ˯㿪ȥǰɣ
ǡҫͷׯεȻֻͻȻ
ǣׯεȻ
Уðɣ鷳ˡ
ҫʰöׯڣ˭ĵ绰
ʯξǷҪһȥϼҡ
˵ˡׯεȻЦ˵ʯξǱ˵ҵ˺ܶ࣬ǵǱ첻һǰȫģʡʱ򡣡
ǾͺáҫЦţʰˡ
ׯڣϢɣϼҵÿһʱء
һ죿ׯεȻͷҫǵöð
Ҫ˾ŸСʱɡҫ룬ϼҵķû
ҫȥԡϴׯεȻҲȥϴϴ֮ҫȻʲôûڴϾͿʼ˯
ׯεȻ˺һѧڿ˯ҫ֣뻳ϢҪһĳء
ҫһ³ͦġ֮ǰǸֳׯεȻŲ֮һȽϺõĳ
峿͸߲˵ϣׯεȻҫϹһ¡ҫǺܾûлϼң黹Щġ
ϴ֮󣬸ׯεȻ֮͡¥ׯεȻ𴲣ׯڣѡ
ڼӣ
ߵҫЦŽׯεȻǳ;ҪߣҪڳ˯һɡ
۾ׯεȻ߽ϴ֮󡣻·ҲǸûжá
ôˣ
裬첻Ҫȥҫϼ𣿡
ҫڽӷóųЦ˵裬ѾˣͰֻиɩӼǵóԡ
ˣҫҫԽԽϲҫСǸúӣֳǺؼҵˡҲǰӰɣܺãǰæ£ġ
¥֮󣬿ׯεȻϳԷأϸһ͡¥Ц˵ôôˣ
֣Ҫȥҫϼ𣿡͵ׯεȻڵҫ
ҫϴׯεȻ꣬˵裬ˡ
ȥɣӻ֣ҫЬӣׯεȻϵЬϵ֮裬ټ
ںϳ֮ǰҫϼҡ


266 ϼ
ڳϣҫׯεȻϵðȫŸԼİȫϵϡׯεȻκڸʻҼ˯
ϸ֮ҫһֱųмׯεȻ˼κҫ˵Ȼ˯˹ȥ
ʱѾһһׯεȻ۾ҫ˵ˣ
յǡҫЦ˵ϼ߸·һ·ҪӲܵҪҪԵ㶫
ˡׯεȻͷȷʵˡ극ڳ찵ص˯һʱ䡣飬Բоʲôû˯һʱ䣬оӶڹĽš
ҫׯεȻЩίģҫЩۣͷӵڻ̣мСʱͳˡ
ȵˮɡҫóһƿˮݸׯεȻ
ǶģׯεȻšƿǣҫѯš
ԡҫͷҰ־ǵľ죬ҲˣڶУ֮ǰǶġ
ŶŶׯεȻͷҫЦ˵ǻиûҵģԺ󱦱Ҫסɡ
ׯεȻԴҫܺãҴȥԷɣǸʱ辭ҽԺһ㶼ԷǼҷͦóԵġ
ѧУԱߡ
ׯεȻͷҫ֮ͦ󣬺ׯεȻ³
ʱǸϰһ۾ϳҫӴҵСӣþûпˡ⼸궼أ
ϰáҫЦ˵ǹ
ɡ
ڷ˲̫ࡣ
ҵСӣʲôأ
졣ҫЦ˵ϰ廹ǰǼ˰ɡ
ɣаҪǿӿ϶ܸ˵ġϰЩꡣ
ׯεȻû˵ȻϰҫǷǳϤġԱߣϰϲ˵ʱſׯεȻѯʵҵСӣѣ
ҰˡҫЦ˵֮ǰûôǡ
ϰׯεȻõʱ䣬Ц˵ҵСͦġ
ҫЦţϰȥׯεȻΧĻĻܺãЩϾɡƵǽڰ߲ĳׯεȻǰϰϷ˵ʱҫЦ˵ϰ壬ķǰζ
ҵСӣԷɡ
˺ܿͽ꣬Ǯ֮ٴڳϡҫׯεȻ۵˵ҪϢһڻȥɣ
ˡׯεȻźǷ㿪ɡ
ҫʻٹ·һθٹ··󲦴һ绰ׯεȻ˯
ι˭绰ġ
ͬѧңҫҫһ߿һ˵ϾҪˡ
绰ͷţһΪ˭أԭǴʡֳءӲ칤ģ
֡ҫЦ˵һϼң֪ϼҾġ
֪绰ͷ˵üûл˰ɣ
˭ׯεȻ绰ѣ۾绰ͷҲׯεȻȥؼһأɩӰ
ҰˡҫתͷׯεȻ˵ˣ
ׯεȻͷŴķ羰˹еơ
ҫЦû˵ׯεȻ˵඼Ǵũɡ
ӴˣɣͬѧȻô˵Ҳøһ˵ʱ򣬵绰Ǹ˵ٽмͬѧ
ǻкüͬѧظϻмסﻹס
ҫ˵һ׷ӡ
ɣῴŰɡ
ʲôʱ
ϾҪˣҴʰ߰˵ʱɡ
ȰѶáǱߵЦ˵˵ʡǻû
˵ҫЦ˵ʲô
ˣɩҪһȥԷ𣿡ǱߵЦ˵˵ʵû뵽Ҳ̸
Ұ˿϶ҪһؼҾǺҰһġҫ˵ڻڿȲ˵ˣϵ
ɣϵ
ҵ绰֮ҫųׯεȻ˵ҾУͬѧǺü﹤ϲرԶϳȥԷ
ҪȾơׯεȻҡͷ˵ٺȵ㣬岻á
ġ˹ĵĸоãǹׯڡ
ϵʱʱѾ硣ɫ󡣻ֵ˹յģһ¥ǰӿȥرɣǺüǰķӡǵݷҫ˵ϼҵķӱãһӣ֮ǰװ֮ﻹûһʱ䣬Ͳˡ
ׯεȻַҫϣ㻹ء
ҫЦűһׯεȻ߽ʮ¥֮ƺǰҫͳԿ״ţֵݸׯεȻһԿס
ԿģԿǼġ
ׯεȻͷŲķӣװ޵ͦܰġҫЦ˵ȴɨһ£Ű
ׯεȻҲҫһ˴ɨ˵Ұɨɡ
áҫһ˵һ˾ͳɣҲŰúϢ
ҫǿԵİɳϢҫһػصĴɨࡣֱĺɫ·Ⱦһ㲻ϵɢš
ҫ·ȥʱׯεȻһۣȥ
ϴ谡ҫׯεȻôˣ
ҿԿϴ𣿡
ׯεȻԭֻǵ٩һ䣬û뵽ҫǵͨ죬뿴Ϳɡ
ҫһȥϴʱ򣬻ûйš
ׯεȻҲûȥҫϴ裬ԭʲôʱѾˣҫ廹Ǻ˽ġ
ֱҫϴ뻻һ·ҫֻҫϴ·ׯεȻ˵ҽһµ绰
ƹУҫĲΪÿ
УʾΡ
áׯεȻ½ҫ
ǣЩɣǣ
ˡ
Ŷ绰ͷ˸ӹŹֵ˵ǼͬѧƵ꣬ھ͵ˣ
ãڸҫ˵
Ǹ绰ͷС˵ҫİˣ
ׯεȻһ˵ǰҪҰѵ绰ҫ
ҫ̨·˭ĵ绰
ͬѧɣǽΡ
ͬѧҫߵ
绰еε˵ǣɩ鷳ҫ˵һǶء
á
ҵ绰ׯεȻֻݸҫͬѧĵ绰˵Ƶ㶩λãϽȥ
߰ɡҫӹ绰Կ״𣿡
ˡ
ҸհѴ̺ãǵĴûȣȽС˵ʱҫׯεȻ˵˼ίˡ
ҫׯεȻЦ˵ҵʲôˣ
Ҫί治һ𡣡ׯεȻߺߣȥеҺôҲΪɣҪͱ̸ŶҪ̸ҪͥõĻף
ǡҫЦ˵Ҳãˡ
ߡׯεȻƿҫͬѧء


267 ͬѧ
ҫׯεȻ߰ɡ
ׯεȻƿҫ˵ͬѧҵе㾪ȡ
ʲôҫЦ˵ҰˣǾȾ;¡ֲҺǹǺҵıӡ
ׯεȻԴ߰ɡ
ҫ֣߳š

ôԱߵ˹ĵ˵˭ӵĵ绰
ҫϱ
˵ҫϱǸеġ
ļٵģܹɣҼǵУǻ׷ҲûСҫ˵𣿻˸һ١
԰ܹɣǸһǵãŮֻǲնѡвŮﲨϧһﲻ顣иУҪ·㶯ˡĵģ˵ʵ治ϲˡ
ҼǵãҪɺͺҪ˵ġ
˵رôǸĵıڻءǵУݣҵֱ֮ȥʡǵ̾ӣǰ;ôܺһһ𣬱ˡңҲϲˡ
ǡƵ˵ȷʵǸ˵
ܹɣ
ôܡ
ЦˣǵĴУݵô׷ĸ׷ˣжٸ׷˶һ٣Ͳϲˡ
ǰܵ顣
γ˵ǲţھͳȥǵĴУݣɩǲеġ
ȥȥȥȥӡҴߴţ⼸ûжϵҫѧУʱܳڣѧҵҲǳãָ˧ܽʵǳаȫУŮ׷һǲ顣üѧУУܡ
ˣ˵ˡ˸ҵҫףҫҲܶģƤҪôܺһоУͬѧŵ飬οҫںͺߵúܽкؼҵչˣҲܻ˭ǿҫ̸ɡ
ؼǻЩʵģ˵ĸ׾ǾֳиȫӪҵǰе˼ţʡͷҵ֮һ
˵ҫڻòʡǵ̾ӵжӳˣü㾯죬ʮ֮ġҲܺһе̸ɣⲻԻǰ;𣿡
ǰɣҫڻȷʵͦġҼǵǻҪȥǵļӰɣżӶҪˣǵ̾ӳֱӰ˸Ҫˡ
˭˵أСãѵһһĺá˵ʱͬѧп˵ɼҲȫУǰֳɼҪҲ֡
˵֮ǰǴУݵƬԽԽ˧ˡԽԽࡣ
վƵţʱͣŷ磬·һɫƵͣͣ£ҫ³ʱڳͷһҫˣҫߵǰ
˳õͦģЩᡣȥǸ䲻ϻЩۣ˺ü񾯣һ۾Ϳ˵䲻ӦֻǶʮһģûͦãҫʮָ۵ҫͷں˵ʲô飬˿ȥǡ
۾Ҫֱˣ⻹ǵǸĴУ
ŵҸ΢ЦôǸࡢЩŰҫ
ҫμæкţҫǰ֣ΣھУʱͬѧ
ҰˣׯεȻ
ׯεȻЦ֣á
ɩӺáһ£ɩӿȥͦġ
ׯεȻҲûзҫͬѧǰҪ˵ôࡣڴڹҫϱҲ÷ʱȷʵͦճҫģЦ˵ɩӻϴѧɡ
ûСׯεȻЦ˵ѾˣǴѧ
ǻͦġ
һһţǴУݵ۹⻹еģҲҸȽϺõˡǴѧʲô˵ͦġ
ߵ䣬ͬѧ˵ƿţüͬѧԴҪһ̽
һǵĴУݺɩ˰
ҫׯεȻ߽䣬Ҷһ¡
û뵽λУݻ˸ϱõͦÿϺȽСҫˡиЦ˵ɩӰɣ
ׯεȻׯεȻҽ˵Ǻá
֮󣬷Աѯʵϲ𣿡
ԡ
ҶشׯεȻͻȻ˳˵ɩӣôǵĴУʶģ
ҼǵǵУݵھУʱǿĲ飬˵̸ˣô飬һⶼûпֱˡ
ҫګګͷ˵ôʲô
𣿡ׯεȻЦ˵һǰʷء
ȷʵûСиͬѧҡͷ˵ɩӣ治ǰҫڻûʷ
ͺõþ͸һƵġǸͬѧ˵ɩӣҪ˵̸Ǻͺ̸ɡ
ļٵġׯεȻҫ٣˵仰¡
˵˵ʲôҫǵͨ죬㶼֪ġ
ɩӣ˵˵£ôǵĴУʶġ
һӾҶЦ˵ǰɩӣôǵУʶġ
ҰׯεȻҫһۣһؼңСúõţһǰ߶ʮһҰڵϷ˵ҷ¶ˡҪҴȥֵ顣
ǰ£ҫ͸Ӳˡ
ͷû˵
ӴǣаҹЦ˵ǴУûץˣץϱؼҡ
ҫЦţûнӻ
ׯεȻ˵ʱ˭úð
˭ɩûм𣿡
ׯεȻЦ˵׸硣
ȿȡںˮ˲㱻ˮǺˣɩӣǺģ
Ǻĵܵܰ׵ġׯεȻЦ˵ҫûи˵
ûһ£ѹֺУһǷˮ˰ɣֱӺͺؼڲˡ
ϾУʱԼԼ˵ȷʵиܵܡ
Ҿ˵Уôҵɩӵģǽˮ¥̨ȵ°˸пš
ɻʵɩӺҫһ𣬺ͺ֪𣿡
֪ׯεȻЦ˵Ƕ֪ġ
Ӵ棬УҲĲ̸Ҳ÷ֶġɩʣݡǿ󣬺֮ǰĸһǳǿ˵ãǿƫΪһЩϹЦ⣬ִĸоǼȺİˣҲûӳǺ٩٩̸˺кøС
λɩҪһָǱ߻жҪλɩһҫɩһôһҫ׬˵ĸо
ɩӴѧҵ𣿡
ҵˡׯεȻЦ˵ҵñȽ硣
ɩĸѧҵİ꣬ҿɩӦñǵѧУðɣɩѧʲôרҵģ
ǣǣɩӿʾͲһˡԱߵ˳һƨ


268 
ׯεȻЦ˵˵Ǳƻǲʿ
һ£ɩǲʿҵ
ׯεȻûʲôģЦ˵ұڻƴѧѧʿʿǾѧʿ
˶һȲ˵䣬ѧѾ˶סˡ
Ŵͣ۾ׯεȻþûлع
ګګʵɩѧͦߵİ
ɰɡׯεȻЦš
ȿȡλعЦ˵Ҿ˵ɩӿȥͲһˣǴѧ϶Ҳһ
ɩǴѧ
ԡׯεȻЦŵͷǴѧ
ɩӡֲʿĻǴѧǣ
ڡׯεȻЦ˵ǴѧְǽڣֻѧϵĽڡ
ѹֺҫ̸ԣҫҲʵ̫˰ɣǴѧĽڣôᣬǰ;
ô˵ҲǸʲôѧĴ֮İɣǶϹѧˣ֪ѧĴжôġ
ںܶ˿ڻǱϵĵλϲ٣ƵĽڡ
ѹУݶ˼ôãǣҲӦؼұʵټλǴڣǰ;ƾؼҺλڣҫǷҡֱϰɣҲ˵ǿԱܿܶûбҪĿӣһ˳
ҫǸˣ
ׯεȻɲ֪ҫЩͬѧ˼Ц˵ôˣ
ûʲôҹЦ˵Ǿ룬û뵽ɩӾȻǴѧĽڡ
ҫҲɵЦ˵Ǽҵׯڿˡ
ɩǿ϶ǺġЦ˵˵Уݣô׷ɩӵģɩôǲʿǽڣ϶ܻӭɣ˵ɩҲ̫ˡ
ǰҺؿҫУݸ˵˵¡
ׯεȻҫһۣ˵ˣ
ׯεȻͷ˵ɡ
ҵʱڵ˹ٵڡׯεȻЦ˵һҷϢ˵ϲҡ
ɩʹӦˣ
ûаׯεȻЦ˵Ҹ˵û̸飬ûдӦ
ѽɩӻڹ⵱ڰ
˷һֵ˳Ƶĵ㣬ɩʵ̫ˣڹ⵱ڣ
ҫٺٵЦţŵҸЦݲΪϸ֦ǴҸΪǰλɩӣΪܹɩһԲŻôĵġַĵҸЦƭ˵ģҶͦġû뵽ҫҲǡ̫ˣ֮ǰھУûϲ˭ⲻһϲϲôˣһһ𣬶δǰ;Ҳǳкôؼǣҫɫİϱ
Ҽׯ֮ǰڵ˹ٴѧϯڣ˹ٸߵоԺĽء
Ҷʼ²ţҫҲ̫ˡϲô㣬û뵽ܺһ𡣿ɩӵ˼Ҳϲҫ
ʲôܶǰ;аúܰԷҲϲԼ
ǣҲЦôҸ
ɩΪҫŻǵİ
ǵǣҺҫǽǰһġׯεȻЦ˵֮ǰǾ棬ûһ𡣡
Ǹʱ򡭡ҲûҪ̸ΪҾһᣬкܶҪҪ˵⡣
ԭ˵ҫɵöһСôõɩӣõˡ
˵ʵҲͦʵġˣȻ˵ûҫôôҶͦߵģҲͨҲǱȽ˧͡Ҳϲ˶Ͼͦ˧ġôûôõܹҵôõϱ
˶ģеġׯεȻôõϲˣʡǲ֪Ϊ˶Ŷ׷ǺؼҵˣԼǴѧĽڣڹ⵱ڡڼϽǱָʡﻹж˶Ҫ׷ׯεȻôţҲֲҫ
˵ҫȷʵòŶʮ꣬ʡﵱжӳҫϱҫʲôǡ
ҪׯԸ⣬˵һжӳʡΪĴӳǾֳ׷Ҳǲܵ顣
ҫׯεȻڶ׷У֪ŵȥˡôãͰôõһϱ׷ˡܲЦҸҪǣζҪЦѡ
Ľʡޣڶ仰ʲô˼
ɩӣҫҾȾһ
ҲȾơׯεȻЦ˵һֱȾƣԲơ
ûϵûϵЦ˵ɩӿԲȾƣУݿ϶Ҫһ˼˼ɩôõˣʡô㡣УһУݲôøֵףһ²ǡ
ׯεȻЦţԱ߽ѯʵнҩûУܹ֢״ģ
ԱС˵ǾƵûУԱиҩ򡣡
鷳ȥһ£лл
õġ
Ա뿪󣬴˵ӴɩӻǺУݵ
ɩӣǾͲ˰УҪǲſ£ǿɲ뿪
ׯεȻЦţſˣôؼҡǿܷ𣿡
ɩӱģǿ԰ҫؼҡ
áׯεȻЦ˵ȻǶô˵ˣҲﲻҫˣһǴðɡ
ҫᳶׯεȻӣͰ͵˵
档ҷζ˵еûȣǴҶ¼ҹ˵ģУݴɩӣôȣǿǺİ
ȾơȾơ
ԱҩׯεȻϣׯεȻл֮󡣷ԱʶȤ뿪Ÿϡ
ׯεȻһֱںȲˮƹѲǿʼ졣ҫׯεȻļϣ˺ܶƣе㲻̫
ҼǵãǴѧǻУݺܶ׷󰡡˸п˵УݴûдӦˡѧУģУģö˶׷ǵĴУݡϧУǲ顣
˼Уǲ飬ûԵˣУڶɩӡ˵в顣
ׯεȻЦû˵ͻȻ˵ɩѧУ϶Ҳкܶ׷ɣ
ӦûûСׯεȻЦ˵ʮȥƴ飬ʮȥǴѧֱʮд격ʿģŽĿйÿ춼ʵݣȻǽڵĻʵݣʮɲʿĴ֮ȥ˹ٴѧѧߡ
Ǳһ㶼ͼݣҪôڼ⣬Ӧû׷ɣׯεȻ˵ĽҲͦ󣬶ʮߡ
ƽʱڰ칫ҵʱ˹ٴѧǱߺܶѧϲһЩѧϵ⡣Ϊҽڵľѧγ̡
϶ϲɩӣɩӲ֪ѡ
ô˵ɩҲǸ֮Ц˵ţҫׯεȻĸ֮ͨ˶ҽӽ˵Ǻ̸飬Ҫҫͺؼ̫ϤҲɩӡ


269 
ɩôõˣж׷󡣹Щʲôӳֳʲô֮ģŶӶҪ׷ɩӡֻҪһƶܴǴѧŵʲôнˮ¥̨ȵ£ǽˮ¥̨ȵ¡ҪǺͺúãڹҲ̵ôõһţܹҵаܹҵ϶γɺܴİ
ΪʲôǾûϱ
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ͱ̸κεⶼŵ㡣ھжӳԺΪ֧ӳҲǲܵģôȥ֮꣬ȷʵпܳΪֳǸһ쵼кؼҵټɩš˵ģƾɩǴѧĽڣǻ֪ׯεȻϾҪΪѧԺԺʿ͹ôĽڣ˵仰Ǻ׵ġ
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ĽҪǺͺϵôãָúҫһλȥΪŽڡ
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裬ׯεȻ֮󣬿ƺǴ̽ҫǰ顣ҫȵģ§ׯεȻļһֱֻׯεȻ¶׻λεݣٺٵɵЦ˵ǰҪȥӡ
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270 
ׯεȻҫŰԴееˡ
ѧ˺ܾãڻǻһЩҳ˵ġͷ˯üЦҫѾòˣҲûʲô顣ǼҳԷɣҸ׼һƿþơǷǱ߸ҼĹġ
ׯεȻЦ˵Ǳߵһλ̵ʱ򣬴ǱߵľׯҼĺƣ˳˼ƿ˵ҫҪͬѧԷҾ˼ƿ
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271 
ҫó俪ʼţׯεȻšüͷ˵ʲôأҪǸɣ
ҫƵ̧ͷׯεȻʲô
˵ʲôׯεȻҫһۣҫɫͨ죬һ׾ׯεȻǰһ˵˵ҴϺ˧𣿡
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272 
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ҫׯεȻС˵ԺҶ㡣

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273 Ϸ
˳֮ׯεȻҲ³Сʯ̳ɵĿյǴӹ·ȥġ൱һС͵ͣԱ߾ˮ
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274 ۸
ׯεȻſ˵ﾭ˴ɨء
ҫͷӦǴòͶòڴɨ
ĸ߽˵ү֮ǰ˵ҪѷҫˣԿš֮ǰü·ӵʱ򣬰үķӷ˼ΡӦǲᷭˣпյʱǻסһӰɣҲүӵһƬ⡣
áҫͷллĸôɾ
лʲôĸЦ˵һˣֳ֮ûаʲôæѾܲˡ
ĸ̾Ϣ˵Ҫһ㣬Ҳһ˰ŴҲᡭ
ĸⲻǵĴҫһᣬʵòͶòͦõġֻΪޣʲô
ҫĸЦ˵֮ǰѰ˼ţҪҲϱĻҸһء
òң˵ҵԧס˵ʡﵱ죬ôǴϱĸҲû˼һڳûиңûƵġںˣֶϱһĸͷˡи˼ңиܹǺõġ
ֶϱĸĳ˵ǼҵҫСͲ̫˵ΪĸĴָһΪֱ̤ʵ˽ҫġҲҫ̫˵ҫ϶ˣҲҵϱˡ
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275 Բ
ϣѾڷźúܶĶò˵ø綼ȥˣɩҲźȥˡھֻýڼýҲǸջؼҲá
ýЦ˵ҫþò
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Сׯá
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ղֶϱѾòͶĸ˰ɣòЦ˵ǳԷɡ
ҫϵɩӻˣҲȵưҲȫԱˡ
ҫͷܺȾ𣿡
ԡׯεȻЦţýſӣҫ͵ϱĸá
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ׯεȻЦû˵ý˵ҫ͵ϱæʱ򣬲Ǻܾöһ𣿡
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ģý϶㶢ҫýЦ˵ȥɣȥƴѧϰǣ
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Ҫȥ˿ѧھûкҫ̸һԱߵҫЦ˵Һҫǹ֮ǰһġ
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ׯεȻͷϣԣϲ𣿡

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ҫͷҫߣִҫļϣаʡĴ̾һˣԺָѧٶء
ҫ͵˵ֵľ̫ḻˣҿôá
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ǵúúúһ
첻ϰࣿ
Ϣüģæһӣ׼ϼϢ죬ⲻѺҲӻˡ
߽Ѿڷһĺ÷òˡ
ƮζعͷׯεȻЦ˵ϱȾ𣿡
ׯεȻҡͷȾơ
Цһ£ϱҫȾ㲻ɣ


276 
ׯεȻЦ˵ҲԶҫȾưɡ
ǳɣҾͲ˰˵һм飬Ҫæ
ʲô飿ҫЦ˵Ҫ
˵ʲô˵ڰϵ飬Ҵ˵
ҫͷϱˣϲЩ
˵Ц˵ؾֵĶӾȻϲ
ҼǵúؾֻиӰɣһУҵģǳɼͦõ𣿡
ϱ⹫СϲѧϰưĶȤûнӴ˵еؿˡҫѹڼﴦʱ򣬶Щ
ǵϱɼͦõģ˵ǴѧеĽ˵аôøϱĸѧУҵģ
ǴѧҵġҫЦ˵ûǴѧ顣
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277 
ϼҴһڵʱ䣬ׯεȻҫǻصǡصǣѾ硣ڴϣůġ
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278 
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Ҹѡʮ·֮ʮ·ѧİ佱Ǹʱû
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źöڵǰʼ׼˷ġʮʱȥ®ѧʱ䣬Լдһventiones atheaticaeеġ
ϽԷˡׯεȻһ·Сܵ¥£ϴ֣ҫȥǸ˵˰ɣ
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¾ֳҫһۣҼǵֽ־԰ɣ


279 
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ô˵ɣǽӵ˵ı棬е㸴ӡҪͼǱߵжҪʱҪؾ֮Ƿǳӵġ
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ǰСʦܡׯεȻԴͽܣС


280 Ƶ
ׯεȻͷЦ˵೬СӱΪҾͿ㣬Ƿǰɡ
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ʲô֣һȥ˼˵Ա߿ʲôӡ
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ƵǱߴڲķ˭ܹڴventiones atheaticaeġ
ҿö໪˷ġׯεȻƲ˵̫ãûдǹ
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ε˹ٴѧѧϵڡϯ
˹ٸߵоԺѧѧԺ

2014ѧҴƶĽ
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ָ֮ҫֲܹժģҪ֪ҫû̸ģҪܹǻģСʦܸ׷ǶáؼһͲʲôǻ˵ǻˡͳղųСʦǸɵЦӣڼҲ˵ʲôҪôǰĲ˵ҪôԼԼ顣
⣿ôܱСʦſϣڹ⵱ڡԺʿڻع֮ǽںԺʿ⡭ѾʼˣСʦţ˵ʵ˭˭Ҫ
21͵ѡѧԺԺʿԺְ϶ǷǳаġټϺؼҵʵҫǰ;ǰкؼҿһԺʿϱ䵱ܣʲôһˬ顣
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ܻǲǵׯεȻϹſҫģ̫á
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˵ʵ೬˵Ҫϱô㣬Կ㡣
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ٺ١ҫɵЦţҲ˵Ҽұɡ
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˼ӸءŲ߳Ц˵춼Ҫһ𡣡
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İɡҫţһϰ°ġ°࿴Ҽұûɣ
СкЦϣ೬ҲϣˣСʦǳ֡
ҾûǺ϶ӳѧúáе˵ꡭ϶ӳڵʱҲôŵİɣ
ȷʵ೬ͷʦֻҪ飬ܶҪ绰
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İɣǻὫ֮Էģڿɲǵ꣡
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ҲͦˣҫҲôˡûڼӣôҲǾ죬Ҳһ
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ô˵ģҪҫСʦôõ˰Ц˵԰ɣҫ
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ǣݶҪǸˡ


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ʼæµĹҫǴǱߵˣǰڵ鹤ǵֻ׷жһϣÿ춼ڰ칫æµţ϶ûʱׯεȻ˵

ׯεȻ˸ͣʱʯվڳǰ֣ׯڡ
ʯϰˣǾʯȽϺáϾô˵ʯξҲֵͦģټʯڵݾ
ڳϣʯ˵ׯҪ֪һϢ𣿡
ŶׯεȻüŲõĴ˵ʲôϢ
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ʱ䶼ǾæµǺü϶ûôϢӦûдж˳Ļپܴǻ
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ͨ𣿡ׯεȻЦš
ʯû˵֮ͲҪٵ⣬Ǻܹ
ͣǴѧͣڣһоҪʼ

ҫһжһ߳źзһ˵һҪ嶯֪𣿡
İɣҲ嶯ġҫͷΪҼҵı͡ˣҲ嶯ġ
ҫļ򣬳Ĭ
飬˭϶ܡ
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282 
סǽļƻҶ˰ɣǵԵףҲϣʱǡ˵Աߵҫ˵ҫڲأ
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Ķ棬һװ֮ǳźҹ³ǰ˫׵ĵص㣬һѷĹΧӲݱأʱСආѲ߼ӡؾǰȺ˲Ӷ°
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ҽԺʱҪʮһ㡣ͣͣ߽ҽԺ೬վڴǰҫҫ·ҽԺǰ˵Сʦܣˡ
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֡ׯεȻһҫ㣬ȺúϢ컹Щ顣
á־ׯεȻЦŵͷԽׯεȻԽϲǺĶӡ뿪֮ҲΪѾˡھУͺϵܺãǷ֮ͱȽ١黹ûб䵭Եףչ޶ҫչ˵úܺá
ҫȥ׷˼ҵĶӣ˼ҷǵûֺǺǵĿһְĸʲôɷԣΪŻڼû뵽ֻôһӣֻҪúþͳɡοҵİҲǼõģϲ
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֣֪ġׯεȻͷ飬ȷʵ˵ʲô־ҲĲҪңֻǴ񣬲ϵ޶ԼҲͰˡ޶Ҳųô죿ҫܲҲΪʲôô궼ϵ
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㿴һһҹˣûôϢܲܽһǵĵط˯һ
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ׯεȻҲȥŪҫ֪ҫܲá
磬㻹˵ɣҫͦܵġ
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Һͱһȥ
˯ɡ

뷿䣬Ц˵־ҫĵΣ
Сӡ־Ц˵ϲҵĺӡ


284 ܺ
Ц˵ⲻǷϻҪ໥ϲ˭ܱһ𰡣
־õˣǿɾýˡ
־ʲôڲϢ
ԵӢԺɾ¡ֵľֳˡˬʵЦ˵ˣӢúϢţҺš糿ҫġ
־ź˵ǴѧڰɣҲҫһ𡣡
˵ׯεȻɾͲˣǼڶǻѧԺԺʿˣҫСˡ
־û뵽СӶǻѧԺԺʿȥͺС
໥ϲЦ˵˵ĻܲɢǰֻҪǹҸͺãҶûʲôҪֻҪҸҾͿġ־ô㲻ԸⰡ
ĸҡ־ҡͷ˵ҫڳ˼ңҸ˻ˣ˵ô㡣ҫҶҫ׬˲١ҺһҸͺãһϣҫܹúöӡ
İɣҫ⺢úܣܺõġ
׼İɣӺءõƻݸ־Ժúϰ࣬ӵĸɣںͷء
־Ц˵ˣѰ˼ӻҪиĿռɡ
־ʲô˼ˣôˣҼݲˣ
˵ôҲҫǼҵһҰɣ
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ׯεȻɲ֪ĽűʿʼںڰдţڿʼܲܿͿǵ컯ˡ

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(1) {u:i}εһ
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ʱǳ꿨aΪϵһcr΢ֽṹ ( a) Ϊһ΢εr=ʱ aΪϵһ⻬ṹ ( a) Ϊ⻬εr=wʱ aΪϵһṹ ( a) ΪΡ

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ׯڡʯڵ绰ͷ˵ׯڣҪʰһ¶Ҫȥ®Ǳߡ
ôż
ǡʯ˵ǱһЩֵ⣬Ҫȥ
ã֪ˡ
ʯ鷳Ǳߴ绰ȥ
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ׯεȻӦһ
ׯڣе㲻̫ð
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ʯҵ˵绰ׯεȻССʱ֮ׯεȻĵڴϲ֪ҪžҫͻȻˣҫüͷ㲻ǳôˣ
갸ӡҫ¹ó䣬
ׯεȻôˣ
㲻Ҫȥ®𣿡
˭˵ģ
ʯҫЦ˵ȸʰɡ
һСʱļ٣ҪȥҫᣬׯεȻɵֺǣǱ֮Ҫע壬Ҫע⵽ڵı仯ʱԷһʯͨģһҪעС
ҫһʰһ߲ͣ˵š
ϹׯεȻҫϡ
ԣҫһѽׯεȻסȸʰ·
ׯεȻҫĺ󱳲һ¡
ҫЦŲͣĸׯεȻʰŶֱеĶʰ֮װã·档
תһѽׯεȻ§סôճңǱô죿
˵Ӧô죿ׯεȻĻţҫׯεȻɵЦ
ôţõʱ䣬ׯεȻ˵ô죬ҾҪճ㡣
áҫ˵Ҿñճš
ˣҪȥϰˡջ֣ׯεȻھĳԽʵҫҴ®ʰ㡣
ҫׯεȻãҵű®ʰҡ
Ͻȥϰࡣ
ҫصͷͷׯεȻȥ참㵽®ǵø˵һ
ȥɡ
ҫɿ֣һͷĿׯεȻֱҫ뿪ŵʱڴߣׯεȻеЦáҲ֪Ϊʲô̸͸оرҫֿǰûָо
ֻٴ


288 
½Ȼʯġ
ׯεȻӵ绰ׯεȻڴߣʯ
ׯڡʯڵ绰ͷ˵Ѿڳ⣬ʲôʱ
ڰɡͣһ£˵ķɻ𣿡
ǣȥǱߡʯЦ˵ˡ
ˣôˣ
̫ʯҡҡͷׯεȻ¥ţŸס⣬ʯæǰŽ䣬Ҹտ뿪
ղٻڸ˵һҪʱԷʱ˯
ٺܹׯڡ
ׯεȻڳϣԱߵʯ˵߰ɣҪȥǱ𣿡
ʯׯεȻǰ֡

ҫ칫ңС´С˵ӳׯ˵껰ˣ
ҫС£Ļôôࣿ
Сűû˵С˵ӳرã
죬顣ҫص칫ңžڿţ߽εİô
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ҫü˵ר䵥Ů֣ԣӦòߴ󡣶ֳ²ĺۼǿԴзֵӦƫСûʲô
ȻҲųŮĿԣûĵǾڸƣǹ۲쵽ʲôطǲǸطֵġ
ʺܶӣӲĺۼ޷ƲŮǴ߶֣Ͽ
ҪǿһƬ¼񣬿ûμɵˡ
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ƿţЦ˵ھӻעӰ졣
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ͷǼ˵ɡ
ֻǹ˽һׯεȻǷȥˣźԶŶӵЦ˵ĳЩ˰Ҫؿշˡ
ĳЩ˵ϱҲû챧ϱ˯ҫţҺô챧ű˯ء
ˣܹˣ߷߲ƽĴţתͷҫ߲ߣ
ߡҫҡͷϺ;ڣзͺʼù

ׯڡֳׯεȻ֮󣬡ׯڿǹúܺð˵ׯںٵĸǳá
ŶׯεȻһһ˵ֳҪʼҵĸ˸𣿡
û˼˵˰ׯڿȥǸˡ
˼֮ǰǸˣ
ҵ˼ǣ֮ǰȥǵһûиĻô˵أͺֻܽ⿪ѧĻһ˸飬ׯڸһˡֳЦ˵ٶׯڷǳá
ֳΪ˺˵𣿡ׯεȻڷֳ󣬡ֳǺ˵Щְɣ
ׯڡֳ˵ô˵ɣ㸺ĿǷǳҪģӦҲ֪ɡܸˣҲܹʣҪƿĿȫֵġ
أ
ԡܶ˶ҪõһЩµĽչֳɫ˵ǹĿӦúĿζʲô
ׯεȻͷĿζʲô
ׯڣҲҪ˵һЩڱܵĹ
ֳׯεȻһ߽֮ͬ󣬿ʼׯεȻ˵ܵֱԹ緹֮ׯεȻ뿪֣ʯ
֮ںϢšȵƱʱʯׯεȻͻƱ
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ҫӵϢʱѾСʱ֮֮ǰһֱǾڿᡣ֮߳óֻſׯεȻϢС´߹кӡ
ҫӦһׯεȻһϢȥ
®𣿡
ܿׯεȻϢ
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С¼æ칫ңС߾ҫֻ㶵С˵С룬ǹٿ̻ᡣ
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áСûСôƤһ·СȥҺ

®ׯεȻ˸ѧĿԱӣдšׯεȻ֡ߵǰׯεȻЦ˵ãׯεȻ
˵ǰһׯڡ
ãǮڵѧ죬СͳɡзŰ翴ȥǳ´ǰˣׯεȻЦ˵ǹƴĲʿ
ǡ˵ͷګګ˵ǶѧĲʿ
ܲׯεȻٴζǰˣܹǮﵱѧĳɼӦ÷ǳðɡ
ѧҲܲɡ
ɡѧеƣ֪ǰĴҪʲôֻСĿׯεȻ
ûǴѧһѧСӰо嶯ѧ⣬ƫ΢ַһҪðׯεȻʹļ׵˵뿴ԺоЩʱҪһСĴпɾ޴ʧѧܻãһҪǳòС
ǡѧͷæصׯ˵öԣһ㶼
ûǴѧ
ҡѾڹƴʿˡѧţ˵СׯεȻ
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֪֪ѧͷׯεȻѧ
ڹƴ𣿡ͣһ£ׯεȻ˵ڲҲǴѧޣСӡ
ĳĶѧ˵ҪоѧǷǳҪİǴѧѧϾͷǳɫ
ׯεȻĻû˵꣬Ǯڵʹׯڸյ®ͿʼҵѧҲ̫ص˰
¶ѾȥǴѧյСҲŹ𣿡Ǯ߻һȥʮҵˣȥǳɣ廹ͦʵģ
ѧ·ǿ˾ǣһ·СܵǮڵߣڡ
ׯڸ뿪ǾͿʼǽţĸѧׯڽŰǮЦ˵ҿԺȫУҪһӡׯεȻ룡
ׯεȻץ˸ԭΣǰЦΣǮĻҲǿǮڵСмֻ۸㲦һ£㲦һ£
ŶǮЦЦ㲦Ǵѧȥ𣿡
ⲻΪ˲ţαطأ


289 
ׯ⻰˵úðΪ˲ţҿмӣׯøңҰǴȥƴòãǮЦе˵ãǹƴҲΪҶ֮ġ
ҲǲԡׯεȻЦ˵ǮҪܹ˵ǣҵȻԸȥƴǮڣôô˼ءǵĿӦǰкӮ
ׯƱǰɣڸǽǻҪ˵ͷͷǵǮںֺЦϼҹСӣ˵ָʲôʱͱյǴѧȥˡ
ǿˣׯھǸרҵǽŵǰɣʲôǽǶҪһڲŸˡ
ׯεȻ˵ǮԸˣҿɲʲôǽǶҪڡ
Ǯڱѧʼֹ
ʦ֣ղׯںÿ¡
Сӻ˵㣬ҪǲĻ͵ðӴӦȥǴѧ˰ɣ
ǡôһСĶ
ׯεȻ綥ţѧϰѧֻҪǶѧйصоͲʿǱ˭ܾһ缶Ķţ֦ء
ͱưɣǮڵӣ֪ɣǸѧǮ£ׯⱻȥ˺öΣȷⶼȥöΡׯεȻģҪǴﲻ̵Ҫӱ϶һӡ
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ʦֵ˵ʦֵﻥӦõġ
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ǹƴҵѧǰʿҵǹƴѧڡ˵ʱǮͣһ£Ҳ죬ͳɡ
¶ׯεȻЦ˵á
ׯںáޱֵʱׯεȻǮڵ˵ǮڵѧһǳûпǹǴѧ˽һ£
ׯڡǮü˵ǴǴѧ𣿼˾Ҫڣ
ⲻǼϲ˲ǴѧǴѧʧһ°ɡǴѧӭ㡣
ׯڣڻأ㵱ҵҵѧĪǵǰ衣
ׯεȻεĴŹ˵ЦЦ
ھȥѧ𣿡
ϸׯڰһӷ磬®Ƶ꣬ϣׯܹ͹⡣סׯԼؼסڿѧס
ס⣬ͲòģүүסͺáׯεȻЦ˵ȥƵꣿ
ׯڵĳָָͣԱߵĳׯ®ڼ䣬Ӧö
okׯεȻͷûм˵
ϳ󣬸Ǯڵĳǲþ®Ƶꡣ
³ʱ·ԻнָӽͨǮ˵ׯ߰ɡ
ǸǮȽȥҴ˵ʱʯļ򣬡ʯȸһȥɡ
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̧ͷׯεȻͷϻкˮ䣬Ϯ
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˵ʲôׯεȻֳ򥣬µģֲεġ
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ӣɩء߹С쿴żƫͷںһ˵Ż˵ЦģЦۡ
ǵǸСһۣ˵ʲôء
ãǼġ˵һ̵Сܵͤ棬С˵ǿӺͱ𣿡
ĸ
Ǹûп
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滰ǼٻǱ˰ʱ䣬ͻȻðôһ
ׯεȻһִ²õĸоһ£򼾰ǡ
л˵
ͬʱ仰˵ڣסˡ
Ҫ
˶۾ǵͷ˵ɡ
˵ɡׯεȻüģΪʲôһִͷĸоϣҪ롣
ҡġ
֡ׯεȻһǰȷʵԼһøУҲֻһøжѡʵܶʱǺĽܹڵԼÿݾо⣬Լʱ䡣
ǳ˧˶ã⿪ʡһ㶼ô˵ôĬšڼڼʱ򣬿ǰ磬ׯεȻЩٵļ¶Ҳֻеϲѣôȥˣ֮ǰǶ˵仰ʱῼǺܾõʱ䡣
ܻӦҫҫʺҲϲġ
ƫͷ˵˵ģҾҪġ
ҰׯεȻ˵˼ҿô죿
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290 
ңׯεȻ뵽ʲôƵģЦ˵㻹֪
Ǵ㵵ĿׯεȻüͷ˧Ҫšһ𣬡ҡ
ׯεȻͷԥ˵̸ˣǸ硣
˭һɲһƬհףĺʼüΪء˧úҧ˵εȻЦһҲЦ
ûи㿪ЦǸ硣ׯεȻһôǾô²ĸӣ
㲻ʶׯεȻҫģԼԼĺã̲סЦ˵һҲǾ죬̾
ͷǵģ
ǡׯεȻܿͷȭûƭң
ûƭ㡣
ׯεȻЦ˵ƭ
ӣΪʲô
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Ϊʲô˵
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Ϊ㲻֪
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վҵȥϰˡ
ׯεȻû˵վ󣬴ͷڲţΪʲôң
Ϊʲôû㡣ׯεȻվΪʲôܾһ㿪ڡ
֪ġ
֪ׯεȻЦ˵ûи˵ʲô𣿡
ǡһ¼ǵ䣬תıӰ㲻ɵӣ֪֮ǰϲ㡣أ˵ʲôʲôû˵㲻ǲףֻǺ¡
㲻ǺҲӦ㣬Ǻ±˻ô㣬Ǻ±˻ô롣㺦¡Ĺ㺦һᱻҴңҼѡׯεȻһǣ㿴ɵ𣿡
ôʲô֪
Ҹٴλᣬ˵ˣһӦ㡣ûУʲôû˵һֱڿǡͨˣҲͨˡׯεȻ˵Һܺã޲ȫ綼֪Һ̸Ҷ죬ñ˧ãҽܸʶѣϲҾͻңûʧ
ǣǲʣһǻġұûпܣҲ֮˷ʱ䡣
ô֪飬ƾʲôôƶ
תׯεȻͺ𣬡ֻ뷨ûҵġ
ǡׯεȻп˵ΪʲôҪ뷨û֮䵽ʲôϵ
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֪Ϊʲôƶ𣿡ׯεȻƫͷ˵ҺһعǣҪ·Ǻҷ֣ΪȶΪ˽᲻飬Ҳ
ǣǸʲôˣףԼҲס
ʡ֪ʲôǶġׯεȻ˵ǾһҲֻڵĵ飬㻹ǻΪ˵Ŀ⣬ҪΪЩν˽顣Ȼ㱾ͲϲˣûңӦͽˡҵˣǸ
ׯεȻǵͺһ˵Сޣ͸¶־ƾʲôô˵ң
̸Ůѣﲻ𣿡
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أ
ׯεȻ򼾰ǣȻ֪Ҿ͸㣬һ֮ǰû̸Ѿ˫ĸĸһһӵ顣
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ׯεȻҸղˣ£Ҿʲô
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ߺߡׯεȻ˼ûм˵ʯĴ£ʱǮЦ˵ׯˡ
ǮڣڡׯεȻϹ
Ǯʱ˵λڣȥ֮ѧУ˵һ°ׯȥѧУѧУĲʿоôߵģǻãȻġ

˵ׯϲˣǼʶˡ
ׯڹȻׯڣ
Ц˵ׯεȻڼڵߣڵ˵ղſˣ
ǣڡ
ͰһֱϵȰȰҪʮˣ̸ŮˡôŸ
ڣҹƼ⼸ǲ̫ҪҡׯεȻ˵ҸղѾȰҸ˺úùӡ
ͷһһҪһҪǸҸϱС
ׯεȻûм˵ڼҪҪϱûκεĴ
ͺղŸ˵ǺܶλᣬǼ̫ࡣͲҺףڱףôתׯεȻͦˣѾлֱ˵ҫ
ϲҫԸʲô˵ʲôرĺá
ԷɣСׯ
ãڡ
ׯεȻŻЦȺҾӣЦĺţҫʱʲô


291 Ƶ
ӾƵʱѾʮͱļλ֮ׯεȻһӰͦεվڲԶһ·ͺڵһ
ʯȹȥһ¡Ѿߣûпǻվ棬ƺǵׯεȻӡ
ʯصڵׯεȻ·ƻƵڵϣׯεȻߵǵߡһɥģôˣ
鲻áƲ죬̸ûи˵
ҪҰʱ
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Ͳ£Ǯ͵ͳɡ
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ҡֻǡ죬ʲô˵Ƶģܡ
ˣúùɣҪˡҪĻǵҪǮ
ǵͷ˵˵㲻ã˵ҰǸ쵰
ׯεȻЦ˵ãǻǵҲõʱ˵ɡϽȥϢҪȥѧˡ
ǣһȥˡһͷ뿪
ż뿪ķׯεȻҡͷϳʯ˵߰ɡ
ׯڣҪ´Ұס
ˡׯεȻҹɫУżǽнԶӰ˵ʵܹعʱף®ʱף¶̲סӦǡʱˣ֪һҲܲҫǸɵĳ֣ͻȻʶǶ˵վֻеĹͣϲҫֺ
ͻɵֺǣìܣᣬ߶߶һɵЦοҲȼǲҲ㹻ģĿһ׾ŵӡе㸹ʲô鶼԰չ˵úܺãֻһ
Ǽǣ¤»Ҫ顣ŪһؼëûпʼҲͦõġ
ׯڡʯһ߿һ˵飿
ûʲôׯεȻ¶Ц˵١
ʯЦţׯ̸֮󣬺Ǳ˸Ƶģٶׯںܺãׯڵʼḻ
𣿡ׯεȻÿɷ񣬡ʯ㣬Һû̸֮ǰǸʲô󣿡
ʯׯεȻ˵ׯҪ滰𣿡
Ȼ˵ɣš
ҿׯû̸֮ǰҵĸоһ̨޸ĳʲôѧǰ񶼲⡣һûиˣûκεĸ顣ϸоκεĸ飬Դ̸֮ҾǸ࣬һûиĳ
ҼǵлξҲ˵ͬĻǵҺͦµġ
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ׯҪҪ֪ĻٷƵȥˣ
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ׯεȻҫƵȥ
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үүҡׯεȻƵ˼£㿴𣿡
ˡׯεȻҫǱߵĵƹе㰵ƺڼ
ٹôæھأ
е㼬֡ҫͷЩƣ
ׯεȻۣæҲҪϢãҿ۰
ɰɣڰɡ
ʲôׯεȻС˵ܰ𣿡
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İɣһúϢġҫЦţڶҪ賿㻹˯ɱ
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ѡҫĽֻϣСºԴƵׯεȻڣ˲ȻׯҪӳƵͷҫžڣû˵ҶǾĵġ
еﲻסˣˣȻؼ˯ɣҿҶͦƣģȻȥ˯ɡ
УǴؼ˯ҫȷʵͦ۵ģҫ˵ҫҪȥԸҹ𣿡
ˣһؼϢˣ˯
˯˵˭ûи
ȥҼұԷȥ
ҫеЦɣǸȥɩӳԷϻؼϢ
ûпôŵˡߺ뿪ׯεȻ뿪֮²һ䣬˵ҽһ
Ǽװ¡ʰöҫֻȻؼٸ绰
㵽ҸҴ绰
ҵ绰֮ҫ뿪ӡڳϣȷʵеۣصϴ裬ڴϣׯεȻƵȥ
ҫС˵㻹û˯
ûڣ˯š
ԣأ˯ɡ
Ҳ˯
ã˯ҫֻһԣ۾
ڶ峿ʱׯεȻóֿһֶۣƵǶŷ컨ġҫԴðѾϴô·ˣ
ѣҪ
ãҫůůģǱæڻ磬糿ߵҪ˯һɣ
˯ˣȥѧء
ȳ緹үүôòã
үүءׯεȻߺ˵һ䣬ôʹôʽȥװ
ҶϱˣסϾҪȥˣ˼ġҫЦ˵ߵȥϰˣǸͦصġ
ȥɣһʰ㡣
ҵűؼʰҡҫЦøӿģˡ
ߵߵߵʯţׯڣ𣿡


292 
ţʯվׯεȻ˵ׯڣܵץʱ䣬ϾҪȥѧˡ
֪ˡׯεȻŻһзֻ붵¥ϴ˰˻ڳͣׯεȻ˵͡
ҲԱߣׯεȻں˻ߡ
˵˵һ̸
үүׯεȻСĿ˻ˣ
ҵĹһ̸ܸˡ˻һӣԱߵļ涼һ
ļҵСӰҵĹˣ
ҵġׯεȻ˵ʶ𣿡
ңĸҵģ˻̫ˣˣȻһ®ҪѰѹأ˵ô
ͦæġ
æжæһ®ɣ
үүׯεȻæοǵ̾һںһڲ鰸أҪ갸ӹ®һˣ
˻˼ţʶ
ʶ
ּˣ
סǼء
һɡ
ãүү
ҪҸҲǲУҲһҲĲС˻̾Ϣ˵ĶõģүүҲû˼ҪеľΡ
ãүү갸Ҿ
ʯǵðҸ˵һ
áʯͷĬĬļ
үүھҪȥѧˡׯεȻ˼֮󣬶ż˵磬˰
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ͷ˵ϲλ٣ҲܺãǸ̤ʵŬˣü㾯ĳƺء
ЩͷҲûʲôãҪǣܲĶ˻Щͷ֮ԱǣֻҪСܹģۡ˰ĹһӾͺá
ģԺ˵顣
үӣͳɡ
Ҳá˻չֽ
ڳϣׯεȻеƣүүô֪ģ
ӦǺؾ˵İɡʯҲû飬Ǻؾ˵Ļʵǲ֪˭ү˵ְԵ顣
ǵǡׯεȻףҰ֮⣬Ӧû˭˵
Ҫٴ绰𣿡
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ȿׯεȻݰڷϣʼĿšׯεȻߣû˵
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л
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ׯڡŴҶѾ뿪ȥԷСʵҪȳԷ
ׯεȻҡͷûġ
ѧģأ
ȵȣҪһ£𣿡
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űʣׯεȻҪʼ㡣
סׯεȻ֣ׯڣʯǧһҪȥԷʯ˵Ҳλ˼
λλ֪ʯˣҲܶʣֻԭԭĸׯεȻ˵
á±ʣׯεȻ̾Ϣһ޺޵˵ʰԣ®ٺݺݵʰ
ҲΪʲôׯͻȻôʵʵķ±ʣ뿪ʵң߳ſʯڳЦׯڣѾ绰֪ͨˡ
áׯεȻͷҵ®úʰһ¡
ʯЦû˵ʱ򵽵˭ʰ˭ǿɻ治һ
ׯڸ˾ͺãʳã극Ѿһصʵңʿʼ㡣һ顢顭ׯεȻٶȺܿ죬ü֮󣬶ûзκεĴ
˵ӦòŶԡ
˵ׯڣõѧģ͡
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õġ
ׯεȻһ˿ѧģͣûдĵطôˣˣǴһˣ
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ѶȺܴΪܸҪƿȫֵģһûͱסˣʲôЦʲôܸˣ̴ְֱˡ
ԼԼ־ÿ϶ʲôط˴ݺѧģ͵ĴǼ㹫ʽĴׯεȻʼ֮ǰļ㣬һһŵĿš
ûеļ㹫ʽȷĽܻд󡣡Ƿƫ΢̵ַĴܿ
ȵȡҵˣ


293 
ûƫ΢̵ַĴ󡣹ȻǼ㹫ʽĴׯεȻһղֻſѧģͣǼ㹫ʽ⡣
ʽ޸֮ׯεȻͨƪʼ
ֱׯεȻ˵ׯڣóԷˡ
ڰЩǮڣǼѧģ͡һйעʲôһҪһʱ֪ͨҡ
һ£ׯεȻݹһݸֽһׯڣѾˣ
ǲˡׯεȻͷֻһ㹫ʽϵ⡣
֮ǰ㹫ʽûⰡ
СѡׯεȻЦ˵ѾˣԺע⿴һЩ㹫ʽϵ⡣Ͷϡ
˵ʱüͷ΢΢šţȥɫЩأһѧģͷʼע鿴
áׯεȻڹʱ򣬺ǻ˸ˣЦģ쳣ҲرĸߡԱһװ˼˵رߡݾ£ΪׯεȻʵǹ࣬Ϻ޸飬ͺһ̨ܵĳԵĹϵ
ǵһμׯεȻֱ飬̲סͷţѧ𣿹Ȼʱĺˡ߲رߣϵʣѾеɪɪ֪ʶ
ѧУֲ˹
극ʯׯεȻߣšǽҪصԺȥϢׯεȻ֮󣬽һݸֽڻʵоǮڣ˵Ǯڣׯõġ
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Ѿͷڣҵ⣬ûзּ㹫ʽϵĴ󡣡
ҿˣׯ˵һļ㹫ʽȷʵǸС󡣡Ǯڷ²ݸֽСԺҪע㣬֪𣿡
ǣͷһԸеһеģ
ǮڶЦ˵С㲻ôţûеһעŵͺá
ǣ
Ҳһ¡Ǯڳһ̵ȼʼС찡ѵʵϣó㣬пܶﲻЧ
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Ҳ֪ҪʲôǮһ̣ׯûиʲô
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Ǯ˼˼ӵʱ䣬û˵ҲҿڣĬĬĵȴš
֮תҡǮһֻüģûһĽṹôҲģ֮ǰ붼ׯڸе֪ׯܸʲô幹룬ʵǲУҷҪץ¸С
ֻһεЦţ֪һ˵ˡҪׯûи幹룬ǽڻᶽׯڸ
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ҫֳһ˿Ц⣬ãҵűʰá
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ׯεȻµ绰֮ҫСµļ򣬡˯ˣ㡣
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Ҳǡ

賿ɫܺڣֲָƸסƻͨʵУǮ̾Ϣ˵ô죿𣿡
ˡһֽŵݸǮڣ΢΢üͷ˵Ǯڣ
ģǮھ֪϶ʲôҪ˵Ц˵ˣҪʲô˵ɣ⸱ģҡ
ڣֻǾׯڵһνӴⷽ⣬ǳãĹҲǳáĻû˵꣬Ǯںһڲˮȴ˵ȥ
ǲ̫еļϣ͹յҪϣ̫ˡ
ǻڻֶ˵ͿϷ⣬ׯڵѾˡ
սͿ𣿡Ǯ̣ͿüǰѾ˰ɣҲܶˡ
ǮڣͿϷ⡪С˵ݷ136ҳ
Ǯһ£ҼǵׯڲⷽרҰɣ
һܺõĽüͷ˵з⣬ׯҪöķ
Ǯڳû˵Ҳûмȥ
õʱ䣬ϢƻͨʵҲû˵ֱͦվǮڵǮϣšüͷͣ˼š
ӡ֮󣬽λڣҪۡ
áӦ˵ڣϻύ༸λڵġ
ˣѾˣȻȥϢɡ


294 ·
ڴأ͸֦ķ϶߲ڷС
˯糿ѵ硣۾ڣ졣ΪԵʡ·еϣʵʱƺûҲûżǵȴŴҵĵҪһ̵Ļ飬ԱҲǼλڣׯεȻڣӦǲġ
ׯڽ֮󣬼λԼٵרҶҪ֪ۡҪõʱ䣬ֻСΧһ£컹дΧۡйԺǱߵרҹۡһشĿׯεȻһ˾İׯεȻĿܸˡ
Ͼô˲Ŀ⣬ôܾׯεȻһİСټׯεȻǵһֿ⣬֮ǰׯεȻĶƫԵĿ⣬һӦ͵Ŀ⡣ݶܹʵֵģʵУΪ̫أѴﵽݵĸ߶ȡЩͷۣüġ
ׯôڼӴǵĹѶȣһǺü궼ϢͷͲòҡͷׯڽһж̫ˡæʱ䣬ܹãҪĻƴҶʱׯ׵塣
ô簡ʵҵʱЦŴкͷˡ
λϣôôʲô𣿡
ׯ췢ķҪҪȿ˵ţڼڵϡ
ŷƵĿһкüһ߷ŷһ˵λڣׯڷģǮڵ˼ǿ귽֮Ҫһ̵Ļ顣֮ʲôĵطԽׯ
ԽǮûΪԭ԰ɣ
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ͷҲ˵üڸżüͷ˵Ͻ˵ʲô飿
ʧ
ʧһ£С̸𣿡ôǵС̸û̸ʧ
ׯڡСĿżڣʲôҪүү˵ҼϲׯεȻүү۾үүֻװɵ㶶ѣѲɻΪүүôǵС˼ƭүү۾
ׯεȻôˣ
ׯڲǴѧһľ̸𣿰Ǹ硭ʧˡ
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ǽˮ¥̨ϧ˼ׯεȻǰ;аׯεȻǰ;װ˭ںɸ֣ҲǰʾٴΣׯεȻһ𡣵һں£ºׯεȻһºׯεȻһӰǰ;Ϊ˲һָָ㡣
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ׯεȻ֮׷߾ʤģһ®һǡһ𣬰ռʲô鶼ҪɫķҲ߲ġҲãüʵʵĽӡԭǰ̸ŮѵģûׯεȻĻһӦýӲŶԡʮˣһֱհǰ˺ָ᲻µģںˣ˼Ѿˡ
šüͷԼ˵˯Űɣ˯Ѿؼҡ
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ΰǸеذ
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壬Ŷͷһڵķ⣬ţүү
ɡ
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µʱհǰ˺󣬵Ȼƻ˶ˣ֪ˣڷ˵ؼҰɣʱҿ㣬ҿͷ۵òС
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תҪ뿪ڼ˵УҿٺȾǷԼúö
֪ˡǴͷɥģҲûй˵˾ǴˣͰĵĺúùӣվġ

뿪̾ϢһߵǸ磬ȥɣôơ
лˡʰöͼ뿪ڵļҡ
Ǹ磬Ϊʲôôϲׯڡһֱ˵׻Ǹ㲻ǸׯҲ÷Ҫ˵ָׯڶɩˡ
ûΪʲô̫ˡϣҡͷҲҪҪ˵ÿλ߾˵ڡ
˵ûҾǺºһ𣬻ҵǰ;ᱻ飬ƤᱻǱ˶ҵָָܲˡһֱ벻ͨЩ⣬ͨˡû˻ԭصңǾЩЦ֪ʵһʼرҲ֪ʲôʱʼ˹ٻүүʱɣǸʱʼ;öһˡ
˺ܾãûи˵һֻͷЦ˵ˣûҿͽˡ
ҴûϲˣϲʱҺܺ¡ںˡŬŬ죬߰ɣס
ͷǰǵļҡ

ׯڡʯţүӽȥ̸ء
á±ʣׯεȻţ¥£Ǻ˻¥£񻪺øΩ¥£ĸЦ˵


295 ®
ĸׯεȻһߣһкţøҲڰ
˻ֽڲ輸ϣׯεȻ˵°ɡ
ׯεȻߵӱ£ʯЦ˵ȳȥһȦһ˵˻ǲҪűȽϺá
Ωüͷ˵˵Ǳ̸˸ѣԷôɿ𣿡
ɿҺܺðׯεȻЦţΩ磬ĸǶ֪
ôҲ˵һ䡣ĸЦʵԷ˭ôܹܲʲôģ
졣ׯεȻЦ˵һλҰҲʶסһˡ
ˡ
˵ʱׯεȻ뵽ʲôóֻݸͶĸָﴩž˵ĸǿǺһǸ
˻Ҳ̲סԴҪô
Ƭϵݼ㣬żЦ⣬žȥӢ˲üһüĿǺÿ
СӣúͦоİĸЦ˵ͦܺá
ֻݸ˻˵үӣ㿴Σ
ߡ˻һ˵Ҳˡ
ź˻ĺׯεȻҲûүүæ갸Ӿ͹˱ƬҪÿء
ϲ˻ׯεȻԴЩѧϰ˸ƭˡ
ģġοаְְѹء
ҲǡЦ˵ĵܰѹؿ϶ġ
Ҫһźá˻ͷ˵ô
أʲôң
ΩС˵ǡǲʲô
ûʲôׯεȻҡͷ˵Һͼûʲô
ϴοǲͦܵ𣿡
Ǹʱûкһɣ
ǰׯεȻЦ˵ûкڵһǸʱ򡭡еϲǡ
ҵСӰ˻룬ôͼҵСһ𣿡ں˻˵ҵ˻ǱҫһЩһЩҪׯεȻܺͼһҲǲģȻСųģôǼҺͼͳϵҾͲׯεȻ̡̫Ω⻰໥ϲΪʲôһ
үүׯεȻЦ˵
µĶ̫ˣ±˵±ָָ㣬Ҳһᵢǰ;ûк˵һֻҫһҲºһҲһᵢǰ;ҾúһܺãҲɡ
˻һаû뵽ҵĺӻºҵĹһ𵢸ǰ;
Ωһ£Ц˵ȷʵˣЩʡҿ뷨ֻΪһġ
һҲǶԵģƺһҲ᳤õġǼһһֱܹԼǰ;ҪǺһ϶ֵòġΩû˵ǼһЩС֮⣬ѶǴĿԵģҲׯεȻͻȻˣû׼ӭӺõġѣǾѡģֻƢͶáǼѡѵĵһҪǶǰ;һİֱ˵ǹʵп룬ȷʵʺׯεȻ
Ժһָʲôʱ򣬼ǾͻԹׯεȻǰ;һƬ˵ڼԹģǸ棬ʵ̫ˡ
ȥҲΩЦ˵ʲôʱһ®ɣܵüܷġ
Ǽ𣿡ѯʣȻָǵĴ󲮺ǡ
ˡׯεȻЦ˵ֻүүжĸΩûм󲮺ҲͦϤģͦõġ
ҲԼܷġտߵ˵˵أ
ҵȻҪģ໹ͦõСӡʲôʱпգĸСѯʵо̫ȣ갸
Ѿ˵ˣںһڰ참ӣҪʱ䣬һ̫
Ωأ
ûͦÿǲ֪ô
ΩׯεȻ֪һ϶ׯεȻǺܺõģׯεȻ¶Ҹı顣

ҫҫż˵ʰ𣿡
ϡҫŶҵøׯü·ȥ֮ǰׯڵ̫Сװ£ҵٸõȥ
һҵʱ֮󣬵ڶ˾٣ͣĸ®ҪǺ߲ˣƺҲҪһȥ®
ҫͣʰŶеͷۡ
ҸղŴ绰ȥ⼸үүϢûôȥ
ڻпգǱ߻ûпķҪٹĹҪæˡȥʱ仹Ǹոպõġ
ҫе㲻˼˵磬˵Щ鶪СǺȻֻһЩ飬ͦġ
˵ҫܱܲһĸƵ̬ҲҪɳģ˵СҲϴСˡüˣҲöˣҪɲãҿǳɳȥ
Ҳô˵С°ɣ⺢ӾǡȱһЩ
øᰡվǰ𣿡
øҪǵģʱøȾˡͣһ˵ӡɻ᲻̫ð
Ҳǡҫͷװ䣬߰ɣ磡
˵ôôçһ߿ųһ߶ҫ˵Ҫǳô죿
ôçˣ
ֱȥץˣçǰɣ
һаô죿
ҿ˵ģûаף˵ЩǲѾܶ𣿡ҫһ߿һ˵˵Ҳûʲô鰡Ǹ磬ɱׯ˵
˵Ц˵ôܣҾҪ˵ģ´λôȥҪô
硣ҫЦţҪǸׯ˵£ⲻǴҪұׯ𣿡
üͷЦţô֪ҾҪµôϱġ
˵ʲôϱǡұ
Ҳûкö١ое񺮡
ǻʱ˻̫࣬ŲĩĹϵҲǿʱ򡣼Ʊ߽֮
ҫׯεȻ绰ȥӵ绰ׯεȻԺ￴ź˻ˮ٣ôˣ
ҫӣڻ׼®أ
үүءׯεȻЦ˵ڿүүˮ˵ʱͣһ£٣ûɣ˵참ӵʱûȥǴѧĸҽԺɣ
ûСҫеΣҴˡ
㡣ׯεȻЦŹҵ˵绰
˻ׯεȻģ
ǣүү
˻ûм˵

ڿ귽֮üģеҡ漰̫Ķܶ鲢ׯεȻĲ֣ׯεȻȫд˳
˺üʱ䣬еķꡣʵûʲôҪ˵ͷۻ


296 
кܶĵطҪ˼˵˼Ķкܶࡣ
Ǯڴ˸绰ȥǮ㿴Сׯķ𣿡
ˡǮڳ˵ЩֲǸòĵ飬ҪöΪԭҾûдȶ
ϼأ
ҲһͿϵ⣬ѧⷽһ̫ѧҲʼûжõʱ䣬Сׯô»еðյġ
ǰǮڵ绰ͷ̾Ϣ˵ҲСׯôʵ̫ðһЩҿһֹͿĲϢȫüѧ˵ʵҲ̫ãҲ
СׯΪͷˣҲʮڵĿ⣬ܻͶĽǮз̫죬Ǹճļѧѧձû졣Ǯڳ˵ҾûΪʱ硣
ûΪʱ硣üģж⣬ʵϹķڹǻϾͺ͹в࣬ǿһЩֲܹġ
ⲿǿʱڼһ°ɡǮڳ˵ڿķе⣬ȹǻһ·
áڹҵ绰ׯεȻķš
ǮһˮԱдŶ˵
ڡ±ʣǮڣʲô𣿡
ļΣ
һ¡ݵݸǮ˵ǵݡ
áǮĥţׯڵݺܶ඼״̬еݶ԰ɣ
ǡףΪ̫״̬еݣоЩΪѡô˵أ;Щûк񶼲̫ҪƵġ
Ҳû˵ЩֻǽݸǮ֮ЩȥжϡЩ˵жϲҪҪǣ಻ׯܹЩһ״̬µһʲôķʽʵ֡
촽ϡͷϵ⣬ůڡ
ڡ˵ͦģҪȥһ𣿡
˰֣Ǯ˵һȿΡ
û˵峿΢촵۾졣һʿλϵŽڷ

ڡ
Ҫȥתת뿪ɣⲻڿݣҾҲҪŹһȦ
ǡ治ֱ뿪¥תȦܾûôڵ߹ǴõʱڿѧϣҲǿѧ˵һɣԳƵЦһ£ڿŸտʼûжáҪзµս»Ҫü꣬ʮʱ䣬ʮ궼ҪƵڿѧ͹ƴ
ǲ֪ׯƻܲܳɣ²ĻеѣѶȻСΪׯڵƻ˵ΪѧͨļʾͲķڹպ;Ҫ󼸺ﵽ̵Ҫ󡣱˵ǻĸҶղܹЩݵĳ̣Ͳ
üģׯпܱܸ˵ͷΡΪʵ̫룬ǲܰ쵽顣ü˺һʱ䣬ϣ콥Զȥĵﶼůġ
ֻڵоͷۣϾׯǱߺе̫⡣
ȻֻׯεȻ⣬Ǯںͼڶ̫ׯεȻҪʲô
Ǯüģһԣ΢΢üģƺ˼ʲô顣Ǻ֣յ˵ׯεȻǰûⷽоҲһϲ̶ֳͨȣϵʵ̫״̬˲òɣ⵽ǲǳׯεȻ֮֡
ǸӣҲ϶ǻῼǵһЩʵġһʵҲǣͺдƵģֵ̫֡ʼĵز⵽ʲôׯεȻķ𣿿Щܵļ㣬ׯεȻ֮⣬治ܹôණ٣϶ׯεȻĲʿķ
Ǻַ֣˶о
ΪʲôׯεȻҪд幹룬췽ҹ̷˹ˡеķǮüģоеͷۡ
վľɫѵȦвٵҲվ˵Цš
ǲǺԵʲôǮڳţûһֿׯεȻķлʲôǱ˶Եģ
ƫ΢̷ַȻǲض˵ģⷽһֱׯεȻ֡ǲڷƫ΢̷ַׯεȻʲôǻûпģ
Ǯ˼ʱ£ٴο򷽰ҪܲҵһЩͬѰĶ
еĻô֤ܲׯεȻ̫棬̫СҲ˵

®ʱҫͺǰߡΩվڳȼһ֧̣ׯεȻԶԶģ΢΢üͷ磬ٳ̣岻á
ΩЦ˵̡
ǰׯεȻͷڼҲǳ̡
Ҳð
ǿɲׯεȻЦ˵Ҳ̣ҫҲ̡
˵ţҫͺ߳š
Ω硣ЦŴк˵أ
ǱءΩָָԶⲻҳԶԶ𣿡
ĺΩļܵҫġ㶮ġ
ãΩΩǸһʾͲͨˣҫΪеģΩãҫ
֮ǰֻ￴㡣Ωһʱ䣬ˣʱҲˣүүҰҲڵأϳɣʲôϳ֮˵
á
ׯεȻһ̵ܵҫ󻷱ľĺ󱳲һ¡
Ωסˣû뵽ֳ϶ܺ޹˼ɵĺҫţǡΩҡͷû˵黹治Ψһܹ뵽ģеᡣ
Ѿ˾ռߣΩϰ߾ͺˡ
ˣΩźļЩֳۡ춼ǰΣõ
ҫҲĵĽׯεȻԣȷ֣ȰѶźá
ׯεȻһֱҫĺϲţҫЦɿׯεȻ֣ת뻳˵ҵʰأԣȥŶ
ߺߡ֮ҫеĶں䣬ϳͱׯεȻ˸
ҫһֱׯεȻһֽŸϡǰĺܲ˵˵ע㰡
١ׯεȻҫĻţΩЦ˵ûпôճ˰
ҫС˵ʱ®ûкúóԷ
С
Ϣ˰ɣ
ׯεȻҫĵ˵Ϣ˵ġ
˰òˡֺЦǰĸʻ˵ô춼ôأ
ΩǰЦҲ˵


297 ˵ʵ
ҫׯεȻҧŶ䣬װûĻʵı佫ׯεȻŽģǸ·ܸܵҫȶȣׯεȻĲһ£۾ҫҲϣׯεȻúܽҸһЩҲ֪ʲôʱܻȥ
ׯεȻҫǰԺҪһʱ䡣ôһ˵ҲǰߺΩͺĿ⣬Ҳûж˵ʲôֻеֺЦˣôһͣ˵Ļ
Ȼߺ˵мҪ˵
ʲô飿ׯεȻͷҫĻҫ˿ЦţŶҪ˸Ͻ³øȥ
˵Ǽʲô㻹֪ɣ
ׯεȻ̧ͷҫĻ￴ſʵôˣӵζٳҲȥ黨ǲˣ˵ʱ򻹴Ц⣬Ȼǲҫġܹܵҫ£ӴָЩҡ
ǵûСӺӾ￴һۣǼ黹ǲģǰɣ˵ʱ򣬺Цһ£˵ֿʼçײ
֪ȥץ˵ʱһȥ˸סҪǷиףָǼҪȥǴѧĸҽԺ
¶ׯεȻҫ˵ǲ١
ҫɫеΣ˵ⲻǶŪûаףҲȥġ
һأׯεȻЩ˵һҪаô죿
ҲáҫæׯεȻʼ֤Ժ϶ôв飬˺òñ
ߡƫͷׯεȻĺţʰ㡣
ҫҵűʰҡ
УҧˡͻȻ˵ⶼҪˡ
˯ҼҰɡҫ˯үүҡ
ɣûʲô⡣֣עӰ찡ôǱô˶ɡ
ҾҪׯεȻ˫ֻҫĲӣЦ˵ҾҪ˶֪ҫҵġ
ҫĵͷǱġ
ˣ̫ˡΩڱס˵ôһ䣬Һϱһʱûô顣
λǲǸ̸ûжð
ǰׯεȻߺ˵û̸һ̸Ǹ˰
ҫׯεȻ˵û̸Ҿ;ҫôˣ𣿡
ԣԡ̾Ϣһ˵ʲôʱ˵ˣ
üģҾǿôˣһǱ˵ˡԽ˵Խͷ۵УׯεȻЦе˵Ҳ⣬ôʰ㡣
ҫͷׯεȻĿӣкϲѾԱ˾ôŶԷ˺һΩ֮ͦţڳǰһȽϺá
ȰѶŻȥɣҫ˯𣿡
ǡҫصͷű˯ܺ˭˯ңϱҪ
ȥүүңȺؼҡ
ׯεȻǲ֣ҫЦú˧ȥѶźðɣ˺öණ
ߺģׯεȻе㲻̫⣬Ƿſ֣ҫ³һѽׯεȻҲ³
ΩԱ߼Ƥ񶼵һأ˵ǲ̫ʲôˣ
ǿɲǡЦ˵ڼʱ֣®Ǻõˡ
𣿡Ω֣ҵļƤ˺úһ㡣
ˣϰ߾ͺˡصźΩļ򣬡߰ɡ
ʲôǴǵðѺϰ
뿪֮ׯεȻͱǲ֡ҫҲׯεȻΪϳֻУ˾䣬ׯεȻɿվһԵҫȫó֮ҫǣׯεȻ֣Ц˵ǻȥɡ
ׯεȻͷǣ˻ļҡүүѾǰȥңʱֻˡ
ҫׯεȻ䣬һźü䣬ׯεȻ͸󡣽֮󣬱ׯεȻķ䡣Ϊڶ¥ҫβŽźá
ҫһ߸ׯεȻһ߶ׯεȻ˵Ǵ촩·ر֮ǰǴȽϺá촩ģ⼸Ҳܴ֪𣿡
ҫһ߹·һੲݵׯεȻׯεȻ죬Ц˵ô˱ˣ
ûСׯεȻڿҫһɫз·ҫģڣҫĲ·ŵһ㡣ׯεȻоЩϢ͵ӲʲӴһ˿Ц⣬üͷ΢΢šţƺ˼ʲô顣
õĽ𷽳̣ҲʱׯεȻҫĻϲȰ
ҫʰö֮󣬶ׯεȻС˵ҪڹȥɣүүͶǵ̫ˡ
һᡣ
ҫվǰڴϣҫ·ҫĽʵĸϲ˲䣬ҫǱë׵ԴЦţãǴһ
⼸ͦ۵ģǿͻ뵽ׯεȻóƬϼۣϴЦ⡣С¶˵ϵЦԽԽ࣬ǰֻŰ壬ڸ÷żٵʱ׼͵һؼҡǰû¶ϲôϢġ
ںˣֻҪϢ϶ǵһߵˣû˱ߡС»Ц˵Ժõ㾯Ľ״ˡ
˾ôıţϦУԵ÷ǳ
ͷׯεȻģҫ΢΢̣ϲճׯεȻׯεȻҲϲճ˾ͺǴһסԷĸоҫԭ̸ô۵顣
ǣ̸ôֻܺׯ̸СһˣǰʲôͬĵطҪ̸һ¡
ĺĻЦͯ汼šҫС˵ǹȥɣٲȥүүͶǾҪȵżˡ
һҪһׯεȻҫͲ֣ҫЦûа취ıȻҪǾŰɡ
ĬУ˵жа⻮

ôˣȥŸ𣿻˻һ˿䵭ǻе
үӣܻ˵顣ռæЦ˵ڵȵȡ
á˻ͷΩӰŶĸˣоеѹ֣ҲҪ뿪Ǳ˻ס
үүС˵˵
Ǹͬ£
ǡͷӦǴСʶöˣֻھУʱرϤСʱô档
Ǹʲôˣ˻ѯʣ˵ʵ


298 ̸
ҫ𣿡õʱ䣬˵ܺã֮ܰǰȥϼҼĸףĸһλԵӢۡջҲ֪֧֡ǵλ˶̸֪Ҵúܺá
Ҳ֪ں̸
ȥǸˣٲǼҵǸСһġ
ǻǲˡ˻ͷ˵֪˵ϵ飬˻ûȤ֪ġڹʲôģںؼ˵ûȤֻ֪Ҫ֪ҫׯεȻòáׯεȻãʲôǡׯεȻãôʲôǡ
ô򵥡
ҲСӳûǺܾ񡣡˵ʱ򣬺˻ţ˵ô
Ц˵үӣ㿴ͺãǸѰѹأֻҪҾûʲô⡣ԺСӸһԲҿ϶ûꡣ
˰ɣͬ£СԺҪǸҶԲӡ
϶ġ˵ҵܵܣҪǸҶԲöҺҰĲ
˻һЩŲ豭˵ôڸ
ȥ˵ʲô
ǣת뿪С˵үӣˣҲ̫˸ŵˡ
ҿСӵĸ黹ΩҫҪһЩӳ߳Ц˵ͦճСӵġ
𣿡Ц˵ղſˣ
ˡΩ̯˵ҿ˵Сӵȥ˸黹ͦõġ
ҲǼ°ɡ̾Ϣһż˵治õˡ
үүң¥ƿţ˻ڱţֺЦ˵а˻ǰɣ
ҫת˵磬ôˣ
ɫѾվ˵߳˵˼ôˣٲ˻ʲô飿
ڵأϽĹȥ
áҫͷׯεȻԴ˵ǹȥɣôҵȼˡ
ׯεȻɿ֣ҫ֣ǰߡ
ǽ߿ˣЦ⣬ǵ󡣻Ƶĵƹ£ԺЩڰҫׯεȻ֣˵Сĵ㣬ˤˡ
µġһ˵һţռʱĸպýõʳƮɢζ˻ׯεȻֵҫţҫǰɡ
үүҫׯεȻҫֽţϲˡ
𣿡˻¶ҫһӺʹĿ⡣Сӿȥо񣬱ƬϻҪÿһ㣬Ц⣬ղ۾һֱǶׯεȻġ
һ¡˻վҲվҫ˵ҫǰɣȥ鷿ɡ
ԣûµģҺүүжȥһ鷿ҫЦŰοׯεȻɿ֣ҫź˻ͺȥ鷿
Ω߹ׯεȻļ˵õģүүʲôģЩҪѣ
ׯεȻͷû˵ԱѾõĺүүͶǶûйҪԷˣ
ûаЦ˵ⲻŵ𣿡
˵ʱׯεȻ´ţ˺þõʱŻ˵еŰ
ҡׯεȻһ£ɫеε˵ⲻǽţеˡ
ˡĸЦ˵Ҳˡ
ĸ֣ׯεȻһ·Сܵĸߣĸ¡
ҫҸղſһ£õͦõģǲ֪ôׯεȻϴЦ⣬ĸʹ֪ҫǶׯεȻܺãϲŻЦܺðɣ
ׯεȻĵͷ˵϶ҺܺãҪǶҲõĻҲŲһء
ҲǡĸЦ˵ôϲҪҶ㲻ãֱһ
үүͶǺһЩҳѣҪ̫ġ֮ǰ̸𣿽Ůѻѣ
ûСׯεȻҡͷҸҲ֪û̸ûҲûŮѡ
ӴСӿȥͦ˧ģˡ
ʮˡ
ǲӦðΩϴѧǻͺɩ̸ˡ
ûʵİɡׯεȻͷ˵ְֺ͸˵֮ǰﲻرãû̸Уҵֱ֮ӱҰְץȥ̾ӣͦæġǸܹ׶󣬵ҲֻǼһ棬ûнһķչ
ҲһԵְɡĸЦ˵ܺһȷʵһԵˣ׹Ҳûһ𣬵ǰһۿˡ
ҲҪиȽϺáĸС˵ɲñ˰ǣűߡ
ׯεȻͷĸʡá
ҾͷˡĸЦ˵ϽȥɣǴҪˡ
ҫܺȾ𣿡
СׯεȻ룬үүҪٺȾ𣿡
үүСӣ¶ˡٺȵûġ
صλϣЦ˵ĸ˵ʲôˣ
ûʲôѯһǼٵ顣
ӴӴǼ٣ȰƲ˵û뵽ֵܣȻ뵱ҵܵܡ
硣ׯεȻ˺һۣû˵ΩһλãׯεȻԱߡһ˻ͺĴ¥ҫҲ˵ֺǺǵЦš
˻ͺնҫǷǳģҫЦҲôá
Էˡĸкţүӣϡ
ҫׯεȻ£Ωҫ˵аСӣүӺҰֺ
Ωտ˺ΩһۣϹ˵СǼҵˡ
ǡΩִҫļϣϲҫҽҫûɡ
û⡣ҫЦżæԺΩ˵
ҾȹϲϲԵˡ
硣ׯεȻЦ˵ʲôϲԵ
˰ɡΩЦһ⻹ϲԵ
ˣΩҲˡշΩҲ˵
үӣ˵һ仰ɡ
ҸղźСһ£С˲ҲǳĳҪһ𡣵ǳұ˵ǰ棬СҪʲôطҶԲôʰ㡣
ҲˣҲͳһˡ˾һúùӣҲˣҪŪѿ˭ĴĲ˭
ˡԱЦ˵үүֻǸѣǲҪΪһЩС³ܸ֮ġ
˵֮󣬿˵ı飬Ц˵ôסˣ
ûСׯεȻҡͷ˵Ҿ룬һүүͶĵġ
ǾͺáտҫСܺȾưɣ
ܡҫЦ
һ㣬ӦûʲôİɡտʼҫƣׯεȻԱ߿Ҳû˵
СսƷҫϡ


299 
ҫűӣСĿׯεȻС˵ҺȾûɣ
ׯεȻףʾڿԺȾƣҫһűӶԺ˵˼Էһҵׯڵ
ˣû£ҲǺ¡ʲô˶ⲻͦõ𣿡˵֮󣬡ҾӣһǾ;Сܹúõһ𡣡
ɱЦźƣҫʼžơֱ֮˵ֱҪʮһӵʱԭׯεȻҪүү˯ġǿҫѾſ˯ûа취ֻڶ˯
֮ҫ˯úܺãüͷׯεȻ¥һˮ˼Ƭҩ¥ҫԺģ֪ȵһϡøܺͣһšҫĲʡ¼ֱԤе飬̾ϢһҫǺñӣҲûȥҫҪϢҫúϢȽϺá
ڴϣʵһ졣ׯεȻ𴲵ʱҫڻ˯ԭҫñһЩģ̫緹֮󣬿ʯܲΩôƣҲǸܲ
ô˰ΩЦ˵ѧǱô
Ҳɡ˼Ƭ̣ׯεȻ˵ǻҪоһҵķܲͨҲһܡҵķҪд
Ωһܲһ˵־ʵҵģҪ˶
ˡׯεȻԺɹ̫ҫܡ
ǼҵٵͦȤġ
ŶׯεȻЦ˵γԣ
ͦϲİΩЦ˵ȶ˱㲻֡
Ȼְܱҫһϣ˯ʱ򶼲֣ôıҪƵġׯεȻپЩЦ־ֵͦõģҫٲǼһΪǰ;Ҷסճŵ־ͷֻҪǸ˾ܿҫϲ
ҫһԣׯεȻãҲҫҪ߱ˡׯεȻһˣ˲κε뷨
ٶǺռġ
תϣׯεȻеȣۿ·ݣûе£µǲͣߡȵʱһ䶼Ǻʵģֻҫô˵ֻһܲʵׯεȻֻһҲû⣬ûôܶ͸ðġ
˸źʯܲһļһ˫ȵ֣ͷҫɾʵ˧۾һգգĴ
ˣ
ҫͷɹ̫
ǰׯεȻҫ֣ϴˣ
ҫͷׯεȻּ˵Թˡ
ˡ
˻պýׯεȻ۾תţҫ˵Ҫʰ㣡
áүүңŵĹţׯεȻҫ¥ҫ˳־ͽŸϡĿ¶΢΢ĺɫ㲻Ҫ𣿡
أׯεȻҫ
ҫ˺üĴϣׯεȻѹϣСĽţϱ
ׯεȻЩ죬ҫ촽ȥ
˺Ǽȵţ˫˸ϢҫׯεȻϱ㲻ҪϹ𣿡
٣ҵħӲˡ
ҫתͷׯεȻС˵ⱲӶӵģϱ
ߺߡׯεȻҫ֣ҫֱׯεȻСĸׯεȻĶߣ֪ٵ
ʵĸׯεȻۣ˲֪ôʼġ
ȵĺУׯεȻĽţϹ
ԣҫЩأϱҪϹϹϱ

ҫ˻ơ
ϱϱ

߳ŵʱÿׯεȻҫŵĻصүүüͷû˵һӡΩݹһƿˮŵˮɡ
磬лˡšˮƿ֮ҡҡͷڴڵĺˮ
ղŲ𣿡
Ц˵ȥǸܷȥˡ
ܷ򣿡ΩЦţƵҲʡ
ȥԷɡ
ŶźΩ磬˵ҪɩӽˣܳȥԷ治ɩǰɣ
ˡΩЦ˵ͣ÷͡
ҵʲôʱ÷룬Ǹռģ
Ωͷⲻʧ𣿡
Ǹмʲôţ
ǡ
ԣǲͦ˧𣿲ܹɣⶼʧ
Ҳϲ˭ΩЦ˵ϲܣܲǺ͵ܷһⲻʧˡ
ļٵģһϲҵܣ԰ɣҪϲҵܣôãΪʲôûиҵܸ׹Ҷûôҵ˵顣
¡ΩЦ˵Ϊ̸ܵ·Ҳº̸ܵǰ;𺦡һֱ˵ͨˣˡҲܻܵԸԸ⣬ֲʲôģ˭Ҫ
Ǳȥ˰ɣΣ
Ϊ˼أΩЦ˵˼Ҫܷء
Ǹȥˣʱҫú
ҲڣǸҺܷжãͷ͸ˡ˼̫࣬ѡġΩҡͷҸ˲̫ϲǷСҺ֮̾͹ȥˡ
Բˡ
ǡ˵ҫܺʡ
û뵽Ȼôʡҡͷ

ϱҫ϶䣬ׯεȻ˵𣿡
˵ءŭҫׯεȻ˵˵ġ
ҫЦúǲã£üɫ裬ϱǰһ𣿡
˼ⶼʮˡ
ҫͷС˵ϱˡ
ѧֻ
ҫЦŲ˵ĻׯεȻ۾Ϣ˼ӣ߰ɣϽȥԷ
ϱ𣿡
֪ˣׯεȻҫ䣬ղôûйң
ˣ
ûУǸޡҫׯεȻЬӣ֮󱳶ׯεȻұϱȥɡ
ſҫĺϣŵҫһԡ¶ζ۾ҫĺЩůͣյ¥£˯ˡ
ţϣҡ
ΩЦŴкӴܷͱѵˣ
ҫֺǺǵ˵ø磬硣
˯ˣۼ⣬һ¾ͿׯεȻſҫĺ󱳣˯ŵģ
ΩҲʼׯεȻǣ˯ˡ
ҲԷˣϽ¥ȥ˯ɡ
ҫͷׯεȻţĸЦ˵СԷ
ĸһ¡
ׯεȻص䣬£˯ú𡣳䲻ߣ̽ԴҫԷ
磬ȥ԰ɣׯھͳɡ
ҫҾ͸˵һ䣬ǽȥԷС˵֪˭ɣ
֪ҫׯεȻӲߣׯ÷Ҳ׷ׯֻҪׯںãһӶûлᣡ
֪УϿɲ


300 м
ׯεȻǱѵģꤣӶù졣ŶӣƲ죬Աߵҫֻҫҧгݵ˵ҫҸû꣡
һ˿ֲڵָׯεȻԴϣҫЦ˵ȹԹԵģϹ飬㡣
Ŷһ֪ҫ϶æŰӵ飬ƲҫϣҪҫĽˡҫȻ壬ˣ١
ֻҫׯεȻԴЦ˵ϱʲô
ҫ
ҫһ£Щ죬糿ûгԹ𣿡

ҫҪ˵ʲôֱׯεȻݺݵס
˵ҫ㻹ǳԵ㶫մ˵ŻƿţׯεȻ§ҫĲӣҫҵš
æصţҲǵģġôңⲻϲʲôҲǵģ緹ûгԣôֿʼˡ
ղſˡҫһߴһ߶ׯεȻ˵Ż
ΣͷҫĻ̧ͷ
Ƕ𣿡ҫׯεȻ˵ȥԷɣ
Ҷ¥ˣ̫ˡ
ԣҫڵׯεȻرɰҲر档Դ˵ղŲҪ𣿡
㻹˵
˵ˣ˵ˡҫЦ⣬ûµģȥԵ㶫ѱӸˡ
˭ĺ£
ҡҫׯεȻ˵Ҳá
㻹֪㲻áׯεȻߺţЬ֮󣬺ҫһ¥
յ¥£ΩɳһЦĿ˵Ҹղ˵¥һЩ飬Ͻȥɳ
Ωյ˺ΩһۣǱΩϽóԷԷȥ
ׯεȻҫ˳˼ڷΩˣҫЦ˵㻹֪ɣ
ôׯεȻΩܾһһӵĻˮ϶Ҫ˵ʲô飬磬ҪʲôҪ˵ֱ˵ɣôҿ˵ġ
ҿ˵ŶɤӣΩЦ˵ҫԷ˵Ҫٵ׳ʲôӡ
ҪѰѹء
ׯεȻЦһҰѹأ
ô˵İڵǲҪѹҾͲˡ
ҫׯεȻתͷҫҪȥҪǱȥ˰ɣҿǾڱﻵ
ȥҫЦ˵ﲻȥׯεȻıϹһ£ɡ
ǣɡ
Ω֪𡣡һŮ˵߹ԺЦŴк֡
ˡЦеĳŮ˵ͷ
ɩӡׯεȻͽǼģЦŶԽ˵ðҺúùܹΩ磬㿴һֱɿ𡣡
Ц˵ϲ㰡ҫɡû˧
ҫе㲻̫˼ɩӺá
áźΩֱ˵еû˼
ûϵġׯεȻΩЦ˵ɩӽܰѸܺþͳɡ
ģҪǸ˵᲻¶ˡ
ׯεȻЦ˵Ω磬֪˰ɣ
ΩûмɿΪĸֱ
극֮󣬿˺һĵӾ磬ׯεȻû˼ҫһ˻صȥĶ鿴ׯεȻڵӻǰ˵ܷ򶼲ˡȥˣ
عׯεȻûпҫ
ȥ֮صүү䣬ҫһ·һ·ĻšſϻšüͷǶе·̫ӡ
˺һʱ䣬ҫûзվ⡣ɻڻ·ׯεȻҫǿɰ֪ҪȥС˵мۺ죬ҫھֻȸһҪ˧һչеǰ֪˧ר顣ﶼȲһȥ
ûѡã·ȫڴϣׯεȻ˫ֱǰЦſҫҾ㴩׶˧
ҫһ£ׯεȻϱôˣ
Ҿ㵽ҪʲôׯεȻЦ˵ˡ
ţߵҫߣһҫϴŵ·ɣ˧Ҽٱ˭˧
ģҫ۾·һ㣬Źâ
ġׯεȻЦ˵ô˧ҿ̲סҪԵ١
ҫׯεȻһ£𣿡
ġׯεȻӵתţھҪԵ١
ҫ§ׯεȻĶ˵ϱôϹ
ʰ㡣ׯεȻҫЦ˵ҵš
ҫͷҽһϱʰϹ
ϱʰҪԵҵ١ҫЦſׯεȻ
㲻֪ˡ
ϱáҫׯεȻϷɿȥɿֿʼʰҾʹȥ
ҸġׯεȻЦ˵
ҲǡҫЦ˵ϱģǸռġ
ֲϲ
ãϲǲҫׯεȻЦ˵ֻܴʱ䣬ȥкܶҪ
Ҫ˰
߰ɡҫ˵Ҳˡ
ûٱţ˯š
ԣ˯ءҫׯεȻ˵˯֪𣿱ҹ
ׯεȻҫȵĻһ£ûҫ˯òرˡ
˱˺һʱ䣬ҫһʱѾˣţҫϽϱҪȥԷˡ
߰ɣҪȥԷˡׯεȻ֣ҫЦߡ
ʱ򣬿Ωͽ֣ׯεȻҫҲ֣һˣûҽڡرҽҪҽڵĻҲһ
һ룬ĴžǳԷļǣֺ˲١ǳԷҪܵܺҫۣǹˡ
ϳɡΩЦ˵ʱɩӿ֪Ὺҹƴҫ϶ҪƵġ
ڳϣׯεȻҫúֻܽһԿŴķ羰
ԷľƵ꣬ѾǰҪߵӡΩͽ̧ͷ˵Ӵô͵ˣ绹һء
Ǿ͵Űɡڶ뷿ǳźкǼǡ

ǵ۾ض⣬ׯεȻҫ߽ʱ򣬼ǵ΢΢ЩɫׯεȻҫ֡
ҧû˵ׯεȻЦŶԼǵͷǣҵİˣҫ
ҫǼڵӣ֮ǰ˵ڼڼʱͺʶǡ
վҫɫࡣ


301 
ãҫǼҧгݵ˵εȻ˵ҲǾǰɣǸ̾Ӧúæɣչ˺εȻ𣿡
ҫЦ˵ллϱĹϵҪչ˲ϱҲһ𣿡
ϱ˵®ʱһֱллˣҫֺͼ֣˰нϾֲš
ԱЦ˵˰ˣǼѣһ
Ωţǣɵ㣬ôŵ
ҲԱߴŹ˵ǴҶһҪôŵģã
ׯεȻ򼾰ǣʲô˼ҪǲҺϹԷҾͺϹȥԡ
ɿ֣ǳ鴤һ¡ⶼϹˣҪܹ׵Ļ˵ׯεȻھǽϹһ˵εȻ
û˼
𣿡ׯεȻһҫϾ
ǺܼҫǰׯεȻǰ˵ģڼﳳ֡ǵ֮˭ҪǸ˵ׯεȻһϺͱbattleڲͬˡ˵ҫǱׯεȻbattle
ûСڨЦ˵°ɡ
һһϷģׯεȻҫһҲûʲôرֵĶǳ˵һܺȰɣ
ΩҪ˵šһ£æ졣
ҫׯεȻ˵ϱܺȾ𣿡
ԡׯεȻͷҫš
һͷ۵òУ˶ӣе޷ĸо
ܺһ㣬ǲܺȶˡҫЦ˵ȶˣϱʰҡ
Ц˵õɡ
˵ţ߽Ӵ˰
硣ׯεȻЦк棬ҫ
˵ҫ˵ⲻǺܺεȻϲ㰡
áҫׯεȻһ
Ǻܲˬа磬Ϊʲôֱӽ֡
ûΪʲôׯεȻ䵭˵ŻǳĬҲû˵
ҫЦ˵Ǹ磬ϱƢе㲻̫ãݡ
ұһʼˣķ⡣ׯεȻҫҸģǼʡûǼʣΪʲôׯεȻһĲһͨǲôĻׯεȻȥ˹֮ǰܺһ
ǶѾ̸ˣ϶Ҹۣһֱǰ;·ͨˣׯεȻЩʲôǺׯεȻһӣеһУԸġ
ûׯεȻûһĿԣׯεȻѾҫڿҫǰôᡣûмôǷ⣬ļһ
ûҫźׯεȻ׵ʱ򣬾ܺׯεȻһ
ׯεȻ˵ˣ¶ĸׯεȻףҪׯεȻһӣ˺ܾúܾõʱ䣬ׯεȻҪġԭΪ׾ܹ˳µһ֪һתׯεȻѾԶӰûи¡
ͷҲ뿪û뵽ׯεȻȻôҫһôҫô˳ۣûǰ۵ˣׯεȻϱѾˣׯεȻһ֮һķӣҪͰ˵顭ͬҲ˵춼ס
̧ͷͿׯεȻںҫӣͷû˵ʲô˵رܣﶼǽŵġһ޲ׯεȻҫ˦ϸҫòҫȷʵú˧ŨüۣЦЩմģڵϴһȥһɿˡ
ĬĬз̰ţֿȥɿ˲ĻӶòС
ֻҲҵׯεȻ˵ֻĬĬ˵ϼҲͺˡ֮ҫׯεȻС˵ŻüͷҪ˵ʲôԱߵļһѽסû˵
ڼ濴õܾ̫࣬ʵõܵĸĸҲǲ֪顣ĸ˵϶ͬġׯεȻҲǿųõĺӣʲôƷġǼһֱ˵ҲׯεȻһ𣬺ׯεȻһʱľͷ޲ðõĶׯεȻƫƫװһںׯεȻģرϲׯεȻ졣
˰ֽȣ綼Ҫһġƫƫǣ·ɱҫ˵һϲׯεȻֱ֮ӾͱףûôࡣǱׯεȻȷľܾҲƵģׯεȻûκεĸı䡣
ǰׯεȻˣܵܣСͺׯεȻʶ˻÷ҪԸ尢̴ӹĶǸܾȫׯεȻˡҪ˵ׯεȻǴѧʿҵ֮󣬻ûȥ˹ٴѧǱ׵ĻׯεȻǲȥ˹ٴѧġǻֱ®ڻƼѧڵġ
ׯεȻصظǷŹȥ˵Ҫȥ˹ٴѧڣ֪ʲôʱ濴ׯεȻʾǿǵã˺ü͸˼˵˸һ·˳硣ü浱ҪἾһ٣֪ǵﵽʲôôϲׯεȻȴֺ¡
ҿڣºׯεȻһôƵġ
ҪǲϲҲͰˣôϲ˼ңֲڡׯεȻȥ˹ٴѧ֮󣬺üκ߶ȫׯεȻ֣ԼһеȫׯεȻ
ׯεȻˣǲ˵ŻֱׯεȻڿѧˣŤŤ󲻸ҿڡŶͨҪˡ˼ׯεȻƾʲôҪһֱϱͲ˭תˡοׯεȻôǴѧü㾯죬ƻüҪǰ;ۿɼҲܳΪ֧̾ӵ֧ӳпǾֳ
أ˺ׯεȻ÷֮⻹ǸʲôһС𣬹Ҳˡ˼ҫҲǿܰׯεȻΪׯεȻԸǰ;Ҫ
һŤŤǵˣһηһİŵˣɵӶ֪Ҫѡĸ
ҫЦ˵ͦæİɣ
ǡҫͷ֪ʲô˼ȥûмǶôĵ⡣Աû˵ǳĬ
ҳȥӸ绰ׯεȻҫЦú˶ɢһɥϢܾԽҸԽĵۡ뿪ᣬվȺ촽ͷ
ôˣΪʲôŪӡ
ǡΩļ򣬡
û¡̧ͷԺΩЦ˵вĵطˣôҿأҪǲȵ㣬˭ߡ
Ωص£ûڼ˵
켾Ҫҫƴơ


302 ƴ
㻹ǡһɡţ˵֪ﲻܣҲô˵ʵǣǶǴСһ𳤴ģϲ˭һܿġѾҫһˣҲˣûƭ㣬Ǻҫһ𡣡
¶ҲܹҶ˵˼ʾʾٴΣҪһ𡣡ǴСһ𳤴Ĺϵ˵Ǻܲ㵣ʲôְ⣬ܼܲ᲻Ϊǵ·һֱԥҿڡ
УְнˣҲͨˣЩûҪС˵˼ƾʲôҪԭص㡣Ҫһʱһֱԥԥ˵ϲ
ʲôԸѾˣô꣬һֱڸʾͰʾ˵Ǻϲ𣿡
֪ϲ㣬Ÿ޼ɵǣܾһֱ㣬ȵͨ졣ǣ˼Ϊʲô͵õȵͨ졣ôˣ˼û׷𣿷㲻𣿡
û⣬ܾ͸õ㣬ܾϲ㣬ġӣҪ㡣С˵ǲ˵㣬㱾һҵˡ
ѾҫˣҲˣģ϶ݲˡ
˵¾Ǹ㵱ͷһɣ֪ٺõĸҲôڣԺԵ˲Ҫ̫ࡣ
Ǵͷû˵ӻǺܲˡ
ǡΩ̾Ϣ˵治ֵܲ㣬û㣬ǾҪѾϲˣ㿴̬˰ɣϲѾˣûпԡԺҪԵˣҪôԥȥ
֪ˡһǽȥȾưɡ
У˼ҫ˼ҫʶ㣬Ҳ㡣ⲻûȤ𣿡
֪Ǵţһȿ޻ѿЦ˵ҶڣܾûôһεȻаˣװ
ׯεȻϴżǣҪ׻Ҫ˵ʲô
֮ηҾͶһưɡ˵ʱҫ٣ɵöһ㰡εȻô׷ģ׷ˣǲöȼУ
ҶԡҫЦ˵ֻҪҸˣҺȼû⡣
ǾͺáЦ˵Ͼϲˣȸǵơ
ûиׯεȻƣЦ˵εȻȾƣҪʲôϣ
ԡׯεȻЦ˵Ժ㻹ǽׯεȻׯڰɣεȻͦεġ
Ҷһ£ȥׯεȻı࣬ڿЦе䳡صһׯڣҪʲô
ԡׯεȻ˵
ҫׯεȻļ򣬡ˣ
ʲôׯεȻЩ죬ֻǲ̫ϲǽеôȶѡ
ȥܱŤׯεȻׯڣܹܡ˽εȻû£ǼǽεȻܾͦŤġ
ǲЦ˵ˣȺһɡ
һƱľƸȹ⣬£ΩС˵ǣô
ûпǻżǣʧ𣿻ǡ룬ͦġ
ҫĴȣǿ˵Ƿǳˡ
Ȳ֮󣬾ƹѲ
۾ĶׯεȻҫʶĽׯεȻЦŶԼ˵ʲô𣿡
ûСǿЦ˵ҫףεׯҸ֡
ллҫͷʼȾƣҲƸȹ⡣
ǺǹģֻҫȾơ
ҫ㵽ףͺΩм˻ûôȾƵġ
ߵߵߵű죬ׯεȻԶĽ˵ɩӣˣ
֪
ţվ⣬Ǯ¡
ףôˣûкȶپƣǿǮµʱЦ˵Ҳڰ
ڡǮСĿׯεȻС˵ǹõ㶫ġ
СǮôҲڡκĿǮ£Сӣң𣿡
Ǯ³żЦһ£Ǹ硣
ͷׯεȻ˵ʦ֣Ʒأ
㿴ˣҫҲʼκģ˸ղƴƲ֪˶ٱ˶еҫׯεȻļϣ۾
ǿҫĶ޵ҫأˣϽģȣ첻ǡǡ
Ǯµ΢΢鴤һ£Ǯºͼ˵ǸϽ°ɣˡ
ˡǮЦ˵Ҫȥһ˿ѧǺʦ˵ġ
˵֮Ǯºͼֱ뿪
ҫҪȾƣׯεȻ΢΢šüͷˣǣҪȻؼȣҫѾȲˣںȡ
һ£ǿͰ͵ĿׯεȻ㶼ۺá
ҡϱ϶ҰҫţһѽׯεȻڻׯϱֲϱΪʲôҪ㣿
Ͱ͵˵Żҫ˫۾ԺĿżǣû׷ϱϱˣԺ붼롣
ϱǲǡ
ׯεȻЦĿҫҫĶҫԴ˵ˣҲȵòˣȻȥɡ
Ϊ˱˴Ҫܣ˵ȻȥɣҴѰͻȥ
磬Сĵ㡣
įϣͷû˵
ϱҫƣе죬ɵЦűׯεȻ֡
ϣׯεȻļ˯ˡ
żǵĺ˵ǣȻؼҰɡ
ҡЦ˵мҡ
ˣٺ˼ˣúùǰͦûûε𣿡
硣ǲ˵˵ǲǣҰʾʾôΣʲôû֪ϲңҾһûСҡҿһҡ
ˡ̾ϢһôҲûãϲǲϲ
ûôɣԺôĥĥġԵ˾Ҫ֣򻹻ڵʱ򡣡żǣˣϽؼ˯ɣô࣬ȥĶѾȥˡôڶûãԭûкҩ

ڴϣҫ˯ú졣ɵЦׯεȻҡͷƲ˵ôûзҫһô
ô༡⣬ܲ𣿡ׯεȻЦ˵磬ȥ˯ɡ
Ӧʵ˯ˡų˯ȥҫҡͷռҲĺģôơ
硣ׯεȻŬŬ죬ȥ˯ɡ
緹𣿡
ҪʰͲ緹ˡ
ʰ㣬ʰ
ôׯεȻϽȥ˯
˵ҫǽһ㰡û˵껰ͱׯεȻƳţֱӽŷϡ
һ뿪ׯεȻſȥϴ
£ҫԾĽڻţٺ١
һûꣿׯεȻҫеЦĻһ¡


303 С
ҫѵú磬ȥϴһ£˻¥¿ֽԺ˻صĽţүү
ҫ˻ҫ˵˲پưɣ
ǡҫЦŵͷ
ռСӹȾơ˻Ц˵ռСȥ
үүҫæ˵û£û£ҾǺͼⲻ𡣡
Ŷ
үүȳȥܻᲽ
ҫʵ壬˻ͷҫԺôָܱߣҲʵҲܿʣǲ
Уȥɡ
ΩܲҫҲųܲҫˣ
ˡ
경ȥ緹أ
˯
ׯǲ緹ġ
𣿡ΩЦ˵ҫϰ߻ǺϤġ
ҫЦû˵ܲϤ𣿺ҵı˯һôõʱ䣬ʲôϰ
경ҫ緹ϴ˸衣صʱ򣬿ׯεȻڴϷȥı۾ʲôӡЦڴߣׯεȻĴȣĴϣģȥˣ
ׯεȻԵЩҫḲׯεȻԴϣȥһ壬˳ϴ˸衣ԭҫͺܽʵֳøߴһƯׯεȻ˸Ƿҿĳɹô
뿴
ҿ
ҫС˵Ҳܸ˭
١ׯεȻ۾ԺģҫǿɰĵͷׯεȻӣôˣ
ҪϮׯεȻҫſֱ۵ҫׯεȻ˸ׯεȻͲأǱȽݣÿ̫Եʣڰ칫о춼ڿԽڲǵк
ׯεȻͷǷǳŨܵģҫһѽ§סׯεȻЩ죬ׯڣϮҪúýС
ҫĸׯεȻߺ˵𣬾Ҫôң
أҫƽׯεȻ˫۾ȺУ·ҪׯεȻڻһ㡣
塭ׯεȻ§ҫĲӣҲǺ
𣿡ҫĶ˵ᾯ㺦ˡ

ҫסׯεȻ촽ڲšֱׯεȻĺ󱳣ׯεȻ֣ѾʼʵĶҫ֡
ôʵҪһ²С֮ҫᴭϢţׯεȻЦ˵СôԾ壬ôʰ㡣
˵ţһѽׯεȻ˵Ҫʰǰɣ
ҫ۾ׯεȻ§סĲ˵壬ôʰҡ
СҫϢ˵֪ôʰ㡣
ءׯεȻֱҫסĿԣ۾￴
һOO@@ҫ˵С𡭡
壬ŶԲԡ

ҫͷׯεȻë׵ĺף۾
õʱ䣬һѽׯεȻʰ㡣
塭
ԣղŲҪʰ𣿡
Ϲ
ϱԣϹʰϮĻ
ϱҫŲ̫ˡ
үүļûˣ˻Ѿȥ˺յļңڷ䣬ֱӵʱҫűׯεȻȥϴ衣
ׯεȻڶ֣ҫЦãС뱻ʰ𣿡
ׯεȻߺ˵Ҫǲңʰҡ
һ㣬ϴȥԷ
𡭡ҫҧгݵ˵Ǹ۲۵С
ϴ趼ҪˣׯεȻſҫĺϣ˵壬ұʰһ죬ö
֪ˣҫЦ˵ղŲͦ𣿡
ߺߣĸȶֵģׯεȻߺ˵ҲܣҺöۡ
ãȥԷȻ˯ðɡ
ׯεȻͷŵʱׯεȻѾ۵˯ˡΩ۾ˣ⡭Ҳ̫˰ɣϵڣ
ôˣ
˯ˡҫС˵磬Ҵׯȥ®ҵ㶫ԣϢˣںۡ
ǿǡΩҡͷˣҪư
ҫ˸æׯεȻϳׯεȻڸʻϡׯεȻϦ£ëһһģǺÿҫое⣬ŰȫϱѰȫϵá
ׯεȻͷСòУȥ
ȥ®ҳԵģʲô
Գ𣿡
ҫŸϣϳ֮˵һ죬ûԹأ
ׯεȻϣ˵ôˣ
ԣˣСĽϾʰ㡣
ѽѽ
֡ҫЦ˵ϱԣȥԶǶ𣿡
죬ׯεȻҫ˵ö
߰ɣȥʲôطԣ
ҶԡׯεȻ۾Ϲһ˯
ԣ˯˵طҽб

ׯεȻԺľ˯ˣҫڸʻ˯ŵׯεȻҸЦ⣬ʻԺӡѾһСʱ֮󣬼ǽҫԱߵׯεȻڸʻ˯
һ˵ٺɣû뵽ˡ
ٲƼݣ
Ҳö˵ɣǼ֮󣬵˵ׯȥ
Է
ǰߵĹ㳡¥һׯԵġ
лˣ١
ǿׯεȻһۣҫϣһʼ顣
㳡ʱҫҵλ֮ͣҡׯεȻļ˵
ׯεȻüģ۾֣Ҫҫ⿪ȫЦ˵㻹ϵŰȫء
ׯεȻƲ죬ҽ⿪
á
⿪ȫ֮ׯεȻ§ҫĻһ¡
ҫЦ˵߰ɣȥԷʱҲˡ
ʱׯεȻе棬ô֪ϲҲ
ղ·ʱٲƼݣ˵ġ
ŶׯεȻͷŲ˵š
ҫѯʵڻܶ𣿡
˵ءׯεȻ˵ܲ𣿱ʰһ졣
ҫһ˲ⶼʼȾ죬С˵СҪʰ𣿡
УҲҪʰҫ١
á
ҫͷḧׯεȻԴ𣿡
ˡׯεȻ˵ݸҫ𣿡
þСҫЦ˵ȥú˯ʹ
Ҫ
ϱһ㣬ߴ˶õʱ䡣ҫЦ˵ⲻǹ¾ͻؼ𣿻ؼ֮Ϲʹòã첻𣿡
УҾҪ
ҫׯεȻûа취ǸСҪٻԹʰ㡣
𣿡ׯεȻЦ˵Ҫʰҡ
㻹ͦǰɣҪʰˡҫׯεȻıǼС˵ԣؼ֮ﶼԡ


304 
극֮ׯεȻҫ˻صүүҡ
ʵ̫ˣϴ֮ڴϾѾ˯ˡׯεȻҲûʹֻҪ˯ûлʹ
õҫʱ򣬿ׯεȻŶׯεȻõͳ˻Ƶɤ˵ôôˣ
ҪȥѧׯεȻһʰŶһ˵ʲôʱߣ
ʮӵķɻվҫׯεȻھȥ𣿡
ׯεȻͷ˵ǷСͻ飬ұԲȥģҾûڳȽϺá
ҫӦһǵúúóԷúϢ̫ˡ
Ϲû¸㷢Ƶ㡣
أׯεȻʵԷǰɣ
ˡҫС˵ϱҳԣҾͲˣڶʳóԷҪʳûСҾͶ

ԣСϹؼءҫЦ˵С
˿ʼǣ˺һҫС˵뱻ʰ
һ㡣
ߺߡׯεȻҫһۣˣ٣һǿôʰ㡣
áҫЦú⣬ڹâ£ΪáׯεȻЩ۾˺óһʱ䣬Żع
ϹׯεȻҫĻһ£ҫׯεȻ˺ܳһʱ䣬˵ϱԣϽȥϰࡣ
áһͷ¥£ʯڵׯڡ
ʯЦ˵᲻١
ׯεȻ򿪳ţλϣϵðȫ֮ϱ۾Ϣ
ʯС˵ׯڣѾʼ飬ǵѧаСʱңǮڵ˼ǣҪҪ
ȵҲáׯεȻüͷ˵һø˵һ
ʯСĿׯεȻɫ˵ׯڣһҲ֪ӦӦø˵
˵ɡׯεȻɫһ˿࣬ȫûкҫһʱִſĺͿ֣һƵĸо飬ʯЩ̫ϰߡ
⼸쿴ׯεȻҫһʱ򣬶رճţׯεȻֱ飬ǰķʵ̫ˡ
ġʯ˵ǮںͼǱ߳ƣķ̫ܲù
ŶׯεȻЦ˵Ϊҵķ̫뻯Ե𣿡
ǡʯͷһ£ׯҡûи˵ɣ
£Ǯǰ͸˵˵ׯεȻķܺͨҫ®ʯţֵôҶ죬ǵҫ뿪֮˵⡣⼸Ҳû˸ׯ˵飬ׯô֪ģ
ʯһŵı飬ׯεȻЦ˵𣿡
⡭ʯͷȷʵе⣬˵ʵû뵽ׯô֪ġ
ģҶڷϤҿ϶Ҳ֪Ϊʲô÷ˡ
ʯݣׯεȻʯı֪϶ʲôҪ˵ʯ˵ɣʲôôݣ
ׯڣһǲס
ׯεȻ˸ƣʯ˵ǲΪʲô֪е̫벻ͨҪôǰɣ
ǡʯͷ˵ׯȷʵףûŪôġ
ܼ򵥡ׯεȻ˵ʵϣҾüȻµĶȻҪ˵
ǣ˵ѡ
Ǻѣ졣ׯεȻĿʯһ£ׯ˵飬ѣƵġ
Ǳ빥ѹأʵĻԽԽѡŵģʯҲҼ˵֪ׯڿ϶˼ʲô顣СĿųѧѾʯͣ³֮󣬶ׯεȻ˵ׯڣǮڻҵ
ׯεȻʰһ¶Ӧֻ飬ҫҸҪϷɻӦܳ
ͣһ£ҫǵ֮󣬴ҳǵңƽ֮һϢܳһʱ䣬ܲ뿪ѧһ˵
пȥĵط
ׯεȻЦ˵Ҫȥһ˹ƴɡ
ʯû˵ֻǳĬĿǰ³ׯεȻ֤߽ʵ¥ҵʱȻλڶڳ̣ΪζЩеԵʣ΢΢üͷ
СׯЦ˵Сׯ°ɡ
СׯڡԱһλڿׯεȻ֮æ˵һǺ⣬ķܹϸĽһ𣿡
ĲֺģͣԼĲ֡λü˵ׯڣܶණۻģӦ֪İɣ
ġׯεȻЦ˵ô֪ܲ
ȻҶҪ˵һЩ⣬ھ˵һ·ƫ΢ַ̰ɡ
ׯεȻűʿʼںڰдš

=-xΪʹʽ(3)еÿһڦ  ΢֣Ҫϵ

ˡ0ʱǷ̦=0
-x=0
Ϊ(xt)=a(t)ex

=-x
-x=x3-3k(x-1)t2
Ϊ
(xt)=a(t)ex x3-3k(x-1)t2
1
ׯεȻʷ֮Ц˵֪Ǻܶ˶ͬڷƫ΢ַҲ©Ǿ̫
ûǮ̾Ϣһ˵Сׯڣʵе֣֪ҵ˼
֪ׯεȻЦ˵ʵҲе֣ʵϾˡҪľǽеá
ãܹһ˵ʵҲ̫ûʵ飬Һʼʱ򣬳ĵطж١˵ʱׯεȻˣҾãȻǷһҪʵһҪǿԿƷΧ֮ڵġ
Сׯڡһλڳ˵Ȳ˵⣬ע⿴Ϳϣ˼ѧ԰ɣ
ǡׯεȻЦ˵ѧڲſʼûжõʱ䡣
ǾˣׯڣҲ֪ѧһ˵ģûùѧƣȷأ
ǿ֤ͨͼԵóǷġ
̫ʱˡλ̣ׯεȻ˵ׯڣ㻹ûŪķǳãԵĸеǣûа취ôõķʵϣķ˵ú㣬̫пƻøС˵㣬췽ҹ̷ûôʱ㷽ϵݡ
СׯڣǼ˽º˵ûзŵ̨ϡҪǷŵ̨ϣҪֻࡣλڴſЦ˵ķ˵ʵȷʵһûκʵͽܹķ̫뻯
ׯεȻЦеĿȺڣǳüչģȥЩǡЦׯεȻ˵ʵҾһᱻԣܹȽģҳɹģĻôҵķͳɹһ룬𣿡
û˵Ҿĵġ


305 ɢ
ׯεȻٴοˣͳ˵һǶҵķкܴ𣿡
Сׯ°ɡǮڻӻ֣ʾׯεȻ˵
ׯεȻϣĿһһӹеˣɻһüչģ֮ǰأգҪ̡
ƿţ˵λڣʵǱ߽컹Ҫ𣿡
ȲáׯεȻᣬĻԵúǴ̶
һ£ƫͷǮڡ
ǮͷͬׯεȻȲüʵ顣С˳ңҲܹоʱҵգ´ʲôԼΪһˡŵ˳ңŸϡ
һԱпоԱǣС˵ղׯڷ⼸첻оǻҪ⡣
ǡͣһ£ȥϢҪţҲҪкڻ鲻رãǱȥǵùͷ
İɡоԱС˵ʱҲɵӣȥϰǵùͷ
磬ׯڵķô𣿡
ǲ⡣Ҫ˵ʲôֻҡͷ˵ˣ鲻ǹʣҪʣȥϢɡ
鷳ˡоԱ뿪վ⣬ʯʱʯкţʯҲˡ
һſţôͽдҵĻᡣ
Ц˵ڿѧûдͽɣ
ǿ˵ʯ仰еĪ̵֪ʵĲҪʡ
վ⣬ʯһֱ컨壬վòԶҲеţղķΧ˵ʵЩ졣СĶʯ˵ʯƽʱׯڶ𣿡
ʯתͷЦҪׯԺʿ飿

붮ʯдһ־ܾ;ζͷ֪ʯ϶һֻǸȷ˵ʯׯڵ汣ڡ
ղǾ仰ʵıʡ
Уǻڳ̡
ׯεȻҲû˵ЩƯڵȺʲôƵġһλ˵ׯڣ˵ʵɡҪʵϣҾе㲻̫ɿ治ͨķ
ǿɲһׯεȻ˵ôҶҪԣԶֱӷǲ̫Ƿһ㣿ıȹô𣿡
ׯڡλ˵֪Ҳ˼
Ҳ֪Ҳָ㡣ׯεȻ˵λڣҪȫµսҪ͵ƥеġҺ֮ǰ͸߹ǣǵս˼·Ǻҷϵ˼·һֻǱҴȥڻûгѣǳܹ߳ġ
ǲɵӣֻǱҵСϷƭ˶ѡôѧңһֱ˳ҵ˼·߽ͬûа취ϵ⣬ѺƥСׯεȻĻдźкܶѧңҲвٵѧңΪʲôһͱȲԷ
һλ˵ڲ⣬ׯڡ
֪ķȫļҺϲһҲ겻㷽ϵĶǸղѾ˵ˣķʵ̫ǰĿǰĹҵ֧Ųġ
ׯεȻ˵ΪʲôǵĹҵ֧ŲģǵĹҵȱСҼǵûȫҵĹҰɣ
ǡյҪԼܶı׼ʵǻûдﵽҵı׼
Ǿʹﵽ
ׯڣⲻ˵ܹﵽܹﵽģû漰ʵ̫࣬ܶȻﵽҵˮƽ
ǳãɲͬġ
Сׯڳ˵ʵҲͬΪ漰̫࣬ܶණ㲻˽ġ
Ǯͷ˵Сׯ㻹кܶණҪѧϰΪڲ̫ʺܸ˵Ŀ
ׯεȻɻЦеģ֪Ⱥڶûж⣬ֻڷϵ硣ڱ¶˵ʲô֮Ĵж⣬ֱӦ顣
֪λڲ̫ҵķ˵ҵķڸǲеġ
ǣҾλںôҪһɡ
Сׯϣǲǲᣬʱ֤ȷģǵʱܽȣأǸûʱȥ֤
ڷϵණرĳǰһ֡췽ҹ̷ĸо
Сׯɣܹȡ˵֧֣ǿԵȻҲ˵ʲôǮڳ˵һ͵Ļ飬ķ⣬ܹ˵ˣЩʦ֮ģ޻˵ģǱȽϷġ
Ǯڳ˵˵ǶѾ˵ˣСׯҲӦ֪ǲ㡣
ҵȻλҲûҵıҪ¡ׯεȻͣһ£һǼҵķ
˵öԣҴҪڴͻϣȡ˵ֲ֧С
Ǯҡͷ˵СׯҸһ£Ҫȡ˵ֿ֧ɲһ׵飬кܶ˶ǾϹʦˡԵľЩˣҪõǵ֧֣ҿ
ô֪һأׯεȻЦ˵һǾҵأ
ׯԺʿһλ̾Ϣ˵ôҲǿѧԺԺʿˡˣȻҲ˵
ãλڣʱͣ¹֮ĴͻΣ
áǮһôǹĴͻ
ׯεȻЦ˵лλڶҵ㡣
뿪ңţԱߵʯǰЦ˵ׯڳˣ
ʯ߰ɡׯεȻ뿪ҵʱͷׯεȻҲû˵ֱӺʯ뿪λɻţׯڵ᰸Ƕܽǰɣ
Ǯȿ˵˵أ
Ǿûа취һλҡͷ˵ܹ˵ˣǾ͸һΣ
˵ʱλڵһЩʵϣҺţׯڵ
Ҳţ֮ķû֮һ˵ʱλվ˵ʵϣ⣬ʵֻׯģǺׯڵ뷨
ҳϣׯѧѧϣԶԶǣѾﵽȫλãܶνĶרҺׯڱҲ㲻ʲôӦѧѧϣҾǱׯڸзȨλͣһ£ô˵ûдɣ
û˷Ҳׯˣ£Զҹͬ
üģϣҷǳСׯҲ֪СׯõѧǴ˵ҺСׯΪʲôôһǸңûκεĿԡ
뿪ʵ¥ʯׯεȻһɵģѯʵׯڣ˵Ǽλˣ


306 ѧ
źׯεȻЦ˵ûܹ˵ǼλڣǶҵķô˵أǾҵķô˵ȫ̷ҵķ
⡭ʯһ£ׯڣ׼ô죿
컹и͵Ļ飬۷⣬һ˵ˡȻ⼸λǷҵġׯεȻЦ˵֪ǲңֻǾװˡ
ǣһҪԡׯεȻ˵һɹأ˭ܹ֤һɹ
ǡʯ򿪳ţׯڵķǿܻʧܵģ
ûһׯεȻ˵ȻҪǰǾͱȻкܸߵļʧܡдûһλĳɹеĳɼǴεʧۻġһڲߣԺߵøӼѡ
üģׯεȻ̾Ϣ˵λЩˣƫڱء
һᣬҪԡׯεȻ۾һһģͺеķһ㣬ҫ貵ĹâЩ飬ȥһԣܾûʧܣǳܹ֮õҵ򡣡
һع֮󣬵һҪĿҺˣ˸ĿҲִ͵ĿĿЦҲûбҪ
ţʯׯεȻɫࡢ棬ҪҲҪ֤ҵļֵ
˵ʱׯεȻͣһ£Ц˵Ǻλܾкܶ⣬ҲǲҰɣǿܸûܻɹңǴҲǲôڣҪһ㡣
ҵ뷨ǲһһȽԵʡ
ʯţׯǱȽᣬûмׯڻҪĽڡ˵ʵׯڴᣬҲӵĽû֮һϿ˵һĴڣټׯڽдѵʱУ˾ûͦµġ֪λлоٶ֮˶ԣׯڽ󶼻ǻĽ֮һ
Ѿѧѧ⣬ʼ漰ӦѧӦѧĲ֣ľԽԽ࣬ôǲǾͿԸĶ˲ţûĿƼķչ
ҪһԣԤԼڲԣҲҪߵһʵ϶ǻܵӵģׯˣ޵ķʸ϶֪ʲô˵ʲô뵽ʱʯ˵ׯڣԺ쵼ͨһ£
ׯεȻҡͷ˵ˣȿɣҿж޳ɣ˷ԡ
ʯûм˵ֻǿų
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ٻ˵úóԷú˯˯̫ҹ
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߰ɡׯεȻЦ⣬ҴؼҺƵ
ʯЦû˵ׯڻǺٵġٶׯȷʵǳã˭ܹٷǳϲׯڣϲѾ޷ԱһЩ֫嶯϶ܿ

ص֮ҫؼϴ˸裬Ͼȥӿʼ顣
СҹæӳҲ˼Ϻׯڴһ𣬻ǵúһæСص칫ңС¼æܽţСѯʵӣôμׯڵүү˳𣿡
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ӰࣿׯεȻƵǱһ£ҫһһ˵֮ǰȥ®鶼ӸǣҺôҲǸжӳҪģЩҵС
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УǼ졣ת뿪ҫˣҪбҲøϳ
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Ϊʲô⣬ǾķǲеģڷԣҾҵķͦõģ˫Ҳǳˡֻ⵽ǵһ·ԡ
ҫʼӴֽţͣһ£̧ͷĻϵׯεȻ˵ϱ׼ô죿
ʲôô죿ׯεȻ˵ô죬£ôô졣
ϱҫ̾Ϣ˵ǱƢȺڶܣǲͬ𣿡
ѧϵķǲܵ͵ġׯεȻ˵ѹǵķѹҵķûа취顣ΪоķͲһƫڱأҡҲ˵֪վҪһġߣùԺߡԺǲѣǸѧƸտʼ𲽣ǻлվƸߵϣпܿƶѧƵĹҲΪʲôǡҪȵһѧƳ֮ȥо
ʲôѧƣ
ѧComputational Materials ScienceǲϿѧѧĽѧƣһڿٷչѧƣǹڲɡṹܡܵļģƵѧƣǲϿѧоġʵ顱漰ϡѧѧȶѧơ١
ׯεȻ˵ѧƻûг죬ſʼչģǰǳصڼѧݣǾѧƻ죬Ͳá
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ׯεȻ죬ЩĹĵģׯεȻϱԡ
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ҲôġׯεȻЦ˵ڲ֪Ӧô˵ѧƣкܶ˶ĹʦѧУִûнӴӦѧӦѧˣһֱѧǹƺҵĻҵķʵϳɹǳɹһ롣
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ǰôûзҫôͿأΪûҫԭׯεȻ˺һʱ䣬ЦҡͷǰȥˡǰҲʵҫȼǳúÿһЩ˵ȼǸߣȻģϡǼǣȻȥЩﻹвٵľʡ
ҫͼȫͬͣϲеˣҫм飬ǸͷһѪ졣
ôȥˣɻѪ뵽ʱׯεȻЩЦԺ󼴱ǿϣҫüѪȥԭͺŰҫ󻹲֪ö˺޵
ҲãϲеļǣϲҫһǻѪˡ
¸ֱʣҫЦ˵׼ȥԷ
ֻҫվػԷ𣿡
ҴȥԡׯεȻŵԣڿأһʱҲ߲
֮ȥԷҫɫ˵ȥ֪𣿡
Ϲ
ҫӦһֺǺǵ˵ʲô飿
˼Ҫô˵ׯεȻͷ۵ľ飬󾿾ж˷
ϣ۾ׯεȻü˵ںûţҿɲԻǡ
ҫɻЦţģ°
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ͣһ£ׯεȻ˵һɣ鲻̫˵
رǼѧһѧƣǺܶ˻ѧƣһʱҲҲҪĿΪѧı־Գɾ͡ׯεȻõʱ䣬һȡǸ˵
ϱҫЦ˵ˡ
ߺߣϱܲ𣿡ׯεȻҫ˵ϽȥԷ
á
ҵ绰֮ҫǰʳóԷׯεȻŵĻ


307 ʼ
ӴҫԷ̾кҫЦ˵˵ȥϱүүˣô
ͦõġҫ߽ʳã̾˵ɣ
ǰҫϴҸЦ⣬ˡ
Сӣˣôڶջؼҵϱˡ̾ҫļ˵ˣ˵ϾҪˡ
ҫͷ̾С˵ȥ
ҹȥҫһ£úúõģҪȥ
Ҳǡ̾˵Ҳ
ˡһ̾߹ҫʲôʱϯ¶ٲֵǰ
ԡպҫ˵Ǹ̾ǣʲôʱϯɲֵǰôҫôԵˣôҲһ°ɣ
ҫЦЩΣҲǲϯ⻹ǵÿׯڵ뷨ׯͬ⣬Һʱ͸ǷׯҪǲ죬ǻ˰ɡ
Сӣڶ޹ˡ̾˵Цţˣ˵ˣǵˡ
ɡ뿪ҫҡͷС¼æ߹˵ӣҵ١
ôˣ
ҡСɫЩ죬ŮѺֱŤأⲻøϽȥ𣿡
ȥɡҫ˻֣Сһ̾ܲˡ극ҫׯεȻͨƵǱߵׯεȻƺҲǸպó극

ҫЦŽׯεȻһׯεȻ˼ɫ˵أ
ǸղŸ˵顣ׯεȻüģһûܹͨü롣
ɡֻһԣҫóļ¡ׯεȻҫ˵ҫǲʲôҪ˵ֲ˵
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顣ƿžҫ˵仰ҵ죬ҫûп㾹Ȼô飬˵ôĻ㶼Ǹ˭ѧİ
ҫ̧ͷ˵磬Ϊʲô飿
ҲûʲôﻹļУŵǸļ
Ҹսʱ˵ϯǰɣ
׼ô죿·Ц˵ֵܰⶼҪǵġ
ҡҫǺ롣
ɣ롣Цһҫļת뿪һƬƲʡ
ֱ뿪֮ҫ飬ׯεȻЦ˵ҸƭģҪôôġ
ϱá
ҫ¶õЦ⣬ׯεȻЦһû˵ҫЦ̫ã˵ˣ߻е飬Ͳ˵ˡ㲻ҲҪæ𣿡
ϱҫæֻׯεȻ˵ǵúúϢҹ
Ҳǡ
ׯεȻҵ绰֮ҡҡͷӦβܹڵƺЩ̫ý
Ҫ˵ôˣʵ̫ˡ˽⣬ܶ˸Ͳ޳ھüѧѧƣճûжõʱ䣬ڷչУȻͷͣǳɹûж٣ٴϿûκγɹġ
Ӧʵֲ˵ġ
ҡҡͷׯεȻ˸ҫ϶ûʱҲкܶҪҪ㶨ľǹڼĻ顣

峿ʯŶׯεȻ˵ׯڣӦÿȥѧˡ
ӣׯεȻſһʯѯʵǼˣ
ϰ˵ѧŵʱдᣬʵ¥
áׯεȻţһʽװ˵߰ɣԱȫˣ
ȫˣֵĴͷ˺ϹʦϼʦȵȣǶεĻ顣
ߵǰʯׯεȻȥ۾УӳׯεȻɫǵεĻʮþƵģʯڼʻЦ˵ׯڣεĻӦ÷ǳİɣ
ģׯεȻЦ˵һĶûУ˵ʵ
ͣһ˵ҲεĻûģԺܲܽѧõĿϡҶԵе㡣վҪⲽģʧҲԺʧúãЩʧܣЩܹԭ򣬽ⷽ棬ǻܹﵽȫ򶥼ˮƽ
ʯû˵ųǰѧ
Ŀѧ˵ޱ֣ϵˣѧԺԺʿвٵѧͷ˺͹ʦȵȶѧʵ¥ĴеȴׯεȻĵΪĿҪˣѾׯεȻķ˵ʵ˶ǲͬķ
򵥸ǣ̫棡
һǴûӦʵ뵱ȻĽеݱôⲻѧϷֻҪݱ죬߼պϾܹΪ۵ѧϷҪ˵ںͺˮܹĿ
ׯεȻҪ˲٣ĿֻҪׯεȻ´󼪡ĿҪõʵ̫ˣΪҪĸ˺ܶ෽涼ҪĴͷˡһҪȺȺĿ⣬һддܹɵ顣
û˲ׯεȻѧѧϵ츳͵λǶȻ˶ׯεȻ̫ܲʺҪ˵λá
ļʵ鵽ѧׯεȻӲǰݣҪµоʽ
ǺܿׯεȻʵ龫񣬲ҿׯεȻԵҪİķĿʵ飬Ǹû˸ô죬ʵﶼ
ҪôׯεȻЭҪôׯεȻٵĿܸˡ
ûеֽ
յСţ󲿷ֵ˶Ѿңȫѧͷ˺ͲԼҵĴûе˶Ѿ
ȲӵĴͻѧԺĴʱ򣬵Ǽλѧͷˣҷǳܹɼˣͺһѧˡ
һﵽׯεȻѧԺĴվׯεȻ˵ׯԺʿ
áׯεȻЦţλϣڻԿʼ˰ɣ
ȻׯѾôͿʼɡ鿪ʼû˵
ĿͶׯεȻڹ۲ı顣


308 ģ
ׯεȻɫģ˵ʵ󲿷ֵ˶²͸ׯεȻ뷨ʲô
λϣԺĴǰ˵ãȻ˶Ѿ룬ôǵĻʽʼǵܼ򵥣ǹׯڵ⡣
ԣҲҪκε¡
Ǯվ˵˵˵ǸĲְɡ
ׯڵʵĹǳãѧģͶ÷ǳãǱҪϣûڷƫ΢̷ַܹԽׯڡǮ˵ʱͣһ£ǣʵϼʵǷǳͬģׯ˳һЩԻδõʵϵݡ˵ʵǽܲ˵ġ
УڼѧĲҲһۣҺѽܣйصķһϣѧⷽרҸҳֻ˵ķͼķ档ɷϣׯεȻرãҲرȻ޷ɣһ֮ڶ޷ɵģҲ֪ôʲôطׯڿԸ𣿡
Ǯ֮󣬼վ˵һ㣬ԭӦǲsart-allarasģͣׯڲõrng k-eģͣ߷ģ͡˵ʵ̫ӣκһпʵѪ֮ġ
ҵȻ֪sart-allarasģͻrng k-eģͻӺһЩʵϣҪrng k-eģͲһøãŻͲɿء
ׯڡԺĴׯεȻЦ˵λڵɣʲôҪ˵𣿡
ׯεȻվҲգº͵Ц˵Ҹ˷ǳλڵķŭ˵λΪʲôͬҡ
ʵϣ˶Ӧ֪ڵģӦǲsart-allarasģͣҪǽwall-boundedѾʾܺõЧ͸ƽееӦҲӹ㷺ģbosesqƽճȡsart-allarasģԼ򵥵ĵģֻͣճԵ˷̣Ҫ⵱ؼвȵĳȳ߶ȣûпǳȳ߶ȵı仯һЩ߶ȱ任Ƚϴⲻ̫ʺϣƽ⣬бӰͻȻ仯ɼ߶ȱ仯Ե⡣sart-allarasģе˱ڽڴݶҪk-eеСʹøģͶֲڴֵ̫Сsart-allarasģͲܶ϶еĸӵĹ塣粻ȥԤ˥ˣͬ1
ѡ k-eģ͸ӸĽһЩrng k-eģ͡ׯεȻ˵rng k-eģԴϸͳƼͱ׼k-eģͺƣ¸Ľ1rngģeмһЧĸ˾ȡ2ǵУⷽľȡ3rngΪrandtlṩһʽȻ׼k-eģʹõûṩĳ4׼k-eģһָŵģͣrngṩһǵŵճԵĽʽЩʽȡȷĶԴЩصʹrng k-eģͱȱ׼k-eģڸ㷺иߵĿŶȺ;ȡ2
λʲôɻ𣿡
ܺáǮףޱ˵ׯѡrng k-eģ޻˵ɻҪѡsart-allarasģ͡
ׯεȻ΢΢һЦΪʲôģһأ
ᵢٵʱ䣬ôsart-allarasģвͨأ
ǮԵ˵ׯھrng k-eģһܹеͨ𣿡
ȷׯεȻЦ˵Ҹ˽ģһͬⷽҵķҲ˵úҿϸ
Ǯû˵Ա߳˵ׯڣûʱ⣿
ҾʱܺýҪĲҪץʱ䣬ҪĿҪƾǻôʽʱ䣬ƾҾĿûбҪеġǸ˵ôֱӡ
ׯԺʿӵ˳˵оûŪҪһ£зҪõʱ䣬ԤƻҪͶٵʽЩҪյģģǲܴǵۡ
굽ڡ
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ɡ
ׯԺʿеºˡ
ô̵ʱ䣿
зҪõʱձߣпҪʮʱ䡣ׯεȻͻȻ˵ʱ˶סˣôܣôһĿ޵Уʱɣô㶼ǲɵ顣
ׯڣЦһҲЦȻӷҲׯεȻô꣬ǺĳϣׯεȻЦ
λΪѧ̻ʵˣĳϿЦǻúܶġ
ҲڿЦׯεȻ˵Ҷûע⵽ҷһҳеʱ͹̣Ԥ굽Ŀ
ڼѧĲ֣֪ⷽܶ飬ûйϵׯεȻճһ˿ЦݣһǸ飬ѧĲѧרҲͬ⣬԰ķȥǿ˭ͺˣ
ׯڡӷ˵ǽҾһΪ˸һ飬ǸռɽΪġ
ׯô൱ĿԽ𣿡
ׯεȻҡͷ˵ҲҪ̫ˣֻоĲҪ˽о̵Ĳ֣û˻˽й̰ɣ
涼ͬʱɹʵϹ̷ĽȻϲ١
ɡׯεȻ˵˫ͬʱɹsart-allarasģ͵ĳɹΣ
ȷ
ȷׯεȻ˵֪ҽ϶˵κˣrng k-eģͻǼѧв˷ԣҽûд˵κˡǲҪǣһǱҪߵģڲߣԺ»ߵøӵļѣһʧܣεʧֻҪһγɹεĳɹܹɳΪ
Ҳڵѡ񡣡
û˵ʵĶׯεȻ˵úܶԣûа취Ϊ˱ҪȶһЩׯεȻķ̫δ֪̫׽Ķ
ׯڣŻҪʱܸˣȻ˫ѡͬʵҪһ¡
û⡣ׯεȻЦ˵֮󣬿ж˸һʵɡ
ԺЦû˵ӵ˻ھ⡣
һûʲôĵط
㿴ңҿ㣬ҡͷ˵ʵҲ֪Ӧ˵ʲôá
ҪⶼˣȻֽķʽеΣôѾˡû˵ĬĬؿׯεȻ
ãȻҶûʲôҪ˵ġԺĴ˵ôɢᣬʵҵĹԱȥСҿСᡣ
ׯԺʿӷ˽סׯεȻ
𣿡ׯεȻתЦš
ղ˵֮ڸ֮ڳģͻǣ
սׯεȻЦ˵λ٣ģһʧġ
˵꣬ׯεȻת뿪λ˵ׯԺʿڿЦǣ
СͻңʵҵԱڡû˵ƿţׯεȻֱ˵˵Ǯڣֱ˵ǣ
ֱ˵ɡǮڳ˵ֻģ͵⡣


309 ʲô
ģǼλģЩˡ
ǮҪѡsart-allarasģͣҪѡrng k-eģ͡ׯεȻͣһ£ҪоĸģͣĸڵҪֱѡͺá
Ȼô˵㿴ңҿ㣬û˵
λڶԲͬѧУģΪͨоԱ񲻹ǸλڶһߵĴСһĽڣһֻׯڡׯѧĵλȻضᣬΪׯڵļλںЩֵ
ڳһ֧̣ȼ˵Ҫѹֻѧоϵķͬд֮鷢Ҫѡ˭;ѡ˭
ܼô˵û˸ѡ
ǺúɡǮڳ˵ǼλڽͲѡô˵ɣѡsart-allarasģ͵ģ컹ǵԭʵϰࡣѡrng k-eģ͵ģȥ¥ʵϰࡣ
ɡ˵ǮŶ뿪ׯεȻЦ˵ҵӴ
뿪֮󣬼ڻǾúɻ˵ʵǲ̫ΪʲôׯεȻһҪǱۣǽͨġ֮ǰׯεȻܶεʵ飬ׯεȻҲѡsart-allarasģͣ rng k-eģ͡
첽ǰׯεȻ˵СׯΪʲôһҪѡ rng k-eģ͡
ڡׯεȻЦ˵Ϊʲôѡ rng k-eģҸղѾҸΪ rng k-eģ͸ʺڵĿͿ⣬֪Ҫ˵ǰԼ嫺ʵҵʱѡsart-allarasģ͡˵ʵǰЩĿѡsart-allarasģͣڵĿѡrng k-eģ͸Ӻʣsart-allarasģ͵ļȽϵһѡ߷ģͣҸѡrng k-eģ͡
ȻԲͬҵĹ۵㣬߷ģ͸ͲׯεȻЦ˵ҾҪԣʲôأ
Сׯ߷ģͻ᲻̫ѣ㣬Ҳһʲôʱ
з綴ȵȡڳ˵ҪŪþһ
һעġׯεȻͷ˵ô׽ύȥ֮ύȥ
֪϶ȰסׯεȻ̾Ϣһû˵ֻҡͷ
ȼ뿪֮ʯЦ˵ׯڰˣ
ǽˣֻʱԵĽһЩѡܲܳɹҲ̫ȷׯεȻҡͷ˵ˣһһɡ
ȥ
ȥׯεȻЦ˵쿪ʼҪͶоȻھҪȥϢòС
ʯûڼ˵򿪳ŽׯεȻͻشԺ
ص䣬ׯεȻûϢʼģ͡
ģҪкܶҪĶеۣ̫Եʣ̾Ϣһ֮üģűʼš
дţдšɫͣ±ʣʯ˵ׯڣóԷˡ
еıʣվڴ̨ԶԵҫԵúǺÿƺѾԼԼͿ쵽
ڲſʼҪȫģƵõȵɡһ˺ɣҪٵЩоԱٶûô죬ƹ궼һܹҫݼҪ®ˡ뵽ʱЦһ£ʱܹ⿪n-ṣôȻֵһսǱսҪ͵ս׾ٵͨ⿪n-sʵģͷӭж⡣
ҪһȻûôྫȥ⡣
Գ߷ģ͵ʱ򣬽⿪n-ṣ
ڻһٶûн⿪ܹķȫ⿪Ļǿɾͺˡ
ţʯվŶŽɡ
ׯڣỹҪо𣿡
ǡ
ҿ֮ʯóֻݸׯεȻٸ׵Ĳɷá
ԵӢۣׯεȻЦ˵ȮԵӢۣ㾯졣
һ£һˮǿ־ҫӵġ˳Ѻһ£ֻʯЦ˵ʯ˼걾Ҫлģû뵽ܽǻزˡ
ûϵʯЦ˵ׯҵְ𡣡
ׯεȻЦһû˵극֮оţӦһЩڷƫ΢̷ַݣarxivƫ΢ַ̣ĽȻ϶ϴarxivݣ΢Щ졣
û뵽ͷѷ֮⼸ûκõģ˹صarxivׯεȻǼƫ΢ַ̡
峿ǲã·ݵ΢ЩȡׯεȻϴзоȽ˯糿ԴЩģҲ֪ҫǱʲôкţҲǲ֪ǲҲԼһ˯
ôҲǰʱԷģǼһҪûаʱԷصʰ
ϴ֮¥ͣʯѾڳϵ
ϳ󣬶˵ʯֱӷǰѧ
ѧʵвٵоԱڰ칫￪ʼׯεȻЦ˵˱еĶ࣬һΪҶѡȽϿɿsart-allarasģ͡
ʲôrng k-eģ;ͲҶ˵˰ɣڿʼģ͵ĹԼʵ顣
ʲôҡһһҪҪׯεȻ΢΢һЦϣűʿʼʲô
оԱҲû˵ܴûдͷоҲ֣֪ôʲôò׼ǲѯʴоͺá
칫ҶԵһæµׯεȻĬĬļš
ҵߣǵһԵʣʵҲûʲô⡣ʵտʼļʲʵԽ棬Խпܶ⡣
䣬ʯվ⣬ΩЦ˵ظ磬Ҳﰡ
ǰΩЦ˵պѲߡ
˵ڷֿ
˵ʲôģ͵⣬ׯڵɣҿǵоԱͦġ
ΩͷСûб۸ͺá
ʯЦţظ绹Ǻܹϵׯڵġ
𣿡
ˡʯҡͷظٰɣ
ǰپͱפšΩ۾ô˵СӺ׳ǰºڣ˵֮ھܹꣿ
ʯһ£Ǹ治̫
ˡʯļ򣬡ȥѲߡ
ݣʵһݣ˵ݸׯεȻׯڣǸղݡ
ׯεȻĿţоԱûסһׯεȻݡƫ΢ַ̣Ǹŵϵ̣ѲׯҪֽ߷ģ͸
ܹɣΪʲôüׯƣͷû˵
ٿϸһ㣬ҵ죡оǴУⲻҪ߷ģͣҪ⿪άҶ-˹п˹⻬Եɣ
ļٵģô͵ģ͵ʱҪ⿪
ûʲô⡣ׯεȻݻоԱЦ˵ڿʲô


310 Ц
ûûʲôоԱæ֣һ·Сܵλȥʵ̫ˣҪ⿪άҶ-˹п˹⻬ɣڲrng k-eģͺ߷ģ𣿴еҪһģһʵ飬Ҫһ߽ѧ⣿
⡭ܹɣǴ治ǸˣҲôֲɣ룬ҲûֿԵġϾλʲô鶼ܹ֮ǰв˵ſλеЦһһ
ԭǧֻʣһ˹Ĵн⿪ǰλн⿪˵λĻÿѧоأ
Ҫ׬أҲûֿңܹ⿪άҶ-˹п˹⻬ԶڵģҲûʵҲĿֻкôûл
ׯεȻͷ顣
ԱߵС˵ղſʲô
֪ԱߵһۣȷҪ֪𣿡
ȷ
άҶ-˹п˹⻬𣿡
ļٵģ
ġЦãǾôп϶
ǲڡ
ôĿﵽһµĸ߶ȣɴڷôݣΪҪ⿪άҶ-˹п˹⻬Եʡ
ôһ룬ܹάҶ-˹п˹⻬ôܶ෽ϵͲ⡣Ȼһ֣֪ûСüģˣжڸ߾⣬ǻǼйɡ
ǿɲһЦж飬ֻܵһ¿йһ±߹Ķѡ
ʵҾȻ򣬸˵顣ׯεȻоҲŸտʼѣҪоãҪܳһʱ䣬ҲżһæµĹֱϣʯׯεȻ֮ţׯڡ
һλԱЦŶʯ˵ʯ
ʯһֱׯεȻ˶֪λׯڵʯڽʲôǻ治̫
Ҹׯڴ򷹲ׯȳ֮ڼɡ
̧ͷׯڿſԱŷзϣׯڣҪȳԶɡ
еıʣ˵ûгԷĸϽȥԷɣ͵Ϊֹٹ
ˣǸоôûʲô֮ģ
ʱûʲô⡣Ա˵ǻׯ˵ġ
áׯεȻײ˵ſԱ뿪֮󣬴򿪷гԷ
극ʵš뿪ʵҵʱ򣬶ѾҪʮһڳϣüʯ˵ʯʲô𣿡
ûʲôر鷢ׯεȻЦ˵֮ǰڴ绰˵ǵǴѧˡ
Ǯ´绰ŵơ
õġ
С̫ŷˡׯεȻЦ˵һ㶯ǲ֪Ӧôģ÷ҪǲĻһ˵ġ
ʯû˵ֻЦţĬĬƵ˸ׯڵϣúҲñѹοƱͺׯڣҪׯڸѹסġǮҲǼΪµġ
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Ӧûæӵ飬һ춼ûиׯڴ绰Ǳ߷ǳæµ
ҲпܡׯεȻͷҫæǿ϶ġǵæµԼæµһæµķ˵ׯεȻæµڼЩݣҫæµǲȵ㡢߷áֵȵȡ
ɹܵģкܴΣգʵׯεȻͦҫġ
룬ĹͺҫҲڼоһģ۾ҫֵˡ
ϣׯεȻֱӾ˯ˡʵ̫̫ۣһ춼㣬ڻе޹ζ˯ú졣
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ڶ컹Ǳʯѵģϴѧʵҡ
ż㣬˾Сʵ飬˶ݵȵȣʼļûׯεȻĲǶҪׯεȻĻͲʵš
ü춼ûǣҲ֪ǵĽΡׯεȻʱ±ʣ˶ѾȥԷһʵ˶ݡ壬ЦŶ˵ǲȥԷ𣿡
ׯڡһЦ˵ں˶ݡ
˶֮ȥԷ
ׯεȻ΢΢Цţ˶ȥԷ
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ôׯεȻǴЦ˵İɣǽ˵⽻ҡ
ׯҲûôɣǹʱ䶼رģΪҪݺͼʵ̫󣬾õԣҲҪܾõʱ䡣οкܶණҪġʱ仨Ѹǲ֪Ҫ϶١ׯ⵭ģЩⶼֵƵġ˵ʵǶֲׯǾ仰ڿЦǾ仰滰
ܾãׯڵĻͦŹֵġ
ûǺܹŹ֡
ǵȥԷׯεȻļ򣬺Ÿ뿪ǵٶȱԤлҪһЩȷʵĽԭԤҪ·ɵ飬п߰·ݣܹɡ
λԱеͷԣׯӺͦ˵ģ
ׯεȻܺã׼ȥǱߵĽȣ̽һ¶ԷھʲôԭǱ߾һֱڽУǵĽһ֮пģsart-allarasģƫ̫򵥣һ֮ǻҪĹܼʵʱҲ֮ڡ
ʵҵʱׯεȻǵʵﻹǺܶ˶߶ǮͷڼʲôݵׯεȻһ£ǰЦ˵ׯڣôˣ
ǵĽΣ
ǮׯεȻ̧ͷ˵Сׯ̽԰ɣ
ܰׯεȻЦ˵ⲻŵĽչ𣿡
ŶǮϸׯεȻվűߣϣõЦݿȥΪ·ǴӹȦ߳һ㣬Ŷ͵Цݣܽ˸Ⱦ
Ͳ󣬵˫źǣǲزסģüһǿƵ
СׯǮЦ˵һˣ
߰·ݵʱܹɡ˵ܸһ㣿
סˣׯ⻰ЦҲ̫ˡ


311 ż
Сׯʵһ㶼ĬǮڳţׯεȻЦҡͷ֪ׯεȻŶִϻۡûнӴⷽĹóóȻĸ˵ܹµʱʵ飬Цһ㶼Ц
ׯεȻȥ̫ۣǳ໹ʵ϶̫ۡѧѧоϣϵ࣬ǵĸоׯεȻڿЦڿһЦ
Щ̲ס˵ׯڣʵЦһ㶼Ц
㿴ҵ˵Ц𣿡ׯεȻԱߵ˵ĬţͷׯεȻߴϣӳУ·ʱׯεȻһΪߴˣվɽ֮ϣ·ܹѧһ㡣
Ǯڼ˵СׯҾЩ飬㻹ǲ˽⡣
ׯεȻЦû˵ֻôֱĿǮڣⲻǹֽ𣿡
СׯǮڿׯεȻº͵ɫ֪ǹ̵ֽģǹǵһġ
ЩǼõġ˵ʱǮͣһ£ͺо֮飬ҲżԽ
иļԲȶСׯӦ֪ģǷȱľһ㡣Ǯҡͷ˵ʲô鶼̫ļҵȻҲ㡣һǧ⣬ÿһⶼ缶ѧ⣬츳Ǻ츳ǳɫѧңֻҪŬѧ̻ͷ鴫ġ
СׯӦо棬Ƿȱ֪ܶʶЩܻΪ㡣Ǯڷ۾º͵˵Ǿ˵һʵɡͨʵ⣬һ㶼ҪϵʱĿǴ͵ĿһʱһģҪڼʱ佫ⶫ˵ʵѲѵ⡣
ǸûֿԣСׯ֪־Щ㻹ǲ̫ż̫г˴ôĴ˭ܹеأ
Ǯ׻׻̵У˵һ㷽⣬ȥķûκεĴ󡣵ûУΪʲô˶ͬķѧ棬ٲѧרҷԣ
ׯεȻǮڼ˵СׯҾʱҲҪ˼һ£Ϊʲôô˷㡣
ׯεȻЦţǮҵȻ֪ģҲ֪ΪʲôҪһж԰ɡ
ǮͷΪûøãоķһˡׯεȻҪһȫսѧ浽ʵĿԡֿԶ˵΢΢ǲܵ顣
ѡȽϱصɹļʻܶࡣ
Сׯ⡣ǮڳſׯεȻʧˣô죿
ʧ𣿡ׯεȻЦ˵ʧôѾ˵ˣһʧܲҪǧٴεʧܶҪҪһǶں£ҿⲽǸͷ࣬ҾⲽⲽܺùԺǳоˣⲽ𣿡
ׯεȻķǮЦţСׯʲô飬ҪʲôҲͲȰ˵ˡ
֮һǾ仰Һ޲ķҾûгɹĿԡ
Ǯ˵ʵׯεȻͷЦ˵ҲҵķжٵĳɹʣǱǱصķҵķɹʿܸһ㡣
ǮڲŵĻǿڵȵȡ
ãǾڵȵȡǮͷҲܺ棬Сׯôʵ֡
ߵʳõʱ򣬲˶ͷʺá
Ϊ֪ѧҡѧңׯεȻѧҲܡοѾڿѧôõʱ䣬ҷ׷ʺá극֮ׯεȻͣĻصʵҼҪоάҶ-˹п˹⻬⡣
ֱϣеĿԱ뿪֮ʰöƵ뿪ʵҶʯ˵ʯ߰ɡ
ׯڡʯׯεȻ󣬡ղٴ绰˵Ҫ˵飬һֱæ͹ҵ绰ˡ
ŶׯεȻЦ˵أ
ȥ֮Ҹȥɡڳϣһʱ䣬ʮӣȥ֮ϴһ£ʮһҫһ͸˯ˡ
ڳϣЩ˯
Ժ֮󣬻صׯεȻһϴصϣʱ׼ȷʵʮһӵӡ
óֻҫƵȥ

֡ҫɳϿͷ־˵֣Ҽұϯ顣
ڴ־̧ͷҫ˵Ҫϱϯ
ǡҫ˵ϯ
ͦõģҵط𣿡
ҵˡҫЦ˵ǲ֪ʲôʱ׼򵥵㣬뵥λϵͬ¾ͳɡ
¶úϱ־Ц˵أ®أ
ղû绰𣿡
ˣʯӵĵ绰
Ǹʯһ˰ɡ
ξ
ˡ־Ц˵ʾͲͨˡ
ҫЦû˵־˵Ӧûڿѧɡ
ѧ
ǻƼѧǱиѧҫͷסĵطرԶ
־ҫѾ˼ҹһҲúúðϯС
첻ϰࣿ
ҡ°˰ҫһʱ䣬ѾҪʮˣָյ¡ξֳϻкܶ๤ҪġҫǰŹ׵ģ־һۣǰ첻æôæˣ
ҫͷ˵æ꣬ϱǱ߿϶æ
æҲҪ־Ц˵ҵҲ治ϱϱ˵žͺãҾûǺϱȽϺá
ϲʲôҪġ
Ҳǡҫͷ־ֿ˵ҪҪ

ҫһ£֣ˣҾͱˡ
ô±˵л
ǣ̾ͦõġ
˵ǰҪȥӵģڸպиλá
ˡҫҡͷ˵ϱģ̾Ӿͦõġ
˵ţҫֻЦ˵϶ϱҴġ
½ׯεȻֻͷе㲣ҫۻˣæ˵ϱôˣ㿴ȥ̫ã
ܺ𣿡
üģׯεȻ̾Ϣţǰ쿪Ц֮ںǱߵĽڸڼѧϺͲѧרз磬ģҲкܴķ磬 rng k-eҪsart-allarasܴ֮󣬽컹Ǯڸˣ˵־Ҫɹ
ҵȻ֪ϲܻɹұҪôׯεȻɥ˵ҫҺŶ
ҫС˵Ͱһء
ׯεȻһ£Щε˵ղҲ˵
ҫûл죬־ЦŸׯεȻкҫ˵ǰϯء
ŶŶ˳Ļܹ߰·ݵʱ


312 ²
ϯĻׯεȻ룬ҪɹɶԵʽڱһ¾ˣ˲̫ࡣ
ЦһԭҪҫԼȥٰģһ£̫ĻҫһҲͦ۵ģټҲǡǼһͺãüﲻǻһױװ޺֮Ҳûù·ɡ
ãҫͬºҵͬҲ㹻ˡׯεȻЦ˵ҫ˵أ
ġ
ׯεȻЦһ£ڱһ
ҫеˣ˯ˡׯεȻʵڰסˣ컹Ҫƫ΢ַ̣ͰְϸڰɣĲˡ
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ô˵ϱҪôô¡ǵϱȣǺҪɡ
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˵־ͷҲص뿪ǵðѵƹϰ
ҫ뿪֮󣬹ϵơ

ׯεȻ˯ú죬Ϊʵ̫ۡҲûô۹ֻǺܾû۵ĸо峿ʱͦѵģ;˶ǳɡϴ˸裬ԽȣҪ䣬ǿɣ񻹲ʱ
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֮ǰѧʵңׯεȻһż㣬ĿԱæϵĶԱȺʵ顣
ׯεȻ׼һЩʱȽϽȻôƵ֪ʲôʱͺĿԱ˵Խ룬ģ;ͻԽԽԽҪܹʱ֮ڽάҶ-˹п˹⻬꣬ôһеⶼ⡣
ʼӴݸֽɳɳżſԱشĽŲжƯһζǻζµΪáֻʵ˶ûа취õǻиҪҪ
ׯεȻҪ߰·ݽģ͸õ飬ʵҶ֪ҶׯڷˣȻǾׯڱʱҸӵʱҡʱҲôѹեǣʱ䣬ѹɼµʱ䣬أ
ҲûиʱȷʵҪһЩٶȵġǸׯҪٶׯҪٶǴﲻġ
Ҳû뵽ﵽׯϣٶȡ
Ŵҷǳ飬ׯεȻоάҶ-˹п˹⻬ٶҲӿ˲١
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bsd˵ʵûеʱͽ⿪ˣҲûаʱ䣬м仹˲ٵ飬˵еԲǲǺе㲻̫һ
Ͱ˹̹һҪо𣿡
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ׯεȻʱʱʱѾָŵӡɫȫѾ컹ûнӽ죬ϻһЩ⣬뿪ʵҵĴžͿʯվ⣬ƺں졣
ׯεȻ͸ƹ⿴ǺΩЦ˵Ω磬ô
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һֱߣûа취ǻоҲѲվءΩļ򣬡ϽؼϢȥ
ׯεȻͷ֪ΪÿҪŽ滹վڱҲһֱвϵʿѲߣҹ䱸
ΪǴµǹҵоҪ֤ǵİȫԼоݺϵİȫ
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ʯʲôʱѧˣׯεȻЦ˵طˣ飬㲻Ӧȥҷֳҿɲְܸн
ҵľׯһԵġ
𣿡ׯεȻͷЦ˵ܹ⿪̵ĻеⶼܹĽ⿪Ҳһа취ȡɣ·ݵʱ򣬰ѷ̽⿪
ʯ֪ׯεȻ˵ķʲô˼֮ȥһرҪĶҲûжʣĳЩϣʵûʲôرĺģʵԲʡ
ųһ͵ǰ
ׯڣ룡
ص䣬ׯεȻϣ˼ͺ˵ģҪģͣôΨһҪľǽ⿪άҶ-˹п˹⻬⣬Դ֮󣬼ʱ䣬ڻûбȫ⿪֮ǰһֱûд⣬Ϊ̫ѣȫᡣκһ缶ѧ⣬ׯεȻ˵ҲǷǳѵġ
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һģʻᱻ˵ʥһԴʲôҪݺͼ㣬žûҲûκεĲο塣ׯεȻŶͷʼţӦβܹá
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314 ⿪
ǵһμׯڣоǷˣһѸ˰ڵϣﻹţôôһѺؾӵʱ򡣿ׯεȻžʧﻹЩ㵣ׯεȻÿ
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ҲûֿԡǮڳ˵˵ʵҪ˵Сׯܹ⿪n-sŵġ
ʱ᲻̫ˣҼǵǰĿ⻹ǻ롣ûжõʱ䣬ھͽ⿪n-sе㡭˰ɣ⼸£̸ûǱύĿȸѧĲ֣׼о˵®֮ſʼn-sоġһµʱ䣬ˣôôͰn-s̽⿪ˣ
Ҫôٽ⿪n-ṣҲоˣֱӰĿˣٶȣһܰѷɻá
ΪׯεȻĵʦȻׯεȻѧ磬Ǯ˵ٻЩˬ
˵ǮҲô˵ġСׯһֱаŵúܣһأ
Ǯתһ룬ǣׯεȻаŵúܡҲпô̵ʱ֮ڰn-s̸
ǮڿЦ˵Ҿ֪Ϊʲô˵ܹս
⿪ĻǵĿȥˡǮҡͷٴ֤ȷġһ˵ܹͷһأˣҪǽ⿪n-sǾͲǸͷһǸҵͷһ
˵ϼ㵽ǴĸطСӸҳģôôаأˣô˶ûн⿪n-ṣҪĽ⿪n-s̵ĻԺڷɻǷϣռݺܶơû˱˽n-ṣԼá
Ц˵Сһֱаţ֮ǰѧϰѧʱҾ;Саŵúܡ嫺һʱͰ-׶˹Ժȱڸˣҵʱ;ãСӿ϶Եġ
iuСӽ⿪-׶˹Ժȱ°ͺղϣʵġЦ˵ҲûйҽǴƴࡣ
ҵһۿСӵʱ;ãСӿ϶Ǹоѧ˲ţǶ֪ˣСӲǸоѧ˲ţֱǸоѧšѧѧϵ츳Ҷ˵ˡѧʵƺνǺá
ӣ֪˻Ϊѧʵء
Ǻǣѧʵۺôѧأ
ѧôˣ˼Ϲٴοûе𣿻ǿ˼򡣡Ǯ˵ҪȥǴѧΣָڻǹƴĽء
ɡЦһ£ûм˵
ׯεȻѧʱԭеѧһӰ
ֱߵ̨ϣ˵ϻҾͲ˵ˣھ˵һ顣
άҶ-˹п˹⻬⡣ͣһ£޾Ĺԣ΢΢ճһ˿ЦݣѾ⿪ˡ

Ľ⿪ˣûɣׯεȻĽ⿪n-sˣ
һܶ˶ֱĿׯεȻһŵģǾׯεȻںǿЦƵġ
ҾͲ˵ϻˡתŷ۱ʿʼںڰдŶׯεȻһдһ˵̱ȽϸӣʱȽ϶࣬ûŪĲֻӭ֮ѯҡ

u(xyzt)ĸƫ

utt(xyz0)=0
utt=tuttʽ˶tƫã
uttt=u tut 1
u(xyz0)=x2 y2z˷ֱxyzƫ

utxx(xyz0)=utyy(xyz0)=utzz(xyz0)=0ut(xyz0)=utxx(xyz0) utyy(xyz0) utzz(xyz0)=0
(6)ʽt=0У
utttt(xyz0)=0
uttttt(xyz0)=u(xyz0)==0
1
ׯεȻٶȲرĿ죬Ǽ㹫ʽЩۻҡ
ںǮڶšüͷڰϵĹʽԽԽķƫ΢ַ̹ʽǸоɻ󣬵Ȼɻɻ󣬵ǻܹס
ֻüͷԽԽܾúʲôط̫ԡ
ʲôط̫ԣ;ÿܡǵ뷨ׯεȻ뷨ǲһġ

չһЩƫ΢̵ַľȷǽ˷ڻschr?dger̸µĽ

ռĸϵϵΪ㣬õһڲaikĴale
2
ׯεȻɻںڰϷܱʼ飬оԱʼ˯ʱһһĹȥڰϵԽԽ£ԽԽ˿
ֱ󣬾ںǮЩѧͷ˶ãȻؿڰ壬۾һգգʲôһ㡣
ˡٴת˵ʱǴЦ˵Ѿ飬λʲô뷨ǲĵط𣿡
ĵʵ̫࣬ҪĲѯׯεȻЩݡ
ʱû⡣Ǯõʱ䣬Ż˵ʱûκε⣬ųԺĿԡ
ĳ£ǮڻǳƺׯεȻΪׯڸȻһЩׯڣ𣿡
֮ǰѾΣĽģ֮ҾׯεȻţɫ˵ûзκεĴ󡣡
áǮͷȻׯûзκδĵطôǾȳѾ⿪n-ṣô֮ǷõʵУ
ȻׯεȻף߽ŵϵķѾȫ⿪ҵĿ齫⿪ݽģ͵ݼʵ顣
ǻҪһεʱ⣬ׯӦòɣ
ȻᡣׯεȻЦ˵û飬ôҾ뿪ˣҿ鹤оԱڿԻص鹤ˡ
ֱת뿪ȥѧԵЩͺͲţ


316 
ׯεȻȻֱӽ⿪n-ṣ
Ϣڿѧϲֶߣ˶ʼȻΪǵׯεȻʵָоԱϵļ㣬ʵҲڽšΪ⿪n-s̵ĹϵεĽȼڷԾһ㡣
ʵϻкܶԱׯεȻn-s̾ãǼܲסׯεȻᰡΪ⿪n-s̵ˣõʵУзȨˡ
Դӽ⿪n-s֮ׯεȻҲʼæµÿССǳࡣʯ⣬ҫ춼绰ÿδ绰ʯӵģׯεȻʵ̫æûκεʱҫĵ绰ļλѧͷˣڻæµn-s̡ܹn-sǵĿϣǵĿҲмİġ
ֻׯεȻǱߵٶʵ̫죬쵽Ǹ󲻵ĵز
ΪˣׯεȻżķҲӰһоԱһʼÿӰϰ˵ӵ賿ڼӰࡣׯεȻҲʵңҪסʵҵ̶ֳȣÿ۵ʱ䲻Сʱʵʱ䶼æݺʵļ㡣
𣿡ׯεȻ̬Щƣдž⡣
ݣ˺óһʱ䣬ָüġ̲סҪǷ賿һӡѧΪȣԽԽȵļڵ·ݵĸ£ܡĲҲ̲סʼϣеݣһ㣬һ߶ԱߵĿԱ˵Ҫ㡣
õġ
Աζû뵽Ҫһ꣬飬ڻûеһµʱ䣬ׯεȻĴ£ǰеһжꡣʣµҪǱߣ綴ʵҵʱׯεȻᵽֳȥеݻҲҪׯεȻ
ţһνӴĿӦڷɻʵϡ
ׯʵ̫ˣٶȡ֮껹֪ʲôľϲ
֮ǿʼ㡣
վׯεȻǾЩ¿һ塣ʵһƿˮʼڴڵĺţʵҺݶҪĹͷٹʱ䣬ܹʵģύȥ
͵ÿǱߵıˣֵһǣҪעǱߴݡҺܶҪҪʵĵܹǱߡ
±ˮеģͼ㡣
ׯڡпԱ߹С˵ڿҪ賿ˣҪȻȥϢɣ
Ҳá
룬һо˯һУҲȻȥϢɣ糿ʮһӣʵҾͺá
õġԱׯεȻ֮󣬾ׯλлǷǳġ֮ǰϰȣׯڸദǳº͵һˡҲֶͻᷢƢƢ൱ŹֵĽڡ˵ʵƢŹֵĽڲׯÿ춼ЦǺǵģȥûʲôƢƵġ
˵ҲǳᣬʲôѯׯڣûбΪʲôô򵥵ⶼѯʡ
Ľ⣬ҪֱȥׯǱߡ
ϰʵ̫ˣÿ춼ҪֻҪúõ¾ͳɡ
ׯڿȥֲǮĽڣȻԣׯһȺȱǮʵΪĽڣҲׯڲǮġָ߶˵ӰҵĿׯܸ˾Ϳ֪ׯڹھжôܵӡʮһ겻͵Ժʿǿٵͷһأ󵽽ׯѧ֮ڣǻƽơ
ָܵλѧԺԺ֮ġ
Ա뿪ʱ򣬽ŲᣬׯεȻźǷ߳ţʯվñֱͺһƵġ
ʯ߰ɡЩҡ
áʯĶͷϻкˮ·Ҳʪһ롣ׯεȻһ֮΢΢šüͷ˵ô£
ôȵһֱ⡣
ʯЦ˵ûйϵׯѾϰˡ
ôúҿƵġҡͷ˵ˣʯܻˡ
˵ʱׯεȻǴһ˿Ц⣬ʯһ˿˿Ĺâʯǲǻص֮Ҫ飿
˵Ůѣʯ¶ҸЦݣǰӦûص֮ܽˡ
á
ʯǻЦݣׯںأʲôʱ֮ģ
Ҳǻص֮ɡ
ʯׯεȻ򿪳ţڳϣׯεȻоЩ̫ǰҹüʱ䣬ܿ˯ˡ
ٴʱɫѾʯҲԱϢš
Ŷͷóֻһʱ䣬ζʯ˹ۣʯĻܣׯڣˣ
ղҿ˯ú죬þõʱ䶼ûнѡ
Ȼȥɡ
ׯεȻԻģص϶ǵͷܹ˯š
߽֮˵ʵ̫æˡ
ʯЦû˵ҲܿׯȷʵرæµԴѧ֮󣬾ûмׯôƵæµӰӽһµʱ䣬ۿׯÿϢʱԽԽ٣ʯҪȰȰׯεȻÿζׯεȻҫҲʹ
ҫܾûкׯεȻ˵ֻʯ˵ÿ춼ææϣһֱʵܵׯεȻֲ˵
ϾׯεȻߣҲ˵ׯεȻ
ڴϣׯεȻ˶ƮƮģƤǳءۣûжõʱѾ˯˹ȥ
峿ķˬ
ҵׯεȻϣǱѵģһʱ䣬Ѿæȥϴ˵㶫֮󣬾ʯǰѧ
ʵң㣬λϣæµоԱǣǹ΢Цĳʺ
ׯڡоԱߵǰҵݣѾɣٿûʲô©ĵط
еݣ˺ܳһʱ䡣ʱڣλоԱȥ˵顣
еݣû⡣оԱ˵Ѿ׶˰ɣ
ǡоԱͷѾ׶Ρ
оԱ¶Цݣׯڣû뵽ԭҪɵ飬û뵽һµʱܹɡʵǡ
Ҳܷɣ֮Ҫ˶Ժ㡣ׯεȻǴЦݣһжûдĻڸ߿֮ǰǾܹһܳļڡ
ɫǺЩ鲻˵ȥģܣ
׵ġܹμֹҵооԱȻǾɸѡģвѾƵĿձ鶼ʮϣׯεȻȺоԱۣһʵ̫СΪͷŨܣʹϡͷȣͷǾˣ
°ɡŵϵѧģͣׯεȻŬŬ˵Աߵݵҿһ¡
ݺׯεȻݣûиоݺʲôһĵط


317 
һ£ݵоԱ治ܻشׯεȻ⡣
ׯڣ𣿡˵ʱСģŭߵλС
пȥܺ˵ʵ϶˵ҲϸģҪʱ򲻻ᷢƢȷʵûмׯڷƢʱ򣬵ⲢׯûƢġ෴ֿȥܺ˵ˣһƢǿ¾ǻɽס֡
ݣõʱ䣬ѧģڵҿܾݺݲ̫һ
ǣ
֮ׯεȻһ˸壬վԭغܾá۾һֱŵĻɫ΢⵹ӳϣ۾к˼ʲô⡣
ׯڣڵǰĿԱѾܵׯεȻ¶ȣеŤе㺦¡ϵĴʵ鶼һɾˡʵҵ˶޲ɱ
ȤׯεȻ΢΢ţճϵʱֵݶ԰ɣ
ǡġоԱͷüΣӦûдġ
ȷġ
оԱһǵׯεȻ˵һ䵫ǵʱ򡪡Ŷ䣬ӿ죬ׯεȻһҪʼ
úܺãݺȤӰ
ݵ⣬Ҫоһ¡
ǣ
оԱһȻӰׯҪоݡûпʲôԵĵط
ʵæµţӽβҶԽæµׯεȻڲݸֽдݣʼơׯεȻֻȤѣһ쳣ݣӦóġоԱ϶ûд㣬ôΪʲôóȲӰʵ쳣أ
Щüɫ裬ǷȤһ㡣ҸЦݣϣǿͬһĻ졣Уִһ˿
ɫЩ죬Ϊ̫˷ܵĹϵԼֵ⣬ͷۣԼԼһ˷ܵĸоdnaڶƵģ
һĬĬƵţһŴҵĽ̸ǺݻģйأҪôǳûҪôǴš
ʱׯεȻŪ⴮ݵ˼Ļǿɾ̫˼ˣڻʱòݣڽĳһ죬ҪսʱݱȻʡ
ǵٶȶǳ졣ׯεȻЦ˵໹ʱܹеļʵ顣ҪʱеĽҸϣܹ֮ɡ
͵ɣҶˣȥϢ
뿪ʵңڲʮӣӽһµʱһô°ࡣٻʯһ˿㵺ãȻׯڣʵˣ
ûУŻмʱ䣬ˡ֮Ҫһ¡֮Զһ»ƱһİɡׯεȻ˵һ϶ܹǣҲرࡣҲҪ߿ʱ㣬̫˳ɻ
õġʯͷͶƱ
鷳ˡׯεȻ˸ĳţڡϵķ粢رȣ⼸Щ£ˬķ紵ϣı۾ˬķ硣
ʯʱ촽û˵ʲô顣ׯεȻڸʻϣʯ˵ʯ֮ӦòҰɣ
ׯڡʯ˵ұ̫Ļܡ˵εĹҵй¶ȥ롣о֪ģ˺ֻܶ࣬ǵѡ
ɫΪ࣬ȥЦģЩսľЩ˻ͲȺ֮Упڽĳѧ뿪֮󣬻˸󡣡
һҪȷľ԰ȫʯ˵´ʺ
ðɣ֪ˡüģҿܽҪȥס
ûйϵС֮зӣκεǶܹ
ׯεȻײ˵ԺӵʱׯεȻصϴһ˯мʱ䣬Ҫһʱ䡣
ûдĻ⼸֮ͻصǡ
ҫǸϽߵصǰɡ֮٣ô飬Ҫݼٵġʱ򿴿ҫȥʲôطȽϺãҫûпհ
ҡͷҪҫȥǲˣǼһôæҲûʲôʱһȥ档
ڼϢɣˣȥ֮󻹿һʯīϩʵšҫҲûʱ䣬ʯīϩʵ飬ҡż֮󣬻ѧʵҲպܹһЩʯīϩʵ顣ϰʵύ֮ҪһʱܹƷҪӰӵСʱҲǲܵ顣
Ͼ޵еĽһддͺãҪܶʱ䡣
ʯȥ𣿡
ܻиݼٵʱ䣬̫ãǶʱҵġʯɳϿűֽǴЦ
ŶׯεȻ֮ûм˵
ٴλص䣬ϢɡԭղӦ˯ģ¥ˮʱ򿴼ʯ¥¿ֽ˳һ¡ʯмڣҲ֪ҫ᲻и֮ġ
ʱ䣬еݶãׯεȻѾ࣬е˵һ£Ǳߣҿһ£ûʲô󡣡
ɣǻϽʱʲôһʼķʽϵǣ÷żٵľͻؼϢüµľͼ¡
ȻׯεȻܺáҪˣȣȵʱ߳칫һصԺʼʰҪصǡ֮ںúʰҫ⼸˵ҫȻÿ绰ʱ䲻ࡣʯڽӵ绰æ㹤ûжʱҫջҫصǵʱ䣬صǣʯ˵ҫ
ص֮ȥ칫￴ȺѧûкúоǮ¹ţӦòٹʮʱ䣬ǾҪȥμioׯεȻ˼ܼ򵥣Ҫioĳɼ̫ƾ͵ɣ

®ׯεȻڻ˺һʱ䣬Ϸɻصǡ
ǱյЩ֮󣬻ҪһεʱӦ˵вپ˻ᵽǺһЩ顣n-sʱûзĴ㣬ⷽ漰Ĳǻѧϵ⣬и߽оݣҪ¹Ҳġ
Ϊ漰ʵ̫࣬ݣҲֻׯεȻļλѧͷ֮Ҳûнݼ¼
ԭׯεȻٶȾͺܿ죬n-sеݶڵСׯεȻĵкܶĻݣҪЩݣЩ̫ܡ
ׯεȻʯԭׯεȻڼǸ֡
ׯڣˡʯׯεȻ˵Ż
ׯεȻ۾ޱϤĻЦ˵߰ɡ


318 
뿪ҫվڻԱߵʱƺЩŶ䣬ϣȾú˧һɫĶ䣬ֱͦͦվڴǰ˲˵עֻſʵһ˿ģ˾ЩԽӽ
ˣǰҪѯҫĵ绰롣һ˿ĶԱ˵˼ϱ
˫ִڿ㶵ȥֺܿ˧
ׯεȻȺһ۾ͿҫվſڼǷɱĳ嵽ҫǰһ˿¶Цݣˣ
ᣬ˸Ƶġ
ǰׯεȻҫĻһ£˵Ҹȥطˣûմǲݵģ
ĸҡҫַׯεȻԴϣЦ˵͹ˡ
洩һ˶̿㣬ʵĴƺмΪǿҵı
߰ɣǻؼҡǵ®ңվǰһʱ䣬ѾʼȵϢ
ׯεȻһҫ֣ӹׯεȻ䣬ҫЩһһ֮ںׯεȻԴ˵˺öࡣ
𣿡ׯεȻšüͷҫںʯ˵ׯڣ߰ɣȥѳС
˵˾Ƶׯڽӷ硣ʯЦţҾͲȥˡ
ܷģǣׯεȻܵıȫλġɷֳָӣҲԺúϢһ¡
ллˣʯ
ҫζʮָ۵֣ϳɡ
ׯεȻڳϣɵĵҫĵ
ڳϣҫ˵Ȼȥ·ɡ
ɡׯεȻҫʵĸ첲˵ῴôʰ㡣
ʰңҫЦ˵С뱻ʰǰɣ
һ㣬ҶھƵءϳ극ڻؼʰСҫׯεȻϿҫܰǷĲ㲻ݼ𣿡
ҫһ£Ҫȥ棿
ˣһ飬ԭ·ݽ軯ѧʵҵġû뵽ȥ®ôõʱ䡣üģʱҪʵæʮ·ݻʮһ·ݵʱ򣬴žǱߵҪһЩ顣ׯεȻ˵ʱ̲סЦҽӦö뿪ǣǲ뿪ǵġ
ҫüͷׯεȻĲҲǺÿҫԾһׯεȻׯεȻЦÿĵĲҲԾĺ࣬Ҳŵ΢Ц
㰡ҫЦ˵һ㣬ϹڳʰС
ׯεȻЩ˵ҿʲôû
ǣСʲôûʵͺá
ҿʵˡׯεȻԽҫԽϲҫڿûжŪҫšľɫС󣬽ͣڳڡ
ҫ򿪳ţСϽ³
ǻׯεȻĵĴ򿪳ţҫպýţҫϣׯεȻԾܵҫߣһѽҫֱš֣Ծҫ֣߽ʱҫ΢΢̣ſûк죬ɻǷǳÿһһׯεȻ֣˾ôվһ
һȵ¥ʱׯεȻµݣһЦĬû˵ţҫׯεȻжŵüΪ롣ϴ˸裬ׯεȻ߳ԡҿҫպ꣬һ˵ϡ
ôˣҫּʵĽׯεȻڻﻹЦ⣬Ϲˣ
ׯεȻĻһ£ֻèƵ۾ҫһǷˣܾׯεȻʲôƶܹɹעׯεȻţҲΪˣҫԣûбׯεȻˡ
С˵ϱԣϻǸȥԷòáҫ´̲סֱӰׯεȻ͵ʵ̫ˣׯεȻֻԴĻĺţһ㱡Ĳϣ·𶼴ȵϡ
ͷĹţҫЩþûкϱǸˣҲҪϱˡ
ǴỹҪȥԷֻܽıϱ
ׯεȻ̧ͷȥԷɣʰ㡣
áҫ¶˼õЦ⣬ׯεȻȥ
ׯεȻҫûעʱ촽һ¡ҫŲõЦ⣬ϱǡ
ׯεȻԴܸׯεȻôճϱµʱǳ棬ûʱ绰ܳһʱ䶼ûкϵǻ֮󣬻ǻǳճֻҪûҪһ
ϱã⣬ҫų˾Ƶꡣ
ҶڵׯεȻׯεȻӷ硣
ǻˡЦ˵ûʲôɣ
ûа
־кţ˶ˣʼԷɡ
󣬺ʼͷȾơׯεȻҫߣŴ˵ЦʱҲ˵䣬ǻرĶࡣ
극֮ѾʮǰؼҵġǻںȾƣׯεȻ˵ˣҪҫؼҡһȻؼңΪҫ˾Ʋܿ˸ݣͣڳʱ򡣴ֱ뿪˻صңׯεȻϴ軹ǾĲǵʵ̫ˣׯεȻϲ죬Աߵҫһ٣ϲļĸڣ
ҫ룬ɡ
˵ʱ¶׵ݣЦúǺÿ
ϴ衣
ׯεȻҫ֣ҫĺͷţ
΢΢ľҫᴭϢš
ϽġׯεȻѾߵԡңҫæ·Ҳȥԡҡ
ˮУˮҫ
С
Сϴ趼ʵôʰ㡣
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ׯεȻҫĲӣչȥǡ
յҫһߺׯεȻǣһҵյĿ򿪿յһ紵
ҫׯεȻգС˵СڷʱͲʵ
ׯεȻΪҫʱĽǣЩշֿͿʼڴڵĴҫ籡ׯεȻĲϣЩ
źߣϹҶϹʵôˣ
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Сʰ㡣ҫЦٴȥ
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ԣŲҪʰϹʰ㣡
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ҫˬĸׯεȻ·ڻҲ۾˯
ʱׯεȻǻĻĻ˯ţǰڵ̫ˡҪôöûпϱҫЩ鲻Խ
ϱڻ˯ֺۣĬĬԼһޣ´һҪעһЩϱôˡ
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ҫɫǵЩͨ죬Ǹ硭㲻ǽǰɣ
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ҫⲻׯ˵Ҫȥס𣿡
ˣպ㷢ǰɣ
ҫ˸ȷʵ뷨
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Ҫˡ
ްޣҡͷˣϴһ£·ݵʱǰϯһЩѾͳɣλͬҲȫһЩҶȽϤġ
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ҫû˵ںĶ档ŵӻݣ΢΢üͷ˵磬ǲʲôҪ˵
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룬׼һЩ
㣬һôæȫҰ軹ʱ綼ڰæء
ҫЩ˼ҡȷʵеæҪȥæɡ
ͱȥˡҫ㶼׵ܸܵˣӳԶٺõǰɣ
롣ҫᶨ˵˸ʲô
ҫСֺõЦݣеƤû뵽㾹Ȼҫ
Ҵҽɣ軹æ˽鵹æЦ˵ǳȥԣԺһİڿĴ˸ˣ
ʲô˸硣ׯεȻ¥ҫæվǰҪׯεȻ
һûô
ЦĿҫһĵģֲŮˡ
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ҫȫׯεȻԱߣҲҶ˵
磬թҫ˰
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ҫֺõ˵ôǴ˸磬ҹŴ˸϶ǹȫϽˣҪ˸һΰɣ
ҫҪһöҪɳϱʲôҵĹȫϽ
ׯεȻ´źҿҲǹȫϽɩӵӣˣȻôǻһٰɡ
а˶ʼ򳪷ǰɣ
ǣ
ҫС˵ԺҲϽ
ׯεȻһЦðǮҵǮһԺҪͶʵҵʱȫͶȥѪ޹ɱҰ
ϱҵľģʲôʲô
ˣ˱ˡվˣȥɣҶҪԱˡ
ϹҸ綼ʼˡׯεȻҫĻһ߲ţһߺЦ˵ô죿
㻹Ϲء
˹̼ǰɣǺǺЦ˵ҽҪǲԿҾͲպء
ׯεȻ̧ͷҫһ޹˵Ϲ˵ҸҪðְ֪˻ô룿
ҫЦ⣬˫ĿЦ˵Ż˸ɡ
ƣܲˣȥҽˣúڼɡܲڼôŴ̼Ьֱ뿪ҡ
ź뿪ҫЦ˵ϱְѴ˸ˡ
Ϲ
ҫׯεȻһ˵ôˣûʲôط̫
ûУҾǻҪ˯һ
극ȥ˯ɡҫׯεȻһ£ȥϱԵĶ
˵ţߵׯεȻһ׾ŵĴ߸ʵ˧ڳϴ룬Ŀһѧڿʼš
˺óһʱ䣬ҫׯεȻ˵ϱϽȳԷ극ȥϢһ̫ˡ
ڿׯεȻһ·Сܵϣ극֮§ҫ֣ҫȥ˯ġ

ллɭ³һ鱾ͼݡооһƿ»ڽڵҪһЩ⣬ΪׯεȻˣ˺˵ǿ⣬ǽΰ»ڽڶ˵һһ룬ûа취ǰ»ڽڸҶ˵һЩָfibͻ嵽˹ٴѧˡܶʱҪԼΪׯεȻݣ˹ٴѧͳΪһࡣ
˵ʵҪׯεȻһʹ˹ٴѧҵ
fibǾûׯεȻƻһ취ǾһЩԲֳɼ֣ÿȥѯһڡ
˵ڣϰ벿ѯʰ»ڽڣ°벿ȥں͵ѯʡ
һҶû顣˹ٴѧΪׯεȻ飬fibԹصfibҲ̫֣±˹ٴѧʦȫơ
ʱУŶǽҲΡ˹ٴѧôҲѧλѧУ϶Ǿһķġ̫ݣⶼᳰЦǡ
˵ׯεȻѾصǴѧҲûа취
ɭͼݻ£üģǸϽҵػ˹ٴѧʵЩѹ֡
˹ٴѧѧǴҲۼѣֵ̫顣fibɾûôõ̬ȣ޲ôϵ춼һ顣ʱʱҪѯڻûпʼ̡ܾãҲԶˡ
⣬඼Ҫˡ֮عǴ£Բܴȥ
ɭôš


319 
ǸһŮ΢С˵Ա𣿡
ɭ̧ͷȸߵСŮЦ𷢱۵ģССģһͷͷ黨ȹӣͷ㡣
ͼݵ˺ܶ࣬Ա߼ûλõġɭҲûж룬Ųݸֽʼ
ǸŮ˵ʶ㣬
ɭһ£Ц˵˹ٴѧľ˶ʶҵģϾұܷǳ
֪chair rofessorׯ԰ɣ
ǡɭ˵chair rofessorׯ˹ٴѧ쳣ĽڣҲ˹ٴѧĽڵѧ̻
ѧ̻ʰСŮ˵һһλǳˣ˵ںҲࡣ
ź˹ٴѧchair rofessorʱû˹ٴѧѧ
ׯı֣ôһǳɣϾһѪͳһǼΪ߹Ѫͳ
ɭһ£ֹһô˵ΪׯεȻǱֵܣǶͬĸ߹Ѫͳָֻ߹Ѫͳǰ£ֵ˲ŻȺ˹ٴѧѧϰоׯĳִֹ϶߹صĶѪͳʼѣ˹ٴѧٴ֤Ѫͳĸ߹
Ȼ֪Ϊʲô˻ֵ뷨ɭֻءף׷νĸ߹ѪͳĹϵ
ɭûпѪͳж߹ǧǰ˵ֺһֱֵѪͳۣͦģʲôѪͳ۲Ѫͳ۵ġ
ԴɭЩͷۡ
¶һ˿ƣЦ⣬֪ô˵ˣ˹ٴѧʱ䣬ܵĻʿĲһصˡڻ߸߲ˡ
Ůûм˵ĬĬеĶɭһſʼż㡣֮󣬷ventiones atheaticaeҲĲʿҵġȻֱϵǴѧصǴѧҲãΧҲܱ˹ٴѧѹ֡ׯεȻһǳеҾ󲿷ǴѧĽڶϤ
ֻׯεȻҲи˸ϲܰɡϾѧ̻ʣǿ󣬻кܶ˶Աܺܲˬ
ϯڣǴѧΨһһλϯڣһڡټڵѡѧԺԺʿ˵־ķΧ£в˶ܺ޵ʲôôܸռˡܲ
ûŰɱܣΪǸᣬΰǳáҪһĻ²Ǵѧ˻ᱩң
̫㣬̫ҫֳۣΪȻܵӵģ˹ٴѧܹ֪һܶ飬Զڹܹ֪ǴѧǱǰӿׯεȻȻѾǴѧͷŽڵӡ
΢΢̾Ϣһ˵ܹбܵһ룬Ҫܹбܵʮ֮һѾ֪ˡ
ǿѧ̻ʰֻѧ̻ʮ֮һоܹһڶѧӱҲǲܵġҲյУ뺯ֻҪڹѧǴѧֱоҵġСҲǱųģʱ˱츳ڱܵ£ԵϡƽֻǸͨ˶ѡ
ԭǴѧжѧϵѧĽ츳ڶܵ٩һ䣬ܲŰ
ûʲôʵܳɱˡǴѧѧʱ֪ǴѧǱиų-׶˹Ժ϶
ǵĳǷǳġҶҪһţĴţλ²ǲʿһҵҪھǴѧνְλĳ룬һȾʱ䣬о˵INUλȷʵǽ⿪-׶˹Ժ϶𾪵λнʮꡣףûмô׵ˡ֪˾ȻıܣǾ͸ˣΪʲôܹô׵ıܣ
һʱͨˡñףǱѹŵʵ̫࣬öˣʲôֻǸСˡ˶û˵Ҫ˵ʲô
ɭںܵ˵飬ԱߵСŮɭܾɭĳֻ֮УС˵˵ǰ»ڽڵѧ
ǡ
Ҳѧѧ𣿡
Ȼ
ôСŮЩ˼Ľһݸɭ԰ҽһ𣿡
ҿɭޱĽӹСŮݹֽţüͷšţȥʲô顣
˺һʱ䣬ſʼֽ̿ż
ˡݸֽݸŮ뵽ʲôƵġ֣صĶŮ˵ллŮʿ뵽һЩȻ֮лл
һһֱûͨѯʹܶĽڣôûͨһŮӸ⣬ͨ⡣
ɭɿʰŶǷɱ뿪ֳСŮЩ̫⡣˶ô֮ǰ˹̹ѧҲĻˣɭı鲻˵ƣҲܹ˵һģһ
־Уһ˿𾪵ı飬һȻŶֱ뿪˵Ǹתۼʧ
Щˡ̫ˣ
СŮҡͷֿʼղɭݡ
ص֮ɭһһŬţβܹĺˮʼֱܾ֮ǽȫꡣ
Ŀģ泩Ѿ˺üʱ䣬ûô˵ʵý鼫ΪáҪһʱ䣬ܹвʿĴ硣ʱصǴѧͶһְŹȥ
Ǵѧ⹫бܣõ顣
ɲ˹ٴѧһӵʱ䡣
ڽڡ
ڶһ磬ɭ͸ڽڴ绰ȥѾ격ʿҵġ
õģô֣ǵ÷ҡ
³ûĻԽвʿĵĴ磬ϲ֣ϾҪΪ˹ٴѧĲʿҵ
ллڽڡ
ɭһʿ֮ǰķɻûׯεȻôҪҡڵĻصҲûֹҪׯεȻ²ܹصڣҵ֮ĵһǸǴѧְŹȥ
ƯļSCIڿкǿľ

ˣҫЦ˵绰ˡ
ҫʶɭֻǺࡣʵɭ̫࣬ҫɭֵͷ֪֮Ǻؼҵݣô¡ΪûʲôĽһǾ죬һǸѧġ
нǹ£ֲǺׯεȻ춼ܹ
ׯεȻҫĻ˸Ƿҫ˵ʲôʱҡ
ŵڸƵ绰ء
ŵ绰ϵʾɭ
ҫڴϣҫĻİ½
ׯڣɭЩЦŦԼ׼عҸǴѧͶ˼
û˵꣬оƵǱе쳣ۻ˻ǡô£


320 
ƺšܡׯεȻһʵϣһ˫ʵ§ıܡǸʳ˼̻ĸ֮ׯεȻɭ㵵۾ıܲںͱ˹ɣ
Ǹˣ֪
ܣʲôɭͳԱˣ
аׯεȻ˵ŵҲʶ
ҫɭ˺óһʱ䣬ҫ
һֱ⣬֪Ǳ߷ʲô飬ׯεȻͷָҫʱ˶һִͺʯ״̬СļٵģܾȻҫһ𣬿˵ӣǸչɣܿĸֺ֮ÿѧɼֺá˿Ҫ׷󣬵˹ٴѧʱ򣬰˶ܹ˹ٴѧһȦҲ֪ѣû뵽䱻˹ٴѧΪ֮˹֮ĽھȻҫժˣ
ɶΪʲôᱻҫߡ

ȥǲǹ˰ɣ
˲֪ٴˡׯεȻЦ˵ҿˣѾͨд÷ǳáĲʿҵǰɣ
ԣѾʿҵˣⲻ׼عǴѧְλ𣿡ɭ˵ʱ򣬡ܣҪ⣬ҫô£
һ˰
ع֪𣿡
֪˶֪ˣǱصİԶϡҺҫˣҺҫֵǷơҲǣ˹ٲ֪Ҳ
ļٵģɭ㵵˵һˣ
ҰɡׯεȻɭʱҺҪϯȾ¡
ô𣿡ɭ⣬֮ǰӦþܾҫΪʲôֺһˡ
и¡ׯεȻЩЦ˵ȻΪʲôһ𡣡
һǺ⡣ɭüģһԱׯεȻҫ˵û𣿡
硭ɭҫҪСͺҫЦúģ˸ûʲô˰
ƣɭһֿڣڱҿ㣬һˣ
ҵ绰ׯεȻЦ˵ɣұҪˡ
ûа취Ҿֻܱˣ˭ϱı硣ҫׯεȻһڣϱʱˣ˸Ҫˣȥλøռðɡɩӻһ°ġ
ҲǡׯεȻҫʵ׳壬޲˵ϰȻ϶ҫ
ҫ·֮ź֪ķ֣һȵĿϴתתׯεȻ˵С뱻ʰǰɣ
Ͻ·
Ҵ
ҵСڡҫЦе·ׯεȻֺǺǵĴϣׯεȻ¥ϸĵĸׯεȻϵЬ߳šҫ˳ֽŷʱҫһû⡣
ʯ˵ģÿϳ֮ǰҪϸһ᲻⡣
Ȼ󲿷ʱ򲻻⣬ΪׯεȻİȫ룬̫һһÿο֮ǰһ±ȽϺá
ҫµļһ֮ׯεȻϳ
ڳϣҫׯεȻİȫϵãԴЦ˵úŰ
ǰ̳֮ׯεȻͣҫ绰ȥ
ӵ绰ĺǴѧҽԺš
˵еأҪΪҫׯεȻʵ̫Ѿܲˡ
˸磬ǶѾ̳ķ꣬ɩʲôʱ
һۻµҽ˵ɣҽе顣˵ʱ룬ȵͰɣ֪ҽϲʲôɣѵַңҴҽ
ҫҵ绰ׯεȻ˵˸ɩӴ
ڵҽ𣿡ׯεȻŲ˵ҵú˵顣
ôˣ
Ҹ컹ûǴѧʯīϩʵ顣ÿ춼ôʵң°ҵ֣ҵĻͰȥɣһûпǸӡ
˵㡣ҫĿţ̧ͷĲ˺һʱ䡣ׯεȻ̧ͷʱ򣬷ڿǰͺרעĶʲôƵġ
ְҵˣׯεȻЦ˵ôűˣ
ǣҾǸˡ̫ԡҫᣬšüͷ˫Ĺâ
𣿡
ׯεȻҲתͷһۣûзʲôԡ
ʲôԵĵط
㿴ţȳӣһֱװȳӡ
ׯεȻһ£㶼ܿ

ףҫڶ˿š
ׯεȻҫ֣ˣǳԷġ
ġҫͷûм
ҽʱһСʱ֮ҫԱϲˡ
˾ǵĶ棬ҽЦ˵˵ְˣ𣿡
𣿡ׯεȻתͷҫգ۾Ц˵ҫа𣿡
ûаɡҫׯεȻԴɩɱԩ˰ǿûߴ˸磬ӦǴ˸ɩ˰ɣ˸ɡ
Ҹ
ҫͳ˵˸磬㿴Ǹˡ
תͷô꣬Ĭеġ
ӷһӣתͷ˵˹Źֵġ
ߵʮ򣿡ׯεȻЦ˵ҫǷӵ׸ǲˣ
ʲôءҫЦ˵Ҫߵʮ򶼲˵϶Źġ
ȳԷɡҽܵ˵ֲӷ˼װװʲô飬һֱ˼ҿ
ǡׯεȻЦְҵͦ࣬Ҳû꾯찡
ҫͺ˵һЦ
ã˸磬ϱɩӶˣǻǳԷɡ
극Ҫҽȥ棬ׯεȻҪؼҡǾͷͷжҫׯεȻؼңǱߴҽȥˣصңͺպó극ˣǳԹˣ
ԹˡׯεȻҫֻص䣬ҫں˵裬Ȼطˡ 
ȥɣȥɣ˻֡
صׯεȻδ绰ȥ
ڲϰ˵ӵ绰˵ôׯڣջҪϰǰɣ˵ҪϢһʱ䣬·ݲϰ𣿡
ȿȡׯεȻţΣǸѧʵҡ
칫ԿףҾ֪Ҵ绰϶ûк¡
ٺ١
ׯεȻֻεЦκôǳô죬Ҳܺ°
ˣСׯڵ绰ͷͻأ˵˵Ǹ鰡
˵
˵®Ǳ߽⿪n-sˣ飿
n-sôׯεȻţôͻȻ£
ˣⲻ˵𣿡
ΡׯεȻ΢΢̣飬ǲҪȽϺðɣ
άҶ-˹п˹⻬ⲻׯεȻ֮ǰ⿪-׶˹Ժ϶bsd롢°ͺղ룬صľڷƫ΢ַ̣ҪǸŵϵļϣǽպģ͵⡣
ׯεȻָ֮ĺպͻѸͣҲΪʲôׯεȻڲƪķȥԵʡ
ȻĲܷҿ϶ǻһĲ
ҲǶģСӣаҾͲˣ֮㲻õġ
칫Ұɡ


321 
ҵ绰ҫڴһС˵ʵϱڸδ绰𣿡
ԡׯεȻϴ򿪵ԣڿѧ飬ǲǽ⿪άҶ-˹п˹⻬⡣
ɶҫһ£ͦƿڵġ
άҶ-˹п˹⻬ǽһش⣬ٸƫ΢ַʽׯεȻĵ˵ܹȫ⿪ôպ췽гĽô˵Ӧܶɣ
ҫƶǶͷģׯεȻ֪һҲûôŪġ˺һ˵ôҡͷ˵ȿġ
á
ҫС˵㻹Ҫ𣿡
˵ءׯεȻתͷҫСϼʰ㡣
Ҫ·𣿡

ǱҴȥϴ衣
ҫԡңׯεȻЦЦһﻹȲء
ģׯεȻźǷ
һָ绰СׯɭְҸ㷢ˣ㿴
䣬һɭְš
һٶҲǹģʱͲʿҵˡ
ɭСʹҲǸţȻûôôҲǳУڵ绰ͷЦ˵㿴ʲôְλʣ
ֲѧУ쵼ɡ
ⲻһѧУΨһһλϯڵ𣿡
ׯεȻɭļõʱ䣬ڰɡ
˹ٴѧҵʦѧڴ´ࡣׯεȻ˺һӣһĸڣһܹ֮νڡ
֮ǰventiones atheaticae˹ģǹ˷ģǳӦҪѧǸ淢չҸΪϵĸڸһЩҪѧѧĲ֡
΢ּεϣҲǳׯεȻЦ˵˵ʵ˺ͼ涼нҿʮ֮ǰܹ÷ƶĽ
أ
Ѿڴһֶѧɡ
ׯεȻúЦ˵ˣβ˵˰
е飬ҵȥæˡׯεȻҵ绰һɭļص֮󣬼ڿġ
ҫ߽䣬ɫľڴϿ顣ĵû˵ׯεȻ֪ڿʲôΪҲҴׯεȻ½ׯεȻиûˣɾˡⱾС˵ɣ̫ˣ鱾ֻȺϢ
ׯεȻڼʯīϩ⣬ݣ΢΢۾֮ǰѧģƤ˹ѾˣҪĽܶࡣׯεȻţôĵطҪĽʱʵʱҪʵ̫ˡԭʵ֮ɡׯεȻƤ˹ˣǮԭƻڽ·ɼġ
æ®Ǳߵ飬ûпʼɵԼƳһꡣһ֮ڣҪʯīϩһЩɼС
ҫֻЦţȺڷƬͬѧȺкܶͬѧϵǱȽٵġ
żǻῴһͬѧȺ
˵ҫ̸ˣ뵱ʦѧУУ׷üҲûжİɣ
ļٵģҫ̸ˣҫ
Σȷʵ̸ˡ
βУ̸˵һ
ʲôʱܹԵУݵľϯ
ɣУ̸ˣǵöƯǰô׷û̸⣬ھȻ̸ˣ
ҫУݲ˵һ𣿡
ҫ˵ɶ
̸鰡ɩôʲôģ
治֪Ǽٲ֪̳ҫ̸ӣ˼̸ֵǷأһùϵأԺУݾҪƽƿ
˵ôĸ
ǣ˼УɩҵúãҲı°ôģ㵹һȥ
ЩˣҲôõˣֻһ±ˡ
ˣͦģ
ǻ治֪ҫϱǸˡ
ļٵģܰɣôܻϲˣУݿɲܶǼһһġ
ǰܰɣϲˡôܡ
ǣԲϲˣһϲ˴ı˼ҵĿǴɽԺƽء
ˣԽԽˣ˱ˡ
ҫҡͷȷʵв˶ڼҵôõϱģе㿴ȥˡ
ͺʲôɥĲһ
ҫҪϯˣΪϱ˵Сһ¾ͺãλҪĻǺϵͺãø𣬾ǴҾһһ¾ͺáʱϵξͳɡΡ
Σ˵˾ǣʱ˭ҪϵҾͳɣҴȥʱ䡭жҪӳȷʱ֮ҷǡ
ҫУߵׯεȻߣɻĿתĶĻϵĶ
ׯεȻüţ𣿡

ׯεȻڹصԣƺ˼ʲô飬ҫڸׯεȻż
е㶫ûͨ룬ӦǿͨġׯεȻţͺǱҪʲô⡣
ûдׯεȻ֪ׯεȻ˼ʱ򣬲Ҫ˴šһԵĴߣôׯεȻĲԽԽϱرÿԾĿͱϱסˣȺҲһ۾Ϳϱ˵֡
ϱʵ̫ÿˣϲϱҫţׯεȻתͷҫǰζţأ
ϱˣ
ûСׯεȻ˵һҪ룬Ӧò˶õʱ䡣˵ʱҫЦһ£ôȲˣ
ҫׯεȻЦţҪǽϢɣ
ҿҲͦ۵ġ
·Ѿ𣿡ׯεȻһҫϣҫ˵ڴϣ籡ҫĲϣҽҪϮ
ˡҫںߣһ§סׯεȻЦ˵ھʰС


峿ɢׯεȻϣ۾֮˸ҫѾ·žӡɫļҫеԽͦΣׯεȻźǷ˵ŪȫǺˮ컹
ǼѾȥϴˡҫתׯεȻգϱҪҪϢһ
ˣҵȥεİ칫ԿףȻȥѧʵҡׯεȻ֮ǰԡңһϴ֮󣬻ص俴ҫվԭسЦ
ׯεȻһ·һ߿ҫҲڣء
ҫͷҸϱ·ɣ
á
ҫׯεȻ·¥ͣҫׯεȻǴѧǰӡ
Ǵѧյ峿ˬķ紵ߵѧϵİ칫¥ûֱȥԼİ칫ңǰεİ칫ҡʱ㣬ҲˣӦѾ칫ҡ


322 ѧʵ
ߵߵߵǹŵģ춯οſյڵͦˬǵļȡһʱ䣬ҪˣʱܾеܲסҪȿյ
ɡȻεƿţׯεȻ̽ԴΡ
úκЦ˵Ͻ
ׯεȻ칫ңӣεĶ棬֣һڴĿΣҸ˵Ǹ顭
Կǰɣ
δ򿪳룬ҪǸ㣬ȸ˵Ҫöá
ꡣ
ס˰ʱ䣬ҪԿ׻ҡׯεȻæͷģ֮һԿ׻ĵԿףׯεȻǷɿ뿪칫ңλջԿƵġ
칫ңׯεȻվſڣƵ
ׯڲǰͻǲݼٲˣ
ƵдϲׯεȻվ⣬ûнȥƵԽĴ󣬡Ǯʿ֪ˣⲻ𣿡
˵ׯǲǺٳȥˣпܰɣׯں̸ûжõʱ䣬ӦǳȥŶˡ
ˣҪʦ֣ׯڸͲڡ
Ƥ˹ʦ֣أ
ҡеҪ֮ǰܹһׯεȻվ⣬Ƥ˹µòУʲôʱׯεȻվ⣬ˡôηı飬ţСӣվ̫ˣǵñᶾһ֪жôɡ
Ƥ˹ҲѧׯεȻ⣬΢΢ǣҪƵҪʲô
Уׯڿ϶ڼûʱ칫ҡ
ҲҪ£ƾͺǸද֢ͯһڰ칫ž춯š
Ǯµͳ˵ƣҪׯڸס֮󣬸ӵҪǲĻʵʵ⡣
ƺٺЦ˵ҾýׯӦòġ
ָڼ˯ء
ׯεȻվ⣬˫ֱǰǽڣҲû˵ǹճһ˿Цǲˡ
֪ĸӣ÷졣
ơǮµĺţҪӣҾ͸ׯڴ绰ȥ
˵ǿ÷ˣҿׯڲضµڶ϶ȲҵġǮ»˵꣬ǰˡ
ʼСţСôš
ҪǲÿŵĻǾԡǮµ𣬺Ǯ»ܹסƵġ
ׯεȻһ߽칫ңλɪɪ˵ǰǶ̫ǰɣƣ
ͷЦţһֱڶƵеܱǸͬʱҲرҪЦ˵ʵþûпôЦĻ棬ʵ̫ҪЦ
ׯׯڡСĿׯεȻʲôʱ򣿡
ղڵʱҾ⣬ҾҪֶܹõʱ䡣ׯεȻЦţаСӣʢ
Ҫ÷֮abcΣ
ͷһĿŲݸֽ·һԺһ㡣
ƣ´ҿôƤҲabc룬ԱϲҵΪβǰɣׯεȻ䵭ţʵܺׯεȻ˭ܹǴѧĽǳСׯεȻƣµľׯεȻ
úĿ⡣ׯεȻ˵һƤ˹ǮǸһߡ
Ǯ·еĶƤ˹ҲׯεȻ
ߵǰׯεȻתͷ˵ƣҪڸҺͲ÷ˣȰabc˵ɡ
˵꣬ׯεȻֱ뿪
СؿŷĴţþׯεȻûзأ˵ׯʵ̫ˡ
ſ⣬Ц˵ʦܣҪڲרĵ⣬СĴỹҪ
İɡЦ˵Ƥ񣬲±ׯġ
˭˵Ҳµġ۵òУҪǲ±ׯͺˣĺܺ±ׯ
»ôЦ˵ׯǰɣʵ㣬ҪǴׯɱָûĺùӳԡ
ĬĬţȷʵˣɲׯ
Ƥ˹ׯεȻѯţڣȥʲôط
ѧʵҡׯεȻ˵Ҫʯīϩʵ顣
ղѾϵ˱ˣʯīϩҪϿʼʵ顣ׯεȻ˵Ǯ¼¼ݣҺƤ˹ʼʵ顣
ڰ֮ڽʵáͲˣôѵʵܹһµʱʯīϩʵܳɹ
áǮû˵дʲôʲôңܹеĿ⡣
ܣλпȥЩҵһѧȥѧʵʵ顣ô붼̫ԣ˭öԷǴء˵ʲôʲôǶԵġ
ΪѧûзأҲܷκε顣
ѧʵ¥ׯεȻ˽ʵҡһʱŶѧʵҡׯεȻ˵˵㻹Ҫ
ʵ˼ŶѾʯīϩˣΪͿʼӦãоҲǸ⽻רѰˣ粻оʡ춼˽רѡ
ׯεȻһ˵ҾûбҪоȥġ
ʱһ£ɣоɡ
Ҳ֪˵ʲô˵һ䣬ҵøѰǻѾ顣
֪ׯεȻ΢Ц˵ţʱ磬޷ܾоʯīϩ

ʱЩ̫ףʲô˼
ԴеӦã͵ĵõʯīϩڴ͵Դӵʯīϩ̫ȶ׼ȶ״̬ʯīϩׯεȻЦ˵ܹɹĻǲø˽רѣÿרѶһݣٶԱ˼ڵӪգ̫ࡣȫ綼ҪרѵĻ
ȥȷʵǳˡʱЦ˵Ҹ˻Ǿò̫ܻɹ
ܹĻ˼кͺá
ȻܹһøġׯεȻЦЦȥʱرܹ
ȷʵˣʯīϩרѾռݣٲڻڲſʼʯīϩ΢һЩׯεȻżܹɹͻƣⲻǴר⣬пܻŵѧ
磬ǾҪʼˡׯεȻЦ˵׼Ա߿𣿡
ˣһе飬ȻȥʱЦŰ˰֣ˣЩ豸һ£û٣
ûСׯεȻҡͷ˵磬л
ˣʱ뿪֮ׯεȻعͷ˵ˣڿʼоѧģ͵ɡ
򿪵ׯεȻʼѧģ͵⣬ǾƤ˹ѧģҪ޸ġ֮ǰһֱûл޸ģڿʼһ߽һ޸ġ
Σˡ


323 ¿ʼ
Ǯҡͷ˵ڣҾûǲ̫á
ׯεȻתͷƤ˹أ
Ƥ˹˼õʱ䣬ڣҺǮʿһǲ̫׵
ҵѧģ͡ׯεȻָŵеѧģ˵Ҳò̫ԣ˵˵㵱ʱ뷨
ڡƤ˹Σҵʱֻȶ⣬ûпǵء
áׯεȻףҪʯīϩѧģ֪ͣӦôɣ
֪Ƥ˹ͷתվڽ̨Ͽʼ
¡ׯεȻתͷǮ˵ȿʯīϩ׺ϣȥƤ˹һʯīϩѧģ͡
ǣڡ
˷ֱֹʱׯεȻȻƤ˹Ķһֱڹ졣ΪεĿׯεȻ˵ׯڣҿܡеˡ
ȥԷɡׯεȻЦ˵£ȥԷ
Ǯ·еĶ˳극֮󣬼ʼ顣
ʱúܿ죬һûʲôѾˡ

ӴҪ°ˣҫڻ·վЦŴҫ°ôϱȥԼᰡ
ûСҫЦ˵ҵȥǴѧأʵʵ顣Ҫʵ飬û˽ܹʵһӡ
ҫ·£һ˿˵𣿡
ءƿţξվ֣ӣþò
ε֧̾Ѿһʱ䣬ҫû˵¾˵֪ǾУͬѧҾͲˡ
ΣǵðѾãҵİ칫ҡ
õģӡ
뿪֮ҫ߳칫Ҷ˵ô£
һ˵Էأôõʱ䣬ûԷֵܣл˰Ҫ㣬ҹƻء
лʲôҫЦ˵ֲҰģԼ
ҳԷɣɡҵȥϱסţ
λᡣ
ɣҪһȥǴѧȥϱһȥԷ
Ȼԡ
뿪ӣ˵ҫκܶͬѧҪҪҪǵУݾǱĸ˸ժߡ
Ҫ֪ǵУǰǲ۲۵ûиĻ˰ڸܷḻ
ЦҾˣЦô£ҫЦ˵Ż򿪳ţǰ氡ǰϱλá
ģҿ϶ǰ档
ڶѾߵˡϵıһʱ䣬ɩӻûϢ
Ҳ˵һʼʵûû˵ġҫҡͷ˵ҹʵæµأǰʱҲġ
ʻǴѧǴѧʱЦ˵ͻȻǰǴѧҲŮ׷Уݰɡ
ҫǰ濪ų˵ǰˣͲҪó˵˰ɡǱߴΣҪҪ۵
ˡҡͷǱҲͦģֵҲͦõġ
ȷʵǣŰɣȻеʣǶֵĲҫЦ˵еϽҲǺ¡
ҿ˵ˣ⼸Ҫḱˡϴ¸˵ʱе㷺ᣬ˵ûã˺ö󰸡Ҫ
϶ֹ˵Щҫ˵ϲ˽·һЩɧǶûʲôۣǸϲɧ˶ѡ
еģúøɾͳɡ
Ӵû뵽Уڶʼ佱ˡ
ʲôأ˼ʸˣô̾ȥˡҫɫ˵ҪҿЦ˵ء
ףξ񣬡ӵָʾ
ҫһ죬һ߽뻯ѧʵҵķ򡣽ͣڵ·ԱߣܹǮ£һҫرϤˡ
Ǯʿ
ҫкһǮתҫʱЦ˵٣ҽڵģ
ǡ
ڻʵҺƤ˹ʿѧģͣҪȴٽȥš
Ǯ¶΢΢ĺˮɫЩ죬ȥһ·ɱġ
ðɣ
ûϵҲǱʵ顣ǮЦ˵ֻǽڸ˵Ŀѡ
λǣ
ǮµĿƶεϣ´һװ˼ġȥͺҫ󣬾ǳЩͨҫȺһ۾ܹȷʵøߣ俴ȥӲʣһ˿˧ֻǺҫȽϣԵЩͨ
Ȼ˱Ҫ˵ġ
ҫźÿٿҫߵѣҲ̫ÿ˰ɡǮţ߰ɣҴȥׯڡǴһҪ˵
Ҳׯڵѧо
ǺáС˵ǹͶġ
߽ѧʵңׯεȻںƤ˹˵ŻҫξվڴԣͺƵġ
ˡׯεȻ˵ҾҪϸһ£ȶԺص⡣˵ʱͣһ£¡
ڡǮߵׯεȻС˵ʲô飿
ʯīϩ׺Ҫã컹Ҫʵ顣
ʵĿΣ

ʱˣԾڹǰĸҡоıҵ硭ׯεȻ˵ʱתͷҫվǰ
ˣǿȥԷɡƤ˹ǵûȥ֮ص⣬ϴѧģ̫żˡ
ãڡ
ϴ֣뿪ʵңҫվһ
ôˣׯεȻΡ
Ц˵ⲻУݺɩӳԶٷһʱˣһֱæûʱɩӺǵУݳԷ˵ɩ֮ǰҲڣҾҲ벻
߰ɡׯεȻҫ֣һһ˵ѧʵ飬еѶȣܶȽæټ®Ǳ߻Щ飬ǿܻʱҡ
ǻ֮󣬹Ҳɲġ
⻰˵ҫģҫַׯεȻԴϣЦ˵ãæҵͳɡ

ǰҫ򿪳źׯεȻҫǰ棬ں档
뿪ǴѧǾͽ˸ԷҫûкȾƣׯεȻῪҪǺ˾ƣδ͵ô򳵻ȥҲô򳵻ȥ
극ص
ׯεȻ򿪵Լæоҫϴ֮ڴϿֻ
ׯεȻҫʲôûڶ𴲣ׯεȻʹæĸϵѧУ
ҫѧУȥģѧУ֮󣬾칫Ҷûȥѧʵңоʯīϩ⡣
ܾӦòǺʲôɣׯεȻţǲǺһЩʲô˺һʱ䣬Ҳû׺Եʲô
֣ׯεȻϣǮºƤ˹ûеʵ糿ûг;ʹæϵʵҡҫĶͣׯεȻ׼Եʱһ߿ͣһ߻˼š


324 ͵
ǲ˵ʲôСĶҧһڰӣƤСİӣȥͦѳԵġ
ǿܹӣƽʱڼʱׯεȻԼǳ͡رæƳĩ֮⣬ʱ䶼رæµĩҲӦҪæµģҪǿǵѧ⣬ĩʱҲæ顣ҲѧĩʱҪϢһ£˵ⱾǶռǵʱ䡣
øѧһʲƵĹʣȱǮҪȱǮĻǿɾͲˡ
ׯεȻţŬ飬˺ܾõʱ䣬ûгԵһڡǮŶ룬֪ʦֿ϶رʵҡһʱ䣬ڲŰ˵ʦֵʲôʱʵҵİ᲻̫һ㣿
ŽڲǽڣʵҶǸ϶ǽôĵ칫
ڡǮһׯεȻعͷǮվǰЦ˵ôˣ£

ô磿
аɡׯεȻٴҧһڰӣڼѧģ֮ͣǰĸоûдкܶطҪ޸ġ
˵ʱͣһ££㿴Σ
ЩûпꡣǮ»ûסȷĿ
ȷһġׯεȻ˵Ҿûκε⡣
ǺãȻھû⣬ȻҲûġǮЦϼ׺ϣһƤ˹Ҳʵҡ
ʼѧģͣѧʵֻׯεȻƤ˹Ǯ°Ĵһûг

ߵߵߵųҫԵĴϵ𣬡ˡһԴײҫһ䡣Цţҫ򿪳¸磬ôˣ
ҫôˣµĴҫǱɨسǰɣ
ôڳ˯
ϱ糿ȥʵңȥ֮ĥϾҪϰˣڳ˯һҫԴ˵ڼˣ
˵룬ϰˡ
ҫ³ϣ߰ɡ
˵ҫͦеİЦ˵ϱ֮ڳϢ
ߵӣҫ칫ңʼ顣
ﻹţϱѵ˯ϱ˯ͦģȻûڰɣô˯ô𴲣ܿס
ļﻹǺܵׯεȻϱϢУôš
ӡ½߽ʱ򣬽ļݸҫ˵ȥ˰칫ҡ
ȥй֣︱ֳҫվţֳ˵ɡ
֡ҫľ񣬡ҡ
ӣ㿴ݸҫֳ˵ǹ⼸ǴѧʧԵİӡ
ҪʧԵĶȽϴ󡣡ֳüģǴѧǱߵĽںѧӦܼңҪЩҵǸˡԭɳ飬Ϊʵ̫Ǳֲƽǡ˵֪ģпܻİӡ
ܲܺϲҫֳĶ棬ŵ򿪣žĿţǾ漰ʧԻиصİ˼𣿡
ûֳ˵ǰһҾҲйϵ֪ģǰǸġյ̾ӵꡭ
֪ˡҫŵ뿪ֳ˵֣ұ֤񡣡
ҫ齻㣬һǺܷĵģϣ㲻Ҫʧ
ģһʧġҫЦ˵
ֳЦ˵ˣұģóʵжҿ
ǣ֡ҫת뿪ֳüģڰ칫š齻ҫĵģεʵ̫嶯ҫϱ̫嶯ҲԽԽι̡
Ҳõ˳֣ϾϾֳˣǱϾֳһִġ֪Ͼֳư֣ûϾֳƲ˵İӡô꣬Ͼֳ֧ǿʡưߵ֧ӣǲ˵Цġ
ҪȻϾֳҲô죬Ѿȥй֡
ȻؼʡЩģҫϺؼңСӻǰ;ҫϱھѾǿѧԺԺʿѧߡ˽⣬еĹֶΧתǹҪ顣
˵ҲǺһϵͳģֻ˫ְͬ
ڱׯεȻĹҲŵģй־ֳĻ˵߹ıܳκεĲأׯεȻһͷ˿ܶϵ֡
ֳЦſʼļҫ뿪칫֮󣬶λļС˵кң̵Ļ顣
Сһ̵ܵԱС˵ôҿ̻ᣡ

ׯڡƤ˹üģҾýѾˡ
һѧģͣƤ˹ͷ۵òУҪڰ֮ڽʯīϩʵȫ꣬κ˵ǲʵֵġңҪܹӦܹŵġ׼ŵˮƽֽ׶ΣʯīϩȶԻһ⡣
ׯܹʯīϩͨȶԵ⣬ôʯīϩϸǴпΪ
ڴϣձȾͨ졣ׯεȻ±Ц˵аɣ͵
ĽչΣ
ˡǮЦ˵ò˶õʱ䣬ЩҾҪȫˡ
ˡ
ׯεȻ˼ţ뿪ɣ롣
ׯڡǮ¿ׯεȻ˵ѧУ̫ȫҪ㣿
ŶׯεȻ㵵˵ѧУʲôˣ
üʵҵ豸͵ˣ˻ûҵһЩݡЩݶǲ̫Ҫݣ˻ѧʵ߿
ǵ豸ׯεȻһ£ʵ豸Щ豸˺üģҪǱ͵ߵĻ۵ġ®Ŀ⣬ǮûиҲиĽ𡣿ǱߵǮûи豸Ҫ⣬ׯεȻһҪȥɳﶽư
̬Ҫ
߰ɣǵðòСׯεȻüģǧʲô飬϶Ҫʹҹ
߳ţպǮ°ʵŸϡ
ҫĵ绰ʹ˹ڵ绰ͷС˵ϱҽܽӲ㣬ʯ㣬иӺܼ֡
ãؼҰׯεȻҲûж롣
ϱ߻е飬ȥæ˰
ȥɡ
ҵ绰뿪ʵ¥û߼ʯĳȵͣׯεȻǰׯڣϳɡ
лˣʯ鷳㡣
ûϵʯЦ˵Ȿҵıְ
û𣿡
ˡʯֺǺǵЦţڳϣׯεȻĬšʯׯεȻģׯεȻӦʲô飬ûд
ͣͣʱųţׯڣǵˡ
áׯεȻͷ˵ллʯ
ʯЦЦû˵ׯллѾϰˣµݻصҡʳׯεȻһ˻㵵˵ҫǸ޿ħûȥ㣿
顣ׯεȻı̫ƽüͷšţΪׯεȻҫˣС˵ܵܣҫˣ
ûа
üͷô
ĥʯīϩ⡣ׯεȻߵϴ֣ӿ߳ź˵ô͵ܵ˵ģҸҫʲôš
裬ҵÿԷ극Ҫȥʯīϩ⡣
ѾˣȥԷɡ
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Ǯûл˵ȷʵǿ˵ùȥģôණҪȥ˽һǺġ
ڣǡСĿׯεȻ˵ȻȥƤ˹˵һ
á
˾켱æ˵ׯڣ⣬ⲻ̫ϳɣ
ҴӹĶȫ͵ˡľ죬ҲΪǾ˵¶ʱѾˡǾûư֮ǰҾȥǾǱţʲôʱǰӣҾʲôʱ뿪
ׯڣ⡭
Ҳǽڣ໥һ°ɡ
ǣҿǡҶһٶ豸ǴӹȽ豸ֲûšھҪǾ׷ȡְɣ˵Ҿȥ˽һôˣ
λʵ̫˵ԭǾǸմӾУҵѵ֮ϸڡûмʱ䣬ִӡԭֻ¼֪ׯεȻȻô󣬷ǵҪȥǾ˽
һʱ֮䣬ȥǻҪСһЩĽڣ֪˵ʲô
ˣҲǡׯεȻţʯ˵ȥ֡
ʯȻ֪ʲô飬¶ְΧ֪ʲôҲܹܡ
˵ׯڣȥ֡
ȥ˽ģ
ǰҾҪŪΪʲôŻᱻ͵˿ȻҵЩ豸أһҪߺѰɣһҪ֪Էûͬ
ʯλֻÿžǰ
ﾯ֣ʯѯʵׯҪȥ𣿡
ãһ˾Ϳԣֻ֪ʲô


325 û
ֵʱׯεȻֱ򾯾ִ֧ڵ¥µݣʱСׯεȻЩΣЦݺݴžֿЦׯεȻյ̾СﶼŵòС
ӱһǳˣƽʱЦġҲǵż⼸꣬Уȥǣһǵģǻ췽רҵǡ
ϵľУҫǵѧҲǷǳϼң˶Ǳҫѡ֧̾ӵġҪλ£ǴָҪȥǻʵϰڡλѧҲǾУķָ̽ѧϰ꣬Ŀеż
Уָߴ󡣼ֱĿ̾󣬻кܶǶҪλӳѧϰڰߣǺΡ
Ҫ֪Ǳӳѡеʱ򣬶˶Ľܹӳ
ڱ߻ȥ֪ж˿ǵЦ
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ߡׯεȻһˡ
ԭҪ뿪ׯεȻ뵽ʲôߵҫϣڷ̺кʹߣٳԡ
ׯεȻҡڵ뿪칫ң¿Цõҫ
С׷ǰȥɩӣҪǴѧɣ
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ׯεȻ뿪СŽ칫ңӣɩӸѵˣ
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ɩҶ㣬Ҫ̣͸㱨
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326 ŵ
뿪칫֮ׯεȻֱϳʯЦ˵ׯڿˣ
ˡׯεȻüģǼһﾹȻҳ̡
ʯЦ˵еģ̲ϰ𣿡
ŶׯεȻĿʯʯҲ̰ɣҼǵá
٣û񫡣ƽʱܷʱһƽʱ϶̡ʯЦ˵ķ飬ʱúס
ǳЩʧ𣿡
ܹƽɡ
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֮ǰһսѣרҵ֮̾Ҳϲ̡˵ϲ𣿺ܶ̾Ҫ̣ҾҲǵְҵ֮һɡ
ҲְҵׯεȻЦ˵кΪ롣
ׯڻǺٵġʯţׯڻǴѧ𣿡
ȥɡׯεȻ̾ϢһҲ֪ҵЩ豸ܲһ
˵ׯڵЩ豸ǴӹģûЩ豸ܶ඼ǹ⼼ġ
ǡׯεȻͷ֮ñ˸˻ġ
֪ģЩͲǻ
ʯͷȷʵͦġ
ҪׯڣҹƶҪٵİ칫Ҹ츲ءʯȤ˵̾϶ܹ㶨ġ˵ӵİӶ㶨ö˵ǻֵ
ҾáׯεȻҫı飬ӿ²ʧô򵥣ӦûİӰɡǸϲһİӣȻЩҲµģֻҰʱڼһЩӣżһ¡֪ˣ̫ҵƬҰ֡Ҹ磬ҫ참ʱ򣬶ǰЩ顣
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ǰĸеĲҪŵأҪŵѡׯεȻĬҪ֪ŵǿɶŶȡôǼʮǰĳɼȡҪȡŵǿҲüʮ֮˰ɡ
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ҵ룬ŵ黹ҪһġׯεȻϣϾҪǴѧ˰ɣ
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ѧģͰɡ
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·ݡ
ȵûؼһʱ䣬ؼҡ
ؼҲҪǵúú⣬һѶȵġׯεȻ˵꣬תʼƤ˹̸
ׯεȻıһֱܲãǮ֪ôصĶׯڵòŻ֡
û˵Ǯֱ뿪ʵҡ
ׯεȻƤ˹һ̸߽һѧģֱͣɫƤ˹ǶòУŶׯεȻ˵ׯڣ̫ˣҪȥԷɣ
áеıʣׯεȻ̾Ϣһ˵Ƥ˹ȥԷɡ
ǵðáüģׯεȻɲرá߳ʵңϳ֮ʯׯεȻı顣
ׯڣ黹ǲãҪǰһ𣿡
áׯεȻҲֱӾܾʯǹ϶ܹĶûòҲ¸һ豸С¹ֱֵȻ;쿴ȥһϵͳġʵϵǲһģ;֮ǲһġ
ҫԲ죬ܲҫҫһƯİá
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žŵһζƮЬׯεȻЦ˵裬أ
ǰЦ˵ˣ
ɫûȫׯεȻؼһǲ
һŹִҪؼҡе飬ӦǲԷˡЦ˵ԽԽˡ
裬ҪҪȥ
ڵһӰɣҫϯ֮Һְֳȥ˵Ǹͦģҫ˶ͦæġҪڼԲ˷ԷٻؼҲͦõġ
áׯεȻЦŴӦ裬㣡
㰡Ц˵ҸʢһȺš
룬ׯεȻʢһڲϣׯεȻϣ뿴ðЩʳ󶯡
Ųˣѯţҫʲô飿
ѧУ͵Եİӡ
ǰɣѧУôܣôᱻ͵ǴѧǿʡõѧУʡıʡٵ˲ţô˵͵͵οǴѧͷô࣬ôܣо֮ĵȵȡ˵͵͵ɣ
Ҳ֪尸ҫҲ˵ҵ豸Ҳ͵ˡׯεȻ죬ҫ˵׷ġ


327 尾
ѧУڲİɣ룬Ǿò̫ԣʵͷô࣬оܾô˸ˡϻбѲߣôô׾ٵ͵߶ǵԵ˺ϤǴѧ
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衣ׯεȻЦõ˵ҹ͵Ե˸ϤЩ豸ֻСģҲֵǮġкֵܶǮ豸ͲߣǴһЩ͵ߵģ͵豸͵˵ѧʵһкܶݶˡ
ׯεȻ˵ʱͣһ£ǹڻѧʵݣ˵ûпǡ
ܹɣŵز
ҲпܲǷţһͷҪǸǴѧ͵ݣΪŪʲôᡣܲҪȥҪǷʵҰɣׯεȻЦ˵翴ˣܾܺᴿ
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˵ô˶ڱϱе㵣ģһи֮ģӦûֿԡ
ţҫһʱ䣬ⶼʮһ㣬Ҫ賿ˡɳϢһɳϣ＾ľ׸ϱ۾Ҳ֪ϱûкúϢ᲻ڻоţҫ˯ˡ

ԡׯεȻҡͷǲԣôԡ
ͷׯεȻоͷͺΪʲôǲԣΪʲôǸоҲĵط
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328 ѯ
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ׯεȻˮźЦ˵磬㻹ǸϽȥ˯ɣҿôȥƾ͵ȥҽԺˡ
˵ǡüģһǸϽȥϢʵ̫ˡ
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ʵ̫ˣ̫˼尾ˡǲҪһʲôУʼջôһ㣬ôһ㶫ô붼벻Ϊʲô򲻴
˵ʵȷʵҪϢһʱ䣬ӣ®ʱ򣬽⿪n-s̵ʱѾʾ֭ʲô벻
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СûмҫôıȵôûзӦ


329 Ϣ
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תһ룬ҲǣɩӺһǶӳµıɩڼɲӵ쵼ǿ϶Ҫ˵˵ЦЦģСţӶɩӿã϶Ǵɩӵġӣֻɩӣûɩӵķݶ
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ҫ˵С¾͸ƵģǸʡĵĺӡ
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ׯεȻűˮҪȣԱߵҫ˵ȱˮ

Ʋ죬ׯεȻǽˮһڡ
ԣҫЦׯεȻԴתͷԳ˵衭ǿ͡ȥסˡ
ǱѾŪˣҪҪסʱסЦ˵ҫи˵ɣͦæģƽʱҪûǹԡǧ𾭳ڼһЩ
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ꡱһվ⣬һЦ˵Ǹ黹á
ҫתͷ֣ˡ
ǰЦ˵˵ҪߣɲûؼҳԷ𣿡


331 
ׯεȻ˵֣ȻҪңҪԷġҫôæûʱҲͦæģʵ̫ãҲҪǻؼҳ԰ɡ
ؼҳԷðĵ˵ȻȥסҪúõģ𶯲ͳ֮ġ
һġׯεȻĵͷҫЦ˵֣ģһׯڳܵġ
ҫһͦģ⺢ʲôƢİɳϣϴֶ˵ϽģڲҪԷӣ
ׯεȻҫߵ¡ҫԭҪæȷһֹ
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ҫǼҵǱҲ룡Ц˵ҫİԽְ
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ׯεȻЦû˵ҫׯεȻСڣϹˣ˯һᡣ
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ϰ˵ĵƹԽԽɫԽԽҫ˷ϣϱԷˡ
ˣׯεȻһ̵ܵߣˤҫۼֿ죬סûˤ


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ׯεȻתͷ˵磬ôˣ
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оֱһڹеѧڿɩôû
е飬ˣɡ
Ҳɡ
ԽȣɹеĻţڼ￪ſ죬ڵذϣׯεȻߵԱߵĹ̨ϣʲôأ
Сڡҫæ˵ڳأ㿪㣬˵ˡ
ôˡׯεȻ˵˾䣬Żͦġ
ܳˡҫЦ˵ٵȵȰ
ׯεȻصͷҫʢ̨ϣׯεȻھƹǰžơ
һһƿƹֺǺǵ˵ƿƿضģһҪȵ㡣
ϲҲҪ𣿡־Ц˵ϺȰɡ


333 
ﻹأϼȡ
Ц˵ҫͱ˰ɣ绹еҪⲻҪҫȥˣ˵ҪڲƺտϾںԺĲƺտҲԣҸղʱһҵҵ˵û⣬ǿԵġ
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ҫõ߲˵ݸׯεȻ˵԰ɣͦ𣿡

ׯεȻСĳţΪտãе졣ڲƺϣһ缸˶죬ֱϣտڷϣҫ˲پơ
ҫĽͽæʰ꣬ſؼҵġ־ǽ˸ߣͳźҲ뿪ҡ
ׯεȻϴ궫֮󣬻صңҫѾڴϹĺȵͦġҲûгҫϴ˸裬ϣյе䣬ҫĻҫ˳ƾͱ
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ֻʼţԭҪæģҫܾˣ鶼Ҫæʲôˣ
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㵱ȻҲ֮ǰͶAnnals of MathematicsActa MathematicaׯεȻЦ˵Journal Of The Ameri Mathematical Society
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339 滮
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340 
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ׯĽ⿪άҶ-˹п˹⻬⣿
ӦáǰɣƤ˹ʣǮ³˵ڲ˵ѣӦĽ⿪άҶ-˹п˹⻬⡣Ƥ˹ʿҲ֪漰ܶĶ˵߽׵ŵϵ˵ݣʺϹ
ӦöΪʲôʺϹ
Ƥ˹ףȻ֪ⲻʺϹԭ򡣸߽׵ŵϵζʵܻǰһ󲽣Ҳ˵ںպڷ򣬶пܻ̤Ǿлʱ塣
ڲʵҲܼ򵥣ΪǻˡҹڻкܶļƣǼ֮оάҶ-˹п˹⻬⣬ǲҲҪһ̶ϵķ
ǽڡƤ˹˵һὫƪķarXiv
Ƥ˹ʿǮºЦ˵ҼǵöڻķǺܵģǼǿѧпоϣԻϿķ£ƪģʵҾûʲôԵġ
Ƥ˹Ц˵ҵ˼ǣҪǽڣҲҪƪģҪƪĸ𿪣һķм߽ŵϵĲֺʵйصĲȫȥֻһЩûʲôõĲ֡
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ûϵġƤ˹ļ˵ҾһԵġ
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ȻƤ˹ĵͷȻýΪѧôһй֮ġ
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׼ǴȥμIMO𣿡
Դʦ֣ڵȼɣҪڻȥҲ棬Ұ軹и綼ڼҡһͦĵģ졭Ǹ߿Ҿܺһˣˡ
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ĶܾСӡܻǷȱһ㡣
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ôһûƤ˹̯˵ׯҲӢ׻ʼҿѧԺ⼮ԺʿҸׯڼ뻪ҲǲѡҿԺ϶ҸľϲΪѧ棬ѡ뻪Ƿǳֵõģ𣿡
Ҫô롭ûʲôǱأ
Ͳõ⡣Ƥ˹п˵˵ʵڻҪһЩƪģҺС
ΪʲôǮ»ǲ̫⣬Ǻ滹ǴĿģ
˵ҾΪԲҪڵƪ𣿡
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Ƥ˹Ҫ֪ںܶĿⶼǹڹġǮüģⷽ⣬ҪصӢ׼ǲܵġ
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Ƥ˹ʦֿԺú룬żġ
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ǰ˿ھͶ࣬Ӧģ뼮ͱȽѣƤ˹ʦ˲ţ뼮ӦòرѰɡҲر𶮣ֻôһ˵

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ʱһ굽ͷûмڡ
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Щƾɵк˵˰
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첻ɩӼ˵Ҫؼ𣿡
ʲôҡƺߺţҲŲؼңؼҲ档
ͷûм˵ȥ˼һزؼҵģͲӦùܵ顣
أƿŵ˺һʱ䣬׼ȥʲôط
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λүǲ˵ˣĵĿŴľ󣬡ؼҼ찡
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㲻ɡһ˿Ц⣬˵ʵҲͦ˧ġϾǾУУݣڵϣһ˿㣬ʵЩ۵ĺۼ


341 ҵĽ
ƲƲ촽òϣǶԱҫҲ˿ѷɫֻǺҫΪȣɬһЩӦһЩԭ
ܾã쵼ȣ쵼ÿһЩ
Ц˵ӳǰǾУУݣ˧ģܶѧ㻹кöѧУŮϲ
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ϻ뵽ͷ۵òУ֪֪Ǻڿ
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˵ventiones atheaticae࣬ұҪһƪķventiones atheaticaeܱҵventiones atheaticaeӰӿͻ31ֵİ
ðɣȻ̫ʺϸѧӰҲûܹŪ
ˡ˸֮Ƿǳѣventiones atheaticaeѧĸ֮һҲѧרҵ֮õڿ֮һ
ˡô˵ܹˣĬûм˵
Ƽ˵顭ðɣҳϣҾǺ
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һϰҳ˶ϰߡֺǺǵ˵ŻŹȻǸүһȥ棬ܴܲһ춼ء
ҲΪɩӵѧþܾʵǶүлġ
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ֻλɩӵѧʵûа취ټħԸ˵ʲôʲôҲʹӦˡ˵ͷ֪ЩʲôЦ˵ʲôأ
ûûʲôæ˵ʲôû룬Ҫ鱻֪ˣñƸһ١ִͦүģ˵ܻ졣
ûʲô𣿡ƾҵˮƽⶼܿУݼûϲԱʲôͦ˧Ա
ûƾƺЩԱҲ֪һΪʲôԱܾ˵ʱ򣬴һŨصԱСֵͦ͡ģҵˮƽ˳Ҳͦ˧Աû뵽ġ
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ܵҲϲſ˵Ȼû죬ǸʵǺ̫ܵƣ̲סҪƵܵˡ
ܲܡôȰĿ⿴ҡƤ񣬡Ҳܵܡ
֪Ц˵Ϣһɡ
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Žڻһ޳ɡ治ǸƲ죬ѹԽԽ顣
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ЦΣһк䳤˧Ҳʲô¶ɡ

ҫׯεȻڳϣŴľɫĿĵ˵ȥͬѧǲҪԷ
ûУȥǣȥĵطǱȷʵͬѧҫЦ˵ȥ𣿡
밡Ƶ궩𣿡
ˣͬѧԷҫһ߿һ˵ҪǱȥĻԼȥԷͳɡ
ϵô
ɰɡ
ǾȥɡׯεȻ۾ҫ˯һҡ
ҫͷڸٹ·ϺúõĿų
ʱɫѾҫͣھƵĳҡׯεȻ壬ѡ


342 ʧ
ׯεȻʱ򣬿ҫҡ壬˵ҫǵ𣿡
ˡҫׯεȻһڣЦ˵ѾߵˣȥפȻȥԷɡ
ֽׯεȻϵİȫ⿪ׯεȻһ§סҫĲӣϹ
ҫճյЦţϱôˣ
ҪǸ
áҫׯεȻϱҪ͸ϱ
ȥԷɡҫС˵Ǹòã
ׯεȻҫĻһ£ҫ
ôˣҫׯεȻЦ˵ʲô𣿡
Ҿ벻ˣô죿
춼ճ㡣ׯεȻҫĻŴŴ˵Ż
ͦõġҫЦ˵ϹϢʱ춼ñճźòã

߰ɡҫׯεȻԴȥǼǡ
ҫׯεȻ򿪳ţׯεȻ³Ÿϣҫϳ֮󣬺ׯεȻһͬƵꡣʱƵ˻е࣬ׯεȻɳϡҫŶ׼סֵҫʱׯεȻɳϳǡ
֮ߵׯεȻߣˣȥɡ
ׯεȻĸҫǰҫţſķ䣬̨Ԥʱ䡣仹ɳϣׯεȻĺŸ衣ҫһ˾ĳΣǿġҫľƵҲǲׯεȻ￴ơҫЦĹϷţһѽׯεȻ˵ȳȥԷɣǶڵء
ܶ𣿡
ûмҫׯεȻԴֻм˶ѡ
ãȳȥԷɡׯεȻҫ½󣬸ҫ߶ƵġׯεȻôճΪҫһ㶼÷úܿģΪұճֲճˡҫЦ⣬ׯεȻڳϡ
ͻȻ뵽ʲôƵģˣ
ҵǰ˵һиŮͬѧҲҪ
ׯεȻرѯһ䣬Ůͬѧǰǲ׷㣿
ҫһ£ɡܰɣҲ̫
𣿡ׯεȻҫҫ㲻Ҫ˵Ŷ
治֪ѧǻûЩ飬еҶûпֱӾˡҫô˵ׯεȻЦ˵һ˼һϲأ
ôҫЦ˵б㹻ˣˡ
𣿡
ġҫͷǰ˵һŮͬѧ
ׯεȻӦһҫׯεȻϵðȫٸԼϵðȫڳϣׯεȻִҫ֣ҫһѽׯεȻָסʮָۡҫŵ绰һ绰ͷҫ㵽ˣ
հס׼أ
ˣ͵ˡǱߵЦ˵Ҹ˵ǵİ໨Ҫͻױڰˡ
˵ҫļٵģˣ
Һϱһأ˵
ǰɣǺϱεģ
ҲǸ˵𣿡
Ϊ㿪Цأǳ
ǡҫЦ˵ݼ١
ɩڰ
ԱߣϾ͵ˡҫЦ˵ɱ˵
˽⣬˽⡣˺Цţ˵Ǳûʲô׷˶ȥˡ㲻ûпһҵҪɩʲôˣܰʰ÷ġ
˵˰ҽˣ
áҫҵ绰ׯεȻЦ˵ûУǺܴǰİ໨УҪô
ͱ˵ˡҺʲô鶼ûУҶ֪ϲ˭
˼ϲģ㲻顣
ҫֻź֮Ц˵ͱЦˡ
ãҲЦ㡣ׯεȻ׶ҫ˵㶼ҵˣ˼Ҿϲ㣬Ҳֻܿţʲô鶼ˡ
ҫЦţɿ֣Ҫˡ
ȿɡׯεȻ۾ȥϢ
ׯεȻԺлͣĻʯīϩȶԵ⣬˺ܳһʱ֮۾˵ҫ
ôˣ
ʯīϩͻȻһЩµ뷨ûƣһ롣
áҫͷ롣
ׯεȻ۾ţ취ûԹ֪ܲܳɹоҪһʱ䣬ҲһС
ͣµʱҫɰׯεȻ⿪ȫС˵أ
ׯεȻӦһˣˡ
߰ɣȥԷ³ׯεȻ͸ҫҫһѽׯεȻַϣеĿȡҫֽƵ꣬ᣬҫһѽŴ򿪣ɫǰһƵģأ
ҫˡҼæЦվ˵ɣҫı϶ûб
ǡ
Ӯˡ
ҫŮЦŶҫ˵һ㶼ûб䣬ӡ
ǰȣǱ仯ͦġŮӢˬģׯεȻЩޡ
ǣҵĿׯεȻϣҫǣׯεȻ֡
ϱҫʱ¶Ц⣬һˡ
ɩӰ˵ɩÿ
ׯεȻҫһŮׯεȻׯεȻƺرϲճҫֹ˿ģȻȻҪҫϡ
ҫǻճһ˿΢ЦĻȣֱܿͦճŵĸо
ҫŮ˵û뵽㾹ȻҪˡ
ǣҲû뵽ҫƫͷׯεȻתͷ˵Ҽϱ֮ǰҶû̸顣
𣿡ŮׯεȻõʱ䣬ҫҼǵǰ˸װ
Ҳᡣҫüͷϱ˲һ
Ϳʼ˫ˣ˾һû뵽
ɩ׷ҫİɡŮЦЩŹ֣û뵽ľͷ֪׷ˣһΪǲ֪ô׷ءԭϲ˲Ż׷ġ
ׯεȻŮͷ˵ȷʵҫ׷ҵģȷܾһΣġ
𣿡ŮЦݱÿɬû뵽ǵ겻ϵУݣԵˣô׷˰
˿ʼŹ˵ɩӿ϶
áׯεȻ˵Ҳһ㡣
ŮׯεȻɩܺȾưɣ
ׯεȻû˵ҫæ˵ϱȾƵģҺȾˡǴǵøҽи۰ϱῪҪȻǿɾ߲ˡ
ŮЦһ£ûм˵ׯεȻʲô鶼ôͱҫϵġ
ҪҫԲ̸̸˵ҫϲƯأҫ̸Ưܶ࣬ҫһۡ˵ʵŮĻͦģֻ⼸ûôϵû뵽ٴμҫʱѾʼ̸ˡ
һֱ϶ҫϢ˵ҫһֱû̸Ȼûоҫʲôϵܹ黹һЩϵġԻͨĹԻҫظĶǡŶáһģҪô˵ڹӵ顣ûж죬ҫԸԺˣָܺһ
ϵǿˣϧǺһ𣬺һȥƯһ
òϣׯεȻȷʵúܺÿſЦʱ򻹴Уܺÿڵƹ£ĳŶͷȥǰᡣ
ҫϲһ˰ɣֻûͨǰҫɼĸףڵã˼ҶܾҪƤ˼̸⻹׼飬ǲ֤ܳðϯ벻ͨǰ˵ħ
ˣûôֻ࣬ǲ֪ǵУΪʲôͻȻϲһ˵ʵ⻹ǺܲġУݵЩ飬ǶǷǳģϲһĿԸͲߣҫǺһǺҪ˽⡣ʲô˲ܹҫĸԸһ
˵ʵȨƵˣҲҫѡ˭Ըģ򵱳ǵʱô׶󣬼ͥܺõģҫûп϶۾ǲһЩ飬ʵϣΪͬѧǶ֪ġ
ǾȵǣҫƤȻô񣬱˾ܾ֮󣬻ܴȥ׷ˡҫǴδġ
ҫŮЦ˵㲻һɩ𣿡
ϱׯεȻҫִׯεȻļϣȻǶ֪ǵĹϵǷǳõġ
ɩҲǾӵģ
㿴ҵӾ֪ׯεȻЦ˵϶ǡ
ŮЦ˵ҼǵУ̾ӹɣӦͦæģɩӺܶʱ򲻵һڼϰΪѰҵ֮󣬼ٶΪ̫æˡ
Ǻ񶼲̫У̾ӣʱҹҪȥɣɩûΪУݳ𣿡
ׯεȻЦſŮ˵ʱ򼸸¶ڼڽҺҫ̸֮Ҿͳüµʱ䣬Ǽҫһ˶ؼҫܲϰߡ
æʱ򣬱ҫҪæˡׯεȻ̫׶Է˼ϲҫܶ꣬ͻȻҫͱһЩɡ
ҫͷ˵ǣҼұæˣÿҪܶࡣ
ãΪʱҲͦæġҫЦ˵໥ɡ
Ҳ˫ĸĸһȥҼϱүүеһжѾⲻ·׼ϯʽһˡҫ˵ʱǶЦ⣬ȥǸ˵ģ
ŮǷЦɩҲͦæģ֪ʲôġ
ҰׯεȻЦ˵Ҿһ򹤵Ķѡ
ҫЦĿׯεȻͷҲûж˵
ҫŹâ˫۾İ⼸ǵסģŮ֪ûлˡҫϲ˼˼ǿˣûʲô顣
¶ɬЦ⣬ʲô˵ҫôͬѧףɩҸ
лˡҫŮɱ֮һڽľƺȸɾʱʼơһȦЩ΢ׯεȻûкȾƵҲãԵѾˡ˶ںȾƣһڳԷ֮ϵĶҫںǺžơ
ɩӺУ׼ȥʲôط氡Ц˵˵ĵطͦģȻǣҲʵǲġ
Ҹղſһ£ȷʵǲࡣҲûдã֮ǰǺҫһȥϼֻǾǡ
ɩ˰ѯš
ǡׯεȻҫֱ˵ҫϰþ֮ʶİɣ
ǡҫͷҶϰʶҼұ
ɩӺУݵĸá
ׯεȻЦ˵ӦûǲɣûʲôԱȵĶ󡣡
أҫС˵Ż
ɰׯεȻ룬˼ҶɩҲܺð
ҫ۾ЦȥҸģҸŮеϢû뵽гһҫܹ¶Ц
⻹һοű˵ļӱˡ
ͷЦϲôˣ׹˼ȷľܾ׹ٴΣ˼Ҿ;ܾٴΡûеֻĶѡ˼ҺҸһ˵ʵе㼵ʵġ֪ׯεȻôҫϵģǿҫôҸҫ϶ǺܰܰׯεȻġ
ô꣬ô˶ϲҫƾʲôׯεȻһ˼񵽱ˣܲΪʲôׯεȻֿȥƯļһܹҫôܹׯεȻϼңҪׯεȻϯѵǰ;ҪҲҪׯεȻһ
ʵŮ˵УҪϯĻǲǻ쵼쵼֪飬¡Ժɣ
ׯεȻһ£Ҷû˵䣬üͷʼ
鰡ҫЦ˵Ƕ˶֪Һϱһ飬ֲʲôܡ
ֳ֪
ǡ𣿡ŮЦеΣΪҫ˵û뵽ҫȻֱӸλ˵Ǻһ顣
öϲܹλ˵ֻ
ǲġ
극֮ׯεȻҫڳڿׯεȻҲû˵Ƶĳ֮󣬴뿪ׯεȻ˵ҿǸŮϲ㡣
𣿡ҫһ¿ׯεȻ˵Դˣ
ûСׯεȻҫֱۣǻȥɣȡ
áҫЦͷھͻȥ
ص֮ҫľζׯεȻЦе˵ҫ㲻ϴ谡
һϴǰɣҫѵ·һԣһѽׯεȻ߰ɣȥϴ衣
ԡﻩ𣬾ƵŮׯεȻҫ뿪ķЦһ
ôûģԱߵЦ˵ˣ໨Ҿ·ҲҪˡ
𣿹ϲ㡣
Цһ£ҿҫͦҸģܰɩӡ
ǰɣҲû뵽Ȼôһˡ
ʵҵǾɩͦõģҵĸоӦòǸʲôˡӦùҲͦõģӦһֱ̾ɡ
Ҫȥˡ

ҫ
ԡ㲻ҪǸ𣿡ҫᴭϢţϾͺˡ
Ϲ
ϱ
ҫׯεȻڴϣֽԡҳ˸
صʱׯεȻ·ϱ컹óȥأϢɣ
ׯεȻźǷã˯ˡ
ҫϴׯεȻȲҫĻҫֱׯεȻ۾
ׯεȻѾ㹻Ҫˡ
۾ûӦȥɡ
ׯεȻһҫ۾ͷׯεȻǴЦ⡣


343 
ڶ糿ʱҫׯεȻڻ˯һׯεȻЦ˵ϱô˯أ
ׯεȻ˵ ղμʯīϩˡʵ̫ˡüģСĿҫҫҾʯīϩҪΪҵجˡ
ҫĶͷţڻʯīϩأ
ǰׯεȻ̾Ϣһܾûʲôط̫ԡ뵽ʱͣһ£ҾǾãҿܻʲôطûáأЩ뷨Ǹ뷨ûˡţҵ뷨Ǵġ
ҫҫôǾʯīϩκοԶҪѺܶ౶أ
˵ҫڻׯεȻһ߸üģһ˵Ǯʿ˵Ǹŵ⣿
˵ǽʲôʯīϩȶԺͨ⣬ܹŵ
һܹŵׯεȻ۾ܹһŵ㹻ġ
ǰҫüЦ˵ܹŵĿ⣬Ӧ÷ǳѰɣ
ǰĿȣǲǲ̫һ
ȷʵ̫һ˵ʵׯεȻҫůĻһ£յЩǾҫĻůһЩ
֮ǰ-׶˹Ժ϶һ£ҲŵĿ⡣ʮͰˡׯεȻ۾ȻѧŵƶĽĿ⡣ŵĿȣѷɫй֮޲
ΪҪѧѧϵ֪ʶʱ򡭡ܺܶѧҸ֪Ӧô֡ׯεȻЦ˵ԣһֱ⡣
Ϊʲô-׶˹ҶܹʯīϩȶԵ⣬һ׼ŵ⡣Ҫ֪ƶĽѡŵѡϿ
Ҷܻ÷ƶĽΪʲô˵ԵúأⲻӦð
ϱû뵽һõİ취ɣҫҲ֪Ӧô˵飬Щ
ǰûһõİ취ׯεȻѹҫϣ۾ֱҫҫƯĺڹţôˣ
һҪ
ǲҪȥ𣿡
ҫû˵껰ͱׯεȻȥ
ׯεȻڻ˵ɱҡ
ׯεȻͷɫЩ죬ҫ촽ϡ
ׯεȻ
ҫ۾˺ܳһŽׯεȻӱ˾һ
ׯεȻȥϴʱҫһʱ䣬Ѿһ
ϴ裬ׯεȻ·
ׯεȻ§Ĳһֱ֣ҫЩЦãӦȥԷˡ
ڼˣ
ҪˣǾڸһ°ɡû߰ɣҫŲȷׯεȻӦʱûߵġ
ׯεȻȥ®ȥǣʡĳУӦñȽ˵Ǻ֮⣬ׯεȻӦûȥطҲȥط
СʱׯεȻܵߡڲʿҵ֮ׯεȻһֱǻǹ⣬ڻع֮ҲһֱǡͺȥǣûǺ֮ĵط뵽ʱҫׯεȻ
ûׯεȻС˵ŻҫЦׯεȻ˵𴲰ɣȥԷ
á
ҫ֮ׯεȻգԼԼвȥϴ˸裬ׯεȻֻһ·뿪䣬ҫ˵ҫǳȥԷɡ
ҫЦһѽׯεȻסߵǰµݵİťҫվׯεȻߣֵ뿪ݣ뿪ƵԱ߾вٷꡣѰҾƵʱҫֻóһۣǸŮġ
üͷ΢΢壬̫׸绰ʲôǺİ½˵𣿡
УݡŮڵ绰ͷЦ˵ˣ·ҪϯûҰ
Ŷ֮ǰ˵ҪμӵĻξС
һΪУݻԸ˵ء
ҫһ£ûж˼ΪʲôҪԸ˵ͬѧȺ˵𣿡
ŮĬˣҫͲ
û£ȥμɩӲɣ
ҫͷׯεȻһۣͦƵ˵ʲô
ˣ˼ҸûаԼСһ
ãһȥμӵģʱϵ𣿡
ԡҫҵ绰֮󣬡ֵͦġ
ׯεȻúЦҫɵ֪˼ϲ
Ǹ໨ĵ绰ׯεȻζҫ˵ǲǽԼ
˵ʲôҫЦ˵˭ԼˣⲻҪͱȥ˭ԼңҶš
ֻбԼңҲųš
ŶׯεȻЦҫ֣û뵽УݾȻôܻӭ
ҫһѽֻׯεȻЦЦúǺÿׯεȻḧţ㲻˰ɣ
ҸҪ㶼ҵġ
ҫͷǱġ
߰ɣȥԵ㶫Ϊһİֵá

ͬѧȺŮ˸Ϣȥ
һΪУǿЦģû뵽Ҫˡ
쿴ɩˣͦÿģҲУĺϲɩӡ
Уݵϱˣ
ǣ쿴ˣͦÿġ
ҾǾðɣɩӺ̫ϲ˵ϲճУݡ˵У̾춼ɩôճţ˰ɣ
໨⻰˵е˰˼ӸòӦõҪУϲҲҸǰɣǶУݵԸ񣬳ϲģ˭С˵УݻȺأô˵ҪǴУݿ˾Ͳ̫ðɣ
Ͻذɣ
治֪Ǽٲ֪ҫϱǸˡ
˵֪ҫϱ˭һ
ʱǾ֪ˣһˡ
˵һһˣرҪ֪ҫϱʲôġ
ʱǰϯʱȥ֪ˣ
Ůֻǲ̫ϲҫôꡣҫһֱ£ƾʲôһ˾ô׷ҫġҫô׵˵ĳ˶Ŀתۼ䣬ҫȻϲһˣɡ˵ʲôܹҫôܲǰ̶ҪҲҪһ
벻ͨ벻ͨ
ҫԷʱ򣬿һͬѧȺĽֻصԷ
ȥһ°ɡ
극֮󣬻صƵҲûʲôҫȥһ¡ֳȥ棬ҫûͬѧȺЩԣ˵ʵͬѧȺЩǲҪһġͬѧУúõ˾ûм󲿷ֵͬѧǷ֮ѡ
һ㶼ͬѧȺﲻô˵ҵôЩʵͬѧȺ˵ĻǷǳٵġ
ͬѧۣ⡣ׯεȻһǿͶϵģĺܰׯεȻﻹҪ˶ۡ

֣̾Ϣһߵ﹡ϣƣڸ
ץе˵ץġ
΢΢鴤ƣ˫۾ƺһһŹâ¼֮Ʒ·Ǳ׷ŷңɽҰܡûôС飬һѡݵ֮󣬾ʹɽҰ棬ǺƳʲô飬ΡֻĴ߷Χ֮ڣڱȽϰȫĵط档
˵﹡ϣĻڶץеģȫΪ
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СҡͷҪǸϾȻܣһҪץס
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ŶĿȥЩɵɵģܽʵƣǻȥԷɣ
Ȼȥץһ
ĿֵܳöŬ죬ʾȥ
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˭ҪץˡƺЦ˵һ˾ͿԸ㶨
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ͷץüģƣҾҪˡ
Ŷһ£߿𣿡
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Ҷԣؼ㲻Ҫɻ𣿡
ҿӳһ찡˵ʱĲɵģһֱڿ
ϦĹâԽԽһƵ˵ˣƣȻȥɡ
Ŷ죬ȥΪЩίģеЦáϣ۾һգһգģίȫд۾
ڴţ磬ƳԷˡ
߰ɣԷƸС˵ҾĿϾУļʲСǲŸһ𣿻ʱ䣬Ŭһ£ǿԵġ
Ȼе㺩ģǿӲܹϾУȻμС컹ǿԵġ
𣿡ǰ棬ͻȻ˵һ䣬ʵҲͦİ
ƵĻûˤ﹡ϡ
üһǱŷҪ²һ¡
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ǿ϶ģСүɴˡ
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˷ϵ·Ұϴɾһ죬Ӧܺõģĵ·ȴš
ƻ·֮󣬳극ȥ档ϴ·ɹ֮˻ţվǰˡ
صǵڶ磬͵Żᡣ²ۣҲ̫Զ˰ɣص϶ûˣһ㶫ٻᡣ
ĵںȴŷɻĴصǴѧ֮ĶõŻȥġƾ˻ͦģǸʵĺˡ
Ϸɻ֮󣬻صǱߵĻ翪ųڻ
ơƵĸüͷôڲŻҴ绰ʹ˵ͻؼˡ
Ƕ漸첻аƵĿϣϺЦ˵УǼĴү͸
ôҼǵ˵ǽǹ֪ѧǰɣ
˼ǻѧԺԺʿ
ǣƸǽںúѧϰڳϣҪȥʲô
㡣ĵں棬Ͽܵܣʱûа취С˶ţҲܳƣ޷Ը񡣺ƴСʹûߴ·ȻʱһЩӵ飬ȥΥĵߡһ춼ţҪϴѧˣʵͦ뿪֮ʲôǿɾͲˡ
ڼʱƻ϶ǲҪԼֵģַſڣҪ͸һЩרŴɨң֮ġƶûжֹǾҪ߿ˣȸ߿Ҫһ档
˵Ⱥͬѧ𣿡һ߿һ˵СѾǴѧѧˣǸ߿ʱȥȺͬѧȸ߿֮ҪǳʲôɡҪǼҵķҲԡ
УƲ˵ȥ˾Ƶ꿴˼˾ƵɱǼҵĲоƵϲ١
ϺЦ˵˼űϾȫǰеӪҵǼҲǰɡ
ƻ˯磬Һۡ
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ȷʵܾܵûʲô⡭Ӧⲻ̫ɣţܵⷽɱжˣҲˡҪʲô⣬Ʋʲô˵
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úúãҲҡͷܵСѧƵĽӣúЦЩɰ
ˣᵽҪԵʲô
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˽һתͷɫ࣬ôˣ
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֪ͨɣҲһǡ
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ֺЦ˵ƣͦæģҪûʲô飬Ҿ͹ҵ绰ˡ
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ƣûСѧһΪûһﱾôˣʲôġ
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Уġ
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ŶС룬ưСӲǻСħ𣿳ɩӣҲǮʿܹסʲôʱǵˣ
Ҳ֪ҲƣʲôʱְСħˣǵֻǹСħһţû뵽ȻֱСħϡҲͷۣСħ˵Ҳ˵ҲȻҫڳţšȷʵûгԹϲ
˭֪Сħʲôüģ磬顣
áСҲûж룬Сӣûа취ġɩӺǮʿȥɡֻʲôʱСӸǵˣ˹ˡ
˵ơ϶Ƶģ˵ûи°ɣ
ܸʲô飿һûм˵һ㶫֮ԭɵţһҲˡ
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ͷƴûƺ֣ʲôط˵ڵ̫֣ΪǶŹֵ綼㲻ʶˡ
صֻ֮Ŀĵˢֻġ
˺һӣһϢƴ򿪿һۡ
ҪϢˣ컹顣˼ղźæϣ㲻Ҫ⣡
ƺߺ룬Ҫԭ㣬ôĳķݶϣСүԭɡ
Сүԭˣ
յƵϢ֮ҡͷЦû˵ƾǸСӡ
ֻϴһ£صڴܿ˯ˡ
ƻϢ֮󣬵˺ܳһʱ䶼ûпϢе㲻̫ͷˡ·ҪʮˣߣʱСүҪթһǮС
ֻͷֱߣƷȥе˯š۾ȫӣɣСүȻһ𣿲Ҫôְɣ
۾ţȻûзϢ
ϲ˻Ǿ˺۸е㲻ûϲˡ˵ʵҲ㲻ϲǸʲôĸоһͦġ꣬ϲͬˣȻϲһǸˣ
ܹɣûϲһ˰
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űӣһһ߶ţûϲûϲСүŲϲ
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ƴ˸ûֹʲô磬Ͻȥ˯
Ϣûж룬Ϊʲôѧ֮ġ
УڻôᣬһǴ֮˵Ͳϲˡ۾ͷһġ̫ᣬԲŻᱻۣԺ϶ϲӡ
뵽ƿĵ˯
峿Ĺâ𴲵ʱԱߵͬ»Ϣŵߵ̨ϴһ·ûнӵ֪ͨӦûʲô顣Ҫȥϰ࣬ʰһ¡ֻڶֱȥӵİ칫ҡ
ʱ㣬ӵѾ˲١ֻжӣûжˣСִյ˵ؼҼô
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СԼλϣ͵͵üۣܾʲô顣
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ȷʵûʲôԵĵطǽֱƵŸըһΣͦġƴи󲡣Ҳûж룬ֻɾ֮󣬿ʼһĹ

صǵʱѾµס
ۿϾҪٰϯʵҲ١ʱܶ˶μӣڷ㹻¥ٸƽټԺӺͲƺӦ㹻ġ
˵ҫǱ̾ӵĺܶ˶Ҫ쵼ľֳ֮ģׯεȻߵ˵ûжٳ⹫к֮ѧмλڻǼںͼǶүүǲֻǲܹͶĸøҲ®Ǳ߹
Щ˵ׯεȻôҪҲҪμĻֻ뿴λѧʵ۾Ǳ˭õˡ
Ҫ֪׷λѧʵ۵˿ɲ١лֵĴг׷ׯεȻֱӽԷʼ뺯ְλ룬һڻؾ
һˣҪ²֪жѡڱ˴̸ֻѧ̸ЩĶڶãׯεȻֻ֪ѧ֪顣ׯεȻǹ¶ϵˣû뵽ׯεȻŶʮһ꣬ôͽ顣ԷȻǸˡǾȵǣƺ֮ǰׯεȻһӵšǶϢȷʵŵġ󲿷ֶǸЦû˵档
û뵽˫ȻĽˣ͡ǲò룬ǲׯεȻͶԷڴŵʱʲô֮ġ
Ϊѧʵۣܻôƭ
˾ܹׯεȻһġϺܶڶǳ档¡ѷѾׯεȻض˵һǲμĻ񡣴ǰЩһεİ»ڡ˹ȵȽڶμӡ
λ־W3ƤءҲμεĻ񡣿˵ׯεȻĻֱѧãѧҺѧҶμӣҺܶ඼ǹ֪ǹʶĽڡ
Щڣ˵ƽʱ⣬ԷûпչҪܾáһԵҪμׯεȻ·ݵĻ񣬶ѧ˵ǱըԵš䶯ѧ磬֪ׯεȻ϶ڹȺ˻û뵽ȻôׯεȻĻǶҪμӡ
Ǻһ˽飬ǶҪμӡ
ʵϣѧҲ˶ͬׯεȻһһ𣬶ΪָָҲ١ǧׯεȻ⣬˼ҵҲܲ˰˵ˣ˼ׯεȻǺһһҲǹѧС
ô˵ׯεȻΪһһͲǹѧСˣҲ˽˵˵Ҫ̨ϣ治վ֧ǡ
ֵϵѧжҪμλ񣬿ǲҪʢҲҪʢ
ջصǣׯεȻûüڼϢʱ䣬ڿҫ˵жͬѧμӻ顣
ׯεȻ򿪵ԣ˹ҪμӻšյѧߺͽڣвһЩ˹ٴѧʱͬţԼԼһԹׯεȻ龹Ȼǵĸоûа취ׯεȻֻȫӦ
κҫһˮһ˵ţׯεȻͻȻ˵һ䣬ҫ
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Ҹղյ˺ܶʼҪμһġ
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ҵ˼ǵһڼ죬ڶ컹ȥ˾Ƶɡôˣûа취ԭҾüһͺãǡڿ̫ˡû뵽⾹ȻҲô˶ҪμεĻ硣
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Уҹơֵʲôѧ֮ġôǣο϶ǲŹλġ
˵ʱׯεȻ̲סҪЦˣû뵽ҵĻ羹Ȼѧᡣ
ԱЦţɩӿôⶼ֮͵ҪǣƳɩ֮⣬ûеڶ͡
ЦˡׯεȻüģҡͷ˵ҵǲġΪˣʵܶ鶼ñȽϸӡ
ԭƻǽŪüһЩģԽԽãڿҪ򵥣ûҪҰѻŪ̫򵥣ΪԽԽá
ʵǰϺܶ˶²ɩӵʲôݡλ໨ʱǻͬѧȺпһҫɩһ顣
ׯεȻЦ˵ڳԴأҫ˼ôϲ㣬㵱ôûп
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ׯεȻҫͬʱΣȥʱ㰡
ллɩӡ뿪ҫ͵ǰ˺ܳһʱ䣬ŻصׯεȻҫЦ˵ûУݻǺȻôã໨Ȼ㡣
ҡҫһʱ֮䲻֪˵ʲôСĿׯεȻˣ
ΪʲôҪĪׯεȻЦڵ̺ϣϽ󲮴绰мǾҪˣƹʱ䣬Ҫ黹в١
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ׯڡʯڵ绰ͷЦ˵ʵҲҪ鷳ׯڵģ֪ѾӦ˹ЩڣҲҪֹׯڡʵϣǺµǹĽпܻĳЩ֮ڻһ̶ϵĲӰ졣
ԣׯεȻͣһ£ʯ˵ѾʼƶƻׯڵĻǴôģ
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ׯڡʯԱЦ˵л⣬Ļϻʶ˻֮ģҪģǾԲƻĻ񡣡
áׯεȻҵ˵绰ҫһַֻļϣһֻŵ绰Ц˵磬лˣҲû뵽ʵ̫鷳ˡ
ҵ绰֮ҫһׯεȻ˵ʱǱѾǶˡ
ׯεȻЦ˵ҫԺͲܳȥͱԼˡ
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ҫЦĿׯεȻɿ֣ȻׯεȻŽѾ¥ȥҫæЬ˵ϱҪðġϽЬ
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ׯεȻûƢΪҫʵ̫ˣõׯεȻҪƢĳ̶ȡ
صңׯεȻŲݸ屾ʼдŶһдһ߻߶ʲô顣Աߵҫһ߸ׯεȻЬһСֹţϱѧѧɲԲ´βˡ
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Сһ㣬ܶసׯεȻ˵̫ѪȺͰɲׯεȻЩ
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ϱҫ극֮ׯεȻ˵ȳԷɡ
ׯεȻԺ̧ͷҫڶЦ˵ãôȳԷɡеļ㣬ׯεȻҫ¥ȥԷ
ʵҫҲûöóԣǼҳˡʱׯεȻûòãҫֻҪڼҵʱʲôԲҪôϢҪôרĵ⡣飬һ㶼ҪģЩ鶼ҫһְˡ
ڶЩҫҪûҫڼüġҫ߳ˣʲô鶼ҪԼ֣һжҫ
ҫرæʱ򡭡ҫæҲûæΪҪæҫþöпܼ
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ҫׯεȻȫͶ뵽УܹоһְġܹӿĽ뵽Уҫһҳžϵİӣ˼šׯεȻԱһĳš
ҫתͷׯεȻĲڵƹ£ׯεȻרעرϲׯרע񣬾ͺܹиܵһ㡣˵ʵׯڵ񡭡رÿرҫ۾ܹׯڵУܵһЩδܵĶ
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ϱɣڿҪϢˡ
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ҫزᣬׯεȻɿʼ۾ͺǱСèƵģܵ飬ҫǲԾš
ϱ𣿡
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˰СʱҫһѽׯεȻڻϱȥϴ˯˰ɣⶼҪˡ
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ϴʱȥҫ£ҫԡ͵ʱⶼҪ賿ˣׯεȻǰΰѵ뿪ԡҵġ·ҫõģҫĻׯεȻԾĺߺšҫǳãڹúҸѾҸˡ
ʱׯεȻ˸ѾյλãҫȥԡţȻӭͷײҫĻ
ҫæһѽׯεȻסС˵û°ɣ
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ǾͺáҫǹЦݣֺҸ΢ЦϽԷɣڶҪˡ
Ŷ극һкܶҪء
ǵĻ绹һڵʱ䣬ڻûرæµׯεȻҪʱ䣬ʯīϩ⾿ҪôܹõĻȻòġ
ϾʯīϩѾܾãȥ꿪ʼҪ⣬Ѿȥһʱ䣬ڻûáׯεȻԣֱһʧܵսκѧʱûִܸС
ҲĺʤģͲţһԵģһʯīϩȶ⡣׼ŵĳɹͲòׯεȻǸѧʦѧʦׯεȻ
ʯīϩȶԵ⣬ʹеĵһ¬
ɲҪʲôеĵһ¬顣
극Сܽ뷿оҫûиΪʱͺҪһ˾Ƶ⡣ׯεȻ˼ǸôǮôǮܹЩǮģʱͺ˾ãׯεȻǺؼСǸǮеûе
˵Ǯ˺ͺʱʲôǲǮǮ˵Ҳ㲻ʲôׯεȻҪʱ˼ǣдۿۡׯεȻǺؼҲܣ˾Ƶۿܹ˵ͨġ
֪Ǻؼҵݹϵرã˵ǺؼСǸٰ񣬾ȫⵥܹ˵ͨοׯεȻǸǮģǾһ¶ٷ⡣⣬ׯεȻһԵĽҫȥ
ڹЩ٣ǽҫȥģûҪЩ顣
ҫֺǺǵźʱͺ˺ͳҲҪҪΪϰ࣬ƺҲҪ
ˡҫߵűߴţʱͺվ⣬ҫЦ˵ӴҫܾӼ
ø磬˸磬Ͻɡ
ʱͺЬӣſտĿʱʵأ


345 
𣿡ʱܲ˵飬òһ°ɣ
ӣǽҫȫȨˡЦ˵ҵܵܿ϶ȥоȥ˰ɣ
ǡҫͷúǺ˽ׯڵġׯڲ¥µʱ򣬺һʱ뵽ׯڿ϶ȥо飬֪˽ׯڡ
ׯ˵ʲô黹ûͨ¥ءҫ˼Цţø磬˸粻˼ׯھ
ɡʱû˵ĻȻ϶ǺܿģϣСӲҪʧҲҪʧ
磬ģһׯʧġ
ʱŻеŤҫһ˿˵˵ҫû°ɣ
ҫźʱ񣬲֪Сһ˿ֺõʵø磬ʲôط˵𣿡
ǡҫôȵģʵǲġʱǰ벻ġϾҫһ첻µز£ɲΪ׸ͻֺǡʱãҫǵһ嵽칫󵽾ȥǸˡ
ѪСǿȨǺʱҫӡ󣬿ôСֺԼʱȷʵеСˬ졣ҫǲǿȨǾڰ
ȿȡʱһ˵㲻ǺһôôôĽׯڣ˵˲ƽһʱ򣬶ʲôׯڡ֮İɣ
Сһʱ磬Ȼǲ˽˰
һ̫ı飬֪˶ڼʲô𣿡
ʱȤһϷĿЦ˵Թڼʱ򣬹˰ɣ
ֹˡؿ˵ҾûпôҪˡ
ҫֲһ䣬ڼʱģһһϱһһϹеܲˣ¸¥Ҫҫ¡ģܲ˰
˼ӵȤʱЦ˵ΪʲôҪׯڡ
ҫǴǰҪҵܵӣ׽ϱġҫһۣôõĵܾܵͱҫˣһǲ
ҲŰɡʱҡͷ˵Ȼأ㻹ʲô
һٰ
ҵ롭
Ҳֻѡ
ʱŭĺתҫ˵ҫ˵鵽Ǹʲô
ͻȻҪƵ꣬Ҫٵķ䣿
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˭˵ءҲԺЦ˵ҵܵǿ϶õġ
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еûͨʲôֳ˴еһжûͨأׯεȻĬ˼ô£ڻʱѾͨ˲ٶ־úʲôû֣ͨûһֵĸоָо̫ׯεȻ֪ô˵
ŲݸֽׯεȻɻ˺ܾá˵ܴ󣬵ûд¥ϣΪЧܺõԵʣׯεȻŲûκεڷŲݸֽôĶš
ֱҫŵʱׯεȻɻضŲݸֽһ͸ľͷƵġ
ׯεȻ̬ҫ֪ׯεȻ϶ʲô顣ҲŴոԴںܴĹϵׯεȻ˵Եİ칫ô𣿡
ҫͷҺϱҪ
ô£ׯεȻ˺ܾõʱ䣬һֱӣʲô飿
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ĻׯεȻתͷˡͷ˵أ
ûҫЦ˵Էˡ
ŶׯεȻվеıʣʲôʱģ
ѾһˡЦ˵Ҫ飬Ҳȥҫʲô鶼ܣ
Ǻҫ飬ֲǺͱ˽飬ҫôˡׯεȻЦ˵ǰɣҫ
ҫɵЦŵͷùܣͺˡ
ˡǸˣǱ˵Щˣ˵ʵҫׯεȻȷʵܺá¶ţ»ˡ
ҪׯεȻˣʲô鶼ʲô鶼ҫ
߰ɣǳȥԷ󲮺Ͱ趼ء
㱳ҡ
áҫׯεȻ§ҫĲӣĺϣᡣ˵һ䣬ôڰɣСƵġ
ҫֺǺǵЦû˵ׯεȻ˺һۣ㲻
¥󣬺˿ҫׯεȻЦ˵Ӹȷʵܺ¸¥Ҫ
ׯεȻ˵ҲôճҫҪϰô죿
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ô𣿡ЦŰ˰֣ˣСڵҾͲˡ
ׯεȻҫĺǣҫ֣˵ǳԷ𣿡
ɣȥԷׯεȻͻȻ֣֣ʲôʱģ첻Ҫϰ𣿡
°ˡЦ˵ڶߵˡ
ôˣŴȷʵϦ鲼ڳеϿգƶ·Ǳһ㣬ƮڳеϿСŴľɫţȻһоͲ֪ʱ䡣
ʱ㣬ȥԷˡվ˵˵кܶĽڶҪμǰɣ
ǡׯεȻͷ˵Ƕμӵġ
áûм˵һڣҲҫһô죬ҫһڼЩ
֪ˡȻô˵ׯεȻҫһЩͺãûбҪȥҡ
ûׯεȻ˵Щȥҡ
統˦ƹ񣬷ҫҲܹһСαȥҫ鷳أҫļׯεȻ˵󲮣ҲóЩҫɡ
ҫЦ˵ˣСӣҫöˡ
ߵׯεȻߣׯεȻļ˵֪۸ҫ
֡ҫЦ˵ׯͦæģЩͺá
ǰ
ߵߣС˵ˣӵԼȥǾͱˡ
ɣȥԷɡ
ҫׯεȻʮָ۵ׯεȻϸţǲʲô⣿
ׯεȻͷ


346 Ƕ
ʲôûͨҫСѹɤӣֻׯεȻܹ˵ĻȻҲ档
ǰׯεȻ˵Ѿͨˣǻصʱ־Һûͨ˵ֲ֡
⣬ҫׯεȻһŶׯεȻ˵֮ǰ鰸ʱ򣬺ܶʱָоô˵أͨˡҪõЩ֪ʶʱ־úʲôûͨ
ׯεȻԭͷ飬ҫô˵̧ͷҫ˵ôģ
ô𣿡ҫЦ˵ʵҲ֪ô顣
ֻ˼һַ˼ͺǴͬ߳һȻʡ
𣿡ׯεȻšüͷߣҫׯεȻ򿪳šڳϣׯεȻ˸ҫߣƫͷׯεȻı黹ЩءׯεȻë׵Դһ£ů¶ȴׯεȻͷͺ˳ëƵģҫׯεȻԴ
۾ׯεȻҫ˵롣
ҫЦŵͷׯεȻܵı飬ʵûͦġ
ҫׯεȻ˳ҫ½ҫһ߿һ߶ׯεȻ˵ϱôˣ
ᵽҪŶ
á
˾Ƶ극ǻĽ⣬ׯεȻҫļ顣Ҳǵ죬ҫ飬Һ񶼶ԻһЩֻе֮һׯεȻûκεҲκε
־ʱ򣬶Ͼŵ
˼˼׼ңʵǽЩˡ־ҫ§ׯεȻͷҫļϡ
ָָ˵ҫ˯ˣ
ûءҫҡͷ顣
־ϣиӣҸˡ
û¡Ц˵Ǹĵ˾ƵĻ顭
ҫ˵ڹĺܶѶҪǰɣ
ģڹĺܶѶѧ߻ǽ֮ģҪǣֻס˾Ƶꡣ
ǿ϶ġ־Ц˵Ҳ˵ڼ죬ڶ˾Ƶꣿ
˼

֮󣬻صѾҪ賿ׯεȻڴϻ˯ҫϴŵʱ򣬿Ż˯ׯεȻڴϣ¶һ˫۾Ŀ
Цһѽڻô˯
Ͼ˯ׯεȻߺҫĻһ£ҫֽׯεȻű۾С˵һ㣬˯
ׯεȻ۾
ļʱ䣬ҫһֱæŻ顣ׯεȻһֱ˼ʯīϩȶԵ⡣˵ʵʯīϩȶԵׯεȻ˵Ǻѡ
ҫ˵ķʽҪһǶȥ˼⣬ȻûгɹӸӡӦأׯεȻܾ⻹Ǻѽ֪ô±ʣԭڼõģֱƷҪ˼ʵ̫ˡׯεȻ̲סץԴûеͷĵز
еĸֱʣ治ҫڰæļҲ׷æҲׯεȻһ˿ȥУ뿪ң¥֮ҫڲƺվţӲʵԵüΪ㣬촽䡣һƿȪˮǷڣߴ£·Źâ
վشǰׯεȻŲҫ
תͷҫׯεȻһ˿;ϲæǰҫûֱӺׯεȻ˵ߵóһƿֵݸׯεȻ˵ˣ
áӹ֣ׯεȻҫĶͷϻвٵĺˮɫĶ䱻ʪ¶ٵЦ⣬ֺЦݣǴҸͿĵЦݡ΢ֲڵ֣ׯεȻḧţôˣоʯʲô𣿡
ʯīϩׯεȻҲǲšƿǣݸҫҫšƿǡ
ҫŵĿȪˮһԣӹׯεȻĿ֣һš͡һƿǱšֽƿǸϵݸׯεȻٺȵ㰡
֪ˡׯεȻƿǿʼڴڵĺţһ֮Ÿƿǡ
æµˣׯεȻЦ˵ҫ㿴ԤûУ
ˡҫףдŹâ죬ûꡣ
ıҲһСʱȻͻǴ졣
ҲǡׯεȻסҫ֣ҫͷׯεȻЦ˵ϱ
Ϲζҫ֣ҫһ¸ѵ촽߻ͦæġ
⼸춼Ҫæϡ
ϱҫƢܺãҲǶׯεȻôõƢûôĻⲻǾҪл𣿰Ƕء
ׯεȻҫһͷĻˮʪ·ԼԼܹһЩɫҫҪƿׯεȻϱ࣡
źߣׯεȻڸɾĵطһ£̧ͷҫ˵⻹ĵطҶء
ҫֳһ˿ΣñϱϷˡȷʵϱǸֹһΡ
ϱҫС˵ҡȥæˡ
ׯεȻ֣ҫҲׯεȻֻ֣ׯεȻֽׯεȻסС˵ϱô飬㿴绹ء
ׯεȻת۾Ϳվڲƺǰľ̨ϣشˣԹׯεȻеЦ
ҫٵׯεȻһڣϱϹȥ£òá
Ҫ𣿡
ҫͷϹ㡣
šׯεȻ֣ҫЦϹģԣȥæ

ҫţ߳ȥһȵϢׯεȻü´ҫ֮ǰ˵رϲһ̫ţˡϲ춼Ҫɣ
˵ôôϲճ㣿ԺҪǳʲôģһڼҿô졣
ҫЦû˵˵ǰôûзôϲճأ
˹ˣԴ̸֮ԽԽϲճ˰ɣ
ǡҫͷ磬ôˣ
ҶǼʲôԻҩ
ңСҫҲúЦ
ָţׯεȻվڿĵ̺ϣ򿪿ƿǣֿʼſ֣һ顣Ƕȣûа취֡ҪٻһǶȡ
ϣæѾ뿪صҫׯεȻԡ
Ƿ´½Ƶģûҫ㾹Ȼ
ҫЦ˵Ҳʲô¡
м졣ׯεȻֳԴҫЩھҪˣҹƻҪȥһǡ
ɭڣιƻɭȥæ顣
ǲͦõ𣿡Ц˵ڼúúҫͺ¡
Էˡҫ˶ֱׯεȻߣһ£֪ҸԵʲôģ١ҲһθڶûС


347 
극֮󣬺ֱˣҲ뿴ǰڵ˵ʵ̫ˡ
ϴ룬ҫѳͿʰáׯεȻɳĵ̺ϿѧڿɳôţߵׯεȻǰҫЦ˵ϱȥɣ㡣
ѧڿׯεȻҫվҫصԡ
ȥϴ衣ҫ˵ѵǼɫ䣬һԡׯεȻһ˵ҫĻҲҪϹһϴ衣
ҫЦĵͷׯεȻ·ѵׯεȻԡҡ
ԡﴫˮдϢ뿪ԡҵʱ򣬶Ѿ賿һտʼׯεȻҫڵûҫĻﶼҪ˯ˡ
֮ҫ¹ҳ·ׯεȻϰѱӸǺáԼ·ӣׯεȻٴ§뻳С˵ϲ𣿡
ׯεȻӦ˵ϲ
Ͻ˯ɣôۡ
áׯεȻźǷҫĻ֪ľ˯ˡ
ҫ־ûɿǵڶҫʱˣڴϵģׯεȻ嶼ѹϡһţԴĻЦһѽׯεȻƿ֣컹кܶҪ
¥󣬳ѾĳŷˣҲһзæġ
ҫˡҫ˵˯𣿡
áҫЦ˵ʮ
ϢеıֽҪúˣ죬±Ƚϸߡ
أû𣿡
ׯӦûҪ˯һ
Ϣһɡͷϣҫԡ
裬أ
ǳԹŹġЦ˵˵ǿ϶ûгԷⲻչ緹ˡ
ҫЩ˼鷳ˡ
һ˵ʲô鷳鷳ġЦţɭѾνȥӹЩںѧˣкЩоʿ֮ģҲûܵ
ҿһ£мʮȷʵͦġ
ʵһٸЩںѧеĻҪǲʿ֮ĹЦ˵ʱ䣬鵹ǰθڵòᡣ

ȷʵû뵽ׯεȻҫСӽ飬ܹڵòᡣ˭ׯεȻ֪ôڹʵѧϣ֪ȡׯεȻϢҪμӻ˼ֱ֮͡
ׯεȻûȫӦֻǴӦһֶѣɭյڳмס˼ʱ䡣ûüϸڣͽӵεĵ绰ص칫
ɭǴɻ칫ҵģ⣬Ϊʲôڷżٵʱе칫
칫֮ǰɭš˵
ǲãɭ΢΢ĺˮƿţһˬķ紵ϣɭϣС˵Ρ
ϣƺ̫á
ɭֹ˵ΣҲְɣɣǴѧ˹ٴѧĲʿҪ𣿡
⡣װŲˮıӣһڲ裬ų˵ɭҪ֪ɣ
˵ˡɭͷҫ
γţɭæ˵ǵ飬ҲҪܣ
ʲôءû˵ߵô࣬顣
˼ǣɭ̫μ˵Ҫٰһ𣿡
ôһ¡
ܵĽڶҪμӡ˵ûкǾúЦǾúҪܶˣҪ˾Ƶꡣҵ˼أ⼸ܿ϶ͦæģͲҪȥӣɭ޶ҪҪɽͷˡ
ɭһ£Ҫģ
ȻΪأκЦ˵ܵܵĻ磬Լѡɡ
ˣȥˡΪʲô飬û뵽ȻҪȺڸ˾ƵꡣȻ˵ʲô£ǼʮλҲȷʵͦġ
λ˻֣Ǽҵ¶
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ȵȡża4ֽݸɭ˵Ⱥڵϵʽеʱ䣬ʱ㲻ҪǻˡһЩоͲʿҲ飬ׯεȻ棬ѧȫȥҽȺˡ
a4ֽɭЦҡͷ뿪칫ҡ

ׯεȻǰһ·뵽ʲôӴϴ֮¥ɳϺŲˮҫæţվЦŶׯεȻ˵ͣ
ׯεȻɿܵһ͡Թַ֮ɿĻص䣬ֻһ䣬裬뵽һЩ飬Ҫ
ûüشׯεȻͿѾ¥
ص䣬̿ݸֽʼһһдšûǶûдĻھ·ݵʱȫܹʯīϩȶ⣬ԽԽԽǼׯεȻеıʾԽ졣
ֱóʱҫóˡ
ˡеıʣׯεȻһ·СܡҫţСĵ㣬ˤˡ
¥һӲѾŪˡׯεȻϣЦ˵ھͿԿʼԷ𣿡
԰ɡЦţĳʦ˾ƵĳʦвͺͶҪ֮ġ
оˮ֮ģҲˡ
֮ģѾڷźˡ㿴Ҫӵʲô𣿡
ˣǺҫŪþСׯεȻԷٶȷǳ죬ȥҪѷ˸ꡣ
ԣСҭšĶ棬ׯεȻ
žડһׯεȻ꣬ת¥ߡ
裬һ飬ǺҫþС
⺢ӡҡͷڳԷҫǰҲûǱİɣ
ҫЦ˵裬ⲻһʲôо𣿹ʲôˡ
ˡҡͷ˵ҿˣҰҫѵġǽˣҪôŵġ
Ƿģҿ϶һӵġ
Ǿͺá˵˵˵ɡ

ׯεȻ¥֮󣬷ɿĻصԡűֿʼûдûдһԽȶԵģһʼԤлҪõĻпڻ֮ǰܹѧģͣʱ򡭡·ֻҪʵ顣ҪȵʱȶԵʯīϩܹ
֮߰ҫصƹ⣬¥ƿžͿׯεȻ˷ܵļţׯεȻԱߣûдׯεȻֻɾֻ֮ڿȺ˵Щʲô
֮ׯεȻͻȻ±ʣĵǸƵġҡҫ֣ҫ֪ˣ֪ʲôطдˡ
ҫЦſׯεȻ
ҫûлׯεȻҫһ¡


348 
˯ׯεȻ׵ҫ֮ʰöҫ˵ҫϴ衣
ҫ˯
ֱӽֻ£ҫЦһѽׯεȻţϲƤúϢ֪𣿡
ׯεȻͷҫ˵ɣȥϴ衣
ϴ裬ׯεȻ·ҫׯεȻ˯ˣֻڲͣšҫû⣬⼸죬һֱڻ顣ʵǺֺۣׯεȻǸڵ賿һ˯
ڴϣܿѾ˯ˡ
Ρ˵УŪʲôطаǰϾ󲿷ֵ˶Ҫȥɣ
Σ˼ڳ֮⣬ȫҪȥУݵԵͦõ
ʲôЦУݣУѵĵһɼҲ츳׵ľУѧһöȻôѧУĸ֮أ໨ôƯҲûеõУݣڻûͨУΪʲôһһ𡣡
УȻÿ˵ͦ䵭ģΪ˻ֻǿȥе㡭߰Ϥ֮ûиоĸ߰˾ôˡ˵УڹҲͦ˰
˭˵أУݿˡ
ˣ໨˵һһҪ˵Ǿ䡭ɩӺ粻̫ʡ
ʲôʱ˵ǲʵģֻǾҫΪһǰ;̫ѡ
໨㻹ᰡ˼ҫΪԸǰ;ҲҪһ׷ôã˼ҸͲ֪ϲ֪϶Ҳ˵ңûŲţ
໨ˣ˼УѾˡ
У̸֪ء˵Ǿ̸˰ͽ飬ôʣҲпУԺ֪ܺһ𣬾ͺ֡Ҳûнֶ֤̫ˡ
໨ֹ̫ˣʱȥԷʲô˰ɡֻ˵УⱲӶܻɩӷֵġ
ˣ˵ˣУݻû˵ǶôˣûмУ˵ڿǲȺ
ΣУ⼸Ӧͦæģⲻǻ緽涼Ҫչڿ϶ûпո˵ģ˻Ƕƾͺˡ
Ҳǹô顣˵УݵİְѾԵ׻ˣǱ߹𣿡
еģеģǶѾͨԵʮʱ䣬ķѵڹڵһǿ˲õţ˰
ҫĸ֪𣿡
Σ໨ͱˣ˼Уݵĸ֪飬ûκηԡ˼Ҹ׻ҪϱӣдҫֻҪдϱءģ໨˵ʲôûлˡڮɩӣɩͦõġͦϲɩˡ
κҫһֱͦģӦþɣ
ΣҲǾɩҲͦæġҫһֱܳɩӣɩҲáرϲ˼ƤҪһ㡣
ɣ˵ˣҶҪӸĵˡշûãÿκӳԷҶҾûȤʵ̫ˡ
Դҵˣÿ
ɣ˵ˣҾû㶮ɩʲôҲϲҫһﻹ˹ʺˡ
ԴɣĽʺǰɣ
ͻȻܺ棬ɩӵǸʲô
ˣˣⶼҪ賿ˡָУϢˡ
˯ˣ˯ˡ໨ҲǵģҲûкУ̸ô˼Уݵĸĸ˶ż
໨һֻЩûŪΪʲôһˡ˵ʵһŮˣôһŮˣܻǻûƯ룬ƾʲôһôƯ˶ᱻҫϲƯǲƯƿܲҫ
ҫϲõˣû֮һҪҫףҫĮ̬ҡ±֮Ѷûеѧʱҫ׹һΡҫֱӾܾҸܶϲ
Ϊҫô֮󣬻ʵҲû뵽˼ҫֱӾ˸˻Ҫ顣ûŪǰǸôϲҫôӵġҫʵЩҲ֪һЩҪ˵ӣͲܸӡҲûнӴˣôܾͻȻϲһأ
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Ҫܼ򵥣ǾǵҫǸ˷֣˵ֻҫһأ

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ׯεȻһ·Сߵĵ̺£ׯεȻԴ˵ˣ

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ѷڵģƺû֮ͨǰ塣


349 
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ׯεȻżε˵ѷҪ۷ƫ΢ֵ⣬ûܹ⿪
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ׯһǾõʱķƫ΢ַ̿Щġ
ׯεȻţ̧ͷԱߵҫͷŰͷҫ£·һΡǸǷģһׯεȻЦ˵ʵϣҾûЩҲһ
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350 
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磺Ȼ䣬»ʵǻׯεȻ̳Ȼ־ǻΪѧ̻
¡͢˹־ѧоƶĽҼѧ츳ˣûκһܹȼ磬ѾԶԶĽ˶ں棬Ǵη棬Ѿǵǰ棬ڷ΢ַ̺ƫ΢̷ַ棬ȫˮƽ·ܣᡣѧܹ֮һʱѧѧߵˡ

ͬѧֻϵƬ˺һ̧ͷںҫ˵ˣһƣǰɣ
ôԱЦ˵ŵǰɣ
ֹǱŵˡȫǡͬѧ˵ֱǲš21꣬ǴѧĽڣǻѧԺԺʿʵֲ̫˰ɣ
ʲôѧʵֳƺһ
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԰ԱߵͬѧС˵ɩôûж˶ʿֱӾͲʿˣ
˼ֱû˶ʿֱдʿľܹõʿѧλҵɺЦ˵ҫҲ֪ʲôȻɩӿϡ˵ȡôõϱУܲϱ𣿡
ŶͬѧͷʵȷʵΣôϱʡԣҲڶɩѧ;̨ϣҪɩһʵ̫ࡣҫ֪Ҫŵʲôطȥܺɩһǲ̫
ǻ֪ɣС˵˵һ顣
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˵ʵɩǳͦÿġУݺôҲǾУУݰɣ֪У˧ͦģܹھУУݣǿǡĺÿ
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ʦû˵ʦ֣ʦ֣˵һĻ
ܶҺ𣿡
˵أʦַһ䣬رǸ
ллʦ֡ϣҫսҾ㣬㲻á
ûСʦն˵Ҳһͨˡ
͸ͨġʼ򣬡˵ԼԼϾʲô
ɱⱭƣǺúϢɡ
ʦͷûм˵ȥ
ʦ֣ôʡ
ʲôʦֺЦ˵ʲôʱ˵ͼ˵ҲǶΡ
ʦ֡˵ܺһ𣿡
ʦͷϢɣҪȥҫæ

΢΢ׯεȻҫϹšҫúܽԺׯεȻ۾һҫֳ˯ȥһѾ硣ׯεȻ𴲵ʱҫѾߣϴ֮Ȼ飬¥ʱ򣬻Ц˵ɩӣ
ҫŵװָţԱ߻վһʶˡ
ҫһ𣿡˴Ц⣬ҫæ˵ׯεȻھУʦ֡
á֮ʦûмׯεȻ˵Ǻҫ̸
ׯεȻҲûǿв廰Ĵ㣬죬ߵһԿŴҶæҫ·ͷׯεȻЦᣬţôˣ
ǲӦʲô飿
ţ¡ҫׯεȻԴ˵Ϣͺˡ
ɶԲҪȵϲſʼ𣿡

ǼҵĲƺϣп˻ͦġ극֮ȥϢһϺһȥӭӿ˾ͺá

ߵӵʱС
ƺܴѾӺӣȥôһо
磬ɻæµţׯεȻҲװֻǶԱҫһ׾ŵߣЩġ
ңҫׯεȻЦ˵ϱ׼ϾҪȥˣƴǾҪˡ
ˡׯεȻЦתͷһҫ
ҫϹЦݣһֱС˵Сҽôʰ㡣
㻹úȾء
ҫͷׯεȻϣЦ˵֪ϹҪȾƣϹŲȾ֪𣿡
֪ˡׯεȻЦ˵ֻϹһˡ
ˣϱ߷ԵѾȷˣǴ˸硣Ǳأ
ɡׯεȻЦ˵֮⣬Ҳûˡ
ҫׯεȻС˵ţǾҪˣûʲôҪ˵ģ
Ҫ˵ģׯεȻ룬šüͷԺҪҺã
ǿ϶ġҫЦ˵ܲźš
ҳ˶֮⣬ܶ˭á
ԺҪǸȣ
϶ġ
ȫ
Ȼҵı𣿡
ҫׯεȻһڣţ˧
ߺߡׯεȻЦ˵ҾϹǴȽ˧
źߣҫߵ˵ҪϹô
Ҳ԰
Ȼ˵ˣͻҫѵ·¹ҾׯεȻûʲô顣ڻ˭֪ҫǺ
Ͼ֮ҫׯεȻϱһˡ
ô˵ġׯεȻҫӺ汧ҫĻҲһճҫ˵Ŵ飬ô˵ģ
˵װԡҫЦ˵ĽյʱǴľ𣿼ȻϲҾʹͺá
ֻǾ˶װ̫ãһ˴һ·Ҳͦõġ
Ϲʹ·
壬ԺŶ
ĸСþģҫЦš
žડһű򿪣ɺʦԭءҫӺ汧ׯεȻ˻ЦšʦַӦ죬ֱ˵ҫʱˣӦȥӭӱˡ
ܡãҲҪȥˡ
ҫͷ˵ã֪ˡ
ȿȣ˼ҫɩӣˡʦֺƳţŹϡ˵һ䣬Ҳǵģš
ҼǵøղҫǴװôɾˣ
㶮ġɶʦּüŪۡ
ʦֺЦ˵һǡ
šҫС˵ȳȥɣ˼ҾҪȼˡൽʱˡ

ҫɿׯεȻ֣ׯεȻֱ䣬߳ŵʱ˴¥ҪڲƺӭӱͣͬѧѾˣڰæҪӭӵľǾӵͬ»쵼ԼׯεȻѡ
¥֮󣬺ͳԼ־æţ¥Ц˵ǵĻ񣬸ûһ
ׯεȻЦû˵úԴ˵˵ܵܵĻҪٸҺ˵ôʰ㡣
ҫ͹ɣҿǲҪһӡ
ǿ϶ġҫЦ˵ҵϱҶţһܳ˭
һ֮ûм˵ƺſӭӱͣׯεȻҫվڲƺϡ
ߵǰƺ˵ģЦ˵ӴҲн죬ǽ˰ɣ
ΡŬŬ˵˵Ҳæұϲҵ̫ҿԾٱ𣿡
СӣʼͼӴǰɣδŷˣƵԴҴ͸˵
𰡣ΡƼæ֣Ρ
ˣСӱƤЦģҴǽڽ飬ôˡڶ֪𣿡
صͷһڶġ
Ͷһܸǽڶ
Ƶļ򣬡ˣȥǽںҫ
ߡ
СӡתͷһЦơ
ˡ˵ҫǱء
ϲЦ˵Ҳûдʲôöׯ컹ر˵Ҫ֮ģҲûдЩ
ֲ˼ġ
Ѿܺˡ
Ǻ;ӵһģ߽žͿڳ


358 
û˵ھӺ߽䡣ƿҲû˵뵽ׯεȻ˵ͨԿ֮󣬲û˵ʲôǽ֮ſҫɫľ£Цúǲáںһ˵ŻԱߵĳ½˵Ǵѧΰɡ
ֳԱͷҲû˵ҫ˵ͦ𾢵ģƺ֮󣬾ͷɢվšʦԱվЦ˵ҿǻͦʵģأ
Ц˵ˣҫ䲻˼ҡ

ʲôġҡͷҸûֻǾҫ䲻ѡ
лл㡣
ԽԽıֳлгʱɫѾҪȥˡлг˵֮󣬿ŻѾˣ˵̨Ц˵ⳡֹ֮꣬ĻرһΡλһλе㾯죬һλǴѧĽڡ
λɷǳӭλĵ¡صλˣҫׯεȻ
һƬУҫׯεȻ̨
ҫϹҸЦݣׯεȻЦš˵һλԵĻһʱ䣬еΣ̲ࡣ
Ц˵λ˵֮ǰλĲѶл˵
ׯεȻҫһۣû˵۵ˣѺǶʼ΢ЦлгںԱߣС˵Ϻأ˵ôԽɣԽǻͦġ
ЦŵͷҲôõġ
ҫѣǾֵĺ̨
һɫװ̨ʱˡ˿źѾһͲǱѯʵҫѰɣ
ǡһҫͷѣĴ˸硣
˾úЦƾٳʲôףˣ
ŻͲ˵ҶҫҲûʲôرڴҪǸҶҵܵܲãôʰ㡣
ҫأһǺģһǳ̤ʵˡҸ˻ƫҵܵܣ֮λúû¡
λʲôҪԺ˵𣿡˼˵֪ҫѣҫĴ˸磬ҫ̬ɡ
һҼεȻõġҫׯεȻһۣЦ˵˸ġ
ޱĹƣԱߵļڵǺǮĵú𾢡
ׯεȻأԸʲô˵
磬ģҪǸҶҲãһһ㡣
˶Ц̲סЦлл
ôׯεȻѣǴѧ̨
̨ǽӹϵĻͲɻظһղŵ⡣ʱвѪһ㣬ŻͲ˵ʵ˵ׯεȻҵʦܡھǴѧҵʱׯεȻ͡
ҶʼЦСš
ׯεȻȻôͽ飬˵ʵһкܶ˶úܲ˼顣Ц˵һǵׯεȻ˵һλʲô̸ģпк𣿡
˿ʼСЦȷʵ仰ͦЦġֿʼɫ˵һǵõ˹ٴѧҪ﹥ʿˣΪ˼ҽ飬͸˼˵ôжûף飿Ҫ
ҫԱ߶̲סҪЦׯεȻһ֮ҫûмЦȥ
ׯεȻһ˵ܺЦ𣿡
ϱҫׯεȻĺ󱳣С˵Цϱǽ飬㿪һ㡣
ׯεȻͷĺҫʮָۡ
վ˵ǰ˵ׯôͺٽ飬ֻ˵һҪúöԴǴѧı۸ׯڵĻÿġ
ҫʲôҪׯεȻ˵ģ
һչ˺ǼεȻġ
ҫׯεȻЦׯεȻҲ΢Ц
лл˵̨֮
λûʲôԶԷ˵ġ
ҫһׯεȻ˫۾·ȼŻ⣬ϦҫϣЦúܺɵŻͲƺЩſʵׯεȻеӳ
ţԺһõģֻá
Ըҹһ𣿡
ϵǼ㣬ƶıԭʵı飬ʱȥӺÿ
ׯεȻҫ֣ɲǼ˶ûзӦôˣҪ˶ΪƵؿׯεȻҪʲô
˫§ҫĲӣҫͷׯεȻż⡣˽ǣֿ֮ׯεȻЦ˵Ըҹһ𣿡
Ը⡣ҫ֣ض˵ӽһһֱһȥ
Ҳǣӽֻ㡣
˸оƤһ㣬ûô»
⻹ͷһΡ
λ뽻ָ
ָ֮󣬱ʾһ𣬽Ǹĸ˵һЦ˵λǴϲӣһٱףҫׯεȻ»֡
»֡
ҿԿ
ȥ֮һһλʿĻ˴ڸĸʱĶˡ˫ĸĸ鶼ּɵģҫ§ׯεȻļЦ˵ţӽԺˡ
ôñˣ
ţرˣܱΡĸԸġҫЦúܿģΨһˡ
ıׯεȻţĺð㡣
Ҳܰ㡣ׯεȻҫںаȫС
ȿȡһһ˵ҫôĿˣǵýӴһ²С
֣֪ˡ
ҫׯεȻ֣ţ᲻Ⱦơ
ǣ첻ú𣿡
ҫׯεȻһ޹ı飬С˵ٺһ㡣
ͷ𣿡
áׯεȻЦţϹ

ҫתͷׯεȻЦѯʣţôˣ
ˡ
ҫЦòãϿʼơȻɶԣҲͦġѾȺĽһׯεȻһȦ֮еκġΪҶܸˣׯεȻҲܸˡΪĺܰҫܺҫ԰˵Ĺϵһ𣬲ҹ֮ڡرĿģǾͺȶһЩҫҲرĿģһȦ֮ҫҫͬѧԼǾӵ˸ϡ
һһҫеκģׯεȻǲ඼ҪڵϣĻŸտʼûн߳ȺǲܷŹҫׯεȻģƵׯεȻͣİڱȰƵҫ
ҫȻκģѵʶ
һ֮תͷԱߵׯεȻɫİһֱ֡ѾʼϹϹ
š¾Ʊҫɫ΢ׯεȻǿɰĿһѽׯεȻڻţϹء
ҫˡ
ҫҲׯεȻ
ס
ҫһׯεȻţǻء
ŶҴطʰ㡣
ɩҪʰӡֳЦ˵ӾҪɩʰˡ
ҫҲɵЦţãϹʰ
ׯεȻüģֳϣЦʲôЦ
ֳϱׯεȻͻȻһиסˡ
ԭһӺǱֳεվԭأ޴ĿׯεȻӣӾͺǷС
šҫæҪοׯεȻׯεȻͻȻЦҸǽǽ˭ߡ
κͷ͢˹߹ο˵Ϻô£
ҲǸչ֪ô£
ҫôˣ
ҫЦãˡ
Ƚ߹ùŹֵĻ˵ׯǰûкȹƣˣȷʵ
ׯεȻһҫľҲûкء
ɫͨ죬һ˿ɵЦֹţҫϹһ˵ġ
ǡҫæͷҫׯεȻϹׯεȻһ˵ġ
ûϹ
ãûк
ҫģׯεȻͣںţԴׯεȻͻȻ˵˭ߣҪڰ塣
һ࿴ŶԷ㲻ƵׯεȻҪʲô
ָղЦŵֳ˵㣬Сڰȥ
ֳͷ󺹣ׯεȻ̬ѾȫǺˡŲǵߵƺ룬ŻͲ죬˭ߣȫҡ
ҫҲ֪ׯεȻҪʲô飬˶ûϵԭ˵ЦȺȫĿͶƵׯεȻ
ֳСڰ߹С˵ӣ𣿡
ׯεȻŻͲȫ¡
Ȼñ׼Ӣ˵һ飬ҶǴ㵣֪ׯεȻҪʲô
ׯ
ʲôرĽĿ𣿡
ֵͦġ
ҶȰסׯεȻֻڵϡҫׯεȻׯεȻתͷҫ˵㣬ҫ
ҫͷء
Ϲ
ǡׯεȻһűʣһŻͲҲ£á
ɡҫ£ϣڲƺϣ˶ƵĿׯεȻҪʲô
ҺҫĻ硣ׯεȻŻͲκ˵ҫϹһ˵ġ
û˵ҶڵׯεȻҪʲô
ҫˡׯεȻɻκŻͲҽܸˣ˼ȵеࡣǰҫסˣٺ١ҾҪ⿪°ͺղ롣

ԭȺһֺģС˵ׯεȻôˣ²ĺ˰ɣ
Ҫʲô
Ǯ¡Ƥ˹Ͻȥס
ǮºƤ˹æǰҪסׯεȻȽҲׯεȻĻ֮нڶסˡ
ׯĺ˰ɣ
ӦǺˡ
ҪҪȥȰȰ
ǮºƤ˹ׯεȻŻͲ˵á
ҫ޴ׯεȻߣ治֪ׯεȻҪʲô
űʣׯεȻĿʼСڰϿٵд

ſɱȷŵõ˦e(n)(e=346)׼ȷ㹫ʽȺӢȸһЩnĹŷ5(n)׼ȷ㹫ʽżԣn5(n)ûһԵļ㹫ʽһ棬ı˦7(n)׼ȷ㹫ʽ⣬nĦ7(n)׼ȷ㹫ʽyangſɱȷŵõ˦e(n)(e=816)׼ȷ㹫ʽɴ˦e(n)(e=816)ż

ݡarandacheαarandachez (n)͡arandache lУarandache lsl(n)ΪСʹ12Сܱnsl(n)={:z n|l[123]}ڡarandacheʵоһЩ:оˡarandache׼ȷ㹫ʽԼ۷̡s(sl(n2))=3(n)Ŀɽԣȫ⣮ڴ˻ϣһۺ̵⣬еĹŷļ㹫ʽ۵e{346}ʱŷarandaches (n)͡arandache lsl(n)ĸϺ֮Ĺϵ

nı׼ֽʽΪn=1122ss
Ϊk1ʱsl(k)=k

ߵżԿ֪s=22r-2t|2t=1r=23ʱs=59ìܣ
ssҡ(hs)=1
1
ܶ˶ѾׯεȻдʲôСڰڷ㶣ڼСڰܶ࣬ׯεȻ治һд꣬ҫһͷԵı鿴ׯεȻдµĶ
ⶼʲô
ӻк־ĿҲһ±ƵĿׯεȻдʲôȥӣд˸ɶҶ⡣
ɩڸƵ˵ŻֳС˵ǲʲôˣ
Ӧûаɡ
ɩǣ
̫⡣
ȷʵ̫⣬½Ҳɵˡ֧̾ӵ˶ɵˣҫϱдʲô
ֻԼԼӢﴫУƺڿʼš

sΪs-1=2rtr1(2t)=1
s=1s2()2Ա(22)ʽߵżԿ֪ìܣ
ߵżԿ֪s=1ʱs=59sΪs=5n=23¡5=1030
2
žડ˻˯ʱׯεȻͻȻ±ʣҽ⿪˸°ͺղ롣
εһûü˵ҫׯεȻҪڵϣæһӽׯεȻš
ϽȥϢδһҫׯεȻС˵ţȥϢɣ
ׯεȻĵҫĻ㵸˵Ϲҽ⿪˸°ͺղ룬𣿡
°ͺղʲô֪źǡ
ׯεȻҫһѱҲ֪˭һ
ҫׯεȻ˵ϹҪס
⿪°ͺղ֮ׯεȻͷԸѣֱҫţҫҲҪ֡
ԭҫȵͦģׯεȻһҲκġǸղׯεȻһֱںֵ֣ڣҫԴûпʼΣ˺ܶࡣׯεȻ֤д˺üСʱʱ䣬ڼ󲿷ֵ˲ҳҲһĿׯεȻ̨д֤
д˸ɶЩʽʲô˼ûܹ⣬ǶɵˡⶼʲôʲôΪʲôǸûпأ
ׯεȻײײģҫһѽڻׯεȻһˤڵϲɡׯεȻģҫ̾Ϣһ
ׯεȻС˵ģȥһɰɫĿΧһУһֻ§Ĳӣһְֻ쵼ٺٵЦţǲ֡
ׯεȻĶ䣬ҫ˵ţǾҪˡ
ׯεȻ۾գſҫԴģȴҫһ

ǰҫЦ˵ô
ҪϹ
áҫׯεȻȥ߹ҫ˵ҫǾͱˣҿˣɡ
֣֪ġҫͷǺ˵Ҳˡ
ʣµͽǡ
鷳ˣ֡
ҫļ򣬡ʱ䣬ˣǸϽȥɡ
ҫһׯεȻ
˽֮󣬺߻زƺŻͲЦ˵˼ˣҼ˰


359 Ƭ
ҫׯεȻѾ߽Уʧæǰ˵ҶȾưִϲӣ飡
ʹɫɺԴæʼк
ߵڰԱߣǱ߾Ӻ;ֻҫںȾƣׯεȻѶΧׯεȻд⼸ڰ忪ʼۡڰǰҵԽļҡ
׼ǰЩ˵仰źЦ˵ǿ϶ղ֤
־߹˳˵һ䣬׼ңʲôʲô
һ⣬궼ûܹ⿪Ĳ룬⿪ˡ˵Ҳ̫ȷǲĽ⿪ˡˣǺˣҲЦҲûر棬ǲ֪Ⱥڻô˵
־ҲûЩߴﹾĵ˵Щʲôܹһֱڼҵš
֮־ʼȥкˡ
վǵߡ
k=1ʱ(1)нm=1576625768;k=2ʱ(1)нm=240256;k=3ʱ(1)нm=192;k=4ʱ(1)нm=80;k=5ʱ(1)нm=96;k=6ʱ(1)нm=64;k=8ʱ(1)нm=48;k=9ʱ(1)нm=4998;k=10ʱ(1)нm=32;k=12ʱ(1)нm=24;k=16ʱ(1)нm=16;k=24ʱ(1)нm=8;k=32ʱ(1)нm=24;k=33ʱ(1)нm=36١˹ʼҵ˵ΪׯĽ⿪˸°ͺղ롣
̧ͷˣôΪ
ѷĿźڰЩʲݵıʼǡ

(1)ֻk=1245911ʱ⣬
(i)k=1ʱ(1)Y=13433755006867508671 1561 734;
(ii)k=2ʱ(1)Y=457290108121242;
(iii)k=4ʱ(1)Y=242550;
(iv)k=5ʱ(1)Y=12;
(v)k=9ʱ(1)Y=1734;
(vi)k=11ʱ(1)Y=2.
ڡ
ȷʵȥƺǽ°ͺղˡܷѷȽóⷽļ㣬˵ʱҲһֲ̫ȷԡ
°ͺղΪѧ֮һȻûбǧ⡣ɣѧӰҲѵѧ⡣1742ѧǰͺ̣Ҫŷδɵҵϧ˶ꪳɳѧ֮1994ɰ³˹֤뱻֮Ϊɫ1976갢ϽɣҲ֮Ϊɫ
Ψи°ͺղ1742ѧҶҪɣϧûһλѧ롣
°ͺղҲׯεȻɵģׯεȻ֮Լ⿪°ͺղ룬ҽڷԼҵĲƺϡȺںѧ̲סʼҵۣׯεȻǷĽ⿪°ͺղ롣ׯεȻĽ⿪Ǿζšѧһη𣬴Ӵ˸°ͺղΪ°ͺն
滹ҪׯεȻ֣ϾΪׯεȻŽ⿪ġ
ڴ֮ǰ°ͺղõĳɹ϶1966ɻѧҳȡá׶ںޱȣӰһѧҢۡ
°ͺղ벻йصѧģҲʢĲ֮һûбǧ⣬ȷʵѵѧ֮һͺǻʹϵ飬ҪժѧҶʹϧô
һƵׯεȻʼʲݣдһڰ壬⡢µĶ
Ľ⿪°ͺղǴҹͬ˼
ȷ⿪𣿡óη棬ڸ°ͺղ֤ǰȷʵЩòע⣬Աߵİ»ڳ˵ҾһҪ׽̫ȷǷĽ⿪˸°ͺղ롣
οźڰ壬˼ţׯεȻܽû⿪Ҳûʲô飬Ǻ˲ſʼдġҶףû֤Ҳһ˳ЦͻȻҪ֤°ͺղ롣ңׯεȻдµıʼûн⿪°ͺղ룬϶ڽ⿪°ͺղһİġ
ӵ˴չСѯʵΣɩǣ
°ͺղ룬ѧΨһһδ⿪⣬ͬʱҲѧʹϵһ飬ִڵѧǰͺҪѧϵĸ߷壬һⶼѾʧˡׯεȻ⿪˸°ͺղ롪ѧԣһιϵĴ𡣽⣬Ϊ⼸ѧҪ֮һ
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ԣûе顣
𣿡ׯεȻͷҫ۾һգһգģ·еķǡһ¶Ц˵ûµġ

ⲻ顣Ʋ˵趼أҲء
ʲô֪־Ц˵ɱҰأʲôûпʲôҲû
ˬʵЦţҲǣʲôûɱ˵Ұ

ԱЦţҫׯεȻĺ󱳣ţԷˣȥϴְɡ
ȥϴ

ҫׯεȻԶ֮˵ѧѧҫ
̫ˡ
ô顣ͱţҲϲôճ˵ѡ
ˮţҫӺ汧סׯεȻǽڷָšϴ֮ׯεȻˮ顣
ͷׯεȻţš
ׯεȻһһŽ߿죡
ҫׯεȻһ£վǰĺҫһãȻ˵˸磬ôˣ
ǲɩֺ㳳ˣ
üͷټ죬Ͻ֤ͳ
Ϲ㿴ˣǲë
ҿӦе㡣ҫ͵ĵͷ߳ԡңºһڷҡ
ǰׯεȻҫߣŵһɷ˵ζˡ
ȥҫׯεȻſ˿Χأ
¥ءׯεȻָָ¥ݣҲ֪ղŷʲô裬ɩӣ͸糳ˣ
ûаϣȽæûжʱ
ôܣһҪ׼ʿҵء
ǾˡҫׯεȻߣݸһ˫ӣ֮˵ղŻͦġ
ҪȥҽԺһ°ɡ
ҿС˵Цţ¥˵˵ң
ô֪˵㣿һǲ˵أЦţϽԷղʲôȥˣ
ûûʲô
ûʲô״
ҫׯεȻ˻˼˵㶼֪ղϴֶģҿȥˡ
ȥͱۡЦ˵塢Էˡ
ׯεȻҫߣ극ҫʼϴ룬žں߿Ǽ塣
ʰ֮ҫԳ˵裬ҺεȻŹ䣬Ͳˡ
ɢʱСһ㰡

ׯεȻһ·Сܵҫǰҫճһ˿Ц⣬ׯεȻԴЬҫϵЬֵ뿪ҡ
áЦš
šʱҫС˵Ҫǳȥɣ
ðֻҪҫһʲôׯεȻҲܹôһһӡҫҹУ뻹ͦġ
ڳϣҫСĸׯεȻϵðȫȻرŵγУÿ껹вԸΡ٣ǵ˸ࡣΪʡʡУǱҲǷټЩڻӣΧˮɽҲвٿĵط
ǱҲο͵ĵط֮һܱߵľÿҲҪӴٵο͡ʱеҹοҪĵص֮һڸʻϣľһζ
ǵһҹʱɫûаȥâڴϣȺ߽߳СׯεȻ³ҫŴá
ׯεȻһȦܵҫ󣬳½󣬸߽ҹС
ҫ˵ţ㣬߶ˡ

ҹ֮ׯεȻĿܡҲкܶ꣬ûеҹСÿо֮⣬ֱӾͻؼң·̶ܹǳųԷ֮ģȥ̳Ĵ࣬ûҹСĳ棬ׯεȻԾĺܡҫתͿׯεȻ󣬶·
顱һׯεȻֱֱװҫϡ
ׯεȻԴ̧ͷҫ
εȻҫЦ˵·ʱ򣬻ǿһ·Ҫʲô
ҾͿճ극ׯεȻĳԲκεĶһֱƮɢʳζʳ󶯡ĳԲ¶ӡׯεȻһϧ˵֪ٳһ㣬ڻܳԶ
˲˻عͷҫ
£̼ҾĴһ㣬˵Ŀ⡣
ׯεȻԴţ´ʱٳԵ㷹

ǸǰҫЩ˼˵˧磬Ҫ𣿡
˲󣬿ȥֻʮģЩߡһλСڴ飬۾һգһգĿҫ


362 
Сҫ붼û룬ֱӵľܾǸСĿ쳣׺ݡ
СƺҲҫĿסˣӣͲô׸
ô˧ûҪ
ˣʲô˰Ͳһ־öĵҡǸ˵˭
ˣ˼ⲻ𣿡
ׯεȻЦ˵˧磬Ҫ𣿡
ҫףֻңҰŸ㡣
˧硣ׯεȻҫ½ǣС˵ô˧ҿӵ𣿡
Ѿˡҫ֣ţǼְɡ
βҫׯεȻԶ΢ġׯεȻţǣҫ½ǡҫʱʱͣׯεȻΪûעµ·ˤš
ͣͣҹеԽԽ࣬˶ʼҫָָ㡣ҫһ׾ŵߣֺ˧Ŵͷ˵ͷǼ˧Ψһ׼Ŵͷһ㣬Ũü۵ҫҹĿ˶óֻҫ
ΪҫСβͣׯεȻһ߳ҫ½ǣһ߲ͣţ۾棬һֵͦġֵܻʲô
ҫׯεȻ˵ҷֺö˶
ҫ㵵˵𣿡
ҿһ£в˶ڶһġôǣֲǣЩһֱҫüͷׯεȻԱС˵ǿ˳ú˧Ŷ
˵ͦ˧ġ
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˭֪أ˵ܵܣ
ҪҪȥҪ绰룿
˵ܷչһΰأ
Ҹղſȥʹûиɣ
еģŮİ˼һֱأ
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ׯεȻüͷһסҫʵֱۣҫһ£תͷׯεȻţôˣ
ҫʮָۣׯεȻż
ⲻܵܰ
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ׯεȻյҫǰҫܻӭŶôϲ
ҫͳׯεȻ˵ֻ㡣
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ҫţɡׯεȻĵſҫĺ󱳣Ҳûǰѯҫĵ绰źţǿׯεȻҫ¹ϵ
ߵսǵʱׯεȻҫ˵Ҫ
աҫׯεȻׯεȻ֣ţ˵ıߣ
߰ɡׯεȻҪ˶ĵطߣҫׯεȻ·ϣҷ׷׺ĿׯεȻҫʮָ۵ڽϣôΣͷһ⡣
٣֪˭һҫһ£ţȵҰ
ҫɿ֣ǾıܣɱžǰׯεȻЩΣվԱߵС̯ǰС̯ǰĶ
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ʮ顣
̯ׯεȻãׯεȻû뿪˼̯Ц˵ڵȸղǸ𣿡
ׯεȻͷȰɡ
Ա߾мСӺӣׯεȻϣŴؼҵҹԡ۾һգգĿȺ
ҫһѽ˸ڵϣùİİ
ֱۻѪĸ˵ûʲôˣȽ徲ҫһֽС͵ڵϣΪС͵̫ĹϵҫȽһЩС͵ͣš˿ҫӹǮһ֮󣬡Ǯû٣
ұҫôǾУܺ͸񶷵һЩҲû£ץСëǺסֻС͵ú˹ȻǮһ£ûǮҲ˵һллֱת·ûֱӾܡ֮ģ˵
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֣Ҳʶ㡭t˭ɱҿ񾭲Ҫɱˡ
ҫһ죬ѹС͵û뵽С͵ʼҵĲҽУͷŵذ壬ҧͷɱ
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ҫҧҲûһ䡣˶ָָ㣬ҫԽԽ졣
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ҫòУܣҧֻܵ˶ָָ㣬С͵һֱͷײŵأŪѪ
ׯεȻȲվղŽٵǸ˴߾һƬڵϣׯεȻƬӡš̹˾ҵ񲿸ܾȻɫĿƬȥҲ˳ۡ
ׯεȻһû뵽ǸתׯεȻһۣͻȻӿŲһת۾ʧȺУѾֱ治
ׯεȻֹţ֡

ׯεȻóֻһۣҪСʱˣҫôûл
ҪȥҫҫС͵ڲŵҫ֮š
̹˾˾ǺǴѧͦ𣿲ˣׯεȻӡкûмҲǣͲЩ顣ûмҲʲô¡Ƭ˺֮Ͱ˺ܳһʱ䡣ҫѶׯεȻʼɻҫǲȥʲôˣ
óֻһۣѾϾŵӣȻҹ֣һСʱʱ䡣óֻ׼ҫ绰ȥ
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еءվָָ칫ңǽȥ˵
áׯεȻվٵ߽칫֮վѯʵҪˮ𣿡
áׯεȻվٵĶ棬λվٿȥʮģЩɣñ·һԽһˮׯεȻߡ
Ҿͳ˵ɣҫĿǰеΣգ˸ҽԺ
ʲôׯεȻ㵵˵ôܣҲǾ졣֪ġ
վٳ˵Ǹ飬ųԲеĿԡĿǰû֤֤ҫû˺Ǹˡ
ǣץС͵𣿡
ʧأվٳ˵Ҹ֪ҫ֧̾ӵľ죬ҵ֮ǰرü㾯졣ƻܶҪҺԸҫץС͵ҲС͵ԲСǣʧѾ뿪û֤֤ҫû˺Է
ԡվҲһεĿׯεȻ
Ҫʲô𣿡


363 ܵ
վٿЦõ˵ڵǣû֤֤ԷԲУʧҲվĻпҫҪ·ġվҲΣҲǸ֪ҫ¡־ֳĶӣ˼ҹҹУ٣İæɡʧȻŤͷߣС͵ԲУҪһЩý֪ðд
ңǷᣬҪû֤ûƵΪ֤ݣҫҲ˵塣С͵ͦģֱԲҫ
ƹָС͵ļҪ뻹ͷۡվٲǵһݣǰôƵΪ֤ݡһ֤ҲûһƵҲûУҫǻҲ˵
أׯεȻ룬Եذɣ
ǿԵûǡվٺε˵ҫ˰ڵ֮󣬼ûĵֳƵǵǻܹ˵ûóƵô˵顣
ǣȷʵʱв˽١ǡûĵǸʧӣ˵ʧѾˣҲ֪ҹкܴÿô࣬ҲȥһһŲ飬˵˼Ҳûз£ʲôȨȥŲ˼ң
ׯεȻͷҲ˵鲻ҪʧվҪƵ֤ݡ
ǡվüģȻҿҫǹǺġ
֪ˡ
վ١ľһλŮʿ߽칫ңλŮʿɳ˵иղλץС͵Ƶ˵ۿС͵ԲУԸ䵱֤
վٺׯεȻվŮʿȥӦöʮ߰ңñȽʱ֣վ˵þ٣Ҹղźѹֵʱ·ĵƵ֪λûá
˵ǸڵϵС͵Ůʿ˵Żֻóݸվ˵ֻĵһ㣬ʱǸ˻ûпʼԲСʼеʱ򣬲ͷԼĵء
վƵĿһۣлл㣬ǳлƵĻλᱻܸ档
ܹ֤һС͵𣿡ŮʿСѯš
ȷʵаλʧѾ뿪Ҳ޷֤˵ʱ͵Σܹ֤ԲУλ⹥վٿׯεȻ˵λļ
лл㣬Ůʿ
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ǸŮʿƵ¼ϵʽɡ
áСȥŮʿʼ¼ׯεȻվ˵٣ȥҫ𣿡
û⡣վٴׯεȻѶңҫûбţֻϡׯεȻʱǿЦһ¡
εȻˡ
վٶҫͷ˵٣ģȳȥ
֤֤ǸС͵˺ģԲСƵׯεȻҫĶ棬ˣ𲻸ˣҪͷԺ󻹳ͷ𣿡
ΪʲôҫߺţǾ죬Ҿ͸ó棬Ѳɻϰճ氡
Ǿ죬ܶں𣿡
ׯεȻָҫ֣һϢǸʧǲˡ
ˡҫ̾ϢһҲǵһεȻ˵һˣôôأ
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ʶҿĳ࣬һƬ̹˾ҵ񲿸ܾʶܾҲãܾҲáҪվָС͵а취ʰ
ҫһĿׯεȻ˫ָׯεȻϣ֮ׯεȻоһů⣬Ƿᣬ֪𣿡
İɡׯεȻЦ˵֪Ƿᣬǡ̹˾Ǵѧĺܶ࣬Ͽ˵ǿǴѧš
ҲҫׯεȻǵ˵ˣҲʲôģİɡ
ׯεȻͷվƿţһʵҲλλŮʿѾ¼뿪ˣٽ뿪ɣʱڸ绰㿴ô
áҫͷվվ˵лл㣬վ١
ʲôлģֵܵλվҫļ˵Сһ㡣
ĵûʲôС͵ļ֪ġ
ҫͷׯεȻҫ뿪ɳ˶ֿտյġׯεȻϹĶˡ
ڹѾòˡҫЦׯεȻԴţȥɡ
áׯεȻĵҫ֣´ҵúһȥС
ʲôҫתͷׯεȻ˵ʲô´Ҫһȥ
˵´ôΪҵøƵУ򣬵ʱûмûƵû֤㳤춼˵ġ
ҫĬһ£ãţҪСĲУ˵㡣
˳⳵ҹУﷱɣС̯ׯεȻһҹصϵʱҫׯεȻϵðȫš
ҫûü˵һ䣬ͱׯεȻס촽
ִׯεȻļϣҵš
ղ˵ʲôֿׯεȻϣҫַׯεȻԴϣţٳһֶġ
ҲûٰҲԲꡣׯεȻĵ˵ҲܣҲܡ
ⲻǵ𣿡ҫֺǺǵ˵ţ㡣
ˡׯεȻҫ½󣬡ҽҪ㡣
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áҫżʻš
صңׯεȻıĻصңĶڳ·ݣҫһׯεȻĶ˳ַڱׯεȻҪԵʱóһ¡
ҫˮ¥´ׯεȻڿûкˮĵط
ӺˮڹϣׯεȻҫһѾͽׯεȻסЦ˵ţôˣ
Ϲϴ衣
áҫׯεȻ߽ԡң˳֮ҫϣһѽׯεȻסׯεȻҫϣ򿪵ԣδƬׯεȻ뿪ֻ֮ģֱӴׯεȻҫֱֻׯεȻȵϢȫ籡ׯεȻľ
ֻҫԴׯεȻļϡ
ֻΪҫһ߻ظţһ߶ר־ׯεȻ
һƬׯεȻѾ֪ʲôƬ֮󣬹Ȼϣűʣݸֽ̿ׯεȻʼ㡣
ֱ賿ҪӵʱҫԴļϣƺ˯ú졣ҫƽȵĺׯεȻеıʣһûʲô⣬֮ڽһͺáûдĻôĽ⿪˸°ͺղ롣
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ڶ죬ҵڴϣׯεȻʱҫߣ¥¥֮ҫڴΧȹæµš£ֳ򥣬ҫš
ҫ̧ͷׯεȻɵЦţˣ
ׯεȻףأ
Ͼͺˡҫ緹֮󣬶ׯεȻ˵ţҺе飬Ҫǰϰࡣ
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ʲôġׯεȻſӣҲҪѧᣬθղִҸϽѧʱ
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¸ڰɡׯεȻ룬ϰ࣬ʲôôæ
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С͵᲻ܸϹ֮ģ
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Ҳ£ο治ţ̾ӵİӡҫׯεȻıӣ½ǽˣɵжӣҵøϽȥ
ҫׯεȻı飬Ц˵ôˣǣ
˵أׯεȻҫ½ҫЦ˵᲻Ϲ

ԣϹ갸ӾͻؼҡҫׯεȻοš
Ϲô죿
ϹׯεȻ§ڻҪ￴Ϲ
ҲСׯεȻ룬ҲǸ취극֮ׯεȻص㣬ҫϴ꣬Żص䣬ׯεȻ㣬ׯεȻԱߣֻ򿪵ԣһһ߿ׯεȻ
ׯεȻʱҫѾá
극ׯεȻҫ뿪һȦصҵʱ򣬶Ѿϰ˵򿪿յڱҫׯεȻ˿ŵӰҫرϲֲƬΪֻҪһֲƬׯεȻͻ꣬һ߾ź뿴һֲҿֱȤˡҫҪЦֺۡ
ҫĻׯεȻС̧ͷҫ˵Ϲ
ҫӦһôˣ
ôֲֿƬ
ŲϲׯεȻԴĻǸŲ϶ܸܵׯεȻЦ˵Ųϲ𣿡
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Ϲڣ¡ҫҲׯεȻЦúܿġֲƬ˺úõϢһϡڶڼׯεȻѧڿҫͱׯεȻڼʲôûһ˵Ǻܳʵġ
ׯεȻҫֱ֣ҫڵ;ҫ⻻һׯεȻֱ賿ӣϴ裬ׯεȻǻıҫԡҵġڴϣҫȥϴ·ׯεȻ˯ԺġҫʱׯεȻһڣţҿ11ȥȥǱ߳Էɣ
Ϲ᲻ׯεȻԺİҫҫͷԣϹҲ᲻㣬ⲻûа취Ҫ
ׯεȻȷʵ᲻ҫҲ֪Ҫ۾ҫĻ˯˹ȥһʱҫѾ뿪յķӣׯεȻһסͻȻú壬˵ʲô
ϴһϱҫڵúǴʮӿʼڣԭҫ賿ʱ˯һֱҫҪҫڡ
ҫûа취ֱ賿ĵҪӣҫűȥϴ衣
򿪱ׯεȻ׼ذңһư趼Թˡڼϰ࣬ȥ󲮼Ҵĸȥˡ
ԭҪһƿֵģֽ
ȿ֣һƿϹؼҪ㣡
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ׯεȻЩЦоͺҫੲݵĶ˵ԱĶҪע塣
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ţŲСȻô죬ˣ
տҫ뿪ңֻĿ㶵ţóֻǳΪŵźŸϢЦֻϢ֮һϢȥ
ƻ𣺲ʢţϹԣỹи飬Ŵ绰ڼԹԵġ
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˵ǰҹеʱ򣬱¡ǱСʮɳһϣ
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˵飬ҫͦġΪһ챻Ҳû˵ͷðַ˲Ϊͷһ⡣
ڻвԸվ֤ˣƵô˵
ҺȥҹУ˽ץС͵ⲻǳȥ˭֪ǸʧȻ׷Ǯֱ֮뿪
ǸС͵ԲҪңƵвԸ֤˵
ʱעһǱߵĶ̬ǸС͵ļҪ¡
ɳǱߵƵڰɣ
ڵġҫشһ
ǾСֳļ򣬡úøɣ
ҵʱ򣬴ҶѾڵҫҫɫľǲɫľ㣬ȻûнڿǼܺҫеĸߴ׳ƿŵʱſţû˸˵
˵˵ӵɡҫߵλ£ֳΣ
ׯεȻ극֮뻹ǰѶʳӵ󣬷żͲܳˡҲ֪ҫҪæܻؼңӵɡ´ʱ򣬿ɲô˷ˡ
ҫĻţҫڵʱҫĻһ춼ġҫڣɢɢģֲоɳϣһֶĸо
ֻĵĿʼˢΧ
ΧܾöûϹǹעһֱǣֵֹĶѾа˿ׯεȻ˶ɵˡⶼʲôʲô
һȦǹעһǱصϢɡ
Ҳûʲôÿģ޷żҳҶֻ̡֮ôôѹأǰûкҫ̸ʱ򡭡Ǹʱÿооʱܿ͹ȥˣܾʱú
ٴóֻѾĵΧûκκʷƽǣǾΧŰɣעһ¡ƽ壿ΧŰɣעһ¡
ƽ֮󣬿˺һһЩƵûʲôÿģˣǴѧΧûйϵ
עǴѧΧûмӵʱ䣬յüעϢһղŹעļٷΧȫע
ǴѧvУܾѧᣬĿΪ°ͺղ֤ˣǴѧϯڣׯεȻǮ¡Ƥ˹
СϢλڽ⿪°ͺղʱѾȵƬ˷ҪĽ̲ܷߣڶǵԼ⿪°ͺղ顣
ûʲô˵ģǴѧҾǴѧʦ֣
ׯ⿪°ͺղѧµĵǴǺʹĲʵ̫˰ɣ
ׯׯ񣬷ģƽɣ
ҼǵׯΧŵģ˭֪ׯΧʲôţ
ɱţСȻ
ׯεȻ˺һʱ䣬ûʲô˼ֻ£ѧڿš
ҫóֻһʱ䣬ⶼĵˡóֻׯεȻ˸绰ȥ绰ͨһ̣ҫŵŷţڼ𣿡
ڰׯεȻһ߷ѧڿһ˵Ǳô
տᣬҪæü첻ܻؼҡҫС˵ţҪµĻȥסɣ
һؼҵʱ㣿
ҲôģҴʰһ¡
ѾʰˡҫЦ˵ͷ¹и䣬Ҹʯ绰㡣
ذңʹ˸һؼʰС
ҫΪǵúܺãʲôҪ
úóԷú˯ע壬ҪԱĶҲĶҫ̲סţţϹȥæˣϹؼҵʱ㡣
ϹҫЦŹ˵绰С߹˵ӳڳ𣿡
ȻأҫС£߰ɡ
ǡ
ֻ֮ׯεȻһ·Сܵң¹񣬹Ȼڷ棬ϳ򿪿һۣҫȻʲô׼ˡԿҲǷ۵λãһֽûпƵġ
Կף䣬ׯεȻ¥ţ߳ԺӡǰʯЦſׯεȻ˵ׯڣþò
ʯþòׯεȻҪʯӹ䣬ׯڷžͺá
ղٸҴ绰˵Ҫ鷳һ¡˵ʱʯЦţʲô鷳鷳ģԭҾٸͣҶҪΪҵˡ
ں䣬ׯϳɡ
򿪳ţһׯεȻڳϣȫϵáʯּ˵ׯڡ
ׯεȻƫͷʯ˵ôˣʯ
ٵ飬ҾӦ֪
ʲô飿
֮ǰٲҹץһС͵𣿡
ǰׯεȻһ£ȻҲǹ϶Ҫʱ̹עϢҫһôҫϢҲҪյġ
˽⣬ǸС͵ļ׼ȥȥթ١ʯЦ˵ʧ̹˾ҵ񲿵ĸȻ
ǡׯεȻһ£᲻ʲôӰ죿
Ӧòеġʯƶ˵ɳǱƵҲбݵƵټ֤ȷʵýŷ׼һЩš
ǣ
Ǹʯ˵ȷʵûȨޣҪ֤ݵĻǿṩе֤ݡ
лׯεȻһֻҪ֤ݾ㹻ˡ
ֻʧǱߣҪȥ
ׯεȻЦһȻ̹˾ҵ񲿵ĸǾͺ˵ˡ
ҼǵǴѧѧϵ̹˾ĺܽܣܶзǴѧѧϵׯεȻô˵һ仰ʯЦһûм˵ȥ
ȷʵˣ̹˾ڻ϶ѧϵĹ͡ׯεȻֻҪ˵һ£Ժ󲻻ȥ̹˾ĿзǴѧҪһʱ̹˾ľƷ˾ɲŹᡣѧһˣֱӷ̹˾зĿ˵ЩĿзׯεȻҲûǩ֣Ȩܾ
Ǵѧǻвٵ˻ׯεȻһ̹˾зĿ̹˾ԣһشĴ
п̹˾ֱӱͬྺƷ˾̵
ˡ֮ʯ˵һ䣬ҹҲ⼸飬ΧϺһǾĴv
˵ׯӦʶģԴԭȥǱߵļӣֱǣھֵơ
ׯεȻһ£Ǽôȥˣ
ҾͲ̫Ϊͥԭɡʯ˵ؾٵŸһŮиᡣ֮ǰؾҲȥΧϿһЩڽ֪ʶҲǾ֪vͦйġ
˵ׯΧҲǰ˿ĴvʱҲתһ±ҥ
ҲǡׯεȻͷʯׯεȻ
ׯڣʲôҴ绰ͳɡ
ݣ¥֮󣬴ţͺڼ￴ŵӣׯεȻ֮󣬺æߵأˡ
ׯεȻһ£֣ô֪ҽҪؼң
㲻ϰ𣿡
ݼ١䣬Ц˵ղҫ绰˵ҪؼңⲻǾڼ𣿡
Զ緹ҫʮһȥϰˡ
ˡׯεȻЩЦҫҲǵģʲôźˡ
䣬ׯεȻţԺ˵֣ҫˣ֪𣿡


364 ȳ
ҫˣһ£Żع˵˵ҫǰҹϵ԰ɣ
ǡׯεȻͷ
һ£ԷڻסҽԺȷʵҪµ˼ɳǱб¼֤Ƶ֤ݡֻǸʧһֱ֣¡϶Ƕ˵ġ
̾Ϣһڵ˰̫Įˡ˼ڰȾܡ
ڻ֤Ƶ֤ݣҫðǵɡ
ôҲüͷׯεȻһ˵Է̹˾ҵ񲿵ĸʯ˵ġ
ʯЦ˵ǵȷʵǶһЩ
ɣȻԷҪý£Ǿ˵ýϳ
ʱԷҪ£Ҳûа취ȥû˰ǣô֣
Ҳһ취ׯεȻ֣Ȼǰְа취һ㡣飬治֪ô죬֤ݣ֤ϵЩ֤ǷԸܲɷáڶԷû֮ǰ߻۹ƣ¶ԷҪ֣Ҳûɼȥ
ͲõˡЦŽׯεȻ¥ݣһ־ġ
׼Եʲô
ԡ
ׯεȻź֮󣬡ǲҪѧ᣿
ԡׯεȻͷЦ˵ҫҪȥ䵱
鲻֣ûа취ֻ̾ӵȥһ°
ҫڣƵʱܹҫ
𣿡ׯεȻĵ˵ֿԿҫˡ
СӡЦҡͷ극ŶׯεȻͳ˵ţȳźͺ־һ¡

ׯεȻһӣͺһġ˻Ьһһ˵Ƶ˻Ҽ߹飬ƺܹƽǱͻΧϷ顣
ӴôˣЦ˵һסڼﺦ°
硣ׯεȻŵ˵Ҽҫ˵ˣҲҪʰ㡣
аһҵܻܵҪʰҡ
ʱ򣬿ôʰ
ׯεȻЦû˵һ£ô˵أ
֡ԴˣϴСģôע⣬ҫһôˣ鶼ˣ˵
֪ˡ¥ȥϴ˯ˡ
ЦеĶׯεȻ˵Ѿ̺ñӣԻط˯ˡ
áׯεȻص䣬ԡҵţ˯ڷһӣ뿪֮ȥϴ衣ϴص˯ڶ峿ҫϢӦ賿ġ
ǻҫ˯һϢ֮ׯεȻڴϣ˿ʱ䣬糿ŵ֪ƽûзҫϢ
ϴ¥кţԷˡ
ϣׯεȻ˳һ䣬裬ְֺ͸أ
ϰȥˡЦ˵Ҳǲ֪Ǿ죬̰ڵģÿ춼æС¶Ҫǹ˵ʱ򣬳̾ϢһҹŽҫҲġ
ׯεȻͷʵҫɲûʱͰͻؼ𣿲ҫؼ֮󣬿϶
緹ֻˢһϢȻƽǷһϢ
ƽvǰж֧̾жӳҫݼʱ¡ҹмΪС͵͵ٵǮ׷أʧõ͵ԵƷת뿪С͵ͷĵذ壬ͼݼΪҫ١ҳŮʿ¼ƵԸΪҫ֤λվ֤ҫΪмλ֤Ƶ֤ݣҫпܶ¡СʮɳվٱʾʧվûС͵С͵Ѿߣûа취
ʧվҪΪҫٽкãΪһֵÿ޵飬Ϊ죬ʿ䡣񾯶ͦҫ[Ƶ]
ҿɵˣ˼ҼΪ˵ллҲˣñ˶̼ܹ飿Ҳ⣡
Ҳ̫Ϣ˰ɣܹΪ𣿡
ǸС͵֪ҽԺʱڽл˴ý屬ϡǾо飬ȱϡ
Ĳ⣬С͵ȥ͵ʧڱ˼С͵ҪʧԵĿ⡣С͵ԣץ֮ԲݣС͵Ҫȸ״ʲôħ磿
С͵
ʶС͵ҵתڼȺҿҪ𣿷Ⱥүûʲô飬ָָ㣬ҵҪ˻û
ÿʱͻȻôүֱָ콵塣
ǾӦ죬ҪС͵һҵý壬һ۹ƣʲôǴġ϶ܿɲ٣޹࣬ټһȺ񾭲ڵĶҪϴɰ׵ġǾ۸ɵƯҵҪʲôý廹ᱨԲеС͵Ĺ¡
˵ˣѾҪˡÿʲôӶҪĹжô飬в˵ľ㣬ϵý壬ǲǣ
ʧأ˼ݼٵʱΪ˹ǲ˰
ƽvʧɻǻ塣С͵޻ߣҫҲη壡
ҵҪĸôûƤû͵Ҫ߼޻
ҿԻ׵ţû֮һ
ôˣ鶼˺üˣʧûվ
v飬˵ʵǻ˺ģݼ٣Ϊѹ´λҫɻǻǰġҫ˾Уǵϡƽvƽv
ɱţСȻͺףʧûվƽv
ҿʲôׯȻΧˣ
һţ˸ףܹɳ𣿡
ſҺϢѾҪǸʧһ١
˵ʧǸˣô˵ˣ
ڸϢˡ
ܺãڶԷûչ۹֮ǰǾѾһռ۸ߵأС͵ֵĻûͦǣпܱ˳Ц
vҼ˵ʧɱţСȻ
ΡλؾٺׯȻһͬΧϣׯΧؾת
ؾٹעׯ!
ׯع
ɱţСȻ˵ܲǸ̼v
Ǵѧvϣʧܹ¸վҪмΪ˶ķɱţСȻ
vҺҫǾУͬѧôѣΪҺ飬ҫҲͦùġ
һ˾˧𣿡
ؾٻҪ˧ǾУ˧𣿡
һٵϵʽ
Ϊؾ˧ľ壬Ҵˣ̫˧˰ɣǿƵĲܹоʵ̫˧ˡ˽Ҳÿʲôֵ
ղŹϸһ£̫˧ˣرʡȻĸоڶڲס


365 Ƭ
ǿʼҫж˧⣬ƽǷΧ֮Ϊвýתءʱѣҫֵ̫ߡŨüۣ㡣ʵ촽٣һϼΪӢ信ʣ΢ģȻʶҫһ˲ϳΪ۵Ķ
οǼΪȻ¶ˡ
˶ڴҪҫϵʽׯεȻΧϹһȦҫȷʵͦˣ˧ĺãǾ죬·Ǻܳ˵ġԭͺ˧ҫ·ˡ
ƽvȥ㾯Ƭ[ͼƬ]
⡭٣Ϊˣ̫˧˰ɡ
ô˧̫˧̫˧ˣ
˧Ϣںյ˧̫˧ˡ
󣬸ٵϵʽɣҹȥٽ飡
vȿȣҫѾˣλɢ˰ƽv
ΪʲôȻӢ飬ҵ񡭡
ˣΪʲôأշô˧˧磬ȻѾˡ
ؾٲҲǾУҵĶѾǰɣ˭ҵ١
vʵǱߵģǺƤ׷ɩӣ׷˺ü׷ġ
ʲô׷ɩӾȻҪ׷ü׷ɩǵɰɣ
ٿȥӦþǸֱУƲ׷ɩӺɣףٺɩӰúϡ
ʹףٺɩӰúϡ
ΪлᣬѾ˰Ӣ顣
ǽˣҲ̫˧˰ɣҲǺܺõġ
ׯεȻЦţҫȷʵ˧ûдϧҫһ˵ġ뵽ʱׯεȻ̲סЦֻ֮¥򿪵Կʼܵѧᡣ
ʵر뷢һƬΧϣǾú˧ҫѾˡ룬ˡ
ȹȶȹȥ֮þͷһƬΧɹһɡ
ҫջؾӣͱԴˡ
Ҹҫûæ賿ϢϺͳţŻӵǲӣ֤Ҫ̡ص칫ң׼£Դһͳ˽
١
ҫ̧ͷԴһԻ˵˵£ôɭĿңֲͦġ
ðɣ˵ǡԴ£Ѿȥˡ
ʲô飿
ǰҹץС͵鰡
Ŷҫͷأ
ԣϺܻӭ
ҫһԻ˵ץС͵ܻӭܹɣ
˵㳤˧ܶϲ
ŶҫͷдûµĻ߰ɡ
¡ԴЦе˵ϵ㲻ðæ
ʲôæҫ˵Ƶ飬ҿɰﲻˡ
ôﲻءԴЦţˣҲǼôܻӭҪעΧżתһǵƵɡżһ£˵̾ץ֮ģҲǸշҲܹǱڵķˣطǡ
עΧҫ룬ûʱֲǲ֪ûǸʱЩ顣
ûµʱתһǵΧͺˣҲʲô˵Ϣʱתһ¡
ԴѹĲֵһѣ˵ҲǱڵķ˰
ɡҫΣ˵ðҿûʱȥӪֻתһ£ǵЩ֮ġ
û⣬עɡ
áҫͻȻ뵽һ⣬Χ𣿡
ţԴЦ˵㻹֪
֪ҲûҲûп
ȷʵô棬ôҲǰ˿ĴvΧһֱûù
Χдʲô
Լȥ¡
ҫͷע֮ɻǽǸ֣ƻ
ɱţСȻȻһٶ˿Ǵѧעˣһš
ȥ֮󣬷ֳתƽǺǴѧΧ֮ǰûи¹˹עŹעǾľΧעԴֻ˰ɣ
ˡԴ뿪
ׯεȻΧ˹עȥ֮ڶעзһнƻˡԴҲעƽǺƽ嶼ע
ҫɣׯεȻ˸ע
󿴼ƽַһΧƽ˺ҲԴƹܡ
ƽvϲҫͨΧƻ
ٿͨΧˣȥע
Χעˣƽǡƽٷ˺ţǴѧʲôؾٵĸΧҲעˣһׯʲôʲôλ
ׯعλ𣿡
Ѿʼׯʶģϵܺá
ܰɣȻǴѧҲʶׯļʲɡ˸ƽ˰˵ׯŻعûжá
ƻ𣺴Һãǽƻ𡣵һΧллҵĹע
٣򿨣򿨣
Ҳ̫˧˰ɣ
Ӣ١
ΪʲôôͽˣҺúް
һΪٻᷢءȻò٣ٵƬҲǺõġ
̾Ӧúæɡ
˵׷˺üɩӲ׷ģ֪ɩӳʲôӣ²ɰɣٳô˧Ҫ׷ˣǲ
ҿûжãѾһٶۣ˿ˡĸλٵշǰɣ
ɱţСȻܾҪѧˣӦʲôأ[ͼƬ]
ǴѧvѵӦúúÿһѧ[]ɱţСȻ
ɱţСȻڽ£[]Ǵѧv
أ[]ַɱţСȻ
ׯεȻƬڱľ̨ϣɡ£ԱǱ֣Ƭҫյġ˼ʮβŰƬպãΪҫ֮ǰûиĹƬһվͺòСׯεȻЦˣΪ˺ׯεȻҫ˼ʮΣѡһõƬ
ͬʱעׯεȻֹעԴѲܶ˶û뵽ûΧׯεȻ쾹ȻһӸôΧ
Դ˸λϵһ֣˺Ϥĸоôܣ
ׯεȻƬׯεȻķ˿Դķ˿ʼҵ
ʲô༼ǲׯѧĵģⱨɣЦˡ
ʲô༼ƬԲؾĵģҶؾٵƬĵġ
һѧΪ˱ʦôĵǰɣ
ׯÿԲ𡭡
ϸԷǰׯĵͦÿģǹԲұ಻ȥˡ
һע⵽ׯסڱ𣿿ȥͦõģƺҲׯҵ̫˰ɡ
ЦͽׯεȻѧɱ⿪ǧ𣬻ɻǿǧסլû˻ᷴ԰ɡ


366 
ѧһˣΪѧʵۣׯסôˣοׯǻѧԺԺʿôԺʿѧңסѣСֵġ
˼ûб˼ֻǸտׯסЩȣ˵úܶԡׯĴסһҲ֡
ׯסķӲŶׯġΪׯǸ߼˲ţǰ˼ƻĵһˣع֮Ϊ˽ׯ񣬾ͽһױŶ˼ׯڵʱнǳġ
ׯеӣǲȱ˵ʲô
ȱ˸ůĶԲԣׯҿԣ
Ҳԣ
ׯңңҿԵģ
մٵΧׯ񳤵Ҳ̫ÿ˰ɣٲһֳࡣׯ񳤵ÿٳÿʣǶ˧Ѿˣׯҿԣ
ɱţСȻѻ飬ԣ
ʲôҵ죬ׯˣ
ɣɣׯȻˣ
Ϊʲôׯ㾹ȻҲӢ飿
ׯ鲻ʹѧ𣿸°ͺղ⿪˵İǲ֪𣿡
˵ׯȾƺȵƬȻ󵱳⿪°ͺղ롣ⲻܾҪ°ͺղѧᡣ
ôԡʹʧλٽˣׯŶʮһ갡ôͽ˰
и󵨵뷨᲻Ǻׯˣ[ֻѣң]
֣ׯƶʶ٣˵ׯʶؾӦûпܣǵ˰ɡׯһֱûйעؾ٣ҹƽʶؾ٣ٸûκοܵĽӴôٽ顣
˵ĺׯһĻһʱ֮䲻֪ĽٻӦĽׯٳøߴ˧˧аȫлм⣬϶ܺáׯ񳤵ÿ̻ߣưѧĴУһʱ䣬ҾȻ֪Ľ˭
ˣҵҪ֪ĸׯˡ񣡡
ׯεȻһΧԣûмܡ
˳Χ֮󣬿ʼѧġ
ԴڵǰЩݸһЦǵԶǺܴģһĲ׼ˣׯεȻȷʵǺҫˡ
û˵һʱ䣬æ꣬ͿԻؼˡ
һü죬ׯεȻڿѧģûΧ
ҫ߸æ꣬ȶȥˣΪһֱûиΧвȡĹעԭʮĹעֻм˹ע
ҫ⣬ӵԴĵ绰ԼԷæתһǾ˺ŷͨ档
ҫΧһת
ƻתƽǣ
һׯεȻΧԼעΧ췢һͼƬûзΧصΧׯεȻ˸绰ȥ
šҫһʰŶһ˵ʲô
ӵ绰ׯεȻպ׼¥Է
˰ׯεȻĵ˵ؼ𣿡
ءҫЦ˵
ڰҰׯεȻѯʣҳԷ𣿡
ԴԷԷҫ˵ʰòã
ׯεȻܿģʲôʱң
ҿҫһʱ䣬ʮ֮ɡ
Ǻãȥ˵һڼԷ
ҫ˵ãš
ҵ绰ĵ¥ĳ˵裬ҽͲڼԷˣҫҪң˵ԴԷ
΢΢һЦãղҲ绰˵ԴҪԷҰɡ
ӦǡׯεȻ¥֮󣬴ѧڿڵҫ
ųҫصҵ¥£µݼ¥֮󣬴ţһ衣
ҫ˰ͷҫǲ裬ҺεȻҪȥԷ
ղѾ˵ˡ
¥ϣȥɡ
ҫ¥֮ƿſׯεȻڿѧڿţš
ѧڿׯεȻתͷҫ
š
ҫĻһ£ҫׯεȻЦȥϴ裬ǴȥԴԷòã

ҫׯεȻһ£ţϹ㡣
ҲϹ
СҫϹҸЦݣϹʰ㡣
Ϲ
ׯεȻһҫһ£ͷׯεȻţôˣ𣿡

ҫ˵껰ׯεȻȥ
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ׯǲ˯ԺˣֵǴΧˡ
û뵽㾹Ȼׯ񡣡
üһҸɵˣһΪׯֻѧװXû뵽Ȼ˺ɩӡ
ǶȵƬ˵ׯɩҶš
ԤԼأϽҳˣ
Χ˵ٺׯ飬ǻΪǲܵ顣
@V  ؾңׯɩӶ𣿡
@V  ؾ٣˵١ؾյǲׯǶׯɩӶ𣿡
@V  ׷˶ׯ񣿡
@ƻ  ɩ㿴ɩӣ㲻ׯĻϽҥ
ǴѧVׯڣûпǴ˺ˣ@ɱţСȻ
ɱţСȻ⣬ǵ𣿡
VɩӣⶼǵˣֱҰƤ˰[̾Ϣ]@ɱţСȻ
ɱţСȻ[]@V
ͦ͡ͻȻģѾλֱħ
ɩɩӡû뵽㾹Ȼɩӡ
֪ʿϽѾ𾪵ŵĵز˭ⲻģɩӾȻׯ⡭
ͣͦͻȻׯôˣ
@ƻ  ٣ĺׯһ𣿡
ׯεȻüģҫҲׯεȻüģС˵ţҿΧϺö˶˵顣
һһµģû뵽һԺֱӵˡׯεȻͷӺ󱳱ҫڷΧɡ
ɱţСȻҲװˣ̯ˣپҵ[ͼƬ]
V֪˵ɶһΪɩӻҪһֱװء@ɱţСȻ
ͣͦͻȻģٻׯû뵽ġ
ѧжˣҾȻǵء
ѧжҾȻǵĺ
̫ˣźƬؾٺյţĵǰɣ
ֱ𺳵ⶼУر֪ٵôׯ׷ֵġ
Ծܾٵׯ𺳣˵ôʶġ
֪ʿǰϣؾٺһֱʶھУʱõ֡ׯǺؾٵĵܵܣ׵֡÷ǣ
뵽һЦٵΧׯɩӣȥׯΧɩӣΪɩǡ
һ±ƵĵЦųȥ
Ҿ˵ׯ񷢵ƬΪʲôôԭֱбĵƬ
һ˲䲻֪Ľׯ񣬻ǸĽ٣üŶͷҾȻ֪ܲĽеĸ
ɱţСȻȷʵô˺ˣڣӵĺܿ֡[ͼƬ]
ѧ񶼿ʼˣ
ϢҲ̫˧˰ɣ
ԺҪׯȡעʲôʱׯע
ׯҲ̫˰ɡ
ˣ֪ˣģǲ
֣ׯְɡ
أѾܵׯӵٵĿ֣ٵĺá
ҫׯεȻڿΧۣһ˵ţ
е˯˵ҫ˵仰˵ֻů£ȷʵҪҫĻ˯
Ҫǻطȥ˯
ɳһɣҴỹҪѧڿء
áҫׯεȻڻ˯ׯεȻģýһЩׯεȻֻݸĻ۾һͺȵ˯ˡ
ҡͷҫֻΧȷʵܶ˰в˶תΧԡ
ٸңⲻģȻׯһˡ
и⣬ׯ˭Ϲ˭ţ
ûؾһֱׯɩׯ񲻽ûзԣȥͦĵġǶġ
໣û뵽Ȼׯ񣬲ׯٱȷʵǶģ֮ǿׯӵٺܿ֡
⣬ʲôǴƽǵΧģ˵Ѿˡ۵ɩ˭
ɩӵΧ@ɱţСȻ
٣ܸӵɩӵʹǲѧѧֽⲻǧⲻ֡
ѾǸˣΪʲôôһͬ顣
ȥΧɩӵΧۣ͵ֳû뵽ɩӵķ˿Ȼô࣬Ϊٻ֮ɩҪûһȶҪһءû뵽ɩһֱǴа
մɩӵΧЦˣöѧУĹٷΧɩˡЦˣ
˵Χ@ǴѧVׯڣдˣϽɾɾڲɾĺʷˣ
Χ@ǴѧVѧУʾׯĿǰѧУʱûκεĹϵPSʦɾΧ
ƴĸЦ@ƼѧVУׯڿܲǻƴׯεȻPSʦѰɾΧ찡Ҫ


369 Ƶ
٣˵˵ɩӵĸôʶġϰˣҾԺ󶼽ׯɩˣ
һҲҪؾٽɩӣ
û뵽ѧоȻһ챻ҽɩӣ
ƻ𣺲˼Ұ˯ʱǴ˺ˣ鷳
ҰˣӴ̫˰ɡ
㣬٣̫˰ɣû뵽ҾȻһ쾹Ȼܹĵʵѧx̾ccȻģǾȻĽˣ
٣ԸңׯǺϰѸ°ͺղ⿪˵𣿡
ôˣЩ֮ǰעׯϷӦôƺ٣ܻΪɩӰɣúЦҪɣܷҲ
ǾȻһҸ˾ýеܷȽϺá֡
ܷˣǣô׷ׯġ
ҫѣЩЦֻһߣׯεȻĺׯεȻϣŻׯεȻЦʵ̫ܻӭˡ
ǻš
ǹɣǹɣ˫ˡǴѧǾҲ֪ҵ찡ʲô飬ȻĹ֮ڣˡ
ףúϣһҪúһŶ
ٺɩӲҪ߶ȥָǰϽ֤
ҾǻͳһھԺɩӱȽϺã˵أsׯķ˿ؾǱ߹ġ
ɩӵķ˿ˣsɩӵľ衣
Ҳɩһڱο󱧱󡭡Ȼˣÿɰ֣
Ҿ˵ĺܹٷɩҲv
ͺ棬ɩӵʱ᲻Ҳ᲻˵Ҳܹٷи𣿡
vʵϣӼֱ˫ˣɩӴЦӭЩͺǷƵġģҶû뵽Ȼӣ̾˭֪Ӷɩǳ죬ʲôʱ򶼲ɩһ˰е鶼áǶ
˫ˣɩЦÿģԱ̱ԣҿע£ЦĻɩߣûɩӣ϶Ц
ɩ̫˰ɣҲҪܵɩӵĿ֣졭ؾٸǽһδľٰɡ
Ǵƽɩӵģɩأ˭ܸɩӵΧʲôҪɩӳʲôܹԵ÷ɡ
ɩӵΧɱţСȻһθ˵ˡ
һźɩӵΧȻųˣɩӲɩӣˣԭһλ񡣡
ͻȻĽɩӣʼĽˡ
ׯεȻʱѾ۾ҫ۾˯һҫС˵Ϲ
ҫ۾ţղ˯ˡ
Ҫʲô

°֮ȥˡҫɿ֣ţҪѧˡ
˵ҲҪȥΰǰɣ
ҫׯεȻʵǳ鲻֣̾ӵҲҪȥһ찲Ӧ֮°ࡣ
ҿԺϹһؼҡ
ԡҫЦţׯεȻԽԽϲճɿ֣һʱ䣬ţҸȥϰˡ
ȥϰɡׯεȻ򿪵ԣҹƻҪһʼ
ҫׯεȻѵɫľ֮ǰɹǼȡϡ
ţ˰ȥ㶫Ի
𣿡ҫһ䡣
Ҹ绹Ǵ绰ɡ
ҫֻ뿪ңյӵʱ򣬾ͿԴڵ
һ˵
˵ǽҪȥץˣ
ǡҫ߽ӣҪʲô
ⲻҪһ𣿡
áҫԴǱ˵𣿡
˵ˡ
ϳԷ
ʲô
ҪԻ°ҵȥˣãϵһҴ˸磬ɣûпաҫһһ˵ĩûɣ
û°
ȵƣ
ҿɾҪס˰
ҫص칫ңԴ߽ҫ˵ˣҫһи˵һ¡
ʲô飿ˮͰԱߵĳ룬óֽԴһˮڲ輸ϣ˵ɣʲô顣
Ǻ͵̨ͨ
̨ҫЦ˵Ƶ飬ȥؾֱˣ˵ֲǺؾ֡
ǣҪҪһǵľһ¼ƬҪƣҲǱڵķӡ񾯡ΰ̾ؾҪ漰
¶ҲôҿǾԱľòҫЦ˵᰸㲻ؾ˵˵ҲûðҾǺ£ؾҲп滹пǣ
ؾѾˡ
˼ǣ
ⲻҪļ죬̾Ӷʲô˵ǹϵãģܸ˭ġ
ʱҲˡ
˰ɡҫЦ˵ʲôǡ
ֻ뵱С죬ؼұ˯ͺˡҫҡͷ
Ҳ⼸顣ԴűӺˮЩǻģ֪̾Ĺ̺ܶණҪܵġ
иӡҫžڣǴѧǱߵİӣҪ߷õ飬Ƶиʱܽ
ҪǾ͸Ӱɣ
ҲɡԴڿһ£Ӳڳ߶ϻǽϣǳʺڽĿϲ
û˰ɣ
ⲻǽҪץ𣿡
̯֣ԴЦ˵Ż
ӡ½ƿţѾ׼ˡ
߰ɡ
ҫһװԴ߳š
˽½ѶҫԴڳϡԴĸڶžͷ˵ҫһࡣֱԴ˵һ䣬Ҳ²Ա߿˭
ҫ촽Ŀų
⣬Դ˵ǵӺе̫ˡ
궫֮ڳϣҪչգ
ǿʲô
ôķŶĽôӵˡԴһЦһ߽ţҫŲˣ̨ǰׯεȻڲ輸ڿġ
ǿλ
ׯεȻתͷԴһۣԴأ
ɩӡԴֺǺǵЦ˵ⲻƵ
ûʲôƵׯεȻͷʼ
ɩӣڸأ
ģҪ𣿡
ˣšҫһϴһ˵Ҫû£͹æ
Դֻȥæ˵ûͦõġҫ÷ڲϣׯεȻɻڿġ
Դвˣҫһƿƹһű죬ҫŵʱ򣬺վ⣬˵ǽԻ
ǰɣ˸硣
Ь߽ŵһζʳ󶯣˭˵ҪԻģ
ɩӰԴڲϵʳϣóɩҪԻҫŪ֮⣬˭ָʹλ񣿡
ǡЦŸ͡


370 
ֻҪ΢֪ׯεȻҪԻ֮⣬ҫҲô󶯸ɸģףôˡ
˸硣ҫߵ̨ߣϰ𣿡
ĩʲôࡣЦҡͷ
ɩûׯεȻ̧ͷźȻһ˵磬㲻Ǻɩӳ˰ɣôɩӲԷ
Ҫֵ࣬Ͳˡ
磿ׯεȻźɩӸ黹ðɣҾǺѲһ𡣡
û취̾Ϣһ¡Ǳ߹ֶ࣬æɩҽ֪ģ㣬ûпʱڼҲУк١
ôˣׯεȻЦ˵ڸҾһµ𣿡
Ҳ˼
ֻ˵ҽʱܱæһЩûʱ򣬻ܴڼѴڼϢʱ򣬶пֱӻҽԺ
׼ʲôʱ飿
⻹ˡЦһ£ɣ½顣
ϲҫЦ˵Ժ˸Ҳмͥˡ
˵ںûƵġҡͷ˵ӡ
ôҪ򣿡
ǸǰңҶˣҲ˼һֱסڰİҲ˼ǾԼǮӡֺ̯˵ǵǮֻһݷҪܵܣһɣ
ׯεȻͷҪ٣
֪ׯεȻǮ˵֮󣬹нͳټӰ˵Ľ֮ģһиһĴ룬ǲҪ˰֡
輸ʮ𣿡
˽º˵ׯεȻ˵֮󣬼ʼҫ꣬ɲ𣿡
æء
аɣڿԳԷˡ
ſӣϣҫׯεȻ˵ţԷɡ
ׯεȻ߹ϣҫׯεȻһԴͺڶ档
ȵȣƬԴһƬٸƣͽƬΧϡ
vĩ죡[ͼƬ]
ĸ˧һĽˣ
ɩһĺÿֵʵ̫˰ɡ
ˣЦȻɩԱߣЦúÿġ
ɩҲ̫ÿ˰ɣˡ
Ϊʲô˧ȻһˡɩӺĶÿһһ͵˧
ؾҲ˧ϧѾŮˡ
ٳԻˣ
һûгԷͿؾٷΧͻȻһ±úö
໣ɩӣɩӵģɩĺÿͻȻĽҵôÿɩӣô˧ɩӾͱˡ
ҿˣҲȥԻ
ԷɡԴЦ˵Ҹ
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Դְ̯֣ҵϰǶ֪ⲻƵΪӻѡ
Ⱦư㡣ЦŬŬ죬ͻȻֻ
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ãڹɡպúûüȾƣϾ͵Ұ
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ȥɡԴӻ֣Ǳ߳ԱߵȰ
ҫһںԱߣصׯεȻߣׯεȻĿתĶŻ
ˣţ
ˡׯεȻŸɱĶӣԴˬʵ˵ҪɣǱ߳Աߵǹ
ҲáҫղĲ˷ׯεȻţȳ԰ɡ
С̰ˡ
Դʼҫ죬ţʼȾƣׯεȻһ߳ԣһ˵ȺʱѾȵЩ΢˺ȵʮ㣬ׯεȻʰáԴ͵ͷȥ˯Ų֣ҲصͷȥϢصĵƣׯεȻصԣҫϴ衣
ϴ֮ҫڴϱ۾Ϊ˲پƣձ۾˯ˡ
ׯεȻϴ裬ϴһ¡Ƹղҫϴʱϴˣϣһҫ֡˯ԺҫһѽׯεȻ뻳ţһ㣬ϹˡϹʰ㡣
˵ţҫΪȣӦѾ˯ˡ
ׯεȻЦ۾ҫϢΪаȫУҲ˯ˡ
ׯεȻ¶۾۵ҫ˫۾һգգľôֱĿ
˯ˣ
šҫһڣЦе˵𣿡
е㡣۾һ˯һ
˯һɡҫûжׯεȻĻ۾ȵ˯ž
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ԴΧв˵ޣǧظתһ£ͬдһĩ֡
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֮󣬷ֻׯεȻ۾˫ʪ۾ҫļ¡
šҫĺʼôˣ
ˡ
ȥ뿪ׯεȻһ̧ͷ˵˯һȥҽ㡣
ׯεȻ۾ҫţŸպúͺһţЦ˵Ϻô࣬ôôͳˣ
˼˵ܷ㲻ҲһϺôơ
ŵ˺һۣٺٵɵЦţҲҽӻ
ҫЦ˵Ǻȵе࣬˸磬ɩӳ׼ȥ͡
Եɡ
Դأҫſͷ򿪿ͷԴ˯㡣
һĺȶˡ
߰ɣ¥
¥󣬺ҫͣһԿѧڿܶණûܹѧڿܷ򡣡
ɩӣʲô飿ҫͷ
ʲôʱѧ氡
塣ҫЦţûˡ
֮¥ׯεȻ˳㽫ڴϵԴҲѡ
緹ԴԼ뿪ʣׯεȻҫˣׯεȻֻƴ绰һ²˰ɣ
ڰ칫šüͷŰ͢룬Ѿһ룬һܹˡԽԽȥڵĿβС
ߵߵߵű죬ͷҲ̧
Ǯ»ؼȥˣܲŻƤ˹Ͳ֪ȥʲôطˣɽڰ칫ҡɽ˵ׯڸս飬ʱŨʱסׯڼ̫ۣסѧУ
ƿţֳϾͿšüͷдŶ
ȿȡֳϿһͬѧ
̧ͷƿֳϣϡǰˣŰɡ
ǣ
졣ֳó֤ݸƣ˽顣
ǲǼµĴֳϣٵ£
ǡֳͷҽֳϡ
˵ʱֻ
°ҽӸ绰


371 ǰ
ֳϾԱߣҲ˵ֳϳò˧Ҳͦߵģһװ˼ĸӣϻЩɬڵٶҲǿʵСӡֻǺвٵĲࡣǺվһ𣬾վȺǿٵĿ⡣
κʵ̫ʣȫĹâڸǡټʵҲøãûоʲôԵĵطֻҪͺãԱߣȴơ
̡ڣС˵ֳһ¡⻹ǸСħ𣿾¸Сħöŵߣһ롭ɩӵĻȷʵ뵽ӽ죬ɩӱǿ˼СʱǸͿĶ
ȻֻɩӲסֻСħ
ƣ
ңڰ칫ҡСţ͢롣
˵İ͢û
аɡ
õĴҿׯεȻһֲɵ˵ҿĸز
áƼ˵ڣƻõȼʱ䣬Ҫһ¡
ˡ̧ͷֳϡ
ֳϳ¶ƵЦݣٵܵ칫ʲô
˭
ֵģʲôƿֳһۣʲôţ
ֳϡ
ֳϳ˵ŻƵͷԣֳϵ칫ңҲ֪ʲô
ׯεȻҫǶиֳϵģ
СҫׯεȻôһ˵æ˵ţҸ˵ɡ

ù绰ҫ˵ƣ
١ƿֳϣҷˣ
㷸ˣ߷õģʲôֱӻشͺˡ
Ŷƻû˵绰Ǳ߾ֱӹҶˡ
ֻƿֳ˵ʲôҪʵģֱʰɡ
УҾֱ˰ֳҲûʻͻȻ뵽ʲôƵģأôûп
Ѷء
ǲУʲô˵ͷ⡣
ֳεڶ棬⡭ͬѧȷʵе顣
ǾæҡҲܾ󣬲󣬻
ȿȡֳϺεĿƣǾҲ˧𣿡
ҪôĻҲûа취̯֣Ļǲ˵ġ
֪ڶҲп˼ûа£ԲŻֳ
ֳϿƵɫ̾ϢһаɣҸ绰ǸͬѧҲȷ᲻
߳칫ңֳŵ绰ȥ
ֻѶ߳ȥ½ôˣ
ֳϿһ۰칫ңŶ˵ߵĻħҪ㣬㣬ܾ˵
üģҴȥɣֳϣͳ¸ѶϾȥǴѧ
˵ֳС˵˵ħǲǶ˼
ֳϡ˵˵˵˼Ҳʮꡣ
δꡣ
ҵ绰ҲͷֻۡĿ㶵ƿߵ½ǰ˵¸磬ҵȥһǴѧ
ôˣ½̧ͷֳȥ𣿡
Ǹħ˵ҲȥͲ˵
½ͬ򣬳ʹ˵һҸڰ
ҡͷ¸磬ˣֳϾͻ
ֳ߽칫˵Ҿ˰
ŶƼд⣬ȵ칫ңСʱƣ߽칫ңơ
Ӵ١̧ͷôˣ
ơɳϣܱܲô
ͦæģûʱ档
üĿ˵ܲܳ㣿
ôˣͷʲôû˵
㡭û˵ˣƾǹģˡվߵƵߣҾ㼸򵥵⡣
ѯ֮׼뿪½תͷһĿֿʼͷ˵ôˣ
ˡ
߰ɣԷ
ðƷеıʣĵĸ󣬾Ͳû·
ơߵǰͣ½ŲתĶ˵иҪ˵
˵Ƶһμôģſʵһ˿飬ļ£١ɳϣ̧ͷһֿ
˫ֲڿ㶵ͳ˵ûпܣұ꣬Ƕˡ
ƣ㻹ᣬԺиõˡ˵ҡ䲻㡣
͸˵գ۾ͷҾҪ˵֮ûпܡŮˡ
ŶǸģҶˡ
߰ɣȥԷ
ԷˡƳ䣬߳칫˳һ䣬ԿûУ
˰

ţһɵӣܿƶеϲûŮѣڻûг꣬ǳꡪƶǲܵģ̫ͥټȷʵϲҲ뵢ƣ֮ӣԺúܶˡûбҪϻѾֺá
Ȱ˵֪֮ûпԡǰôؾ˵ġǰظ˵ʱ򣬿ɱҪݶˡҪΪδ꣬ҡܵܲɩӵѧͲ˵ЩֱӰھС
Ƶ߿ֵıţһȻСˡСûûεģϲҲĶϲˣôҲûֻǽҪӦð˵ڿӣƺˡ
극صӼʱֳЦ˵Ǹħźô
ûʲô¸أ
أ˵𣿡
˵˵ˣõϢ̫ࡣ
ãǻǼ°ɡ
ƴţһڰ칫ϼдġüͷ΢΢һƺʲô顣
̸Ůˣ˵֮ûпܣߣҵšͷСүҵɵǰɣ
СүҲŲϵأҵţСү֮󣬿Сүô㡣
Ƶͷʼſ⡣
ɫɫе벻ͣ벻߼˵ĻǲҲûܹܵġó绰ƴ˸绰ȥ绰ཱུţվھӴ⣬Ծĳһ̷֧촽ϣȼһ̡³
æͣţһֱûнӵ绰ܾЩ㷲ƳµĻȷʵû飬θС粻˵һֻҪ˵ûпܡ
УǵȥУǷĲ¡
ֳϴӾӴ߳˵᣿
Ȼȥɣһе顣ûл·λֱһʦȥǴѧ
Ǵѧѧϵİ칫¥ׯεȻİ칫ңƹֻûаڷϣҲǴ򿪵ġݸֽ棬ƴһ·ĵ绰Ʋǹҵǲӡ
Ƴʲô⣬һﲻڶ¥ɣ嵽¥վڶ¥ûվڸ̨ϣվ˫ַڸ̨ϣ̧ͷڿʲô
߹ȥϢ˵˵ƣҸô绰ﲻӣ
ת
Ҵ绰
һʱ磬֪˵ʲô

ߵƵߣڿʲô
룬˻ʲô塣Ҿ˻̫ˣʲôò
˵ǲǻûʲô塭
ͻȻô˵ŵòᣬǸƣҡǧô룬ûпʼأʮ꣬㡭
¸¾ʮˡֳԴ
ãʮ꣬㻹ᣬԺܶܺõˣкܶõ鶼ڵ㣬벻
𣿡ԴΪʲô㲻ϲң
ҡ̾Ϣ˵ƣҲǲϲ㣬ǿѣֹϵ
ֹϵʲôϵ
¹ϵǲ¹ϵ㻹ûгꡣ
˼ҳ̸ܺǰɡüͷ˵ˣСүֲɵӣ֪ܲûŮѵ顣
ƣҡҪ˵ʲôŶ䣬
Сĵ㡣ȿܣ̾ϢһΪʲôһֱƸϵĸоĴ
ƿ첽뿪ݶֻܸ뿪ݶص칫ҵʱͷʼ⣬ľƸתǺǺЦЦΪû飬һ
ƣû飬Ҿˡ֮㻹ûг꣬ûпܡң껹ôãҶŮˡ
ʵҲŮѺŪҵĻҪҸܸ
㡭֪˵ʲôƣ컹ҪȻȥϢˡ
Ժôˡվǰ˵٣֮ǰǶûпܡУĲϲ
뿪֮ЦţСүҪססŰɣСү֮գѵ֮ʱ
صᣬѾҪʮˡֳһˢΧһ߿˵ȥˣ
Ǵѧ
ǸСħɣ߽Ц˵ǽ׼ħˣҹĹơ
ˣС벻
˵ʲôˣ벻
ûʲôڴϣԱߵֳϿһۣ㿴Χ
ΧʲôÿģɩӵΧöԡ
ɩЦ˵ɩôĽڣкܶҲϡ档
ҿиԳ֪ʿ˱ϣ˵˻᲻ƣֳϿϤ㿴ǲ¡
֪۾֪ģҲϲЩҪûʲôҾ˯ˡ
û˼ֳЦ˵ô̸
Ժ˵ɣʱû⡣ȥϴ˯˰ֳҲϢϻء
ӲڣԭΪܹɼ죬û뵽¸ҲԽԽˡ
֪̾ӵӲû˰ɡһֳϵļ򣬡ֳϣҼǵǰиŮ𣿡
ˡüģֳ̾Ϣ˵ҪȥʡҲӦӦ
ֳֻܷ֡ϿҺһǹ¼ҹŶ
⻰˵ˡЦ˵˼ҽиħ춼ҪҪûôõĴ
뱻ǰɣЦˣ˼ҺӲʮꡣ
úúãЦ
ǿɩӺûͦõģǳտǳԻҲãҵɩôõϱ
ҲȥǴѧ¡ϴ߽֮ڸпǴѧôˣһˡ
ҪǸħ֮ȥ׷ɡ
׷¡Ц˵˯ˡ
治
ʲôģźǷСӣһһ˵Ҫ׷ԡ꣬Сӵ⣬СƤס
ֲвôȥ׷һСƨ
Ц
˵ʵҾ㻹ͦ˼ҵȥ˼ң˵ʲô
ûʲô˯ɡƺһЩͷҲûмȥ
ֻȷʵûɧ⼸ϰæͷתģƺ͵̨ҪƵûûҹ£Ӹʿ䣬ü춼ûлؼҡֱϿҪʮһӣڻ˵Ż
ҫңҼ򵥵˵һ¡
ҪȥߵھӼϡͣһ£ҫһ˿պǿʣ⣬˵
û⡣
ãڿ뿪ˡҫ˻֣뿪ӣ򿪳ڳϣҫһڳϣ۾һŷؼҡ
صңͣóׯεȻڵ̺϶ŵԡǺȻ̣ԭվͺǱɽڻһ㡣ׯεȻߣš
ׯεȻתͷҫô·ûл
ɫľҫϣһѽׯεȻڻͷׯεȻ촽ϡ
˲༤ҵţ˺һҫ̧ͷϢ˵ţϹˡ
첻Ҫѧ𣿡
˯
ڿءҫĻϣٿһҾȥ˯
ҫׯεȻԱߣׯεȻĻ￴ģִׯεȻļϣҲû˵
˺ܳһʱ䣬ص֮ׯεȻҫ˵ȥ˯ɡ
ҫЦһѽׯεȻ߿˯ȥˣš
šҫͷׯεȻ֪𣿡
ŶׯεȻͷҫ˵ѧᣬҪúϢϻؼңʲôԡ
ģ
ġҫׯεȻ¥˳ֽƸϣ˻ص䣬ҫׯεȻڴϣСѯʵţϴ𣿡
ϴˡׯεȻЦ˵ô
һϴ
ԣһϴҫ¹Żϴ·ԼҪľԡҡˮׯεȻѾҫϴʱģˮ̲סҫʵͼ⡣
ٿ̫ˡׯεȻôţֻˢΧΧˣҪǰȨ
ҫģׯεȻûоȻôǿҵռ
ƽVڼ㣬ǶؼҺͼž[ͼƬ]
ƽ巢ͼƬҫڰ칫ﱻĵһƬšüͷպǿ˧Ȼв˶ԡ
˧ľ٣Ҫ֪ٵϵʽ
Ҫϵʽϵɩ@ɱţСȻ
໣˧ɩӵġ
call̫˧˰ɣ
ҪΪɩӣѾʼˡ
ɩڼҲ˧Ҳ˧̫˧ˡ
ɱţСȻѻؼңõģ
ѾɩӺһĻˡ
ΧѾˣɩӵȥɡ
Χɩڴɣ
ŶҫͲΧע֮󣬾ͰΧׯεȻ˳˺ţֱӵҫ˺ţƽΧתһ£ҫԡ߳·֮һѽڻţ˯ɡ
ׯεȻѯʵܺһȥǴѧ𣿡
ԡҫ룬ߵӵȥӼϣȥǴѧҲȽ磬Ӧûϰ˵͵ǴѧҪаŲʮӲſʼѧҿǰŵѧʱ򣬺Ҳŵȥġ
ڳ˯һͺáׯεȻҫĻһ£ҲܣҾҪϹһȥ
áҫЦеĻشׯεȻǾͺϹһȥ
Ϲ

㴩ɫľĺ˧
𣿡ҫׯεȻ§ڻԺϹſ
ɫҲͦÿġ
ԺҲſҫׯεȻԴ˯š
˯ˡׯεȻȷʵˣ۾ûһ˯ˡ
ڻﰲο˯ׯεȻҫҲ۾
ţѡҫׯεȻһԺׯεȻ̧ͷҫˣ
ģɫŹ
ˣϽϴɡҫѾɫľʵż飬ɫľȫг
ׯεȻԺˤڵϣҫּۿһѽׯεȻţСڣ㿴ŵ·
ȥϴׯεȻϴ֮󣬿ҫѾװڵСڣҪѧᣬң㴩ʽһ㡣
ҫׯεȻװ˵˯𣿡
롣
Ϲȥɣڳ˯
áׯεȻſҫĺ󱳣Цúܿġ


372 
뿪ʱׯεȻѾҫĺ˯ˡѴŹغãҫ⣬򿪳ţׯεȻڳϣϵðȫšߵʻң֮ϵðȫ򿪷յׯεȻϣüͷ
ŹܺãҫǰӣﾯӸպʮ֣ټϼϣ쵼˵ƲߵʱǰǴѧ
ׯεȻ˯ú죬ȡ
ҫתͷׯεȻǴһ˿˿Ц⡣ӣͰٵͬ¶ͣͣλϡͣó֮󣬿ׯεȻ˯ҲûдׯεȻֻǽİȫ⿪ԿҲûߣھ˭͵
߽֣һ϶Ѿ
ӡ½ҫһҫͷȥҰɡ
ңҶ쵼ǰ
Ȱźһе֮ߵ룬ҫûʲô㡣ҫǴѧһѧάͳ½Ҳѧά
˸ҫׯεȻת˵Ҹ
½ֺõЦ˵ӣ㿴ܲܣһĳ
ԡҫͷǱ˵ŻڳϣӦû˯ãǱˡ
ģһᳳɩӵġ
ŵϳĹϳšҫϳ󣬹ϳţׯεȻϵðȫŸԼϵȫǰǴѧ
Ǵѧʱࡣͣڳ³½ӿ㶵ͳһ̣һ֧ݸҫ֧
ҷ󡣡ҫƿ½ҡͷ˵ɩӻأҳ̣ⲻǴ𣿡
ˡ½ݸŵ
̣峿Ǵѧﻨ㣬һµζ˵ϵǴѧͦġҲࡣ
ⲻǷż𣿵ȿѧʱ֪Ǵѧӵˡ
ˡҫߴ˵Ͻȥ͡
ӣ㻹û緹أ
ûҫҡͷϴӾͲҪߵˡ
Ǵ·ȥͲ̫ʰɣҪǱǳΪͷͷˣ
ȥǴѧʳóԷ˭˵ǰ˼Ǵѧܷġ
Ŷͷǳ̣Ǵѧʳãвٵͬ¶򷹡ҫŶӣͳ½Ƶܴ󣬳½⣬ת˵ħˡ
ʦ֣ôҶ˯һɣһôᡭ
Ǯʿ˶Ǯ´кԷľ죬˶ȥμҫĻ񣬿ǮºƵʱ򣬵ͷк
˭ͽвʿˣ
ɵҫϱѧ˼Ҿڶʿ
ҫϱѧŶˣҫϱǴѧĽ𣿡
ǲ֪𣿽ֵܵλĸֵŰѧᡣ
Ǯºƽʳõʱ˶˽˵Ż
ļٵģܹɣ
㻹ţǽ죬ֶȥˡ˵ֻǸֵܵӲıſ˼СʱĶ
ܰѣֲ
ǸصЦЦ˵лг˼СʱûĶҪ˵ֲ治֪ǸֵȢǴѧõһڣ˵Ŷʮһ͵Ժʿˡ
ֻ˵ֿʼС˵˵ǸеģһĽڡ
еҲԸⰡⲻǰ;лгҪȥμӵĻ磬ǵöڵֵܣ˭һڶˣ
ͲˣҾ˵ڵֵܣ˭ûд
ⲻǵƽ𣿾ǸˣҲǹĿѧҰԱߵ˵˵ңҲҪǲ֪ǲر󣿡
˵ʲôأ˵˼ҳúÿء
鰡ǸҲԸⰡҪǺ͹ĿѧҴϹϵǡǶġ
ⲻ˵ֵܹҪ𣿡
¶ôֲء
Ҳˣٵٷܶʮɡ
ˣˡԱС˵ڵֵˣͲˡ˵Ǵѧвٲʿоʲôġ
ҪǾҿǴѧʿоҲ٣ôʳõĲʿоĥŶȥѧģǰ;ҪĽֵܣŵôʳãɣָҵһֵһŵϱԺǿɾƽˡ
ǡ쿪ʼЦĿ¡
ˣ˵˵ˣҰҿкӵġ
ãҲŮѣⲻĽһֵ𣿡
治֪Ǽٲ֪ȢǴѧֵҫǸúü㾯Ǹ
ǡ¡ֳĶ𣿡
Ǹ
ԭ
ǲȢǸҲƽưɣôҵǿ
ǿɲǡ
˼ǿǿϰɣ
һǾҫռˡ
ŵǸҫ
˵û˧
Ͼģģѹ׷˼ҡ
ȿȣ˼ҫϱѧʳأ˵ˡ

û˼˵ͷƺڳŷ
ƺǮüͷԭƤ˹ҪġѾˣزû취ֻƽƤ˹ΪׯεȻ
ӣǺ˵㡣½תһ£ҫǺڵ˵쳤˼ϣҪ˵첻ñ˵
æһݣлл
ׯεȻڻڳ˯֮תͿǮºƣЦ˵ôʳˣʮ𣿲˯
ҵҪ˯ƿǮºܺµģʦֲҶ˯ҪԷ˵ǴھҪѧˡ
ҫףȳԷɡ
١С˵㲻ʳó԰
Ҹǽڴ͹ȥỹڳ˯ء
ã˴͡˵һ䣬ǮºЦ˵ͦģҪһɡ

һתǮºƣһΪѵ˵Ǯʿͬѧʲô𣿡
ûʲôǮ³˵ٴҪȥִڰɣ
ǡһǮ¶ٻסƣҪǻסƵˣɾͲˡ
ͷϣʼðһ˿˿亹
˶ӵģҪʲôֵĶҪ͹ƶͲεЦţˣҴȻȥִڡ
½÷ļһĿȻħûʲô£οҶܿħϲҾ徣ԭµıħɩӵѧĻܶࡣ
ɩӻܹƣϾƻûг꣬ǵƳ֮ɩӿ϶ǹܲסƵġʱ򡭡˰ɣϽħȥˡ
÷֮Ҫֱߣ׼˵ǿǮͷ߹
û֮ǰ̸Ǯ·Ƶ˵ŻǱ˽ڡǮǲڹģ½ڵ顣
Ʋ˵뿪ʳ֮һٵĳԵͣڳ½뿪
ҫص⣬򿪳ŵʱ򣬿ׯεȻ˯һׯεȻׯεȻԺĿҫϹ
ԣţǴѧء
͡ҫׯεȻţ԰ɣϢһ᲻ǾҪѧ𣿡
ιҡׯεȻҲ֪ˣʲôƢҪҫιԷҫЦιׯεȻԷ֮ҫС˵ϱҵȥִˣŵʱ˵һҹѳŹϡ
áׯεȻϣ˯
ҫׯεȻı飬Цһ³󣬹ϳšѧʱ򣬻ûжˡܹһǧ˵ѧʱϡϡһЩˡҫǵװܣֻвٰҲˡ
ͬߵǰ˲һǰΰڵģҲǱġţв˿ʼѧվ˫ַ䣬߽Ⱥвٶ˵ģţɩҲѧỹôС
ҫһΰѧǰϰԵĽ˫ַϣԱߵǸֵܶҫ˵ôа
ǿɲǡҫЦţЩܶ඼ûм
룬߽ѧ֮¡ҵλ£ǰġ
ֵܡǸΰС˵˵Ǵѧ˭ôĶôʲôѧᡣ
ҫû˵ȥƺЩĬ
Ǹΰ񾯵ϲ˵ţ˵߰·ݵģżˣʲôѧᣬҲǰ˵һĸ񰡣ôţx˵ҪٰѧҪٰ죬ô˶ˡ
˵ⶼʲô鰡
ҫЦţû˵
Ҫ˵ǴѧҲû¸ɣǲҲͦæǱ߻һûأڵãҪҾҪ֪ǴѧλˣҪ·ݵʱ
Ƿˡ
ֵܣڵģǱ߱ǻæɣ
ǰҫͷȷʵæ
㲻
ʲôġϱѧᣬһܿϱѧأҸҪ
ҫţû˵
ҶҪɵˡΰ񾯻Աţæʮ
ʮһŻؼҡ
ǴѧҲǵġ˵Ǵѧ˲µĽڣǵķ˲١
ôһ¡ׯεȻ˵Ǵѧѧϵϵķ˲١ԱߵֵܱԹţһŮԺ󳤴ܿǴѧͺãڡ˵ˣۿǴѧķһ߹һ꣬˵Ǵѧڹ⵱ں͸ڵˣķⶼҪ;Ǵѧȼˡ
ȥôŶǴѧ⼸Ҫ
ϾʡõѧУҫ˵ȻҪԽԽá
ûдһǾǴѧķ̫˰ɣֵܣ֪쵽˭Ҫѧ𣿡
ҫЦŲ˵ҫ˵ģԱߵ˵ûмѯȥԽԽˣп˵˵ôУϽڰɣӦûͦġ
٣߽ѧʱ򣬿ҫվǰЦŴк˵٣ׯϢ𣿡
Ϣƴ
ã١
λ˶ҫͷǰ档
ǰ棬ɭں棬ҫʱ̲סǰѯʣɭԱ߳䵱롣˵껰֮ɭŶҫ˵ׯʲôʱ
Ͼѧʱһֱ𣿡
ɭתͷ˵˼仰ͷûм˵ȥֻǶҫЦһ£ǰ¡
ֵܣʶЩаԱߵһƵı鿴ҫֵܣôʶģ
Ҳ˵ʶҫ˼˵ϱʶģҿɲʶ
ǰɣǸ´ҫֵܣϱʲôͷʶôУȥȺӦöѧİɣ
ǡҫһ£ղŸҴкģʲô˹̹ѧĽڣ˹ٴѧġǸղǸģǲѧĽڡ
ԱߵãŻ˵ֵܣ˲˵ϵͳֵܣ˵˵£ϱʲôͷʶôĽڣԺǺǡ
ȿȡҫԱߵ˴ʮ꣬ͦߵģһֱ˵ѧϰ顣ŮĽסˡ
ϱǴѧϰࡣЩ˼ЦЦϾղԱߵλֵܲŸԹôࡣ
ˣ̾Ϣ˵ұҪϢģҪŮҵأû뵽յ֪ͨ챻ⲻŮϻڸҿޣŻ˵ҪٲؼңŮʶְˡ
ҫû˵Ĭ
˵ֵܣϱǴѧʦ
ԡ
ϱǸʦƽʱҲͦæģˡ˿ҫϱƽʱæɣѧʦӦɲٰɣ
ʱɣʱæǻҪæܶࡣ
ϾҪʼ˰ɣ
ҫһʱ䣬ӦҪʼˡ
Ǹղ˵Ǹׯ˭ʶϱʶģ˳ѯţҿöжʣɣ
ǣѧᡣҫ˵Щ˶Ϊѧͷġ
ӴǴѧʲôʱôѧѧˡ˵ˣֵǸׯڳʲô
һû˵ⲻƽʱͦæӦǴѧͦ˰ɣ
ǰɣ֮ǰ˹ٴѧĽϯڣⲻǻع֮󣬱ǴѧƸΪϯӦڹҲرѧߡ
Ӵⲻ˰ɣ˻Ц˵ϱʶôĽڣԺӹƽӦͦõİɡĻлĽĳɷ֡
ҫԱߵֵһۣ䲻󣬲Ŷʮһꡣ
ôᣬǰɣС˵ˣʶû𣿻ôᡣ
ǲġҫЦ
˵ֵܣÿæͷתģʶôһΪˣҪиʲô飬˵ɡС˵Ϊˣ϶ܶ˰ɡ
ȷʵҫ뵽ׯεȻģǹ΢Ц
˵ֵܣɵʲôأҲ룬ҪǵҲأ


373 ֤
ҫԱߵֵһۣʲôõġ
ֵܡԱߵľС˵ǶԵģģⲻһһɣôˣôΪ治µûô
ҫ룬ô
Ҳ˵ûôֻ˵ҪŮʮһ꣬ΪǰҹҲĶġС˵λ˼һ£ô㣬˭᲻ϲء
ԷŮİ
еġ
ǲˣͦ˧ɣ
ǣúܺÿ
ǿɲǣΪ˧⡭治ĵð˴ҫҪ˵˧ҫֱûȷʵ˧ֻǿ̫˵ĬģڼҲôĬϱʶôˣʶΪĽڡָʲôʱϱͺ׷Ҹȥأ
İҫҡͷ
ļٵģôĽڣòϲ
֪ҫû⣬ź˰ɣ㲻ˣǳ˧ΪϲԼҲûʲô
ֵܣҲǣļ򣬡ˣԵͦĵġ
ʶôڣӦñҲɣ
ǡǿ϶ģû˱Ÿ㡣
𣿡
ûںء
ĥҪʼ˰ɣֵܣûûأ
ʱѾָŵʮüλͷ׷ˣҫͷҫͷʾ⡣
վǰ˫ַҪϣûأ
ûСҫҡͷͻȻҫֻڵ绰𶯡
ֵܣһе飬ȥһ
ҫԱߵһ£߳šѧˣҲûмǰׯεȻڵ
šҫЦ˵ˣ
ׯεȻͷţ³ҫóšҫׯεȻ˵ţȹȥ˰
ׯεȻƵں棬ҫŻصѧֵܻվԭأ˼Ц˵ֵܲ˼
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ׯεȻ̤ѧʱ򣬸պʮӡҫͦվǰͷ
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ʱȽϳѧǹڸ°ͺղģҶ֪ˣҾͲ˵ˡׯεȻһż˵ֱӿʼ㣬⣬ӭʱѯʡ
˵ɣűʿʼںڰд

A = { 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 17 19 21 } ׿n4 Σ n = p n =p2 n = p3 n = pq p qǲͬ

nΪ nȡֵֻΪn= p n = p2 n = p3 n = pq4  p qǲͬ

x  R x  3 нʽ
١
ׯεȻһ˵ţһںڰд֡ҫ۾ׯεȻôʱ˧ġҫ£üͷһ˿Ц⡣̫˧ˣܺڰϵǿģΪʱ˧Ǹ
غţû˵Աߵֵܣļһ𾪵С˵˵ֵܣңž̨ϵǸˣ
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һʱȻһ𾪵״̬֮£ԱֵܵϱǸˣǽѧǡȵȣһﲻҫɣʳóԷʱ˵ҫϱѧᡣ
ֵܣǡҫ
˵ʵǳú˧ȻϹԴɵЦЦݣܹɢһǿټϽüĿҲǶһʶȻͱһ󣬾ܹ岻С
ָߣҲʵ
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ֵܣˡͻȻпС˵˵죬ϱ˶˺üСʱѧ֤⣿
ô顣û뵽鶼Ѿô㷺ˡ

ʵm Ƕ庯Um (n) :U (m) (1) =1;p Um (p) =p m;nı׼ֽʽΪn=p11pkkʱ Um (n) =Um (p11) Um (pkk) ۺUm (n) Ȼǿɳ˵ģ ȫɳ˺

OxbB(b 0)T
Ox1?0H(2x)min(1logxT)
Ox-0H (N) min1?xTxΡ
Nx (xʱ ȡN=x?12)?x=|N?x|)
2) x=Nʱ
ON1-0H (2N) min1?logNT
Oͦa b0йء
⸴s (Res>2)  f(s)=n=1Um(n)ns Eulerʽ

Ц (s) ΪRiemann Zeta s=11׼㣬 Ϊ1 f(s)xsss=21׼㣬 Ϊ12x2p1 mp(p 1)

⸴s (Res>1)  f(s)=n=1V(n)ns f (s) =n=11d(n)ns2
ڡ
ׯεȻɻ̨ϲͣдţҫ촽ׯεȻģڳѾû˵ҶڵȴׯεȻļ㡣
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̨ϵׯεȻɻڷܱʼ飬û뿪ΪĿšҫԱߵֵܶȥԸ緹ҫվԱߣС˵˵ֵܣ治Է
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֤ɡ
ׯεȻЦһô˭뷨Ծ˵һ¡
ɡѷվ˵ׯĿڰϹʵx>1 ʽЩɻ󡣡
ׯεȻЦ˵ci(i=12?M) Ϊɼ㳣c1=212 Ҷ⸴s>2 кʽu(n)=dk|n(d) Ц(n)ΪMobius(uv)ʾuvԼô˵𣿡
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֪ׯεȻڵ̺ϣ򿪵ԵarXivʼ鿴ġҫߵʼģׯεȻûʱţһŵһɷ˵ζšͷʼʳ󶯡
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ׯεȻףûͨ
УһüС
˵ţׯεȻ׺û˵ҫ˫ֱׯεȻׯεȻĻڵ̺ϣڵ̺ϣӺ󱳱ׯεȻᣬ´ŵׯεȻ
ׯεȻרעģҫҪׯεȻ촽һڡʵ̫ɰˣ˾ôĴڵ̺ϣֱʮʱҫСĶׯεȻ˵ţ˯ˡ
ŶׯεȻźǷ۾ȥƣصԣҫһѽׯεȻţ߰ɣȥϴ衣
ׯεȻûзԣȷʵеۣ§ҫĲӡ¥֮ҫȽׯεȻڴϣ¹Żϴ·ׯεȻ˵ţϴ˯
á
ׯεȻе㰾סҪ˯ˡڻûܾûһûŪףԼԼ֮оֻҪŪܹʯīϩоҫԡңˮͷׯεȻҫͭɫĽʵ壬ʼ
ҫׯεȻе۹⣬С˵ŹԣôۣǾͱǸˡ
ŶׯεȻЩ̫ˣҫ֣ΪãǸܲ˵ġ
ðɡ
ׯεȻ֣ҿļ𣿡
ҫףˮУ˵ĺǾȡ
ϴ裬ׯεȻ֮뿪ԡңֱҫԡϴϴϴׯεȻڱ￴ֻһѽׯεȻ§ţڿʲôأ
ǿΧϵЩׯεȻֻҫգ۾˵Ϲ˯ˡ
˯ɡҫׯεȻĺС˵ھ˯
ϹֻׯεȻҫĻȵ˯žǾȡҫǹЦ⣬һׯεȻڴϣׯεȻĻҲ˯˹ȥ
糿ʱׯεȻȻϴֻһۣڲߵ𴲣ҫһ߻¶䣬һ߽ϣţôô硣
ׯεȻϴóԡҵʱҫڻ㡣ŲɫľҪϴׯεȻͷ档ҫһ죬ţţôˣûп
ûׯεȻ˫ֱǰЦ˵Ҿ뿴
ǡǾͿɡҫɿĽϣϵƤߵׯεȻǰһڡ
ţҽ粻ܻؼҡ
ãӦѧУԷׯεȻסҫ᲻ң
϶ᡣҫͷͷſʵǺÿׯεȻ۾ż
šׯεȻţ㣬ʲôȥˣȻ㡣
ׯεȻҲʼͷҫǼɫľ㣬С˵һܿ𣿡
ϻſòã
źߣׯεȻһֻǿ
ʲôС
ҫǵͨ죬ҲǺߣֻû뵽Ƕһ࣬ׯεȻͻȻһֱֲ˼ġ
⻹ࡣ
ҫǣׯεȻ֣С˵߰ɡ
ҫ֣뵽ղҫϷͨģ̲סҪЦû뵽ҫȻϷƻƵġ
ڳϣׯεȻƫͷҫĲĿੲݵ˵ŽһҪʱԷܹܾöԷθá
֪ˡׯεȻֻҫһƬΧ
ƻΪʲôЩ˱Ű壬ʵϲ߶PSǱ[ͼƬ]
ɩӷΧ²
Ű߶ʲôоһɩӵĿ֡
˧ɩӻ˸ǶȻǶȻе֭֡
Ͼ̫˧ˣֱӲԾƸˡҪ˧ɣ
һ˾紩·𣿡
ģһ͸ôĴ·ʵ̫ʣҲ̫˧ˡ
˹˹᲻Ĵˣô˧ˣɩҲ̫˰ɣ
ھȥӶأܹ׵һ𣿡
ãҿ棬뱻ɩ׷ɱ
ƻ𣺲Ҫˣһ˵ģҵĿ󲻵[ͼƬ]
̫˧˰ɣɩЦúúÿ
һ˾ƬЦúܺ𣿡
һǿɩӲôЦİɣɽٿɩЦϼҪڻˡ
ʲôɰ鰡ĽĽˣ˳ȡأɩһĺžͿʼ
ɩΪɶԼΧţΪҪʾȨ𣿡
ǰɣɩӦʾȨȻ˧ɩһ˵ġ
һע⵽ɩ˵Ŀ󲻵Ҳɾ˻ɩڿ
ŵ㣬ɩӾ쭳
бԵٶȻһʹ죡
ɩھܿôٶû뵽ġ
һɩڼ￪
Ҳɾˣ̫ˡ
ɩӵĳܺðɣ찡˵ʲô[]
ܿɩӵĳܺãĳһҲܸ߳ɡ
ΧҴ۽磬ȥⲻǵ׶԰ĳ
ҲøѾܿ𣿡
û뵽羹Ȼôȡ
ƻ𣺿ȿȣһ㣡Ҫñ˿ˣҪץɳ
ѵɩӴͷ𣿡
ɩһⲻ춼ץɩ𣿡
ĲɾˣΪʲôǵ۶᣿
ΪʲôҾ¥ϵ˼ǣƷɶ
͡翴˶ץȥɳ
ˣҪץȥɳϣɩӾͱץؼңǺòҰ
˹ˣ翴ȫܲ
ϲȫԱץɩӿԻؼҵǻȥɳϰɡ
͡ͻȻ뵽֪ʿıϣһμɩӣɩӸץˡ
ΪʲôҪ϶ǵһץˣ̫ˣŰһʱˬ׷޻᳡
ΪʲôҪʱĺʷΪ뱻ץ𣿡
Ŀ꣬һŷˣ
ĺʷget̡
ɩӣʲô˵𣿡
ƻӦȥͶģģ
ˣɩӻԹ
̫ЦˣɩӾȻ統ɷץҲû˭ˡ磬ֱеĸֱСѹ֮ǰһֱû̸
ҾȻеͬɩӣΪʲôأһΪɩ̫ˣ
˵ֻЦ
ɩӣԲûס
ƻȫץеѡץ
һ֪ɩӣɩȻڻΧŶ١
ȻǣһǺЦɩ̫˰ɡɩҿҵˣû֮һͺЦ
Ϳɩֳ
ҫͣ³˵ţǵˡ
ׯεȻ죬ҫһ¡ҫһѽׯεȻסţôˣ
Ƕ˵ץ˵顣
ҫһ죬ε˵ҪҰǶץ˰ɣȥɳؼʵˡ
ׯεȻһЦҪԵ޹ץǣȥȥɳҲ֪϶Ҫȥš
ˣţҪˡ
һ£һҾͲˡׯεȻͷգ۾ҫ
ͷҫ촽ӽׯεȻ촽˼ҵ˺ܳһֱҪܺŷֿ
šҫַׯεȻͷȥϰˣϹ㡣ڲ˰ɣ
еüׯεȻЦ˵е
ô죿ҫЦͷϹһ£˺òã
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ֿҫ˿ϵʱ䣬ţϹҪˣỹиҪ
ׯεȻĴ򿪳ţһͷĿڳϵҫѧʵңҫŷ뿪
ǮºѾѧʵңͷǮº˵ʲôׯεȻ߽ţǮЦ˵ڣˡ
ׯεȻͺǻһģûɵļ㣬ƣ¼ݡ
ǡ
ׯεȻʼ㣬Ա߼¼ݣǮҲæ㡣һֱʱƶӶòУɱĶӡżׯεȻֹţʦ֣ӦѽҪԷ𣿡
Ǯתͷƣ˵¡
ڡ
ׯεȻͣеļ㣬òõƣ˵
ܼ򵥣еëȻԾ˼֣ǲӦóԷˣ
ԷׯεȻЦ˵û٣ǳԷͦġ
ͷͷׯεȻ׼㣬ֻ춯šֻҫϢӦȥԷˡ
ԷɡׯεȻֻڶҲǼɫĴӣֱ߳ѧʵҡ
һֵǮ£С˵ô£ղŲ𣿡
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֪ǮЦ˵ҪǲҲȥһ¡
˭ңⲻǻûг𣿡
Ҳ֪㻹ûгǰɣҪȥÿġ
УСүŲȥưһҵʱ򡣡
Ǯҡͷû˵ţߵʳá
ׯεȻҫ˸绰ȥϹ
šҫǱЩ֣ǳԷʱ򣬹ڳԷ
Էû
տϢ׼ȥԡ
ҫǱ˵ϽԷȥ
ڳԷأ
ǰڳԡҫԱ߻ˣҫϱ绰أ
ǰҫشһھӵʳá
úóԷҴ극֮ӦûҪоʯīϩ⡣
ɣţȥˣûرԵģ
ûСׯεȻ룬ҾͦģҲûʲôرԵģʲôҾͳʲô
İҫЦÿģҶϲԵģԡ
ҵ绰ׯεȻ߽ʳá˲࣬ҶһС˵Żһ߳ŷׯεȻ߽ʱҲ֪ǲΪ̫ǿû˸Ҽ˵СģŭׯεȻƵġ
ׯεȻе㲻⣬ô߽ЩûˣֵͦġҲûж룬Աߵϳ극֮ׯεȻֱӾ뿪ˣɲȺ˵̫ࡣҲ֪ǾԼʲôڻѧУģ඼ǽڻ߲ʿԼо·ݾҪѧУΪҪоѵ
صѧʵңׯεȻŸ顣
ֱߵҫ绰˼šƿŵ绰֪òýڽӵ绰е㺦½ڴһ١
ǮԱţڣ绰
ٴġ
ŶׯεȻŵ绰½绰ͷš
ԭҪׯεȻһӻûˡ
أȵȣڳ
ãҵ㡣ҫҵ绰ׯεȻűʿʼšҲ֪˶õʱ䣬ԱߵƺǮ¶ϣС˵Ż˵̫±ׯεȻǮ¾һҡͷǵͷȥͺڻشơ
ǮҲ̫˵ֻׯεȻڵǰȽ϶ࡣܶʱ򣬶ǳĬˡᰮ˵һ첻˵ͻƵġ
ֱׯεȻʱƿһʱ䣬˵Ҫˣ̫ˡ
ˣ͵ɡׯεȻ룬еüĿˡǾڰ칫£ҴҪڼ뼸ʱ䣬֮Ҿǡ
ʱӦûֱʯīϩʵ飬£Ƥ˹绰һ֮ڻ
ˣơ
һ£СĿڣʲô𣿡
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źףû뵽ھȻ֪գû뵽ġĵЦ˵ʵֻҪһյ⣬ʲôġУǵȻˡ
ŶׯεȻЦ˵ðɣյ϶Уһеġİɣﱣ֤⡣
˵֮ׯεȻת뿪䡣һֵƣʦ֣˵ʲôֵֹĿ֮İɣ
ԼҪġǮƵļ򣬡Է𣿡
ѾŵóԲ·ˡ
ֲ̫ˣղŽЦЦɫƾ;ýνԲʲô
ǧʲô֮ģҲֲ̫ˡ˾úþ֣
ӣǧֶʵֲ̫ˣ
һ֣һߺʮԸʮ⻻ڲÿ⡣
뿪ѧʵңׯεȻҫžƵĵƹ£վڳǰӰúܳͷ˫ֲڿ㶵ͷ·ŹâƵģׯεȻӿŲҫƺׯεȻĽŲ̧ͷׯεȻЦ
Ƿɱҫſ˫֣ҫһѽׯεȻס
šҫɵЦ˵ôôų
һЩ飬еüĿˣ⼸첻ѧУһڵʱɡڼӦҪ˼⡣
ĩҫͷׯεȻ˵Ҳϰࡣ
òˣȻؼҳԷɡ
𣿡
ðҫӦţϲͺá
ϳҺׯεȻڵ̺ϣһ߳űܣһߴ򿪵Կļҫ˳㽫ҳڲϡȻׯεȻҪͣ͡
ţ㿴𣿡ҫں֮󣬿ׯεȻ
عͷׯεȻʼҫڷŵĶЦ˵ͦõġ
ģҫе㲻ţҲûŪ


376 ܺ
ͦõġׯεȻعͷϣҫ˩Χȹɻ극֮󣬶ׯεȻ˵ţԷˡ
ׯεȻ±ԱߣҫɵЦ˵𣿡
ܺðƺ̺һ˿ϲϹá
ҫһڡҫЩƮƮģ׼ׯεȻʱׯεȻ˵ҡ
ҡҫ֧֧˵ûС
ûдׯεȻͷҫǼɫľ㶵ҶѾ̺ˡ
㿴ɵ𣿡
ҫҺׯεȻС˵ţҾ͡żһ֧
żׯεȻֻż𣿡
ģֻżҫ֣ţûζġ
ׯεȻҫ֣˭ģ
֡ҫε˵ⲻǽ쿪ʼһɩ𣿡
ׯεȻ棬ֳȥ
ǰҫͷæɩ˵ֺþûлؼˡ
ⲻ𣿡
ɩҲֱֳ̣ҿ㶵ҫЦ˵ҿɩӻؼңⲻֱȥ𣿾Ͱˡ
ȼ򰡡ׯεȻŬŬ죬ҫżæŴȼ
ֻ֮ҫ׼ׯεȻ֣ׯεȻ˵𶯡
ҫһ£ţˡ
𶯡
Ҳ
ã
ҫ֮ׯεȻصƣУԼԼܹӳҫſ˧ӡóֻҫһƬŽֻ£ҫߡ
ţˣ
ĺٳˡ
⻹ࡣׯεȻ˵Żҫϣš
Է
áҫĵͷ˳극ׯεȻص¥ҫ͸ң򿪿յҫչţҵŸϡׯεȻͻعһѳסҫҫһ£ţôˣ
˵ʲô𣿡
ҫͷ˫۾ĿׯεȻʲôԡ
û˵꣬ͱׯεȻס촽ҵţҫĲӣҫһѽׯεȻ§סһţһߡһᣬҫׯεȻѹڴϣ̧ͷϢ˵ţȥϴ裬ϴﶼС
áׯεȻͷĿ߮ھϣҪ
ҫһ˲ǵͨ죬ϴʱܿ
ׯεȻ߰ɣȥϴ衣
ϴ裬ׯεȻϴ֮ڱҫ·š
ׯεȻ򿪵ӣ
Ǹ𣿡
𣿡
ҫͷ룬ˡ
ׯεȻѹҫϣһ٣ҵܲˡ
ҪԵ㣡
ҫĺţ۾û취ˣͰҳԵɡ
ܵׯεȻƺڿҧĲӣҫֻҲû˵
٣ҳҪÿׯεȻ˵ŻѾҿסˡ
ţҲҫ촽ƺ˵ʲôԣҲСׯεȻҫƺһû˵
һ嶼Ʈڿһ۾ڵƹ£ſʵԵúǺÿܾ֮ׯεȻӱʱüͷҫ˵Ͷˡ
ҫǵеͨ죬С
һѽׯεȻסϲʰС
С޸忴
Ųᡣ
ׯεȻǿ˳˴ڵ賿ӡҫȥԡϴ˸裬ձҫڴϴ·ҫʱׯεȻ˵ҫĻ۵һˡ
ҫһΪǸղŰׯεȻŪ˲޵ôġæ˵ţôˣۣôˣҪҪȥҽԺ
ҫޡׯεȻȦʼˣôá
ҫɫе죬Ų˯˵Ǹġ
ţˡҫĨׯεȻᣬ۵˵´Ϲô˺òã
ҡ
ҫͻȻúЦţ˯ɣϹء
һׯεȻû˼ҫĻ￪ʼ˯
𴲵ʱҫѾ¥ׯεȻϴ¥ҫߵ̺ϣһӡׯεȻ򿪵ԣʼ鿴ϡҫ̧ͷׯεȻС˵ţ㻹𣿡
ۡׯεȻ˵˰ɣ
ҫС˵ǱвУҪۣ´ξͲôãòã
áׯεȻҫҾҪ
ҫׯεȻûа취˭ׯεȻţԼԼš
áҫͷԵñȽ嵭
ؿһġ
Сҫҡͷ˵̫ܳؿڵġ
ΪʲôׯεȻ죬Ҿͳؿһġ
ţܳؿڵġҫһŷһЦ˵һòã
ׯεȻͷ׺ϡ
Էˡ˷ϣׯεȻҫ߹ұȥɡ
ׯεȻԼҫǰ͸һʲôҪҫߵϳԷ
ҫḧׯεȻԴţ㻹Ҫ𣿡
Ҫ
ҲæһЩϵ顣
ׯεȻû˵극֮ڵ̺ϿסҫԱߣһźͶԱͨһžڣеԣӦڴ顣
˶û˵ܰ
ڿϣҫֽׯεȻ뻳һ߿žڣһ߽ׯεȻڻ
ϹׯεȻͻȻ뵽ʲôŵԳ
ҫͷׯεȻ۾ֱĿŵԣЦ˵ţôˣ
ׯεȻĽëܳһգһգģǺÿҫЦţָׯεȻ
ƵվҪˣ˵Ҫһյ⡣˵ʱׯεȻţ׼ڼһɶԣǾӵҲɡ˶һ㡭پͱˣ֪ġ
áҫͷͷׯεȻһ£ڵøĸƵģҪɶԡ
ǲȻأ˼Ҳʮ꣬¸ڲʮꡣôСϴѧ϶ǻᵣģ˵ô飬ΪĽڣһǵһ°ɡ
ҫͷžþС
ҺܿõһѧΪǱׯεȻ̧ͷҫӣܹΪʶѧҡʮ꣬ǸСӣǸңҲϣն̫塣
ţá˫ֱׯεȻļϣͷׯεȻ촽
Ǻܾõʱ䣬ׯεȻݺݵ˵٣Ұ͵
ҫЦ˵ţһ㣬ǸǹǸ
ߡҫĻׯεȻס
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ֱϣׯεȻ˵Ӷ˵ʱҫȥ˳Թ¥ϴ˸衣
ڴϣ˵ЦĿŵӰ
ƽ죬һҫҪȥϰ࣬ׯεȻڼſյҫϲܻؼң緹֮緹ҲׯεȻáֻҪһ£ׯεȻܳԡ
ӣҪһ顣֮ҫ˵ˣ¸ĩȥҼɡ
½ĿҫӣôͻȻҪͰ
ʲôͣƹգɩӵ˼ȥһ¡
û˵ڽ
ҫ˵ȥ𣿡
һ˿ε˵ӳܲȥ𣿡
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ллӳһֳ˵ô𣿡
㲻½ֳһ񣬡ӳҪҪʲôȥ
ãǴСҫĳ½ļ򣬡ˣϽȥɣôҪɡ
ǣӳ½ʹɫҷɿܳҡ
ҫ뿪ңص칫ңžڼšûʲôر飬С͵С֮Ļв١ⷽһ㶼ɳǽֵİһ㶼ǱȽΥΪ
ûʲôӣǵǱȽɡ
Ǯ¹ҵ绰֮ϣ˵ƣһϢͻϢ׼һ
ܲ
ҪϢǻϢ
Ǯµûκεı飬ͺ̱һ
Ƶϰˣ˵Ϣɣ
Ҫ㿪һɶԣյ졣ڽڵļǮ³˵Ĵܺá


377 
ƲԾ¶Ц⣬˵ʵҲû뵽ھȻôáڴĴ˵ڻ˵ʲôˣ
Ǳ߽˲ͬ¹Ҫףһ¡Ǯ³˵ʱ߼λҲҪȥ֪ɣڶôá
ǮƵļ򣬡ҿǴûмĽڡ
ǻϢأԴǮ£Ϣʲô
ϢôǮ³˵
ŶƵͷҲû˵
Ǯ¿Ƶӣˣ
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ǾͺáǮûм˵ͷʼдġ
Ƽģ͢롭ĺѡϣڸﲻһĿ⣬Ļ̲סġ
깤֮󣬻صᣬʱ䣬Ѿʮûÿ绰ָֻյƽ
ֳ߽ᣬ˵˵ڸ
ûʲôڴϣ۾оеۡ
治ȥӼﰡ᲻᲻̫ãԾܾ룬㲻ȥĻе㲻̫ðɡ
Ӧûʲô顣ת˵ҾӦǲҪȥġ
ôܡֳϺЦ˵ҪӲҪȥĻͲ˵Щİɡ
ҾǸоӲΪġͳ˵˯ˡ
˵Ǹ֮ǰ绰绰ţҪ˵𣿡
˭
˵˭ֳϳüŪۣ˼ϲôˣǲӦ˼ҡ
ڴϣûҪڲ̸
ļٵģҪ˵˼ʵͦģҪ룿
ˡŶͷҪǾÿԵĻҲԺ̸
˰ɣ˼ϲ㣬ֲϲҡֳڴϣֻͱ졣
˸ܺãȥӦʮ֮ǰܹ⿪͢룬ʱҪڽֱ۰
Ϊʲôܶһ㣬ʮ껹ûг갡
ڴϣӶ۵ļ㹫ʽûȥ˼顣ǻصǰÿ춼ѧ˼飬˼Χ֮ڡ
˼Ҷ˵ܣǾͲܰɡץѧϰȽҪڸܵڵĿֲҪ֮û⡣ڹĻȥѧУѧǰϵͬѧ˵ˣĽׯڣɲΪⲻ͢룬ڸߡ
ѧҵҪһЩ˵ҲϲûбҪȥˡƾˣһһҲ߼治֣ϲ
ڶ֮󣬿ֻһϢ
ģƻеƣһһϢŶףտ֣ǰף˵ˣףտ֡
Цһ򵥵Ļ˶Էлл
Ҳûֻϴ֮󣬴·ֱ칫ҡ칫֮ŶǮ»ûе飬ñȽ硣򵥵ĳ֮󣬾ڰ칫ż㡣
Ǯ칫ҿƵ칫һͦģЦ˵ôô磿
ûʲô顣ҡͷʦֲҪңء
Ǯ»ûдƣģ촽߹ճһ˿Ц⣬ȷʵûпˡһٶȺܿ죬֮ǰ˲ٵĶѯЩѾԶ
ÿȶһ

ׯεȻ׺֮һȡҫڼңżһȣҪҫؼҿȿȿ϶Ҫ߶߶˵ڵ̺ϣһ߿ףһţôĻʯīϩǷأ
ҫЩ飬϶ܻؼңҪ̾Ӵ졣
ׯεȻһڼȥǱߡҲӣڼо
ҫرׯεȻһڼ˯Ҳ֪᲻ᰴʱԷ֪ǲ춼ڼһЩĶ
ھϣҫóֻһʱ䡣
ֳһ£ԱߵҫӣĴοֻˣֻǳѣҪôֻɣɩӸ绰𣿡
Ҳǡҫҡͷ˵Ҿ¡úóԷ˯ɩһоûû˵ġ
ǲЩоĶֳϺ˵֮ǰ˵öѧҶûûҹо
Ҳ֪ɩ
ҫҪׯεȻ绰ȥֺڴȥŵׯεȻоɫܰ·䣬һʡ
ûʲôƹ⣬½ڿڸʻϵ˵ӣǾںǵĳ
ҫͷϵһֵܵλɣһȥ
á
˵ţҫ˵绰ȥ
ׯεȻһߺſȣһ߿ģĵʱ򣬵绰
ŵ绰ʾϹҫİ½˵ôпոҴ绰ڲæ𣿡
šҫһԱߵֳϣѹ˵ûкúóԷúϢ
а
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ûС
أ
ҲûС
أ

ٺȵ㣬˯š̾ϢһҫС˵Ҵźؼң꽻Ӱ֮󻹻һЩѶ֮ģϻز˼ҡܻؼңڼúóԷú˯
֪ˡׯεȻֹţأûг̣
ûСҫһԱڳһ̵ֳϣţҲ̣ǳ顣
˵طϢ˯ʱ˵һ
áҫҵ绰ֳһ£ҲҪ
ŸջҪҪ̣ⲻȥ𣿡æ֣ҫҡͷ˵ҿɲܷ󡣡
½һЦţֳͱ緸ˣʱɩӿɾ˰
죬㻹ûбɩӸסǰɣ
죬ֳ˶ˡɩĺˣƣѧʱİλҪֲ
ˣһԼɣû̸ֳ˵ţҪ𣿡
áҡͷ˵Ҳ顣
½Ц˵С֣ҷ󰡣ŮҲҳ̡
һЦһ߿ų
ׯεȻڼ￴һϵģҫŵʱ򣬶賿ҫĶţŻȻӦҪȥϢˡ
ϴ֮ڴϣܾȱ˵ʲô룬ҫڼܾ÷ûʲôҫڵʱֻˣȱʲôһڷǾﶼ̫ԣȱ˵ʲôңҪԼ
鷳þûˡҫڵʱãʲôҪֻҪﵱһͺá
ڶ𴲣¥˵ʲôóֻһۣҫѾصǣھӽѶ糿ܻؼңҪҪȥƶһ⣿
ŶƵգ壬ȸƶһɡ
ׯεȻҫһϢһÿĵ⣬̫ѿǲҪˡ
ҫյϢ֮סڰ칫ɵЦ߽ɵЦҫһ£˵ҫɵЦʲôأø㷢Ϣ˰
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ظ˵˵ʲôֺõ飿ֲǵһʶңİɣҿ϶
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֧ӳһҪʮˣЩΪϢʱ䲻ɣ巢֣ȥɾɡ
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֤ȫ̶ˣʵûпڹûʲôˣв鶼ġҫ˵Żʵû˿ı顣
֧ӳļ򣬡ҫҲ˲ٰ
ҫû˵֧ӳ϶лû˵ꡣ
ǰҪؾָƨɡϱץضϱ̾ӡ
ǵͨ죬ҫ˵ڶӣǹȥ𣿡
С֧ӳˬʵЦţǺ°㿴ץ˶ץһϱˣǶĽ㡣
Ƕﻹжδ궼ĦȭƵľʲôʱܹץϱؼҡ֧ӳһӣüûлؼ˰ɣû
ͦҵĹʵġ
Ҳǡ֧ӳֳϸֳ֧֮ӳġڣˬʵ˵ǰҲǾǻؾֻǶӳҾ͸źؾƨɺתơ˵ؾҲҰʦ
ڶӡҫЦõ˵ͦġ
Ժ󰡣Щ˵¿ڶҡͷ˵ˣҫҸ˵顣
ӳ顣
֧ӳ칫ңҫ֮ڶ˵ǴӵΪԭסҽԺˣϾҪ˾Ӷߡ
Ҹֵ˼ǣӻû岻סҽԺҲûа취ֹݴӳְ񡣡
û⣿ڶӿҫ˵ҪؼҸһ°ɣҫҸġҲҪ֪ݴӵְ֮϶ڻҪæ١Ͼô㶼ҪǼӰɾͼ켸춼ز˼ңǳ¡⻹ǵҪֲ֧У˵԰ɣ
֪ҫͷһؼҺϱһ¡
ȥɡڶӻ˻֣СӳȥʱŸϰ
֪ڶӡҫţŸϡڶЦҡͷҫСӡƯͦáøӳ岻ãҪסԺܾãƳԺ֮Ҫ˾ӶߣǶҲڡ
ҫ뿪󣬼Ѷ濴š
С߳ҫ˵ӣˡ
ҫŸղı¼ͷҿ
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ҫļСµԴϣôԣú¡
ӡС³üŪ۵ģⲻҪͽ𣿡
أɡҫÿ˵ʲôͽܡ
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ҹ֮ҫ£æ賿ڰ칫˯
ҫ糿𴲣ǻ·ȥ궩˸⡣ؼ֮󣬿ڷźܶණûкĿȡЦʰãӸϴɾصԣׯεȻ˯ҫŻϴ·ȥԡϴ˸裬·ϴ·֮ػԣ
ׯεȻ˯ϲһţҪѿյú䣬ȻźıӡԭͱȽϲô˯죬ҪĻׯεȻ䡣ˣׯεȻǲģҪô
ҫҲûа취ׯεȻһţ͸СèƵģ۾ֱۡ۵̾ϢһһѽׯεȻ§
ҫĻׯεȻ˯ʵ˺ܶ࣬ƺҲûôˡ˯ʱҲûôһ
۾ҫҲ۵òСڰ칫Ҳ˯Сʱʱ䣬ؼʰһ£ϴϴ·ġϴ֮󣬱ׯεȻ˯˹ȥ
ׯεȻʱ򣬿ҫ§˯۾Ϲ
ҫ۾ţˣ
ʲôʱģ
һʱ䣬ӦĸСʱ˰ɣţڶˣأ
еˡׯεȻڴϣҫׯεȻôְѿյô͡
ϲׯεȻźǷ˹ķʽ
㰡ҫ̾Ϣһı㰡屾ͲرãҪǸðô졣
ׯεȻҫ˵ûϵ׳˵ŻҫĻ˼£ôıӣ㻹ңôܸð
šҫ˵ҿܡ
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˵ʲôأҫǵһζׯεȻ˵Ժ˵֪𣿡
֪ˡׯεȻԹԵĵͷҫׯεȻϣţô飬Ҫһأ˼롣
ׯεȻҫĻҪ顣
ʲô顣ׯεȻգ۾ҫ˵
ڶӣ֪ɣ֧ӵĶӳҽȥ칫ҡ
ôˣ
ģǸӳ岻УǴѧҽԺסԺסԺ֮Ҫȥоֹڶһһ£ܲݴӳְλӳ֮󣬹кܶûü
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ׯεȻĶͷһ£Ժ͵øæˣƺܶʱ򶼲ܻؼҡ
Ҳְ֪֮ǰжæҫ§ׯεȻС˵ⲻԺܳ𣿡
ҲܷôõĻ᲻ҪׯεȻ֪ҫڵʲôֲ
šҫϸϸ촽ϣ˲ţ˺ܾòŷֿҫϢţܳһʱ䲻ܳţŲʱԷ˯
ŲᡣׯεȻ˵ҫĻؼҸҲˣ
ãšҫ˵ԺϹš
ţȥԷɣϹԡ
ׯεȻ§ҫĲӣ㱧ȥ
ҫЦţһѽׯεȻߵ¥µʱ򣬽ׯεȻɳϡϴֿʼׯεȻֻϹûȥ⣿
ˡҫЦ˵ǲ֪ϲϲ
ˣϲϲҪ𣿡ׯεȻЦ˵Ϲ㻹Ҫϰ𣿡
ⶼˣҲȥϰࡣҫЦ˵ĩҲϢ
ţ¸ڿʼӦñǰҪæܡûʲôʱš
ĩûп𣿡
ҲÿĩûпգҾĩźòã


378 
ׯεȻ۾Ŀҫÿĩ𣿡
ֻҪпգڻĩŵġҫЦ˵ҲŻ˭
Ե嵭İɣҿԵûͦؿڵġ
ǡׯεȻգ۾ϹǸ𣿡
ҫͷһŲˣһ˵ţǴȥˮвˡԵʲô
ҪԻ
ôˣͳԻҫ̧ͷׯεȻڵͷãԻɡ
ҫеĵʼˡ
˶֮߶߶ļׯεȻ˵ҲǵģڼҲ֪һˮԵˮҲкôİ
ϹׯεȻ̧ͷһίͰ͵ҫĽëͣգšҫ۵òУղŻҪ˵ĻһҲ˵ڣֻ̾Ϣ˵ҵöˮڱżǵó԰
á§ҫĲӣׯεȻһ¡
ϹҫץׯεȻֱЦúǿģȳԷɡ

ׯεȻչԴҫ˺һ˲ŷֿ
극ҫʰŶׯεȻڵ̺ϣҫڼҵʱܳԱܣҲܳԱ֡
ҫæ꣬ڱ󣬴Ӻ§ĺҫĺͷ
ׯεȻС˵Ϲ
ôˣҫͷھҪǸˣ
ǡׯεȻʼ˵ӦҪôظ˵ʼء
ҫĽׯεȻڻҲû˵ׯεȻ˫ַڼϣôšһʼ͹ȥ
һʼׯεȻŶҫ˵Ϲȥɡ
ɿ֣ҫׯεȻţ߰ɡ
ׯεȻĵҫ½
ҫЦ⣬šڳϣյһӾ¶ȸҫϵðȫ͵͵һڡ
ׯεȻӦˣһڣҲҪ׻С
˺һҫϵðȫǰУУׯεȻڹﳵʳҫׯεȻҲ˵˰ﳵʳ֮ҫ˵ǻҪء
ŶׯεȻҫ½󣬸󣬸ҫߡҫѡˣʵʵվҫߣҲ˵
ö֮˽ˣص⣬ҫ򿪺䣬ĶװںׯεȻվһԵصϵʱҫׯεȻı˵ҲǵģղŸﲻϳǿſյ𣿡
ҾҪ㣬аׯεȻҫţ㲻ϵȫҲϵ
Ϲϵҫ֣ׯεȻϵðȫ
뿪Уֱؼ֮󣬲ǳʱ䣬ҫеĶʰá컹ȥõأ극֮󣬺ׯεȻ˳ꡣ
ȲĽׯεȻҡϴʱׯεȻҫ֣ҫ˼Сʱϴ֮˻صϡҫׯεȻ·ׯεȻҪҫҫûа취ϾֱׯεȻһ֡
ׯεȻѹһϵʱ䣬ֱ賿ҫѵ϶䣬ׯεȻȥϴ˸衣ʱ򣬿ҪĵˣׯεȻֻ
ҫ¥ȥϴΧ˶Ϊʲô⼸ûзΧ
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ׯεȻҫĻ۾
ҫׯεȻԴ¶һ˿Ц⡣ڶҫʮ𴲵ģׯεȻ챻ںۣڻϢͿųû˶ؼ֮ҫʼæµš
ֱׯεȻ¥ʱ򣬿ҫæµģЦ˵Ϲǣ
ҫׯεȻɵЦǲҪԷ׼ãʱ˳ʲô
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ҰɡׯεȻҫϹǱأ
Ҳ߸ңô˵Ի㹻ġ
㹻ˡׯεȻڵ̺ϣ򿪵ԣһ߿һ˵Եɡ
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ҫͷû
ϹׯεȻӣҫ˵ˡ
Ϲڸء
ĸСҪһֱҪڵģҫЦ˵֪ˣ
ׯεȻһҫͷ
ʯīϩⷽݣׯεȻţȻѾͨˣֻʣһʵϵ⡣ѧģû⣬ȻʵҲûĻôܹŵ
ǿģׯεȻĵģҫЦ˵ţڸʲôأ
ûûʲôׯεȻصԣҫպ극˳Էɣû˰
ûء
ׯεȻ죬ǰ
극֮ҫϴ룬ׯεȻɳѧڿţ˺һʱ䡣ҫʰеһУԱ߽뻳ׯεȻĻ۾һҪ˯
Ϣһɡ
ׯεȻԴ¶һ˿΢ЦׯεȻҫĻ˯ȥҫ¶һ˿΢Цڻ˯˹ȥο
һû˵֮ҫŵͷׯεȻ˯ˣ̾ϢһıڻׯεȻСЦšţãҫš
ׯεȻʱ򣬶Ҫĵˡ
ҫֻϢׯεȻĻﶯţоˣ˵ţˣ
ׯεȻӦһϹڸأ
ڿǸҷϢأһҪˡҫЦ˵ȥϴɡ
ȥׯεȻЬӣ¥ϴ˸¥ͿƺǮԼƤ˹Ѿ¥£ںҫ˵Ż
˼æĶׯεȻ˵ڡ
ׯεȻףż˵ˣ
յ
ҫԱ˵ţСҲҪˡ
ׯεȻɳϣƤ˹˵Ƥ˹ʿΣ
Ƥ˹Щε˵ڣʵ
ŶׯεȻüͷʡ𣿡
ǵġƤ˹ţջȷʵ
ôһпհɣ
СƤ˹ׯεȻһֲ˵ڣˣ
ࡣׯεȻ۾˸ŹâѾȫˣֻһ㣬һܹʵĻǾͳɹˡ
Ƥ˹һڣȷ
ȷׯεȻҫϣʱ϶̫̣һḶ́ģʱҪоֻ辶רһǱҪܿ
Ƥ˹ͷʾ֪⡣ܱܿרݵĻµʱר֮ǰûշѾ͵øȽǮ
죬糿ǵһҪʵׯεȻƤ˹ͬʱѯʵ֪𣿡
֪ˣڡ
ָԼıǼ⣬ڣأ
㣿ׯεȻ¶һ˿Цݡ
еţ


379 
ڣҪһǱȥ˰ɡƴ˵Ҿҿ̫ܲʺϡ
ȷʵׯεȻͷ㲻̫ʺϡ
ڰ칫İ͢ͺá˵ʱׯεȻ·ʲôƵģˣ첻ƵǸ׼ʲô
Ǯ¿˿Ƥ˹Ƥ˹Աߵҫ
ҫһǸţ𣿡
ׯεȻЦƺǾ㤣ȻҸ׼һܺõ
Ҳ˸šҫͷԱߣһӵݸƣ֮ǰׯ˵գҲ֪ϲʲô͸һ˫Ь˵ڵСӶͦϲġ
ҫеƵ۾ŹâӹЬӣҫ˵лл١
ҵǸ׼˵ʱƤ˹ֻǰζһ¡Ƶɴ۾ֻ𣿡
ŶƤ˹ͣһ£˵Ǹһʼ㿴֪ˡ
ԵЩ֣ʼ
ûʼƤ˹ƶ˵һʼ
Ƥ˹ʦ֣˵ʼǡ
Ƥ˹Ц˵Ĳ̫ġ
ǮЦţҸҲʼ
סһҪŶ
ͻȻƾԼʵ̫ˡΪʲôôбλʦ֣תͷׯεȻׯεȻЦ˵㲻Ҫ֪Ҹʲôɣ
Ҳ֪ڣܲҪ𣿡
ŶׯεȻЦţҸպ÷㣬һ°ɡ

ʲôﰡҫСѯׯεȻ
ûôе
ҫ붮žڿ֮еͬ飬˰죬һ˸˶ǸͿⰡ
ߵߵߵʱƼæ˵ȥš
ڿеޡׯεȻЦţһ˾Ҳͦõġ
¶˭أǹգһȥͿ⡣
ߵǰ֮󿴼ɺԴվ⣬Ц˵٣ؾ١
ӴǵĻСħհЦ˵ŵ
಻˼ô˵ֽ
һһ·Ȼ󣬺ôҲһ⡣
лл١
ҵġ
ԴҲݸƣںأ
ء
˴ЬׯεȻҫһ𣬡ҫɩӡ
ҫæкţôŹ
ⲻǸСħȥ𣿡Це˵ǽհ
ȻأׯεȻЦ˵գ
Ҳ֪˼ɩӣҾ˵û뵽ͦɵģաһ·СܵԱߣɵϡ
Ҫ˿˰ɣԴЩģǮµͷ̧ͷԴؾȷ
ΪʲôԴͷ۵ĸоѧϵĲʿ˿ˣֱҪǵ
ȿȡԱ˵Ǿ棬Ĳ
ȻǮνҪɣҺƤ˹һֻ棬ؾ١ٺֻ档
ⲻаɼæ֣ɩӱ߲С
ɩӿ϶ҫǲֿܷġԴҲ˵ɩӸպҫ飬ôֿܷأ
ׯεȻЦ˵ǻҪϽǰɣ
ɩӣôܽаϽءЦ˵ⲻΪҫһ𣿡
Ҳ˵һҪллҺҫһ𿩣ׯεȻˣˣҲǺˡ˵ʱׯεȻͣһ£ҸϹһԴһǮºƤ˹һ˰ɣ
û⡣ǮЦ˵ڲˣӮ˾׬ˡ
Դ໥һۣ̾Ϣ˵˭ûѧڵء
ҪҸǲοһ°ɡľ֣Ҳǳ
ҲɡɺЦ˵ܱûкá
ɵߣֳ򥣬Ǯڶ棬ҫׯεȻһҫׯεȻļ򣬡ڿʼ𣿡
ʼɡǮ̯˵û¡
Ҳûʲô顣Ƥ˹һЦţλأ
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ղŽڵĻ㶼˰ɣ


380 
ƵͷСţˣʦ֣Ҷ㿴ţһȥ
֪ͺáǮЦ˵Ŀ⡣
ˣڸʲô㿴𣿡
˵ƿɾͲˣInventiones Mathematicae֪ͨʦ֣ҹInventiones Mathematicaeǵһ
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ͨѶ߿ǹŽڵ֣һ㣬ûͨ£ƪģǽڵһҲǲܵġȻɹڿҲǮЦ˵ˮһĶò١
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ʹģǮºЦĿİɣ⻹ûпѧأһƪInventiones MathematicaeģǶڿǴѧĽҲϾϵġѧĺڿΪ䰡Ͼϡ
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ڽ˵һ𣿡ǮºЦ˵Ҫǵ˽زˮģNatureScienceڿɸҿġ
ļٵġ
㿴ǮµScienceݸ˵ǲˮģ
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ҾýھˮɽЩ㡭֮ǰҶΪʲôڵļǱȱ˺úܶأ
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˵иܵܺƲ󣬴šǰƸɵܵܲŻôĵİɡ
ֳ뵽ܹͨģǰƵɵܵܵĻôȷʵпֱ̫ơϣƲҪΪʲôԣƹûʲôԵġ
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381 ʵ
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Ϲǡز˼ˡҫͷŰڷڰ칫ϵļţ⼸컹еæƶؼңҿĩпջؼûС
ҫСĵѯʵŻ᲻
ǹֲǳȥ죬ʲôׯεȻһȽǵˣϲճҫҫڹҲûһֱҫҫһɣʲôˣ˻ҪһԼҵС
ܰ׬ö໹٣վǶĸ塣ҪûһԼҵǲͳΪһ˵ĸӹˣ
ϲĹϵϹİɣúøɣûԺҲ
Ҫ֪ôʰ㡣
ׯεȻҫСЦ˵ţİɣϹһģԣ밡
ׯεȻһҫڵ绰ͷ˵ţҪʯɣ
ѾʯˡׯεȻ򿪳ţʯھǴѧء
áҫһŴؼ֮Ϣڰ첻˯֪𣿡
֪ˡ
ҫҵ绰һѵľںļüġھӴ󲿷ֵ˶ؼϢˣиСڿᡣ
ڣҫβ⹤ӳõʱеæˣҲĩлúһţаĻĩûпšĹ켸ҹؼҶǳе顣
ʯųû˵ׯεȻڸʻгĬţ۾˼ʲô顣
ׯεȻ飬ʯûд
صңׯεȻ򿪵ƣյһ¥ûˣϡһƿվشǰ¹⣬˸ڵذϣҫڵĻֲȱϡ
˼ڣϷͰׯεȻ¥ϴ˯
ûһ˵£Щ̫ϰߡ˯һû˯š򿪵ƣóֻ
һۣ賿һˡˣǲҪֻˣǺú˯ɡ
ֻһߣҪʵء


382 δ
ҫϣоƣҲûȥӵᡣֱɳϣž׾˯ˡڶ峿𴲣ʱܴ߳칫ңڶ·ֱкһڶӡ
ӴڶӿҫЩƣ˫۴Ѫ˿ģС϶ûлؼҰ
ǰҫЦ˵ļ˲٣һϸС
ˣСڶļ򣬡Ҳոͽˣؾô㣬黹Ҫһһȥġ
áҫüģڶӣȥϴ
ϻؼϢɣҪǺü첻ؼңҪֵǾ˵ңҲӲסǼҵǿӰڶӶҫ˵ǼǸ̫ˡҪǲǵĴƶǵĴ˵ˣЩļҲûؼҿ
ҵҪûؼҿҫҡͷϱϲЩ̫ˣЩجΡһǱûؼҿʱŵˡ
ӴôϱڶЦ˵Ǿӵģɷ򡣡
պһȣλֵǶڶӵ٩ţǴѧıڣǿʡıǿɽӲס
ڶӡҫЦ˵ϱˣҵġ
ҲͦáڶӸпһ䣬ϴȳͰɡ

ҫϴ˰֮󣬻ص칫ҽϸŵľ׼ȥʳóͣӾĶͳֻֻΪšֻ֣ﴫһ
ϹׯεȻܺҫͺǸˣţ𣿡
ˡ
ׯεȻǱߺܰ׼ȥʵҡ
ţ߹ƻʱ䣬ĩҿһûʲô顣ɣ
ãȸʯ˵һ£ϲõҡ
ҫЦţţεˡ
ҲǡׯεȻЩ죬Ϲ㲻ڼ䣡
ԣϹͻˡҫͣ𣿡
ˣţ̡
Ǿͺáҫҧסһ࣬ţȳ緹ˣỹйҰ

ҵ绰ҫֻڿ㶵ͣһͷڳϵׯεȻֻڿ㶵ʯЦ˵ׯڣٴĵ绰ɣ
ԡׯεȻ¶һ˿Ц⣬ûг͡
ĺܹׯڰʯпţׯʯīϩʵ𣿡
ǡׯεȻͷƽʯīϩʵ֮ǰҲκε¿⡣
Ҳ
ʵ黹ͦѵģſʼǻкܶණ̫ׯεȻͻȻһ䣬ʯҪһЩĴͿ𣿡
ĿǰûСʯҡͷ˵˵ׯһֱæʯīϩ⣬ûдͿׯڡ
вٵĹڼ㷽⣬ѯׯһЩ⡣
ûйϵׯεȻ۾ڼ㷽һǷǳġ
Ǵѧ³ׯεȻʵҡƤ˹Ǯ»·ʼæʵ顣ׯεȻ·վǮµǰ˳һ䣬أ
ͼݣŰ͢ݡҹӦ˾·ݵʱ˵ܽ⿪͢롣
ŬׯεȻЦţǮ¡Ƥ˹һͬʵ顣
賿Żصңݲϴ֮ڴ˯
⼸ʱ䶼ʵɹģʯīϩʵûʲô̫ĽչҲˡ̲ׯεȻѧģֻҪѧģʯīϩʵͺá
糿ʯׯεȻʱׯεȻ˳˵һ䣬ʯϲˣҫҪҡ
ʯЦ˵ã˵Ǳðæ꣬˵ҪһЩļؼҴ
𣿡ׯεȻϣЩʵ֮⣬ؼһῴһЩԼʼҲû顣ԵñȽɣΪѧģͱȫ«ưʵ顣رѣҫǱߣӦòɰɣôļҪ;úͷ۵ӡ
Ҳ֪ҫ⼸ûС
ǴѧׯεȻһʵ顣֪ʵǼõģɰǧεʧҲһһγɹ̬ܺãƤ˹Ǯµ̬Ҳٽǽѧģ͸ѧģ˸п̫˼ˡ
ȻʯīϩѧģͣǽʯīϩĴ⣬ڸ涼о޴ġ߸ԵĽѧģܹɹʵǮºƤ˹ţŵѧһԻõġ
ڲǽڣǸҪŲصĽڡ̫пպ˼룬ֳͨ˵λķʽǲܻʵֵġǽڲܹ룬ֻܹǽֲĵطоκһλѧ޽
ֻҪȤŬе򣬷·û첻˵顣
˵Ͳ̼ܹ顣
ϾŵҫʰöﻹЩھӴ˺üʱ䣬ڿԼˡ޲ھͷɵǴѧȥһЩȽ΢ļ;ʰãڹİ߳칫ңµ˿ҫ߳ţǻЩ֡
ӣǣ
ؼҰҫЦ˵Ȼ
ؼҰ
飿ҫŴһֵıЦ˵ǲܻؼ𣿡
ûûСͬ¼æ˵û뵽ӾȻҪؼҡ
ʲôҾȻҪؼңҫֺЦ˵ҺûмƵģǼоùҡһؼˡ
ҫŸ뿪ӣλͬ»һۣС˵²ɩӴӻؼ˰ɣ
Ȼ֪ؼңɩ˰ɣ
ܰɣӵһֱͦ
ˣ壬ϢҲҪϢĺòãοӳɼˣôȰҲùżɡ˵ˣҪٲؼңɩӾҪˡ
ҪɩŵĻ
᲻ȫ˽Сʱѧ⣿
ÿ¡
λͬºëҪɩӽСʱѧǾ;ʵ̫¡
ҫİںϵðȫׯεȻ绰ȥ
˺üûжٴδȥׯεȻûнӵ绰
ǳʲô˰ɣҫӿһЩٶȣǴѧׯεȻĵ绰ɻû˽ӵ绰
ͦóȻʯûڳ⡣뿪֮ͣʵҴǰƹ£ׯεȻ촽ʵ顣պƤ˹Ŷ̧ͷǰҫž˫ֳϥϣģһ˵٣ӽڵģ
ҫͷͷŹͷкˮ
ղűܼܺׯεȻʲô顣
ǴѧҲʲô԰ȫĵطΪ̾ٴǴѧ飬ֵһǳ
Ƥ˹еĶժףС˵٣ƻҪһ
æš


383 
Ƥ˹ׯεȻһЩƣϽݼ¼
ǣڡƤ˹ָָׯεȻЦ˵٣һ°ɣȥݼ¼
ҫһվ⣬˫ֲڿ㶵ׯεȻݼ¼·ŹƵġ
˺ԣúǺ
ĿׯεȻʵﲻͣƶšֱׯεȻȫʵֻ֮һۣ賿ׯεȻתͿҫվ⣬Ӧڵɫľ㣬°ɫľ㣬˫ֲڶʵϴЦ⣬ׯεȻЦţȥһЩ
ׯεȻתĿҫԽӡ
ߴվ⣬ƹҫͬĵ̰ϣԵú͡
˫۾һգգĶׯεȻׯεȻЦ˵һ£ȥ·
ҫͷվû˵
ׯεȻ·֮ǮºƤ˹˵ˣһǵʵҡ
߳ţҫֱۣϹ
ҫִӿ㶵ׯεȻԴЦ˵ţؼҰɡ
û°
ϢһЩ飬ھӹҹϰļؼҴС
ߵԣҫ򿪳ţСѯʵţ𣿡
ׯεȻŬŬ죬Ϲϵȫ
ҫЦĽȫׯεȻϵãǾͻؼҿ
ׯεȻ˸ǷϹ˯
ãؼϴ˯
صҫİӺóׯεȻţ˳ֽƴ򿪡
ҫصңЬӣ˳־ͽŹϡ
ׯεȻѾ¥¥µĵƹϣص䣬ׯεȻ˲ڴϣоͦ۵ġ
ҫİϣһѽׯεȻţȥϴ˯
ߣϹһϴ衣
ׯεȻ§סҫĲӣҫûκΣһѽׯεȻڻ
ţϹһ»ϴ·вУ
ðɡׯεȻ鲻ԸĴҫҫׯεȻϴ·ţһѱסׯεȻ߽ԡ
̫ˣׯεȻʲôûϴ裬ҫͷ֮󡣻·ҫϷ£ӸϣׯεȻЩ˯ڴϣҫϹ˯
ҫŸղŻϴ·Ц˵ţ˯Ϲϴ·˯
ڼңׯεȻôһ´ɨɣ¥ϴ·ɹáٴ¥谵ĵƹУׯεȻ˯ճҫǰţҫׯεȻ§ڻ۾ȡ
ڶ죬ҫ磬֮ׯεȻûϴ˸衣¥ȥ緹õʱׯεȻԺ¥ɳϣǸ˯ģ
ҫ۵˵⼸ʵ۰ɣ
ׯεȻͷ̫ˡ
ҪϢһ°ɣ
ˡ˸˯ˡ
緹
緹ҫصԵİ칫飬ׯεȻ¥󿴼ҫĿļһҫĻꡣ
ҫЦһѽׯεȻڻ籡ׯεȻĺ׺;ׯεȻе̧ͷҫĿļԵüΪרע
ׯεȻ˼Ҫң֪ҫһĵͷҫͻȻǳ鶯һ£ͷׯεȻҵĺףЦõ˵ţ㡭һҫͷ£ָоͺƮƶϡ
ĺţļı߽ǡ
ļ϶ǿȥˣûа취ֻܱ۾ׯεȻ
Ҳ֪˶õʱ䣬ׯεȻ̧ͷҫĺ˵ţǡ
㲻𣿡

ҫҡͷš
ûü˵һ仰ׯεȻ߽ԡңڡ
ҫҡͷļׯεȻٴʱҫ˵ţһ㣬Ϲ߻мļҪϹļǸ
ׯεȻͷղʹС˼֮󣬰ˣҫĻﲻ˵§סҫĲӲ֣ׯεȻ˯ʱҫļׯεȻ˾񣬡Ϲ㿴ˣ
ˣ
ˡҫׯεȻСղϹڿļʱҪңϹôʰ㡣
ͷׯεȻ촽ϡ
˽Ǻܾõʱ䣬ҫׯεȻ촽ֿ˻Ƶ˵СϹʰ㡣
ڵʮҫׯεȻϴ軻·¥
֮¥ڡصϣׯεȻ˯ǱҫڵϣҲǸ飬ҫĻ
ׯεȻı飬ҫЦ˵ҪǿӰɡ
ҲͦĵģϴûпǸӾɡ
Ͷҫһ߱ׯεȻһ߿ŵӾ硣ׯεȻĻԭû˯ⶼûжõʱ䣬˯ˡ
صͶҫׯεȻıӸǺã˯
ĩĻǲҫûбšһ峿ƮꡣǱ꣬೤СꡣׯεȻϴ֮¥Էһĩҫʱ䡣
ҫԭǸģǱûа취ʱֺһ硣ֱϳ극ׯεȻϴ֮󣬾˯ˡ
糿𴲣ҫҪȥϰ࣬˳ȥǴѧ
ͣҫϴ룬ڳϡǴѧҫ˵ţ㣬һ绰
߰ɣҾʵңҲȥĵط
ţȻСܣ岻̫áð˲УҪǾͰ׸ϡ
֪ˣүׯεȻҫĲӣһڣɡˣϹ
㰡
顱Ĵűϣҫûż뿪ׯεȻʵҴ¥ŷǰӡ
ʵңǮ¿ׯεȻϰһףǶ̿˶Ьܲ˵ڣʲô磿
ҫҪҴģ˵ƫ䣬ҴҸð
ǡ°Ƥ˹⣬ٻ᲻̫һ㣿
ϻҪǲڣ𣿡
ǮºЦ˵ţڣڿԿʼ𣿡
ʼɡׯεȻϰ״ӣʼʵ顣
ǮºƤ˹ׯεȻҲʵ顣
ӵʱҫžףɡ뾯ӡյ칫ңϣ½˽ΪǴӳ½ʹжӳְ
ų½߽
ӣ½ļݸҫҪɣ
½ҫļմжӳûжõʱ䣬ְӣǲǻҪϤһ£
ӣҸôʱ䣬һġ
һ⣿ҫ̧ͷ½У㲻ܵȥ
½һ£ǵȥжӵֵܻôࡣ
Ҳ˵ҫеļҵøһȥ
ӣڰɣ½ɴ۾ҫ


384 
ʲôڡҫЦ˵ҾǷĲ㡣
ҡûô˰ɣ
ǻ˵⡣ҫüģˣһ
ӣڶǸˣͲҪ˰ɣ
ҪʲôҪҫų½˵ʲô
ðɡ½̯֣ģǷ·һƬ֮Смѹ֣ҫļ󣬽ļϡ
ȥѷҿ
ǡ½ҫţҲȷʵӦø½һᣬó½ʲôᡣʱӳʱ򣬳½жӳˣҪôţ½ƾͷˡ½һֱȻ˵ʦͽϵҫ½ͽܡ
ʱ͸յ֣źؾ֣ؾֶһʲô鶼ʲô©֮ġ
½ӾУҵ䵽֮̾󣬾һֻġų½Ҳҫʵϵʦ
Ժܶʱ򣬳½ҲҫôȥƳ½Ҫˡ
ɣҾͲһȥˡҫ˵ǳ½ҼסˣҪٴôʰ㡣
ӳġ½񣬡һ
СҫͷΣóúãҾӡ
ƣһһƯķ½ֺǺǵ뿪칫ңҫеЦ£Ҳ֪Ǳˡ
ֿͣʼ˼꣬ԭȵǿʼˬ
ׯεȻеʯīϩϦԣ۾˵ⶼҪ·˰ɣ
ˡǮ»ӦţҪѧˣѧ֮Ҫѵ
ѵ
ׯεȻһֽٺı˵ûвμӹѵΪʵ̫СԾ˾ѵ
Ƥ˹ԱƵ˵ѵʲô
ѵһ֡Ǯ³ţ׼Ƥ˹һʲôѵ֮ǻѧҪμӣѧֵĶ·֪ˡ
˵ߵľӪûпգ׼ߵĴѧҾУؾǱߵѵǮ˳˵һ䣬Ҳ̫ô˵ġ
ŶׯεȻЦ˵̾ӵѵˡ
ǿ϶ǲܵġǮºЦ˵ôҲ׵̾ӵѵ
ǵҲǣʵɡׯεȻͷʵ顣
ʵæµĽţׯεȻǮʵ飬Ƥ˹¼ݡżҲỻǮ¼¼ݣƤ˹¼ݡȵϵʱƤ˹ݳ˵ڣǵݺе㲻̫Ծ
ǮϸĲ鿴ţ˺һӵʱ䣬ų˵ûݲ̫ԡ
𣿡ׯεȻһѽùţ˵ˣʵ
ڣҿͦ۵ġƤ˹ûûС˵ǲΪ̫ࣿ
ׯεȻƤ˹˵鶼ôΪһλӢʿ㲻Ӧò˽𣿡
ҲǡƤ˹һ£˵ˣһǲҪôԱȽϺá
˵ׯεȻֻ
ٸڵĴ绰ɣƤ˹ԱЦ˵һٸڵĵ绰
óֻȻҫׯεȻĵ绰
½ׯεȻѯʣ°ˣ
šҫڵ绰ͷС˵Ǳô
ʵˣ㻹û°ɣ
ûСҫü˵ţܲܡӣǴһȥ߿ܻҪһСʱ
ǴѧҲ̫ģǺǮʿƤ˹ʿһİɣ
ǡ
ܲȥǴѧУŴ򳵹ҫŴԣҲ̫һѧУ㻹Ӱɡ
УǺһȥ򳵡
ׯεȻЦ˵ֲСӡ
ôһǲģţ
ã֪ˡ
ǴѧֲԶ̾ӾھׯεȻֻ֮ǮºƤ˹˵˵ˣȥǴѧǰ
ҵȥӵ
߰ɡƤ˹νʼ򣬺Ǯ²һ𣬺ׯεȻߵѧУǰһ⳵ׯεȻȥ֮󣬶Գ⳵˾˵֡
ѧ߽ѧУţǸ⳵˾ׯεȻģƺ󣬡ôȥ֣Ǵѧ˺üˡ
ų⳵˾ôصӣׯεȻЦ˵ĻϢ
ˣҲ˵ʲôĻĻġǴѧкö¹˵̾𣿡⳵˾˵ѹ˵Ǵѧˮ̫á
˵ׯεȻЦ˵ô̫ˣ
⡭Ҳ̫ô˵⳵˾һ߿һ˵˵СӣǱʲôӰҪȥ֣ɣ
ǡׯεȻҡͷ˵ʶھ֣ȥ
Ŷ㿴ȥ󰡣Ǵѧɣ
Ƕ𣿡
ӴҿǴѧɣӦûڷż٣ôǴѧ⳵˾üͷ̽˵ôᣬоɣ
ׯεȻЦǴѧԶһСʱ·̡һ˵һ߿һ͵ˣׯεȻǮ³ŶԳ⳵˾˵Ǵѧڡ
ֵſڣǩ֣ȷϵ绰֮ׯεȻӡ
ׯεȻվڴǰֳϸպߵ¥£Ӧ׼ᡣׯεȻһ£С˵ɩӣҸӵģ
ǡׯεȻЦţڰ칫ң
Ӧڰ칫ҰɣֳͷҸ¸ŷȥ칫ҡ
ã֪ˡ
ֳ߻мС죬ֳ϶ׯεȻ˵ɩӣҡȻȥ˰
ãȥɡׯεȻ߽СԱš
ֳϣ˭
ӵϱǲֳ֪һһС˵ɩӳúÿɣ
ӵŰ
˵ǴѧĽڣļٵģ
˵ɩӺоֺؾֵĶ

Ц⣬ׯεȻµݼ̾ʱľææ⣬ׯεȻһ߿Ű칫ңһҫͻȻǰһŭ½ڸʲôķ
Ҫͱˣֱڶˡ
ʣ˭һŮ߹ׯεȻĴµĴְ̾ҵë
ҫ
Ůһ£ôˣӣǱ߷УҲ˵ȸӴ绰õ֮ͬ󣬲߽ӵġ
ڿҪһ¡ŮӸӳ칫ﴫŭе飬Ҫȸһˮɡ
ллׯεȻͷŮܸŶ̷ƽʱıװŵƣܿ̾ӵ̾
һˮڰ칫ϣʵʲô𣿡
˵ѾˣҽĶһоֺؾֵĶӣǰݿˣŮһӳ˰ɣӲ̾ӵģɷ춼߶ɩӡ
ҵؼҡׯεȻЦ˵ҸմǴѧǱ߹
Ůһ㶣ԭɩӰ˵ôܳ졣
½ĴӰ칫߳ɥׯεȻʱһ£ɩӡ
½ׯεȻЦ˵ҫˣ
½ͷɩӣ鲻ãҪȥοһ£
ׯεȻͷˮŮ˵һллߵӳ칫ǰš
ҫͷҲû̧ͷŭһҪң첻ĺ÷ӱ
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¸硣ŮС˵ɩӰ
ǰɩӰ
ǡŮС˵˵ɩǺؾֵĶӣҿüκؾ֣кжӡжӺͺؾֳмƣɩӺͺؾֳò˵һģһɣҲ˵Ƿţ༰ˡ
ɵ½Ц˵ɩӳؾֵķˡ
ҲǡŮŻع˵ؾֵķ˳úƯɩؾַ˵Ļÿ
Ľɡ½¶һſˣһȥɡҪ߲꣬ˡ
ⲻҲΪ𣿡ŮЦ˵˵͸ҲʦͽϵɣӼ鷽ϸҲΪáĴβǸӰƨɵģ
½΢΢鴤˵
ҵĴ£ȥķˡ
ׯεȻߵҫǰôô
ҫ㵵̧ͷԼҵϱ߽šε˵ţԲҸղšΪǳ½Сӡ
ׯεȻɳϣҲǸյġ
ҸղŽӵĵ绰ΪҪһŽ
æɡׯεȻɳűֽʼû٣˰ʼֽˡ
⣬λģҲûпҫ̾Ϣţ˵ˣҾ뿴Ҳûʱ䰡
šҫƫͷׯεȻС˵ܻҪСʱܻؼҡ
һڵʱ䣬ҪʮһˡСʱƻؼҶ賿ˣׯεȻûνû£ʵĲˣȥʵ¼㲽ͺá


385 
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ʲô顣ׯεȻЦ̯֣ҪµĻվﰡ
ⲻϱʲô𣿡ҫŵͷǣʵʲô⣿
ϵĴ󣬻ݼ¼ʵʵЩǺϣС⡣ׯεȻͣ˵ȥʵ޸һ¾ͳˡׯεȻҫղôô
ûûʲô顣ҫ¶Ц½ķ⡣
ķ⣬ҲôɡׯεȻһˮҲ̫ˣ˼ȥķˣҶƵʱûôס
̫бˣׯεȻпһ䣬Ѿˣҫץ˵ʱ򣬾͵ϻҲǶһֱᣬҫǸ̫Ц̱һˡ
ţҫתͷׯεȻЩ۵˵˼칫ҵҡ
ûϵׯεȻЦҡͷ֮ǰҲҰ칫һʵҵ𣿡
еˡ
Ҹ㶩ɡҫóֻԱмҵʮСʱӪҵҲͦóԵġҫЦ˵պã½ҲûгԷǳһҹɡ
㻹ҹׯεȻЦ˵ԺҪǷˣҾͲҪˣȥС˧硣
ׯεȻô˵ҫҲֻЦ˵Ҽſ϶ġ
ׯεȻɳϣȻᣬֲǼһһˣ˵ҵҫʲôԸΪˡڼֻһʲô㡣ʵ˾̫ˬˣ
½ץͷԱߵ˵˵ղŵķʲôҪĵط
ţҾ÷Ļ
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һ£ô˭Ͱ
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жСģС벻ϣ˵ҪȥƣĪͳΪжӳûŪô¡
һ߳Էһߺͳ½ţ˼¾Ͱѷˡ
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ȳ½ˣׯεȻŬŬ죬£ٵȵȰɡ
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ҫ֮󣬵ų½ѷù
ٵ˰Сʱң½š
ҫһ˿
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ڶҪˣùҫһɻŷĿ
ׯεȻűֽţеķҫޱĿ½˵ҿˡ
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ԡҫ½Ҫ
½һ£ʲô
ӻֵͦģҪ𣿳½ҫͣһ£ּ˵Ҫ֪һӣҪѡ򵥵ģ
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ҷҲóˣӣ͸ɡ
Сµɫüģҫ̾Ϣ˵УӸǡ
ڵݸ½ðֵܶˣҪֵʲô飬ˡ
½žڶҫ񣬡ӷģһµġ
ӣܷĲ֡ҫƲ죬ԱߵׯεȻЦš½һ̵뿪칫ңᷴƵġׯεȻҫЦ˵ҫǰҰ˵ʱǲҲġ
ҫ㵵˵ûôͰ˵ɡ
룬ûкͰְô˵
ļٵģׯεȻҫֱ˵һΪͰ˵ʱô˵ġ
ҫЦ˵ôܣôôͰ˵
뿪ӣصҪ賿ĵˣϴʲôûڴϾ˯ˡ糿ׯεȻ𴲵ʱҫ뿪
ϴһ£ͣׯεȻʯĳʵҡۿϾҪѧѧУҲ˲٣ׯεȻҲ鲢ࡣ˵Ҫʲô飬ʵңǮںƤ˹̸ſѧ顣
ҿöѧǰ׼ӭˡ
治Ƥ˹˵һ䣬Ҳ֪ѧѧϵ
ķȽϸߣвѧϵǴѧѧϵڻȽϺõġ˵ׯķƶĽӣҪⷽ湤ҪⷽһЩоѧѡǴѧ
˵ʲôأׯεȻ߽Ц˵˵Ǵѧǰɣ
ڡ˿ׯεȻ˵жѧϵ
ͦġׯεȻЦţڲǹʱĲд󣬽
ãڡ
˻·ʼʵ飬ׯεȻҲʼʵ顣
ոһգûжõʱ䣬·ݾˡѧ֮󣬲ϿΣҪоѵׯεȻָûоѵ˵ǱȽİġ
ҫ˳еļϣҲҪÿ춼ڰ칫ҡ°ʱȽܶʱҪ˾ŵӲ°࣬ټӰһ£ҲʮʮһǴѧׯεȻڷ֣вҫǰȥμӷ֣ҫѵǹûæ꣬ؼš
ܶ˶ҫûһɹҫţǸǲܵ飬뿴һλĿѧôױϷֵİɣҪֶȥ֣ǸѰ·
ʵɵĽţûʲôɹҲûʲô󡣰ôȥӦǿһ˻ġ
ׯεȻʾǳο糿ҫ͵ͣ·ٳʱ򣬿ЩѧһĽоѵߵѧϵİ칫¥ǰνסׯεȻׯڣһ¡
Σ£ׯεȻ߹ȥ˵ҿµInventiones MathematicaeôƵҲ棿ͨѶ߻㡣
ΣƪĲܿInventiones Mathematicae𣿡
ҵ˼ƪĻģ
أ
ôɬģдġγ˵Ǻܶ˶
ʲô
ⲻѧĶInventiones MathematicaeѧУͶ嵽Inventiones MathematicaeĲ٣ٽЩ¼
û취ׯεȻЦ˵ҾǵЩģЩط̫Inventiones Mathematicae
ҲôΪ
ҾΪ飿
ׯεȻʾܲ⡣


386 
ǡҡͷ˵ѧϵѧȽ϶࣬ҿ˼ȽϺõӡŵݸׯεȻ㿴оΣ
ΡׯεȻҲûнֱ˵ɣһʵ飬ûйȥѧƶһڰ칫⣬ҲùϾҪȥʵˡ
˵ʵ黹Ҫã֮ǰ𣿡һɻׯεȻ
ׯεȻ룬ҡͷ˵ܹɰɣ˵̫
СӡκЦ˵˼һѧϵҲҪʵҵġ
˵ϵʵұͲã㾡һ㰡
֪ׯεȻҪ߽칫ң˵һ䣬ˣôϰడ
û취ʱҫͦæģ͵ѧУҪȥӡ
˵Ǽҵҫְˣ
ô¡ׯεȻ˰֣ΣҰѿύˣǹʯīϩĿ⡣
겻ҲμӹȻѧѡ˰ɣ
Ϊʲôμӣγ˵Ҿͦõİ
аɣаɣǡ
칫ңߵ칫ʰһ¶ƺдġ
߽Ҳ˵
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˵꣬ׯεȻ˷Ӧֱת߳칫ҡ
ׯεȻԶС˵ʦܣ˵㷢ventiones atheaticaeǣļٵģ
ôһ¡ƺŸ˵ˣͿȥˡ
һĽĿƣڶãventiones atheaticae
ʦ֣ҾҲԣôйԺ϶Ҳлģ˵ˣھventiones atheaticaeܱ༭ԺѧɹһҲܵventiones atheaticae
Ըɡ̾ϢһĿڻû٣ۿСʦܶҪ⿪һˣ쵹ǿһventiones atheaticaeʦܺļЩʦܵļ㷽ʽǽ۵ķ̫ѧбֵ쾡£ʦܽ۵ķȽϼ򵥴ֱȻõɸʦܵıֺͽڱʵ̫ۡ
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ʵɡׯεȻ·󣬺һʵ顣ҪɹͺǮ˵ףһֱæµϣҪ賿ʱҫŸ绰
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𣿡ׯεȻƤû̧һ£ȷʵͦ۵ġҲ֪ΪʲôǾرֲۣݵۡ
ҫׯεȻϵȫʱ촽ϡ
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šҫֿ촽˫۾ĶׯεȻҪϢɣ
ʵյҪͷϢ
ҫĬһãԺô˯
Ϲۡ

ųصׯεȻǱҫ³ģڳ˯Ժġҫ۵УֻڵĹҲæÿ춼ҪӰൽȥׯεȻ
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ڴϣׯεȻͣĴźǷҫóϴ·ׯεȻǰԡҡ
СʱׯεȻıҫ뿪ԡң·ׯεȻڴ˯ҫҲ·ѣڻţҪʼˣһ㣬ðˡ
֪ׯεȻҫĻһ£ϹжûǸˣ
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Źԣ˯ɡ
۾˶ܿ˯
糿ѧУׯεȻһǰʵҡ
ҫׯεȻųӡ칫Ϳ½վ⣬ҫų½
ӡ½ֱӴ˵˵и°ӡ
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½˳ǣӣܱܲ顣
ҫƿ½ȥһ㣬ҿء
½˼ٴοҫӣǸӸ𣿡
СҫشǺܼǸһӣ»˵ûǰأѾˡҲˣϽؼϢȥ
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顣űϣ½һӵĻңǣţϱɩӸ˰ɣ·ʱļ򣬡Ҳ˵
ûк˵½Ǽ⣬ôãӾɩǱ߳ԱˣԲġ
ˣǸСħв𣿡
ûаҡͷ˵æˣûвҡ
Ŀˡ
½뿪ҡͷЦ

ڣǵʵ顭Ҫɡ
ׯεȻ˼ţڵٶȣʵܲˣͰٶɡ
ˣԽԽˡ
ѧ֮ǳ׽ׯεȻ·ҲȽϺ񣬿Ƥ˹Ǯ¶ñȽϱ̲סһ£ǵĶ컹ͦģϣǲҪΪðʵ顣
ģһġ
ׯεȻͷתۼ2017ĩʮ·ݣȻûƮѩǺķۡׯεȻ̵Ŀγ֮̽󣬾ʣ¿ˡ׼ȥ࿼紵ΧһжǹͺͺӣƤ˹ʵҰ̾ţڣϾʥˣʥĲż𣿡
ǻǲʥڡ
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һˡ
мʱ䣬ɡׯεȻһʵ֮󣬺ʰһ£ϽӢװɡ
ǵ·
ģһ
ʵβĵطׯεȻݣ׼·ʵ֮󣬽е׺϶ϴarxiv
ׯεȻڽŵʵ飬յҫĴϢ
ţе飬㣬Ҹʯ绰ȥ㡣
ϣׯεȻ룬ǵãҫиɣ


387 
ҫȷʵûƭׯεȻڵƹ£ҫھĴλ㾯졣õ֮λԱߵڶ˵ҫⶼǵĴλ㾯ˣʲôҪ˵𣿡
룬ҫЦ˵ҪؼҸſ
õɱˡڶӺ̽ͷ˵˵Żܸŵļٵģ
Ӧİɡҫ룬ų˵ʼҿѧԺ⼮Ժʿʸ񡣡
㾯ſɱˡ
㾯ҫ̨
Ϊ㾯죬ǰ궼Ǳ˵ҫ굹ҲһشʼҲûǰ˵Ǹվġҫ̨֮񣬡лĸλ쵼иλͬš
ܹΪ㾯ҺܸˡҪ˵ǣӦøлǵ֧֣Ҽǵڰ·ݵʱΪԭҺܾöûûлؼҡ֧ңҲڽ㾯졣
ҫҲǵģ˱˻ԡ˵ڶĸӳ˰ɣ
ôĸӳɲ
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¡ľֳ׵ء
˼ǿǿϡ
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һûġ
ļٵģ
ǿɱСһ˵һǵıء˵ǿѧĶ룬˼ʡѧԺ۶мμӣǻѧԺԺʿ
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֪ѧŵΪѧûŵǸѧҪĽѧŵΪֹΨһһĻѧҡ
ô
ǿɲǣ˼ſǹĿѧҡⲻǵ˱˻ʲô
ǵе˱˻ˡ
ҫ̨ҡڶӺֶĴָ˵ҫղ˵ò
ллҫЦţϣĶҪɻؼˡҪţⶼüûô˯ˡ
׺æһֱڰ칫顣ųټٽףҪϼӹÿ춼ͦ۵ġûüؼң賿Żؼҡ˯ûһأߵҪ𴲳ţʼһĹ
ҪؼҺúñ˯һҫ³һʱ򣬿ҪʮˡڶӸҫţҫǵù컹иʮİ佱ҲҪȥ
֪ˡҫ̾ϢһڶӣôˣҪؼҡ
ڶӰ˰ֲ֣ûˣϽؼҰɡ۵ùǺģٲȥҿɶס
ҫϳ֮ů򿪣ѵɫľףڸʻϡׯεȻ˸绰ȥֻׯεȻ
ҫ
šҫ¶Цݣڼ𣿡
ڼҡׯεȻڳʲô
ҹأ
ãؼ𣿡
Ͼͻؼˡҫ࣬ǴЦ⣬ţҰ

ׯεȻҲ飬׼Ϣµʱ䣬ԭǴѧûзż١ׯεȻԼԼż٣Ǯ¼ƣϾҪʥڡǴѧԪ֮Ҫʼԡûмʱ䡣ֽȥȥ칫ҶνˣׯεȻصȥΰ칫٣˵ҪθΡ
λڸпţɺãׯεȻʲô鶼ܣо֮⣬˭Ҵͷ쭡
ھ껹һʱ䣬ׯεȻ׼ڼ˯żһϣŹ伸Ȧ֪׵ʱٽʱ䣬ҫæµʱҲû׼ҫϢǲܵġ
ҫͣڳ⣬Ϻɫľף߳ţ򿪴վء·ЬϣŽ»Ьӡţ˳ϣůԵ÷ǳů߽͡ѵףׯεȻڳԶǰߣţʲôأ
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ҫͷַׯεȻļϣţûɣôæҲûʱ㡣
ҪôˣͲˡׯεȻָָԱߵĽӣȺá
лˣš
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ׯεȻſӣˣҷżˡ
ѧУҪһ·ݲŷż٣ûпΣҾǰżˡ·ݵʱŻѧУ
ͦõġҫ̻ʵĳŽӣϻûгԷòС
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ĽӰɡׯεȻ֮󣬽ӷڳҫȥϴ
ڵ̺ϣŰڷڲ輸ϵĽ״ţ֧ҫٻ2017㾯졣
ʲôһǸ¡
١ҫӣϴ룬֣ţͿʼϢˣ
ǰׯεȻ½ºͽ״ѧڿ˵쿪ʼͲȥѧУˣ·ݼȥʵ飬ʵҲҪˡ
ҫһѽׯεȻţǺþûǸˡ
٣ܾ˧
ҫ˵ǽɡ
ҪѽҲϡ
УģСҫһѽ´ھĶ
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ׯεȻ¥ҫصƣصԡԵůȿ㣬ϴ֮ҫ·ׯεȻѹڴϣС˵С㿴𣿡
ԣ˧ׯεȻҫһֻֻҫϵĽ£Ц˵㾯ҫ٣˧
˧ҲׯεȻһ˵Ϲ

˼ҵĽǣׯεȻһֱҫ
ҫӴʱ򣬿һʱ䣬賿ӣɫɻǺڰһƬϢţһղһֱׯεȻţ¾һԡҫһ˯Ķ䣬ׯεȻ·Լ¶¥ůģһҲܡ
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ׯεȻ§۾˯
ʱׯεȻҲͦ۵ģʱԺ˯ž
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ҪȥׯεȻѧڿһ߿һ˵λ˵˵ҲȥĻҪ׷ɱҡ
ôءҫЦ˵û˵Ϲ̾Сİץȥ֡
˵˰ׯεȻٺٵЦ˵˵иϹ˲𰡡
Ҿͦ˲İ˵ˣҼٳ˧ϲֶ࣬ҵǿ㾯졣ʮˡ
ҫׯεȻţҲ֪
ͨ󡣡ׯεȻûз¹ѧڿȫ֪֪һ롣
аһȢ˸šҫЦ˵ˣϽԷɣʱָöˡ
ׯεȻߵϣ극ҫׯεȻļׯεȻҲûеңҫϿѧڿȻǱŵģҲǸ顣
ϹׯεȻͻȻѯţʲôʱȥǴã
Ӧߵɡҫ룬ôȥ
˧ׯεȻһҳڿϹ˧
ϲͺãڼҲſ
Ȼ㻹봩˭
ⲻھʱҲҪ𣿡
Ҳǡ
ҫͷׯεȻĲأ
ׯεȻᣬʲôʱȥ
ʱɣʯҾͺˡ˵ˣΪʮ꣬ⲻгҪǳԷ𣿡
أ㲻ҲӦ𣿡
ңׯεȻЦֻЦ˺һ֮˵һ䣬ʱ֪ˡ
ҫ̫ׯεȻ˼
ʱ֪е㲻̫ԣ


388 ǰ
ҫûжʣžϲ˵ʲôһظСʱ֪ˣʮ佱Ҳûмʱ䡣Ϣһ죬ȻʮϢϣԪûĻϢ
ÿ춼Ҫϰࡣ֮ǰ춼Ҫϰ࣬Ϧ͹첻ֵ࣬ҪĻҪȥϰࡣ
׸ûʲôʱţڹ֮һ̵ļڣٿѵģܹšʮʱ䣬ʱĥšԺȥʡ棬˽ڵԪǶʱ䡣Ҳǹ뵽¶Цݡ
ʲôأׯεȻ̧ͷҫôģ
ûҫЦ˵룬·ʮļڣҲϰ࣬Ҫȥʡɣ㲻һֱҪȥǱ𣿡
ׯεȻͷȥһ绰Ҫλϵġ
ȥ쵼ɣǸ쵼ĻҾͺһȥʡ
һ˴ļһ˿ѧڿû˵Ͼŵҫ¥극¥ʱ򣬶Ҫʮһˡ
ҫׯεȻӽĿ˶˯úǰȡ
ڶ죬ҫȥϰࡣׯεȻڼ˯𴲣˵ʲôԣΪů㣬ׯεȻ򿪱䣬óһƿһ߿arxivһߺſ֡
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ﴫһϢׯεȻ֮󣬿ʼҿѧԺϢƺΪѧۣǸ뺯οѧѡ
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ĸ첲ׯεȻŬŬ죬߰ɡ

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ʵ˼æµţͣĺ˶ݣظ顣


393 
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ص׺ϣʣ󲿷ֶǽڵġ̶ȿڵģЩǿ춼ʵңܶȥѯɽڡ
ڡûн͢⿪̫˰ɣƷƪventiones atheaticaeɼˣûܹ⿪͢룬ߵҲһƪĿventiones atheaticaeԼĻ˵ǱӲƳġ
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ҪԼǿˣʦǸһ˿ǰһʦȻ¶ôı飬һǿ˶Բԡ
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ԴҶô˵Цû˵档ĳ֪ʦǸбŵƻЦĳ
١ƺشŶĳ
ĳôһ˲䣬оëȻ


396 Դ
ΪƶëȻжܸȤ֮ʦضоëȻжȤ಻ֻǿһˣ´ʦǸͿ¶ˡ
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ҫׯεȻë׵ԴһЦеӣû˵
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½·ѾϰˣҲǵһθǳԹԱߵǮºƤ˹ΪĳһܵŵıЩҪЦ
ߵĳ߳˵ӺɩһʱʱɩճŸӣʱǸӲԾҪɩӡǾԺ͸һ𣬿϶ҪԹԵġ
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ˣһµĹĳţ½Ա˵ôý㿪Ǵ򲻿𣿡
㵹ǸҴ򿪰Ƶǲ
ˣý򿪰ɣʱûпա½˵껰ֱߣһƬƲʡų½ԶЦһû׷źտܣͷ󺹵ܵƵߣ˵Ұɡ
ŵƽƿǸƿǣš󻹸ƣȥˡ
ׯεȻ˿ãŶҫС˵ҷ˿Ļһ𡣡
⡭ҫ룬ҪһĻҲܲ˰
ҲǣϾҪˣҪһҲܲסǡ˵ׯεȻҡͷûм˵
šҫׯεȻһڣȥæˡ

ɿ֣ҫߵƺϿʼһ¡ׯεȻߵľ̨ϣϣԱߵƣϾҪʮˣϲǰɣ
ƳĬû˵ƺ˼⡣ϲϲûдĺһ񻹲̫̫ׯεȻԱ߿ƣҲû˵ʲôֻô
ׯεȻתͷƣϲĻ֮Ըף˵ʵǸֱУҲˡ벻һ˵пܣԾǸܵܣ˵ĵܵһ
ڣ֪ˡƳĬû˵ãˡ
ƣҪһǶһӣ˵һӡׯεȻĶ˵ǸֱУҿе㶯ģûг꣬ʲô˵ġ֮㲻ʾĻҹҲʲô˵ġ
ƣҪһȲģҪ𡣡
ڣ֪ͷ٣
ֲǵĵ裬ʲô顣ׯεȻЦ˵Ҫһһ¡
ڡ̧ͷһĿׯεȻһһҪһҿҺ֮ûϷɡ
½תͷׯεȻһ˵ŻԱߵ˵ǿɩӺ˵ʲôء
û˵ͷ£½üͷ˵ǸŮô
һ£ĸŮֳŮѸܵǸ
ŶҸ˵ˣҺûпԡı鶼ûб
ǰɣôˣ
ûʲô
½ǵĿС˵ΪûǮԲ̸ŮѰɣ
ûǻ¡ҡͷֻʱ̸˶ѡ
ˡҫתͷˣ˵̸̸ˣ
ỹҪտأúŪտܡ
ӣĲˡ½ʹļ׵˵ôôעֵǵأ
˵С̸˰ɣҫЦ˵һûйϵ
ȿȡ½һⲻǶϴ𣿡
ǰҲϴѰҫ˻֣Щĸ˼ҽءŶ꣬Ŷʮɡ
ĳĬĬԱ£뵽շûõŮѣĬĬ̾Ϣһ
СҼǵڴѧʱŮ𣿡½ͻȻѯʶĳŪöĳһ¡
ҡĳǺˡ
½һ̫˼˵û뵽
ˣϽŪտܰɡҫŪտ֮ʼԱߵͷ󺹵򷿼䣬׼öƽϵݸڴڵĺš
ûкϼڣϾͱˡ
ȥö߽Ŷ߳ƾϿշߵ߳˵ʲôأ
ûʲô˵һ䣬Ǹͦġ
ʵֻڿſ飬ⶼһʱˣûܹ⿪͢롣ͦͷ۵ģ˫۾ֱƣǾСͦģ
ƿһۣһĳǲǲûʲôϵǿһͦģ͹Ҫ
û˵Ĭ߿
ׯεȻԱ˵ôڳԴף
ܰɡЦ˵ܳʲôףҺûϵ
ׯεȻЦһ£û˵
ˣ㻹ûг꣬µʱأȳ֮˵Щɡ
صλϣ½ŷ֣һ
һĪ̫Ϊʲôȥģôǣ


397 ɪɪ
ûʲôƫͷĳŵöĳϵĹ߶Ūˣ˺ü˵ʦ֣ôˣ
ЦʦֵǾУõˡɲҺʦʲôܻǲ֮ģǻʦָһ£СĶ˵ʦ֣ңĴʲô𣿡
ûСҡͷô˵Ūĺܺ£Ͳûûһƨڵˡ
ôֱĶޱ飬·ŭ
ׯεȻľ̨ϣ˵ʲôţǳԴˡ
ҫƫͷһۣĪߵľ̨ϣһ䣬ô°
컹ʦʦܵĽţôͳɳƵġ
ׯεȻЦ˵ղ˵Сͦġ
ơҫƣ˼Сܲ־š
Ҷûʲô˼ϣҾôһ˵ѡ
Ȼȥ˼СҫǴ㵣ׯεȻЩŵģ
ԣȻȥ˼СׯεȻͷҹǳԴˡ
ļٵģ
˵أ
ҫеʲôʱһģ
˵Ƽæ˵׵ģҿǵûһ𰡡
ʲôף
ô֪дʵ˵Բ̫ʹɡ
㵹Ҳô˵˼ɡׯεȻЦ˵ȷʵûпȻôԴס
Ҳû뵽ҫׯεȻߣһţȥˡ
Ʋ죬עһòãһǸδĺӡ
ࡣҫһۣĬĬ촽˵
֧½һӵ۹СڵСҪޣ֪ǵʦˣʦֿܲԾ
Ŀһԣʦ֣ôˣ
Ŷĳãûʲô
桭𣿡ĳܾʦֿ϶ǶʲôûŪʦֵ׶ʲôҲҺ˼Ĳ²⡣һɪɪׯεȻüͷ˰ɣǸ˼СŵöңҲǵġ˼Сǹ
Ҿôһ˵ƺЦ˵˭֪ȻĻԴס
ׯεȻϣŰɣﵽʮˡ
ڴϣҫתͷͶĳ˵Ͻ¡
ſʼ£ĳС£ΪʲôŭׯεȻԱҡͷ˵Сȥʵ̫ˡ
һ̲ס΢΢̣ҲĶûио
ʼտʱҫŤͷׯεȻ˵ţʼտˡ
ŶׯεȻߵҫߣǮºƤ˹Ŷ߳ĳԱߵλϣׯεȻҫơ
ƶ˵Ҫ
ûã῾øԡ
ĳɪɪԱ߶֪ô졣½߰οûعϵġ
ʦ֣˵ղʦΪʲôͻȻôף
˵ʵ½ҲûŪͻȻԶĳôף룬½˵ӣӦòǶף롣
ǣ𣿡ĳЩ̫šûж˵ͷʼĬĬտţʦϱǴѧĽڣʦֿȥλƹϵͦܵģԺ󲻻Ҳһ԰ɣƶ㲻ʶֻǱƭһƿ϶ѡʦΪԴ𣿲ڰɣʦֲӦ˲Ŷ԰
˼õʱ䣬տҪʮҶĵĻȥֻʣҫڼʰţׯεȻ˸һѧڿšͶ֮ûٹ飬ҪʼµĿ⡣úŬ׬Ǯɣţҫڳ̨Ǳϴ롣
ȵϴ֮ߵׯεȻǰţȥϢɡ
ҫһѽׯεȻ򷿼䡣

ҵϵۣҿʲô
ʱڹʮ֣ҵ¼arxivׯεȻƪʯīϩԼһӿʼֵ˵ʵôû뵽ׯεȻʯīϩͨԺʹⶼҺеĽһѾרʵһ˼飬Ҫ֪ⷽ滪вٵרСרͷרڹ⡣ׯεȻƪĲ˶𾪣ר滹֪ҪԵǮ֮ǰЩרׯεȻרȥӺá
˶ţׯεȻȷڼ˯ⲻר⣬пܻŵѧʯīϩ⣬ԵĽʯīϩδҪõһԴׯεȻ⣬Ҳ˵ԺʯīϩϻøӵĹ㷺
ׯεȻ˵׼ŵĿѧҡ
Ϻҫ˺ܾõʱ䣬ڼҫڴ绰ʱׯεȻﵷҡҫҵ绰ݺʰׯεȻ
糿û𴲣ֻͣׯεȻ˯ú죬ҫӵĵ绰½ڵ绰ͷ˵ι
ҫ绰ͷεҫһ£ŻعԺ˵Σ𣿡
ҫׯεȻһµ绰
ҫͷ˯ׯεȻڿܽв˯ء
κׯεȻ˯ʱ򣬿϶ǽвһģüģƺЩͷۡ
ҫ˵ŻׯεȻ§ڻʲôҸ˵ɡ
arxivһƪʯīϩģʵݣڹⶼ顣γ˵ͨѶһ»Ƥ˹Ҫ֪ƪظʵٴΣ᲻⡣
ҫǵõ֮һҪҴ绰
ҫԺ˵ģˣҾص绰
һǿ˵һŵĳɹҲϣⷽκεĲһҪׯεȻת֪𣿡
֪ˡŵҫ˶κģϱʲô˵飬һֻѾһˣþòƽʵ̫ˡϱȻһܹŵĳɹû顣
ͷ˯ׯεȻ¶һ˿˿Ц⡣
ŵԴ顣
ׯεȻ۾ҫԺ˵Ϲôˣ
˯𣿡
ׯεȻ۾ˣϹôˣ
ղθ绰ˡ
ׯεȻһ£θҴ绰ʯīϩ𣿡
ǡ
ҴعȥҺ»Ƥ˹˺ܶεظʵ飬ûκεĴ󡣡ׯεȻĻһ£Ϲ˯һҪһϣµĿύȥ
áҫׯεȻż˯ɣϹ㡣
ׯεȻҫĻ˯
˼Сʱ𴲵ʱҫʼ¥ʱδ绰ȥΡͣһ£˵ʯīϩ⣬Ҹ˵һ£ҺεظʵûκεĴ󡣡
ģγ˵֪ŵٴֱƭ顣
֪ׯεȻ˵Σ㻹𣿡
Ҳǡκ뵽ʲôҲûʲô˲ĵġ
СׯҲ˵ôˣֻҪͺáͣһ£ˣʯīϩˣҪʲô
ׯεȻ˵ҴѿԷɡ
áûж˵ֱӹҵ绰ׯεȻܹὫⷢ
ֻׯεȻ򿪵ԣڵ̺ϡҫ̧ͷׯεȻţδ绰ˣ
ׯεȻͷ˵մ绰ҵøη¿ȥ


398 
ׯεȻϣ극ηϢȥҫ극ׯεȻ˵ţϽȳԷɡ
ׯεȻߵǰ£ҫׯεȻ˵ţҽ绹е飬һҪȥλڼúôšżˣȥѧУ˰ɣ
ȥſӣׯεȻͷҫĿʲôʱؼңȥ˰ɣ
Ϲ֡ҫׯεȻԴȥ참أˡֻһҫׯεȻԴְš
ȷܻܲҴŴ绰ɡ

극ׯεȻʼϣǱߵׯεȻϢȥȵҪ°ʱյʼһ˶ԵЩ㵡ׯεȻĿPNP⣬ѧϵ⡣
õʱ䣬Цҡͷǵ͹ׯεȻˡԭΪһŵĳɹ֮󣬻ϢһʱŶԣû뵽ֱֿʼܹ÷ƶĽĳɹׯεȻٴλ÷ƶĽʣƶĽûƵĻׯεȻÿһηƶĽûκε⡣
ѧҴڰУׯεȻûȥμӣѧᶼġû취ʵĹͷȥ˹ѧҴᡣ
źܶ˶û뵽ׯεȻûȥμӹѧҴΪҪһŵĳɹɡ
صֱ֮뿪
ڷԱߵʦ֣żҪؼ𣿡
Ҫͷ㲻ؼң
ӦòؼҰɡץһͷϾҪѰ͢ˣʱؼң̫ԡ
Ҳǡͷȥˣ
һɫǵͨ죬ûûʲô
ûʲôƣҲûлᰡ첻ȥ˰ɣ
˵ʲôҡͷ˵㿴ǻ֪𣿡
ҲǡҪ˵½ò׼Ҫ˵һＴϲƣҲԻȵʮ֮Ż֡ƲŶĳģ涡ĳûšԱƵĶԻƾô˵һԶĳȤ˼Ҷĳһϡ̫ˣ
뿪ڼ֮ԭһѧУģƷҪ˵뿪С֮³֪ȥˡ
ûͺáͣһ£Ǻˣ
ûءšüͷҲò׼ʲô˼һģɵĻش˵ʲô֮˵ǺӽڵСſߵѧУģˡǲвϲͽ߻Ҫʲô˰
һΪɻȥˣǺͽ߻ѧУ⻰Ҫ˵ȥðѴҵĴЦ
һü˵ˣ˵Ҳա
̬ȷʵ˲٣绰ʲô鶼һʱ绰ţŰ·ݵգĿԺһɡ
绰ƣ񣬵绰û
ư½ôˣ
ʲôڵ绰ͷ˵ˣûȥԷ𣿡
졭ˡСֹţأ
һһǱߺ֣ܳҴҪȥ񣬽绰˯һ㣬˲֪𣿡
һҴ绰𣿡
绰ġС˵˵ˣȥ춫ˡ
áƻû˵껰͹ҵ˵绰ĺæ
תԱߵĶĳ˵ôˣ
ʦ֡ĳС˵ǲˣ
ûСҡͷ˵ʲôģϽȥɡ
ģʦûƭҰ
ƭʲô˵Ͻȥ飬ʦء
ĳһ·Сܣߵҫİ칫ǰƿ˵ʦң
ҫպôϾɫľϣʳеøӳڡšüͷ˵С߰ɣһץˣ֪𣿡
֪ʦĳ
Ʒֻ󣬿Щε˵ʦ֣ҪȥԷɡ
ЦŴƣ绰Էǰɣ
У߰ɣȥԷ
극߽ͼһЩ׺ϣҲ֪ôˡܾںЩ岻ģֵͦĸо֪ʲôݣ˺еʲôûӡ룬ָоЩϡҡ
ȷʵͦõģʲôֶģҲ֪ǲΪûгĹϵʲô鶼ûûбһ¡
룬˻ͦܵģָо֪ôݡ
ˣ֮ʲô˼ɡҪ«ʲôҩ
ϣĿģк˼šʲôҲر֪һֱں˼룬ġ
ӶݲκεĶ˵ҫһ㶼ƣǵʺܽӽҲǳ˧ſϣķӦ˵֮ǰҲǸ֮ûбժ
Ƶͷţһʱ䣬ⶼҪʮˣڲȥ޹ܰҪˡ
ʰöɱŻصᡣ޹ܰûйţص֮ڴϣ׼Ϣֻƣƣ𣿡
ûС˵ţ޹̹ܰˣҽȥͷô죿
Ȼڵ绰ͷЩ㵣æ˵վԭزҪ㡣
ڡ˼һ£档
ƣߣȻͦȫģҲǾ԰ȫˡţ㡣
żʲôƵģˣܳʲô顣Ʊʾ⣬˵̾ȻûˣǡҰɣôţ߳ᣬ޹ܰ̿˵ﻹҪȥ
޹̶ܰƻˣоһѧסܲϤ
ңһе顣
޹ܰҲûж˵ֻһ䣬𣿡
ˡͲˣҪô졣
¥ǰֻǰҲ֪ʲôʱ
һӣŰСʱҵʱ䡣ǰƵĵƹ£ɫľߵǰô£
ϴŽɫû°ɣ
ûû°գ۾˵޹̹ܰˡ
Ҳ˼޹̡ܰ
һ߰ɣȥס´μǵҪ֮ǰ֪𣿡
֪ˡƳ½ţû˵ղźƳʲô飬ƾ͸СβƵģܰġ뿪ǴѧͽԱߵľƵһ䡣
Ͻȥ˯ĴſݸƣתҪ뿪
Ƴ½С˵¡
عͷһ£ʲô
ҾǺ¡
ƵɫԴһžء
ҲҾǺ¡
ȥ·𣿡
ȥ¡
áоúЦ첻µزµСħȻһסƵꡣ·߽ݡƵͷһܺµı飬ܲ˵ʲôôľƵ꣬ܳʲô顣
˫ʪ۾գ˵ҡҽ졭˹£¡
СƵԴ˯Ҵ
˯ţ¡
ȵȵȡţƽȥȥ·ơ


399 
صᣬֳϿ˵ȥˣڻ·ֳϺܲؿһɻ˵׼ȥ˯
ˡεЦһ£ϱװ˯ɣһе飬ȳȥһ¡
ȷֳϴ˵㲻̸Ů˰ɣ
ûаŶֳ˵һе飬˯ɡ
˵֮ֱ뿪ᣬšֳϿ뿪Щɶĺͷԣоֵͦġ
ûǽر֡ô˵أղŴ˸绰֮󣬸ջصλûüϢֱӾ뿪ˡڻصᣬֻϱװȥصģֱֳ̾ϾܲԾ
Ը˵ҲͲˡ
۾ֳϺܿ˯ˡƵǰµݰť¥÷šƿŵʱ۾ﶼѪ˿
̾Ϣ˵ⶼҪˣ㻹˯
˯ϣһҲûƿƣƱ壬Ͻȥ˯
Ŷɿ֣аϲȻûƿ
ڴϣϾƵţɳϣźǷüĿ¶ƣ̬СƣϽ˯ôˡ
Ҹղ£˯š
ء
㲻ڴ˯
ˣϽ˯ɡ
ðɡı۾Ǳûбƿκģһ˯ˡʱԺ߽䣬һͷײĺϡϴתЦŶ˵ôˣ˯Ժˣ
ƱĻ䡣
û˵Ʊš
˺һӣ˶Ĭ̧ͷɫǵͨ졣
ǸСơ۾һգգĿƣ˰ʱ䣬˵ҡһе飬ȥ
̧ͷգ۾㶼ҡ
̧֣Ƶĺ󱳣˼£Сƣԣȥϰˣỹ顣ҡϢʱ绰
ƭҡ
ſʵͨ죬ϲ϶ϲϲĻҲǵôͨ죬ͷǷŹ
ţƵֱһ뿪䡣Ҳ֪ΪʲôƱʱر죬쵽඼ҪĿƵġûйĸܣֺǣͺǸðƵġ
ڳϣϣָоƽϢˡ
칫ңֳϰһߣüŪ۵˵Ͽ𣿡
һ㶣˵ʲôأߣȥᡣ
УֳϿǺ쵽ڻû˵֪Ͽ϶Ǿʲô顣֪֮Ǳ˭ժ¡
ƻصѧУ칫ҡ̧ͷƣŬŬ죬Է𣿡
ճԹ
˵϶ˣ뿪ˣ
ϣ˵һ䣬ûкʲôɣ

룬˵ʦ̸֣𣿡
Ĭã̸ܹ𣿡
ѧû̸Ϊѧϵѧÿ춼ôУôûǸ;̸ׯи˵̸ˣæ̸ʲô飬ͺ޹ء
ұһûаƿ
дŶһ£̧ͷֵؿƣң
ʦʲôأֻǵıһ£Ȼ˯ھƵĴϣ˯ɳ
Ŷһеϲɣš
Ҽǵɣڶʮˣȷһ𣿡
ѣ˵Ҷˣǰû̸
аɡͷ˵Ҳ൱ˣû̸Ҫʮչ¡
ΪʲôСүףס
ŰɣǸԸʲô鶼šǾ׼һӾͺˡ
룬ڵĻпܱһӣУСүģ˭
Ҳôˡ˵ʵҸ˾ðɣ㱧ûоܾ㣬Ѿ˵ˡҲϲͱʲô֫Ӵˣ㱧ûƿ㡣Ǿ֤ʵų㱧Ǹͷ
šͷʦ˵úе
Ȼе͸ϽĿɡЦ˵໥ϲҲõȵ֮ɣʵʵĿ⡣
һǲţ׵Ļ׻᲻ܣܵĻͻȻеܡ
˺ܾõʱ䣬Ҳ֪Щʲô飬ͷʼ⡣

ʱһξ͹ȥˣׯεȻʯīϩı飬רҲˡѾʼ˼ϿʼʯīϩһĶ˼ŸׯεȻһǮׯεȻ׼ǮͶ뵽ʵһЩ豸֮ģ·ݵҡ
ƻ˯һ˴ڿյرҪ˯ؼң˵ȥˡһ˻ڽڵİ칫⣬ɻûܹ⿪͢롣Ϊʲôôأ
˼˺ܳһʱ䣬Щ벻ʱ䣬һпվ͸绰ĳҳǰֱʦָϡ
ڵ绰ʲôû˵ôĬţû˵Ʋ̫ʲô˼ʵҪ˵ʲô˵ڡԭͲǸóԴǵˣ˾ڵ绰ﻥ˵һЩ顣
ߵߵߵ飬ű죬ߵǰһѽŴ򿪡վ⣬ǼɫľǲɫľԼɫƤЬſʵһ˿ƣЦŶ˵Сƣտ쵽ˡ
졣ŬŬ죬ɡ
ˡЦţһе飬Ҫ죬ҿˡ
㣬ûʲôҪĶҵʱɣ
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һûһĿģͻȻ˵һƵķˡ
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һҫһϢúóԷ˯Ҫæһӵʱ䡣
ҫׯεȻţһϴ˯˯ذɣׯεȻ޶š
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áϵðȫׯεȻŶʯ˵ɨҫǲμжɣǺŻʲôģ᲻رײУ
ʯ¶һ˿Ц⣬ȥһЩмׯİɣʲôŻҲġ
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ȷʵҫоİһڵŻҪҵׯεȻǾǳԶҩ
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ڼԣֻһׯεȻѾòµô⿪͢ģһ֣΢΢̣Ȼƾġ
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ҫϣüġԱߵͷžڣӣЩҲ̫ˡ
½ͷ۵òУΪذĹǸɳԱǹǿ֮ͻһڵʱ䡣
ӵʷǳӣʵļذĳԱڼӰӵ£ҫ׼ȥˮֻЩɻʱ̧ͷŵʱ䡣
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ι˭
ҫ𣿡̫˱Եʡ
ҫص˵˭
˭ҪĲ˵İȫ𣿡
ҫû˵ҲûбֵżֻǰԷ˵ŻȻҫׯεȻһʲôܣܶ˶֪ô󣬲˶ҫһֱׯεȻһġ
ҪԷ֪١
ҫĳĬԷ˵Ĳ˵
˵ɣʲô顣ҫʾԱߵԱλ˵вң
Էƺ̫˭˵ԷŻûĵϸ
ׯεȻƵȻϺܶ˶ܹ󲿷˶ֻǿЦΧܿٵ飬ǶԷӦûûΧϹעǶûôΧׯεȻķ˿Ҳһһ㣬ҫķ˿ҲֻмʮֲǾ¼Χĵʱ׿ٱȶȡ
ԷǻûׯεȻΧԲŻô˵ġ
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˵ʲôĸ飿ҫ׼ʱ䣬ԷϵĹҵ绰
鳤Աҡͷ˵ʱ̫̣ûüȷĶλ͹ҵ绰ˡ
ˡҫ˵Ǵ绰˵һСһ㡣Է׼ҪЮңҪЮҵĻԱߵĺԷɵӣԲҪЮ֪ĸоֵľֳҪЮʲôЦ˭ҪЮôҪЮ
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ݸͷĬĬ²ţûпݡ˵ô춼ûڼĿݡƴԿתţֱӲͨɳĵ绰
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ѾʼˣҪһеԣׯεȻܹס϶᲻һеİׯεȻ;̸

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ׯεȻֻҡͷġƵ˺üΣûʲôĿǰûͶ壬ĸʽ֮ģׯεȻġҲǵһθInventiones Mathematicae֪ĸʽôд
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ġׯεȻֲ˼񣬡Ǿʱڲ⣿
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ѧ˵ͷſ⡣

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403 
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ׯεȻλã˵ǰܣǲ׵ġϰϵϴɫ˵ȥҲȺ첻
ϴ󡣡黺˵Ҫҫķ뷨ȷʵܺãҲȷʵܰûһֿܡ
ʲôܣϴһбҵͿʼСӣҲΪͷټϲƱ˱ŵλáҲǧȲҫŵǸʲôλãҪϴһ£Ǳ˵ǰˣǿҫŶһޱѵ顣
ǸҫšС˵ҿŵϣѧԺԺʿ֮ǰڵʱFBICAIӣ˲š¹һúñнӽĻᡣ
Ҿǽӽ˵ǰ̷ءüģҸ˽飬ϴǱȥλڡ
ĵλܸߣҿ˵ǱߵսҲķݶ
˵Ҫǰˣ᲻ֲӣ˵ʱϴ
ϴû˵Ĭȥҫźһǳ˲ãҲǵˡǣҪĻһҪʲС
뵽ӣĲܰڻӦÿԽӽɣϾôȫ
ǣϴûİֲץǵĻл·𣿡üģǰλϴǳвúѧϰ̫׿ѧҶڹҵҪԡȻҲӴĿѧң͹⿴ׯεȻǧһ󴮵֪ǵġ;û鷳ȷǿ϶кܴ鷳
ֱӳ֣ϾǲشоĿѧҡƽʱҲв˱ɣɻ᲻ܱ߻вֱפ
ǵ˴Żûпλڣͱӻǹ˸ץס˰ɣҲǵ֤ݣϾ·ͥɡ
ϴ󣬾Բа뷨ֱ˵ΪǸûбҪȥ
ΪʲôϴǺܲ⣬Ϊʲôȥҫţо־ֳĶӣ¡־־ֳĶϱܰסĻ˵ܹ
ϴ󡣡̾ϢһҲҪֹҪߵ˲ǾľǹģȷĿ԰ܳ𣿺ãǰ֮ܳأǿѧԺԺʿļ˶ǹ⣬ҲбԵжġȷҪôû黹ãиֵ̣µֵһСģλʲô⡣ȫᰡϴ취ܳǧȥǸڡʱΧǵĲǾǾ
ô˵ҫſɱҪˣ
ô⣬վڹҵĲϣҫűҪܶࡣ
ϴʼ֣Ȼܶţô죿
취ɡ˵ǸҲܶǸƾҫŵѧܹҵԱļвһЩ
ϴĬû뵽һžȻôѣû뵽ġ
ϴ󡣡˵Ҫôȡ뿪ǰɡ
ܹϵ뿪
ϴĬõʱ䣬Ǹ߽űԱߣûмȺƣǸоļ֮֡ǰҫȥвƣҫţҫŵѧȥвҲɵӣҫ˵ȥܻϵѰ·
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뿪˵ҿܻܲ
һɽڲûաϴ󷢷裬Ҫȥ˼ҹĽڣǲѰ·
ڣϴȻ裬ôȰûֱһҪȥܡ
һ㣬ûȫȥ
ϴϵһֵܣǲҪǴѧ
ϴͷȷʵˣǴѧʲôĺ˵ġµȺ˿ȥЩҪǱסҲᱻۡһֱڲ֮ǰİӣֻΪʱ֤ܶݶڸǡǴѧ֣ǲþӿٶȲǣ
뵽ϴ˴绰ȥ
ȱҶɡ
ϴⶼȺõˡ
ȻϴǸӲ٣Ҳ֪û֤֮ǰץþļвҲʱѣҲȥӵܹȻûа취ذ鳤ļԱļҲļûҲ˵İ취˵֤֤֮ġ
ô˵ȥǴѧ鷳²ߡ
뵽ʱϴţô࣬Ȼ
ǡСܹҵ绰֮ûа취ֻȻȥԭѾȵˡû뵽ֲȥץǸ˶һ֮û˵ʵʵĻȥǲ֪ϴһʲôİš
ϴֻ֮󣬳û˵ǰţ֪Щʲô
ϴ󣿡߹ϴת壬˵˵ڲ᲻ڹ
ô궼û飬ڳһذ飬ôȫˣôôò̫ԡ
ϴ󡣡ͣһ˵ȷʵпڹ̬ڹҪץҪܷͷ
ǰ˹֮󣬻֪ܻܲءϴϰϣ˫ۣ·顣

ҫߵҫǰˮһھͽˮꡣ
˵ǻ᲻֣
Ӧòᡣҫ˵Ҹ˵ˣСһЩҲ֪˱ʯֱ֮ǰ϶ڶӦûġοǱ߶úܽȺҪѡҲ룬Ҫѧѡһɡ֮ǰƲ͡
ǰšüͷǴѧѡһܣΪڣ϶Ҫȥ˵ģ˳㽫£ҲǲܵġԷ֪ǵݣܴ˵ļаܣϾ˵ĸףҲܲˡ
֮⣬ֻҽҽھǣǵûôҲ˵Ŀֻϡ
أҫǰڳ˼Ĵ˸磬Ҫ裬⹫أ
̫ܡҡͷҾûŪǾ͡Ļûм˵ȥ
ǵǲץκһġҫҡͷöԵ׿˺üʱ䣬ռٵ֤ݣǹؼʱ򡣲ǰԵץԱҲܸ֪ж֮ǰ˵˭Եס
Ҷҫļ򣬡Ҫн˰ɣ
ˡҫ¶һ˿Ц⣬ʮĸǿȹҫͷ۵УϾҪ
ҫЦһ£ѹǰɣ


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϶ġҫױʾôܲôöûмǵԱ˭
Ҳ֪ʲô
ҫׯεȻûкúóԷú˯æ
ܶ࣬Ц뿪ˣҫһôõʱ䣬ʱûг嵭ҫϲԽԽˡ
ô˵أǾģɷ
̧ͷתѾڡҫЦһƶ϶Ҳҽ˸صң黹ͦƣġ
žžҫ֣˵һ㣬ϾҪ֤ȻǾͿʵʩץҲûжõʱˡ
˵ͣһ£֪ҶˣܺĿܾͻǵļˣһ㣬

ׯεȻصҹʮ·ݵɻУڵ̺ϣűһߺһ߿ֻƺʲô顣ôãûпʼʣʲôطأвͣ˼ţǾʲôط̫ԡ
ôôأׯεȻ򿪵ԣʼ׺ϡʲôط̫Ծɣһϣһŵ׸ô⡣
ԣǲԡûҵķׯεȻͣڹָšüͷס
׻ʲôطأʲôطûأ
ڿɳǣׯεȻüġҫʮ춼ûлˣׯεȻÿ춼ѧУ극ŻؼҡҲûдɨ䣬׼ҫ֮ڴɨˣׯεȻţǵȥѧУʱȥ˼ɡڣҪú˯һ
صԣ¥ϵңһһŹPNP顣õʱ䣬ׯεȻûͨʲôطвأԣǲԡׯεȻûͨʲôطڴϣ۾˯š
ȥһڴϣҫҲؼҡⶼˣǲؼҡֻҫ⼸ƻæƽʱҪ绰⼸绰ûиʱ촽ׯεȻͷҫһϢȥ
ʱҫڻƵĻңüͷű档ԱͶرҲʮ꣬һľͺŶʮꡣҶƣΪӣʮ춼ûлؼҡ
ҫֻΪæ˼ҪؼҡõһΡʮʮʱ䶼ûлعңÿ춼ڶûûҹæš
ߵߵߵҵĴű죬ҫüƣ˵ɡ
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ġͷǱߴϢǱߵϴƺüвǣ׼ֱ뿪ǶĹ˽Ӧ
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ͷֻϢ㷢Ϣ
ҫֻһۣȻׯεȻϢ
һۣׯεȻһϢæ顣
峿ׯεȻڴܺö춼ȥˣûҫǲ̫ϰߡ
ϴ֮뿪ңʯų
ׯڣϺá
ϺãʯׯεȻڳϣ۾һһ⡣
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ƵѧᶼˣҪֱˡׯεȻͣһ£üͷúܽʯЦ˵ǰ컹˵ǳѣһµ⣿
÷룬ܹ⿪룬Ǻпܻ÷ƶĽġճһ˿Ц⣬ĿǰׯεȻƻǷǳģȻʱȷʵǻСħһһģϣׯεȻġûѧʿҵϾҪֱҲڣÿû¶ͼݣ׼ȿ׺ϣΪ÷׼
˵ҸĿ̫ˣ
ô˵ʯ˵˵ΪܿԲŸĿ⡣
֮ǰԹ˼䣬Ӧöͼ￴׺ϡģǶԷҪ֣ҵͬҲһʱƵġңǵõϢԷ׼·׼Ըذļʯһ߿һ˵ׯڻǲҪġ
֪ׯεȻͷ
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ټİ칫ҳ⣬ûˣԵЩյ
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磡Ŷߵ칫Σ򿪵ԣׯεȻűʿʼʡ
̧ͷڣԭҪģǿŽڱߣ뿪칫ҡεİ칫ңθ֮ܶࡣԭѧϵελׯεȻģϧׯεȻҲûֱƸɡ
ÿ춼۵øһûпʼĿ⡣
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𣿡ׯεȻЦţҽһĿ⣬ЩûͨƻС
ʯûм˵ųǰׯεȻţصңóϺ˲٣ڵ̺ϣ򿪵ԡ
׺ϣֱ賿Źص¥
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ӣ˶ץסˡ
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ҫЦ˵ôһ䣬˵˵ЦЦһǰΪԵʣʱЩģҫ³Գ½˵½ҲؼҺúϢֵǣҪǲڣȷһ£þȥڼ˯һȥȫ֮󣬴ŻһȽϳļڡ
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ׯεȻЦŻش𣬹˯ŵʱؼҵġ
ѧУׯεȻĿ⡣ҫ˯ģׯεȻ͵ѧУȥˡ¥ϴ꾯ոµľɹáŸׯεȻ绰ȥţҽϿҲץˣѶǣһЩҪ
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߰ɣȥǸϴ󵽵ô˵
ҫߵѶҡյѶǰԱŭҸ㣬ڹҲԸ㶨ǲգһ֤ݡ֤֤ڣǸһᣬ̹״ӿܴϡϣ
ҫƿţСŷôˣ
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ɡƿţ˴ɫľüŵ˲ĿЦ˵ҺҲˣ鳤ԡ
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衭ϴķӦܼңζ뵽ֵ׽龹ȻǾ졣
ʱ䣬ԭϴΪеıû뵽ȻԵסԭһֱڻ飬ʵ̫ôκ顣Ҳذ֮󣬺ܶԱץѣſʼ顣ԭǰ׼뿪ģǱƣҪ취뿪Ϊɣ˼ʱ䡣
ԭⲻʲô˵飬û뵽ӣʱ侹ȻΪ˸Ӵץ
ţ·ҪԵ̻һ㡣
Եڵ˵˰ɣҰ˵
㡭ҫϴɫӵĴߵˣûпڡ
Ϊʲôáôϲ㣬ΪʲôҪңã
Բ𡣡˵Ǿ죡
ˣţ޼ء
㶼Ҫýˣ֡ץסѾˣϴ˫۾һգգĶԵס
ź˳ķ֤ݡ
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˳Ĭ˰Σѣһ졣
Сã㿴˰ɣѡϹȿȿȡ˵ȫ˵
˵ģ˵˵ģ˵Ҳûá
ҵһ;㲻ԣСܾǸĻϲ㡭ģҾ֪϶Ծ
û˵ϴ˵ҪСţͰˡ
һǸӡ
лл佱ҲλԵͷҲûϴʼɡ
СأСأ
ѶңҪΪ鸶ۣҲǡ
ģģӽСþΪ˲ϰǰɣ
ٳĬ˺ܾõʱ䣬ȷʵϲҸ֪ץסǣܶԵ·
Բ𡣡̾ϢһΥ飬վҪ۵ģ˭
ҫڣ˵ɣǲ˵ġò񫣬ߣˬٽ
㲻˵ʱҲ˵ġ
ߵߵߵ
ҫתţһŮƿţ٣ŮʿҪ㡣
üģ㻹˰ɣҲã˶á
ҪСô
ϴǾ֣Ťͷϴ࣬ʲô
ˣʲôʵʵ⡣
иҪ󡣡
ôҪ󡣡ϴ˵ʵ㣬⡣
ҪСãûмҵСãʲô˵
žҫӣ˼Ҫ󣬶ٸܸܵĸûмԼĽúŮΪʲôҪ˵ȥϴã˵þͲǰɣ
˵ģȻ㲻˵Ǿͱ˵Ǿţʲôʱ򿪿ڣʲôʱ˵
ҫ򿪾ڿţôϴ


406 ӽ
ׯεȻеıʣԱߡŬдſ⣬վߵߣׯεȻѯʵ
ڣ̧ͷׯεȻ˵ʲô𣿡
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Ҳûôæֻ֣ǽڣ߻ЩûŪ
ׯεȻףҽѧڵĿβ̫࣬һ°ɡ
æͷ˵õĽڡ
ׯεȻ˵ʵ벻绻һӣȥһЩ顣Ҫ̫ţǼ⡣
֪ڡ
֪ͺáׯεȻ΢΢ףĶҿ
ǡݸֽݸׯεȻӹĲݸֽׯεȻŲݸֽõʱ䣬û˵˰֮Ŷ˵ͦģٶҪӿһЩ
õĽڡĵͷʾ֪Ӧüӿٶȡ
ļׯεȻЦû˵ת⼸Ҫڼо⣬ʲôǵøҴ绰ĻҲҼҡ
ׯεȻ뿪󣬿յķֻʣ
ϣһ˵ĲҲͷˣµľǽھòãͷǳˡڽھòͷ⡣˸ɾʦܶѾʼֱˣҪٲŬʦܶʿҵˣŸտʼʿ
ԭоҲˣ뻹Ƕ격ʿãҪܹǴѧǵȻ飬û֮һ

ƴͼ뿪Щһ׺ϣҲ֪ʲôʱԭڶѾǴѧҪΪǼһﻹûлؼң춼ڼˡ
߳ͼݣĵӦƵ̧ͷžվǰɵЦס˵ϵĳ嶯ڻв˶ͼѧϵϵѧѧϵϵڵĿγһʼͱȽѵԵʣѧǸûʱ飬ÿҵҪ޳ˡ
Ѿв˶ʼڣΪʲôҪǴѧѧϵϵȻ˵ȷʵǳãѧϰǿȸоȸҪѡ
̫ˣʵ̫ˣÿ춼вѧУɡУ̳֮ĵط̫ˡ
ߵߣ쿴ȥģ㻹֪ҪҰ
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Ҫһϴ
áЦһѽƱţ߰ɣȥϴ衣

ׯεȻ򿪼ţſһ˫͹ƤЬһ֪ҫڼңׯεȻڲ輸ϣת¥Ȼҫ˯úܺáչȥҫҫһѽڻţôͻؼˣ
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ׯεȻЦţҫܿ˯ˣԱߣҫľͿӣׯεȻʰõ¥µϴ»¡ڲ輸Աߵĵ̺ϣʼ⡣
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·ȥׯεȻ˯𴲻Ͼҫţǿ𣿡

šҫׯεȻһ£ѹϡ
ǺܾûкҫǸԭҫڵ磬ŷŹׯεȻڰ˯ѵʱҫһֱѹϣȫѹҫǲͣ
ҫˬ¥ʼׯεȻׯεȻҫڵ۵СڴϣһҲ붯
÷ҫ¥ţЦŶׯεȻ˵ţóԷˡ
㿴ҵӣ´Է𣿡ׯεȻһԹҫҫЦеһѽׯεȻţҪȥ漸ɣ
ˣһڼءׯεȻҡͷ㿴ʱܲ٣ȥʡǱ߲ر䡣
ҫĵͷһûȥʡء
ȥɡ
¥ҫׯεȻöر嵭ΪׯεȻڣҲ֪ׯεȻڲ̫ܳؿڵġ
ׯεȻ극оһԱׯεȻԴׯεȻļ˯
ֱϸóԷʱҫſʼ˳극ͦģׯεȻ⡣ҫʲôû˵һׯεȻ
İӰˣ
ˡҫӹׯεȻĻˣ
ûǲƳˡׯεȻҡͷ㣬ҪƳ£Ҷ֪ô͡
µģǱԵء
ׯεȻûм˵ż㡣ҫֻڿǽζҿ˭㷢Ϣ㿴ô𾢡
ҫֻǶ˵һȤׯεȻͷдģҫЦֻ˵
ֱׯεȻ˯ʱְׯεȻ˺üΣֱ賿ĵŷŹׯεȻ
극ׯεȻ⡣
ׯεȻ˵еɻ񶼲Ҫ⿪ˣЩòرټϼӴԵʣֱҫϰûȫ⿪⡣
ҫϰ൹û֮ǰôæµȻвٵİӣҲҪһµʱ䶼ڰ칫ﲻؼҡ
ؼңżһʱ䲻ؼҡ
תۼʮ·ݣιһׯεȻĽȣׯεȻشĿҪˣֻǻһЩûʮµ׵ʱܹ⡣
κܷׯεȻׯεȻPNP⣬Ͷ嵽Annals of MathematicsԼActa MathematicaģҶڲ²ׯεȻʲôʱܹ⿪ѧͼϵ⡣
ܹ⿪ĻA.M.ͼ齱Ƿǳȵġ
ҫ⼸컹ǱȽİӴ֮󣬴Ϊγһٹ̵ڼţǵΰò٣õ̾ĻҲ˲١ҫÿ׼ʱ°ׯεȻׯεȻÿ춼⣬ҫׯεȻдЩʲô
ԹΪ⣬ʱ٣ܶʱ򶼲ڣڵһͻȻȥ⣬˵ʲôˡ
ҫʱ˳һ䣬ţƲʲô⣬ұԹ˵ƶȣǶԿ쳣ġ
ׯεȻһ£̧ͷҫôˣ
ǡҫͷ˵ǸһʱͻȻȥ⡣
飿ׯεȻɵˡҫţûôȻʵ̫ˡ
Ǹһȥ⣬ʲôĲ
ҲʲôĿ⣬ǡһԻ÷ƶĽĿ⡣ҹ굽ʱɡׯεȻͷ˵ʱ䣬Ҳż
ҫҡͷţ˼Ƹס˰ɣ˵ʲôӱϡԭǽҪƵģȥͼݣ֪ܼܲĸĸءҲ֪ĸĸʡö궼ûл
ʱҲ
Ҵƴ绰ɡ
ҫŷ˷ڲϣȳԷţĿΣ
ɡ
캮ضׯεȻ޲ÿڼҲȥΪԵʣûзɺζٸ绰ХǰׯεȻܲʪʵûţҫ˵뵽ˣŹǰһʮļڣҪȥʡɣ
ðׯεȻĵ˵ļٵģ뵽ˣ
ġҫׯεȻԴŰ֮ʲô⣿
ȸϵĿɣҪѧͳһۣȸ֡ׯεȻ˵顭ɣҲһ͵ġƻڵϲ١
ҫû˵ֻЦţĹׯεȻ
극ׯεȻƴ˸绰ȥ
ڵѧУͼռλáܿգϱѧϰԶԶ飬ʵ̫ˣôڷż٣ϱҪǴѧͼݿġһȻɣϱǲǶʧȥȤֲǣѧϰ֮⣬ÿ춼ڲѧϰʱ򣬸ˡ
ƵԱߣһС˵ڿš뵱ҲǾУУݣ׷أΪϱռߣϱһۡ
˿׺֮⣬дĿ⡣ĺۣҾȻûһѧ׺ÿ
һУ겢СͼΪϾҪԣͼݵԽԽࡣĿͼݵ˴ûжٱΪΪ˵ܶΣѧ֮ǰͼ˻ܶ࣬ۿһ¡رģҪǷ̤¹֮ģϱô죿С첲Сȵģܲӵ
ܲģֻܽϱỹȥԵů͵Ķɡ
ó嵭һСϲŰϱһϣϱȵܵͼݿ顣ֱˣ
ţƵֻš
ƴѧ̫רģûⴥƣһ¶̧ͷʾŪһʲô
ϱֻ˵ᡣ
ֻһۣԱߵѧһֲƣǴŵѧϰԵʡ
ֻζǲ˼Цţ˼ˡ
߰ɡ
һʱ䣬ǻؼһ죬һǴ糿ŵӵյ賿ĵӲŻؼҡ
Ƶ˯˺þõʱ䣬ؼҵ
صңͰ˺ܾòŷŹơ
뿪ͼݣư½ڣʲô𣿡
ƣ˵һֱ⣿
ǡֱۣɡ㹻󣬵̲סøһЩ
㻹ʱ䣬ôŵ𣿡ׯεȻ²ţҫ̫ˡ


407 Ͷ
˵ƿɾĲˡȷʵׯεȻĿ̫ף÷롣ûкͽڿأǽ
ڡָӽһЩʮָۡῪ𳵣Ƶ𣬵ῪԭҪ򳵵ģڻҪ򳵣ǽʱڿҲ١
Ҿȷʵе̫˰ɣ
𣿡
ˡС˵Ŀǰûꡣ
ȻҼƻ֮꣬ҲôżϢʱҲϢúǼҵһɡֻҪܹ֮ͺá
ǡԥ˵ڣPNPǲǿҪˣ
ɣʣһ㸴ӵļ⣬µ׾ꡣ
ƵһڣҼǵǴʮ·ݲſʼʵģٶȡҲ̫˰ɡ
Ҵ·ݿʼռϣֱ10·ݲſʼ֣úܿ𣿡ׯεȻͣһ£˵ˣҲ˵ˡ
գ۾ͣ½Ų̧ͷίͰ͵Ŀðɣڡ
ҵ绰˵ôϱ
ҪµĿˣ⻹ʱء֪϶ڵģ뻹ͦġڵĿ⣬Ҳǰʱ䣬Ҫüʱ䣬ңңڡȻҶ˵ѧ̻ʵĽӰˣʵϡͽڵĲǲɳԽġ˵ˣҲͱѣŵĻֻǸƽˣ˶ѡ
ˣɩӡȷʵȾ󲿷˶
һɽѧɾġ
ôȥԻòã
ððͻȻѪЦеƵԴ˵ǱƵıָ𾪵ˣû뵽ƾȻΪһٻܴ򷢵Ҳ֪Ʊʵûж׷󣬵һٻƸ˳ҲǿЦáðϱУΪһٻͰϱƭˡ
ȥԷرĿġҪúϢһʱ䣬ٲܺڵʱͻȻȥ⣬ǻᱻסּڡ
ҵ绰ׯεȻҫ˵绰ˣӦûϢһӡ
ҫׯεȻԴţȥɣҲҪһ顣
áׯεȻĬĬĸҫ󣬻صңů˲һׯεȻ⣬ҫдϣڡ
ֻɳɳɳǱʼӴֽŷ̨ԣһ̨ׯεȻһ̨ҫġ
˵ĵԶɢŵɫâׯεȻ̫ҿҫЩΪӱȽСԵʣЩѪģĳͻᵣüجΡ
˶˵ش̽ĶӦǶ֮ķǳ츳ģ絹Ǻ츳ҫҲ͡ɣˡЩƬͺëȻͲҶҲͻȻǣ˵Ҫ֮ġ
Ͳʺְҵо֡оǳ֣ã
ҫţƫͷׯεȻƺڳڿСҫǴЦݣϱֵǿġҪû飬쿴ϱſֵܹһʱ䡣
Ųץʱ䣬Ҫϱд֮Ŭ飬ܺϱȥΡѾӦϱˣҪǲȥΣϱ
룬ǲϱʧúúõɹʱϱȥһˣ˵Ҳûȥʡֻ˵Ǳ߲䡣
ϣҪ賿ʱҫͣ±ʣԱߵׯεȻ˵ţôˣϢòã
ׯεȻͷʾϢ
ҫϴ裬§ڻ˯
һֱڶϴҫȥϰ࣬ׯεȻڼ⡣
PNPѧ翴ׯεȻ⿪ֻʱ⣬ׯεȻһķarXivѧڿ϶ǻǻȻ󲨵ġ
ҫ칫ңԱ׷ʺá
һһӦ칫ºûĹ
ʦĳ߽칫ңһˮ
ҪͽˡĳŤڶ棬ҫЦ˵㻹Դأ
ûУҾ;ʦܿ϶Ҫŵ
˭ŵҫͷĳ㿴ݲϡ
ĳŲڿţҫѯʣҲһͽܣ˵иʦܲͦõ𣿡
ǵҲǡĳٺٵЦ˵ʦ̫ˣʦܻᱻס
㰡ĳҡҡͷ˵Ҫ˵ʲôʵ
ûûʲô
ûʲô
ҫɲŶĳĹӾ֪϶ʲôҪ˵ֲ˵
˵ɣʲô飿
ʦǲǵϴǾµǸŮԡ
źߣҫͷ˵ʮһ·ǸӵŮ߶԰ɣ

ôˣ
⼸Ҵ绰飬Ҷ˵ˣ˵ʲô
ҵǲˣлġ˼ҺôҲʦ䲻㰡
ǣ˼ָյģֻҪʦ
Ҫȥʦ˵һ£
𡭡ûмʦƣʦǴܹг⼸СʱѧˣؼгߣֻԱ߸ͣǲҪȥпͷ
˵ɣСӣǲǶ˼˼
ʦ㿴ô׷˱ȽϺã
⡭㻹ǱҰɣʳ½ȽϺáҫ֪ô׷ׯεȻģôϡͿģ׷ˡ
׷ȷʵû̫ľṩǰλͽܡ
ʦĳС˵ı˵ʦҪ⿪ʲôˣϿġ
ʲô
͡һʲôɣ˵Ǹܻһ˵ʦϾҪ⿪ˡ
һЩҫüͷ𣿾Ϳʼı˵飬˵Ĺϵкܴ𣿡
ûûҲ˼ʦ
˼ǣ
ҡҵ˼ǣʦ

ĳŲϷɿ뿪칫ңҫҡͷϵĹ
ׯεȻڼеļ㶼ϴarXiv⿪PNP⣬ǹڵʱһµԭarXiv׺ϵ˲١Ѿʼв飬Էʱ򣬶ĳߣұǳ½ҫҶĬĬԷһֻˢΧ
˵ǴѧǸϯׯεȻ⿪ǧ֮һPNP룬ϴarXiv
˵Ǹ⿪ǧ⣺-׶˹Ժ϶BSD롢룬ѧ⣺°ͺղǸׯεȻҿܿף
ѧȨĺòãׯĻΪֹûһҲмʮƪɣȫSCIڿģΪֹûκһƪдһǺׯģ
ӦÿԻA.M.ͼ齱ɣǲ֪ׯ᲻ȥȡ֪ԭǶġ
һǺ𾪣еǵʵڲͬһ磬Ҳ̫˰ɣ
ֹ̫ˣҾôʵֲ̫ˡ
PNP֮ǰлһŵʯīϩɹǴ𣿡
ϢйȻǲһ
ؼĲλн22𣿡
ȵȣв23𣿡
ܴн꣬ˣ
ƪǲ´лͶĴ󶥿еһ
SceNatureҲ˵
Ĵ󶥿Ļ֮ǰиAnnals of MathematicsActa MathematicaͶôҲֵIiones Mathematicae˰ɣ˵Iiones MathematicaeһֱׯûбôҲչһڿɡ
ҵ˵Iiones MathematicaeԽԽͣԴӴе֮󣬴ͶԽԽѡкͶҪǳߣܶǰܹIiones Mathematicaeĸӣڸˡ
Ҳ̫˰ɡ
ĳֻҫ˵ȥҶʦ
ҫһ£תͷĳ˵ʲô


408 Ӽ
ʵҲûʲô˵ʦʲôˡĳֻݸҫֻҫһۣûм˵ⶫ˵ʵѾ̫ܶˡ극뿪ʳãҫĳµʱҪ棬Ҳص칫Ҽ¡
ׯεȻڼn֮ûʲôҹŽµĿύȥԭҪȸ⣬Ҫύȥˣû뵽ͻȻ绰
Σʲô𣿡ׯεȻЩʱ㣬θ绰ǲʲôҪҪ˵
Сׯһ˰칫ңе˵һ¡
áׯεȻףһ¡
ׯεȻ·ʯ˸绰ȥŵʱʯųȴׯεȻ
ڳϣׯεȻɻʱ䣬ȥ칫ʲôѲΪûиѧϿε⣿֪ģ⣬ûʱѧϿΡׯεȻĲ²ţʲôŻôżлѧУ
ʯҲû˵ׯεȻͻȻȥѧУҲơѧУ֮ׯεȻεİ칫ҡǣεİ칫ʱֻһˣһλžװУȥݼ㣬߻һűװˣׯεȻЦ˵Σң
СׯˡܵλУרġ
ңׯεȻŴ̾װУɻ˵Уʲôרң
ãׯڡУЦŶׯεȻ˵ģһĿҪ롣
һڹƼĿ
˵˵ׯεȻУϣ׼У˵˵ʲôĿλУλ糾͵ģǲǵˣ˵ǹĿĻǲûжٹеĿ
ǴлʡģвٵĹƼĿ
ӼУ˵֪ׯڼһҲױȵзǿ֮ǰģӼһҲоġ˵n⣬ǿ϶һһвٵ뷨ӼзǼоŶӿԸӿٵӼ
ӼׯεȻУңΪзӼ𣿡
û
УףҪӼз
롣ׯεȻ˵ʵnҸiuͿѧоûȷǷ⿪⡣
Ǽһ⿪⡣
ΪʲôôƶׯεȻؿǣҲǸշarxivҶûп꣬Ľ⿪ҲҪȼµʱɡ
ġУһֲɵ˵Ѿ⿪άҶ-˹п˹⻬⣬˽ǧ⣬֮ǰһ˽ĸҶûκεĴǵ֮⣬ⶼ⿪ˣҲӼΪ03⿪ģûܹ⿪еǧ⡣03˹ǱѾ⿪ĿӼ롣
ҺġׯεȻ˵ôҽĿԻ𣿡
ȻҪǵĿŶӣθˣȻҪ㹻˽⡣Уɵ˵ȻͲ󣬵оһġǴδ嶯ѧϵĶ͵սܸ˵ĵ˵ͶԼ˽⡣
ԣҪεܸˡ
ׯεȻͷҪ֪вһ˵飬ҼҲֹܵһŶӣҾ´󼪵ġ
Ҫ֪ǳǧԱŬһ˵ŬͳǧԱŬȣֵһᡣׯεȻüģУҵȻ֪ӼҪ˵ʵսʱǳǧԱŬɹٲ˳ŬһôҲܰһ˵ðɣ
ǵȻ֪У˵ŶӣŶĿǰˣĵĲʮ֮࣬ÿ˶иĲ֣ܸˡһЩҪĹзԼеĿȵȡ
ɡǲءׯεȻ¶Ц֪϶ܲġҸôõĴǽϯڣһڡרͣξרְӦģ϶ҪһЩʲôģһׯεȻܹͨġ
ңⱾĹң˵ȷʵӦһЩײŶԡ
ҾɡׯεȻУǺܺ棬ԣУ²⵽ҽĿʲô𣿡
У۾˼ţׯƺȸ۶ȤҲ²ׯڵĿӦеһɣ
ȸ죬УĻҴҪУȸ֮ҲŻȥӼׯεȻվǱߣѾӼҲһӼҪԿǳԽҪзӼ
Ƕ֪⽫һʹĹ̡мεʧܣп֮УׯεȻԵüΪ࣬Уȷ𣿡
ңԼĹҶȷǱҪ飬۶ôѣ鶼ҪУɫţ˵Żô鷳ׯˡ
û⣬֪мġ
֪УΪֹûŪҫСӵôׯ־ŵġһС쾹ȻѹĽڸ£ȷʵʼδһοϵʱУΪǿˣȷ֮˶ˡû뵽飬ʵĿǣھӵо
Ҷԭ򡣡
ׯεȻ˵ݼѧиݼߵоԺƼѧһѧҸˣ˵ֻҸ˵Ľ飬ΪʲôǴѧиƼأǸߵоԺ֮Ķ
ܹһоϻȽϼһ㡣ֻҸ˵뷨ΪҲ̫ϲȥصԵʡȽ˽˼
οУС˵ҵǾׯ黹иѧǣǴѧԭѧѧϾȫǰеġܹһоǷׯڣǴѧҵѧ
Уε˵Ҫһ鲻ǹܣȻׯڵǻᷴȥġ
ң
ׯڣһʱ䣬ҪסھԺӲС
ǻһأ˵ҵİˣ
ҪһסԺСģļңר˰ǴɨġԺģҪϲһֱסҲûйϵҲǶı
Ϊܸ˵ı𣿡ׯεȻЦ˵ôһ䡣
Ҫô룬ҲûκεĴ󡣡


409 
ׯεȻôһ˲䣬ͦģû뵽УȻôһ˵һĬϸĶûУȻҲ⣬ΪʲôУҪȥסΪĿ漰ܶ࣬Ҫȥסܹ֤ǵİȫҲܹ֤ĿĵĲֲκε⡣
û⡣ׯεȻ̯˵Ұ˻ؼ֮Ҹ˵һ°ɡ
һ⡣УׯεȻѯʵʲôʱʼ
Уһ¿ׯεȻûлع
˵ĿʲôʱʼׯεȻУƺҪ֪׼ȷʱ䡣
У˵žʱɣԱϾλׯڣĿֻʱ䣬ٵѧڿ϶йӼĿһЩ²֤ԡʱܽܽ
ҵĶǾⷽоǶⷽǳ˽Ķרҡ
סׯεȻһУûʲôҾˣ˵Ҫ죬Թ
ĿܸˣҵȻǻԹġУصͷ
ڴһׯεȻ֣У֮ת뿪
ׯεȻ뿪УŶ˵ллҪӦҲׯڵġ
ǲǿ𣿡κɻ󣬡ûңǻܹͨϵҵɣ
ȷʵҵܴܲӦĿǾͲһˡ
УׯεȻԸҪεİ칫ҸˣׯεȻΪҪĿΪɣܾӼĿ⡣ׯεȻ۷ݣӦ͵ʵֻΡ
һսΪ֤صǷǳõġһʯīϩĿ⣬˵ڵҪġһֱûлᣬ˺üŰꡣһŵĿ⣬ȻεӼҪׯεȻҲܴӦô졣
μæ˵ҹϵСȻ̫ϲӦоҪоž󲿷ֵ˶ܸĽࡣ
ΣǻЩ飬뿪ˡ
á
У뿪μ顣
ϣׯεȻüĿԱߵʯ˵ʯ֪ҽ𣿡
ʯҡͷׯڽѧУΪ
ʯĲ֪ׯεȻŴĺ粻ͣشţ˹·ڴ̹ǵС̾ϢһҪȥӵоԺһ⡣
ʯûʲôĿ⣬֪϶ҪׯεȻһȥ
ʯҲõġǣ
ʯЦ˵ҶȥʲôطûκεȥʲôطҾȥʲôط
֪ģҵǱҪȥǱߵооӦһй¶ĺĿɡ
ǡׯεȻģɵ˵һĿǰֻеУһûеĶ˵֮⣬Ҳǻܹ
ʯųû˵
صңׯεȻ³ʯͷлˣʯ
ׯڣӦõġ
Уû˵ʲôʱׯεȻãӦûܿ졣˵ͶǸٶȺЩ֢˵һ֮С
ȵҫ°ؼңׯεȻҫ˵ˡ
ҫû˵ֻʰҲ֪ׯεȻʲôʱҪ뿪Ȱʰ˵
Ȼûеȼ죬ҫϰ;Уеֳ칫ҡ
һУھֳ칫ңҫ
ֳЦ˵֧ӵĸӳҫ
áλУеıӣҫЦ˵ӳܡ
Уǣҫȷʵ̫⣬ȻǶ˵ģʵ˫ͲһϵͳˡϵͳǾϵͳܲһ
һУţҫ˼⡣
ġУһֳܺӳһ𣿡
ԡֳе飬СУһ
뿪ֳ˳ͰѷŹϣУŶҫ˵ģӳҪʼоİׯĿܸˣӦ֪ܸ˵ĹȽϷæڻؼҡҪҵʱңׯڸ˵ɣ
˵ҫԷҪң˵֪
Ǿͺá
Уûж˵ת뿪ҫصңвٴžװ䣬վһλУԱ߾ׯεȻ
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˽̸һڳǰӵסס֮ҫʼʰȷʵǶΧĻȽϰԶоܷׯεȻÿǰоϰࡣ
֮뾯ӱȽԶǰÿ쿪СʱҾܵﾯӣҪһСʱҵʱ䡣ôǣׯεȻס˶ׯεȻͼҲûκεİ취ǲӵļԺ־оܽ˵ĵĵش˭ׯεȻ֣ǼֱϵѰ·
ܲҾһӦȫҲûκε⡣ֻһҪǾеĺĿϴarxiv
ׯεȻЩ϶ǲϴġⶼǺĻܣͺҲὫЩܹһѧûйģѧйġ
ڵѾԻ£ׯεȻܹЩϡ
µĻһϣϴĹϵׯεȻ˯û˯áҫߣ§˯ţҲҫ˯ҫڵҹ˯šϾŵӣҫȥϰˣׯεȻϴ֮о֤ƣ߽о
칫ңвڵ
ׯڣˡͽϳоԱЦеߵׯεȻǰ֣أǸѧ߼ⲿֵģ֮ǰnⷽģҵ˲ٵСڿ֤ûȫꡣҼţһ⿪롣
ׯεȻΪЩε˵ô˵ҷЩ̫˼ˡԷʮ꣬һʮ˱ԷЩεġ
ׯڣĿǰĽȣ
ӹׯεȻһɣȿǵϣĿǰڽ⻹رλʱĻϣÿ鶼ܹһݹĿĽȱԼһЩ֮ģоһ¡һ֮ɣȿһλ飬ڿʲôҪĵطҼ˼
ׯεȻڰ칫һΧŵζʵ̫ܡҶһڴܶʱͷƤ顣ںˣҶ뿪ܹĿϡ
ϣׯεȻԺеð˲ٵ뷨
һʱ䣬ڿжɹġ


410 Ӿ
ʦĳܵׯεȻߣС˵ñȽ
ԭȫ忪ģԭһǰҫٵ˶ʮӡǶЩĿɿڴӽôõʱ䣬ͷһγٵôǣɩӲŸӲ뿪𣿺Ҳǰɡ
ȿȣˡҫ˶ĳһۣñȽ
Сʲôʲôȥ
ǣʦĳҲû룬뿪Ϳʼ顣
½չԴ⿴ҫӣǲʲô鰡
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Ӽ򵥵˵һֿʵӼĻһͨѧʵѧ߼㣬ʹϢϵͳ̬Ϊ䵥ԪϢʽӶѧݻΪϢӹͨѶӼ㣬ӼӲĸԪĳߴﵽԭӻӵӼһϵͳܴ洢ʹӱرʾϢ1
νӼҪѧ߼㣬ѭѧԭׯεȻеϣ溮šʮ·ݣûƮѩԺǱ䡣￪ůɫƶڵסеĹâƹ£ׯεȻ˼š
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ҲӰࡣеϣͷҲû̧УֻҪ֪ǾʲôزڿлЩġ
УεЦţǸׯǺЩʧ
ҲʧׯεȻҡͷżɣʱ䡭
ϣӦǸտʼûжðɣҿһ½ȣŶǴһǰʼġ
ʼһӦ֮ǰձĿ鶼һǰʼġ
ׯεȻͷУׯεȻһ˿ɻ˵ׯڣʲô𣿡
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ׯεȻҡͷҲûʲô⣬ҵСӼȷʵⷽ飬Ҳֻ֪ѡûרⷽһЩʵרоⷽ棬Ҫһʱ䡣
ȫû⡣У˵ֻʱ䡭ЩԥʵǲеĻʱǿ˳ӵġ
ҪׯεȻУû̫ı飬һ¹˵Ҹ˾ʱӦǴ´ġҸ˲̫ϲоһ̫ʱ䣬ǡսܹһֱ顣
Уû˵ׯεȻ
仰˵ÿе̫ˣҲܹׯεȻţЩǷǳ顣ûаͲׯεȻ
ҪôͽӼ⣬Ǿе㲻̫ʵҲ֪ׯεȻôУû˵
УҪȥˡׯεȻߵУߣ˵Уʲôҽ𣿡
ûСУҡͷׯεȻܸˣڿзһϲָͨ˼ɻģûȨҲûôָׯεȻӦô
ôҾȸˡׯεȻ˵ֱ֮뿪
УׯεȻ뿪ıӰڳ˼š
صң򿪵ԡŹӼ飬ҪѭѧĹһׯεȻԺԥ˵ⷽóˡ
ѧ棬óˣҲʮˡ
֪һѧңһλѧҡҫصҵʱ򣬿ׯεȻü飬ߵ˵ţôˣ
ûʲôׯεȻ۾ֽ׶⣬ȷʵеѡ뿴Ӧа취ġ
ʲô취أ
ҫû˵ߡ
ȵȣׯεȻͻȻ۾Ǵһ˿Ц⣬ˣԵĻȷʵпӼġ
ҫһԻĿׯεȻ֪ׯεȻ뵽ʲôׯεȻֵͦġ˵ָоŸĸо֡Ҳ֪оʲôֻ֪Ǻܺĵļ
֪ׯεȻҪоʲôׯεȻһ뵽ʲôŻôˡ˸߲ҵģҲźܿġ
оɵչţׯεȻ֮ͶоСҫȻÿ°࣬ԭȥʡΣׯεȻҪоһȥʡû˼úڵλӰ࣬õһЩӰѡǹ꣬ҫҲׯεȻ귱æܶࡣΪׯεȻÿ춼оŵԵʣֵǼڼĳŹһȦֻͦĵġֻڼͬ죬һڼ￴ӡ
ΪھԵʣﲢ롣ׯεȻ϶Ǵţʵ̫æˣʲô鶼Ҫÿоһ¾кܶ˵ǴţѧûоܡƤ˹ǮѾѲʿҵĿ⽻ΪӦȥμѧġźڸ鲻ʱȥμǵѧᡣ
ǮҪصƴѧᣬƤ˹Ǵѧѧᡣ˵ѧƶȥ˵ġǮ·ݣƤ˹·ݡ
ҪʱӼĴǲμӲ˵ġ
üģׯεȻ顣ʵѵĵӾϣܹ⣬ôǰһƽϧӾʵ̫ѡׯεȻһǰ飬ź뵽ڻûһ취
ҫҪׯεȻһţϧׯεȻûκεĿչ
ڰ칫ׯεȻüͷŬ˼⡣ԱߵоԱׯεȻüġҪ˵ʲôȴʲôû˵ڡ
ׯڣʲô𣿡
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ǡͣһ£оԱׯεȻ˵ׯӾƺûʲôô
ׯεȻתԱߵ˳˵ûӾûκεôҪӾ
ѧУϵľ̬ϵͳ̬ڵձʽǾ̬(̬)Ϊһ־Ϊľ̬Ӧ㡢оľ̬Ǿľ̬֮Ϊ̬
ѧۣӵϵͳǲھ̬ġΪ۵ķ㣬״̬ĵϵͳ̬ӱرʾ2
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ʼջûܹӾĽ
Ҫ뾿ôʺӼĽׯεȻԱߵоԱڼ㡣
áоԱ̾Ϣһͷż㡣
ׯҲμӾļ֮УɺûʲôЧ


411 ż
ͷ۵Ҳ״ׯڵļҲûиıκε顣ׯȻȫ֪ȫܵģΪׯڵļǴһЩͬׯڵļ룬ҲûиıʲôʵǸоͷۣӾⷽԭׯôõʱ仹ûκεЧǶ֪ôȥ
ׯڡоԱׯεȻ˵Ǻûа취
ׯεȻͷ룬ûķԽ
ׯڣа취
һа취ׯεȻ̾Ϣһüģɣа취Ȼò顣ʵûа취Ļôֻܴͷʼ㣬ӾⱾͺѣҪʺӼļ⡣
ǣׯڡоԱͨׯεȻ֪ѧʵۣһˣ񣬺ܶණҪġΪʵ̫ԵʣׯڵҪϧ㲻Ҳǲܷġ
뿴ûİ취
⡭һ£оԱץԴȷʵûİ취
ׯεȻţͷеļ㡣
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͵ɣⶼҪˡŻûй꣬ףáٻûеԪڡׯεȻڨЦ˵ʵǲ˼ΪǼϵһЩʧԭеʲôûˡ
ׯڣĻҲĴԭӼûôɣҲɣ˵öԣҲ취ġ
ׯεȻףȻȥɣҽúϢǻкܶҪء
ǣׯڡ
뿪֮ׯεȻüģõʱ䡣Ҳ֪˶ãصҫڿŵӣֻǺͱ˵ű򿪣æվׯεȻЬӣߵҫЦ˵˵٣ôûȥϰࣿ
ⲻǽϢ𣿡ҫЦЩׯεȻһƣģ۵˵ôţۣ⼸ÿ춼飬ǲ̫ˣ
Ҳ˵۰ɣЩһ̫ܸӣңҪʵ飬еð
ҫߵׯεȻǰӹеϣҲûд򿪿ׯεȻκεĺϴֶ˵ҫǺܶоԱܿЩϣڰ칫Ҵ֮ŻؼҵġؼҵҪôûͷûβǱ͵ȥҲģҪôǱ߽ϣûκεô
ڼĲ֣ǲ˺ܴƫºƤ˹ѧȥˡׯεȻߵɳ£ҫĶûҷ¡Ծһ¥º߳䣬ׯεȻߣţҿʵ̫ˡ
ǰׯεȻ۾ڱ۾ȫǼ㹫ʽĿҪˣܶණҾǲҲûа취
ҫ֣§üģţҪǺúϢһ°ɣôۣ
ҵҪϢȻأ
ʲôȻ󣿡ҫһ£ׯεȻ˵ţ˵ʲôȻ󣿡
˵ȻӦô죿
ôĿϢˣԱŬʡׯεȻҡͷ˵ˣֻҪĿӦϢʱ䣬ܲ궼ҪɡһĺܶҪôׯεȻ˵ţҫû˵ŵʱУׯεȻһڹڵĺĿ⣬϶һЩ֪ġ
ܶ˽ӴׯεȻͻ֡ҫﶼȥͬѧ룬ƵƵʵƲù
κһᡣׯεȻÿ춼опԱӽҫһ죬ÿӴɫɫˣעпֱӱ˶ϡҪעһ㣬Ȼй˶
аɣҲҪע⣬ϢʱҪϢɱۻˡҲ˵ˣĿҪˣҪۻˣ˸ô죿
ׯεȻЦݣתͷҫ˵ˣҲ˵Щˡ֪ģúϢġ
ڶҪˣǽҲûܹȥ
ҫׯεȻţûϵţԺкܶʱԳȥⲻǱҲͦæģ´Ҹȥɡ
ͷׯεȻҫĻ۾Щ˯
Ҫ˯ˣҫѯׯεȻ
еҪ˯ׯεȻ˸Ƿ˯Ϲϻء
ߣȥϴ衣ϴȥ˯ҫЦŽׯεȻᱧ߽ԡϴ裬ڴϣӵߡ
峿ׯεȻ𴲺磬ҫɲϰ࣬𴲻Ƚϴã칫ңҶæµšܸ˵ĴţϣׯεȻֿʼ
ǲ̫ԣʲôط˴أׯεȻɵ˼Ӿ̬ļӦûκδģǡʲôط̫ԡ
ûʲôط̫ԡׯεȻ̲סţʲôط˲Ż⡣
ߵߵߵõʱ䣬ׯεȻûܹվУׯεȻģĥλڴʲô飬Ҳ߻µʱ䣬λڽ빤״̬ʵ̫ˡ
ԭΪλҪ·Ҫ߰·ݲʽĽ빤о״̬λһоͽ빤״̬ÿҲǴѧ͵͵㡣ûһ͵ҲûҪô飬Ҫô·ϡüڳԷʱ飬ʱһģѱŵòᡣ
ȿȡУʵׯεȻЩ⣬ʵׯεȻǴѧʱҲû㣬ֻǴҶ֪ҪҪһ徲ĵط׼ؼģѧǵĿγ̺ܶʱλʿǿԴ͵ġ
ׯεȻ̧ͷһ±ƵĿУգգ۾Ĭ˵Уʲô𣿡
ׯڣҿʲô顣У¶һ˿Ц⣬֪ʲô𣿡
ûûʲô顣ׯεȻҡͷ˵ֻһЩڼϵ⣬һûܹ
ˣУǵĽȵģ
ûׯ⻰ʱҸסˣôôĽ⣬ⲻ뿴ׯû𣿡
ׯεȻճһ˿Цݣ²ģҪʲôֱ˵ɡ
ģׯڣ֮ǰУׯεȻҰתлглг˵ǳãܲдһţҪȥǣ˵ܽǷŸ쵼
û⡣ׯεȻ³һд֮ݸУǸУûн֮ǰʲôطȥ鷳ˡ
Ӧ鷳ˡУæ˵һὫŵݸлгġ


412 У
У뿪֮ׯεȻŵʲôط̫ԣڻ㲻Ӿ̬
뿴ׯεȻüͷͷ컨壬Ϊʲô벻أʲôط˴󣿵Ǵˣ
Ļûκ˻شΪܶԱ칫б棬ʱׯεȻİ칫ûжˡ
ͷۣüģûܹͨ⡭ԣһֱûͨ⡣һʲôط˴󣬲ŻᵼķׯεȻһ۾ӵļ㹫ʽԺĬĬмš
ԣǲԣҪ¼㣬ûҪ¼㡣
ȵȡĻׯεȻͻȻ۾˸߲ҵĿʼڲݸֽдŶߣȥʲݡûׯεȻĽͣûһܹׯεȻڲݸֽдЩʲô
Уżߵг칫ңׯεȻдõżݸлг˵лгǸׯ˵ڲܳҽż˵һҪΪûġ
лгżЦ˵ׯܹдһž㹻ˣҿɲׯܹҵǰ˵ˣׯڿǴæˣдһżǳˡ
ҡͷлгżУ˵ллУׯڵĹҡܹĳܸٵĸ߿Ƽ˲ţڰ߿Ƽ˲ǿǲٵġ
ˡУͷлгûҾ뿪ˡ
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Ŷ䣬ׯεȻ칫һ绰ȥңǴŶ䣬ڿյɻܹܵ¶ȡ
չʮյׯεȻڴŵ绰
ׯڣ绰ͷ˳ţʲô𣿡
ȥˣ֪ͨǣ絽ҵҡ˵пĸˡ
Ҫ
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ʯڵ绰ͷӦһһϵǵġ
ҵ绰ʯ̾Ϣһׯڽоɹģԭҫ׼úףһ£û뵽ûʱؼҡҵʱ򣬶աԵĳһ㶫ȥ˯ˡҫ᲻ׯεȻׯεȻһƣģ֡ׯεȻʵ̫ˣ
ǮºƤ˹ҵˣƤ˹صӢףţѧƸΪڣǮֱǴѧθڡûƼѧرˬΪǴѧһλĸڣҪΪׯεȻھŻƴ˻ŲʹׯεȻ
ϣ¶ʮšׯεȻ΢΢ճһ˿΢Цӿ㹻ر
塱绰ŵ绰ʯڵ绰ͷ˵ׯڣѾҪ֪ͨпĸˣǽ칫ҿᡭиĿľУԼелгᵽҶ֪ͨˣ
Уӵʯĵ绰ЩĪʯӦΪУΪΪׯεȻԭڻûΣǴҶٹΪξǿԸʯӷֲ١ԭУڴһЩ飬ʾĵ绰ĥţƽʱׯεȻ鶼ʯġʱʯ绰ׯεȻ
ιʲô飿ȻУʯϼǶʯǷǳϤġ
ϾǾˣټʯ쳣ֱƽʱУʯǺкøеģԭʯǴطġ
УʯܶΣӴ˴ʱ䣬ܾ˻Ƿǳġ
Уʯڵ绰ͷ˵ղׯڸҴ绰˵ĸһǰңӦʲôҪ
УоĲ֣ЭĲһֱִСׯεȻĿܸˣЭģ˵㣬ǸǮĹˣԼ󻬼УûоԼƢôùÿҪһƢ󣬹ؼϾǸ߼˲ţõĸ߼˲šô죬ֻܺȺˣЩˡһһѺ塣
ʱУǲǱĥӵģڲӵʱƢǳļû뵽ĿЭ֮ƢһһáȺѧңһ˵˵žҪ֣ǼơƴһƵģտʼʱУŵòᣬö֪֮Ⱥֻᶯ첻ᶯ֣ŵһЩȺȻᶯ֣ƢһһһһӲʱһϸСܳøƵġ
ׯҲûбׯڸˡ˵ʵҪ˵Ŀ˭࣬϶ׯڡ
ɼȺ˼ׯεȻǻкһׯڡ
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⣬˵иˣҪɡʯڵ绰ͷ˵Ż
УС˵ׯڲҪ˰ɣ
ǰһһˣҪȫһǳֱһΪȺҳһţһǿѧңװѧţƢˣСҲûʲô
ӶҲǲܵ顣
УͷƤ飬㷲
⡭Ҳ֪ׯڵ˼ӦòҪ˰ɣʯһֲ̫ȷ˵ҾôׯʲôҪһ¡Ҳһ㶼ׯɹҪŻ˵ѧǻҼϡ
𣿡УЩģǰ𣿡
ʯڵ绰ͷĬһ£УҪͣţʯ˵ġ
Ҽǵйöʱ򣬴Ӻüǰɡʯ˵֮УһԭҪ˵㻰Ծһգʯһ仰һ˲˹ȵס
ǰûз飬Ļȷʵ̫ҪУׯڣ
ʲôЦŲҪׯεȻ
˵ׯεȻУǸͲףλôôأȻҲÿʱÿ̶ˣƽʱͦõġŭʱ㶼ҹҵ绰ͺѧʦһ
˰ɣᵽ˻ңҾ֪ʲô顣Уٴκʯȷʱ䣬ӵҶ԰ɣ
ûʯڵ绰ͷ˵УһҪ֪ͨԱǸҾȹҵˡ
Уҵ绰֮󣬳ʰöһҪȷԼȫð
ӣҵʱ򣬿лгϣУлгС˵гô磿
ǰлгЦ˵УҲͦģҿûжء
ӦϾ͵ˣΪĿסʱˡ
лг˵Уʲôôż
⡭УҡͷҲ
˵Ż롣


413 
ȴҶ߽֮ׯεȻŴæĳڴҵǰû˵УٵţׯεȻ˭񾭡˺óһʱ䣬ׯεȻƵ˵Ӿļ㣬һ飬ʲôֱ
ԭǴѧеģźûѧֻ㡣
лгһȻ˵ı飬ɬЦšȻлгׯЩץѧ档
̫ˣʵ̫ˣ
ׯεȻûйķϻУһлг鿴Уһ£УʶСֹôˣ
һı鶢УУһׯڵѧᣬûйϵ֪ܿΪʲô¶ֱˡ

ʵʵУϵͳɱ绷໥ã .ϵ뻷໥ûᵼɹ̣ ӹʵӦеҪϰ.ѹ̬Ŀǰ԰͵ģͣ оѹ̬еӹԴٽӹʵӦøӾʵ.

r1 r2ʾѹտѹϵ 1ͦ2ʾѹǣ1ͦ2ʾѹտĺɢϵ + -ʾԭӵ +=|ab| -=|ba| |b|aԭӵĻ̬ͼ̬. (Ϊ˼㷽㣬 1=2=ã 1=2=0)

Re (z)  Im (z) zʵ鲿 m[0 1/4] n[-1/8 1/8].
ڦ1423ĳ˻ʵ nȡֵӰ즨ĴС.ֱk[0 1] m[0 1/4]ȥֵͬ õS (X|{Bi})
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ׯεȻһһںڰдţû˷ҶĿźڰϵļ㡣źڰϵļ㣬кʲôƵġ
УһʼһٴüͷٵͷۻðɣûĻڰϵд˸ʲôûпЩ㡭̫ˣͲܹİɡ
СĵĹ۲˵ɫлгʼҪ˯ˡҪԱǺһƶǶģֻи𼸸˾۾ȫעĿׯεȻڰϵݣ˶е㡭ʾ̫⡣
лгǱ飬ɴֱӿ컨壬ûпڰ塣
ʱУڶΪʲôղлгǰɡ
ׯεȻԽдԽ࣬üڰ嶼д꣬ԱߵʯͰŪڰ塣
ֱׯεȻȫд֮ͣ±ʡ
һʲô𣿡
УֹţûʣΪûпڰϵĶд˸ɶ
ֻǲҪ˵˰ɣʵ̫ˡ
ȿȡһλϽһڵͼĲ֣Щ̫ĵطׯܹϸһ𣿡
ׯεȻűתֿʼ˵ͼʾͼ6ǵԭӳʼ̬ϵaʱ ѹտѹϵrȡֵͬʱ ϵͳdiscordʱtݻͼ.ͼ6еʵߣ 㻭ߣ ߷ֱr=0.01 r=0.05 r=0.1ʱ ϵͳdiscordݻʱtı仯.ͼ6пԵõͬʱ£ ѹϵrӣ discord𽥼С.ͼ5ͼ6ǿܽó:ԭӳʼ̬ϵaѹеѹϵrӣ ϵͳdiscordݻʱtӶСڡ
˵ܶ𣿡
ûˡϽûм˵
ׯεȻֿ˵ô˭⣬
ׯڣͼ7ܹϸ˵һ𣿡
һλվׯεȻ˵ͼˣڹͼ7ĲһЩ⡣
ͼ7У ǱȽԭӳʼ̬ϵa=0 ѹտѹϵr=0.1ʱ ϵͳӾdiscordʱtݻ.ͼ7ǿԶԱȵõ t3.2ʱ Ӿ (C=0)  discord (D0)  ǻӽ.ɼ discordӾʱһӹ.discordĳʼֵСӾĳʼֵ ʱûdiscord.Ƚͼ1ͼ4 ͼ2ͼ5Ҳ֤һ㡣ۡ
ׯεȻ˵֮󣬿λڣܿ𣿡
λźڰõʱ䣬˵ûˡ
ô˭𣿡
ҿʼСû˼˵ׯεȻҲżֻվڻȴŴҸӦ
㷽ʽĿӦӼϡ
ҵʱôû뵽
ׯڣĻ˵ĿӦӼϣҿǿԵġ
ôӾĲǽ˰ɣ
Ӧǡ˰ɣ
Ҳͣ˵Żɻû˻شׯεȻ˶ĬׯεȻǽԵʣׯεȻû˵
ԭʹ⵽ϰ˵ӣУĶӶڹС˽ӽһСʱʱ䣬ׯεȻų˵ȻûĻôҽͰʽӼûɣ
Ӿ⣬ʣµҲֻӲԭԼ̬ԭⷽǿ𣿡
˵ϽվׯεȻ˵ҸĲֲ⡣
ⲿҲ⡣
鷳λˣڽ֮Ҫϣġ
УʱһׯεȻʱشʱ򣬿û˵ô򵥣˵֮Ҳһܹɡһɵ˵Žܹ֮ô˵һʱӼ⡣Ҫ֪⣬ǴӾʮʼҲ⼸ųġ
ׯεȻȻһʱͽöʮʱӼ׷ˣоٶȣѹֻΪĿѧҡֱһ˼顣ֱǸκ˶ҪӹׯεȻʵ̫ˡ
УׯεȻſУʱҶѾ뿪ֻУ͵ϡеоԱϰׯεȻٶȣֻУǵһκׯεȻׯεȻٶȣȷʵܵ˾š
У̧ͷׯεȻ۾һգգ˵ׯڣʲô𣿡
ȿȡׯεȻһ㲻𣿡
УŻعִҶѾ뿪ֻʣһ˻ԭأԼׯεȻʯ
ŶŶߡ
УĶӵıӰׯεȻĪʯ
ׯεȻ˵˵Уǲʲô󲡰
ûаɡʯЦ˵УǾׯЩ˼顣
ʲô˼ģׯεȻҡͷвٵҪӲԭҲ򵥣ǺӾǱȽϼ򵥵⡣ֻҪ̬ԭӲԺôӼɹˡ
аʱ䣬Ҳ֪ܲܳɹ
ҡͷׯεȻڻʯߣ
ʯû˵ׯεȻĬš
лҪ˵٢ڢۣժй֪ѹ̬ԭ볡Ӿdiscord


414 
˺ܴεʱ䣬ׯεȻ˵߰ɣǻȥ
ʯͷ˵Ӧûؼˡ
ƿţׯεȻ뿪ҡӾ֮úĺܶҪôģֻҪúÿһǵĿⱨͺáţĵطҪָһ¡ĵطûжܹõġ
صңҫƺҲջûжõʱ䡣ׯεȻҫкЦ˵ջ
ǡ
ҫɳϣׯεȻʱվţˣͦġ
ҲǡׯεȻЦ˵Ǽҵٽ컹ǻؼұȽ硣
ⶼʮˣ˶˵Էؼһͦ磬ֻȷʵ̫
ţĿΣ
ׯεȻüͷЦźǿģҽһ⣬ӦÿԽҪô鷳ˡ
𣿡ҫһѽׯεȻڻûô۾ͺãһôȥɾͲˡ
ׯεȻ̧ͷҫĻһ¡ҫɫľ£æڣûü·ͻؼˡ
šҫЦ˵˯ɣ컹Ҫȥء
ŶׯεȻһ£ǵĸӳҪʲô᣿ǲʲôӡ
ʲôӣⲻгǱ߹滮һƬҪƼǸ¡֮䣬ⲻǨЩû취ܵʱ̽䱸ţһЩ鷢
ҫ뵽ʲôţ˵ѧǵĽģ
ǡׯεȻЩΣû뵽һ仰Ǹҫ˲ٵĹⲻ˹ٶиߵоԺѧпѧиߵоԺĥΣǴѧҪиڸߵоԺ֮Ļ
Ҿôһ˵Уȥлг˵ˡȻлгҪһţû뵽黹ĳˡׯεȻ̯֣Ϲˣ
ʲôġ
ҫׯεȻԴţȥϴ˯ɡ
á
ϴ裬ҫ׼˯ׯεȻһֱ
ûа취ҫֻðׯεȻڵҹ˯û˯ãϴǰӿᡣ
ׯεȻɣ˯Ȼѡʮһ𴲣ϴ֮оպǳԷʱ䡣극ص칫ҡûͿʼ̬ԭһЩ顣
ν̬ԭֳƵ̬ԭѧеһԭ㷺Ӧѧ档̬ԭʵϣؿռйһʽϺ񲨺Ķ١
ϣؿռΪϵϵĶʽʾĸҶ͸Ҷ任ṩһЧıʽҲǷĺĸ֮һڡ
ׯεȻ˵ʵ̫Ϥ֪ׯεȻƵʦеѧׯεȻԶԵô򵥣ܴݡ
űʣׯεȻʼڲݸֽдд
У칫ǰׯεȻװ̨ʱüʱչʲôƵġ
ׯڡУʹûгɤӺ𣬵һ䶼ܹׯεȻ̧ͷУׯεȻЦ˵Уʲô𣿡
ׯڡУȷѯʣ˵֮ӼĻǼٵģ
һܹɹׯεȻУΪУʲôأû뵽Ȼ飬ѯҹǷܹڽ֮Ӽֻ˵һõԸʵ֣ͦѵġҲ֪ĽǲһģҪڽ֮ӼʱϿܻȽϸϡ
Ҳ˵Ҫڽ֮Ӽ̫ܣ
Ҳǲܣֻ˵ʲܴ󡣡
ôԤܹӼ
Ҳ·ݾׯεȻţֻôشҵȻ֪ӼԽԽãҲôģҲøʵǣ
Уɻ˵ֻǾӼѾǲ˵顭û뵽ׯӲǰ˺üʱ䡣Ԥ꣬ܵĻҪ굽ʱ䡣
ôׯεȻ㵵˵УǲǶʲô᣿
ׯڣǲǶԿʲô᣿Уһ䣬ׯεȻУкĲһСⶼУֱǳ˰ɣ
ȿȡׯεȻһУ𣿡
ûҿû˼ׯᡣУһ߽칫ңϣ˵ʵׯڡҼܶԱô˵ҶĿѧңҼ١֣ٶȱпܶˣͷһμ
֪˵ɵʱʲô𣿡
ŶׯεȻͷУʲô
ҾׯһֱڴţǴҶûзԣڳ񡣡

ׯεȻЦ˵ֻǵһӼѣҪԽڶӼһӼڶӼǺ١
˵Ӿ̬ԭԼӲԭϣûôѡ
ɲ١³һ̬ԭôУ׼æ
𡭡Уæ֣һǲҪȽϺãʶңҲʶġׯڲЦҴѧѧǻָӣ˵̫ˡѧɣ
ׯεȻͷ̬ԭѧĻԭ֮һʵҲϣؿռݣϣؿռŷÿռƹ㣬ǸҶ͸Ҷ任ıǷĺĸ֮һ
УׯεȻĻԽԽȦ
Ҷ͸Ҷ任֪ģ˵һЩǺʲô˼ţ̫
ȿȡУһϽסڲͣ˵ŵׯεȻģׯڣרҵ齻Ǻܷġ
أǴġ˵ţУŸϣ֮ǰһ⣬͵Ƶġ
֮УݵĲ鿴ׯεȻ칫ǷֱȷׯεȻİ칫û֮˵ʵϣׯڲΪȷϹӼʲôʱܹ顣
УôصģׯεȻ;УЩŹ֣У˵˵Уʲô顣
̫֪𣿡
̫˵ǿɿغ˾۱ɣׯεȻЦ˵Ĺҵƻ֮ǰҵܸˣҶԿɿغ˾۱˽١
Уȫ޻˵ȷʵˡ
ĹҵƻҪׯεȻܸˣҲ˵ׯεȻⷽõ̾ΪֹҪ֪˲ſɲ٣ЧӦ󣬼ȫ˲Ŷ㼯ڵټϵ˵ģִ
Ҳ껪ҪЧĿѧһع͵ȣѧѧϣûκεĿɱԡ
ѧѧϣԽʵ̫ࡣ


415 ϲ
ҲΪˣںܶƼ棬ʼղǵĶ֡ǰЦׯεȻУ˵ģиҪׯѯһ¡
ŶׯεȻɫУôı飬֪Ӧᵽǹڿɿغ˾۱顣
νȫ¹ҵҪҲҪһǿɿغ˾۱ļӼҲһҪĻǿɿغ˾۱ļУôɫĶ˵Ҫ֪һЩڿɿغ˾۱Ϣ
ׯεȻУУ˵ɣš
ãׯڡУһŶׯεȻ˵ڿɿغ˾۱ܹɹ𣿡
ׯεȻУüͷǴ˻ǴǴѯ⣿
У¶¡
ܳɹׯεȻ˵ѣĿǰɹʱ100룬ܿʵҪտɿغ˾۱ļǷǳѵġ
ȷʵǳѡУɻ˵ǲӦ𣿡
ׯεȻҡͷУ˵ȻУᵽ⣬Ӧ֪ĿһǳǮĿ
Уû˵ڵͷҪׯεȻʲô
ׯεȻ˵ĿǮжҲҪ˵˰ɣ
УԽɻ󣬡ׯ֮ǰ˵ܳɹ𣿻һ⣬Ǯҳɹֻ֮ˡ˵ɿغ˾۱֮Ǽʱڴ󺽺ʱңѲǼʱǻҪĹң
ʵܹתɿغ˾۱䣬˵ֿ֧ɿغ˾۱俪Ĺҳ˵֮⣬ҲֻǻУһûκεǰɣŷΪһɢ֯඼Ҫ滵ˣ²ˡׯεȻУ˵жܹɹֻ˵ûгɹ֮ǰʼջʮꡣ
˼ǣ޳ɿغ˾۱䣿
෴Һ޳ɿغ˾۱䡣ׯεȻЦ˵ΪʲôȻǾҪһ㣬ҪʵǼʱҪɿغ˾۱䣬»Ҫɿغ˾۱ļСͻǼʱĿˡ
ׯεȻЦ˵Уǣ
ׯڡУվׯεȻ˵Ϊ˹ҵδҽҸˣϣׯܹɿغ˾۱оС
ǡںûӼоɡׯεȻü¶һֺЦζⶼûɣͿʼҪɿغ˾۱䣬ǲ̫żһ㣿
Уȷʵǿɿغ˾۱䶼û
ˡׯεȻУ˵ڿɿغ˾۱⣬ҵǿһǾ仰Ҳ̫ϲʡУ㶮ġ
֪ˡУһׯεȻҪɿغ˾۱ĿҲҪüʱ䡣
ֻҪ̽һׯεȻĿڷ磬ׯεȻĿڷУϣ
ܿׯεȻʵҲҪɿغ˾۱䣬ͷǳãׯεȻĲĻ뻹Щ˼ġӼⷽׯεȻһֱ˵·ʵܾׯεȻܹڽ·Ҳǲ˵顣
뿴·ݾоٶȣûκһоԱܹ⡣
û飬У뿪𣿡ׯεȻŬŬ죬У˵ҿҪϢһ¡
Ȼû⡣УЦ˵ܹׯڵ֪ЩϢ˵Ҳ㹻ˡ
ׯεȻͷУ뿪ϣ̬ԭ⡣⵫ׯεȻѣϳ극صҡҫͻؼңûˣҫ顣ׯεȻҵʱ򣬷ֵɢҵ·ҫϴ裬ֻϡֻһ£ȫҫڹȺﲼ
ǿŵģƺڴʲô顣ׯεȻһ֮ׯεȻҫӷ߳ׯεȻʱЦ˵ţʲôʱģ
ôһ̫˰
СҫЦ˵ҲǸջãȥϴ·һ¡
ϴ·ҫص䣬ׯεȻϴ衣ҫصԣڴϵȴׯεȻ
Ҳ֪˶õʱ䣬ׯεȻڴԡ߳ҫ˵Ӵٽô˯˰
ţϽ˯ɣ컹ЩҪ
ׯεȻв¹ڴϣǿ֮£һƬ͡ׯεȻźǷҫĻ˯š
ҫ۾ûжõʱҲ˯ˡ
ʱúܿ죬תۼʮ·ݡҫڰ칫￴ļɻǸӳڶӳƿſҫ˵ҫ㾯죬Ӧǵ㾯˰ɣֵܶ˵㶼һ㾯졣
ҫһ£ҪʮˣʱûͦģׯڶҪʮˣϾҪˡׯں̫æԣׯںûмæ˵ʲôҪ̫æ֮ĻҲ̫ȷׯĲ̫æׯڿʼáׯûʲô飬ÿؼҶͦġ
ϻѧϰأ˰
ÿ¶ҪѧϰݣýǶû飬֯ѧϰšҫϰˣͷõģ֪ˡ
ڶӣ㿴Ϊ˵𣿡
Ȼһ˵ʲô飿ڶӺЦĿҫ˵ҫҶõʱˣ
Ҫһɡ
һˡڶӺЦ˵ϱסǴѧأ˵ϱϱѧǰɣ
ǡҫͷڶӳû뵽ڶӽ쾹Ȼôԡ
֮ǰϱԹһ궼ûпϱڶЦ˵ļٵģ
Щ飬Ŀ֮ġǣҲ̫
ڶûм˵ҫ飬ſ϶ʲôܵҫ˵
ˣҲˣЩ鲻ʣҶԭǵðҪѧϰھĴá
ҪڴÿҲ̫¡˰ɣ
Ҳ֪ʲô飬֮ͦ¡صġ
ҫͷûж˵֮ׯεȻ˸绰ȥׯεȻʱڵ绰ͷ˵ҫʱƲܰˡ
ҫС˵ΪĿ𣿡
ԡׯεȻӦ˵ĺĲй¶ΪȷȫҾסڵĵط
ſѧǽ֮ǻѧǾסѧмʱӦþסڿѧǺܾöˡׯεȻ̾Ϣ˵ѧǽ֮ҹƻһĿҪʱҲ֪ûʱѧ
ţڼ𣿡
ڰ
ȺúϢɣЩԺ˵ҫֻС˵Ҫ֯ѧϰŰ˵һҲܻؼҡ
ׯεȻӦһЦ˵ҫоϲŶ
ϲҫһ£ׯεȻʲôϲû뵽ׯεȻֱ˵֪ˡ
ҵ绰ҫƣʲôϲ


416 
绰ཡҫЩŪνľϲʲô뻹˰ɣۿⶼʮ·ˡʼʰԭΪҪң֮ǰŶؼҡû뵽ŲǰңǾ˹ˣʰʲô
ҫɻãܶ˶¡ԱߵڶӺֳҫЩɽ쵼ߣͳ½ɿܶ࣬û쵼һҪʲôʲô
ʵ̫Ҫ̫ã
ҫ̾ϢһţֳҫıЦ˵˵СһֲǺˮޣԵġ
֣ⲻҪúѧϰ𣿡ҫεЦЦֳҫſʵ˵С֮Ҳʮ˰ɣ
ǡҫͷ˵֮ȷʵǶʮˡ
ϾҪʮˣͦġֳϣǵġ
ûûʲôҪ˵İҫ룬һŬġ
ƻ˲ٵĴҪҫúøɣֳҫļĳ˵Һܿ㡣
ڶЦû˵ţҫǳãټоֵĺؾˣôԺռ䶼ͦġټϣǸʡȫǹĿѧţԺҪǹòãֻԼҫˣԴҫ̬һֱ档Դͬ£ҫҲûκεİرĽӵֻʱҶҫ̫ԼȾơ
Ҳǿ˵ͨģ˵ҪȾҲа˹ţټ ҫҲٳ顣
ҵǺҫеͬҫģܵôϣ̫ˡ
ֳ˵껰Ļû˵
½ںСţһƵļӰӣϱ˵𣿱ʱϱɱһΣǰùǺġҪǿǴѧıҪˡǮüʱ밡
һ뵽ϴξֻҵĳ棬½;̫ˡ֪£û뵽ֵĵزؼֻҰôҪǮ¸סֱֵȥǴѧĸҽԺȻ˵ܽϾˣָͱ޷Ըʲôë
֪ġЦ˵˵ôأ˵ˣҲּƽϵˡ
У½ЦһСأ
ĳζ˵ⲻǱȥ𣿡
½˸ˣյǸͽܣǸʲôţ
԰ɣ
ԣзͷתҵֱ֮֮ӷ䵽֧ġ
˵Ǽһǰֱļٵģ
֪ҡͷûɣ˵Ǹӣһֱ
ƣˡ½ʹ˸ɫһߴ˴źɫĳ߽һһ۵ϣų½ͷͷͬ꣬ûӼʱ䡣ǿ֮󣬱Ž뾯ӵġ
;Уҵ֮󱻷ɵ̾ӵʱ䲻̫һոҫûм졣رãǳֵʱ̫֪أǳ½ͨ˺ͷ򼸸غϾͱסֲͷлءҫܴԷرҫ
ҫĻԱߡ˵磬ѧϰÿ춼Ҫ𣿡
ҲһˡЦ˵Ӧ֪ⲻÿİɡ
ҲǡǺɻ󣬡磬鵽ʲôʱŻеġ
ÿ»һΰɣʲôʱ䣬šش֮󣬲˵ȷһ£ʵ磬е㲻̫ϰߡ
ڵӺǼ㣬ڣЩ˪ĸоüһʣÿ·˵ʵ½̫ҴŷȥΪһڣȺкۡò󣬻ͦ˧ġָߴ·һ֪ǳ굱ˡȥƷԶͻῴϾҪߡ
Ҳһһ۵ģԲ͵ˣ
ЩŰ壬̫֪ôͨ
½²۹÷̫Ű壬档
Ļֻţǰڲӵʱÿ춼ѧϰ
½˵ʦǰء
˵ʱ򣬷ȫעĿĻ
ǰ沥ŵŶǹڹҵ⣬ýζã½ҪǷˡ˻һתҹʮзӼһŶӣƽ䲻ʮ꣬󲿷ֿԱʮҡ
ҹӼ򣬳Ϊϵȹң뿴ϸݡ
λѴҺãڵĵطλе503оӼ503оģһȥɷһӼܸˡ
ܸ˵İ칫ңǾӺϤףⲻҫϱ
˻ڵӻţǰľӼܸˣҹѧԺԺʿǴѧһڣׯεȻ
ׯεȻá
áׯεȻıֺƽϵӣǺͨһ
Ӽܸˣû˵ɣ
ô˵ׯεȻףȷʵܸˡ
˵һǳҪ⣬ûн⣬ӼͲܳɹ𣿡
ׯεȻ룬˵ӾɣҸѧѧϰǲҽ⡣ʵӼⲻӾ⣬̬ԭӲ⡣֮Ӽû⡣
˵ⶼֽģЩǱģ
˵һ˽ģĿ˵ĿѧңһûȫЩ⣬Ǽ˼ܽЩ⡣
ׯεȻ˼ЦЦ˵ҽЩ⣬ҵá
׳һ˾ȵϢ˵ʮ·ݵʱӵʼҿѧԺĵ绰ŵѧڻŵѧ飬ʲôҪ˵𣿡
ʵǺţѧƤ˹ԼǴѧĸǮһͬõŵѧׯεȻ˵ȻҺܸˣڿѧߵĽҲȨԵĽܹȷʵǳġ
ΪʼҿѧԺ⼮ԺʿʵϣԭҪμŵѧ󣬵ݻرԭûܲμŵѧ֮ǰڲ²⣬˰ҵύȥܹŵȷʵһ⡣
ҫסˣͳ½ڵ
Եúǰû˵ҶĿɿڴҲֲ̫˰ɣŵѧҫϱŵѧ
Ϊʲôʮ·ݾˣھȻһϢûУ
Ҳ̫ѧ˰ɣ
˵ţѧƤ˹ԼǴѧǮ¸ڶѧ
׳һ𾪵⡣


417 ŵ
ûеׯεȻش˼˵һ˵ֽеģҲҪġ֮ǰǲɷùǮ¸ڣ˵˴󲿷ֵ⡣ԭһֻֽ֣һߵ˵֡
ׯεȻһ£Ц˵ʵƤ˹Ǯ¶ʵ𵽺ܴãƤ˹ڡǴ˹ٴѧҵǴѧʿģҵϰ߷ǳܹʵ飬ŵҵİǳ󡣡
ʲôׯεȻû˵ֻ˵Ƥ˹İǳ󡣽ô롣
˿ֱǽѧŵѧžڼŵⶼߴ˵⡣ĽֱѧһŵûĽڲŻѧķ˼ׯڣʲôѧģѧһŵ
ǰɣŵ͸ѧģ
ʲôڰôá
üͷ˵ʼҿѧԺ⼮Ժʿʲô˼
ļٵģɩⶼŵ˻Ͱ½Сֹš
û֮ǰæⲻҪȥȡŵɩȡŵ֮˵ɡƫͷԳ½˵Ż
ĻУ߼ѯʵŵÿ˶ܹλõĻᣬлŵ𣿡
аɡ
ô׼ʲôŵأ˵֮׼ʲôĿŵ
ׯεȻȥڳֺЦ
˵𣿡ׯεȻߣǿ໥໥ӻڵĹ淶ܹۡ˳ӻҽ໥ͳһôܽʾռİءҸˣ׼⡣
ɰ˹̹ģڶʮͣ໥ͳһ˻ŵѧۣпܻŵѧġ
ô˵Ƕٴλŵģ
ô˵ׯεȻͷ˵ڻûȡŵ˵Щ硣ңһ콱֮ëȻһλ᲻ȥҲһҲҪŵҲһ
˭ûʸ˵仰ׯεȻȷʵʸ
ϴοѧЩׯεȻɥ˹¸ĦھᣬǲҪȥǾδֿǡĳЩұ顣ʲô⣬Ծġ
ΣׯεȻָôȷȥ𣿡
̫ȷԵĻӦÿ԰ҴΪȡŵׯεȻ̯˵ʵʯīϩ֮ǰѾùŵԭΪܼŵҪȼʮʱ䡣֪ڻŵʱԽԽ󲿷˶֮ŵ˵ڻŵѧĳɹ󲿷ֶ7080Ҳв90ͳֵĳɹȥĳɹͻŵҾúܲ˼顣
ҵ˽⣬ȷʵˣںܶ඼90ֵĳɹ콱
ŵƽ70ҡ˻˵ŵȷʵ˶⣬Ŷʮ꣬ûʮͻŵ֮ǰŵѧСһλӢѧңǶʮ꣬һ¾ˢѧ¼
ׯεȻЦû˵ˢ²ˢ¼¼ׯεȻ˵ͲҪҪǣȷʵŵѧпܼŵѧ
ôΪһλŵѧĿѧңʲôҪ˵𣿡
Ҫ˵ģׯεȻüͷһʱ䣬ʵҲûرҪ˵ģҾ͡Ŭȡٻһŵѧɡ
ŵѧԭָо
ʣ˵ָоʲôо
ûʲôоʼˣʮ·ݽӵ绰ֱں񡭡ҲһɡׯεȻ˵Żڵ˿ʵ̫װˡŵһׯεȻǸ߼
ԱߺЩסˣŵĸһ㣿˵Ļ
ׯεȻ֮󣬼˵ׯڣģ
ѵģׯεȻü߳סˣ߶֪ʲôׯεȻ˵⣬͡رסȻ֪ׯεȻ϶˵һЩеڲͬĻû뵽ׯεȻȻ˵Ļ
ֱһۣû֮һ
ȿȡ߲ΡΡ˵ׯڣϲŵѧ
ллׯεȻ³һʲôҪѯʵ𣿡
ûûˡΪ˱ׯεȻӴ̼ӻǰĹڣߺǵѡ˲ڼɷׯεȻҪǼɷȥ˭֪ׯεȻ˵ʲôֵֹ
뿪֮ׯεȻĥҪҪǰȡŵѧ顣˵ʵǰȥ콱ƵҲʲôֵ顣Ŀ֮£ѾʧһΡǻ飬Ǿͺˡһǰ䣬϶ǳߡٳһε顣
ڰ칫ңׯεȻ˼˺ܳһʱ䣬ҪҪǰ仹һͷ۵⡣ʵҪȥģϾŵѧܹȡǷǳġ֮ǰѧʵѧܶĹסε˭ֱȥ̫ʼҿѧԺҲͦġô˶ڵȡŵӾʮܹŵɹĽڵȴţƫƫȥĳɹѡΪŵѧ
ȣׯεȻ֮ǰԤʮŵͷǳ
û뵽ŵʱ侹Ȼǰôࡣ
ȸӼǸһ䡣ׯεȻĥţǲӦһЩ۵⣬Ҫǽӻ
⾿ҪνУ
ϣׯεȻ۾ʼĥš

֮󣬴Ҷǿ۽硣֪ҫŷǳǹĿѧҡܹŵѧһҪŵѧֱܹ顣
ĹѧҺܹŵѧĿѧ֮仹ЩġϾڻ˵ҲΨһ֪Ŀѧŵ
֮ǰйλŵѧߣŵΪׯεȻӼûдӼʼ顣ȥǻùܶԽӡ
ôˣƾʲôҫܹҵôõϱ
ҫϲֳЦеߵҫߣʵ̫ˡ
ҫЦ˵Ҳûи˵顣
ⲻǳһ٣ڶӳŹ˵ŵѧǺѧһõġ
Ӧ֮ǰǸʲôʯīϩʵõİɡҫ֪жʱ䣬ׯεȻһֱʯīϩ⣬˵пܻŵŵһ¡
ڶӳ˵¶ϱûк˵
ûءҫЦͷæûʱ˵
ʲôȥæˡ
ҫ߳ңֳڶӳҲ뿪½󣬵˵ŵǮںƤ˹ڱɩӴŻõģһΣ˵ǼҵҲҪɩӴŵء
ѹ˵¸磡
ûֿԵġѹ


418 
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¸硢硣ߵ˵ǰȸʦȥæˡ
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ʲôµġǾ÷ûʲôµģеŰ𣿸һ㶼ӡ
ƿӳİ칫ңҫʰŶһ£ƽʱʦʱҪæһСʱŻؼҡ֧̾ӵʱ˵ʦмġֻһֱûмʦƽʱͬЦѯʵʱʦ˵ʦͦæġ
ʦؼʦôҪؼҡ
ҫ̧ͷŷһһ۵ģС
ʦվԱߵλϣҪؼˣ
ûСҫó˵ȿڡ
ͷžڣһɱ˰ľڡЩңʵֶûؼȥҲûʲô飬ʦ̫ϲЩûؼҡɻ󣬺ܶʱ򣬴ҶЩؼҡҲʦѾڴؼҡ
˺ܾãڱﲻסʦ
ôˣҫѯţʲô𣿡
ʦһǲ̫⣬Ϊʲô㲻ЩûؼҡЩǿûؼҵİɣ
ҫЦ˵ҵҪûؼңʦ￴Щһڰ칫ڻؼҰɡ
ȷʵû뵽Ϊʦ￴ЩʦŻڰ칫ġ˺þõʱ䣬ż˵ʦʦﲻǾ𣿡
ΪʦҲǾţûмʦֻ˵ʦͦæģǺؾֵĺ֮ġ˽⣬оֵĺؾֺӣһǾ죬һȻľӦҲǾŶԡ
ԣʦеģʦ׷ʦЩ飬ﲻ̫ãرֻһ£ôһ¡
嵽ǲ˷Ǻ˵Ҳ˼ѯʦܹ㣬˵ڶطҲкܶ˵顣̫ҲʦʲôЦûжãҪΪĸҲתҵص֮Ҳûɶ١
СҪһ죬֮ʵԸĸ̫̾ΣˣҪȥɳҲͬ⡣Ϊ˸ĸѾתҵˣ̾ܵǾûʲô˼ˡ˫Э̾ӡŸӳͽܣЩ㷲֮̾ǰ˽ӳʦʡ̽Ϊӳ̫ᣬ֪һ
λͲʦܺ棬˵ܶʦӢ¼
֮ǰ˵ʦҲǾ컹ʲôŵĻǸеġǱ˳һ䣬ǹǴѧ飬ΪˣǴѧ̫Ϥô˵ʱҲ˵ʦǾ죬Ӧģֻ˵ʦæǴѧ黹ʲôšĵһо;ʦӦҲǾɡ
˵ǶһҲǾĲ١
ǰҫһ£˭˵ģܵġ
ҫЦ˵ȷʵ̫Ӧֳֻ桭ҲûҪɡ
˵ʦǺؾֵĺӣؾֵĺҲ𣿡ƣؾֵĺѵӦǵĺ𣿺ؾǿʡ̽ء
ǰҫͷ˵˼ڵ棬СôͻȻЩ
ûûʲôæ֣ʶѡ
ҫЦЦûм˵СĿҫٴѯʵʦһѯһ𣿡
ʰɡҫתʲôҪʣ
ǡ˵ʦеģ
ҫ̧ͷҪʵ
ͷ
еġҫһ붼ûгֱ˵һֱеİôˣ
ûûʲô
ܴ㵣û뵽ʦﻹеġ
ҫŷı飬Ц˵Сһ֪ʱ򣬺ı鶼ǲġ
ôҫҫֻϲ˵ˣʦڹ˽£һģûСҺǰ֪Щϲ˵˶̫һô˵أǺܶණʦ֪ɡ
ôˣʦΪʲôϲأ
ΪʲôϲˣҫĿ棬ֱ˵Ҳϲˡ
Ժˣϲˣʦˡ
ʦﲻһûһ𣬺ܶġʦرǸҫ뵽ʲôƵģͷЦţܺãҶһ顣
ԣʦϲˣֻǡϲʦѡ
ĥţʦĻҪˡ
˰ɣϽȥæ
ǣһ·С뿪칫ңҫЦҡͷûжãҪ̽ʦ˽
Ȼھӵûж˽
û뿪칫ңվǰתͷҫʦһһ𣿡
ԡ
˵ϱҲеģ
ǡҫӦһܹע˼ϱ⣿
ûûаæϣ֪ͲҪעЩ飬Ƕ˽ʱ򶼻˵Щ顣кĵģĥţЩǲġ
ˡҫЦں鶼֪ˣܰĵ˰ɣ
ܡͷ뿪칫ҡ
ҫͷ¡

ׯڡʯ绰ׯεȻЦѯʵʯʲô𣿡
ģûдǰȡŵ
㣬Ҷһ»Ʊɣ22ǰ䣬ȡŵ֮ع
õģһźáʯҵ绰ۿϾҪ22գׯεȻúúʰһ¶Сֻȥʱ䣬Ҫʰ̫
ҫصңׯεȻںŸʰߵׯεȻߣҫЦ˵ϱŵ˵һ
֮ǰæ𣿡ׯεȻüͷҾûи˵
Ҫȥ𣿡
ׯεȻͷ϶Ҫȥġ
áҫׯεȻԴҸʰ
ȫװׯεȻҫһţڹСĵ㰡
֪϶Сĵġ
һҫȥϰ࣬ׯεȻڼҲû׼Żпеʱ򣬰ȸ㶨ǧ⣬ֻʣ軹ûڲżÿԸָѧܽ⿪ءһ˽ǧ⣬ڸżǧ⡣
ع֮ṫάҶ-˹п˹⻬Ľ𣬵ʱѧҪоģžʣȸˡ
ԼҪۡҲ̫żȽȸ֮۰ɡׯεȻ˺þõʱ䣬ʼƵĶʡ
Щ黹Ҫи󵽲С


419 
䣬˹¸Ħ
ׯεȻŵѧĽƣǮºƤ˹̨֮ׯεȻ˵Ƥ˹ڣţѧΣ
ǳƤ˹˵ʵţѧһǳĴѧź
Ƥ˹һźı飬ׯεȻЩЦƤ˹ѾŵţѧҲᵣνڣʲô
ʵϣһҪͽڼоѧѧ⡣кܶ⣡Ƥ˹üģڣ뿪ʱ䣬ҵԽԽ̫࣬ϲʼ٣ʱ䣬һֱûлظҡ
ʲô⣿ׯεȻЦѯʵѾʿҵܶ⣬ӦÿԼңţѧΪȫ֪ѧУźܶ㶼УڵЩһ˵ŷ޵ѧΧŨƤ˹ǰǵ־ﶼѧҺѧңҪĴ𰸻ڲԶ
ڡƤ˹·¶ʲôƵģׯεȻ˵ڣҪѧϰѧѧ֪ʶһѧġ
Ƥ˹ҪôԷƱׯεȻС˵ʵǳҲȫ֪ѧҺѧҡ㿴ŵѧܿƶĽҪõˡ
Ƥ˹ʦ֡ǮЦ˵ҪŽѧϰǴѧҲûһλŵΪѧ
Ҫ񵽻Ƥ˹˵ڣҪӴ
ׯεȻƤ˹Ƥ˹⻰˼ǣҪǴѧ
ûѾʽ򻪹룬УźܿҾܼŽѧϰ
ǮҲܴ㵣ûҪɣ
СƤ˹̾Ϣţʵϻкܶ⣬ҶҪѯʽڣٵǣϣܹΪ˽һЩɻ󣬹ϵɻ󡣡
ðɡׯεȻݸһЦûа취ȻƤ˹λӢ׹嶼Ҫ񻪹Ϊ˸ѧϰѧҲûʲô˵ġ
ǮҲˮǴߣԭֻǴѧĸڣΪׯεȻѧܶʱѧУ˶΢ʡҪΪʵ̫ǮҲһҵǴѧθڡõʿ̣֮Ǯףֱӵθڡ
û뵽׵ˡׯεȻһҲ֪ôģʯīϩʵһϰѧҲдȥŵ˻áҲ˵ǮºƤ˹˺Ҳûʲôر飬ĪͳΪŵ
ʲôŽڰǶʿʱôûĽڡŵҲҪָѧһͬá
ʵ̫˸춯ˣںˣŵǮ¶ѾΪϵĽڣȺղʿҵѧڿĵ̡̫ûˣΪʲôͲһׯεȻĽء
ڡǮ±ҵ֮ɻׯεȻΪڡҲǮڣׯεȻֻӵľη׵Խ࣬Խ֪ׯεȻĿֲ֮
£ع֮ǵȥҼҡׯεȻ˵ЩҪ
Ƥ˹ҲǡׯεȻͣһ£֮󣬼ǵҵļæ
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ֻƤ˹ˣ˵ϾҪ񵽻ý嶼ɵˣƤ˹˵Ҫ׷ڵĲѰѧѧС
صڵʱ򣬹ŵƤ˹Ҫ񻪹鶼˹ڡ
Ƥ˹ԭ˵һĻׯεȻѧ˵Ľڿ϶ĲʿʦׯεȻҶڲ²⣬Ƥ˹Ϊʲô񵽻в˰Ƥ˹ݡһλӢ׵ĹͻȻҪ񵽻ôò̫
ʵϣô飬𾪣Ƥ˹飬û֮һ
ϴҶҵţص֮ǮûϢԭصǾףԭǴؼϢһʱġǽ˵ҪȥǱ飬ǰʯڵǮ¡
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ļٵģƵһƤ˹ʦҪ
ȻǮµͷ˵Ƥ˹ʦϾҪ뼮
ĳͷǰǣһ䲻󣬻ϴѧ·վ󣬺ͱ˵ʲô顣һ£ֵطʵ̫Ϥˡⲻǲʦס棿
ĳŷС˵ȥϱȻ޵ġǶĳ뵽£˵֮ȥˡ
ͷ̧ͷͿ˸ˡ˳òرߣȽ۾ͨкܾúʲôطˡ
ǮڡĳǮкţȥ𣿡
ˡǮºЦ˵ںеҪæûֱӾͻˡ
ϳɡʯܳţڶУʯ֪˿϶ǵġʵ̫Ϥˣĳţλʯʦ顣
һ£ʦǾˡôˣʦﲻʲôɲɣܰ
ڳϣû˵ǶĳС˵һοʦʱҲ𾪣ʦر
Ǯǰû˵֣ſǻҺòҰڿ϶Ҫ顣
ԣ̾ϢһΪõԴû˵
յĳĶС˵Сǣ
ϱĳ󣬡ǾĻħɱȥʦء˵˼ҿǴѧֱǴѧҲŹġ
ĳҡͷ˵Ż֮ǰʦļȥһǵһ
Ļ֪˶ãһ֮ǰǶǱ䣬￴ȥƺûʲôڵںХš


420 
ԺﻹһԱûκˡܶ߶ţȥģͺܲʦסֵطûмסĻֻд׳Żסֵط
³֮Ǯߵš
ҫţǮЦ˵ӴˣεȻ˵㻹ûеء
ǮЦſҫٽ׼ʲôóԵͶιڣ
ˣһ㡣
Ǯ߽ػЬתһۣƣ󣬸Ͻæ
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ϰɡĳŬŬ죬ǮڲǻŵѧӦڵϼɡ
סˣĳһֲ˼˵ŵѧ
԰ŵѧĳһģڿЦЦǲǿе̫ˣôܣŵѧĿѧҾȻʶʦԺǺҲϤӡ
еתеתŵѧǾ֮ʲôϵ
Ǯ߽ڡ
Ҳڰ
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άҶ-˹п˹⻬⡣˳˵ϴarXiv
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ǰׯεȻЦ˵ܾܽ⿪⡣
ǾȲȵɣ˵ֱڲ԰֮ǰPNPάҶ-˹п˹⻬ʲôʱģ
ׯεȻЦ˵أ
ǽ֮ǰİɡǮ³˵Ҳ£Ӧǽڸջعǻ֮ǰڿѧĳЩĿӦǹĿǸʱġ
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ǵһЩܹ
𣿡˵ڴ㹫٣
Ӧò̫ࡣׯεȻּ˵мܶಿֲܹ֪ġ
ĳͷ߽ղűǮڵˣڹվţƺںһ˵̬ģ˳Ծ
ʦԣʦҪ١
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ҫߵߣļ򣬡ôСо̫԰
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˵ţȥǮºڵǰʼׯεȻϴ֤ׯεȻԱһ߸ǽ⣬һϴæĵͷƺ˼ʱ䶼㹻ڲԶ߶ĹʽԱߵĶĳû˵½˵ʲôĳСڷĶ˵ôˣҿͦģôʦʦ˶ͦõİ
ЦúΣȷʵͦõģһŵԣλŵȷʵֻһλŵһλŵĽڣС˵˵ʦǺؾֵĶӣ
ǰĳգ۾ǺؾֵĶӰ
ǺؾֵĶӡΪʲôǾ죿
¡ĺضӲǾ찡ĳŬ죬ʦؾַ£˵ؾַ˺ʱоأѧо
ץһͷûм˵ׯεȻߵĳߣЦе˵СǸղ˵ʲôأ
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𣿡ׯεȻɻЦţʱҫæ
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ȷʵ̫ϲЩѪģĳׯεȻ̾Ϣһûü˵ƾ̧ͷׯεȻ˵ڣֵǲʲô⣿
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塱ͻȻű죬ׯεȻеıӣԶĳͷ˵Ǽģȥš
뿪֮󣬷һʦ֣ôʦʦҪǿ󡣡
ϰ߾ͺˡĳº͵˵϶֪ʦг˺üСʱѧᣬ׼гߣгҲ治ߵˡ
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ҫһ£Щ˵ϾҪԷˣҪ𣿡
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ĹҺһʱҾĹʡҫׯεȻĺ󱳣ţԣҲġҵŻؼңȥɣУȼˡ
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ʵ׾ܹ뵽ׯεȻתͷУԣУ𣿡
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ׯεȻͷе飬Ƹ⣬֮һпҪǡ
áǮͷǸı̫ܿҪ½ڸĿ⣬ڻû꣬÷㹻ʿҵ̫ˣǮ´Ӧ̫죬ܾ
Ҫޣڽڼһϣڶڷʱںдʲô֮ġû⣬ֱڵʱ
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ׯεȻѧ뿪֮󣬼ŷϷϵĵϡֱУׯεȻǰʱׯεȻڴϺ˯ҫš
Уվ⣬ҫͷ˵Уׯڻ˯ھҪǣ
ûϵׯ֮ɡ
ɡҫЦ˵ͦġ
⼸ׯһֱдҲûҿǺҪķ
Уû˵ׯڵıʶô㹻ܸҫ͸¶ʲô
УֻЦ˵ׯ飬Ҳ͸¶ֻ̫࣬˵⼸꣬ׯڿܻæûʱ
ҫͷûм˵˶ǻˣͦεġֱׯεȻ¥ʱ򣬡Уˣ
Уæׯڣķˣ
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Ǻƻ𣿡Ƶ˵ôׯڣĽɿغ˾۱佨𣿡
ʵûжģ֪ĿһֱоǾĳɹмʮľ롣Ҳ˵һֻܹ˵Ҿʵɹһ㡣ұҪ˵ɿغ˾۱СͻһܹɵģҪ˵ŬܹɹϣλҪһܵĳɿغ˾۱СͻҲ񣬿¿ɿغ˾۱Ҷûֻܳԣ
ׯڣҪ̣ϵ̫ãϲȥҲȥǽθ˵ǰ˴󺽺ʱҪǼʱǱҪǰˣ
סׯεȻɫһ񡣡
ʮ꣡ʮ꣬ǸԶʱ䣬ׯһҪɡ
֪ˡׯεȻһһġ
ܺãׯڡƵǱߵ˵Ǻܿ㣡
صƵ֮ׯεȻԱߵУɿغ˾۱Ǳжˣ
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šҪһʱ䡣УеΡ
ˣоʵǲСѧķҲǲеġׯεȻüͷɣǱߵԱϿʼо⣬ѧĲҪ죬Ȱѿɿغ˾۱ĶŪá
һԸȥ
ʱ䣬Ҫɿغ˾۱Ŀи˶ڻҡ
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422 Լ
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˵ɣǾһָɿһ㣿УƣȺѧΪʲôʵɿغ˾۱Ѿһʱ䡣ׯεȻΪܸҲûпڣֻԱԹۡһһ˵ŻУûô۹ԣⶼֱۣҪ
ⶼʲôʲôܲܺˣڳʮˣϽڣׯεȻ֮⣬ҲʮĽڡƢһһ꣬ȥҪܵģ
УԱߵׯεȻûҪ˵ģҲ֪ׯڵʲôȺ˳һʱ䡣Ϳɿغ˾۱ʵַʽҪҪп˶У죬ⷽרңͲⷽҪ
ԼɡׯεȻ˵ҶסˡׯεȻ񶼲һʲô췽ҹ̷һ㡣
ׯڣղ˵ʲôʵֿɿغ˾۱䣿
Լ
ׯڣڿЦɣԼ
ûǹԼׯεȻһ˵ûпЦҾҪùԼʵֿɿغ˾۱䡣
˶͵ؿׯεȻԣׯεȻĻ˵κˡʲôЦùԼʵֿɿغ˾۱䣬ڻȷʵ飬ɼ˶пˡпˣԼڸ죬ׯεȻ˾ãԼп˸лᡣ
Ķʹø弼ϻпˡǹԼԣԼӿһЩ
пˣһǾĿǰԼļر졣пɿǡзоİĪά2050ġѾǶʮһͣ˺üʮʱ䣬п˸»˲٣ǹԼĻȥƺʵ֡
Լ˾۱ӵĹԼӱӶʵֺ˾۱䷴Ӧһַ˼ǣṩʹеĺ˾۱ȼϣ뮡밣γɵ壬Щûܷɢļʱڣͨı۱ѹ¡ܶ״̬Ӷ˾۱䷴Ӧֺ˾۱ĹԼöʵֵģΪԼ۱١
УʲôпˣʲôԼҲʲôԼҪ֪ڳ˼ⷽרҡׯεȻԼʱ򣬴ҶׯεȻΪʲôҪùԼֽ׶ιԼҪɿغ˾۱伸ǲܵģпܳɹпװá
ׯģӦ֪ĿǰԼҪʵֿɿغ˾۱伸ǲܵġ
ûʲôܵġׯεȻܵ˵Ҿûпܵģпоôʱ䣬üʮ껹ûܹʵֿɿغ˾۱䣬ԭǾⷽ飬ΪʲôùԼʵֿɿغ˾۱أ
ǡһǲ̫ùԼɿغ˾۱䣬⼸ǲܵ顣͸Ͳʵ֣е˶ԥǾׯεȻǲе̫ˣԼϣĻ˶пװʵֿɿغ˾۱䡣ĿǰԼͲʵ֡
Լָ𲽵ļԸʹпˣǵĹҵƻǻĶԼŷ˵ITERõпװáԼֻеͻֱֽ׶ιԼǸ𲽡ҪùԼʵֿɿغ˾۱䣬ǲܵ顣
ҡԡһλ˳˵źׯҲΪԼܹʵֿɿغ˾۱䣬ڲܡпװȶĽɿغ˾۱ȻоԼǷԵġ
Ҳԡ
һ˷ԣ˶ʼԡׯεȻ˵Ƿԣֻ˵һѡԼ
ׯڣҲ̫Ե˰ɣ
Ե𣿡ׯεȻЦ˵һǾùԼܹʵֿɿغ˾۱䡣
⡭㿴ңҿ㣬֪˵ʲôܾׯڹڰԵˣô˷ԣҪһСоⲻׯǰķ񣬻˵ׯҲġ
УҲЩĿɿڴûмׯεȻôһ飬ܾׯεȻļֻ֣ͦׯȷ
ҺȷׯεȻЦ˵ùԼ
⡭УסˣҲû˵ȷʵ֪˵ʲôáׯεȻˣһǲɵ֡ʵȥʱ򣬻ǻỻп˵ġ
ǹԼĻǻҪ׼豸ׯȷҵĿⶼׯεȻϣȷԼһܹɿغ˾۱䡣
пװоʱˣׯεȻһ䣬Ȼпװоôʱ仹ǲУΪʲôһʽ˵ʵûκεİա
Ҷסˣׯڣ˼ǣ
ϵ˼Ҿûаաпװоô꣬һɹİ𣿡ׯεȻˣҶĬǵģûоԵİܹɿغ˾۱
ôôˣп˾ɹһʱ䣬һʽ˵ܳɹأ
УĬû˵εĻ飬ȫ岻ġ
ʼоɡüģׯεȻʰö뿪ҡׯεȻ뿪˶ţû˵۾ǧһ㡣
صңɫûȫׯεȻеķ飬ĥţղһҧùԼóпΪ֪пװô꣬ĶǳпװáˣҪʵֿɿغ˾۱ɻǷǳңԶġ
ҲֻǸŷ˵ITERṩһЩݶѣҪöʵֿɿغ˾۱̫ˣͷʼùԼ⡣
ҫûлؼңׯεȻϸĥùԼװʵֿɿغ˾۱䡣⣬˺ܾõʱ䣬֪һĵ·ŵʱҲûĥſɿغ˾۱⡣ʼʱׯεȻке뷨뷨뷨ܲʵ־Ͳ֪ˡ
ˣ˵ɡڻûпʼйҲ̫Ӧá
ҫصҵʱ򣬿ׯεȻڿֳ򥣬ʲôƵġЦ˵ţʲôأô񡣡
ûʲôׯεȻҡͷ˵һЩ顭ô˵أһЩҪɡ
ȥҫҲûжʣׯεȻͷ
ùԼĻׯεȻüģɱҫˡҫմӳһѵ鰡
ׯεȻͷһʱ䣬۵òС

УһǾׯЩ̫ðաп˼ܳ죬ǼоȥĻӦкܸߵļʳɹģǹԼſʼûжáɹѡ
ô˵ׯڸ𣿡Уһʱ䣬ͷ۵òУܹ˵ׯڣûʲôġ˵ׯڣǻ˰ɡ
֪ģׯǸƢ˵ׯڣҸ˵ׯڣ𣿡
˳ĬǻǾùԼ̫ס
ׯһҪı뷨ǲܵ顣
лҪ˵٣ժ԰ٶȰٿƣԼ˾۱


423 ȸ
ɵչţΪڻֻڽѧǵԵʣҪʵֻҪһʱ䡣һʱУׯεȻҪԵļ㣬Ȼٽʵ顣ׯεȻԣǼ򵥵飬ںͷۡ
ɿغ˾۱ԼҲôģڻؼҡֻʱ쳣æÿ춼סûʱȥ顣
ҫҲͦæģǵ黹ͦġܶʱׯεȻоһʲôͺãûлؼҳԷҫҲھӵʳóԷ칫ׯεȻһֱڽм㡣ҲûҪׯεȻת˼·ׯεȻ˵飬ûа취תġ
öฺׯεȻƳп˱ȹԼӿɿׯεȻȥˡΪп˺ܶʱ䣬ɻûĳɹʱҲǳһ룬̫ˡǵĳɹׯεȻҪɿغ˾۱װã뽫ɿغ˾۱Сͻѡԣǲܵ顣
ֻׯεȻɿغ˾۱䣬һʵСͻС
칫ҵϣ˼㹫ʽѧǵĽȼӿ˲٣ǿɿغ˾۱ʵģ깤Ͷʹõġʱ䲻ˣڻӿٶȵĻָһͽɿغ˾۱ˡ
飬˭˵׼
УׯεȻİ칫ңضǲݸֽ΢΢üͷʮľׯεȻΪе㲻ӦΪׯεȻİ칫̫ҵĹϵУ׼ݸֽׯεȻӲݸֽ˺ܾõʱ䣬Լе㿴ׯεȻ
ƽʱׯҲİô⼸ׯںǻ˸Ƶģȥرıꡣ
ׯڣûɣ
ׯεȻ̧ͷУûֻѡ۾ׯεȻ۾˵ڹԼһˣǱߵĽô
ŻаʱͶʹá
УŴ⣬·ݣǿʼʱ
ׯεȻͷ˵ܶ˶ڴɿغ˾۱Ŀ
в˶˵⡣У˵Ϣ֪ʲôطȥģв˶֪ɿغ˾۱䡣
סġׯεȻϣҿԸҡ
ңУ̫⣬ׯڣôң
ܼ򵥰ׯεȻЦ˵ûչоǲɿغ˾۱顣
УǱʾ̫⣬ׯ˵Ҿʲô
볳׵ĲǵITERɣ
ǣУͷׯڶƻǷ÷ǳ׼ȷȷʵֵ׵ĲǵITERһֱҪׯεȻǰITERܲҪΪȫס˭֪ׯεȻҪȥˣɿغ˾۱֮ǰǱҪ뿪
ׯεȻ΢΢ţ뵽ʲôƵġ
һûʱ䣬ǾҸûоɿغ˾۱䡣ׯεȻ˸Űɣ֮϶ɵġǣϣǻǾ콫ѧǱߵʵߵۼˣ͵ʵ顣
У㵵˵ׯڣŰʱ䣿
һ£ʵһ¡˵ҵˣʵһξͺãҪظʵ飬𣿡ׯεȻͷҲص뿪칫ҡУüͷ뵽ղׯεȻĪţǲҪʰ칫Բֱ뿪İɡ

ʦ֣ƿţǮüͷԱ߻кüоơǺƶһѧҵֱоϣȷʵ˱֡ǵĽǮ£ƵĽǮڵĽڣǮ³˵Ҹ˵ʲô鲻Ҫôš
ƻûп˵һ仰Ƥ˹Ŷ룬˵Ǯڣ㿴arXivûУ
Ƥ˹˵ٶȱƻҪ죬arXivһƪµģ֮ǰ̳оڷάҶ-˹п˹⻬˶ٶڡ½ҪΪ۵Ķˡ
ڰ֮ǰշάҶ-˹п˹⻬⣬Ƿʲô
ѧͳһۣׯ-ȸ졣Ƥ˹Ųŵ˵ѧȫУƾׯ-ȸ裬ô˵ġΪʲôû㣬Ҳ̫֪ɹʵ̫ˣֱǴӹĽͼʣܹʷĳɹ
ڻѧʷƲˡ
Ǯһ£ڲĿ𣿡
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༸о¶һҲҴ𺳵ı顣
ȿ˵ɡǮ³˵ǿ𣿡
ա˸ͷƤ˹뵽ʲôƵ˵У϶Ҫʻˣ
תƤ˹ֱߡȷʵ̫У˵ԴӳУְ֮УǴѧУλáȻΪѧϵϵΣׯεȻֻǽڡ˭֪λׯڼǲκεְɻǴѧõĽû֮һϾǻһλŵѧĽڣǴѧһͬ񽱵Ľڣѧϵ˼뾿ô˿־塣
ûǿ־塣
Ƥ˹ô˵Ҳ˵ʲôʦһе飬Ҿ˰
ơǮ³˵ĩȥڼղŽڴ绰Ŀ÷Σ
Ҿÿڵ֮һµ뷨ԵĻܹ⿪÷롣
Ǯûм˵ȥ֮ǵһҪȥڵļ
֪ˡ
УŻŵĸƺƤ˹ˡֻʣǮһڰ칫ңУյҲ˹
СǮҿׯεȻarXivģеѧѧͳһۣ
ǮºЦ˵ΣһûüأҲ̫
ȻҲûüһ£ׯεȻûǰ˵˵ɿغ˾۱Ŀ𣿡
⣬Ŀǰɿغ˾۱Ŀ
̯֣Ǯ³˵ĩȥۣҪӻݡھʲôĿҲ̫֪϶ǿɿغ˾۱䡣ǿɿغ˾۱䣬Ӧòôɣȸɣ
Ҳǡͷ
Ҳǳ࣬ׯεȻǷɿغ˾۱˼ҵıۡҶΪׯεȻûʱпɿغ˾۱оȸѾеʱ䣬Ļʲôʱȥоɿغ˾۱䡣ǿǿɿغ˾۱䣬пѧΪ֮ܶһӵĿ꣬ׯεȻоɿغ˾۱䣬оȸ죬ǿʲôЦôġ
ĩ峿ǮºׯεȻļ
ҫǶˮׯεȻߡ
룬Ƕ֪ʲôİɣׯεȻƣĿ÷Σ
ڣһڿò˶õʱ䣬ͿԽ⿪÷ˡׯ-ȸ죬̫õʱ䡣
ׯεȻͷôҪӻûɣ
ˣƤ˹أ
ڽ;С


424 ɹ
ׯһǷ˶԰ɣе꣬˶ݺݵ˵ʵǲ˼ˣׯ׾ʲô
˶ŵĻȻдţӻۣԼ֤
飿ǰ˵ׯεȻɿغ˾۱䣬ЩԶ̫ˣһȸ۵ˣ˵ɿغ˾۱䡣ôܣiterȺû˰ɣ
ô֣Աߵ˵ɻڴׯεȻɿغ˾۱䡭Σ̫
ƾۣܻһŵһγǮƤ˹֮⣬һεŵҪĸ˷𣿡
ֻ䷢ׯҲ˵Աߵ˳˵˵ҲׯѧΪׯѧǡ̫Ҹˡܻŵ
ôҲȥׯѧ
˰ɣڻڶʿһҪȥǴѧԺ»ᷢչܺðɣϾׯ
û˵칫ﾲĵġʵϴҶׯεȻʵ̫Ե˺ʲôǡ
ȿε۰ɡ˵ʱ˳˵һиɻΪʲôׯ⿪أѧͳһۣ⿪ĻԣӦò²Ŷԡ
顪ߣҪѧ⿪Ҳ˵

ׯڣһ׼Կʼʵˡһѧǵʵҽ֮ǰЩհϤ豸֮Ҫʼʵ顣˵ʵЩ̫ġô˵أһֱİɣܾãʲôط̫ԡҲ˵֮ǺܲԾ
ׯεȻ˵Уʼʵɡ
ׯڡ
ׯεȻת˵ʲô飿
ȷԼ𣿡
п𣿡ׯεȻַһ䣬п˵ʵ黹𣿡
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ʼɣһξܳɹ׼ꡢʮģҲǲܣǳе顣
˳Ĭţûм˵ȥ۾ֱĶׯεȻҪ˵ʲô
ôǾһƭ㣿
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ʼɡׯεȻתһǻʧܵġ֮ǰӼһһγɹĿԸͲܡ
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ׯεȻоԱһ̫˵ߵǵǰׯεȻЦ˵ʲôʵһγɹģ˵˵
ҡоԱСĿׯεȻׯڣֻǾãɹѡǻͷڱʵ黹ûгɹ֮ǰǳɹġ
Ǻе㲻̫һŬɡׯεȻļ򣬡ҪæʧŸտʼأԺʱкܶࡣ
ׯڡоԱҪˣׯڻ齲ЦҲû뵽
ˣʵɡ˸ׯεȻվԱ߼۲š
һе۶ˣֻʵռݣ޸ġȷʵûоԵİգһܹɹôѧоô궼ûгɹоһʱһܹɹеֳԽԪάȵĵز

ʱţׯεȻ˵ʵԽԽׯεȻܹʱҶƣ2020ʮ·ݣѧѾȫɣ°࣬ʵٴʧܡ˶ͷɥģׯεȻӵһ绰
ׯεȻ𣿡
ǣׯεȻϤ֮ǰŵʱ绰ˡ
ŵѧϲѧƻõġ
ʱͲȥȡŵֻǰȡŵڹԼǽҪʱׯεȻҪɿغ˾۱ҰģҪɿغ˾۱Сͻ
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ׯεȻҵ绰֮󣬸ƴ绰ȥʱĻôˣ
ƣ鷳һ飬ȥʱ˳㽫ҵŵȡŵί϶Ҫ绰ŵˡΪۣǵðһ졣ںæˡ
˶ɵˣڣ˵ʲô
ֻǸӶѣûвʿҵͻŵˣҲ̫˼˰ɣ
ڣûиҿЦɣ
㿴ҵǺ㿪Ц𣿡ׯεȻһ䣬С˵Ҵŵҵĵ绰
ׯεȻҵ绰ԱߵĿԱ˵
ׯڣֻŵˣ
 ׯεȻشܵԣŵˣҲǵһΣô˵εʵ黹ʲôԵĵط
ǣׯڡ
ˣ˵ŵˡׯεȻҡͷ˵ŵûô˼˵ɿغ˾۱顣
ǣҲ˵ںǻϻЩǰɣ

ڼעһⷽ顣ׯεȻһһ˵Ż
ʮɻô䣬ׯεȻϣʵ飬üͷӦ㹻˲Ŷ԰ɣ
ʼʵ顣
ʵׯεȻĽ˼šʵǲ̫ԣʲôطأׯεȻţ϶ʲôطԡ
У룬һʲôطԣû뵽ġ
ׯεȻ˼˺ܳһʱ䣬ûͨʲôط˴ܾһٶȥ˵꣬һҲҪ
ȱæʵ飬˼졣
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ˡʰöׯεȻ̤뿪û˸ȥׯεȻôĿׯεȻ뿪
ص֮ׯεȻڤ˼ãһ·ݻصʵҰһַʽʼʵ顣

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ׯεȻһ˶ӵһֻׯεȻڳ˼š
оԱܵׯεȻߣĶׯεȻ˵ׯڣǳɹˣĳɹˣ
ֻǸʼׯεȻ滹СͻҪ
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ˣϢһʱ䣬Ȼ󡭡ǼСͻʵ顣ׯεȻ˵ҶСͻѾһЩ뷨ˡ
ׯεȻ뿪ʱ򣬿ԱǶɵˡò׽ɿغ˾۱ɹׯֱһ䣬һ׶ΣСͻʵ顣ͣĺ
ׯ˵Ҳ滰ɿغ˾۱֮ȷʵϾҪʼоСͻ⡣ʱ䣬Ǿͽɿغ˾۱ˣ˭ǣСͻֻʱ⡣
ͷʼô£һ̫˶԰ɣ
ׯڻǡճɹôżСͻ𣿡
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Сͻ֮󣬾ͱ־ܹɵǿߣ
ׯôһ˵ҵֿʼˡ̫˰ɣ
ˣ˭ׯôأԭΪԶɹĹԼȻĳɹˣ
ͰɣǣϾҪСͻʵ飬಻֪ʱ䣡


425 Ǻ
ڿɿغ˾۱СͻûʲôҪ˵ġϢʱ䣬ׯεȻʵûϢڼʱһֱſɿغ˾۱Сͻ⡣ɿغ˾۱ɹ黹ûйϢʱ䣬ҲܳûйĳЩһܹõһЩ鱨ġڿɿغ˾۱ҪоԱбʩġ
˵ׯεȻÿ춼ڿѧǣʲôطҲȥˡׯεȻҲû׼ȥʲôط
ҫҲͦæģҪ˵Ҫȥ棬ʵϸͲܳȥ档
Сͻɿغ˾۱仹ҪѲ٣ׯεȻҲǺͷ⡣ô񶼲ɿغ˾۱Сͻ˺ַܶԼʱ򶼱һһ񶨡ȥͲɿغ˾۱Сͻ
ǷˣׯεȻ˰ʱ䡣ЩüĿҲֻЩüͷѡ
ܣҶĬǲ֪ôȷʵˡ֪ôǾӦܸˡȻĸֻһׯεȻ
ׯڣӦô
Ҿ𣿡ׯεȻ˵һС

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ȵȰɡׯεȻŴľ˵ǿպŻص֮ǾȥʡΡô꣬ǿϢһˡ
šҫׯεȻļϣׯεȻЦ˵ֳ㶼ǵֳˣܱܲ
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ׯεȻЦһɿغ˾۱Сͻ22ģֻǽ̫ʱ䡣
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ǽĽṹͨս̫һҪװϿɿغ˾۱װáׯεȻţ룬Ҷеء
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ׯεȻҫһۣе飬æٸ˵⡣Ƥ˹ŮˣҶҪѡѧǲʲô⡣
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ׯεȻҵ绰֮Ǽ񲢲һ׵飬οҪ˹Ҫǿ֮УҲǺܾ֮顣
ڿʼоҲׯεȻ򿪵Կ귽֮ʼĥš

2035꣬ʽʼǼ̫ϵ֮зһƵǣΪֹסһ԰໹ǿзָס򣬶ׯεȻԶĨȥһλѧҡ
ɹĴӵ̤֮УҴӴ˽ǼʱΪΰĿѧ֮һ
е鶼ˡׯεȻǽתͷǿϢ˶԰ɣ
ȻׯڣȻϢҽѧߣ˾70200꣬ڵУȥ쳣ᡣ
ׯڣҪȥʲôطϢ
ȥһ㲻ҵҵĵطׯεȻ˻֣һؼҫˣټ
УׯεȻôȲģ̲סЦ


426 1
Ǯڣƿŵʱ򣬷Ǯڸѧָҵվڰ칫ҵǰǮ˵˼ǮڣЩҪѯһЩ
Ǯ۾ߵǰ˵ʲô飿
Գȥ˵𣿡
Ǯ߳ţ˵ǮģѧУѧˣ𣿡
ܣǮסˣüͷ˵ܰɣǴѧѧܣȷ
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⡭ȷʵ˵̫Σ֪ΪʲôᶢѧƽʱѧǮִţԱٷ˸˰ɡ
˽ʲôǮ²ؿҽ̵ѧܶ࣬Ҫϱȷʵȫ
ڷϣǮؿ˷һۡ
һһ۵˵Ǯڣоٷˣᶯ֡ҪǮһѧ׬㹻ǮĿǰׯڲѧУĿп㡣˶ǴѧϤųǰǴѧְѧ֮ġȻҲпܾǴѧȵ㡣пܵġ
Ǯû˵һһ۵˵Ǯڣ˵𣿡
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ǰŮѣɰңٺ˵һǳ飬ҲǿԿЦġ
ðɡǮ³װܸ÷ǲܿЦǸܿЦˡ
ŷĲǮܾ÷˼ʲô顣
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ת뿪ţǮڲʲôɡӦòŶԵģǮҪʲôĻǿɾ̫ˡ
վ⣬ǮҲ֪һֱ⣬ȵ뿪ʱ򣬿վɻ˵٣ǣѧǸ޺ûãΪŵĽڣǮȻסѧǡʱҲ֪оʲôÿ춼ڿѧǣɴĿγ̶Լϵġһ˿վ⣬Ǯº𾪣üͷ˵٣ôվû¶ɣ
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ַһ𣬿϶۰ɣͽڵ۲̫һֻǸϽڵĽѣһǮ¾һġ
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лˣǮ߳ţԺ󻹻


427 2
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ÿ춼ܵǮµţѧ˵˺öΣ͸ûʲôһɷı飬ɱѧŵùǺġǮµҪ˵ʲô룬ҲΪáû˵ֻǾóͷ̱һеʹࡣ
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˵ץסǸͽҪõʱ䡣
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428 3
ȿȣҫƱݸׯεȻţҪȥаɡ
ׯεȻϣӹҫƱüͷҫ˵Ʊģ
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ǽƱʲô˼ׯεȻЦ˵ҪȥУܲܺúø˵һ䣬ǲܴȥ𣿡
ǣƱˡҫĶڵѪׯεȻݼ٣˵Ҫȥʡ˵˺þõʱ䡣һֱûȥⲻɣ̫ϵԶ򿪷ܺáǽȥֻҪʮʱ䣬ҫ٣һµʱ䡣ԭǴúúׯεȻһµģǿׯεȻģܾׯεȻˣ
ţˣԭһǽƱͺܹǴ˺üµĹʲǽƱġû뵽ؼ֮󻹵ñһ٣ǽƱǮʵ̫ˣҫĶڵѪ
ׯεȻЦ˵ֳ㹤ʿ࣬ȻǽƱ
ⲻţ˵˺ܶȥʡûȥλǱ˵ʡˡÿ˵ȥʡͻʲô飬ȥһһĵط˵ǸطҲŽ֮ǰϿģҪۿ򵽵εġ
Ҫȥ˵һͺˣǽϾҪҪȥǡׯεȻЦ˵ǱѾкüˣǴѧǱһУҪȥ
üģׯεȻ̾Ϣ˵ڻôǮɡ
ǲһҫС˵ǱϾŹǽⲻǡͨǽƱ𣿡
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СׯεȻҫⶼöˣҫһпվ߶ȥʡΪִˡÿ߶ȥʡ飬ҫ飬֮ȥʡļƻһҫǲ˵ȥʡ顣
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